Document k62MDZJe8V5r3J8MDeyKxwdJ0

Clm w a 11 r a ^ ' Ml LHN Mb I I OCTOBER 16-20, 1939 S-f I Foreword Till-: Transactions of the 28th National Safety Congi'w ami Exposition of the National Safety Council, October l(i-20, 1939, are published in two volumes. Volume I con Council Officers and Directors..................................... 4 ' tains the general anti subject sessions and the sessions of the Council Purposes and Program................................... 9 various Industrial Sections. Volume II contains the Street Annual Meeting of Members......................................... 11 ami Highway Traffic, the Commercial Vehicle, the Transit. Annual Banquet............................................................... 27 , the Chiltl Education, and the Home Safely sessions. Volume l is distributed automatically to all industrial mem bers of the Council. Volume II is sent to members who aiv believed to be interested chielly in the sessions it contains. However, other Council members may obtain Volume II upon request. Many members have found it of benefit to distribute copie> of the Transactions volumes to both executives, foremen and supervisors, who have used the practical information they contain in safety programs and for general reference pro poses. Extra copies of the Transactions may be obtained :i> follovys: One to 10 copies of Vol. I, at $2 each; 11 or more copies, $1.75 each. Extra copies of Vol. II cost 75 cents . , each. Special Subject Sessions-- . Eliminating Mechanical Causes of Accidents. .. 29 Fire Control and Prevention................................. 43 Fumes, Gases and Vapors....................................... 55 Governmental Safety Service in Industry.......... 69 Health Service in Industry...................................... 93 Industrial Nursing.................................................. 109 Maintaining Interest in Safety.............................. 123 Occupational Disease Control................................ 133 Off-thc-Job Accidents ............................................ 149 Safety Inspectors .................................................... 163 Tire Human Side of Safety.................................... 181 Welding and Cutting........ .-..................................... 203 Aeronautical Section ..................................................... 225 A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section................................. 239 THE Transactions are a condensed record of the pro ceedings of the Congress. The papers and addresses haw been edited to delete extraneous matter, abbreviate the less important portions, and emphasize what may be of parlicul;.r usefulness in promoting effective safety organization and other accident prevention measures. These volumes, there fore. are a somewhat abridged version, compact, practical and of particular value to the student and executive inter ested in achieving more thorough accident prevention'suc cess. The original mauuseripts are available for additional reference, if desired, in the files of the National Safety Council. Automotive and Machine Shop Section.......... ........... 245 Cement and Quarry Section............................................ 259 Chemical Section ............................................................. 273 Construction Section ..................................................... 299 Food Section..................................................................... 319 Marine Section ................................................................. 339 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section ........................................... ............................... 391 Metals Section ................ ;............................................... 407 Mining Section . . '........................................................... 449 Paper and Pulp'Section.................................................... 477 Petroleum Section .........................'................................. 531 Power Press Section.......................................................... 567 THE National Safely Council, at its Gtngresscs, seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent Public Utilities Section.................................................... 581 Refrigeration Section ................................................... 607 * to the aims of the Congress or which may he Contrary to Rthuebber Section ................................................................. 623 Council's policies. It cannot accept responsibility, however, Steam Railroad Section.................................................... 645 for all views expressed either in the papers which have been Textile Section ..................................................... <........... 677 delivered or in the discussions based upon these papers. Wood Products Section.................................................... 693 Safety Exposition Exhibitors...................................... . 715 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. Index ,.................. .............................................................. 719 20 North Wacher Drive Chicago , National Safety Council Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS ' . Association of Iron ano Sikf.i. Engineers Roiiekt W. Camitiki.i. Lew R. Palmer OFFICERS (1939-1940) Col. John Stiiavell. President H. J. Ai.drich. Vice-President lor Safety Councils L. C. Campbell, \'ice-Prcsident tor Industrial Safely Wm. C. Knoli.k, Vice-President for Education [). Miu.n McClintock, Vice-Presiilent for Public Safety I. W. Mii.i.ard, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer Wnltkr S. Paine, Vice-President for Engineering Lew R. Palmer, Vice-President for Public Relations A. V. Roihvlder, Vice-President for Home Safety R. T. Sollnsten, Vice-President for Membership i W. H. Cameron, Managing Director and Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1939-1940) . II. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Ine. ' J. I. IIanasii, l'ast President . C. W. IJekcquist. Past President . H. \V. nor.c.i:ss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. II. E. Holt, South Rend Civic Safety Council F. W. Braun, ASSE-Euginecring Section W. H. Camtron, National Safety Council L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Company R. W. Campbell, Past President RoiiEut I. Cati.iN, Aetna Casually & Surely Co. D. B. Chant. Paper and Pulp Section Lewis A. Dcliiois, Pa>l President C. \\\ Demi E>v. The Lirpiid Carbonic Corp. C. R. Dooi.lv, Socouy-Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. Marcus A. I >ovv. Past President H \i<oi H K. I-Nlou s, American National Red Cross D. D. Fknntt.i.. Past President H. J. Okiititii, Metals Section E. E. Crom r. Ci.lumhu- & Southern Ohio Electric Co. Hakhv C.lh rerO'Iic Pullman Co. G. T. Hu t.MUTii, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. , , H akim O'G. Hole man. Unemployment Compensation Comm. S. II. HiiKKKi i. The Carey Salt Co. W. Flcvii Jackson, Delate tic Safety Cocncil 4 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Waltf.k G. King, Past President Wm. C. Knoki.k, Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President Titos. H. MacDonald, Federal Public Roads Administration R. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport Du. Miller McClintock, Yale University I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours & Co. Hojs. Ei.iot Ness, Director of Public Safely. Cleveland C.'J. Noiimann, Petroleum Section Ei,J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council wa'i.ter S. Paine, Aelna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Palmer, Past President . C! E- Pettiuone, Past President B. O. Pickard, Marine Section I' Aliikrt S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. R. J. Reigei.uth, Construction Section Lt. Col. Henry A. Reningku, Past President E. A. Roberts, Textile Section A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Ry. Co. Charles B. Scott, Past President' Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association Gen. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Carl L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council ' C. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. R. T. Sot.KNSTEN, Elliott Service Co. Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago Col. John Stii.wf.ll, Consolidated Edison Company of New York. I nc. John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valley Safety Council C. P. Toi.man, Past President George G. Tkavek, Greater Chicago Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President; A. W. Whitney, Na'ional Conservation Bureau R. V. Wright, Railway Age Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1939-1940) H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Company Vern W. Aubel, Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce J. I. Banash, Past President D. A. Barrett, Carnegic-lllinois Steel Corp. Leo If. Beaulac, Blackstoue Valley Safety Council Ernest W. Beck, United States Rubber Co. A C. W. Bercijuist, Past President E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. ' H. W. Boccess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co. *11. E. Bolt, South IJciul Civic Safely Council 5 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued C. B. nun i.i, Wisconsin Public Service Corp. J. C. Bower, Automotive and Machine Shop Section F. \V, Beaux, ASSE-Eiiginccring Section Josi:j*i A. Dkoitiy', Elizabeth Safety Council F. S. Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Co. F. X. Uumixi 11, Cement Section W. H. Cam ikon'. National Safely Council A. n. Campir.i L, Mining Section I.. C. Campiii.i.l, The Koppcrs Coal Co. IvOur.KT W. C \mt'l'.rt.t., Past President Uwmomi A. Carey, Evanston Safety Council Ray C AttNta", Kenosha Safety Council Robert I. Uyii.ix. Arina Casualty & Surety Co. D. II. Cmnt, I'aperand Pulp Section Wm. M. Ci auk, St. Joseph Safety Council Kenvitm It, Cot.man, Seattle Traftic & Safety Council .1. E. Cm t ini:v, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. Drlit.ois, Past President . C. W. 1 >i uplsy'. The Liquid Carbonic Corp. Milton W. Dhiirzknskv, East Day Safety Council C. R. Doo.lv, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. Inc. ' Tame* It, Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Matters A. I low. Past President Harold I*. Em.ows, American National Red Cross ' D. I). Finniil. Past President Donald A. I'in'Kiu.ini.k, Toledo Safety Council Ok. Hart E. Fisnr.ii. Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Victor It. Fitzpatrick, Richmond Safety Council IlmvAi.'i) It. Fovm, JJurroiiglis WVIIcome it Co. (USA) Inc. Wm. II. Forsyth, Superior & Douglas Comity Safely Council Arthur l\ Frv, Worcester Safety Council John' II. timsoN, Western Electric Co. Lyle II. I hit. lVoria Association of Commerce Safety Council R u\r>oi iti L. Gilman, Railway Safely Council W. A. Ciiuittn. American Telephone 8: Telegraph Co.' H. J. (>1:1111111, Melals Section E. E. Groyi ii, Columbus it Southern Ohio Electric Co. Harry* Ciii.iieiit. The Pullman Company D. T. II ykr'IXuto.v, V. S. Rurcau of Mines Frink II. Harrison, International Harvester Co. G. T. Hi 11 ml'tii, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. E. L. Hi ni:\. So,un Railroad Scciioii J. C. IlriH.i ut, Grcaier Los Angeles Safet) Council Ctns. E. IIii.l, -Yen' York Central System Harold i'i. Hopfmyn, Unemployment Compensation _ Commission. New Jersey Paul lion \nd, Uahimore Safety Council ' J. Andrew IIollcy, Child Education Section S. R. 1 Iokki.i.l, The Carey Salt Co. ' '. Majoii Norm in A. Iiikil, Safely Council of Columbus ChamluT oi Connin'rcc 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Confinued Merrick Jackson, Eui|doyees' Publication Section W. Floyd Jackson, Delaware Safety Council Wm. F. James, Philadelphia Safely Council Jasper B. Johnson, Madison Comity Safely Council T. D. Johnson', Commercial Vehicle Section Frank L. Jones, Greater New York Saicly Council Thomas P. Kearns, Ohio Industrial Commission Ralph O. Keefer, Chemical Section < (I- H. Kfi.i.y, U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission ''Wai ter G. King, Past President _ jWm. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission V*Wm. S. Knuosen, Detroit Industrial Safety Council ' Otto C. Kuiiiit, Greater Springfield Safety Council V.C. L. LaFountaink, Great. Northern Railway Co. . Roy Lef., Contra Costa County Safety Council Arnold Lockerby, Grand Rapids Safety Council John E. Long, Past President Tiios. H. MacDonald, Federal Public Roads Administration IIon. Arthur W. Magee, New Jersey Commissioner of Motor Ve hicles Dennis J. Maley, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce R. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport H. N. McClellan, Berkeley Traffic Safely Commission Du. Miller McCi.in cock, Yale University David L. Millar, St. Louis Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Harry S. Moody-, Rochester Safety Council R. B. Mori ev, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations R. W. Mouse, Rubber Section C. L. Murray, Mason Citv-Cerro Gordo County Safety Council Hon. Ei.iot Ness, Director of Public Safety, Cleveland C. J. Normanx, Petroleum Section . E. J. O'Bitir.N, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Georce C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Company Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies Li.yv R. Palmer, Past President David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council C. K. Peacock, Chattanooga Safety Council Charles W. Pf.ndock, Safely Division, Milwaukee Association ni Commerce C. E. Pettirone. Past President 11.0. Pickard, Marine Section Judge Harry' H. Pouter, Street & Highway Traffic Section H. A. Ptolemy', Public Utilities Section . A. A. Rall, Refrigeration Section . Albert S. Rf.cui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. R. J. Rcigci.utii. Construction Section , Lt. Col. Henry A. Reningem. Past President Marinus Ritf.r, Paterson Safely Council ' E. A. Uobfrts, Textile Section / 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued A. V. Koiiwkiier, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Ry. Co. G. E.-Sanford, General Electric Company Hf.nry G. Sciiaffnkk, Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industrie' Section Harry E. Sciikauk, Kansas City Safety Council Ciiaki.es B. Scott, Past President Eaul S. Shartzf.r, Utica Safety Council .. Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association " Gf.n. John H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council * . Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Company f Ernest L. Simonos, New Haven Safety Council Adoi.th Skinner, Safety Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce Carl L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council C. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. R. T. Solknstf.n, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, Chicago E. C. Sprinc, Philadelphia, Pa. Cor- John Sth.weli, Consolidated Edison Company of N. Y. Inc. Edmund C. Stone, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valiev Safety Council Arthur M. Todf., Consulting Marine Engineer C. P. Tolman, Past President --- Georof. G. Traver. Greater Chicago Safety Council Dr. B. L. VosnuRGit, General Electric Company Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President Fred A. WEnn, Food Section G. Wise Wescott, Safety Dept.. Automobile Club of Rhode Island T. Anglin White, Safety Div.. Birmingham Chamber of Commerce S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau . J. C. Wilson, Wood Products Section A. N. WooniiF.Ai), Albany*Safety Council ' W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. R. V. Wright, Railway Age Arthur H. Young. Past President E. J. ZaUFT. Safety Bureau, Duhtll: Chamber of Commerce The National profit, cooperativ tive is the elite achieve this objeIhc following prt 1. CREATIXC TV. People wil r.!y when they things: (a) that oc* problem, thrr icdu:riaj mac. fb) that acoder; that each ace t ran-e*; (c) that : Toe banc mpairr pre-rran. thereto* irelive preseruati atl more people. 1 FINDING Acodec: oases : two plan15. ia c schools. They art tree to ^dxr. every errr. even TcilvC or jefrxv lerot *ttriy tie c on group, so eh ways wi2 be _ rtspatiNc jorace. i maintain: safety, few vi a-jzvr reszanasfi.. ' <: the* ximQapcc fie K3GMa, tie T<ciwr (dmeaaj jc cy ar `. . rrenown cut ass' esenjibl amd. tfbn . wa;-asu> Ae-'ScC^ja. anc eaiyy *caici ______ Mapw-aesatecyueoa =fby. Cir geicky taaimiRiHi. *5 **&$&* ie imi m 7%*$; . a sound unit /operating '.i a strip film projector, av or may not be auto- .tiled to the sound record. ombinations of. the tore . 'e. The opaque projector ies a slide unit and the or may be readily adapted slides. rojector, the basic govern . to be presented. Pictures, is. the audience or the size ..tom in which it is to he : lamp housing and suh- 1 of items 1 and 2 usually and type projector ncccsases a combination unit is merest of greater flexibil be necessary to procure different focal length for rticularly it a variety of l encountered. The shorter eon the projector and the r the focal length of the .'or the average projector, ojcction lenses are usually ' of portability is more or .:ory and is governed almost .'.il situation. Too much in bility and projection power acrificcd to portability. 1 -over of a projector lamp .iuced below 200 watt'. ower, my preference is for a projector bulb of from .. A size larger than this al power circuit which may where needed. In projectors bulbs larger than 200 watts f forced draft ventilation ' Otherwise damage to the < being proicctcd is almost n too, the bulb itself may weessive heat. ; ; , ; ; Occuoational Disease Control THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 19,1939 The session planned for the discussion their health. On the left base is the medi of problems in industrial occupational cal side. They are the group employed to disease control was called to order by carry out the medical part of industrial A. S. Johnson. Assistant to the Manager, management's responsibility. And on the Engineering Department, American Mu lower right is the third base of this tri tual Lialulity Insurance Company, Bos angle where we lind the engineers or in ton. Mass., who presided. The problems dustrial hygienists, who have to develop were presented as a panel discussion, and and prepare for the operating group the Chairman' Johnson introduced the mem controls of occupational disease, as far as bers of the panel, as follows: engineering is concerned with controlling Roy S. Bonsib. Chief Safety Inspector, them. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. Now. there is a strong tic between the New York City. . medical and the engineering phases Warren A. Cook. Division of Industrial Hygiene and Engineering Research. Zurich General Accident & Liability In surance Compairy, Chicago. Df. A. \j. Cr.inch. Industrial Toxicology . through that base line of the triangle. What we hope to do in discussing each topic is to develop that tie. which we will call the balance of opinion between the medical phases developed by the uociors on my left, and the engineering phases de Department. Union Carbide Company. New York City. Dr. Leonard Grecnburg, Executive Di rector. Division of Industrial Hygiene. New York Slate Department of Labor. New York City. veloped by the engineers on my right. I would like to ask this panel a ques tion. For a great many years occupational hazards have been studied in one indus try or another. Would this panel feel. let us say. sanguine that any industrial enter Willis G. Hazard. Personnel Division. prise i- now ready, by employing proper Owens-Illinois Class Company, Toledo, O. personnel, by searching out tbe answers Dr. E. G. Mcitcr. Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Liabilitv Insurance Company, Wausau. Wis. ^Dr. O. A. Sander. Milwaukee, Wis. wherever they may be found, to solve an occupational disease problem if they have one, and by tbe proper solution maintain the safety and health of the employees? Put another wav. arc we still groping in the dark on some of these hazards by The' Discussion Plan reason of conflict of opinion, rotillivt of experimental data and theoretical expres CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: We have sion by folks who f nd the theoretical haz agreed to have a working base from which ard in exposure because it is suggested in we will talk. This working base from the book? Will 'Dr. E. G. Cranelt talk which we will try to develop our opinions briefly along this line of suggestion? is what l choose to call a triangle of rc- sponsiliihy. visualizing what may be called the three A. B. C.'s of an equilateral tri angle. ' DR. CRANCH: This question is a broad one: Is any industry satisfied that it is iu a position to solve an occupational disease on tbe basis of present informa At the lop of this triangle is manage tion? I would say. absolutely yes. for th- ment of an industrial enterprise, the man majority of occupational disease prohlems who has to pay the bids, the man who are sufficiently understood to adopt effi hires the labor, tbe man who worries about cient measures for rontrol. ' I.U V^ 2Sth National Safely Con/jress CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Frequently I hear ii i.iill, "Well, wli) should 1 do .1111 thing about this until yon folks come l.i 11 rjns on whether I ought to have two parts pee million or two llion-ainl parts per million;" l.et us develop 11 i> farther ami a->k the opinion of l)r. Ii. li. Mcitcr, on the enpiueeiini; side. arsenic, and benzol. The chief reason, it seems to nie. why we still continue to have poisonings iu industry is because the employer and the worker do not realize Ihc gravity of these hazards and do not take the problem seriously enough to in stitute the necessary and proper means of prevention. * Die. M LIVER: 1 agree with Dr. Ci.nieh that there is enough known to solve these occupational disease hazards. If some employers are not willing to do anything at all until all possible informa tion is available, I would say that they are never going to start. In solving these oecuiialioii.il disease pi.'