Document k62BDRkaqDMa5wBX8Y5Zr4V2E

Tank Maintenance Problems Solved By Simple Lead Lining Procedure I EAD lined equipment for process I work is found widely distributed in general manufacturing as well as throughout the strictly chemical field. Few industries operate without re course somewhere along the produc tion line to corrosive materials which can well be handled in lead or lead lined vessels. It may be no more than soldering flux or it may be an acid pickling solution but the corrosion re sistance of lead in many cases pro vides the solution to otherwise difficult maintenance problems. of the tank that the lead bottom was installed first. Then one of the four sections of the lead walls was set in place and secured at the edges with holts through the tank wall. The two adjacent sections were set overlapping the bolts and they in turn were bolted on the free edge. The fourth section overlaps these last bolts so that all bolts are now covered. The lining is completed by welding the overlapping edges to the adjacent sheets. Thus the bolts are entirely covered and the joints made leak proof in one welding operation. The excess lead which can be seen project ing above the lip of the tank in the exterior view will he turned out over the edge to protect the end grain of the wood staves and to provide addi tional support for the lining. In deeper tanks additional support would be provided in the form of ver tical steel bars spaced Id to 2n in. placed over the lead and bolted through the tank wall. These bars would in turn be covered bv strips of lead welded to the tank wall. Thus no metal other than lead would he sub jected to contact with the acid. The installation of this tank lining was made by T. F. Parham, lead weld ing contractor of Cincinnati. Ohio. Plumbing Codes Strengthened By Application Of Accepted Standards The accompanying photographs show- work in progress on the lining of a tank used by an animal food pro ducer in the processing of an impor tant by-product, tallow. This tank in the plant of the Kentucky Chemical Industries, Inc., of Cincinnati, Ohio, is used in a purification process in which the tallow is treated with sul phuric acid. The lining is of 12-lb. sheet lead, which is 3je in. thick. These pictures are particularlv in teresting in that they illustrate the simplicity of the procedure in lining 'a tank of this sort. It can be clearlv seen in the cover picture of the inside NE of the important details in the respective materials to which thev Othe revision and moderniza refer. The Lead Industries Associa tion of plumbing codes is the inctiloun Standards which are referred to sion of up-to-date standards for ma in the Commercial Standards were e>- terials which have been accepted bv tablished previously but the two are the trade and sponsored by respon substantially identical. sible manufacturers as well as bv the In addition, the L.I.A. Standards Government. provide a means by which manufac In many cities such revision is turers who comply with their require underway and in some localities im ments mav be licensed without cost to proved codes have already been put mark their products w ith the Associa in force. Two midwestern cities. tion's Seal of Approval as a guarantee Tulsa. Oklahoma, and St. Louis. Mis that such requirements have been met. souri. while revising their codes, have The Association maintains an inspec included the most recently adopted tion service to protect the intearitv of standards for lead and lead products. the Seal. One of the important additions to the The requirement in a plumbing codes of both of these cities is the re code that all lead materials hear the quirement that all lead pipe and fit Seal of Approval is a forward step in tings must comply w ith the U. S. De ensuring the use of the proper mate partment of Commerce Commercial rials and at the same time it provides Standards CS95-41 (Lead Pipe) and a quick and positive check on these CS96-41 (Lead Traps and Bends) or materials for the use of the plumbing the Lead Industries Standards. St. inspector. The Tulsa Code includes Louis also requires that calking lead such a requirement but even where it shall comply with CS94-41 (Calking is not mandatory, the use of the Seal Lead I. is recognized and encouraged by- The Commercial Standards were plumbing inspectors. promulgated in 1941 bv the Bureau Several other lead sections included of Standards of the L. S. Department in both of these codes, while not new. of Commerce and thev provide a na are of interest as examples of careful tionally recognized specification for consideration of protection of public 2-- -- LIA25 8P * health and property. Lead welded or "burned" joints are acceptable as well as wiped solder joints. All vent stacks must be flashed with lead and all shower stalls must he waterproofed with sheet lead pans properly pro tected against green cement. This protection consists of bituminous paint applied to both sides of the lead and tar paper or roofers felt over the lead. The Tulsa code provides that all lead branches or stubs shall be at least 6 in. long so that the flexibility of the lead may act to protect the piping sys tem and the fixtures should movement occur. Both cities prohibit the use of the rigid Durham system in buildings of three stories or less and in the ground work of all buildings. Both cities also require the licensing of plumbers as a means of protecting the public against irresponsible workmen. The Standards mentioned in the preceding paragraphs are all avail able and may be obtained free of charge on request from the Lead In dustries Association, 420 Lexington Ave.. New York 17, N. Y. Also avail able is Federal Specification WW-P325, dated September 6. 