Document jyp1ew8nEXz19YkG313E8d17Q

^=3 ^ es j i Air pit Mur icy; re ?.zc UTZRATLPF V -1 i:t;.;ttpxal diseases U (A) DE..S IT2di 134. ;:u :o:^i:.-::rcz. ini. iro^. j\ 3 (:?.n. l??3) 1 n--' ..ii-'. rj,;t Confer' nco on Occupation*..* Dise-seu will be held in Chicago i n i t:is year, in x-njunotr. with tne 'T"a Annual Meeting cf the ` r.c, rican AssuoL-tiwr. of miistriai t'iiysii.i-n^ ?r.d Lrur*.-:-ons. Per the first time in the hijttr.' rf the Aos ciat-io-', its convention v.il.l feature scientific and -.xhibits. 135. :;;ih3Tr.IAL HEALTh ruUNUL. FIRST MEETING. Inu. Med. 7, 90-2 (Feb. 1938). Th.- In.ustri.il IL-alth Council has been formed by the American Medical Associa tion fo~ the stury of oocupational diseases Iron the medical standpoint. Its first meeting v.-ao held in Chicago on December 10. Several phases of occupa tion-.1 hygiene vv.rc- discussed, with reference to the scope of the program,and it is realized that thv organisation has great task and a long program before it. Another meeting was planner for February. 186. SILICOSIS FILM. Eurv. Labor Lav: Admin., 8 (J-.n. 1938), -dso notice from U.S. Dept. of Labor. The 1.3. Department of Labor will shortly release a motion picture on the harm ful effects of silicosis and the methods of prevention, to enlist workers, em ployers and the general public in the battle against this industrial disease. The- n-.rrs.tor presents tho history and importance of the disease. The film then describes where rilica dust originates end how workers are exposed. An animat ed croso-section of the upper half of the human lung shows how dust particles enter end ^re carried to the terminal air spaces, end how breathing is impeded when Jungs are clogged. Scenes in crusty plants without proper safeguards are contrast-. i v.ith others where adequate dust control methods are used. Prevent ive measures, including safeguards and adequate State legislation, arc describ ed. Exhibit copies of the film will be available to interested organizations lete in March. Requests for booking should b-- made to the Division of Laoor Stanicrds, U.8. Department of Laoor, V.nshington, D.C. 187,. I.L.O. Study of AORnMUI'S COiiPENSATION FOP. SILICOSIS. Reviewed in Surv. Labor Lav. Aomin., 10 (J-n. 1938). The original publication is issued ss International Labor Office Study - Series F (Industrial Hygiene) No. 16 and is obtainable from th-.. Americcn Headquarters c.f International Labor Office, 734 Jackson Place, iShingtcn, T.C. Price not given. This stucy presents tl:ree typical systems cf compensation for silicosis t.irvogh cpeci-.l legirlnticn in South Africa, through special schemes in Great 3ritai-', -no through spccir-1 coverage in Germany. The application of blanket covc"-.ge to silicosis is considered in r.n appendix. Details of each plan are discussed. Proventi'.n is stressed in the laws of eich country. HUBB-0009660 V^/o G_n L---U -a References to Recent Literature - 2 188 A CRUISING LABORATORY TO RIGHT SILICOSIS. Ind. Bull. 17, 27-30 (Jan. 1938). ^ The New York State Department of Labor has recently developed a portable labor- ^ atory, in an especially built body on a school bus chassis., containing full x-ray equipment that can operate on ordinary industrial plant electric power, and wittea quarters for medical and x-ray examination. This equipment should facilitate ^ study of moderate as well as of extreme dust hazards and should enable the work co to be done more quickly than hitherto possible. * 189 FORD'S STANDARDS FOR AIR CONDITIONING. J.J.Floreth. Heating, Piping, & Air Cond. 10, 109-13 (Feb. 1938). The author's account of air conditioning in Ford plants (our abstract No. 483, 1937) is supplemented by a more complete description of the system in operation at the Twin City branch, at St. Ifeul. Minn. 190 DUSTFOE RESPIRATOR. Mine Safety Appliance Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Literature available on request. The Dustfoe respirator has been approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and is marketed by the above Company. Its advantages are stated as light weight (under 3^- ounces), comfort, full vision, non-interference with goggles or head covering, and replaceability of parts. It includes an outer felt screen forcoarser particles and a specially-designed cellulose filter for the finer particles. 191 DUST COLLECTOR. Abrasives 19, 55 (Feb. 1938). A new wet type dust collector is announced by Stevenson and Smith Co., Detroit. The main body of the unit consists of two steel tanks; an outside tank built around an inner one, and a semi-circular steel hood bolted to the top of the inner tank. The latter is lined with a system of steel drain shelves or louvers and has a hopper at the bottom with a gate for dumping sludge after draining. A series of circular screens, mounted on a driven shaft rotate inside the hood, and, with a spray system, constitute the collecting arrangement. The air is first washed by the sprays and then more thoroughly by the screens which rotate half in water. Collected dust settles in the inner tank, displacing water whioh overflows into the outer tank, until the water in the inner tank oontains muoh dust and is ready for dumping. 192 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE EXPERIENCE: :ETROSPECT 1937 - PROSPECT 1938. C.O.Sapping-ton. Ind. Ned. 7, 23-6 (Jan. 1933). Objectives relating to occupational diseases in this country, especially in re gard to the study and control of occupational diseases, have reached a high poir in their achievement during 1937. As evidences of this progress, the author lists the most important meetings in which occupational disease was an important part of the program; and severe! reports and publications. In compensation ex perience, dermatitis has continued as the leading reportable disease. Court decisions increased in total number and in number of states participating. De cisions on cases of tuberculosis ,end lead poisoning increased especially, and on silicosis cases in 7risconsin. Lack of common law remedy was held valid in * Illinois. Compensation for partial disability due to silicosis was denied in Ohio, Michigan and Pennsylvania, and the general tendency is in that direction. The author considere the following to be the year's outstanding achievements; (1) the trend to develop devices which will give direct readings of concentra tions and types of air pollutants; (2) the research initiated by Air Hygiene Foundation at the Moore Engineering School in Philadelphia, which will permit chest roentgenography standards to be brought under an improved scientific class ification; (3) the establishment of 2 Fellowships each year by the Air Hygiene Foundation at Harvard for research in engineering methods for occupational dis ease prevention; and (4) recognition by the legal profession and organized laboi of the fact that pre-employment, period# and post-employment examinations are necessary to the proper administration of compensation laws. HUBB-0009662 References to Reoent Literature - 3 The author predicts the following developments in 1933; (l) an increase in the number and (2) in the variety, of occupational disease claims; (3) more liberal constructions of laws as rejected in court and commission decisions; (4) a rela tive increase in the number of claims, in addition to dermatitis; (5) more fre quent statutory provisions for the use of medical examinations; (6) the in creased use of industrial hygiene surveys and correlation of engineering and medical data; and (7) further clarification of the definition of occupational disease. 