.hleins. vve have a progressive solution. In the same way that the 19-10 automobile could not have been built in 1920. just so are vve progressing in all the branches of engineering, ventilation, ventilation equip ment. and respiratory protective devices, and so 1 think adequate information is available. . A Basis for Truth CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I think we have a balance of opinion there. If you have an occupational disease hazard, there is enough knowledge stored somewhere in the hooks and brains to tackle it or solve it in progressive fashion. But we are clut tered up, I think, by a In; of crack-brained untiniis. I have read any quantity of liter ature in which somebody has ventured the opinion that because such and such ma terials arc used, we must have a hazard that ii just about ready to kill off the population of the plant. Do vve know enough about the hazards and pmtrol of benzol, silicosis, arsenic, phn.-: horns, radium, x-ray, and so forth, to sc., t out the truth and build upon solid fact n effective safety program? Will l)r. I ;onard Grccnhiirg develop that for a ri.u|.)c of minutes? DR. GREEXHURG: It seems to me that there is a definite body of evidence which is available on the more important occupational poisons and for the more important occupational diseases, that makes i! possible to prevent and control tilde poisonings and these hazards with a great dyal of certainty. That holds for substances such as car bon monos'Jc and lead and chromium and CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now I am going to switch to the engineering side and ask the same question, l.et us visual izc an industrial enterprise that is fearful, that has a notion that some exposure is a serious one. and wants to know if there is anything from an industrial engineering standpoint that will make it impossible nr difficult to devise the proper instriiuicnt.to measure the quantity of exposure, whether it he dust, gas or fume. f am going to turn that over to Warren Cook. MR. COOK: Today wc have more methods available for finding out how much of the injurious materials a man is being exposed to than wc have ever had in the past. Formerly it was a very labori ous procedure in most cases to analyze the atmosphere inhaled by the worker. Today in connection with more and more of the injurious materials, we arc having placed in our hands and arc having de veloped methods which will quickly tell us how mue'li of the injurious material is in the atmosphere breathed by the worker. Wc have devices which will determine the concentration of carbon monoxide merely by reading a gauge. Similar equip ment is being developed for other injuri ous materials. For vapors,-about the best device is tin Inncrperomctcr, and wc hope wc will he able to get equipment of this kind manufactured iu this country one of these days, hut at the present time it is rather difficult to obtain. 1`raelically all of the injurious material- in industrial atmo-plu-rcs can he deter mined. Some of the methods arc more simple than others, but methods arc being simplified all of the time so the safety en gineer in the plant can avail himself of these methods. . CHAIRMAN JOHNSON; Now I am going to ask Roy Bonsili a rather critical question. In cases of doubt, where fear lias to he balanced with knowledge, woiil l lie think it advisable to attempt to dclo a hazard in a plant without technical Occupational Disease Control 1J5 measurement * That is. hy visual observa tion. Or does lie feel that it is beyond all question desirable to have the survey made technically hy industrial hygienists or hy men trained to sample properly with proper instruments? MR. DON'SMJ: I think the greatest trouble iu industry today is that there lias been too much guess work. In deal ing with insidious problems such as tlie neve substances and some of the old sub stances which have been introduced, it is pretty hard to hang your hat on every thing, and the ay{.igc executive today wants to know exactly what is what, and you cannot knoweyhat vvilhoiit concrete evidence. Vuu havc'Vot to get definite in formation and data. When once you llfiow the facts, which can only lie obtained through technical means and hy experienced people, you can give them something definite on which they can base definite conclusions and on which you can base your preventive measures. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now I feel assured that wc can discuss some detailed problems. Wc have our base. Wc are in agreement that there is no ordinary occu pational disease, hazard that cannot be coped with, that there is sufficient evi dence to sort fact from fancy, that there are instruments sufficient in quantity and kind for proper engineering analysis, and that there is no deed of guessing. l.et us start now an occupational dis ease control program. We have Plant X. The management at the top says. "Find my hazard, if any. Control it, if need lie. I mu setting up a medical department; I am setting up engineering occupational hygienists. I want you fellows to work out a program so that my operating depart ment can install the necessary safeguards, whatever they may he, and assure nic that there will he no emergence of disability hy rca.-on of these exposures." . The Medical Program Let us build first the medical half of that program. Of what docs it generally consist. Dr. O. A. Sander? DR. SANDER: I am glad you empha sized the uccd fif a medical program in an occupational disease control program, along with the engineering control An initial examination of all workers exposed to a particular occupational hazard is a} necessary as is the exact deter.imiatio:' of a hazard hy engineering methods. . The appearance or the findings in`any group of workers exposed to a particular dust, or what have you, gives an accurate picture of the hazard which has existed over a period of years. That picture is one which the viigiuccrs cannot give you, because their dust counts or other deter minations may he only temporary or may vary from day to day. It may have changed considerably in tho past few years; the hazard may have been for example, ten times as groat two years before as it was on tho day the dust counts were made. So no occupational disease control is ade quate without initial Examination of all employees. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Dr. Sander has developed the need for the medical examination as a survey question to deter mine whether conditions as they have ex isted have produced any pathology in the men. Let us assume that, and install our program of control. Dr. Grecnburg. vvh.it do you feci about the need for periodicity in the examination program? DR. GREENBURG: That would largely depend on what particular hazards were present in the plant itself. In certain cases it would be desirable to examine workers very frequently, perhaps even as often as once a month; and in other in stances it might he very satisfactory to examine them once a year, depending on just what particular substances the work ers were exposed to in their daily occupa tion and how satisfactory the technical means pf control were. For example, in the case of benzol, it might be satisfactory to examine workers every three months. I believe in the case of tetraethyl lead, the du Pont Company examines its employees about once a month, though I ain not quite sure about that. In the case ol sand blasters, it might lie desirable to examine them and x-ray them every six. months; whereas in the case of foimdrymcn it might be perfectly satisfactory if the men arc engaged in ordinary foundry work to examine them once a year and x-ray them once a year or once every year and a half. It would he largely a question of judg ment, depending on the particular occu- ; IJG i .\ 2iSih National Safely Congress I ' I' `p.ition mul the particular jubilances cm- consider carefully the opinion expressed pl.ycd. there. You will observe that he ha- CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I would like to ask Dr. Grcenlmrg to amplify just unr point. If the survey about which Dr. Sander spoke discloses no specific occu pational disease hazard as having caused any ; ilhology--and that is the situation that i'..tains in most plants--but still there placcd the burden upon his own profes sion, by careful discussion, of course, with the management that is to pay the bill: but the decision must rest with the doc tor upon the evidence as presented by the conditions of the plant and the employees themselves. . may b: some moderate exposures to this There is no cook book formula which or to i.iat, and the management wants to says you must put employees through tIn- be perf'ctly sure, how often as a general mill at standard intervals. But the making thin)' s.iould those men come up for re of medical examinations is another thing. examination? It always presents problems, because men Understand, this survey has disclosed no pathology, no damage, nothing you can pm your teeth in or hang your hat ou as indicating a great need for engineering changes in current methods of control. frequently are frightened when they know they are being examined to see it there is anything the matter with t-hem. not just being examined to sec if they arc all right. They arc always fearful that some; dire calamity may overtake Re-examination Periods them soon. It is a real personnel prob Die. GREENBERG: That would largely depend on whether there were any hazardous materials being used in the plant. If the condition of the men at the time of the initial examination was quite negative and no hazardous material is be ing used in the plant, I should say the dcci-ion as to whether or not you are going to have physical examinations is largely lem, one that has to be handled with judgment. I am going to ask Dr. Cranch if, in his long experience of examining a great many employees for operating exposures that might not be hazardous, he has al ways been able to keep those employees calm and collected and quiet and quite content with what things were found. an open one. and a matter of wide judg DR. CRANCH: Physical examination ment. programs for occupational disease con Tor example, in the ease of a depart ment store's employees, where young women act as sale-ladies, under ordinary conditions, it might not be necessary or desirable to give them physical examina tions more than once in five years, per haps not even then. If, on the other hand, the physical ex aminations were quite negative, and yet toxic materials arc being employed, the decision would depend on how toxic those materials arc and what the analysis of the plant atmosphere shows. trol can hardly be divorced from a physi cal examination program aimed at general health conservation. Where it is possible to have a medical service, where the physi cian is in daily contact with the man. physical examination presents far iewer difficulties than where it is done only for the sake of occupational disease control. If an outside physicau comes in to ex amine certain groups of men at intervals of front one month to two years, men logically have a right to expert that then may be something going wrong with those who arc called in frequently, and It seems to me that the answer to the that leads to considerable nervousness ou question is a matter of judgment which their part as tb what will he found. must be based on a comparison of the relative hazards of the exposure as com pared with the cost and desirability of continuing intensive physical examination, and only by knowing the detailed facts can one arrive at a sound decision in a particular given instance. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I think that it is very important for you all to There is. a matter of psychology and practice in carrying out such a program of examinations. It is much simpler, where it is possible to arrange it. to have reason ably frequent examinations for general health conservation, and these examina tions. then, will be included in tin- regular procedure and help to determine the elferts of an occupational disease exposure. Occupational Disease Control 137 As Dr. Grcenlmrg said, we do not at tempt as a rule a routine examination at a fixed interval of a year, we will say. The periodicity of our re-examination is determined largely by several factors: first, the possible exposure to occupational disease hazards; second, what we notice in connection with that man's health as the days go by. Our supervisory force is usually in structed to send in any man who seems a little under the weather, who does not seem to be doing wcjl, who seems to be slipping a little. From their recommenda tions often we pick up cases that certainly require examination which otherwise' would easily have been overlooked. Another thing wllltiti we have to remem ber is that many symptoms are common not only to occupational disease expo sures incident to life in general; and the medical program for the control of occu pational disease is therefore extremely important in that the contact must be es tablished with the men to determine what changes are going on and what is their origin. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: The im portant point to me is that you cannot drag in a physician from the outside who is a total stranger to your problem, merely became he is an expert toxicologist or ex pert something else, and ask him to set up a medical examination or control program for about a week, and then depart. Hire him to consult with your own physician, but let your own physician so fold the occupational disease program in to the general health conservation pro gram, that the findings of the one serve to augment and support the findings of the other. Now I am going to talk to the engineers, and assume that a survey has been made in which we have discovered a hazard sufficiently dangerous so that, in the doc tor's opinion, something ought to be done about it. I am not assuming that it has gone so far as to kill men, hut it has mani fested itself either in moderate early symp toms or some actual demonstrable pa thology in a few. I want to asti this group of engineers what they want the medical men to tell them which they may use to utmost ad vantage in their own work in connection with surveying to locate and find the hazard that they want to control. Will Willis Hazard discuss that one' MR. HAZARD: It seems to me that the most important thing that the doctor can tell the engineer is what his findings arc from the physical examination. That more or less determines how serious the hazard is; it often isolates it to certain in dividuals in the plant, and that points the way to places'that should come under en gineering control in that regard. . CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Perhaps you have already visualized what I am leading to. I want Mr. Bousib to develop that a little farther. Here we have the medical examination installed to disclose what is wrong', if anything. I want him to develop the engineering control method. What fact and what data does he need to go about his business? Engineering Control ' MR. BONSIB: Since the amount of damage to the human mechanism depends upon the exposure and the concentration the engineer should know the maximum allowable concentration to which he would have to maintain the working atmosphere or the working condition, and as an en gineer that is something that the medical profession must give so that the engineer will have something to which to work. I think the answer to the question, then, is that it is very essential that the thresh old or maximum allowable concentration permissible be known. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I do not think we will quarrel about that. I am certain no engineering group will stick out its neck far enough to define for the medical profession what constitutes the safe threshold limit. It is not quite the answer to the question I had in mind, however. For a great many years, you know, the medical profession has been conducting its work successfully in industry, main taining the greatest degree of confidence between the employees and the doctor through the fact that the doctor never revealed what was the matter with tin man if there was anything wrong. He grades the men in a general way--employ able, or employable subject to medical US -o 111 ivauoiuu oajety Congress serviei employable in limited expo much dust. It had been shown that sures. | I have Mown open a question here ' " ,l"' doetor inform the engineer of a\iiii..i'"l nnmhrr of facts ahout thr hazard ' * these men have lieen ex posed i\ tili-'iil weakening that professional gypsum dust itself does nut cause silicosis or injury to the lungs. lyVherc there is silica sand, we look for that injury to the lungs and the development of lihrosis and silicosis where the exposure1-'is high and continued over a long period of time. confide"" "1,il|i lie j>as established in Consequently, where about half of the the 'w'1 " lioin he is examining? material used in this operation was silica Who 1 Kro,,P 01 engineers to develop 1 l*ll-v ,l<0 adequately mass inform ,.r information about the Mro'AV. " .ili.in having to know tli.it Mike Uaml'i l.i i< about one month from emery" ,,nh :i disability: Will yon dc- \olop \l i. 11 .i.7:ir11 ? Mi; entircli the ni< mania is s;c , 'r som, ant who .n the r.w thr dc- i \ ' \ K1): It seems to me it is ... sdde for the engineer to use . . ' e-iilts in a purely statistical l, does not have to know who `ether it is Mike Dambrnwski . eUe. It is extremely iinpnr- . know the number of people on iug the same ailment and ... ot people who arc working in . ut or the plant as a whole. MK can. know -ee *..*' trc::i c extent know ` .: 1 do not sec how you . lo.iinst something unless you : is going to do: ami I do not ,. i can provide necessary pro .. ires without knowing to what ,nr to go on them. You mint e-ho!d limit to which the snli.' material, whether it is gas. is causing the trouble. If - woe what the toxic limit is. f.a: . . it take? to make people . ..ch the k'.itnan mechanism .iVr'g slue allowance for the sand, it was the guess of the engineer lh.it here was a condition which had to he con trolled effectively to keep the du-t concen tration down to very low level?. To everyone's surprise, the x-ray exami nations of workers who had been exposed to these operations for a number of year;, showed that there was no development of fibrosis. Further engineering data was collected, and it was found that two things hap pened. In the first place, the grain size of the sand was rather uniformly large and well washed. There was no abrasive action to produce a great number of line particles. In the air itself, the concentra tion of free silica was not 50 per cent, or what it was in the main rtintcri.il. hut only one or two per cent. Finally, laboratory examination showed that where you get quartz dust falling, or where you would get gypsum dust settling out of the air fairly rapidly, the quartz dust settled out more rapidly; and the combination of quartz and gypsum settled out even more rapidly than cither one alone, due to the fact that the gypsum dust caused agglom erations with the silica dust, ami you had large groups of particles which caused this more rapid settling. ' , i ... o: tie susceptible, I do not Now. tile data obtained through the engineer can provide the medical examination l$qd the x-ray was . i-'.tres. what gave the hint th.-ft the cost and the ... i s:i'.! r.tair.tain that the . it is :kr essential thing for ., to know. That gives him , . -hoot at. Ir. other words, completeness of the cnntrol at that opera tion was not as great as'it w ould normally he thought to lie by the engineer walking into the situation. that concentration to the CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: I think that . iiich it will not make auy- illustration hinds together those various the length o: exposure ncecs- points. ' ci that person must he cx- I have watched that particular study de veloped with a great deal of interest, and. An inrtancc might he for a fact, the engineers did not know, or .titer factors than threshold did not have to know, anything about the . ->een utilized. For example, men as individuals: the doctor kept that ^,;ii industry, in certain plants in his files completely. . is known as a sanded plaster Now let us sunimaiizr for just a mo s operation where there is mrnt, to see where we have arrived. Hr Occupational Disease Control 15\ have the doctors and the engineers as the two bases of our triangle. Our panel feels sanguine that hazards can be controlled. We know enough, there is enough knowl edge in the aggregate to control them. We say that the need for a medical pro gram is as vital as the need for an en gineering program; that the doctor ought, to he the plant doctor, augmented by such specialists as lie needs to employ to couit sd with him; that they have a certain amount of factual information that they must turn over to the hygienist or en gineer for his use as a check for his per formances, and tliat the medical crowd should tell the engineering crowd howlow the hazard must lie taken to consider it reasonably safe; that the engineers arc perfectly willing ami able to tackle the hazard in some fashion if they know those things; and the periodicity of the exami nation to find out whether the engineers did a job or not depends upon the condi