Document jyyMn0NawEJ59XBjBJQ5JKk19

/ J O H N F. E V A N S 1897-1964 J O H N R. O I X O N W I L L I A M W. E V A N S J A M E S V. G A L L E N E D W A R D W. W A R N E R RALPH C. KLEINSCHMIDT E U G E N E K. B U C K L E Y H E N R Y D. M E N G H I N I R O B E R T M. E V A N S S A M P. R Y N E A R S O N E D W A R D M. V O K O U N HARVEY G. S C H N E I D E R J A M E S B. K E N N E D Y JEFFRY S . THOMSEN J A M E S A. T H O E N EN G E R R E S. LANGTON E V A N S Sc D I X O N A T T O R N E Y S AT LAW I 6 th F L O O R M A R Q U E T T E B U I L D I N G 31-4- N O R T H B R O A D W A Y ST. LO U IS. M IS S O U R I 6 3 1 0 2 (314) 6 2 1 - 7 7 5 5 October 19, 1981 George Roush, Jr . , M.D. Director *0 PROiEClIVE ORDER. Dept, of Medicine & Environmental Health Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Blvd (Mailing Station A2SA) - G2WG St. Louis, Missouri 63166 J O H N A. M I C H E N E R RAYMOND J. FLUNKER J A M E S M. G A L L E N R O B E R T E. B I D S T R U P C A R L D. K R AF T PATRICK J. PHILLIPS DAV I D R. B U C H A N A N R O B E R T N. KAHN B R A D L E Y V. S P A U N H O R S T EDWARD S. MEYER RICHARD J. FITZGERALD E R I C M. M A R T I N E D W A R D L. W E I S S R O B E R T D. A R B D O N A L D R. RANEY. II G E R A R D T. N O C E R I C H A R D R. K O R D E N B R O C K F E L I C E M. T AU B J A M E S W. C H I L D R E S S ROBERT J. KREHBIEL R O B E R T N. H E N D E R S H O T , II DAVI D I. H A R E S Re: Piatt - Missouri Horse Arena Cases Dear Dr. Roush: I appreciate very much your having copied and forwarding to me the enclosed article which is one of the best we have seen on the Missouri Horse Arena episode which we are involved in, as you know. As discussed with you today, I would appreciate it very much if you could give me the full reference and the journal from which this came as we desire to have the entire article copied. Also, on Page 166, in brackets, you will see a reference to a Dr. Beale who apparently wrote a letter to the editor of Lancet (referred to in Footnote 24) along with a Dr. W. T. Shearer, M. M. Karl and A. M. Robinson in 1977, with reference to these Missouri Horse Arena cases. It is very interesting to us and will be immensely helpful if we can find out where we can reach Dr. Beale, because you will notice that he apparently examined one of these girls and the mother and other sister about 1972 or 1973 after this incident, and then he says he has now re-examined one of the two girls and can find no disability of a permanent nature. He concludes "Our experience demonstrates that people exposed to dioxin can recover completely with no apparent sequela from toxin. It remains to be determined whether the exposure to dioxin in these children will result in abnormal pregnancies or affect their offspring". His conclusions in this letter to Lancet obviously support our position entirely and since he is a neutral physician here it would be very helpful if we can find him and arrange to take his deposition. If you have any index or means of finding out who this man is and where he can be located, I would certainly appreciate your letting us know so that we can contact him and arrange to get his testimony in this case. G03695 * George Roush, Jr.., M.D. Re: Piatt - Missouri Horse-Arena Cases Page 2 10/19/81 Third, and last, the client that we represent in these cases certainly expects you to bill us as a.consultant. I, personally, would feel very bad if you did not, because the help that you have given us has been extremely important to us, and we certainly do not want to take advantage of your friendship in situations like this. I believe that we told you from the first meeting that we expected you to bill us in this, and we certainly do. This should be on a personal basis, and we will handle it in any way you want us to. Please think this over and call me so that we can discuss this further. I will even come a out and write the bill for you if necessary. '-Q fV 1.1 L ' ' Wiibh-kindest personal regards, I remain JRDrrm Enclosure . Selected Case Studies of Suspected Dioxin Poisoning 165 and A llen (132) published a note on herbicides and spina bifida. They exam ined all the children referred to in the television program and found one case o f an open neural tube defect (spina bifida