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The Materials j of Paint Manufacture AaAMwbr G. B. HEOCEL Bfm SctiM f Pkrate* Ch--irtry ttfti Frsaklui UrtittU, PUItW^Ut JtM, 110 (ftarkatf tiWM Fchnuo-r, 1MB) ,, MltM hr IW MiHhwiI lij, r<lai MM.hiwmr ' tomMlhi *f ik U*ki Hiw U Nttail Vnkk Mw Imw o t - ktwwr`1 OAcai aw Tka Iih h , PUUMrhk. r*. 0007-SWP-000006404 The Materials of Paint Manufacture An Addraaa bp G. B. HECKEL Bafora tb* Saction of PhyaieJ and Cbaniatrf at tb* Ffaafclia laatitat*. Pkiiadalpbia Jana. 1910 (Ravtoad and Eatandad Fabraary. 1925) m PttbUabad by tba KdacaMmal Sanaa. Paint Manufactanrs* Association of tha Unitad States. and Hattons! Vanish Maao/actaran' Aaaoaiatlan Secretary's Ottca: 909 TV* Baum, PUladatohla. Pa. *UWii 0007-SWP-000006405 "Prepared Paint is not only a product of Science and Civilization1 but is also a result of Progress and Evolution." . PREFACE The address which constitutes the main text of this pamphlet was delivered before the Franklin Institute during the spring of 1910. The demand for copies quickly exhausted the supply of reprints from the "Journal of the Franklin Institute.'' It was then reprinted in its original form, illustrated by reprints of some of the more important lantern slides shown in connection with the address. (Over 100 of these were shown.). The pamphlet ha* attained some popularity in the trade, but more especially with edootors, who are seeking information oh tbrysubject in a convenient and presettable forau.'* This demand has again exhausted the. supply of the second reprint-pud a. new edition has become necessary. Bat in the fifteen years that ' have elapsed sinee the delivery of the original , lecture, paint' technology. has advanced amas^ * ingly, and while the original statements may stand practically niirhininl they ho longer adequately cover the subject It has. therefore: seemed advisable to expand the text by includ ing some additional matter as well as to make some slight revision of the original text The object of this publication is to remind paint manufacturers, paint salesmen, painters and paint dealers that the product in which they deal is an important one and that their calling is dignified, and to help educators in placing the essential facts of paint manufac ture before their students in intelligible form. Tennyson makes the hero of the poem Z | 1 j . J I [ i t 0007-SWP-000006406 Thm Material* of Pamt MuiaiutaN "Locksley Ha})" designate hinueli-- * * ite heir of 0 tba i|tj, is tbt foreman files of tiaie." The man that deals with familiar and com monplace paint can justly regard himself as the legatee of science, industry, exploration and research dating irons the days "when Adam delved and Eve span." But, in a special sense, modem scieacf has produced modern paint. The history ol the materials used in producing it are veritable "Fairy Tales of Science.'' Consider, i<x in stance, the venerable antiquity of white lead (Centssa) and lamp black; the aboriginal asso ciations of iron oxide, and ochre; the centuryold controversy-over zinc oxide. Reflect upon the tragic romance of Madder and Indigo. Ponder over the marvels of the coal- tat dyes, Ttw histories of the Individual pigments are also infl of romance: there is our familiar Prussian blue, for example, discovered through a blunder of the German color maker, Cdesbach, who in making a Florentine lake accidentally used an alkali that had previously been used in clarifying ox-blood; there is ultramarine blue, the production of which was due to the hint obtained from the accidental blue noticed from time to time in soda furnaces; there is American process or direct zinc oxide, which resulted from long-continued and costly at tempts to utilize Franklinite as an iron ore. In the following paper, only the most salient points of interest are touched upon, but even 4 Tba Material* af Paint Manufacture from this brief summary those who have never been struck by the fact, most Ttalixe that paint--the common paint which we buy in the stores and rob off on our clothes-- Bath had ta atbar world* ha scums Aad mO ftwa afar. The Dakota farmer who paints his barn with it, paints with a product of the flax from his own fields; the Florida "cracker'* who daul* his shack with red paint, brings back to the pine forest its own product; the western miner paints his lean-to with the product of. the neighboring mine--there is scarcely any quarter of the globe to which some portion of the paint can or its tuiunls does not "return home." AU science hazjootributed to its pro duction and each quartan of the globe has furnished some ingredient. Consider also the utility of this can of "ready-to-use paint" Ingeniously devised and perfected madunery has giouml aad blended the materials; apparatus *'--* human in its uncanny ingenuity has made; sealed and labelled' the can: the railway has brought it to the neighboring dealer's shelf; it is there, cheap, convenient excellent for instant use. Suppose that the chemist the inventor, the machinist the importer, the manufacturer bad not done this preliminary work, where would be the paint and where the painter? To appreciate the situation we have only to read the notes left us by some of the great artists of the Renaissance, who made their own colors and S 0007-SWP-000006407 Tk* Material* of Piiat Muafuhm vehicles and whose works, darkened, cracked and defaced, now liang as relics ot past beauty in the galleries of Europe. Paint is the cheapest and handiest conven ience of modem times. It costs nothing be cause it saves more than it costs. It is the only means by which our investment in perish able structures can be conserved. It comes to us practically complete and it enables us t<> pass our lives in clean, sanitary, durable and beautiful surroundings. Tb* Material* of Paint Maaafactur* The Material* of Paint Manufacture By C. B. HECXJEL Dnrinu Teem years we have ixvntiu- sonic what familiar with ihe term "Scientifically I're pared Paint." and have heard or read miu * LiAMcd Oil--fbi in TOwin controversy over tlw propriety of the term. I hjic to show More I finish that tiie term is justified and that prepared paint is tv* only a product ni science and civilization, but th.n it is aU> a result of progress and evolution, as much as any other iiKxlcrn product. 0007-SWP-000006408 TIm MMfMii of Pont Mtaaiictm An English writer has said of paint making that it was first an art, that a trick, but that now it has become a science. I have here a relic of the earliest known American Paint Makers--probably the same people who built the mysterious mounds of the Mississippi Valley. It is an axe or hatchet of hematite, and it pmperiy crushed and ground would make a good, grade ot iron oxide pigment. It was inund in a tunnel uncovered at Lesley, Missouri. Ity modem miners who are still tak ing oxide ironi the same vein. Iron oxide was one of the pigments known to the aborig inal. He reduced the native hematite to pow der. mixed it with oil. grease, mucilage or gums and applied it as a heraldic decoration to his face, or wigwam, or used it in the crude decoration oi his household utensils. The history of all races in the use of paint is practically the same. The first pigments used are the natural earth colors or simple vegetable dyes. They are devoted to personal decoration--commonly heraldic--and . later their use is extended to other decorative purposes. It is only in a higher stage of development and civilisation that the protective value of paint is recognized. This evolution ts the natural accompaniment of change from the nomadic state, where dwellings are temporary, to the fixed life of civilized society. 