1944, which covers lead pipe, traps and bends and which can be used in lieu of the above mentioned standards if so desired. Midivestcra Plant Installs Large Lead Pan Under Plating Shop Floor INCE many of the solutions used the sheets together so that the entire S in electroplating processes are floor of the room, 105 ft. by 18 ft., corrosive, the plating industry makeswas covered by a single pan of 8-lb. extensive use of lead for tank linings sheet lead, turned up 12 in. or more and protective shields and coverings at the sides and provided with suit of various kinds. Lead serves so well able drains. The lead was then coated for this purpose that United Platers. with a bituminous compound over Inc. of Detroit, Michigan, recently- which was laid a pavement of acid re covered the entire floor of their second sisting brick. floor plating shop with sheet lead to This shop commonly turns out as protect the concrete from disintegra much as 100 tons of plated articles per tion by spilled solutions and to elimi- day. In handling this much material. Smoothing lead sheets and weld ing seam in lead floor pan. much of it in small units which are in tumblers or other containers, con siderable spillage and splashing of solutions and wash water are un avoidable but the continuous corro sion resistant lead pan will collect all liquids and convey them to the drains. In addition to its use of lead as a construction material and for anodes, the plating industry is increasing the use of electroplating as a means of applying protective lead coatings. Under unusually severe conditions of exposure a lead coating which can be economically applied by electroplat ing will provide a high degree of protection from corrosion. It is es pecially desirable on springs because it reduces the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement. United Platers, during the war. furnished lead plated parts for many types of equipment including some used in the atom bomb development. They also operate a large department for hot dip lead coating metal parts. nate leakage into the basement below. Since it was necessary to move all equipment, the w ork was done over a week end. A cushion of 6 layers of builders felt was first mopped down over the concrete. The lead was then laid, smoothed out and fitted with all joints butted for welding. The firms lead burner, then welded Lead plating shop which turns out several tons of lead electro plated bolts nuts, washers springs and other miscellane ous parts per day 3-- -- LIA25885 Ji .it SPECIFY st*l Of MATERIAL LEAD DATA SHEET STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO LEAD PIPE AND CALKING LEAD LEAD PIPE. Lead Industries Associa tion's Standard for Lead Pipe bearing the Association's Seal of Approval. U. S. Department of Commerce Commer cial Standard C.S.-95-41. Federal Specification for Pipe Bends and Traps; Lead (for) Plumbing and Water Distribution WW-P-325. CALKING LEAD. Lead Industries Asso ciation's Standard for Calking Lead bear ing the Association's Seal of Approval. U. S. Department of Commerce Standard for Calking Lead C.S.-94-41 (Includes Lead Wool). American Water Works Association Standard Specification for Laying Cast Iron Pipe, Sec. 10.4, Specifications for Lead. The standards in each group are identical in substance. STEPS IN INSTALLING A LEAD WATER SERVICE Select proper class of lead pipe to carry antici pated pressure. Cut off sufficient length of pipe from coil, allow ing for gooseneck (see adjacent table) and reason able slack to bypass any obstacles in trench. Pipe may be measured in coil and fittings may be at tached to portion to be used without uncoiling. Wipe corporation stop tailpiece (preferably angle type) to main end of lead pipe. Prepare service end of pipe by attaching curb stop, union or other connecting unit. Preparation of service pipe to this point may be done in shop. Lay pipe in trench and bend P-shaped gooseneck to dimensions indicated in adjacent table. Pipe should be so oriented before bending that corpora tion union will approximately face. If corporation union is properly placed the curvature of the coil SOLDER FOR LEAD SERVICE PIPE Inside Diameter Inches Approximate* Solder Required Per Joint Ounces %8 1 10 1V2 12 2 23 * These data are from the records of the water department of a large midwestern city. Quantities are subject to variation due to differences in individual technique. may be utilized as the beginning of the gooseneck which should extend to right so that any settle ment will tighten rather than loosen the