Document k7eGLLN2rvpQ5nwVGLr1yrKB

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 1 MET-888 ~Ygl*tUs~fialraati u a JCrablet la rnduetriei Medicine* *. J. McConnell, M.D. Assistant Medical Director Metropolitan Dife Insurance Co. The increasing prominence of volatile eolvaata in modern induatrial processes esphasises the need of early recognition of any toxic action on exposed workers which, if recognised, nay lead to corrective Measures being adopted. WithiM the paat fs* fears, the number of newly perfected solvents has steadily mounted, until today, well in excess of three hundred ere im . common use, oontreated with a bare half dosen used twenty fears sgo. One or mors of the solvents era used la ever-increasing quantity end variety In very nearly- every manufacturing industry today either as a solvent or diluent* They ere employed es cleaning or degreesing agents, in lacquer coatings, in dyes and cement, as plasticisers, and as solvents of eelluloae and guns of various kinds J * - ^ in s myriad of synthetic finishing materials. The volatile solvent vapors eater the body ohlefly. through the respir atory passages, but appreciable quantities may either be Ingested or absorbed through the intaet skis* then toxic substances are inhaled, they pass into the general circu lation and arm distributed to the heart sod to the central nervous system with a rapidity second only to that seen when they ere injected directly late the TttlOi.--They can Produce atthwr a general toxic action without harm to the fresented at the 83th Annuel Session of the Anerleea Medical Association, Atlantic City, S.J., June 9, 1937* -2- reapiratory tract er nixed effect, being generally toxic end Locally Irrltent. A fee lrrespirable vapors act so violently In the upper respiratory (.ract end lungs that^their general toxic effect* ere secondary considerations* The absorption of vapors through the alveolar vail is eccoapllehed by the process of diffusion which depends on e difference in the partial pressures of tho gates contained in the blood end In the Inhaled air - a physio logical fact of graat inportanee when It coves to the consideration of first eld treatment. As long as the partial pressure of the vepor la the lungs la greater than that in tho blood, absorption will continue. Hence, the first end cost essential step la acute poisoning is tbs rsaoval of the victim froa the polluted atmosphere. Equally important and essential, taking precedence over any and all othar naasures or drugs, when natural respiration has been affected, is the application of annual artificial respiration* Substances ingested, if they do not set up sufficient irritation to causa vomiting, asy be absorbed by the intestines in varying amounts, depending on their properties and their reaction with the naterlcl of tho digestive trcct. A largo portion of tho absorbed aubstance passes into tho portal circulation end nay be satisfactorily handled by the liver* 8oae of tho sore toxic fat soiubls vapors ere absorbed through tho \ intact akin* Dermatitis nay be set up by the continual handling of almost say of than, either because of their fat solvent properties or because of sensitiv ity, aoturalTqr eoqaired. Sony of then say also affeet the eyes end any optle neuritis or paralysis in workers exposed should give rise to investigation* It is ebarsotsrlatie of the quick drying iaequern that the solvent which is their vehicle evaporates with great rapidity, and hence eay produce a 2462 high concentration of the vapor* la a confined apae*. fha increasing use of a spray sun la applying flnlahaa to large surfaces has-grcatly lncrtae- d the haserd of toxic vapors In many process#*. Dip and flow asthods also involve the use of large qusctitl-s of solvents. With faw exceptions, all volatile solvents. If Inhaled In sufficient concentration for a sufficient length of tine, are dutrlnintal to health, al though their early effects oa the body frequently go unrecognised, or are re garded as minor ailments of no consequence, because of inadequate knowledge of their physiological properties. The concentration of vapor solvents in the air breathed depends upon their volatility, which, in turn, is often dependent on their temperature, and the