8 Thu Materials f Fuat Mtaifutert Let us consider a typical high grade paint formula. It contains the following ingredients: ANALYSIS OF PEA GREEN (United State* Standard Measure) .... Per eait. 1`tgmat by weight........................................... 48.00 Tbiaaer by weight............................................. 32.00 Thinner1 it eanpewd of: Linteed ail................................................... -tepbeinitn ipiriu............................................... Turpentine ............................................................ China weed ail....................................................... Japan dryer .......................................................... JJ.po j.nn i.im 2.fto v ,.m. 100.1*1 CampMittan of irirnmt: Ranie carbonate white kail............................... !5.P" Panic sulphate white text................................ 20.n 7.mt aside .............................................................44.uo MagBCtium silicate laehenine)....................... .Un i Calcium carbonate.............................................. ;.r, Renom salpbata (hlanc fiat-i.......................... lu.im Aluminum ailicaia............................................... yim Lead chromate..................................................... 2..hi k'emc-forra eymaidc................................................. Colorine it compared of: Para chrome green................................. Cofflpocrtiea af Japan dryer: Kauri earn............................................... Osida land.................................... Maagsaaea paraside (black aaide of aagaane) .................................... IJaaecd ed ................................................ Turpentine .............................................. 100.00. .100.00 . 1.67 . MS . 2.00 . 24.44 . 41.44 joo'oo Let us also consider, in connection there with. two other highly commended formulas__ first the celebrated "Olive Drab" Cantonment paint of the United States Government and 0007-SWP-000006409 Tba Material* af Paint Manufacture second, the very latest development in lithopoite--zinc oxide iormulas. OLtVC DftAft PAWT United Sutet Annr Standard IV. P. 2* Per eem. Dement .......... (* l.inuwl ....................................................................... 36 White Irad f*Mie farbonste. basic ul(*liato r a mixture UiervnO notU-m than................. 42 Zme oxnie. iw*t le than...................................... .).) Tl,e balance m crr-ti ` aluminum rilicair. maiiir^inn *licair "r .1 mixture thereof, cnmliinri `tl> ilie n*cr-vir> |iurc tinting cfet 16 iweluce the il.-'ireil tlia'lc. Uiafd I* ire raw linee<l -.-I, iin, lethan................... fx Tin lialaner Ik - ii>ml>mpil ilrirr ami thin, tin. The thhmer >M) eiinuu i>i tufi>cii- ime *>r vel.il! ne ural |iiru* ur a mixturc ilicrcni. '40U0.30" Picxaait . Pereent. r.itheftme''licht rr*i*tant>......................... 4ii '/.me oxiil* ilrarl t'rrt--Atner. |<rec.)................ 4u ............................................................. 1" Silica............................................................................ 10 Uautd r.eilril linreirl oil.............................................. 4$ Kaw liu-urrl Oil............................................................. 4P l.omiil ilrK-f ............................................................. S Tiion'iitirr................................................................ S I Ili-nv >-Ih )k *I oil ..................................................... 5, I .. ______ Resides these intrredients tint arc mentioned in the formulas, we may also notice that the container is made of tin plate: that the can is soldered: that the labels are printed with two colors of printin? ink on white paper, and pasted on the can. Finally we may recall that such cans arc packed with sawdust hi wooden boxes nailed together with steel wire 10 Tho Material* of Ptial Mamfactur* nails. Keeping in view the finished can and its contents, I think you will catch my drift when I say that all science and alt civilization have gone to the making of cans of paint Itcaring these laltels and that without science and civilization it would be unthinkable. UsMcd CKMUp TUa Let us consider briefly the ingredients, out W one: The first is linseed oil, a product >f the Aax plant, Liirow uzifoturimon. The flax plant was not first cultivated by man for the seed or its oiL Its earliest use was for tlte making of linen doth. The great muters of early European art knew nothing of linseed oil, and the first use of the seed was medicinal. Today in the United States alone over thirty 11 0007 -SWP-000006410 Tk Material* of Patet Mutbetsn million bushels of flaxseed are consumed annu ally m the manufacture of linseed oil, the great bulk of which goes to the production of paint and Tarnish. To produce so much seed requires about three million acres of soil. Its cultivation requires many farmers and Th* Material* of Paiat Mawsfaetura cialists than ever before. The proper prepara tion and use of linseed oil involves the results of proiound study and investigation, which today are still far from completion. In the manufacture of linseed oil the flax seed, cleaned from foreign seed and other im- UaMCd Oa--S**<1 Storaf* laborers, much special machinery; its storage and transportation utilizes elevators, railroads, steamships; its use for oil-making requires elaborate plants, much special machinery; and the treatment of the oil for its various uses involves chemistry and the mechanical arts. Moreover, the oil-growing flax is itself a prod uct of agricultural science, a science which is today more ardently pursued by plant *p~- l 12 Lim--d Oil--Cnnbiaf KolU purities, is first ground in a series of roller mills. The resultant meat is treated in a special beater with live steam to break op the oil cells. This hot meal is then pressed into the desired form and size for the oil presses, in a cake former; and a aw"h,t of those cakes are stacked, one above the other, in camel's Itair or other fabric cloths, between the plates of a specially devised hydraulic press. An 13 0007-SWP-000006411 TIm Mrtiriili of Piial Mmiwtw enormous pressure is applied and tlie expressed oil is filtered and collected in settling tanks, where the moisture, plant mucilage, etc, settle to the bottom, while the dear oil collects on top and is drawn off and sold as raw linseed oil- The Materials el Put Maalactm characteristic niblier-likc product of "dried" linseed o'!. The presence t certain metals facilitate* this process, and these metals are incorporated with the oil l>y heating their compounds with the raw oil. The three metals practically most Linseed oil is a very complex organic chemi cal compound, but consists essentially of the glycerides of a number of fatty adds. Of these the most important in connection with our subject are the glycerides of linolic and linoicic acids, to which the oil owes its char acteristic property oi absorbing oxygen and thereby becoming converted to linoxin--the l 14 1 effective ior this purpose are lead, manganese, aud culmlt, and cunsequentty advanced nomilacturcrs have generally abandoned the