cystica) w hile the other children were normal in every respect. It was possible that these apparently " norm al" children had spina bifida occulta, how ever, in none o f them had radiography been done and it was probable that the children had nothing m ore than sacral dimples. ' A s a final note in relation to this episode, the follo w ing b rief article appeared iri the N ew Z ealand M edical Journal (9): ' Publicity on certain chemicals as causation of malformations of the human fetus has been widespread. Some of the publicity has been sensation mongering and not all the remarks from the profession have been in keeping with a balanced assessment of scientific evidence. It is proper that there should be intelligent public awareness o f the various environmental hazards that may come from the use of chemicals. . .in farm ing. . .however, those who would write o f their experiences in medical journals must remember that disasters are the staple of the sensation mongers in the news media industry. . Until recent publicity there had been no suggestion that 2,4,5-T, which has been used for over 20 years in New Zealand, was responsible for congenital malfunctions either in man or in farm animals. It is the duty o f the physicians (and scientists) who have any concern for science to attempt to make valid observations that can be repealed. In the problem at issue, fetal malformations are natures common mistakes which we . have no desire to perpetrate or to increase, although they are the inevitable price that is paid for our place on the evolutionary scale. There are extensive gaps in our knowledge but they will be filled only by patient work. Unresolved problems of fetotoxicity can only be solved by accurate record keeping at all stages of pregnancy. The Missouri Horse Arena Episode M any o f the episodes discussed in this chapter involved " suspected" TCDD poisoning; how ever, the M issouri Horse A rena Episode is one in which TCDD was confirm ed to be the causative agent. In 1972, T he M issouri Division of Health and The Center for Disease Control, A tlanta, G eorgia (13) reported an investigation of a horse arena in eastern M issouri w here 54 o f 57 horses exposed to the arena had died of an illness characterized by skin lesions, severe weight loss, and heptotoxicity. Birds, dogs, cats, insects, and rodents w ere also found dead in and arOund the arena, and one 6-year-old girl exposed developed.hem orrhagic cystitis (characterized by blood in the urine). A nalysis o f urine cultures for bacterial and viral pathogens were negative. Im m ediately prior to the onset o f illness, the arena had been sprayed with salvage oil for dust control. T he report (13) also noted that sim ilar horse illnesses and deaths occurred in two other horse arenas in the eastern M issouri area sprayed by the sam e salvage oil 166 T he Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dinxiiis com pany. The three arenas had been sprayed within 1 m onth .of each other. Subsequent to investigation, soil from all three arenas was excavated and disposed. No further problem s occurred since the excavations. As with earlier episodes, the report soon received national attention. Unfortu nately, som e new spapers misquoted the report by implying that the cause of the incident was a result of spraying contaminated 2,4,5-T herbicide (12). Carter et al. (44) and Kimbrough et al. (122) have published detailed chemical, epidem iological, and pathological data o f the. episode. T he investigations con cluded that a hexachlorophene factory in southwestern M issouri had accum ulated distillate residues containing 306 to 356 ppm TCDD. It was these distillate residues that w ere subsequently disposed o f via a salvage oil com pany and sprayed on the horse arenas. Furtherm ore, as Kim brough et al. (122) noted, the inve'sti.gation dem onstrated that the improper disposal.of toxic chemical wastes may have serious consequences. Companies responsible for the disposal.of such wastes . should be ;aw are of. the toxicity o f these chem ical w aste products and should practice proper m ethods o f disposal. C om m oner and Scott (46) have reviewed the M issouri Horse Arena Episode in an attem pt to provide consultative data to the Italian