tions as the doctor finds the record written in the men themselves. Of course, the engineers arc going to continue to use the instruments of survey to check their own results. Now I am going down to our printed program and explore some of the ques tions suggested there. The panel will dis cuss phases of exhaust systems. Arc there in the engineering catalogues, data de scribing machinery of one kind or another to make it possible'for the engineer to design an exhaust system if lie wants it. or thinks he needs it? Arc there enough high grade, glorified vacuum cleaners on the market to pick one out of the catalogue and install it in the plant, and expect it to produce results? Dr. Mcitcr, will you develop your thoughts on present market conditions of. tailor-made exhaust systems as against engineering design of exhaust systems to fit the individual plant circumstances: Exhaust Systems DR. MEITER: lit tny opinion, there is not available readv-madc exhaust ventila tion equipment. The assumption that you can select from a catalogue and ventilate your problems has been a great drawback in the progress of this work. fly that I mean this: Oftentimes a con cern will have, sav, a local tin worker. They call him in and he. without know ing what the requirements are of the State Code, without knowing the Him* tc which the gas, dust or fume has to he exhausted, immediately set's about anti de signs a hood. Then, without even knowing hoiv mtieh air can lie handled by that hood, he looks into the classified section of the telephone hook and calls up the fan company. The tan company has a salesman, hut tc i< not in. so the office girl looks up the .`.clinical data, and the company ships the I in. When this ventilating system it, finally installed, the sheet metal ".'orkc' says. "Well, the sheet metal work portn .1 of it is all right, and that is all I guarantee." Then the fan company, on the other hand, fays that the fan delivers a certain volume of air at the speed shown in their catalogue, so they wash their hands of it And finally, when the whole thing is in it 'Iocs not work and a job lias been poorly done.1 So the point I wish to make is that ventilation, no matter how simple, requires technical knowledge and technical instru ments to determine when the system is realty working. CHAIRMAN .lOlfNSOV: I think Dr Mcitcr lias put his finger on a verj critical point. When I speak about engineering control. I mean engineering control, and f. do not mean tinsmith control. I.rt me illustrate. Sander talked about the meta1 fiinu fever, zinc shake?. Visualize, if you will, the problem of a shipyard building de stroyers for the L'nitcd Statics Naiy <i galvanized sheet plate, with a great deal of electrical welding work to lie done in confined space', in the little tanks and cells of which the ship is constructed. There is a plant set up in the field, yon might say. lying for nearly a year at its fitting-out basin, a little plant ahout .125 feet long and .50 feel wide. 25 to .10 feet molded depth and heaven only know? how many tanks in it (they get down to pretty small sizes) with welding to lie done in most. In those confined spaces welding, steam-fitting and electrical work must he done. Can you imagine a tailor-made ven tilating system being used there? Now let us go to the next question, protcetivc creams and lotion'. I.et us have clearly in mind that a cream ot a lotion is smeared on the skin for a purpose, and l-in 2iSth Natii'Mil A/i-/v l ontjrcxs i-ually the purpose is to prevent the moderate amounts of something or other front coining into contact uilli the shill. l'liesc creams and lotions are of two hind', those that arc water soluble for use in oily exposures, amt those which are oil soluble for use in aqueous exposures, 'flu's use of cream. I declare arbitrarily, is Chairman of this party, is not in lieu .u any other control. These creams are u-etl because controls cannot be made absolute, and because there are sensitive hiiis to he tahen care of. Dr. Craneli, would you like to discuss the effectiveness and the use of ere.mis. from the viewpoint of the doctor who has a cock-eyed purchasing agent who buys in oil soluble when lie wants a water nlulilc. and vice versa? Protective Creams and Lotions DIC CRANtJH: I think von have -tarted something. Protective creams cer tainly have a field in the protection of -kin iron! various irritant substances. I nimbi put far ahead of the use of protec tin' creams, however, good personal hyaieiic and thorough cleanliness on the part of the worker. Where that is nblaincd. the question of protective creams is of lesser importance: sometimes nega'i'e importance. There are certain exposures, however, "here no amount of personal hygiene or cleanliness is enough to protect from pos sible harm. Therefore, we do have a place lor protective creams of the two classes Mr Johnson has just mentioned. Primary in the consideration and sclcci"ii of any eieain. of course, is the nature u tbe exposure. If it is on an oily sub stance. we must use a water soluble ream which will form a coating over the -kin and resist the penetration of the oily mail rial And. i'll the other hand, if it is a water -utuhlc substance from which we must bate protection, we must have an oily ba-c in the protective cream. file first consideration, then, is that the ci cam itself shall not contain an irritant. That incidentally opens up the whole field of- allergy. There are many people sen sitive to certain of the common ingredients used in many of these protective coatings. They can probably only he discovered by means of a patch test or by actual experi ence in the use of the cream. In that ease, some other menus of protection iims| he adopted, or the man assigned to other work. The great proportion of cream- now on the market appear to lie reasonably free from any irritants or substances that arc particularly likely to bring about an al lergic reunion. The main thing is to select the one designed for the type of protec tion required. These creams, we have found, are often considerably abused. Men seem to think, in many places, that the rrcani has to lit applied in a coating that by its mechanical thicknc-s to the naked eye vvHI protect the skin. I have seen a man put on a quarter of a pound where half an inch squeezed out of a tube would probably have answered the purpose. In that case, they often'run into other ililliculties. Many of these creams which protect from oil siib.-tanees, are creams which have a soap base: the men are simply rnuiiiug around in a soap poultice, and they work up an irritation which is as great or in some cases greater than that which would have resulted from the ex posure they sought to prevent. In the oily cream preparations which protect from water soluble substances, they offer us very queer mixtures. Lauoline; as a base, I think, is the thing of choice for that type of protection, rather than a petrolatum, ft works a little fur ther int<* the skin, I believe, and will pro tect ill a more thorongli-qiaiincr than the pclrululmii base preparations which just smear over the surf.ife ami are more easily rubbed olf and falrin their protce- linn. ,a "!'- Another thing to consider is. that tbe la-1 word lias certainly nut been said tm protective creams: they arc in tbe process of rather rapid development. I hrlicvt there are commercially available mane suitable types of protective creams, ami. on the other hand, they ran he made up for a specific purpose very satisfactorily on the advice of jour physician. You ran get a very satisfactory cream that rail he produced in hulk for your own u-c. Respiratory Protection CM A IK MAX JOHNSON': We wi" continue with the discussion of respira tory protection. In connection with the examination of thousands of foundry- men. Dr. Sander has explored the opera tions which they conduct so that lie knows vv liat they all mean. Ifc of course lias found that some of the moil are pro tected by exhaust systems, and some of the men arc protected by personal body protection, either filters or the airline type of respiration. ' I interpret respiratory protection to mean the kind of respiratory protection that yon stick onto the man. Of course, it is all respiratory protection, but I wonder if Dr. Sander would like to discuss whether or not lie lias found by the actual examination of men that the satisfactorv' type of respirator has been found which will actually protect the men. DR. .SANDF.R: Beginning with sand blasters, undoubtedly the modern air hel met affords almost 100 per cent protection for the prevention of silicosis, provided the helmet is kept in good working condition, and provided the air pressure coming into the helmet is satisfactory. In the observation of about .100 sand blasters in a seven-year period I have yet to sec the first one develop silicosis who had worked only with the modern hel met. Also, I have seen no so-called firslst,igc eases develop a second stage sili cosis during that interval. A first-slage case has been kept at work: he has not been shifted. We feel that a" sand blaster with a modern helmet is breathing less dust than anyone else in the foundry as a matter of fact, and there is certainly no point in shifting him out onto the floor, removing his piece of respirators- protection and giving him more ilu-t than In- is getting at his sand blasting job. As far as the other foundry operations arc concerned, of course it is always ad visable to exhaust when possible. There are a few occupations that cannot he ex hausted satisfactorily. One of these is sand chipping, and where sand chipping must he done, it is advisable for the chippers to -wear the filter respirators. How ever. even there it is advisable to try some other method of cleaning the casting ii that is all that is feasible--for instance, washing with high pressure combined water and sand, and so forth. With ordinarv stand grinding, there is I no need of respiratory protection, provided an exhaust system is used and is in proper working condition. The exhaust ventilation for swing grinders is' a little more' difficult, but it has been accomplished. There arc very lew swing grinders in Wisconsin that arc exhausted, however. It has been our ex perience that swing grinders have not de veloped as much silicosis as was at first believed, and the reason probably is that hv the time they get the casting- there i110 more molding sand on them. It has all been removed first in the grinding wheels with all the artificial abrasive, so the only silica the swing grinder is breathing is generally plant dust. Moldcrs and core makers need no spe cial respiratory protection, in my opinion A mohler just could not do the job very well if he were required to wear a respira tor from morning until night. I do not think I would depend on a respirator for the protection of the man with -the tuberculous scar. I would rather move him to sonic other job. or move his job somewhere else, or localize his job in a -cpnralc room and ventilate it. \ I see no reason why Wc should worrv about a sand blaster todav-. even with a tuberculous 'scar. \\ e feci thev- arc not going to develop silicosis, and lliereiori wc tliink that what little du-l there inav he vvill have no elfect on -tub a liib.