use ni other compounds. It will I* noted that the liquid portion oi our paints contains 85 per cent, of iinseecd oil. Thefact is significant, ior while linseed oil leaves something to be desired when we contemplate the ideal paiut, it is nevertheless 15 i j I ; j 0007-SWP-000006412 Th Material* of Piial MuwiMtvra the most satisfactory paint oil for general use known to uy up to the present time. The remaining fixed oil in our first formula is China wood oil, of which oaly 2 per cent is present. China wood oil is comparatively a recent addition to the raw materials of paint Tk* Maurkb of Piiat MMakcttin green fruit somewhat resembling an apple. The seeds are large and poisonous, and from them the oil is obtained. The machinery used is primitive, consisting essentially oi a wooden press operated by wedges. The oil is traded, aioug. with other agricultural products, to mcr- Chine** Farm With Tuns Tree* and varnish manufacture, ft is expressed from a nut grown on a tree f Aleurites Fordii) indigenous to site Yangtze Valley, in China. The variety producing the oil nut is known m the Chinese ss yittg tm tung (apple fruit Tung) anti die tree is cultivated by the Chinese farmer tor its oil. It grows to a height of about twenty-five feet, bears large green leaves, small pinkish flowers and large 16 ^ Tint 03--TW Fruit. chants at Hankow. Fatehau and Canton. It has been used in China for ages, much for tlie same purposes as linseed oil is used in this country, and it is said that the extracted seed residues are the raw material for the manufacture of India mk. The chemistry of this oil is still under in vestigation; but its "drying" properties are due, as in the case of all drying oils, to the presence of the glycerides of maturated fatty 1? 0007-SWP-000006413 Th* Material* of Paint MaaviMKirt acids. It has drying properties similar to a certain extern to those of linseed oil. and the rate at hardening is accelerated by the same agencies tltat promote the oxidation of the more familiar oil. The chemical process appears, however, to differ, since while linseed oil tanlem progressively from the surface in ward. China wood oil seems to harden or set simultaneously throughout. This peculiarity let! >'< miter expensive disasters in the earlier attempts to utilize the oil in this country. The drying salt> arc incorporated in practice at a /rmrarawely low temperature: bw in these earlier experiments the oil was treated at the temperature common in the treatment of tin* seed oil. with the result that the entire hatch suddenly thickened to the consistency of rult)>cr. in jhe..kettle. The discovery that rosin prevents this poly merization inaugurated a new era in the paint and varnish industry. China wood oil and rosin varnish are the principal vehicles of flat wall paints, of which there is a very larue annual consumption: and in varnish making ific same cnmfwnatwm has to an important ex tent replaced tnssil gums in the manufacture or high grade varnishes for many purposes. Tiiesc etims are stiff used, hut generally in combination with China wood oil and esterized rosin.--the so-called "ester gum," which is ?. chemical compound of rosin awl glycerine. The cultivation of the tang tree on a com mercial scale was begun in 1923 at Gaines- 18 Tl* Mtttfwb *f Paint Maaafaetnr* ville, Fla., by the American Tung Oil Corporation, and this undertaking will eventually provide a portion at least of tlie quantity an nually required. Oil from older American trees has proved superior to the imported product. The two volatile ingredients of our formula are asphaltum spirits and turpentine. Asphalturn spirits is one of the lighter products <n petroleums having an asphaltum lsc. It corresponds to the benzine which is pro duced from petroleums with a paraffin basv. The chemistry of these hydrocarbons, whileinteresting. plays no part in the chemical struc ture of the paint film, since their office is purely mechanical and they disappear com- pletely in the drying of the paint. As i> well known, the petroleums found in some localities yield, in distillation at high tempera tures. residue* containing paraffin, while similar nils from other localities yield asphaltums as residues. The best known petroleums of tlw latter class are those produced in Texas. Okla homa. California and dm Island of Borneo Petroleums are distilled by fractionating, the products passing over at the lower tempera tures being classified progressively as petroleum ethers, naphthas and gasolenes, and benzines. The benzines having the higher "flash"' points are known in the trade as "mineral spirits." At still higher temperatures the ijluminatiag oil* pass over, followed by the lubricating oils. Mineral spirit is usually a high boiling point 19 000?-SWP-000006414 The M*tniai of Ptial Mtaaftctar* benzine o! the isphaltum petroleums. It boils at a higher temperature than the correspond ing parafin product, has a higher specific grav ity ami is, on several accounts, preferable as a volatile ingredtast oi paints. I personally Irelieve that the formula before us is mechani The Materials of Pent Manufacture !ul*or available hi the pine districts, is crude and wasteful both to the timlicr involved and to the product, though more conservative methods have come into use through the effort of the United States Department of Agri culture. This involves the substitution of cally improved by the presence of this material and I am convinced that it is in no way in jured by it Turpentine is the essential oil of certain pines, principally Finns Auttralit, growing over 'large areas of otir Southern States. It is distilled in a current of live steam from the sap of this tree, the residue being rosin. The industry, owing to the character of the 20 Tnrj>enime Iwhwtry--Codccting and Shipping porcelain pots for the archaic "ItoK," and les* injury to the tree. The negro workman m a turpentine orchard cuts a so-called "hox" on one side of the tree, in which the sap collects, and (mm which it is from time to time dipped and carried to the still. As the flow of sap decreases, the bark is removed and the wood sacrificed higher 21 0007-SWP-000006415 TIm Mtlniti* of Flint Munfictun and higher above the "bos," In the larger trees several boxes are cut at different points on the circumference. weakening and in time kilting the tree. The crude sap or gum is charged into a still with water, and on heat' ins, the volatile turpentine passes with the Tiirpetitinr Industry---lapraved Method ot Collection steam to the worm condenser. The turpentine is decanted from the condensed steam on which it floats. Turpentine tu paint probably acts in two ways: first as a volatile thinner, of which the effect is purely mechanical; and secondly, as a conveyor of oxygen, perhaps catalytieally. At any rate, it was the conclusion of a French technical commission who investigated the sub- 22 The Materials f Paint Mueltstwi ject, that turpentine hastens the drying of paint to an extent not accounted for by its volatility. The principal turpentine forests of today are located in Florida, southern Georgia and Louisiana, the immense forests that iormerly covered vast areas in North and South Caro lina and northern Georgia having been largely destroyed by the wasteful methods in vogue. Another form of turpentine has appeared in the market during comparatively recent years, h is iamiliariy known u wood turpentine, being