effectiveness of ventilating equipment. While the responsibility of finding satisfactory solutions of these new problems oreated by the use of solvents lies primarily in the field of industrial medicine, more knowledge of these poisons is desirable among general practitioners who see the slighter forms of poisoning. The failure to diagnose industrial poisoning is well illustrated by iejeune^ * general practitioner himself, who discuss*s twenty-nine cases of poisoning by tetrschlorethane, beniol, benain, and trichlorathylene, which he hae treated Ln his practice during the last fw years. Thirteen of these had previously consulted other doctors and in twelve of them, no diagnosis of poisoning had been made. aYtiramahflPi Of the various groups of solvents encountered, perhaps the most important to the physician are the chlorinated compounds, because of their anesthetic and poisonous notion* The camber of this group with which we are all familiar is chloroform. Although chloroform possesses high solvent nowtra^ (lJLcJeune, The Frequency of Industrial Poisonings Seen in Qsatrel Medioal Fraction, Scbweiserlseha aedisinisoha foeh., 66, 9H-917| 910-941,1996. Abstract in Bulletin of Hygiene, 12, 16, 1997* , 24G3 it does not find wide application ia industry because of its w<*lL--known ernes-- thetio properties. Carbon tetrachloride is perhaps the aost widely used solvent of this group* It is vary much Like chloroform, bat is more toxic snd is assd extensively s*a cleaning flui_ ssd la firs extinguishers. It hss been used medically ss vermifuge in hoolrrora disease. Its narcotic effects ere less narked than those of chloroform, bat its effects on the Liver, heart, and kidneys are much more rapid* Carbon tetrachloride, together with other aembers of the group, also has a narked effect on the nervous system, probably boeauee these sra lipoid solvents. There are changes in the blood is the direction of e leucocytoeis, but these do not dominate the piotura as they do in hydrocarbons Of ths bensene ring group* Tho effects on ths hssrt are very important in eases of saute poisoning, because, in addition to acting as a heart depressant, there ia a tendency to oauge fibrillation* This nesns that stimulants, such as adrenalla, sre a dmngsrous first aid measure in resuscitating persons overcome by these vmpora; Trichlorethylene is ths le at Inflammable of the group and, because of its solvent notion in fats and oils, it is used as a thinner for coatings and varnishes, end as s solvent for rubber, replacing carbon tetrachloride la many instance#. It is almo claimed to be e less poisonous substance, but in creasing evidence shove it to be far from innocuous* Two hundred end eightyfour eases of poisoning with 24 deaths have been collected by 8tuberl2^ While not so damaging to tho body organs, it ia s profound nerve poison. It hss been suggested, however, that the iapuritles present are responsible for its poison ous properties. u Dichlorwtharfteno is severely toxic. Severe cases of poisoning hsy_ (2)Stuber, I., Arohiv fur C*verbspathologie und Gsvergehygisne, 2, 998, 1931. ^ 2464 -5- btt reported la ua hs vara costing the interior of beer vets, using a lacquer eoatalaiflg this solvent* Autopsies on aen overcome by it* vapors showed an excess of fat_in tha blood suggesting daath fraa embolism rathar than asphyxiation. Parohlorethylene causes a severe and rapid narcosis* Tetrachlorethylene ia a relatively new solvent and la lass narcotic than tha majority, altboogh symptoms of drowsiness, headache, giddiness, and a narrowing of the visual field have bean reported from repeated daily Inhalations* Tetrachloretbene is the most poLsonous of tha chlorinated hydrocar bons* In acuta poisoning, tha symptoms develop rapidly. Tha condition is characterised by acute yellow atrophy of tha liver, jaundice, fatty changes In other viscera, especially tha heart, and death frequently results. In chronic eases, tha blood ehanges are marked, leading to secondary anemia, hemoglobinuria, and hsmolysis* Emaciation and even Jaundice nay follow. r A toxin amblyopia, or an optls nennitls, haa bean noted by several observers in tha case of exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons* Sons of this group daeonposa