-r. culous scar. We have not permitted -ami blasters with tuberculous scars to continue working on that job, hut T think wc should permit them to do so todav. knowing that the hazard of sand blasting is controlled provided, of cotir-e. (he equipment is krpl in working condition. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: That dis-crtalion answers heantiiullv- the question -1* respirators- protection a- far a- it ap plies to the foundry, and I think direct analogy vvill carry that opinion over into almost any other exposure that von chuo-e to carry it into. In order to play absolutely fait with everyone in the audience. I am going to start on the questions that have conic to me. and there arc quite a number. Here is the first question: Assuming that the development of adeqn. .r ctigin- rcriug ami medical departments is essen tial to properly control dust hazards, l.ow can the smaller plants, those having could not let a state man into the plant without expecting him to change a recom mendation into an order overnight. I have li'O or -'IHI cini'h'v ccs, cope with this prob not seen that in this treatment of the occu lem and ditenninc whether or not they pational disease problem. I aht not telling hive a ha/ardons dust condition or any you that it does not exist; I say I have oilier m i npativ'iial disease condition? It not seen it. ,, wo::hl he itnp~sihle in many eases for these small plants to set lip elaborate and expensive control departments. I have here a ipiestion for our engineers. Yesterday they were talking about weld ing metal and fume fever, and so forth. T < lc. d the answer in a definite direc- Here is the ipiestion: Does an exhaust I am going to suggest that perhaps system from electrical welding .vh'ct the i.i an.-wii Ins in the recent development type oi weld? : almost every industrial state, divisions : Mipalionai di-ease Ip. gicne. either in the Department ol Labor or the Dcpnrtn-iof Health. I am sure Dr. Leonard t'.reenlmrg would like to answer that question. As I view this question, it means this: W hen yon weld with an electric welding process using a coated electrode, the Ihtxing of the coating produces an umbrella or tent over the weld are itself and thereby excludes the air from the arc and prevents The Small Plant Problem . oxidation of the steel which is being cast ' DK. CREEXBl'RG: There are two ! that the smaller plant may do: one is :o make use of its insurance company into the hole being tilled tip. and prevents oxidation of any of the material nr metal that is in the fused state. , to the fullest extent; and the second is to . Now the question is. if you stick a heavy make use of sneb facilities as the state lias exhaust there and pull away that vapor at its disposal, either the Department of which provides the protection, do you L.'.i'or or the Department of Health. ruin your weld? Is the control for health In approximately 30 states in the Union, '.ere are divisions of industrial hygiene in either the Department of Labor or the at the expense of the weld, or would it be better to forget that and limit the time of the welding? Department cl Health, and in a few cases in both, and they are always prepared and v.uer to help the smaller plant, particu larly with such problems as this. Many of the insurance companies have developed divisions of hygiene and have experts on their staff who arc also pre pared and aide to render service along these lines. It seems to me that the bigges- problem is to get the small plant management to recognize that the stnmhh.-g block is management itself. Once Docs anybody here want to answer that? MR. BONSIB: I think that if you have general ventilation there would be very little danger of destroying that umbrella that Mr. Johnson lias mentioned. Of course, it is advisable to remove those fumes as near the source,of origin as pos sible. You have to get wb|ijn eight inches, and licit more than that, to really get effi cient results, and being that close you do not `require more than lij& or 200 lineal ihat recognition has been achieved, it is a relatively simple thing to obtain prac tically tree service from either of these organizations in an effort to really n-tr-:i live preventive work, C HAIRMAN' JOHNSON: Let me add c-r.e thought to that answer. I am familiar wi*'i most of those divisions. In none of feet per million. I do not think there is`enough cooling action to do damage. As a matter of tael, some tests we were interested in making seemed to imlirate that there wax no dam age done. However, you come where the damage would lie done'if you exceed that, hut I do not think you need to exceed 100 :!.e::> is there anybody carrying a big -tick to brow heat or to hammer into shape the- small plants that want help. They or 200 lineal feet per million. If von have general ample ventilation, then you do not have any danger, in my opinion. art already giving help in an advisory CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: That seems uaicn. to be a logical conclusion, ft is ccitainly There has hern fear, at times, that you an opinion based upon observation of that sort of problem. The next question is: run of fire clays; but 1 am not giving-the "Is there enough silica in the average fire brick to affect workers seriously?" In other words, if we explore clay for its refractory property on the one hand, and its plasticity on the other, is there a descending order of silicosis hazard from the fire brick on the one side, down through plastic china clay,or paper clay on the other? Mr. Hazard, the questioner wants you to talk about the amount of hazard in the fire clay, and for want of a better defini tion let us leave out'the Canister brick which is a brick the sand of which we know to he pretty close to 100 pcr-'ccnt silica. MR. HAZARD: I think this is really a medical question. But there ire certain fire bricks which arc very high in silica, and certain others which have practically none or a negligible amount in them. You have a range there from vvliat might he called a dangerous condition, down to one where you arc practically sure no danger exists. . mediral answer. It is my thought, that the hazard produced in the clav prodm ts is not an inherent one. but one thrown in by violent agitation due tb dry grinding operations. Let us go on to another interesting ques tion: "To what extent arc the im istrics with which this panel arc lainilir. pro viding washing facilities, and vvliat ;rc the advantages of washing in showers. : ml so forth, accruing to the employees on t. o one hand, and tiic employer on the otli'c and how is the thing paid for?" Well, we know that in some states, washing facilities arc required by iaw in certain types of industries, and in others they are put in. I can visualize the need to develop this question in two ways; one for the con trol of a serious occupational disease ex posure such as lead: and the other, the general industrial hygiene, to get folks to wash on the developed fact that by care ful washing a great many of the dermatitis problems solve themselves. It seems to me that if you had a fire Will Dr. Cranch talk about the pro brick with very high silica content, with vision of washing facilities? the chipping and knocking of the brick DR. CRANCH: Washing facilities are layer against the brick, it might stir up most desirable things in any ;,tant, large considerable dust and might be a silicosis t or small. As the Chairman has said, it is hazard, but I would like to hear the medi the most important factor in the preven cal side on that question. tion of occupational dermatitis, to say CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Will cither nothing of general hygiene to the work of the doctors discuss the inherent toxicity men. of the fire clays as they are normally The vicissitudes of trying to establish handled in the manufacture of brick? any adequate washing facilities in in DR. GREENBURG: It seems to me dustry arc great. My first experience the Chairman ought to tell us what the occurred over forty years ago as a work percentage of free silica is in the fire clay. man. In that plant there was no water He has talked around the question, hut .available, although it was a large plant, he has not told lis the crux of the whole and unless you sneaked from the job and problem. went around to a lancet which was used CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: The prob lem seems to nic to be related to the notion that maybe these mixtures arc so mixed that other things beside the silica produce an alleviating or an ameliorat ing effect to prevent what silica there is for sprinkling the front lawn, you had no water available. It was not expected that hands should he washed. A man worked at his job, ate his lum h. worked all day ami went home so black as a rule you could not tell his race. from causing silicosis. Later I became much interested in the Clays do not seem to produce silicosis. development of washing facilities I re It is the dry-pan grinding of all kinds of member in one very large plant vve pul things that produces enormous quantities in excellent washing facilities, ami it was of dust some of which contain silica, and surprising to see how tlieJ' were abused I cannot remember at this moment just even to the point where in some eases we what the amount of silica is in the ordinary had to discontinue service. In other or- \ l-M dtith Motional Safety ( unijrcss ganuatioii.*, an attempt on the part of (lie management to furnish good washing facilities met with consistent refusal on the part of the workmen to cooperate with them in the use of these things: even where the workmen were given time out at full pay on company, time to wash, they would not do it. I'ortunalely. these conditions have changed, and the men themselves now ap preciate those facilities where they are put in. ami they generally demand them where they arc not put in. I think washing facilities are a most im portant feature in the control of occupa tional diseases, and a number of occupa tional conditions aside from dermatitis. There arc a number of occupations where complete showers arc furnished and those facilities arc very largely a measure of prevention of occupational disease: and at the beginning of the day's work tin men change to working clothes where previously that was not done. Oil Dermatitis CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Here is another question: . "Is it not an accepted fact that oil dermatitis is more of a mechanical break down of the skin than it is a toxic prob lem? How would you overcome the de file of the employees to use abrasive cleansers on the hands?" Cutting oils and other oils produce dermatitis, and represent three hazards. One produces a plucking of the hair follicles, which is largely a mechanical thing of riddling oil and dirt, or what have von. into the skill. Then we have what I think the doctors call lictrrothciiia. which is probably a chemical burn, an irritation of the skin which is another type of dermatitis. 