Governm ent in the w ake o f the Seveso, Italy episode. T heir review focused on the human reactions (symptoms) to accidental TCD D exposure and the problem of soil degradation of TCDD. They also provided an excellent chronological account o f the episode. T h e response o f the horses to T C D D in the above episode is o f special interest. In 197.0, P insent-and L ane (160) reported on a illness in four horses, and the subsequent death o f one, following the spraying o f a brushwood killer (2,4-D and 2,4;5-T ) to destroy nettles around the margin of a pasture containing the horses. T h e horse .that died had rem ained on the pasture for 12 days. T he postm ortem exam ination revealed extensive lesions in the esophagus and stomach with de generative changes involving the liver and kidney. The authors concluded that neither the clinical picture nor the postm ortem Findings supported a plant poisoning syndrom e, and thus it was not possible for the possibility o f poisoning by the herbicides. In view of the Findings by Kimbrough et al. (112), it would pear that the horses may have been exposed to TCDD. Beale et al. (24) have recently reexam ined the young girl who had developed hem orrhagic cystitis following repeated exposure to TCDD in one o f the horse arenas sprayed w ith waste.oils (see Ref. 13). In the 5-year interval since exposure, the patient had grown norm ally, and both her height and weight were above the 75th percentiles. Detailed physical, chem ical,_and neurological examinations w ere also conducted and found to be normal. The sam e studies were done on the p atien t's -s is te r and m other, exposed sim ultaneously, but less extensively to dioxin, and the results were also normal. Beale et al. (24) concluded: "O u r experience dem onstrates that people exposed to dioxin can recover com pletely w ith no apparent sequela from the toxin. It remains to be determ ined w hether the exposure to dioxin in th - their offspring. " - - The Seveso, Italy Epis Perhaps the m ost publ episode in S eveso, It: co n c ern . H u n d re d s o f s< either on-site inspectioi this episode. In additioi * that its outcom e could c A lthough the Sevest - ^ > h e r h i e j d e |^ t `.did,- how 7G; syntK esisi tn a t Is, tric h l h ex a ch lo ro p h e n e), this associatediw ith its indi trichlorophenol produc accident? A volum inous amou has been only 2 years -v" lay m an o rie n te d , factu . h u m a n istic in terest. T1 / ^ titled " A D eadly Saga ~ over Seveso," and " T `"r d fa m a 'o f th is industria , P ark s an d S ullam (1 ..co llectio n o f selected Septem ber 1976. In th stated: . The social, economic Italy out o f that poisa long shadow on the I burned and disfigured - o f people for many ; industrial regulations incident forces the ati D ata on levels o f TCE o f hum an o r animal follow ing informatioi T h c e p iso d e o f TCJ ' - sm all tow n 40 km n Selected Case Studies o Suspected Dioxin Poisoning 167 exposure to dioxin in these children w ill result in abnormal pregnancies or affect their offspring." T h e Seveso, Italy Episode P erhaps the m ost publicized chem ical accident in m odem tim es is the TD D pisode in Seveso, Italy. This episode has attracted worldwide interest and concern. H undreds o f scientists, physicians, and veterinarians have participated in either on-site inspections,.conferences, or consultations into the various facets of this episode. In addition, the episode has now acquired such political significance that its outcom e could change the political structure o f a nation. A lthough the Seveso, Italy episode did not involve 2,4,5-T or other phenoxy herbicides, it did, however, involve the potential raw material required for their synthesis, that is, trichlorophenol. T hus, in relation to the phenoxy herbicides (and hexachlorophene), this episode represents to many people an inherent danger associated w ith its industrial production. Hence, the question: can we do without trichlorophenol products and thus insure our safety from another such industrial accident? A volum inous am ount o f literature has been w ritten on this episode, although it has been only 2 years since it occurred. M uch of this material has been either laym an o riented, factually