whan heated and undergo eheaieal changes. Chloroform, diohlor- ethylene, ethyl-dichlorida, and earbon tetrachloride are oxidised to carbon oxychloride or phoegeao* Chlorinated naphthalene products usad, among other ways, as s form of vox in insulating, have bean clearly shown to cause severe skin troubles, and have been suspected of causing fatal oaaas of yello* atrophy of tha liver. It la Interesting that those substanoao appear relatively harmless whan cold, but vhea boated, despite the fact that they do not daeonposa or liberata chlorine and hydrochloric acid, tha vapors oausa acne sore or leaa character istic of chlorine sens. V- 24G3 Of the ether (roupa of coal tar hydrocarbon*, tho* of tha aroaatio art tha seat iaportant froa tha viewplnt of toxicity, Tha principal ffact of thiJL (roup of nareotloa la on tha henamietio ayatan. Banaol, ona of tha aoat volatile of tha group, la a aolvent for caliulosa, guns, raaina, fata, and oil*. It* ua# ea a diluent in paint* and lacquer*, and in paint raaovars la disappearing baoaua* of its dangaroua toxie affacta, Toluaaa and xylane, tha highar honologuea of bancana, ara parhapa juat aa toxic, but ara leaa dangaroua undar ordinary oireuaatanoas because thay ar* Last rolatila* These, too, ara (radially being raplaoed by tha apparently last toxio hydrogenated naphtha#* High concantratioaa of bansol ara rapidly fatal. Expoauraa ta aodarata concantrationa aauaa aynptoas aiallar to alcohollo intoxication at flrat, but ara followed by ayaptoas of prograaaira daprasaioa with poaalbla Parkinsonian ayndroa*. Rapaated axpoauraa to aaall concantrationa of banaana oauaa gastro-inteatinal diaturbaneaa, haadaehaa, vsrtigo, glngivltia, and frequently noa# blaads, and aaall haaorrhagaa of tha guaa and conjunctiva* Purpura aay ba noticed and aonatiaaa unooatrolLabia haaorrhagaa occur, 3*rticularly if there la any surgery dona* Tha blood undergoes iaportant ahang*a as a result of daatrubtiOn of tha hlood-foralng organa* 1aaaia, and latar, laucopanla with apodal reference to tho granular polyauolaara, la aaaa. Patty daganaratlon of tfee blood vaaaoLo, heart, liver, and kidneys fraquantly follow. It aay b of interest to recall that roaantly conaidarabla evidonca haa baaa produced to tha effect that tharapautie drugs derived froa tha . 2466 .1 bensanm rise such as aaidopyrene -- *y be the mqi* of an agranulocytosis in it)tO(ptil>i* individuals. Ones these blood changes have taken place, they *r, in tho present stats of our lenovlodgs, very apt to be irreversible. Tho findings of a rod blood count of under 4,000,000 or a white blood count of under 5*000 on repeated observation, accoapaniad by the symptoms Indicated and a history of sufficient exposure, should be considered diagnostic of chronic bensol poisoning* ,, ^. (3) Xaat and Sehrenk* a aethod for determining increased organic sulfate in the urine is probably the br at indication of bensol oxposuro and absorption* Maphthaiene is sonavbat siailar to benssns. It has a lasa pungent odor and probably la lasa toxio* Baphthalene has bsen suspected by- a nuaber of observers as a cause of eataraet* Among the derivatives of the hydrooarbone, carbon disulfide deserves speoisl aention beeauss of its varied effesta on the body following repeated exposure to snail concentrations* Concentrations of from 300 to 400 parts per oillion in the air f>v several hours ere thought to be possibly toxio* Carbon disulflds is used ehiefly in the rubber and artificial silk Industry* Chrenls poisoning is characterised by persistent headache, soanolence during the day, sad weakness of the limbs* Carbon disulfide is extremely dsn- agleg to the asrvous systea, causing polyneuritis, visual disturbances, tremors, aentai coafuslsa, severs psyohosis, and ataxia* in important oharactariatio of this poises is its effect os the higher nerve centers* Anemia is not uncommon, vlth occasional changes in the red blood cells end, rarely, s leuce- cytosis* Bet only is it damaging to the eyas, but the disappearance of the corneal reflexes is said to be an early aim af poisoning. However. Wiley*------ (3)Xsmt, Cebrenk, H.H., Sayers, t.Jl., Horvath, A.A*, Reinhart, W.H* Urine Sulfate Determinations as a Measure of Beaaene Exposure, Jouty sad Toxicology, It, 69* (January) 1936* v U1 Hueper, sod T9> Qettingea quota Kodeaacher ee re^oanendlng the carbon disul fide level In the blood to be the beet Indication of Incipient carbon disulfide poisoning.