193 THE NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY, 1935-1936. Survey Labor Lew Admin., 9 (Jan. 1938) Preliminary, mimeographed reports of the Survey are available from the U.S. Public Health Service, 'Washington, D.C. Illness, injury or gross physical impairment in the United States prevent 6 mil lion people a day during the winter months from working, attending school or pursuing other usual activities and cause an annual loss of l/4 billion days of work, according to estimates made in this Survey* A heavy toll from respiratory and chronic diseases and from acoidents is indicated. The greater prevalence of illness among those in the lower income groups is also shown. (B) Papers on Dust, Dust Diseases and General Industrial Hygiene. 194 IETH0DS FOR THE DETERKIN-TICN OF QUARTZ IN INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. F.H.Goldman. U.S. Pub, Health Repts. 52, 1703-12 (Nov. 26, 1937). Obtainable from Supt. of Docu ments, Washington, D.C. 5 cents, cash. In view of the present interest in the determination of quartz in dusts, this paper and others following are very timely. The reoent methods for the deter mination of free silica are critically reviewed. The method of Knopf, involved the treatment of the sample with hydrofluosilicic acid, which theoretically dissolves silicates and leaves free silica untouched. In connection with well known methods for, determination of total silica and elimination of other sub stances, this procedure should give the free silica content. However, it has been shown that the more finely divided is quart2, the more soluble it is in hydrofluosilicic acid, and its solubility is sufficient to interfere seriously with the accuracy of the method. The fluoboric acid method of Line and Aradine is similar and has some advantages, but here again, the finest free silica is soluble in the fluoboric acid, and some silicates are not completely dissolved. Shaw's method, whi-ch is described briefly, is applicable only to special kinds of silicates - the coal measures and shales. Among petrographic methods, the general method of observing a number of properties under the petrographic micro scope, is not useful for particles under 10 microns. The method of Ross and Sehl is an application of the Beeke line principle and involves measurement of the refractive index only. One objection is that quartz cannot be distinguished from some other substances having approximately the same refractive index. (Another objection is indicated in the next paper.) Having shown that none of the methods for free silica determination is free from objection, the author reoommends a combination of methods. Samples must be ob tained judiciousl*', with the fullest information about each. Samples of all the raw material from which the dust may have arisen should be obtained. A complete chemical examination and a petrographic examination should always be nnde. From a knowledge of the substances that are present, the choice of final quantitative method may be made. 195 RSVIF.: AND DISCUSSION OF IETHODS OF ANALYZING INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. (REPORT OF SUBCOMUTTEL ON DUST PROCEDURES IN AIR ANALYSIS) J.J.Bloomfield, Chairman. Am. Pub Health Assoc. Year Book, 85-90 (1937-38). The methods of analysis of dusts, with special reference to silica determination are reviewed to about the same extent, and with the same general conclusions, as in the preceding paper. The x-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods are 5 K^y'Z'' 9^ U---J 0 tv References to Recent Literature - 4 also discussed briefly. The principal objection to these nethods at present are high cost of apparatus and limited applicability on account of lack of data. An additional petrographic method is mentioned, that of Udluft and Eellmers, which involves photographing Zeiss konimeter samples, introducing an index liquid and photographing again. A combined method is recommended, and directions are given for collection of the sample, sise fractionation, petrographic and chemical examination and presentation of results. 196 PETROGRARilC IDENTIFICATION 0? ATMOSPHERIC DUST PARTICLES. Wilder D. Foster and H. H. Schrenk., U.S. Bur. Mines, Rept. of Investigations no, 3368 (jan* 1938), Obtainable free from Division of Information, U.S.Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. The use ?r.d limitations of the petrographic microscope and of methods for as certaining maximum free silica content of dust by that means are described. The petrographic nethods for examination of minerals in mass or in fairly large particles, including observation of index of refraction, birefringence, crystal axes, etc* are exact, but cannot be applied to particles under 10 miorons, which are of most interest in dust counting. The Beoke method is generally used for dust. The dust is Immersed in oils of refractive indices near that of quartz, and the change of appearance under lightfield illumination -when the body tube of the microscope is shifted slightly indicates the presence and roughly the content of quartz in the sample. The authors have made a critical examination of this method, with charts show ing its applicability and its limitations* They show that for the finer particles a considerable difference between the refractive index of the quart* and the liquid is necessary, the difference increasing inversely with the par ticle size. A darkfield method which they also use and describe does not re quire r-o great a difference, but also has its limitations, ftamples of. its application to samples of known and urdmown composition are given, References to the pertinent literature are included. For a number of details that nay be of interest, the original paper must be consulted* 197 MICROPROJECTION METHOD FOR COUNTING IMPINGER DUST SAKFIBS. Carlton E. Brown, Lester A.H.Baum, William P. Yant and Helmuth H. Schrenlfi. U.S.Bur* Mines, Rept* Investigations no. 3373 (Jan. 1938) Obtainable free from Division of Information, U.S.Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. A microscope is ordinarily used in counting impinger samples under lightfield illumination* Continued dust counting is conducive to eyestrain, es pecially because the smallest particles have an apparent diameter of 0*1 amt. A microprojeetion method has been used by the Bureau of Mines for some time, and was described in a bulletin in 1935. Since that time a simpler and smaller apparatus has been developed. In this method, the imago magnified 1000 times is thrown on a soreen, where both eyes may be used in observing the particles. Other advantages are that more concentrated samples may be counted and that greater precision is obtained. The necessary apparatus, in addition to the microscope, includes an automatic-feed arc lamp, a heat filter, a suitable eyepiece, a right-angle projection prism, a suitable trans lucent screen, and light baffles. These accessories are described in full* Tabulated comparisons of results obtained with the mioroseopical tod aioroprojector methods show good agreements between the two. The microprojeetion method has been used in counting more than 1,000 impinger samples collected in copper mines and many samples collected in other mines and in the course of the work of the Bureau. HHBB-0009663 NHB6-0009664 References tc Recent Literature - 5 198 DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE OF FINE ABRASIVE FOSTERS. A COMPARATIVE STUTY OF MICROFROJECTION AND SEDIMENTATION JETHCDS. Frank L. Jones. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal, Ed. 10, 45-7 (Jan. 1938). Reprints obtainable from this office. This paper reports the results cf the application of the microprojector method to the si2e determination of abrasive powders with a size range of 5 to 70 microns. The method was substantially the same as that described in the pre ceding abstract. The results -were compared with those obtained by sedimenta tion methods. The values for the average diameter obtained by the two methods agreed within the experimental error, but a larger proportion of the smaller a particles were found by the micrcprojecticn method, probably because they have a greater tendency to adhere to larger particles when suspended in a liquid. 199 THE EFFECT OF 'NATER ON THE PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. H.E.Watson. J. Ind. Hyg. and Toxicol. 20, 155-60 (Feb. 1937). Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of water on hand chisel ing of sandstone. A block of the stone was supported in a dust chamber, the air cf vrhich could be cleaned by circulation through filters, and the stone was worked by a mason under constant conditions. Samples of the dust were taken with the thermal precipitator, and in a few cases by a pump on ashless filter paper for weighing. The wetness of the stone was varied as follows* (a) stone quite dry; (b) a beaker of water poured over the surface just before working, (approximating a common wet summer condition); (c) stone wet, with seme 'water lying in the irregularities of the surface; (d) stone wet through out, but no water lying on the surface, (a typical wet winter condition); and (e) stone thoroughly wet, with a l/2 in. layer of water on its surface. In making the dust counts, aggregates were always counted as single particles. In condition (e) the dust count was decidedly lowered by wetting, but the con dition is not a practical one. In conditions (b), (c) and (d) the counts were higher than in (a), although in the only weight comparison, the dust weight from (d) was lower than (a). The median sige of the particles was always lower in the wet methods, being 0.33 micron for (d) against 6.95 for (a). The ex planation lies in the comparative absence of aggregation when the dust is wet. It is known that water prevents the escape of the larger particles; the author also suggests that the cooling effect of the water and adsorption due to con densation of supersaturated vapor also tend to prevent coagulation. A sim ilar effect of wetting on size distribution is found in rock drilling and grinding tests. In the author's words, "it must not be concluded from the results obtained that water is useless in suppressing dust, but it is evident that when water is used careful check dust samples must be taken from time to time tc insure that the apparent absence of dust is real." 200 RELATION OF DUST CONCENTRATION TO DEPTH OF HOLE DURING VfET DRILLING. U.3. ** Bur. Mines, Rept. Investigations No. 3369 (Jan. 1938). Obtainable free from Division of Information, U.S.Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. Information on the production of dust is of fundamental importance in the con trol of air dustiness, and since drilling is one of the main sources of air dustiness, an understanding of the fundamental factors underlying the making cf dust is essential in attempting to control or limit air dustiness in mines. The data presented ir. this report are the results of a relatively short study conducted to ascertain the amount of dust thrown into the air of a mine work ing place during a complete cycle of wet drilling of horizontal holes. In the first .'i . series of tests, the first hold, was drilled to a depth of 65 inches, with sharp bits, i.e. a fresh bit was inserted each minute; the sec ond with the same drills after 1 minute's use of each; and the third with the same drills after 2 minutes' use. The time of the test was the same in each case, but the total depth naturally decreased as the drills became duller. Konimeter tests were taken eaoh minute, and an impinger sample was **S. 3. Littlefield :.nd H. H. Sohrcnk. ==3 ^3 References to Recent Literature - 6 taken during eaoh entire test* Additional tests were made ir. a similar manner, tut only impinger samples were taken for a few minutes each, three being taken in each test. The results show definitely that in the tests as conducted the greatest amount of dust was thrown into the air of the working place in drill ing the first 2 feet, and that the subsequent amounts continued to decrease gradually as the depth of the hole increased. Although collaring is gener ally accepted as the dustiest portion of the operation when wet methods are used, the test showed that making the entrance or collaring is not entirely responsible, but that the first fev: inches, at least up to 2 feet contribute heavily to the dustiness. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are dis cussed. Increasing the water, reducing the air, spraying the hole with a water blast, the use of water 'without air pressure, or the use of an ex haust hood arc suggested as possible remedies, 201 A UK? JETER FOR CLAYS AND MINERAL DUSTS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. E.G.Richard son. Sands, Clays and Minerals. 3, 129-31 (Sept. 1937). The apparatus is used to determine the relative number of particles in a solid system such as a mineral dust consisting of a heterogeneous collec tion of substances of varying diameters, from several mm. to 1 micron. The - glass tank for a sedimor.ta.tion method is blackened except for a small space where the beam of light passes horizontally from a lamp to a photoclectrio coll. The intensity of the beam changes according to the state of the li quid, ie. to the amount of suspended matter at the plane of the beam, so that a continuous curve is rcoorded. This curve, according to Stokes' law, indicates the number of particles below a given diameter, corresponding to a point on the time axis. The number of particles of a given size con be determined from the slope of the curve. Tho time taken by silica partielos to fall through 1 ft. at 60F, was as follows* 10 microns; in air, 32 soc.v in water, 20 min,; 1 micron; in air, 54 min,, in water 33.3 hr.; 0.1 micron; in air, 90 hr., in water, infinity. The settling is too slow for most dusts studied in air hygiene, 202 ACUTE SILICOSIS IN LEAD MINERS. R.7T. Thomas and S,L.Cummins. Lancet 233, 1481-4 (Dec. 25, 1937). The cases described occurred in dry pneumatic drilling through a hard quartz ite rock high in silica, without means to abate the dust hazard, and con sequently in very high silica dust concentrations. After a number of deaths had occurred, 5 miners still at work were studied. They were taken ill within a short time of caoh other, after an average oxposuro of 31 months. Death ensued in 18 months, on the average, after ocasing work. The short period at risks resembles that found in cases of makers of abrasive soaps, tunnel workers and sandblasters, and is far shorter than is usual for sil icosis in other occupations. Dyspnea, predominated in the symptoms; fibrotic nodula.tion had not reached the final stage. Tuberculosis was present in 2 cases, and may have hastened the process of fibrosis in other cases in which it was not detected. The particular interest in these cases lies in the intensity of the dust hazard, and in the rapidity of the development of silioosis and of its fatal termination. 