produced, by various methods of dis tillation. from pine wood wastes. When prop erly prepared by distillation in a current of steam and purified, there appears to be no practical difference m its properties as a paint vehicle from those oi sap turpentine; and the product is more uniform. The remaining liquid ingredient of our first formula is japan dryer. This consists essen tially of the linoleates of lead and manga nese, with a small percentage of Kauri gain, it is prepared by boiling linseed oil with the proper percentages of compounds oi manga nese and of lead, adding thereto a certain quan tity oi melted Kauri gum, and reducing the product while warn, with turpentine, benzine nr a mixture of the two. The lead compound used in this dryer is red lead and the manga nese compound is the black oxide, while the reducing agent is turpentine and mineral spirit. The manufacture oi red lead leads us at once into the mining regions of the West, 23 rvr 0007-SWP-000006416 Tb* Materials of Paint Kusbctm where in some districts lead is produced from practically pure ores, while in others it must be separated from its commingled silver, zinc, etc. For the manufacture of the so-called Dutch Process white lead it is necessary to have the metal free from silver, manganese and iron; but for the manufacture of the oxides (red lead and litharge) purity is not so im portant. The metallic lead comes from the smeller in the iorm of pigs, which are melted in a Imv. flat oven in whieh the lead spreads out in a thin layer and is mechanically worked so as to expose continually fresh surfaces to the anion of the air. The product is the mon oxide oi lead--massicot. This oxide is ground with water to remove metallic particles, which are retained to the furnace, while the oxide is collected in settling tanks. If the tempera ture. in -the furnace rises too high it becomes litharge, crystalline lead monoxide--which cannot be further oxidized. The amorphous monoxide, being further treated in the same or a similar oven, at a low red heat, with free access of air and constant stirring, gradually takes up more oxygen and is converted into red lead--* com bination of the monoxide and the dioxide, in the proportion of about two parts of the former to one of the latter. The product is usually stated as having the formula PhsOs, but red lead produced in this way it, as noted, a mixture of oxides rather than a definite chemi Th* Material* of Pont Marnifsmtais cal compound. The product from mechanical furnaces, however, is almost completely oxi dized to pure red lead. The black oxide of manganese, known to mineralogists as Pyrolusite, is a natural prod uct. oi which the principal sources of supply Red Lead Furuct are in the Caucasus Mountains, in the Harts Mountains in South America and elsewhere. Chemically, it is the dioxide of the metal man ganese. The miners in the Caucasus are the wild mountaineers of eastern Europe, and the mineral, before it reaches America, passes through Southern Russia, the Black Sea, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean and so across the Atlantic. For the use of the varnish and dryer manufacturer it is subjected to mechani cal purification. 25 0007-SWP-000006417 TU Materials s{ Ptkt Muahttwi These two metallic oxides readily replace the glycerin in linseed oil at moderate tem peratures. {orating oleates and linoleates, while the glycerin is decomposed and driven off. The addition o{ a resin--in this ease Kauri The Materials ef Paint Manufacture besides helping the duality of the japan, has also been shown by experience to serve a use ful purpose in paints containing high per centages of zinc oxide. It is iound only in New Zealand, where ancient forest* of the tree which produced it--the Damutarj auMralis KUfttMtcM Min* in the Caucus* Mountain* gunv"at a moderately high temperature also probably induces the formation of resin acid compounds of the metals. The driers made with lead and with man ganese have sharply distinguished properties, of which advantage is taken by the well-in formed manufacturer who knows that certain proportions of the two yield better average results than either alone. He also carefully calculates the percentage of the metal m the drier to the oil to be oxidized. Kauri gum, 26 Kauri TTit Dtmtuar* Amnlii and other varieties of Douitnora--have been buried for ages in the earth. It is mined sys tematically by trenching and is cleaned, sorted and classified ly hand. \V"e have now briefly covered the liquid por tion oi our first formula and in the course of our survey have gone to North Dakota for 0007-SWP-000006418 T)m Materials of Point Muaftctm flaxseed, to Florida for turpentine, to Texas {or benzine, to China ior wood oil. to Colo* ratio and Montana for lead, to the Caucasus for manganese, and to New Zealand for Kauri gUDL Even at this point we may begin to see Tit* Material* of Paint Manufacture ate is a muiecuiar combination of the hydroxide and the carbonate of lead in about the propor tion of two parts oi the latter to one of the former, though these proportions are only ap- Kuri Cm Dintn that for this ordinary can of mixed paint the manufacturer has been under the necessity of calling upon many industries, several races and different quarters of the glol>c. It is no less so with the remaining items of our formula and the package in which it is snld. Lead hydrocarbonate is the first named of the solid in* gredients. In this case it happens to be Duteh Process White Lead- Lead hydrocarbonate or basic lead carbon- 28 Kaori Cunv--Ttteckin* Tlw Old Dutch Process, so called---though it has undergone great improvement in Eng lish and American practice--start* with desilvered lead pigs, known in the trade as "soft lead." These are melted, and the molten lead is distributed in shallow moulds on an endless chain belt. The moulds give the metal the iorm of a fiat circular grating or buckle about 3/16 inch thick by 5 inches in diameter. These buckles are packed mto earthenware pots, having at their bottoms shallow wells 29 0007-SWP-000006419 71m Mitwiib of Paint Muahcian containing each about half a pint of vinegar or dilute acetic acid. The charged pots are arranged in tiers between layers of spent tan hark, where they are allowed to remain undis turbed lor about 130 days. By the fermen tation of the tan bark heat is generated and Th# Mawriib of Paint Mannfactnro most of the buckle has been altered to the basic carbonate. The buckles being removed from the pots are subjected to mechanical treatment which separates the corroded from the uncor roded portions. The white lead after being ground, washed, floated and dried, enters com- Dutch Preeett Wbhs T Mil i fsrinitlnf Pot carlxniic acid liberated. The heat vaporizes the acetic acid, which attacks the lead, coat ing the buckles with basic lead acetate. This in turn is attacked by the carbonie acid, pro ducing the basic carbonate and liberating neu tral lead acetate, which attacks the metallic lead beneath, producing again the basic acetate. The process thus continues progressively until 30 Lhncb Process Wk>w Lssd--'"Pics'* sad ''Buckie*" raerce as dry white lead. The special char acteristics of corroded white lead are its ex cellent working properties and low oil con sumption, giving a high degree of opacity or color-body in the finished paint The second process, commonly known as the "quick process,'' or "Carter process," also starts with desilverized pig lead. This is melted and finely comminuted in a steam blast and the granulated product is charged into large. 