union. Gooseneck should lie horizontal to avoid trapping. If lead flange union is used substitute U-shaped ey.Dansion loop for gooseneck. In rocky soil bed pipe in sand or earth, fill and cover with six to eight inches of sand or loose earth before backfilling. In corrosive soils such as muck or cinders or in locations where severe electrolosis may be expected lay lead pipe in wood or tile trough and cover with hot pitch. STEPS IN MAKING LEAD CALKED JOINTS Prepare trench with ample bell holes for calkers Provide blocking for centering and leveling pipe. Hold one or two strands of yarning material around bottom of spigot while it is stabbed into bell of preceding joint. Snug spigot against throat of bell and center spigot in bell, securing pipe in position with wedges or tamped earth. YARNING. Place yarn in successive single strands long enough to overlap at ends. Stagger overlaps. Drive each strand home with yarning iron and when last one is in place thoroughly compact all strands. Leave space two inches deep for lead. LE Inside Diameter Inches ' ' Wall Thickness Inches Outside Diameter Inches Minim Outsi drcumf Inch CLASS For Pressures u 3/4 0.203 1 i .214 l'/ ' .210 l'/2 .242 2 .252 3/ .231 .246 l'/n j .258 1V2 ; .288 2 1 .376 1.156 1.428 1.670 1.984 2.503 1.212 1.492 1.765 2.706 2.751 Vn 5: 6` ' * ?3-f CLASS 1 For Pressures up 3"; 6 <Vlk S3,E 8'/2 CLASS 10 For Pressures up % .293 1 .298 i'A : .320 i'/j ! .386 2 .501 1.336 1.596 1.889 2.272 3.008 *'/u 47/e 5l3/u 7 95/,4 * This dimension measured with a steel tape provides a qui installed. ** This table is intended for estimating length of lead servict as 600 lbs. may commonly be obtained on special order. Wh WATERWORKS USES Tsj'r POURED LEAD JOINT. Place asbestos joint runner around pipe tight against bell and draw tight with clamp. Build a fireclay pouring gate at least one inch above rim of bell. Heat lead to a temperature such that "rainbow colors" appear immediately after surface is skim med. Pour each joint continuously from one ladle if possible. If necessary, provide a second ladle and pour in relays. Fill to top of pouring gate to provide for shrinkage of cooling metal. When lead has solidified remove runner and cut off sprue with fish tail chisel or cold chisel. Allow joint to cool before calking. CALKING. Joints may be calked by hand or with pneumatic hammers. Go entirely around joint with each calking tool in the set beginning with the smallest. Finish with largest tool once around joint against bell and once against pipe. LEAD WOOL JOINT. Take one or two turns of lead wool strand around pipe and drive into joint with yarning iron. Calk firmly into place and re peat the operation until the joint is filled. Do not overlap ends of succeeding strands. Feather each end and roll together to form a uniform continu ous rope. Finished joint should be smooth and flush with face of bell. PE minal eight Foot unds Length of Pipe in Goose Neck Feet Width Across Goose Neck Feet Number of** Feet in 100 lb:. : ! eight) r Square 1 nch 3.00 1.00 4.75 5.50 3.75 vVeight) r Square 1 nch 2 2 2'A 3 4 ! 1 i'A 33.3 l'/4 25.0 1 'A 21.0 l7/s 15.5 2 Vi 11.3 i 3.50 2 I'A 28.5 , 4.75 2 I'A 21.0 5.00 2 'A I'A 16.6 | 8.00 3 1% 12.5 3.75 4 2'/2 7.2 S Weight) er Square Inch 4.75 2 i'A 21.0 6.00 2 i'A I6.& 7.75 2'/j i'A 12.9 1.25 9.50 3 4 i% 8.8 | 2'A 5, | leans of checking the size and class of lead pipe already of weight convenient for handling. Coils of weights as great oditions warrant even greater weights way be obtained. CALKING MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR LEAD JOINTS IN CAST IRON WATER MAINS Size of Pipe 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 72 84 Approximate Weight of Lead per Joint 2 in. deep Pounds 6.00 7.50 10.25 13.25 16.00 19.00 22.00 30.00 33.80 37.00 44.00 54.25 64.75 75.25 85.50 97.60 108.30 146.00 170.00 Approximate Weight of Hemp per Joint Pounds .18 .21 .31 .44 .53 .61 .81 .94 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.06 3.00 3.62 4.37 6.25 8.25 12.50 15.00 --Cast Iron Pipe Research Association CALKING LEAD Requirements as to composition of metal for calking lead of the American Water Works Asso ciation are identical with the requirements of the Lead Industries Association for calking lead bear ing the Association's Seal of Approval and the U. S. Department of Commerce -- Commercial Standard CS94-41. These requirements are as follows: Lead for calking purposes shall contain not less than 99.73 percent of lead. Maximum allowable impurities: Percent Arsenic, Antimony, and tin together Copper Zinc 1 ron Bismuth Silver 0.015 .08 .002 .002 .25 .02 The purchase of calking lead bearing the Lead Industries Seal of Approval assures the user that it will comply in composition with the above requirements. The seal appears stamped or cast on each approved pig or ingot and on the package containing or label attached to lead wool. Calking lead is furnished in pigs weighing from 60 to 100 lbs. each and in ingots weighing from 3 to 6 lbs. each. Ingots may be single units joined by wires or other means. Lead wool is loosely twisted into rope and packed in bags or wound on reels. L1425887 