____ Petroleun hydrocarbons, which ere very often confused with the cool tsr derivatives because of the oinilaritjr in naaee (benline, naphtha, etc.}, are all faailiar solvents which have a afidiy anesthetic action. The higher conceotrations cause hesdeche, dissiness, blurred vision, and even loss of consoioucness. Any chronic blood dsnags froa this group is controversial and, if found, probably points to the advisability of looking for sons other exposure . or cause, particularly the edaiature of one of the aore dangerous types of solvents in the substance handled. Like all the other eoivents, these can readily cause a dermatitis. Turpentine vapors have a direct action on the skin, csuslng redden ing, and not infrequently sa obstinate eeseaa. The inhalation of heavy fuses of turpentine induce syaptons of e aild narcotic poisoning. Mephritls has been reported froa prolonged exposure. Phmal {giggygg Cyelohexanol, (hexalln, sdronol, anol, or ssxol), is a hydrogenated phenol used la pyroxylin leoquers. It la not very volatile, and evaporates such store slowly than other solvents. It is narcotls and nay cause poisoning if Inhaled, froa eafasl experineats. It is thought to paralyse the aantral nervous system, and to be aore toxio than bensene, though not as dangerous on account of its low volatility, lo cases of poisoning in men are on record. (A)liley, P.V., Hueper, V.C., and von Oettingen, W.f., On the Toxic Iffoots of bow Concentration* of C rbon Bisulfide, Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 18, 793, (Beeeeber) 1938. 24G 3 A very daagerouo substance which may bw used in plasticisers ii ortho-trierssyi phosphate. This is the poison which we* identified rone year* ago a* the cause 91 an epidemic of "Jake peraiyoia" from drinking bootleg Jamaica ginger. These sea hew* newer completely recovered. Usually, in advents the para and nets tricreeyl phcephata* are used, and these do not appear to have the peculiar action of the ortho compounds, according to Hamilton/5* Alcghdi ial Xhclr Ettas* The alcohols arc perhaps the aost widely naed of the various classes of aolvaata. As a group, they are narcotic and injurious to the nervous system. Stbyl alcohol is used for researoh and analytical work la educational and industrial laboratories, and Is aaploysd for way aclentifiS and aedioal needs. It is a solvent for guas, resins, end asny organic and in organic eoapouads. Methanol is used largely In the eanufaoture of pyroxylin ' plastics, varnishes, textile soaps, wood stains, as well es in extraction processes. One of its sost important uses is in tha aaauf&stur* of formalde hyde. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a substitute for ethyl alcohol, aaialy la perfumes and high grade toilet preparations. It is claimed to be an effective gsmieide and is used la lotions, llniasnts, liquid soaps, end antiseptic solutions. Voraal butyl alcohol is the aost popular end widely used of the higher alcohol group* barge quantities enter into the esaufacture of nitro cellulose lacquer. Generally speaking, the toxicity of the aloohols increases with the aolecular weight, but the decreased solubility and volatility of the higher alcohol* aartlallv offset the danger of exposure to concentrated vanora. (5)Hamilton, A., Recent Changes in the Painter's Trade, Bulletin lo. 7, Division of Labor Standards, O.&. Department of Labor, Washington, 2.C.p.59,1936. The exemption to this nue la methyl alcohol, which may be produced syntheti cally or by distillation of wood* Zt la a powerful nerve poison which speoiflcell/ effects the optl9~aerwea and way reault la blindness end death* Due to ita alow oxidising action in the body, its effect* are cumulative, and severe poisoning nay result fro* continued expoaure to even small, concentrations,with out any early warning ayaptoaa* Experimentally, it hae bean shown to cause poisoning through skin absorption. Although a*yl alcohol and fusel oil ere eore toxic than taken by aouth then any other way, they play a ainor role in Industrial