31 'i.1 r-rv- 0007-SWP-000006420 The Mi Iu mIi of Point MuBfutwi slunly revolving wooden drums, where, alter i-cine moistened with dilute acetic acid, it is subjected for some itours to the action of puri fied carbonic acid gas iron burning coke. The slow revolution of the drums insures the ex* insure si the entire mass to the action of The Materials of Paint Maaafaetar* Haste Lead Sulphate or liasie Sulphate White Lead. This is a sublimation product, and is produced directly from the native ores ot Missouri--lead $u!phide~--by oxidation at a hich temperature in a current of air. The comminuted ore is charsed in a special fur- r Hutch r*roods While Lcs'l--Msbinc Furnace Snd Chain Mold* l lie ua... The chain oi chemical processes in volved is probably identical with those de scribed tor the OM Dutch Process. The me chanical treatment of the crude corroded prod uct is essentially the same. The fmisJied prod uct is more uniform in the size ot particle than Dutch Process Lead and finer in tex ture. This involves a larger oil consumption and a consequent decrease in opacity or color luxfy of the completed paint. The second pigment of our formula is 32 Duleti Trece-s White LesJ--Ouilrfinf "Sorek" nace with coal or other fuel and is subjected to a hot-air blast. The sulphide takes up oxygen, volatilizes ami is carried through a series ni cooling flues to fabric bags, in which it is collected. This is the process in outline. though not in detail. The reaction involved is simple, the lead sulphide. PbS. takes up four equivalents of oxygen from the air, being converted into lead sulphate. PbSO. At the same time it is also claimed, with much pm> 33 0007-SWP-000006421 Ti* Material* of Piat Manufacture ability, that (here is formed a certain propor tion of the basic lead sulphate, PbsSsOa. At any rate analysis always yields an excess of oxygen, which is usually calculated to lead oxide, the percentage ot which ranges from fourteen to twenty. The product, furthermore. Th* Material* of Point Manufacture ment are extremely fine and uniform, ap proaching the panicles of zinc oxide in this respect. As a pigment, it stands between cor roded white lead atid zinc oxide in most of its characteristics. Paints made with it chalk more freely than paints made with the former, but "Quick Proem" White Leid--Corrodins Drums always contains a small percentage (five to' ten) of zinc oxide, which comes from the zinc sulphide associated with the ores used. It may be said in passing that lead sulphate, chemically produced, is a very unsatisfactory pigment, exhibiting none of the characteristics oi the sublimed white lead. The latter, on the other hand, is extremely useful, and in cer tain combinations has come to be regarded as almost indispensable. The particles of this pig- 34 Basic Sulphate Wake Lead--A Sumac* on the other hand, they retain their color better, ami do not "check" so freely. Proper com bination with zinc oxide restrains the charac teristic chalking, while the hardening peculiar to zinc is in turn restrained. Our third pigment is zinc oxide. Zinc is peculiar in that it is the only metal in com mon use produced by distillation. It is vola- 35 0007-SWP-000006422 Tb Material* of Paint Manufactory tile at :m easily attainable temperature anti advantage is taken of this iact in recovering the metal from its ores. The hot metallic vapor is also readily oxidixabit. and it ex* posed to the air, will take fire, burning with a green Dame to zinc oxide. Tin MateriaI of Paint Maanfaeture depend the individual characteristics of the resultant oxide. In this process the finely granulated ores are mixed with powdered anthracite and charged ii.tD closed furnaces having perforated grate bar. Combustion is started in the anthra- Has'c SuU'hatt Whitt Hopper* Under Cvliettinf Bin The oxide is produced by two different processes. One. known as the French Proc ess. taking advantage of the iact just mentioned, volatilizes the metal in a current of air. and collects the resultant oxide in closed chambers. In the other process, known as the Ameri can process, the oxide is produced directly irom the ores. On the nature of the ore used 36 Zinc B*f Boats vile and a blast of air is forced through the perforations in the grate. The heat smelts the ore and volatilizes the xine, and the metallic vapors promptly combine with the oxygen of the blast, producing zinc oxide. This oxide is carried through a scries of cooling flues and collected in fabric bags. The particular oxide used in this formula is made from New Jer sey ore. and on that account is of some inter est. This ore ts unique in that it occurs in 37 0007-SWP-GO0006423 The Malarial* of Paint Manufacture commercially available quantities, nowhere else in the world. It is known as Ffunklimte. and consists of the oxides of zinc manganese and iron in molecular proportion-crystallizing as a true mineral. It is closely associated in the vein with other compounds of zinc--the an- Zinc Oxidt--Fura*cn livdn.us silicate, the oxide, etc. A peculiarity i the product is that the oxide recovered is practically tree from impurities, averaging over 9" per cent, pure oxide. The oxides pro duced irom the ores mined in other localities usually contain from 5 to 35 per cent, of lead sulphate, due to the presence of lead sulphide in the vein. The characteristics of zinc oxide are too well known to require extended comment It 38 Tin Malarial* of Painl Manufacture is the finest and. excepting the best grade? of lithopone. whitest of all white pigments: is chemically Quite stable, the only chemical chance possible in practice being to the sul phide or to the carbonate, which is also white. It is bulky and hence carries a high percentage of nil in the finished paint: and finally, when properly used, tt is very iluraMc. One i? fairly safe in sayinc that if Oxide of Zinc had not been introduced as a pigment, there would have Iwcn no prepared paint. It wa* produced as a commercially available pigment in answer to a demand that had l*eet voiced in Europe from the chising year* of the Eighteenth Century. to the time r>< it- mi re duction aiiout the middle of the Nineteenth This demand tor a non-pnisonnu* white pig ment finally received a satisfactory response from a contracting painter of Paris. Claire, who was also celebrated as a philan thropist and is known to this day .is "the fatlwr of profit sharing." Practically every great chemist of Europe from Lavoisier Faraday had his try at the problem. Our next pigment is magnesium silicate in the form of asbestine*. This product come*, principally from Canada. Its usefulness in the paint formula depends entirely upon its physi cal form, which is acicular or rod-like. Its office in the paint firm ha* been compared to that of the hair in plaster or the rod* in rein forced concrete. It is without special value either for pparity or protection, but aids in 0007-SWP-0000Q6424 Tli Material* o( Paint Manufacture holding the materials in suspension and very probably also in resisting stresses in the dried paint film. Our fiith solid ingredient is Calcium Car* Ixmaic--in this case a natural product from Missouri--a dolomitic crystalline rock, finely ground tor the purpose. Calcium carbonate. ;is used in paint manufacture, comes to us in two form*. Whiting. Paris White, etc., arc tin.' pulverized and floated chalk supplied l>iiiio)wUy by the chalk cliffs around Dover, line land.