confused, politically p ointed, or lim ited prim arily to hum anistic interest. T hus, w e have seen in newspapers and m agazines, articles titled " A .D eadly S a g a ," " T h e G raveyard on M ilan's D o o rstep ," " T oxic Cloud o v er S e v e s o ," land " T he Poison T hat Fell From T he S k y ." H ow ever, the hum an dram a o f this industrial accident cannot, and must not, be minimized. Parks and Sullam ( I58J have assem bled, translated, and reviewed an impressive collection o f selected articles from the Italian press for the period 10 July to Septem ber 1976. In the introduction to this collection of articles, Parks and Sullam stated: The social, economic, moral, medical and administrative problems which fell on Italy out of that poisonous cloud are of vast extent and complexity. They cast a very long shadow on the future, involving the rebuilding of shattered lives, the care of burned and disfigured children, health care and the monitoring of health for thousands of people for many years to come, and the shaping of policy decisions regarding industrial regulations and the operations of. multinational enterprises to which this incident forces the attention of the Italian Government. D ata on levels o f TCD D found, the m agnitude of the contamination, or the extent o f hum an o r animal illnesses or injuries. are still sketchy. Nevertheless, the follow ing inform ation on the episode is available from published docum ents. T he episode o f T C D D poisoning occurred on 10 July 1976 in Seveso, Italy, a small tow n 40 km north o f M ilan (95,174). The source o f the TCDD was a 192 The Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins ,-- - -- TC D D is the dioxin o f m ost concem . It occurs prim arily in pesticide m ade from trich lo ro p h en o l, fo r ex am p le, 2 ,4 ,5 -T and silvex herb icid es. Q uantitati vely it is a very potent teratogen; however, qualitatively the nature of the teratogenic effect of T C D D is far less than many other com pounds, such as thalidam ide or V itam in A. T he one teratogenic response m ost com monly associated with T C D D is cleft palate. TCD D tends to cause death o f the em bryo o r fetus rather than a w ide range o f abnorm alities. Present data suggest that in m am m als TCD D may be carcino genic. T C D D tends to accum ulate in the liver o f rodents, but in nonhuman prim ates it is associated w ith tissues having a high lipid content, particularly the sk in , m u scle, and fat. In m an , ex p o su re to T C D D is characterized b y " the appearance o f chloracne and its absence m akes it unlikely that systemic disorders . present are related to TCD D . Asthenic and vegetative symptoms are often present, in overexposure, but are difficult to interpret. They w ould norm ally b'expected-to clear w ith tim e. T here is no conclusive evidence a t this tim e that TCD D is m utagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic in m an. M ost TCD D diat is applied to the environm ent during pesticide applications, p ro b ab ly p hotodegrades w ithin the first 24 h r. I t is p ro b ab ly -n o t translocated in plants w ith the soil then serving as the residual reservoir. T he half-life in soil varies from 200-340 days, depending upon soil type and clim ate. M icrobial degradation is probably responsible for the soil disappearance o f T C D D . A nim als that com e in contact with contam inated soil o r vegetation, will bioconcentrate TCDD in their ' liver; how ever, at p resent, there are no field data av ailab le that indicate that Jthe levels o f TCD D found in these anim als have a biological effect. - " ;;- W ith the current production technology, phenoxy herbicides may be produced containing less than 0.1 ppm TCD D . W hen these herbicides are properly applied to the environm ent, TCDD residues are nondetectable. W hether significant bioac cum ulation occurs in livestock feeding on herbicide-treated rangeland at sufficient levels to be present in m eat consum ed by man rem ains to be determ ined. On this determ ination will depend the future use o f trichlorophenol-based herbicides. LITERATURE CITED 1. Adamson, L. 1974. Spray now-- Pay later? Environ. Action, pp. 9-13; July 6, 1974. 