poisonings. Butyl alcohol produces liver and kidney danage in animals exposed to its vapors* Tertiary alcohols are sore toxio then secondary alcohols, end priaary alcohols ore the least toxio* Iso-alcohols sre usually less narcotic than the corresponding noraal alcohols. A most interesting case of toxio encephalopathy has been reported, hoc aver, in a woman who used a aixture of solvents containing yjt dimethyl phthalate, 351 eellosoive, and 7A% Isopropyl alcohol la "fusing* oollars with a hot A larger group of newer solvents ehich Is rapidly eoaing into greater proainenoe is the aleohol-ethere, or oxides, and the furfurals. Often these aey be ooepounded with phthellc acid, oxalic maid, or foraic mold, thereby in troducing the possibility of s second toxic agent* Our knowledge of this group is largely based on anlaal experimentation, though e number of eases of industrial poisoning have been reported* As a group* they are narootia ar anaathatio. and some of them ere known to be toxio-- (6)Donley, Dorothy . Toxio Fncephslopothy sad Tolatlle Solvents in Industry, Journal of Induatrisl hygiene and Toxicology, IS, 571, (October) 1936* ^ 2469 -1L- 1b the higher ooaeeatratioas, but there la little data concerning their chronio effects or the naxlnoa permissible concentrations. Dlethjlene dioxide (dioxin), also uaed se a laa-iier solvent, la Irri tating end unpleasant, and theae effect# were thought to ccnstltute a auffleient earning that concentration! were approaching the danger point* Xa Earland, however, fire deaths were recorded due to the foaea of dioxaa, with aerere laflaaaation of the liver and kidneys. Satan* fftJbaaat, ttircalt juA Their Ithua, asA rarfmtli These constitute probably the asst laportent group of solranta for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate* All are narcotic in sufficiently heavy concentrations and la proportion to their volatilities* Although fatal aoci- dents are very rare, evidence is beginning to appear pointing to their physiolog ical effects as being sore dangerous then they were formerly considered. Refer ence to s reported death in one ass from the inhalation of asyl acetate and another fros the inhalation of ethyl aeetata ia aede by A*7* St.Georgia Xn the foraer, edeaa of the glottis and diffuse irritation of the respiratory and gastro- inteatinal tract sere the chief findings, and in the latter there vas a narked congestion of the viscera and the eyes, alaoat entirely liquid blood la the veccels, peteohial-like heaorrheges throughout the serous cavities and sucoua aambranes, sad a pungent odor on opening the body* JUtyl aoatata ia readily recognised by its aveet, sickening odor, and it la generally kaftVB aa "banana oil*. Xta vapors eause irritation of the throat, burning of the ayaa, vertigo, drowsiness, end gestrie Irritation. Xn experimental animals, the Inhalation of aayl acetate produoas chronio inflamma tory changes in the respiratory grates. parenchymatous degeneration of the (7)St. George, A.T., The Pathology of the Never Coaaarelal Solvents,American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 7, 69, (/canary), 1937* -u. kidneys, *od ?*tty livers* The blood shows a aoOcret# laucoeytosis with a secondary eneala* tfethyl, ethyl, propyl, end butyl ecetete are other members of the ester raup of solvents* Methyl acetate is sosetlse used a substitute for aceton*, but it is not widely used due to Its sold reaction with wet^r, tbyl end butyl acetates are the aoat widely used of ell the eoLv^nt* of nitro cellulose* Of the ketone group of solvents, seetone la probably the aost widely used, sad it Is one of the cost powerful solvents known* The importties preteat depend upon the nethod of manufacture end are ao doubt responsible for soae of the toxic sjaptoas which are encountered. Its aarootie oetioa in animals is aorw pronounced than that of cblorefora* The examination of the bleed after continued inhalation. shows a destruction of the red cells and heaoglobla* It does not sppesr to produce chronic tissue damage *s long as the vsper concen trations are low, even though exposure is prolonged* Several ketones of higher molecular weight have bean rscomaended as good solvents for nitrocellulose, but they have little or no effect