--the calcareous skeieti>n> of jnnumcrabii diatom^ that once populated the water' of an ocean covering that portion of tin- c;iri!i. ago before the advent of man: wit.Ic tiic product used in this iortnula i* from a similar ecological source, but in sue* feeding 'epochs subjected to heat and pre* sure, which gave it a crystalline structure. A> a rule, manuiacrurers in selecting front thoc ttvo forms are governed by the condi tions: if the remaining inert pigments arc crystalline. Paris White is selected; if not. then the so-called mineral primer is preferred. Either will neutralize any free arid in the paint, but the mineral primer will in addi tion give the "tooth" which is thought desir able in the manual work of painting. The only other crystalline pigment in our formula is the asbestine, so mineral primer rather than a form of chalk has been selected for this formula. Barium Sulphate is the next pigment on our 40 Th# Material* of Paint Manufacture list, and is used in the form of the chemical precipitate--blane fixe. Personally, I should have preferred the natural crystalline form, lames in this case, but that is a matter of detail. The sulphate of bariuiu in the form of barytes is a natural, crystalline prod- lUrytc* Minins--Miwourj uct, which retains its crystalline form, no matter bow finely comminuted It is found associated with lead, zinc and other ores in most mineral regions. That used in the United States, however, comes principally from Missouri and the Alleghenies, Missouri furnishing the larger proportion. There its production is in the hands of farmers who collect and cart it tn the railroads in the fall and winter, to 1 manu factured into pigment at St. Louis and neigb- . *1 0007-SWP-000006425 Tk Material* of Paint Mutfactan boring points. In tlie Allegheny region* the mineral is procured by mining. it is largely used in the manufacture oi lithopone. which is a compound of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide. Llanc tiece is produced by transforming the natural product into a soluble compound atui precipitating it irom dilute solution with sul phuric acid or a soluble sulphate. The product is chemically identical with barytes, but physi cally quite different. being very finely divided and amorphous. Silicate of alumina js the next ingredient 01 o u t white base. Technically, it is a washed an.] rioated China clay, naturally produced by tiiu disintegration of certain feldspars, the soluble potassium and sodium salts having been washed away* The percentage here used is small, hut it has a physical influence on the suspension oi the otlier pigments, in the brush ing qualities of the paint and on the quality of the paint film. An important white pigment oi our third formula is lithopone. The importance of this pigment to the industry may be estimated from die tact that the annual consumption has crown from less than 10,000 tons in 1906 to well over 100.000 tons in 1924. It is a com pound ui barium sulphate and zinc sulphide with a small percentage of zinc oxide in the proportion, roughly, of about 68 per cent, barium sulphate. 30 per cent, zinc sulphide and 2 per cent, zinc oxide. In the manufacturing 42 The Material* of Paint Masafactura process. solution* of zinc sulpitaic and barium sulphide in chemically equivalent proportions, are brought together in a precipitating tank. By mutual exchange oi acids double precipita tion of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate re sults. The precipitate is thoroughly washed, dried and finally iumaccd. This iurnacing is res|ioiisihie for the conversion of a small per centage of the zinc sulphide to zinc oxide.. The product is finely ground, further washed and Ijolted. Ordinary' lithotione has Ok serious defect of darkening in direct sunlight, recovering its whiteness in tlic dark. Until within recent years h> use was consequently confined tc interior iwintiiig--fiat wall paints and "miltwhites'' for example. Improvement in manu facturing processes has. however, resulted in the production of light resistant litlwponcs, amt the use o* the pigment hi exterior paints ha* followed very rapidly. The iormula under consideration is perhaps the most highly ap proved oi this type. The remaining ingredients oi our formula are the colors required to produce the desired tint. They haw no influence on the quality of the paint. The yellow in this combination is lead chromate--chrome yellow. It is pro duced by the reaction of a soluble chromium salt, usually sodium bichromate, on a soluble lead salt, usually lead nitrate, both in solu tion. The neutral chromate of lead, PbCrOs, being insoluble, is precipitated. The produc- 43 --T-rsnr-- --Tiuiei.il 0007-SWP-000006426 Tb Material* of Paint Manufacture tion of ibis familiar pigment takes us far afield. The chromium used io making the chromates is obtained from as ore oi iron known as chromite. It is a chromate of iron, having the composition FeCrjO*. It is found in smali quantities in Pennsylvania. Maryland, California and elsewhere in the United States, hut the main sources of supply are Asia Minor and New Zealand. Large quantities of these ores are imported into England. Germany and the United States for tta sole purpose of manu facturing the chromium salts of potassium and sodium. The process is intricate and dimeuk. so that the manufacturers are few in number. There is also soiue demand for the mineral in the manufacture of special steels. The remaining pigment is Prussian Blue-- ihe potassio-ferro-ferri-cyanide of iron. This material br.ings, us once more into the field' of organic chemistry, the non-metallic com ponent of the blue being cyanogen, which is most familiarly known as a component of hy drocyanic or prussic acid and the cyanides of potassium, etc The chemical composition of the color is indicated by the formula jF2Fe- CaKn. The cyanides are obtained from animal wastes containing carbon and nitrogen, such as waste liquors from gas works, dried blood, feather paring, hoofs, horns, etc These are calcined with an alkali and the ash lixivated with water, and from this liquor cyanides of the alkali metal can be recovered, or the blue 44 The Material* of Point Manufacture may be directly obtained by precipitating with ierrous sulphate (copperas). In practice, in the manufacture of chrome green as used for tinting in the present instance, the colors are precipitated simultaneously from solution, either with or on the base, which in this case is the Wane fixe shown in the iortnula. We have now glanced hastily at the charac teristics of our several ingredients, but they are still only-raw materials and require a long scries of mechanical operation^ beinre our can of paint will Ik ready for use. n"t to men tion the detailed work of the chemist t" determine the quality of the materials them selves. A modern paint factory is a complicated institution, and in the limits of such a paper as this can he touched upon only briefly and na!:!y. Power in tlic most modern plants is generated at a central point and is distributed to the units in the form of electrical energy. As a rule, the raw materials arc elevated to the highest poiut in the plant, so that the prod uct. in its several steps towards completion, may fall by gravity from each point