2 . Advisory Committee on 2,4,5-T. 1971. Report of the Advisory Committee on 2 ,4 ,5 -T . to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 76 p. ~ 3. Ahling, B., A. Lindskog, B. Jansson, and G. Sundstrom. 1977. Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxlns and dibenzofiirans during composition oF a 2 4,5T formulation. Chemosphere 68):461--468. 4. Albro, P. W. and B. J. Corbett. 1977. Extraction and cleanup of animal tissues for subsequent determination of mixtures o f chlorinated dibenzo-p-diozins anddibenzo- ' furans. Chemosphere 6(7):3&l-385. r Literature Cited 5. Allen, J. R ., D. A. Barsotti, J. P. Van Miller, L.'J. Abrahamson, and J. J. Lalich. 1977. Morphological changes in monkeys consuming a diet containing low levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Food Cosmet. Toxlcot. 15:401-410. 6. Allen, J. R ., J. P. Van Miller, and D. H. Norback. 1975. Tissue distribution, 'excrtion and biological effects of [wCJtetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13(5):501-505. 7. Anonymous. 1967. Search for chick edema factor. Chem. Eng. News A5{5): 10. 8. Anonymous. 1970: Globe's mystery. 23 February 1970. Time 95(8):42. 9. Anonymous. 1972. Felotoxicity. N. Z. Med. J. 75(480):304-305. 10. Anonymous. 1972. Report o f the Subcommittee on 2,4,5-T. Agricultural Chemicals Board; Wellington, New Zealand, p 1-10. 11. Anonymous. 1972. Spectrum: A sharp increase. . Environment 14(4):24. 12. Anonymous. 1974. Death o f animals laid to chemicals. New York Times, p. 36; August 28, 1974. -- 13. Anonymous. 1974. Illness associated with TCDD-contaminated soil--Missouri. Morb. Mort. 23(34):299. 14. Anonymous. 1974. Vietnam foliage hit hard by herbicides. Chem. Eng. News 52(9):67. 15. Anonymous. 1975. Comments of The Dow Chemical Company on the paperby Lucile Adamson, "Spray Now - Pay Later?" Published in EnvironmentalAction, July 1974, pp. 9-13; The Dow Chemical Co. Midland, MI. 16. Anonymous. 1975. Comments by The Dow Chemical Company on the presentation made by. Dr. Theodore D. Sterling, Royal Commission Hearings on Herbicides and Pesticides; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. July 16,1974. The Dow Chemical Co. Midland, Ml. 17. Anonymous. 1976. Report of pilot plant operation and proposed reprocessing of herbicide Orange. May 24-July 8, 1976. Defense Supply Agency: Alexandria, VA. 18. Anonymous. 1977. Dioxin: Position document, draft. Dioxin Working Group. April 1977. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Washington, D.C. 19. Bartleson, F. D ., D. D. Harrison, and J. D. Morgan. 1975. Field studies of wildlife exposed to TCDD contaminated soils. Tech. Rep. AFATL-TR-75-49. Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL. 41 p. 20. Bauer, H ., K. H. Schulz, and U. Spiegelberg. 1961. Berufliche Vergiftungen bei der & Herstellung von Chlorophenol-Verbindungen..Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg. 18:538-555. ' 21. Baughman, R. W. and M. S. Meselson. 1973. An analytical method for detecting TCDD (dioxin): Levels of TCDD in samples from Vietnam. Environ. Health Perspect., Exp. Issue No. 5, p. 27-35. '22. Baughman, R. W. and M. S. Meselson. 1973. An improved analysis for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120:92-104. 23. Baughman, R. W. 1976. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in the environment. High resolution mass spectrometry at the picogram level. Diss. Abstr. Int. 36(7):3380B. 9 i=n; s M ^3 194 ' T h e Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins 24. Beale, M. G.,- W. T . Shearer, M. M. Karl, and A. M. Robson. 1977. Long-term effects of dioxin exposure. Letter to Editor. Lancet I(8014):748. m m $ 25. Beatty, P. W., M. A. Holscher, and R. A. Neal. 1976. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in larval and adult fomis oiRana catesbeiana. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. I6(5):578-581. 26. Bennett, G. M :, D. P. Earp, andS. Glasstone. 1934. The valency angle of oxygen. J. Chem. Soc. (London)! 179-1180. 27. Berry, D. L ., P. K. Zachariah, Mi J. Namkung, and M. R. Juchau. 1976. 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J. Am. Chem.' Soc. 94(3): 1006-1007. . ' il -T4 v'.i r'iisi -*j ljt m 4 m 34. Boer, F. P., F. P. van Remoortere, P. P. North, andM. A. Neuman. 