203 SILICOSIS IN ONTARIO MIKES. C.S.Gibson. Trans. Can. Min. Mot. Inst. 40, 649-62, and Bull. No. 307 (Nov. 1937). The paper is an acoount of the measures taken at mines in Ontario to combat silicosis. A committee was appointed by the Ontario Mining Association to study the subject, and research at Banting Institute was supported. One result of that research is a definite conclusion that soricite does not give rise to fibrosis. In tho engineering research, the question of minimizing HMBB-0009665 'cr-'C' References to Recent Literature - 7 ^ the cffocts of varying air conditions is receiving the greatest amount of at tention* The alkalinity* acidity and toxicity of mine atmospheres is being studied. In connection with drilling operations and blasting, no basis is 'found for a general statement fixing permissible amounts of dustiness. Ex tensive use of water is considered good practice ir. dealing with the dusting from blasting. The -.voaring of respirators is common, as well as the use of water blasts. Y/ith regard to ventilation, the use of auxiliary fans and piping, heavier pipe and flexible lines is growing. The Ontario act requires annual x-ray examinations, and tuberculosis is considered the most serious factor in silicotic conditions. Tubercular employees arc not allowed to work underground. A distressing incidence in silicosis is suggested by the number of new eases during the past 5 years, but the period of exposure neces sary for development of the disease has lengthened from 10 to 18 years. Special emphasis is laid upon the value of measures to counteract tubercu losis. (From abst. in Colliery Guardian, Jan. 14, 1938. p. 75). 204 SOME PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF TrS SILICOSIS PR03LEM. A.J.Lanza. Am. Inst. Min. Met. Engrs., Tech. Publ. Ho. 856 (Nov. 1937), Reprints probably obtainable fran Dr. Lanza, Metropolitan Insurance Co*, New York City. This is a brief but pointed review of the present state of silicosis preven tion. One point emphasized is that authorities most in touch with the prob lem in this country believe that there is littlo appreciable disability con nected with silicosis in the absence of infection, and that tuberculor infootion in silicosis is the crux of tho compensation problem. Whon silicosis came to the front in the U.S., it did so on tho crest of a wavo of litigation never paralleled in mcdico-lcgal annals, and legislation has been enaoted in the midst of the furor aroused. It is greatly to the credit of the various legislative bodies that they dealt with the problor as well os they did. Tho difficulty with silicosis is essentially its chronic nature, and the problem of compensation for previously existing or developing silicosis has been met in various ways by different states, and it remains to be seen how they work out. In the mining industry, much has been accomplished in silicosis prevention in the absence of specific codes or regulations. Safe concentrations have not been absolutely determined, but there is evidence that a concentration of moru than 5 million particles per cubic foot of highly siliceous dust is dan- . gcrous. Anthracite dust, containing less than 5% free silica, has been found not to cause disabling silicosis (anthracosis) in concentrations of less than 50'million particles per cubic foot* Some progress is being made in estab lishing tentative standards in tho mining industry, and more should be done i that line by mining ccanpanics with the cooperation of governmental authorities. The effect of other dusts in modifying the action of silica should be further studied. Intelligent handling of the medical control problem, especially in dealing with silicotics who aro not disabled, is stressed. 205.A STUDY OF DUST CONTROL METHODS IN AN ASBESTOS FABRICATING PLANT. Richard T. Pa.go and J.J.Bloomfield. U.S.Pub. Health Repts. 52, 1713-27 (Nov. 26, 1937) Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Washington, d7S"., for 5 cents, cash. This paper presents a detailed study of the dust control methods used in an as bestos fabricating plant, and supplements an oxtonsivo medical and engineer ing study of the health of asbestos workers, as yet unpublished. The plant studied has partly completed an extensive dust control program, and the re sults are not to be interpreted as representing the maximum possible effic iency ir. asbestos dust control, but simply indicate actual conditions whioh arc probably representative of the best practioe in this oountry at this time. The entire process is described, with tho dust control systems in use with tho various processes in each department. An occupational analysis of 9996008-88HH HUBB-00B9667 References to Recent Literature - 8 employees is presented, with a comparison of the atmospheric dust concentra tions associated with controlled and similar uncontrolled processes. Impinger counts ranged frcm 0.3 to il.O million particles per cubic foot when they were stopped. Adequate data have not been presented to justify the de termination of threshold limits of dustiness that will produce asbestosis in any definite pc-ricd of time, ar.d therefore it is impossible to determine per missible limits of dustiness on a medical basis. Nevertheless, any appreci able decrease in asbestos dust will decrease the incidence and severity of the resulting asbestosis. Since total elimination of dust is impracticable, actual conditions resulting from application of practical dust control methods car. cc used as temporary standards by that industry. 206 INDUSTRIAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. EXHAUST HOOD ENTRY COEFFICIENTS. John L. Alder. Heat, -i Vent, 35, 47-50 (Fob. 1938). This paper continues the author's scries on industrial exhaust ventilation. The technical treatment of rate of air flow ir. entries, contraction, entry coef ficients, etc*, begun in the December paper, is continued. Diagrams of hoods of different typos arc given vdth the appropriate entry coefficient, ontry loss and nearest simple orifice. The methods of increasing flow through hoods are discussed. (Vie have rad several inquiries regarding the original papers. Our latest in formation is that they will continue for 6 or 7 months more, and that the oomtined papers, with additions, may be published in book form if the publishers feci justified as a ccmmercic.1 venture. Otherwise the papers are obtainable only by purchasing or subscribing to Heating and Ventilating, published by The Industrial Press, 148 Lafayette St., Hew York City.) 207 EXHAUST REQUIRE! 