on cellulose eetate* The sore important seabera ef this group are mrthyl-propyl ketone, or pentanone, and aethy1-butyl ketone, or hexanone* Their acute effects on guinea pigs wars studied by Teat(8) and his colleagues, who report that death results froa a stats of aarcesi* rather than froa the irritation of the lungs. All fatalities occurred daring the exposure* dan aoaentarily exposed to epproxi- aately 1.3JS and 5W paatanone vapor, and to 1*23% and 2.9t hexanone vapor complained of irritation of the eyes and naaal passages, and of a cbsrmaterietlo itraog. odor*, .S)8chrenk, H.H., faat,K*F* sad fatty, fA., Acute Response of Guinea figs to Japors of Sobs Ssw Commercial Organic.Compounds. X* Hexanone (Methyl Butyl Cetane) ublie Health Reports, $1, $24, Clay 157l93eT* Ibid, Acute lUapoaao of Quiaaa figs to Tcyora of Scam 8ew Caaasralal Orgsala Coapouads* IX fentaaoae (Methyl Fr-pyl Cetoae), fnblls Health leports, 5Jyl^e. (April 3, 193$). aQkt! -13- Of the glycols sad their ethers, ths xono-etbyl ether of ethylene glycol, or "cellosolve*, is the most important solvent of this els*. It Is * stable liquid tad tr~is usfdas s solvent for nitrocellulose nd resins, and offers ths advantage over most other solTants of slail*r boiling point In being nearly odorless. Ths touts physiological ratoons# of guinea pigs to sir containing (9) its vapor *as determined by Halts, Patty, and lent, who found the causa of death, in ths aniatls vho died 24 hours following exposure, to be congestion and edema of ths lungs, and in animals dying three days following exposure, to ba broncho-pecuaoals. Two of the investigators who brsathsd 0*61 esllosolve vapors for a few seconds reported the atmosphere to be Irritating to ths eyas and to haws a wary disagreeable odor. They thought that the odor end ths irritation were sufficiently disagreeable to make one desire to avoid a like exposure. furfurelS are excellent solvents and are used considerably in industry* The vapors are irritating and are very damaging to the eyesight of some people. AlHftCE An estimation of the extent of any health haaard resulting from solvents and mixtures of solvents can bs resshsd only after careful analysis of individual oircuastanoes. The mars knowledge that volatile solvents are used in certain industrial processes doss not Justify the conclusion that all illnesses among the working personnel may bo attributed to exposure to these substances. Sol vent vapors oan be, end frequently ere, confined wlthla a closed system, or aro^rtTiatod,. to aranor.. aalunst MHlrwontu frw tifiiplag.late tfri plant ktaoia (9)Rsite, C.P., Patty, 7.A., sad last, Acute Response of Ouinem Pigs to Vapors of Some Raw Commercial Organic Compounds. 111. *Celloaoive* (Mono- ethyl ther of Ethylene Glycol), Public Health Reports, 45, 1459, (Jun* 27,1930). 24V 2 A phars* Is doubtful instances, the diagnosis of industrial intoxicrtiont through inhalation should bo furthar confirmed by chenical analyses of '.h. aLr brecthed. Such analyses nr* also essential In deterelning the efficiency of aossurea in stituted to "prevent" the diffusion of there vapor* Into th breathing ion* of the woriesrs. Th difficulties encountered 1q determining th concentration of vapor* Ln the plant ataoepher# arc many. In tt:& first place, distinction uat be cad* between vapor eonoentrationa aaaoelated with plant operation* and tfaoae resulting froa accldanta and irregularities in operation. Under normal operation*, they nay ba present ln the air in very io* concentrations, which say require special technics in collecting air aaaplea and selective methods of analysis* there two or sore solvents arc present In the air la ooablnatlons at the ease tine, it la frequently impossible, by axiating sHthoda of chemical analysis, to idsntify and estimate individual coapoaenta, although they can be differentiated and estimated as groups. Benzol end its hoaologuer may be detected by s rather intricate colorimetric sethod, while carbon di sulphide auat be estiaatsd by aierotitration after absorption la an alcoholic potash solution. The chlorinated hydrocarbons cay ba detsmined by a coabna tion method, in which ttas liberated hydrogen chlorlds la absorbed* Other groups, such ns the