to the next in the process. The dry uigments are ground separately t<> the form \l a paste with linseed oil. The various components of the white base are then thoroughly incorporated with more oil. the whcle is then mixed with the rest of the oil ai.d the remaining thinners in a mechanical acitator, the tinting colors being added either 4S 0007-SWP-000006427 Tlw MiMritU ( Paint MMahetwi litre <>r .at lire preceding step, and the exact tin' is attained by addition on the judgment .n' the ex(K.rt timer. The finished paint is measured mechanically into tin cans, ivliich arc al*> soldered and labelled by machinery, and dually these cans are packed in cases bolding a Th* Muirisli of Paint Manufacture steel industry in tiic production oi the platefor this use. These plates are cleaned h chemical means, heated, and coated with metal lic tin hy dipping m a hath ni the molten metal. To obtain the tin for this use we must acum go to distant regions. Tin ores are iound in I'aint .Manui*etur--Outeri and ISizcn given nuinl>cr and guarded from injury hy saw dust. plated i<ct\\tcn them. The lojccs,arc then nailed shm. marked and shipped to the dis tributors. This is tl mechanical routine in the latest outline: but we may observe that it involves the use ni building materials, fuel, ci.ppcr wire, tmpintc. paper, printing-ink. paste, Ivix Iwnii-cr. sawdust, wire nails, etc. The manufacture of tinplate is an important industry jn itself, involving a branch of the 46 vrrr Paint M.nnuiacimr--Tank and Miser* small <itraiitic* in various parts f the L'ttitvd States. I have in my own collection interest ing s(>ecimcns ir..ni South Dakota. West Vir ginia and Alaska: but ,w> iar no commercial!.' available nuantitio haw kvn found in thcc localities. Cornwall. from the time when the Plimniclans traded t.. Britain tor tin to the day. of the first McKinley tariff, wan the chiei source of the world's tin supply. But the drain finally told on the natural resources, and the 47 0007-SWP-000006428 Th# NttiraJi of Paint Muvftttwt bulk tit the tin consumed today comes from the Straits of Malacca and irom Australasia. In the furmcr locality it is recovered by placer mining methods and in the latter by the usual methods oi underground mining. The ore is found in two forms, as the oxide. Cassiterite, and as the sulphide, Sunnite, in which latter form it is associated with iron. The smelt- me oi the ore for the metal is done princi pally ti: England and other pans oi Europe. Tin.- paper for our label is a product oi sul phite pulp, as is most oi the paper used ><r adverttstng paint. We need not enter farther into this subject except to note that mr industry involves also the paper nianti- iacturinp industry. Similarly we may note in passing that tin primme ink manufacturer and through him the lamp Hack mattuiacturcr. the color maker and the varnish manufacturer are involved. l-'inalh, in the consumption oi paste. w<- return once more to the farmer, on whom we called m the first instance tor our linseed oil. In order that I may not be suspected oi strainmc tor effect when I include these items in the enumeration, it will be interesting tri know that in the year 1900 one paint manu facturer reports to me the following items: Paper for labels...................................................... S2420-00 Taper for advertisinr matter............................. 1*4*0.06 lllaek and colored ink (or label* and sdvtr> tioing natter........................................................ 2.7SS.O0 Solder ier Mlderin* tin Cant rot which tfiin tin <. a e^n-tituentl. pound*............. S2S.227 Output oi colored sample*, pieces..................... S34S6.S*: } Vr 1924 these figures should all be increased by alui 60 per cent. 48 Ti> Material* of Paint Manufacture rrr r r--. * 0007-SWP-000006429 Tit* Mmmw Ii of Paint Manufacture The United States Census ;ot Manufacturers rv|>oris the iulloivms figures mt paint anti varnish production tor the calendar year 1923: Paints and Vamfahee The establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture oi paints and varnishes reported products valued at $404,134,221. an increase oi 4"J per cent. cwupurvd with 1921. tlte last priii-diiit: census year. For the paint industry alone the total value oi products reported was 52V|.123.728. an increase oi 43.4 per cent, as compared with 1921: and ior the varnish indus try al>-nc. 511.UHU.49j. an increase oi a&o per cent. }-or the major croups oi products t including paints and varnishes manufactured as subsidiary product' hy e.-tal-li.slimint- encaued primarily in i.tlicr Industrie' i. tin- statistic' ,'iinw tiie out put i`.r 1923 and the rate' oi increase as com pand u-ah 1921. a- iollou.-: Colors ( pierneiu> i --value. SNK.446.19o. an increase oi 83.7 jicr cvm. i'amo m-"i! in paste iorni--value. S4S.751.- `tfs. 4 jwr vent. Paints in oil. ready mixes!-- iiuaiuity cilhms. 44.8 tier cent.: value, Sl2-l.547.NWi. J5/i per cent. Water paint* ami k.ilsnimni-'--value. 1U4 per cent. \ arni'lu-' and tapiiii---value. 51 t8.Usi.d73. Mt.l (KT cent. i >> tin- 83i establishments reportine tor 1023. l.12 were located in New Vortc. HKJ in Pennsyl vania. 's* cadi in Illinois and Ohio, "b in New 37 in CalHoritia. 37 in Missouri, 34 in Massachusetts. 24 in Michigan. 2.1 in Indiana. 22 in Maryland. 21 in Kentucky. 17 in ,\lm- nvMna. and the remaining 109 in twenty-three other states ami the District ot Columbia. The statistic* ior 192.1 and 1921 are presented in the inlVwimr table.-. Tiie figures ior 192.1 are preliminary and subject to such correction 50 The Matcrfali oi Paint Manufacture nation oi the returns. TU* t--dTl Ststtsties ter the lt.4i*trW*, tsza a*A mi Pftieu .Viimlwr i.f Ptr erni. of j"2t Increase inenr- ...................... l\ at- ejtiu". iiwi. lr\ 532 ,* i see tiisini,?-1* J".tv. ss.sr- Maximum nv.uili . \|.r. l'.2i; 31.1V 14.6S! Minimum nx.>h ..is*, 1.Vue. 13.24V her cent, oi max- iraum ................ Wa***......................S21.! .".'-it *0.2 Jir.431.9:: I t'l nt materials lii- clodinj ittei am' 2 .2 container.. .............. sj*o<^.t.vjr;rv. I'ftnluritotal vatn.S2t>t.l2.o*.,S*jii.i.ii,*|.|.:; \ slur siliktl In- U13IHI. tatturei ......____SI*..'MM1!2 Itnr-fpower .............. W.u.4-* Vo.il coiwumril lion* ufjuooit..) ......... srr.-tr.t Z : Vomioboa Mitmhrr .if atabli'h- mem* ........................ t\> earru-r- (avar 2'4 n.r ice numberI* .. S-*jn .tys Maximnm month .Apr, Mar ju.; MmimuBt mnetth ...Ian. >.4.t4 IVr cent, oi imum............. 92.!' VV....................... SS^J+'i/uJ Cost oi material' m J.VS-I B9. tS.V.l.M*, 17.; eluding fuel ai.<l .................................. V.lTSs.t.wi I'rcxlucta. tnial value. $1 !3.uS".l'>i sMr4u.jyM.i.sV.;' \ aliie added by nunn- Sa.u iaetoret .................... *4S.2r.I.3r Ilor*er>o<rer ................. 21.134 Cuat consume<1 (tuns S2r.J0J.2nn : *3.1 f 2000 lb.)......... 53.962 t -Not ineluUmii 'alaiictl oNieerx and emplorees nor proprietor' and Arm member*. Siaitnics ior tbew ch--es j I) be riven in final report. 1 Value el jiro.|i>e> hue co-( o( material-. 2 .Nut reported. 5] [ 0007-SWP-000006430 Tit* Miliriili el Paint Mnanfacturo Tahte >-pntailed Statistic* cl 2923 sad INI 1911 T*l vala*....... ........ 8412.87J.0rQ 82S8.697.llS 'the paiat iadhttry.................. t291.UJ.71S S20J.071.U1 Ibt nrm*a aiuttry......... }lU,un>,4yj S71,2Jy,)SJ SuUdinr produce* of other t*dKr..... Coion (mm) ...