3NTS FOR FOUNDRY DUST CONTROL. John M. Kane. Foundry^, 31, 72, 74 (Fe-b. 1933). Exhaust requirements for tumbling mills, blast-cleaning apparatus and grinding wheels are discussed, in continuation of the previous paper, with tables. 208 DUST COLLECTION. E.R.A.Davies. J. Inst. Heating Vent. Engrs. (British) 5, 317-36 (1337). ~ A general description of dust-collecting methods, including exhaust systems and dust separators. ` GOOD HOUSEKEEPING AND SAFETY IN THE FOUNDRY, INDUSTRIAL C0DE3 AHD OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE LEGISLATION. Reprint No. 37-30, American Foundrymen's Association, 222 T7. ..dams St., Chicago, 111. Obtainable at that address, price $1.50. The papers presented at the Annual Iwexir.g of the A.F.A., Milwaukee, May 5 and 6, 1937 arc included in this reprint and arc- not obtainable separately. Abstracts of the papers follow'. 203 FOOT AID LEG PROTECTION IN THE FOUNDRY. U. Walter Dundore. A.F.A. Reprint No. 37-30, 3-14 (1937). Obtainable as above. The paper discusses the need of proteotion for feet and legs in the foundry, the need cf comfort as well as safety, and standards that are expected in the manufacture of safety footwear. 210 THE USE OF EYE AID RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IN THE FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. John H. Kolzbog. A.F.A. Reprint 37-30, 15-23 (1937). Obtainable as above. Goggles ar.d respirators are discussed. The fundamental points to be kept in mind ir. selecting either equipment are protection, confort, durability and cost. Goggles are available for all types of work and the needs for the par ticular operation must be considered. The cup type offers the most complete * HWBB-$009fii8 References to Recent Literature - 9 protection. High grade lenses must be used. Cere in the selection of respira tors for the particular type of work is equally important. Air-line respirato are necessary in sandblasting, and the source of air is an important factor. The filter type of respirator is discussed briefly. More important than the selection of type of goggles or respirators is instruction in their use, expla atior. of why they are needed, and continual guarding against carelessness. In giving proper education in safety, the shop committee plan has been tried in the author's factory for some years and has proved very efficient. 211 A CONSITERATION OF ?: PROBLEM OF HUMAN SILICOSIS. Norbert Enzer. A.F.A, Re print 37-30, 24-33 (1937). Obtainable as in note preceding abstract 209. A general paper on silicosis, including history, nature and prevention by en gineering and medical control. 212 GOOF HOUSEKEEPING IN "HE FOUNDRY. E.G.Meiter. A.F.A.Reprint 37-30, 34-8, (1937) Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No. 209. "Order ar.d cleanliness are important factors in dust control. The best equip ment available *-'.111 not control dust conditions if superintendents, foremen, ar.d '"or-r.er. are careless, dirty, and disorderly in their work...Good house keeping without a doubt is the cheapest single method of dust control." With this introduction, the author discusses the various steps in installing good housekeeping: teaching the workmen, securing of order and introduction of a clean-up program, including housecleaning of the foundry interior, removal of dust by use of water -under pressure, combination of air and water, vacuum clean ir.g and brushing, and finally elimination of dust at its source. The laet item includes maintenance of equipment, care of floors, elimination of bad prac tices, and proper supervision. 213 MAINTENANCE 0?-SAFEGUARDS IN THE FOUNDRY. James Thomson. A.F.A. Reprint 37-3C, 39-42 (1937). Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No. 209. This paper briefly discusses mechanical hazards and maintenance of mechanical safeguards. 214 INDUSTRIAL CODES AND THEIR APPLICATION. Jas. R. Allan. A.F.A. Reprint 37-30, 52-4 (1937). Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No. 209. 'Vorkable industrial codes are as much as necessity to industry as equitable oc cupational disease legislation. To the two factors must be added experienced administrative supervision to complete a system that is fair to all concerned. Safety codes for accident prevention are well established, but knowledge of the necessity for adopting sanitation and hygiene rules is of later origin, and much progress is jet to be made in that direction. The hygienic phase of in ;=n dustrial codes is difficult to prescribe because many of the requirements must cover items not so tangibly present and discernable as in the case of safety protection. Y'ith increasing knowledge of occupational diseases and their pre vention, it is the duty of industry to codify the best preventive methods in use as minimum standards and to pass them on to legislative and administrative authorities with recommendations for their adoption. The A.F.A. has an In dustrial Hygiene Codes Committee (of vhioh the author is chairman) which has published two codes (our abstracts Nos. 223 and 224); and a third, on funda mentals of design, construction, operation, and maintenance of exhaust systems, will be issued soon. Every attempt is being made to write these codes in such a manner that they will be understood by anyone not well versed in the more technical details involved. Application of the provisions of these codes will enable industrial establishments to comply with any reasonable State require ment that may be enacted. References to Recent Literature - 10 < HWB8-0009669 215 THE ESSENTIALS 0? OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES LEGISLATION. O.E.Mount. A.F.A. Reprint 37-30, 55-61 (1937). Obtainable as in note preceding abstract No. 209. The essential features of properly drawn occupational disease laws are presented. The main essentials are fairness to employer and employee, insurability, valid ity, liability, definition of terms, amount of compensation, time limitations, distribution of liability among employers, observation of exposed employees, ex amination of claimant, separation of occupational disease liability from acci dental injury liability, and determination of contested cases. Other subjects considered briefly are exemptions of particular industries and the question of all-inclusive vs. elective compensation. An occupational disease law should be fel distinct from accident compensation acts. Under the heading of validity, the author advocates inclusion of lawyers as well as representatives of employees, employers and insurance carriers, so as to have reasonable assurance that the law will be valid. Under liability, the question of the manner of listing the compensable diseases is discussed with the conclusion that there should be in cluded a drafted statement of the principles and tests which must be applied and fulfilled before a particular disease may be deemed occupational in a particular employment. Such a statement should be fortified by a specific exclusion from compensation cf ordinary diseases to v/hich the public is exposed outside of em ployment. Regarding the question of what employer shall be liable for compensa tion, the author believes that the only workable test is that of the last ex posure. Such a test works no hardship on employers for the reason that it may be determined before employment whether an applicant has an occupational dis ease. Otherwise there would be no end to litigation to determine the responsi bility of different employers. 