alcohols, caters, ethere, ketones, eta., nay be detertslmd or estimated by various analytical sethod*. then two or more memb-ra of a group are present, it la usually impossible to separate them and the result* of tbs analysis auat b* recorded on the basis of th# mors toxic material, Than a mixture, suob ae a lacquer thinner which may contain methyl end ethyl alcohol, acetone, bcasane, ethyl and amyl acetate and butyl cclloaolvs, it under consid eration, the problem becomes involved* It than becomes necessary to uae a method 15- vhiah *111 deteralns the total aaouot of solvent vapor present. Thla say bs dona quantitatively by freeting out tha vapor* with liquid air; by abaorption with activated chareoaL or allies gelj by a carefully calibrated lnterferoet< r; or by a coabuetible gas indicator which *111 indicate tha presence of all inflaaaable solvents present. Many of these oethods of analyses, however, are far froa satisfactory and considerable research work sust be conducted before the analyst and Industrial hygienist sill feel confident of the results. The recognition of industrial poisoning froa the inhalation of volatile solvents Is gsneraliy >uite difficult. Acute and fatal poisonings do occur, but usually under eircuastances that diacioss the responsible agent* The detection of volatile solvents in the body after death froa ea acuta poisoning la possible for ell subetaneee having a boiling point belov (10) that of eater by tha ninro methods of Gettler sad others. This nethod de pends on condensation of tha aaterial in tubes inserted in freeslng mixture. In the living^ or In those bo have Lived a fe* days before death froa poison ing, these eaell amounts cannot be detected. Kxaalnation of the urine is re vealing in eoae eases, sad in ethers, sxaalnatlon of the blood tells tha story of oumlative exposures. Nothing auch is known regarding tha detection of halogeneted hydrooarboas, but *ith broainated compounds, there *11} be soae broalne in the urine, sad it Is possible *ith chlorinated hydrocarbons,that organic chlorides aay prove to be Indicative of absorption. Industrial poisoning, however, is characteristically chronic in fora. The worker's health is gradually Impaired by repeated aeall inhalation# of the solvent aaterial, and evidence of toxsaia eay not arise for several (lO)Oettlsr, A.O. and 8iag8l,fianry, Isolation froa Hunan Tissues of Xasily Volatile Organic Liquids and Their Identification, Archives of Pathology, 19, 208, (February, 1935)* ov24V4 -16- 7*r* Although solvents do not accueulste la the.body, as doe* lead for example, there doee occur ea accumulation of effects froa repeated dell/ inhalations*--Seldom do theee exert their Influence on a tingle organ* Change* usually are found In the blood, kidney*, liver, heart, nervous syatea, and other organs* The clinical picture and symptomatology aay be sinlLar for asny sol vent* and a diagnosis frequently nust depend on a correlation with the ofaealoal analysis of the air breathed and evidence revealed by the examination of the blood and the urine* The prevention of poisoning by inhalation is dependent entirely upon the aeeauree employed against the diffusion of vapor* into the plant etaoephare* There ie no siaglo aeeeure of control mhieh. ie applicable to all operations* A combination of aaaauro* usually nust be employed to Insure success* These In clude the substitution of hanless or less harmful solvents for harmful ones) the segregation of vapor-producing operations) enclosure of prooessos which confines the vapors) aechanlesl aethods Including local exhausts applied either above or below the processes according aa the vapors to be entrapped and re moved ere lighter or heavier than air and increased general ventilation to in sure rapid changes of sir) personal protective devices) Instruction of workers regarding the hasard) and competent medical supervision* Personal protective devices frequently offer Inadequate protection* Respirators should be used only in an eeergeney or when the exposure is inter mittent, and should be of such a type that the worker breathes sir from sn unoontaninsted source. Skin absorption can beat be prevented by cleanliness of body and olothing* The absorption of vapors through the intaot