'Then there is a third one, which produces blond poisoning or boils where the oil has been supporting ail infective medium bacteria of some sort. tan we solve that oil contact problem by handling the w ashing of men in a satis factory manner through washing facilities, and the discouragement of the usi of finrsli abrasive soaps, or doesn't it make any difference? May we have a development of that question from Dr. Creenburg? DR. CREENBURG: III dealing with the whole problem of dermatitis due to the use of cutting oil, you pare dealing with several different factors which may produce different types of skin lesions. The cure for all-of these, it seems to me. lies in the use of proper protective oint ment before the men start work in the morning, and the washing up at the cud of each shift with the proper type of non irritating soap. ' The easiest way to get the men to list ;i non-irritating soap is to supply one so they will not purchase an irritating soap themselves. If you leave it to them, they may purchase one which seems to work rapidly, hut which may have irritating properties. . On the other hand, if the management supplies it, they can purchase one of suit able quality which in general may he ol a mure satisfactory type. The whole problem of oil folliculitis and oil dermatitis can be' handled and is handled in many plants on a very satis factory basis, by these simple means, and so far as I can see docs not present any insurmountable difficulties Whatsoever. The usual defect in the system seems to he that the plant docs not pay any atten tion to the problem until many of the men become infected and many of them have skins which arc more or less ruined by an accumulation of oil and foreign matter in the pores of the skin. At that time, preventive measures are no longer sufficient. It then becomes necessary really to cleanse the skill thor oughly ami repeatedly so as lo once again bring it back to its normal clean condi tion. ' CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: l.ct u- go over to the engineering side and talk on the industrialist who manufactures nils to provide himself a meal ticket and tries to prevent just this hazard from causing trouble. MR. ROXSIlt: I agree with much that the doctor has said about getting good oil in the first place. I think that one of the big causes (and I have studied this pruhlcm a lot for the reason that you bear many stories of in juries due to cutting oils) is that the oil Occupational Disease Lontrol 14 is not kept clean. 'In the eases we have tell the man, than in any other was. II checked the trouble has been due to the may imagine he has Suiiielliiug and T use of dirty oil, or using oil over and over worries ami worries, and finall} becomes again that is filled with small particles of victim of What is known as aiitohypiicsi- metal. These cause small injuries to the whatever that is. skin, and that in turn brings about fur ther damage. So if you keep the oil clean. I do not think you will have much trouble. I think the practice of men spitting in the oil and using the oil over and over again has caused much more damage than the so-called paraffin acne. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: The next question is this: "Should employees working in departments subject to, occu pational disease hazard lie acquainted with and informed of these hazards, or kept in ignorance of. them?" I think by relieving his iiiiud and telliiw him exactly what is what, you lift Ilia worry from him and you ease his mini! all of which makes a better man of him CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now let n tackle another question: "Processing c a certain cellulose product involves over night soaking in a solution of .5 per cm formaldehyde, and subsequently consider able formaldehyde odor is given off durin. the drying of which those in the sivinit often complain. How much 'rinahh hyde would represent toxic pro inrtioii- DR. SANDER: Undoubtedly, em And how could the quantity present in tli ployees should be informed of every hazard air best he determined?" to which they arc exposed, and they should he informed also of the findings on exami nation. Anyone going to his doctor, for any reason whatsoever, wants to know what was found. Ill the same way, an em ployee going to a plant doctor wants to know what was found. He is not paying for the examination, but that makes no difference, he is still a human being who is interested in his own health and his future years of gainful employment. The practice in Wisconsin with physical examinations has been to give employees a duplicate copy of the report which the employer receives. -The Wisconsin Indus trial Commission recently published a declaration of principles on flhysical ex aminations in industry which everyone in Hr. Mciter, would you like t > lack! that problem? I)R. MEITKR: In my own cxpiriiiiii formaldehyde is irritating enough so th.r you would not require refined tcilmica' instruments to make determinations, he cause it is very easily noticeable in low concentrations. I think proper engineer ing methods could he devised for elimi nating the fumes without using technical instruments, because it is necessary to keep the fumes down lo very low concentration, otherwise a dermatitis may develop ami also sore eyes. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: D-.-s th, medical side of our panel wish to dctrlnp that any farther? terested in tfiis problem' should see. In that it i specifically requested that em ployees lie given a copy of the report which the employer receives. ' That is not a complete record or Report: it is merely a statement or listing of the DR. CRAN'CM: I think that quc-tioi illustrates our of the phases whrrc it iimt necessary to have engineering In Ip ii order to determine whether nr not ym have reached a point of safety. f-ormahleliydc vapors are not likely It important defects. I believe that it is as In- toxic, since in a concentrated form T wrong to give employees complete re is so irritating that just for comfort soon ports as it is to give them nothing ht all. relief would lie demniidril. so that we nccT A worker is not interested in what his not lie particularly concerned about w h.v Mood pressure reading was yesterday or vniivcittratioii is obtained. is today: lie is merely interested in know ing whether or not it is significantly high, and that is all he cares about. There are a number of chemical* of that sort, where the immediate vffecls ari so irritating that toxic exposure would CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Is there usually lie avoided in the cours. of ordi anybody else on the panel who would like nary good practice in handling the ma to discus; llic question? tcrial. , MR- BONSIB: I think you can cause CHAIRMAN . JOHNSON: 'Warm. more unrest through fear, by failure to Cook says lie lias another idea. MR. COOK: The literature does con tain Some information concerning tile de velopment of irritative actions, ami we arc wondering in Connecticut whether the concentrations which were listed in the literature and the irritative action was as sociated with a tolerable amount of irrita tion. or whether it was in the higher de cries of irritation. - We ran some analyses on some formal dehyde gas in an operation where formal dehyde was being used in the manufacture oi synthetic resin. The method we used was the bubbling of the air of the plant through water, with two buhhliugs in a series, and tested with Shift's reagent, the regular method for the determination of formaldehyde: and we got results that were in the area of the breathing zone of !c? than 20 parts per million, which is usually suggested as a satisfactory con centration. At one point we ran it up to 90 or 100 parts per million, and at that point I found I could beep my nose there for thirty sec onds before I decided to back away from it. . Hut f do agree with Dr. Crancli and Dr. Mciter that where the irritation docs get excessive, then the irritative gas can be taken as the determining factor even though with most of the materials the irritation is not the safe way to determine whether a gas condition is or is not safe. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Here is another question: "Is sulphur dioxide gas in concentra tion-; as low as 10 parts per million for pro longed exposure considered hazardous to the health?" Going to the medical side, will either Dr. Greenburg or Dr Crancli tell us if sulphur dioxide in such low concentration represents a hazard for continuous expo sure? DR. GREENIJURC: I cannot say ol'ihand. It is just about on the borderline, I think. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Now, if an employee upon examination shows a very slight increase of lead content above nor mal after sixteen years of exposure, would you change his occupation? I do not know what a "very slight" amount of lead is. I think presumably this means a few stipple cells, or some thing like that. If an employee upon ex amination shows a very slight increase of lead content above normal after sixteen years' exposure, would,you change his occupation? DR. GREENBURG: I, would want to know where he showed itjiand how. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: If I may answer the question, it seems logical that if there is lead showing up, it came from somewhere, and having explored that you can determine the engineering phase of the control, and perhaps lie can stay on the job after you have controlled the lead fumes. ' Mr. Cook, won't you answer the follow ing question? "What instruments are there on the market which are reasonable in cost for small shops to purchase which can be used to check atmosphere's in metal spray work for zinc, iron and other harm ful fumes? Must several instruments lie used where many types of metals arc sprayed during a working day?" Metal Spraying Equipment MR. COOK: On mc'tal spraying, there are several angles. No. 1, a booth, a ven tilated booth should be used where pos sible. Secondly, the man should in most eases be given a positive pressure air supply. . Now, assuming that the particular operation is one in which the man may be spraying brass, there arc various methods using the ventilated booth. Let us assume ior the moment that he is provided with no respiratory protection. If a man is spraying zinc and the booth is providing adequate exhaust so there is not much of a cloud of zinc and lie does not get metal fume fever, it is probable that it is not necessary to make any determination for zinc. If during the course of the day the man is spraying some lead and some cad mium. I would feel very definitely that it would he well to run an electrical pre cipitator sample, analyze the sample, and obtain the electric precipitation for lead and also for cadmium which would be a routine chemical procedure, and the con centration of both of those should be kept below the suggested toxic limit in order to assure that you are on the safe side. I would feel that it would not he neces sary to analyze for zinc under those con ditions. or for other of the metals unless there is some additional one that is par ticularly toxic. Hut particularly where sou do have lead or cadmium, the deter mination should be made for those, and lia-wd upon those determinations yon ran get an idea on the basis of the relative dm alien of spraying of those particular metals what the exposure is. DR. MEITER: I agree with Mr. Cook, and I believe the solution of this problem is first, the use of a properly ventilated booth so as to eliminate the exposure to the other workmen in the vicinity. The second item is the use of a positive pressure airline respirator to protect the operator. I think tlint conducting mctali/ing operations all over the shop and without adequate equipment, especially where'such metals as lead arc sprayed, are going to produce occupational diseases. I believe the proper thing to do is to start right with the proper type of equipment, by providing the booth and protecting the man, and you will then not need the sampling devices. CHAIRMAN JOHNSON: Then the specific answer to the question seems to be the lead precipitator as the one ga that will be most useful, and tlie-^ai: should be analyzed quantitatively in clieniical laboratory. I wailt to ask tlic doctor a qn.-stiiu fonnvt'tiou with prc-ciuph'y mint im 'I cxaininalions. The exposure is-sonnll that may cause dermatitis. I t.ke it n the question that the problem of allv arises. Do you recommend pat :li tot conjunction with prc-ciuploynu .it exa nations to determine ^ii cniplo- ee's | siblc allergy to tlic exposure? DR. CRAN'CH: In general. I we say you would liari|ly be warranted in c ducting patch tests on all applicant' employ incut. Where we have a km material lo which the employee is In exposed that very commonly produceallergy reaction, it might be advisabh use such a filter. Patch tests are not per cent infallible, and they are not a getber simple. They have to be very r. fully given and very carefully inlet pu l For that reason, they arc not an into part of an average preliminary agrevm upon examination. They might be ip misleading. ADJOURNM EXT / \ t would lie to tlic .idvantagc of 'consider it from that point oi 'nly in consideration oi safety ,in every eoiitlition with wliieli ii has to deal. 4 Steam Railroad Section * " Officers 1939-1940 Ccncral Chairman--1. f.. Hunky. Chicago iy North Western Railway Co.. Chicago, III. Eiee-Chairman--I). G. I'nii.ui'S, Waliasli Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. 1 Secretary and News Letter Editor--P. I*. lit.'CKi.E, Chicago, Burlington & CLm,cy Railroad | Co.. Chicago, III. Prni/ram Chairman, J. K. Tknnv.y, Western Maryland Railway Co.. Hagerstown. M<1. Membership Chairman, Roiieht Scott. Atlantir Coast Line Railroad Co., Wilmington, X. C. Statistics Chairman, T. H. Cakkow, Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia. I'a. Contest Chairman, C. L. LaFountaixk, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul. Minn. * Easter .Chairman, L. J. Uenson, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co., , Chicago. ' Safe Practices, Pamphlet Chairman. W. J. Wi.il., Delaware, Lackawanna & Hudson Rail , road, Scranton. Pa." j Nominations & Elections Chairman, W. C. ShelvEk. Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha. Neh. I Health Chairman, Dk. Ikvinc S. Cutter, Chicago & North Western Railway Co., Chicago. I , ------------------------------ i TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION i r October 17, 1939 t The n|iening 'vision of Steam Railroad pany. Chicago, who presided. Chairman delegates was called to order hv Ii. L. Henry welcomed the delegates, sketched the Henry, Assistant to the General Manager. program of sessions hriellv. and then in ; Chicago it North Western Railway Com troduced the first speaker. Safety Today and Tomorrow on American Railroads By CARL R. GRAY, JR. Executive Vice President, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway Company, St. Paul, Minn. There is one thing in which f will not take a hack seat for anyone, and that is the interest I have in "Safety." Perhaps it is partly, from inheritance that I gather my in- j terest in this work--perhaps from the cn viroument and association [ have had with j . men who hclieve in safety, who preach it. 1 and who practice it constantly.- Perhaps it is from the standpoint of realization that ; it is one of the greatest factors in the so lution of the transportation problem. But : whether it is one nr the other, or a part of ! all. I know that I am definitely, completely : and wholeheartedly devoting a considerable j portion of my life to the improvement--hv afety--of the lives of all of our people. Naturally I should lie most interested in the safciv performance of the Omaha Rail road; hut one cannot he safety-minded and fail to recognize and he interested in and a part of safety as it is understood in the business world today. One has hut to look at the program of this Congress to realize wlial a tremendous place safety has taken in the lives of the American people, for it permeates the very souls of so many of us. It is, and has lieeu, a complete success. 1 read all I can concerning early American railroading. Here is a clipping from an English newspaper of March 6, 1869. <]uol- 645 fI a ,< it {V`: 'ere about the railroad -at'ety. uc must be educated in safety, igh discipline is another subiect on riel, it is perhaps the most impor t'd ! think that a great deal can be d by bringing the safety superiti\ and the division operating super.nt together so that they meet on ittiuon ground in applying the cor- >t>ty methods. LONG: Mr. Neff. is there any ' can prevail upon you to stay with tomorrow morning? I found that i< a room available in this building row morning. and if you can use re on your boss, this topic is too taut to leave until it is throughly ed. : NEFF: I certainiy would like to it further, because there are a lot egs that 1 would like to sav. ' `LONG: It is true, we are all up -< this thing that you are teliinc us, fety officers. I ail) a former trans- <jn man and f believe everythin? : ve said. But there arr going to he if questions shot at you. not qttes what you said, but bow are we in do it? \IRMAX HENRY: If we could i upon Mr. Neff! NEFF: If it is possible for rue to . and tbc railroad is going all right, stay over until tomorrow morning! llKM.W HKXKY. Gcntitis-i. I ac*ve :*-a: :'-;-r z-i ri--y.-r- .c d/scu.-.-i-'f) where it i.-. We have that we can use another meeting "tv morning amj ; rvi-amy during ater part the day. Steam luiilnutil Section THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 19, 1939 661 Some Practical Aspects of Safety By M. J. GORMLEY Executive Assistant, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D, C. 1 Organized safety in this country has come . of age. and is now a mature force in inj diistrini and coimnuiiity life. Last year the National Safety Council celebrated a | quarter-century of achievement in the ` greatest humanitarian cause of all times, j "The slentn railroad industry lias been a ' (tarty to the organized safety movement j since- it'inception. The late Ralph C. i' Richards of the Chicago and Northwestern ; Railway was a member of the committee appointed in 1912 by tho Association of ( Iron and Steel Engineer' "to organize and | to create a permanent body devoted to the 1 promotion of safety to human life in the 1 industries of the United State.'.'' Out of I that committee grew the "National Council j for Indu'trial Safety." which later bernmc . the National Safely Council. Hr. Charles j I'. Neill, at that time l'. S. Commissioner ( of Labor, and since 191a manager of the 1 Bureau of Information of the Southeastern j Railways, wa< also a mcmlicr of that com- j mittec. ! In 1915. a Steam Railroad Section of the ' National Safety Council nji organized and t ;t - --.*" o* *.`evSr- in : *. ' " 0-0 L*n-'. 10 1921. lit'- .'atr.ty .s><-ti' p r,{ !\of Amur ! :-an Railroad- \>a- orgauizi-d -o art a. a j 'Haring r.'.u v.iti'in ! .* radroad idu-'r*. ings to millions of individuals each year. The National Safety Council has esti mated the direct economic loss in 19.18 from accidental deaths anti injuries of all kinds at about $3,200,000,000. It is very probable that if it had not been for the organized safety movement the cost of accidents might easily have been doubled in 1938. Even so. the direct economic loss from accidental deaths and injuries in 1938 was 5 per rent of tbc total national income, and averaged something more than $100 per family. On the whole, 1938 was the safest year in railroad history. Excluding trespassers and persons involved in highway grade crossing arridents. there- were 83 per cent fewer fatalities and 89 per cent fewer in juries to persons in railroad accidents in 1938 than m 1913, the hirth-ycar of the National Safety Council. In appraising progress in railroad safety. I will use the year 1923 rather than 1913 as the base year for purposes of comparison. T do this fir-t. Itccau-v we cannot break down 'he 191.5 . yr<V <! >a 'coed, b'r**/ * ti,e tft'S' rr. * rs of trrt.ro.*d er:".'i<r.'y. >'r:,y and .ir>'. m rar,o.vl operation- -lari- with the par 1923. Train Safety maining and all taking an active ^fortunately, no stenotvpe record Wednesday discussions is avail- Chiirnn Henry, in closing. ex* ; thase taking part in the Panel -ciation for their assistance in the sessions interesting and :n- a-y'-za" r.r.r oul.f.i. tra.r. j i.-eiden: <-vt-e- ar.d preventive measures. mile:, are r"piirrd to perform tl.r: tran-- Tiie systematic way in which the Safety portation services demanded of the rail j Section has carried on its work ami the roads. Speed, ctiiciency, economy, and safety J record of it' achievements is one of Ihe of such services are essential. | brightest chapters in the history of American I railroad'. ! Safety ha- both bunianitariau and evo- Safety of train movements i- not men-li an incidental part of modern railroad operations that van la- pur-iied or left alone ( iioinie aspect-. The saving 01 human lives al the will of man,igeiucni- Safety lias a and Ihe prcvenliop.of di'aliliitg injuries not direct lu-aring on the dc|Miidalnlily of rail !unly lessen human suffering Iml also result road service, on the cllicicnry of that si-rvin more vlVicient and more economical in* ire, and on the costs of operation. As such, ; du-trial operations, as well as in dollar sav il is a vital pari oi operating (dans, and is a i I 4 I