1972.Thecrystal and molecular structure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Acta Crystallogr. B28:1023-1029. - :4\ 35. Boer, F t P ., M. A. Neuman, F. P. van Remoortere, P. P. North, and H. W. Rinn. 1973. X-ray diffraction studies of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120:14-25. 36. Botre, C ., A. Memoli, and F. Alhaique. 1978. TCDD solubilization and photodecomposition in aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12(3):335-336. 37. Buser, H. R. and H. P. Bosshardt. 1974. Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-l,4-dioxin at parts per billion levels in technical grade 2;4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, in 2,4,5-T alkyl ester and 2,4,5-T amine salt herbicide formula tions by quadrupole mass fragmentography. J . Chromatogr. 90( 1):71-77. ,io 38. Buser, H. R. and H. P. H. Bosshardt. 1976. Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial pentachlorophenols by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 59(3):562-569. 39. Buu-Hoi, N. P ., D. P. Hien, G. Saint-Ruf.and J. Servoinsidoine. 1971. Canceromimetric properties of tetrachloro-2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxin. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sei., Ser. D. 272:1447-1450. 40. Buu-Hoi, N. P ., D. P. Hien, G. Saint-Ruf, and J. Servoinsidoine. I971.Tetrachlorbdibenzodioxin - intimations of carcinogenicity? Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9:909. - - v -- '0-, -------- 4 L Buu-Hoi, N. P ., G. Sail properties and identificat pyrolysate o f defoliants .vegetation. C. R. Hebd. S 42. Campbell, A . D. and D. international Symposium Pollutants, B. Wesley (E( 43. Cantrell, J. S ., N. C. W structure o f a hydroperic '* p-dioxin. Acta Crystallog 44. Carter, C. D., R. D. Kirr F. Barthel. 1975. Tetrach arenas. Science 188:738- ;-;r 45. .Chen, L T . 1973. Infrar (Aij- v- lelai'ocitSpbulids. J . At 46. Commoner, B. andR. E Missouri: Effects and coi i the Biology o f Natural S; 47. Cook, R. E. 1971. Comi 48. Cordes, A. W. and C. K 6:1621-1623. - 49- Courtney, K. D., D. V Mitchell. 1970. Teratog 50. Courtney, K. D. and J phenoxyacetic acid ; . . . - . . Pharmacol. 20(3):396-* 51. Courtney, K. D. 1976.1 Environ. Contam. Toxi 52. Crosby D. G ., A. S. ' decomposition of chlor . 53. Crosby, D. G ., K. W. and degradation o f dit Exp. Issue No. 5 , p. 25 54. Crosby, D. G. and / , phenoxyacetic acid (2, 55. ' Crosby, D .'G ; and A dioxins. Chemospkere 56. Crosby, D. G. and A trachlorodibenzo-p-di< 57. Crow, K. D. 1970. Q . -58. Ciummett, W . B. anc ' . ; ' dioxins and dibeozofi Pestic. Abstr. 7(3): 16. & n 'm L iterature Cited 195 41. Buu-Hoi, N. P ., G. Saint-Ruf, P. Bigot, and M. Mangane. 1971. 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H ., I. Yamamoto, and J. E. Casida. 1971. Preparation of tritium-labeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and structure activity investigations of TCDD and other related dibenzo-p-dioxtns. Am. Chem. Soc., Abstr. Pap., I62nd . Nat. Meet., Pestic. Chem. Sec., Abstr. No. 79. 205. Vinopal, J. H. and J. E. Casida. 1973. Metabolic stability of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in mammalian liver microsomal systems and in living mice. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1(2): 122-133. 206. Vos, J. G ., J. A. Moore, and J. G. Zinkl. 1974. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in C57B1/6 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 29(1):229241. 207. Waldbott, G. L. 1973. Mutagenic pollutants. In Health Effects o f Environmental Pollutants. C. V. Mosby Co.: St. Louis, pp. 207-216. 208. Walsh, J. 1977. Seveso: The questions persist where dioxin created a wasteland. Science 197(4308): 1064-1067. 209. Whiteside, T. 1977. A reporter at large: The pendulum and the toxic cloud. The New Yorker; 25 July 1977. p. 30-55. 210. Williams, D. T ., H. M. Cunningham, and B. J. Blanchfield. 1972. Distribution and .. excretion studies of octachlo ; Tpxicol.fi(1):57-62. 211. Woolson, E. A ., R. F. Thoi dibenzo-p-dioxin content in st 212. Woolson, EvA. and P. D. J. eagle samples. Adv. Chem. S 213.. Worden, A. N. 1973.Toxico 214. Wootton, J. C ., N. R. Artn hydropericardium-producing 45(3):739-746. 