216 FJNDA1ENIAIS I" DVSTFROOFING COAL. K.R.Fife and PAV.Edeburn. Am. Inst. Min. Net. Engrs., Tech. Pub. No. 866 (Nov. 1937), 14 pp Obtainable from Dr. Fife, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. Data are presented to illustrate the extent of surface area represented by coal particles of mixed sizes and distribution, of the dustproofing agent as a func tion of this surface when applied in commercial practice. When coal containing widely varied sizes is treated, a limited quantity of dustproofing agent should be applied to prevent overtreating of smaller sizes; domestic sizes should be given supplementary treatment. Pretipple treatment of mine-run coal is advocated as an economical method of dust control. A dustproofing agent should be selected that is properly balanced with porosity and griniaWlityof each type of coal. The method of application of the dustproofing agent (various types of spraying being considered) is advantageously chosen with regard to the point of applica tion and the market for which the coal is prepared. 217 ABSOLUTE COLOR DETERMINATIONS IN CEEINCAL TOXICOLOGY. I. DETERMINATION OF SILICIC ACID IN ORGANS. H. Kaiser and E. Vfetcel. Agnew. Chem. 5, 865-6 (1937) (German) The yellow shade imparted to the solution of the blue silicomolybdic aeid complex by the presence of the complex phosphomolybdic acid is eliminated by a suitable filter. The absolute color is determined by means of a step photometer. The procedure, comparisons of solutions and experimental results are given. The micromethod has a aocuracy of 3-10^. 218 SAFETY IN MIKING. D. Harrington. Mining Cong. J. 24, 59-61 (Feb. 1938). This is a brief review of progress ir. safety in mining for 1937. The figures at hand indicate chat the business "recession" has been accompanied by a similar re cession in safety in mining, especially in coal mining. There were 1245 fatali ties in the bituminous coal mines in the U.S., as compared with 1076 in 1936 and 9C3 in 1335. On the other hand, progress in safety and health has been advanoed, both by legislation, by unofficial organizations and by the cooperation of mine owners, much more than the fatality record would indioate. HHBB-0009670 References to Recent Literature - 11 219 THE 13CDERI; CONCEPT Or INDUSTRIAL JffiDICINE. M.N.Newquist. Nat. Safety News 37, 15-6, 82-3 (February 1933). The industrial medical problem has been ar.d always will be fundamentally the same, namely, the adequate care of the health of the industrial worker. However, the defensive type of industrial medical service designed mostly to protect the employer and the curative type of service are fading out of the picture, and many employers are adopting the broader viewpoint of the whole subject and are manifesting more of a protective interest in the health and working conditions of their employees. The author discusses the following phases of organization and scope of plant medical service: personnel, facilities, preemployment physi cal examinations, periodic health examinations, prevention and care of all in dustrial injuries and occupational diseases, first aid and advice for employees suffering from non-industrial injuries and illnesses while on duty, and medical supervision of plant sanitation and of all industrial health measures. A survey cf medical ar.d compensation costs 7/as made by the American College of Surgeons. The total of medical ar.d compensation cost per capita in 1936 varied from $8.42 in establishments with over 1,000 employees to 13.52 in those with under 500 employees. 220 HEALTHY, 7EALTHY - I? 7'ISE - INDUSTRY. Alice Hamilton. American Scholar 7, (Viir.ter, 1938); Ind. Ned. 1_, 46-54 (Jan. 1938). The author traces the history of industrial hygiene in this country from 30 years ago, when it was non-existent, to the present. The first occupational disease to which any attention was paid was "phossy jaw1* in the match industry, which had existed since 1851 without recognition until Andrews* report in 190C. Lead poisoning in the enamel industry was next given attention. The great development of nev: industries during the world war brought many new hazards to which little attention was paid, until the cessation of the rush of activity, when medical interest was aroused in those hazards and the U.S. Pub lic Health Service began its activities. The newer hazards - carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, organic solvents, tetraethyl lead, radium in watch dials, and silicosis are mentioned - and the steps taken to ccanbat them are discussed, with appreciation of the progress made. The author then considers fatigue as a prob lem that increases in importance with the increase in mechanized industry. She notes that even ir. the most modern factories that make the most provision f^r the welfare of their employees, this fatigue is noticeable. It arises from mon otonous work, v/ith every movement timed by the speed of the machine and the ex periments of the efficiency expert. It differs from the fatigue expertsr.c.'t by the craftsman, the farmer or the housewife, because the weariness is emotional as well as physical. The author has no remedy to suggest except to slow up the speed of production. 221 HARMFUL INDUSTRIAL DUSTS. R.R.Sayers. U.S.Pub Health Repts., 53, 217-28 (Feb. 11, 1938). This paper was abstracted last month under the title "Dusts that Harm". (No. 112). This reference is the full original paper and is obtainable from Supt. of Documents, TTashir.gton, D.C., for 5 cents, cash. 222 ORGANIZED INDUSTRIAL iEDICINE. THAT HAS IT TO 0F5ER TO INDUSTRY AND INSURANCE CARRIERS? Aaron Samuel Leven. Ind. Med. 1, 36-8 (Jan. 1938). The author calls attention to the higher requirements and greater responsibility demanded of the industrial surgeon, as compared v/ith the ordinary practicing physician and surgeon. His contacts are not only with employees but with of ficials of the industrial concerns, with industrial engineers, with insurance companies and with the judiciary, and he must have a knowledge of medico-legal, medico-engineering and socio-economic problems. Though he meets with uncertain ties, he must make definite decisions on compensation problems, to an extent \N - *7/7^ S3 e? 1ZJ <i References to Recent Literature - 12 which does not fall to the ordinary physician* The designation "industrial med icine and surgery" docs not mean a specialty of medical practice, tut rather a manifestation of all specialties, the application of all medical and surgical principles, specific to, and inherent in the nature of the problems of the spec ial field created by the contract of employment. Today, industrial medicine and surgery are organized to foster study and discussion of problems peculiar to industry, to develop methods for conservation of the health of workers, and to promote general 'understanding and disseminate accurate knowledge in reference to diagnosis and treatment of industrial diseases. 