skin, especially -247o X -17- if spilled or absorbed in the aLothing, aust b* born* la alnd. This la partic ularly true of tba fat soluble solvents. O' V 24V o M (II) GlasslfLcation of Industrial. Solvents Chlarinflt?i SgsaPtfadi '-thylen* Bichloride (DL colors those) htfcyleae Chlorhydrine (Glycol chlorhydrine) Monochlo rhydrine D1Ohiorhydrine Dlehlor* thylene TrichLorethyleno ("Jtestroeol*) Propylene Bichloride Eplehlorhydrlne Methylene Bichloride {Hlchlorsethese) (8oLa*thin) Chlorofore Tvtrechlorbthese (Acetylene Tetrachloride) (''Poetron") Pentaohlorethene (Pen'tollne*) Perchlare thy lose Carbon Tetrachloride ("Aiordla") (Beneinoform*) (Phoeniplne*) ("Spectral") (Tatre0) (*?rftracol") (Tatrafora") (Ketarlne*) Monoohlorbensene Blchlorethyl ether Ayl chloride Aeylene dl-chlortd* lthylene Dichlorlde-Carbon Tetre- chlorlde Mixture (Chloreaol") `r^trchlorothylne (IL) for industrial uses of solvents, see Durrans, T.H.: Solvents, VanNostrand, New 1ork, 1933. 24TV aydrocarboB* 4raaa.Ua Sail-lar. gal rial .as.in.tufl Bensane (Bansol) ToInane (Toluol) Xylena (Xylol) (Mixture* of aroaatlo hydrocarbons rith essll quantities of naphthene paraffin hydrocarbons) Llgjht Qrede B.R, HO^-L^OC. Heasy Grad* B.R, 160-190C. (8oIrena*) Cysaaa Dlpentana Turpantlna Rosin spirit Cyelohexana Oxidlwd Patgalcia fatfeagagfapaa Petroleum Kthar Fatroleua Spirit (Ligroin) Varnish a&*sre *i painter* naphtha White 8plrlt or mineral spirit Lacquer Patroleu* (Rasult of passln* the eapors of patrot-*uj bydroeerboBB and eir orar eariaua catalysts at high taaparatu^es) Bytfgacarbfta PerivatiTa Carbon diaulphida Methyl Alcohol (Methanol) ttnyl AloohoL (Ethanol)---- ' Propyl Alcohol (Propanol) Isoproyl Alcohol (Isoprop&nol) (Percprit*) (Petrohol*) (Aneatine") Normal Butyl Alcohol (Normal Butanol) Iso-butyl Alcohol (Isopropyl csrbinol) Secondary Butyl Alcohol (Methyl Ethyl earblnol) Alcabali M-Hexyl Alcohol (Noraal Hexanol) Aayl Alcohol (Mixture of two of the ei^ht laooarlc ayl alcohols) 2 - Ethyl butyl alcohol Octyl alcohol (2 - ethyl hezanol) Bensyl alcohol Diacetone alcohol Fusel oil (refined) (Blend of higher alcohols of the aayl series, containin'; a well amount of the lower alcohols derived froa genuine crude fusel oil)* Alfiahol-gthtri Ethylene Glycol Monosethy1 ether (Methyl Celloaolve Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (Methyl glycol) ("Gelioeoive*) Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl ether (Butyl eelloaolve) Diethylene Glycol Monoaethyl ether ("Methyl Carbitol*) Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether (*Carbitol*) Dlethylene Glycol Moaobutyl Ether (Butyl Carbitol*) Jiulethylia Methoxy Butyl Acetate ("Butoxyl") Ethylene Glycol Mono-ethyl Mono-acetate (Cellosolve Acetate*) Glvcala Ethylene Glycol (Glycol) Hetty! thylane Glycol (PropyLfane Glycol) Diethylea* Glycol Triathylena Glycol 8utylon* Glycol Diethylane Glycol Ethyl Ether (Ithar) Iu propyl Lther Butyl Ether (iforaal) Propylene Oxiha Ethtff Jafl. Diathylana 0.xide (BDio*aa) Dlcalorethyl Sth<T (Chiorex*) gA.tcra Hathy1 Acetate Ethyl Acetate Propyl Acetate . ("Technical" aayl aeatata) Isopropyl leatat* Butyl Acetate katbyl Aayl Acetate Octyl Aeetei# (2~ithyl Hexyl Acetate) Ethyl Butyrate Seugrl Foraat* 3asyl Acetate Ethyl Lactate Ieo-propyl Laotata Butyl Laotata Aayl Laetata Ethyl Butyl Aeatate Methyl Cclloaolvo Acetate Aayl Aoatate Secondary Hexyl ice tats Ethyl Poraate Carbitol Acetate (Clathylena Glycol Xono-ethyl Ether Acetate) Aayl Eoraate Ethyl Propionate Butyl Propionate Aayl Propionate Bntyl QLyoollate Ethyl Beaaoata Hathyl Beaaoata Di-ethyl Carbonate Ethyl Butyl Carbonate Cibutyl Phtbalate *2 Acetone (ILaetfayl Ketone) Uatfayl Acetone __--. A-athyl N-Aayi Ketone llethyl IvObutyl Ketone (Uexona) Sethyl Lthyl Ketone (3utyrona) letoafii Di-ethyl Ketone (layl Ketone) ltathyl propyl Satone (Eentassne) Other higher ketone* CyslQbLgaaaft larlvatlTea Cyclohaxanol ("UexaU.9*) (tool") Cyciohaxanyl Acetate Matbylcyciohexanol (Sextol*) ("Xethyl tool*) tfethyleyclohaxanyl Acetate (Sextet**) Cyclohexanone ("Sexton**) Aethylcpcloheranone furfural FuriuryL alcohol Fyrfuryl aeatata furfMCili Tetrahydro furforyi alcohol (Dther furfural derivative* of Lae* import*nc*} flatUelalM Salitaf Diacetin Trlmeatia etc. 1 Mfa