215. Yartzoff, A ., D. Firestone, 1 ' *1961."Studies of the chicked* Chem. Soc. 38:60-62. r ^ 216. Young, A. L. 1974. Ecolog ^ : C-52A), Eglin AFB Resen Environics and Flame Muniti Air Force Armament Laborat .217. Young,/A. L ., J. A. Calca toxicology, environmental fai dioxin. Technical Report OE Health Laboratory, Aerospac 218. Young, A. L ., C. E.Thalken consequences of massive qu: five-year field study. Paper . February 14, 1974; Las Vega 219. Y oung,A .L.,C .E.Thalken of repetitive aerial applicant Eglin AFB, Florida. Techni* Factors Office, Air Force 7 Department of Chemistry at 80840. 127 p. 220. Young, A. L ., P. J. Lehn, an aquatic ecosystem. WeedSci '221. Young, A. L .,:C . E. Thalkei 1976. Fate of 2,3,7,8-teint Summary and decontaminate Chemistry and Biological Sci 222. Zitko, V. 1972. Absence o . aquatic animals. Bull. Enviro 223. Zitko, V ., O. Hutzinger, an Fundy-Gulf of Maine arc / . terphenyls, chlorinated dit Perspect. 1:47-50. . I A. M- "e? I VV *4i fi ;>? M- ;y'j>*'I Literature Cited excretion studies of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the rat. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7(l):57-62. 211. Wooison, E; A ., R. F. Thomas, and P. D. J. Ensor. 1972. Survey of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin content in selected pesticides. J.Agric. Food Chent. 20(2):351-354. 212. Wooison, E. A. and P. D. J. Ensor. 1973. Dioxin residues in lakeland sand and bald eagle samples. Adv. Chem. Ser. 120:112-118. 213. Worden, A. N. 1973. Toxicology and the environment. Toxicology l(l):3-27. 214. Wootton, J. C., N. R. Artman, and J. Craig Alexander. 1962. Isolation o f three hydropericardium-producing factors from a toxic fat. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 45(3):739-746. 215. Yartzoff, A ., D. Firestone, D. Banes, W. Horwitz, L. Friedman, and S. Nesheim. 1961. Studies of the chick edema factor. II. Isolation o f a toxic substance. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 38:60-62. 216. Young, A. L. 1974. Ecological Studies on a Herbicd-Equipment*Test Area (TA C-52A), Eglin AFB Reservation, Florida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-74-12. Environics and Flame Munitions Branch; Flame, Incendiary and Explosives Division, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL. 32540.141 p. 217. Young, A. L., J. A. Calcagni, C. E. Thalken, and i. W. Tremblay. 1978. The toxicology, environmental fate, and humanrisk of Herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin. Technical Report OEHL-TR-78-92. USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks Air Force Base, TX. 247 p. 218. Young, A. L ., C. E. Thalken, W. E. Ward, andW . J. Caimey. 1974. The ecological consequences of massive*quantities of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T herbicides. Summary of a five-year field study. Paper presented to the Weed Science Society of America; February 14,1974; Las Vegas, NV. 6 p. 219. Young, A. L .,C .E . Thalken, andW . E. Ward. 1975. Studies of the ecological impact of repetitive aerial applications of herbicides on the ecosystem of test area C-52A, Eglin AFB, Rorida. Technical Report AFATL-TR-75-142. Environics and Human Factors Office, Air Force Armament Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL and Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences. U.S. Air Force Academy, CO 80840. 127 p. 220. Young, A. L ., P. J. Lehn, and M. F. Mettee. 1976. Absence of TCDD toxicity in an aquatic ecosystem. Weed Sci. Soc. Am., Abstr. No. 107. p 46. 221. Young, A. L., C. E. Thalken, E.'L. Arnold, J. M. Cupello, and L. G. Cockerham. 1976. Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the environment: Summary and decontamination recommendations. USAFA-TR-76-18. Department of .Chemistry and Biological Sciences, USAF Academy, CO 80840. 41 p. 222. Zitko, V. 1972. Absence of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans from aquatic animals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 7(2/3): 105-110. 223. Zitko, V ., O. Hutzinger, and P. M. K. Choi. 1972. Contamination of the Bay of Fundy-Gulf o f Maine area with polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated terphenyls, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and dibenzofurans. Environ. Health Perspect. 1:47-50.