223 A:T"JAL REPORT 0? THE SURGEON GENERAL OF THE PU3LIC HEALTH SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES FOR TIC YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1937. U.S.Pub* Health Service (1937). The report of the Division of Industrial Hygiene, on pages 43-6, gives a brief catalogue of the investigations and reports for the year* 224 INDUSTRIAL ISDICINE AND COMPENSATION IN MEXICO. Leopold Brahdy. Ind* Med. 7, 17-21 (Jan* 1938). ~ Mexico has had an effective Federal compensation law for 6 years. Though still undergoing modification it is now comprehensive and well administered# As Mexico's industries are less diversified than ours, their health problems are simpler. The author compares the Mexican law with the New York law in a number of respects, but points out that for a strict parallel it should be aamparad with those of our predominantly agricultural States. There are a number of good features in Mexican law and practice that are worthy of our consideration, in cluding the greater time devoted to industrial medicine in the medical achools, the safety and hygiene committees with representation of both employers and em ployees, a central pathological laboratory for study of post-mortem specimens, the equipment of Labor Department offices with x-ray and clinical laboratories, periodic and pre-employment examinations, and radio lectures on industrial med icine. On the other hand, the Mexican law provides lower death payments and shorter periods for disability compensation, and insurance is not compulsory. In general, there is now satisfactory cooperation among employers, employees and others in oarrying out the provisions of the law. 225 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN STATISTICAL TABLES. Revista del Trabajo 1, 125-9 (1937). (Spanish.) In Jfexico in 1936, 1717 workers affected with occupational diseases received a total of Cl,689,207 indemnity. Of this number, 1695 were miners and of them 1365 were suffering from silicosis. 26 SAFETY AND HYGIENE IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY. A.E.Nogueira. Revista del Trabajo 1, 113-25 (1937), (Spanish). The paper describes in detail sugar manufacture in Mexico, with the hazards in volved. The hazards are (l) lack of pure water and sewage, (2) insufficient mechanical safeguards, (3) insufficient lighting for night work, (4) lack of * medical care and supplies in a few of the "centrals", and (5) dusty atmosphere where the animals charcoal is reactivated. The author suggests the foraation of a committee to draft adequate safety and hygiene rules. 227 ACCIDENT PRETENTION AND HEALTH PROTECTION IN ROCK AND MINING INDUSTRIES. Laeramert. Arbeitsschutz, 267-72 (1937). (German). Accident hazards ir. rock crushing and allied industries are described* Other health hazards are merely mentioned. HHBB-0009671 HWBB-0009672 References to Recent Literature - 13 223 SICKNESS A-DNR NAL2 INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYEES DURING THE THIRD QUARTER ~ND THE FIRST NIKE lICNTHS CF 1937. D.K.Erundage. U.S.Pub. Health Repts. 53, 37-9 (Jan. 14, 1933). Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, T'eshington, D.C., 5 cents, cash. The sickness rate for -ale employees rose from 92.3 per 1000 men for the first 9 months of 1936 to 104.4 for the corresponding period in 1937, only illnesses of 8 days and over being considered. Influenza was responsible for most of the increase. The pneumonia rate also increased, and was 3.5 per 1000 among steel and iron workers, against 2.2 per 1000 for workers in other industries. 229 INCIDENCE OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES AIIONC- Y/ORKERS OF THE ELECTROLYTIC PLANT OF THE ALUinrjH HDUSTEY. IT.T.Dcroscheokc. Gig. truda (Russian) No. 3, 71-3 (1937). In the department -where aluminum is produced by electrolysis, the atmosphere contains much fine dust (cryolite) and some gaseous fluorine compounds. Obser vations on 234 workers show thstrose bleeds and upper respiratory tract and ear diseases are of frequent occurrence. Systematic examination of new workers has shown that within 1 tc 3 months respiratory tract mucosa may be affected. First there is an acute reaction and than a chronic one. Suggested improvements in clude better ventilation, closed transportation of cryolite and wetting of the cryolite during its preparation. - From the author*s English summary. 280 A PHOTO-ELECTRIC SNOKE FENZIRONEIER. A.S.G.Kill. J. Sci. Insts. 14, 296-303 (Sept. 1937). After a brief review of the literature the author describes a photoeleotrio photometric method fcr estimating the concentration of various material sus pended in air or other gases. The method is used for determination of the ef ficiency of filtering devices. The test cloud consists of carbon particles from a continuous luminous smoky flame adjusted to give a reasonably constant amount of smoke with an average particle size of 0.16 micron. The density of the cloud is compered before and after filtration. The photocell is illumin ated by a beam of light passing through the cloud in the penetrometer tube. The photoelectric current is amplified and estimated by a standard method. Iho galvanometer deflection from the balanced zero position has been found ex perimentally to be linearly proportional to the mass coneentration of the car bon cloud for concentrations up to 100 mg. per cu. m. The method is suffic iently sensitive to permit measuring the density of a cloud containing as little as 0.005 mg. per cu. m. A filter test requires only 10 seconds. (C) Papers on Industrial Poisons, Cancer, Dermatitis, etc. 231 TOXIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND "GRAirULOIENIC ANEMIA" DUE TO VOLATILE SOLVENTS IN IN DUSTRY* REPORT OF TtfG CASES. Charles Edward Arsons and Malvina E. Moore Arsons. J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol. 20, 124-33 (Feb. 1938). The authors report 2 cases presenting symptoms of encephalopathy, accompanied by evidence of a profound depression of the bone marrow. The patients were young men vrho had dipped shirt collars in methyl "cellosolve", in making the new "fused" collars, and consequently had been in close contact with that sub stance for a number of months, and their symptoms became progressively more serious as their exposure continued. Among the symptoms pointing to toxic en cephalopathy were sleepiness, loss of interest in normal activities, dizzy and faint spells, hyrertoxicity of all skeletal muscles, hyperactivity of all re flexes, transitory right ankle clonus, persistent dilation of pupils and moder ate ataxia. Anemia associated with granulopenia and disturbances of metabolism were also in evidence. Removal of the patients from exposure to the toxic sol vent, with appropriate treatment for anemia, resulted in recovery fresn the poisonous effects upen the central nervous system and the blood forming organs with apparently no permanent damage. K. ^3 References to Recent Literature - 14 232 HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF nFUSED COLLARSI. EXPOSURE TO ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOMETHYL ETHER. Leonard Greenturg, Jfcy R. Mayers, Leonard J. Goldwater* Tfilliam J. Burke and Samuel Moskowitz. J. Ind. Kyg. & Toxicol. 