**iu* White food, dry ..pound* t-orotlo..............poundt value , 828.738 9-19 $88,446,196 J17.Ud.lUS 150.179.967 *U.v34.JJv SU.jai.t04 Si7.Uf.8S7 JM.S4l.7U I3JJC7.5JO u47J.llh Mod* titd comuiatU. 160.9S6.14: 219.429.781 2W.6U.JI6 J2V.199.S00 2)1.081 -25* 1J9.814.627 I29.6J7.10? J9J23.Q19 Made and fon.umcd. poun<l> 9.816.465 2U1.1S4.4JQ 200-910.621 J12.44S.09-> 10.177.51* 96.983.94* 9d.4S4.S72 S4.118.907 Made to eootutoeJ. IMiind- 243.809 549.412 Zirre nxiile..............Imnd. 309.669.5*3 tl7.127.JU t22.472.2U9 8l.9Jt.887 126,908.010 85.13S.J9S JJ.U3.9S3 81.951.887 Citrome velioiv, oranuc. or ffevu*'...............pound! 26.J16.569 1J.439-2J1 vain* J4.671.0O1 83.S79.126 Fru*ian Muc... .pound'1 3.137.777 value 81.444,645 1.668.004 8831.835 Other color.*............value J12.134.9J8 J8.7U.677 Paint, in oil................................................value *172^99.818SU7.09S.6J4 In pa'e form, rreond in #;i .......................value S48.7St.9J5 846.60S.4!; White lead....pound* 773,491.375 32f.6S8.239 value JA0.S2J.4S6 JJ2.683.9S* Zine *>db'......... pound* 7.881.423 value 1959.764 7J27J87 880.1.155 Other, in patte.pound! 126,567.216 9I.3S0.29J value J I7.40S.6S8 JU.1I4.J40 In oil. ready miacd ........... callnn* **>.029.07* value SI3J.S47.8S0 White pa>ri, and kal*nmines .................value J. 141.8*5 I >rjr or in pa-ir.. .pound* I22.2I7.J47 value S5.S34.187 Mined for i*e.. .ration. 1.727.116 value S.1.607.07B 4S.fl68.185 J91.092.IS2 J4.482.52* 87,744.673 84.J64.953 51.336 837.370 52 Tka Matariab of Point Maattiactan Varniibei and japan*. value JU8.1W.;j J71.UC.904 Oleoreeinou* vcreitho. rallotu. ....................... J9.S78.453 22.172.145 value 851,403.630 J29.0jJ.7eJ Spirit varniehet. not tuf- peottno ......... (tlloni 5.605.5*8 3.0*4.507 value J10.584.J74 $7,255,260 liamar and similar tur pentine and beiuine vamiihe* ....faDeni J.862.64J 4.29J.92J value 1'vrpx} lin laeQuera and $6,141,519 J6.167.7J1 enamels ....talioni 2.J3J.474 1,409.2*0 value J5.094.2t0 1J.Q9J.SC~ Drvitif japans and dryers. faUens 7.329.2** a.JlJ.JJfl value JC..7I9.72J S.l.W.e.,"- Rakinf japans....fallou* 6.470.??. J.4(.4.-'-J* value J6.I06.74>. J4.24J.l>2 linamell .................irallnn* ...............*S4..i75 value S27.J.M.125 $I4..*37..V,' Other product* of the varnish ftoup -- a*> i-hakiumr. rsrniib ta>n. etc......... value *4412.997 J2.97S.24'- Filler!, liiuid, pane, and dry .....................value ` S2.981.llfl S2.44*>.<V-* Putty ......................... pound! 90449.5*3 65.9r.54: value JJ.674.459 S2.rt4l.xJI Other a&tietod product!. value Jld.381.44* Stl.P92.24i All Mher products... .vslur J21.A64.5fl4 Jlt.J63.fl*.> * Jlanie*. ultramarine, vermilion, other mineral Mt, dry colors, fine colors, cosl-iar color lakes, and pulp color* sold moist. The United States Census of Manufacturers for 1923 trtves the following statistics for rosin and turpentine: Turpentine end Reeim The establishments enmererf primarily in the manufacture of turpentine and rosin from erode sum reported product* valued at t3j.l66.715 for the crop year ended March 31. 1924. This represents an increase of 50.9 per cent a* compared with 523.300.845 for the year ended March 31. 1933. the last preceding biennial cen* sus year. Of the 1203 establishments reporting for 2923* 53 0007-SWP-000006431 Th* Mitiriili of Pint .MuBfdnr< 1924, 540 were located in Georgia. 439 in Flor ida, 131 in Alabama, and the remaining 103 in Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas. The total production of turpentine by all classes of establishments increased irom 24.820,630 gallons during the crop year 1921-1922 to 29.781.944 gallons during the crop year 19231924. the rate of increase being 20 per cent, and the output ol rosin increased during the same period from L690.971 barrels to 1,990,86$ barrels, the rate being 17.7 per cent Although turpentine and rosin are produced principally from crude (turn, considerable Quan tities are made by the distillation of wool, by both the steam and destructive processes.. Durin? the calendar year 1923. 2.607..V4 gallons of turpentine awl 200.778 barrels oi rosin were produced by this method. These quantities rep resent increases of 490.2 per cent, and 584.2 per cent., respectively, as compared with the calendar year 1921. General and special statistics are presented in the fllo\Vir tables. The figures for the calendar year 1923 and for the crop year 19231924 are preliminary and subject to such cor rection as may be found necessary upon further examination , of the returns. Table 1---Geerl St*tittle* tor EatabUshwosta Ueinr Crude-Gum DittlUetien Method. Cro* Totr* Ceded March St. 1**4 ut 1*22 enabliehtnenM n-ilii product* under $3,OOP io value-) P. C. Number of wttblubmenu ...................... nice *ftrnr* aumiwi)* .............. Minimum mouth.... 1923-1924 1.203 34.J2B Sent. 3S.P77 33.12$ 1921-22 create 1.062 13.3 27.122 Aue23..170 Feb. 26,430 23.2 .... .... 54 Tho Mitiriiii of Point Mutiutun 1'er ctot oi maxi mum .................... 94.-1 Ware* ............................. 1.0,1 i material* ttu- cludmy tuci and eoiuainert; ............ 33,972,738 Product*. total value.. (IS,16,715 S alue added by rBiUU- 93-2 .... (9,312.17? <~:.4 fn.199.179 44.7 (-.iJuu.ilr Su.y jacMint .....................(2C.I9S.9S7 (17.101,6*6 SJ.2 ISom-powcr .............. 1,942 mi .... * Nut mckuiiuc wUtual o&cst* and employee*, mu l>rofjritwrt and ono member*. butuuc* lor the*e cutte* will la *iveu t uaai report. rvalue oi product* leu at: i mateml*. (O--Not reported. T*Me 'Total Preductiaa ol Turpeatiao ul JloeM groat Crude Cwa ul Wood. Crop Year* 8ai>i March Si, SftM u4 JP23- (include* data ior ettabhUimeat* u unmet* valued at xu uas (S.000.) Turpentine. total: 1923-34 UuaotnyVjalloa*). 29.7SS.944 Vain* .........................mj2U0l Mil: unanuty (barrel*. 3QS Iba.)................. 1J90J65 Value ......................192J>-U DutiUat iron crude gum: Tiaaeutiwu' Oaaatity UuUaaa) 27,374.SEC Value ..................... S2JJU0JS 1921-22 r.c. oi uv- nuit 34,82-1 03 20.0 UJ.(iv2 6.4 1,690.971 J7.7 *10496438 ai.s 24J78X34 tl.S (13446.790 74.3 UuMWit* (WreJ*. SOOtta.).......... I.79P.M7 Value ..................... tUJBiJS* &iulU*dSmavraadif Tmmb i *1' Ouaatity (galloss) 82.607,364 _Vb 5b ..................... *3.014.666 1441.614 (10796,973 441,766 (211412 7.7 11.4 490.2 763.9 Unawity (barrel*. 300 Sba.)........... 200.77* Vtuu .................... (U68.Q4S 394<7 5*4.2 (199J83 336.2 Table 3--Stock* of Turpentine sad Reels es Hssd March hi. 1*U, end Merck 31, m3 March it. 3924 Merck J], 1723 Turpentine Ream Turpentine Roam caltoue) (barrel*, (calloni) (barrel*. SOP Sba) 5SO lb. ) Total ...... 5.326.381 1.011.7*4 3.JS2.7M 1.232.30$ At lull*............ .... ... 343,214 609,(79 474.S29 5$ 0007-SWP-000006432 la baada ot eunaumerai At wood-dit* 914,550 264.5iS *55.477 297,3-1 Uu m plautil 1475,000 At part* and i$0.twy 299.712 dittribattsf 23,01.1 poinU) ..... 2.794.950 351.970 1.839.900 334.770 * Total production for crap year coded Utrdi 31. 1951: Turpentine, 51.252435 fallen*; rotist, 1,651,793 barrel*. t btaaiuiea relate t calendar yean 1923 and 1921. 3 Produced by dettruettve proceei, *05449 cailoni; by neans proocu. 2403.10 fallen*. II CEa*rmapuilteedd.by Bureau oi Cbeouetry. It would probably be conservative to esti mate the capital employed, more or less directly, in the paint and varnish industry at upwards of $350,000,00a 56 0007-SWP-000006433