j: '"A Portfolio of' L0sAmerlcan I ^L^ndmarks Jk ' : %< No. 36 Skaneateles A Town lo Central \e York KANEATELES, New York, situ S ated at the head of the lake of the same name is a charming village with a glorious view down the lake from its of these houses, all built w ithin a rela main street. It was a thriving settle tively short span of time. In fenes ment on the main road from Utica to tration the facades are identical but Auburn at the beginning of the 19th the Wolcott house is quite evidently century and there are a number of the earliest house of the three. The well kepi line old houses of that Allen house is typical of the more period in the town todav. three of pretentious Greek Revival period which are shown on this page. with its Doric columnsand full length The rapid change in taste in archi parlor windows. The Parsons house tecture which look place at that time shows unmistakable \ ictorian tenden is shown in the wide variation in style cies. although it retains the three graceful arches found so commonly through central .New York. These houses are treasured bv their owners who have, in addition to a sentimental attachment to them, the responsibility for their safekeeping as historical documents. In the fulfilling of that responsibility thev make regu lar periodic painting with pure while lead paint an important part of their maintenance programs. t h is is mi. ;n ; COUNTRY THAT ALWAYS BEEN >1 A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OE TI1E ARE I'RESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH CURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL I'AINT. ALA NY OF THEM HAVE I'ROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. 6-- -- Li Lead Lined Equipment Used in Production of lewly Developed Chemical HE construction of a plant to conduct, on a commercial scale, a chemical manufacturing process which is relatively simple in the lab oratory entails considerable study and careful attention to the selection of construction materials. The corrosive action of the raw materials, the prod ucts. and the possible bv products must be considered as well as the pos sibilities of contamination of the finished product through reaction w ith the construction materials. An inter esting summary of such a studv ap pears in the November 1945 issue of "Chemical and Metallurgical Engi neering." The chemical to be manufactured in this case was potassium metabisul phite which is being used increasing!) as a fermentation arrester for wines, as a preservative for photographic solutions, and, to some extent, as a to go into production of this chemi cal, thus becoming the second of the two known domestic producers. A list of the chemicals involved and a flowsheet clearly showing where each occurs in the process formed the basis on which the selection of mate rials for the various vessels was made. Careful attention to freedom from contamination as well as to durability of equipment and economy of con CHEMICALS INVOLVED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM METABISULPHITE Key I'sed in Flow Sheet Chemical Remar^ 1 Sulphur liiCAwic l.Muirl and gui _ Sulphurous acid ............ \ er\ corrosn:. c Caustic potash ..... As .->() perrt-nt and h-S: 4 Potassium sulphite . . Essentially neutral. ' ..Potassium bisulphite Highly corrosive to iron. il ...Potassium metabisulphite Moderately corrosive. 7....Potassium sulphate .. . Small amounts tbonigh- out svstem. S 0\>g<n .............................. ..At high drying temper atures. 9.. .Sulphur .......... At high drying temper atures. 10 Ferric hydroxide Precipitated. Refer to flowsheet to find out in which pieces of equipment each of these chemicals does, or can. occur. substitute for sulphur dioxide in the preservation of dried fruits. The study was made by G. S. Wheaton and R. S. Sunderlin of the Pittsburgh Chemical Co. of Vernon, Calif., when this company in 1941 wa> preparing struction resulted in the selection of lead as the lining materials for three of the larger vessels used in the proc ess. In the first one where causticpotash is neutralized with bisulphite (Continued on Page 81 Flowsheet process tor manufacture oj potassium metabisulphile. Materials oj construction are indicated /n letter, chemicals, prm!ucls and possible by products by number. L I A?5f 89 Lead Seal on Identification Bracelet Protects Hospital and Baby HE convenience and ease with identity of a new born baby. The tiny Twhich lead can be bent or bracelet shown in the accompanving crimped over a string or wire to spehotograph consists of a string of let cure it against tampering has long tered beads, spelling out the baby's made it a favorite material for use in surname, strung on a strong silk cord. sealing important and valuable pack The bracelet is prepared and the cord ages. e are all familiar with seals is threaded through two holes in the of this type used as protection for lead seal. Before the baby is taken to merchandise, money or other types of the nursery the bracelet is slipped valuable property. over the hand, the cord drawn up However, here is a lead seal used around the little wrist and the seal for a safeguard for an intangible firmly crimped over the cord. treasure which, if lost, might never be The bracelet is not removed until surely and certainly regained--the the mother and baby have left the Tr>, lihtwin, articles and rtpnnti contain mtnaation. orawtnfi aim wciaeattm u m w it taai products hateful to architects. eooineen and others In the eonetructlon industry. TV/ an araltaAta, traa of char),, upon itount to the Ltod Industries Association. 420 Lexiwten Atanuo, Nr* Vast 17, N. Y. Identification bracelet tor nea born baby showing lead seal which guards against accidental removal tactual size). hospital and are safely home. Only by cutting the cord can removal be effected. This is an ingenious application of a very common use of lead. It is much quicker, more sure and more sanitary than the usual adhesive tape label and in addition the bracelet is much prettier. PHOPERTY PROTECTION WITH WHITE LEAD PAINT A 28 page booklet on the protective value, durability aod beauty of pure white lead paint with quantity etim8ting table*, formulas and mixing and tinting instructions for exterior aod interior use. RED LEAD FOR STRUCTURAL WORK By Dr. L. L. Carriek, Director, Red Lead Research, Load Industrie* Association A discuMioa of the rust inhibttive qualities of red lead paint and tbe best means of making use of those qualities for the protection of structural metal. Reprinted fiotn Engineering A'euJ Record, April 6, 1943. LEAD CARRIES ITS WEIGHT By Fred P. Peter* An interesting resume of many of the long estab lished uses of lead plus information on a number of recently developed adaptations of the properties of lead to special purpose*. Reprinted from Scien tific American, June. 1944. SOME PAINTINC PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemiat, Forests Product* Laboratory, Madjaon, Wi*. Reprinted from the National Rea! Estate Journal, Sept.. 1939. NEW LEAD COATING PROCESS ELIMINATES USE OF ZINC ALLOYS By W. Yonkmau, Engineer, Weatera Elee> trie Co. A description of a successful hot dip lead coating process with complete instruction* for changing over from hot dip galvanizing using the same equipment. Reprinted from Product Engineering. May. 1944. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of bard lead Hashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details and installation method*. Repnated from dmencun Builder, July. 1939. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lad, G594-41 Lead Pipe, CS-95-41 Lead Trap* and Beod#, GS96-41 Official publication.* by the Government Printing Ofbee of the above Commercial Standard* a* prosnuJ gated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through tbe National Bureau of Standard*, effective June 25. 1941. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION V.P-S25 For Pipe, Bead* and Trap*, LEAD Part 5 of Section I'' '( tbe Federal Standard, Stock Catalog, official publication by the Govern ment Printing Office. LEAD COATINCS ON STEEL By Harold A. Knight, News Editor, Metal* and Alloy* K thorough discussion of hot dip aod electroplated coalings on steel sheet, wire and fabricated prod ucts including the technique of application, thicknea* of coaiinp, uses and advantage*. Reprinted from the November, 1944 i-sue of Metals and Alloys. LEAD X-RAY SHIELDING Graphic chart banco uo reojniiueaJ*li<io >>( tbe International Oa>rm*io8 on X-Ray aod Radium Protection giving thckne*e* of lead for reapective voltage# in millimeter*, ioebe* and pound* per square foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF X-RAY PROTECTION By George Singer, Artiftg Chief Radiation Section, National Bureau of Standards, ^ asliineton, D. C., and Georae C. Lawr ence, Ph.D., National Research Council of Canada A di.-cu-'iun of the material' suitable fur u-r in shielding X-ray installations giving methods of and graphs for computing required thickness of ijrrier-. ba-ed on tube current and distance a* well a< tube vnkage. Reprinted from Industrial Radiograph? Vn], IV. No. 2- Fall. 3945- LEAD LINED EQUIPMENT I Continued from Page 7 i solution, the maintenance of a .-light excess of bisulphite counteracts ai>y tendenev of the chemical to pick up metal. The next vessel in line, the evapo rator feed tank, must he lead lined because the liquor is not completely neutralized and has a dehvdrating effect on wood. Iron pick-up must be carefullv avoided. The rectangular settling tank is lead lined for the same reasons. In this case as in main others the choice of materials, while based primarilv on resistance to corrosion, was influenced bv other factors such as cost of construction, ease of mainte nance. availability and economy of operation. Because lead so often ful fills the greater number of such re quirements. it is one of the most widelv used metals for handling cor rosive materials in the chemical in dustry. It is adaptable to many meanof application and its suppliers and fabricators are readilv available. UPON BEQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MALL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS POINTED IN V. S. . 0T PUOLISBEaa POINTING COMPANY NEW YOIX CITY LI A25P90