20* 134-47 (Feb. 1938). Reprints obtainable from Div. of Industrial Hygiene, II.V. State Dept, of Labor, 80 Centre St., Hew York City. The two cases described in the preceding paper and reports of others, led to an investigation in which clinical :nd hematological studies were made on 19 employees in the fusing department of a shirt factory where ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (methyl cellosolve) was used in conjunction with denatured alcohol as a solvent for cellulose acetate. The 2 patients montioned in the preceding paper and another who had left the plant the year before, suffering from ''multiple neuritis", were included in those examined. The remaining 16 were working at the time of the investigation, and were boys and young men 16 to 26 years of age. The work consisted of dipping the collars in a tank containing the mixture of methyl cellosolve, alcohol and other substances, and pressing them. Under summer conditions, 70 parts per million of alcohol, 25 ppm, of the glycol compound, and much smaller quantities of methyl alcohol, ethyl aeetate and petroleum naphtha were found in the air. Yfith the windows closed, the ethyl alcohol content was 215 ppm. and the glycol compound 76 ppm. An exhaust was provided on the press, tut as it beeame clogged unless watohed carefully, actual exposure may have exceeded the figures given. All the boys examined had abnormal blood pictures. Clinically, however, there were three main groups* (l) those with a negative clinical picture; (2) those with abnormal neurological findings on physical examinations but no symptoms; and (3) those with the abnormal findings and symptoms of fatigue and tiowsiness. The blood picture, described in detail, is believed as a whole to suggest a macrocytic anemia associated with a reduction in the platelets and a relatively large number of young granulocytes. Individual differences in susceptibility are in evidence.. The responsibility of ethylene glycol monomethyl .ether for these changes is not proved, but strongly suggested. It is reccmmended that the concentration of this substance in the air be kept below 25 parts per million. 233 HEALTH HAZARDS II: THE MANUFACTURE OF "FUSED COLLARS." II. EXPOSURE TO ACETONEMETHANOL. Leonard Greenburg, May R. ' 'vers, Leonard J. Goldwater and William J. Burke. J. Ind. Eyg. <k Toxicol. 20, 143-54 (Feb. 1938). Reprints obtainable as above. A mixture of acetone and methanol is more commonly used for "fusing" collars than is ethylene glycol monoaethyl ether, and an investigation similar to the preceding was made in a factory where only the acetone-methanol mixture was used. Better provisions for removal of vapors were nftde in this factory, but a strong odor of the solvents was noticeable, and a characteristic test showed 25 D.n*m. of methyl alcohol and 45 p.p.m. of acetone in the air. The 19 em ployees, young men between 19 and 28, were all examined. No abnormalities were found, either by physical examinations or by blood studies. Acetone was always found in the urine. Although both substances are Imown to be toxic under sufficient exposure, it is apparent that in the workroom atmosphere the concentrations were not high enough to cause pathological ahanges. This study serves as a control for studies on exposure to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether used in the manufacture of "fused" collars. 234 NOXIOUS GASES IN THE VISCOSE INDUSTRY; THEIR INVESTIGATION AND ELIMINATION. TTehrung. Chen. App. 24, 218-23 (1937). (German). A discussion of the amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide evolved in various parts of a viscose-rayon plant, is followed by a description of a ventilating system for their removal. HW88-0009673 NU8B-000967<i References to Recent Literature - 15 235 MISUSE OF TRICHLORETHYLENE FOR HYHfOSIS. EXPERIMENTS IN A SECONDARY SCHOOL. A* Jordi. Schweia, med. 7<chnschr. 67, 1238-40 (1937). (German). Cases of intoxication among students by inhalation of trichlorethylene mixed vdth Duco thinner are described. The author urges prohibition of free sale of trichlorethylene, its use only in closed processes, exclusion of young people fror. exposure, and compulsory declaration of solvent composition. 235 AIR VEILS FOR REMOVING NOXIOUS GASES AND VAPORS IN INDUSTRIES DEALING VflTH NITRIC DERIVATIVES OF BENZENE AID HOMOLOGOUS PRODUCTS. V.K.Navrosky. Gig. truda (Russian) No. 3, 13-29 (1937). The author describes laboratory experiments in whieh he tried different types of nozzles for supplying air veils; some were semicircular, others were rectangular, all of different dimensions. By employing these vdth varying air velocities, the author arrives at basic principles for producing adequate air veils in the chemical industry. - From the author's English summary. 237 DROPLET PRECIPITATION ON THE CORNEAL SURFACE IN FURNITURE '.TORRENS. M. Buechlers. Klin. Mtsbl. f. Auger.hlk, 99, 676-31 (1937). In vamishers and polishers in the furniture industry, fine and apparently solid droplets are found adhering to the epithelium, evidently precipitated by the solvent. The droplets are found only under high magnification. They disappear if the patients' exposure is discontinued. 238 METHODS 0? ANALYZING TECHNICAL SOLVENTS. VII. H.H.Weber. Arb. a. d. Reichgesundheitsamt 72, 241-3 (1937). (German.) In earlier papers, specific color reactions of various aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons were listed, especially those that could be mixed with benzene, since they are the ones most frequently used in technical solvents. The re actions studied have proved to be of practical use. Only the further differ entiation of the easily recognizable group, methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, proved difficult. Tho author now presents color reactions for distinguishing these substances from one another, even in mixtures. 239 MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TEE LIVERS OF RATS RESULTING FROM EXPOSURE TO CER TAIN CHLORIIATED HYDROCARBONS. Granville A. Bennett, Ceoil K. Drinker and Madeleine Field Tferren. J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol. 20, 97-123 (Feb. 1938). Reprints obtainable from Harvard School of Public"llealth, Boston, Mass. Mixtures of various chlomaphthalenes and chlorinated diphenyl were fed to rats and sometimes administered by inhalation. The effects of each mixture varied with its concentration, but in all cases macroscopic and microscopic examination showed that the liver was the only organ affected. The liver changes are described in detail, with numerous illustrations. The toxicity increases with increasing degrees of chlorination. Chlorinated diphenyl appears to be the most injurious compound of those tested. Administration of small subldthal doses of carbon tetrachloride and ethyl alcohol to rats whose livers have already been injured by the compounds under consideration is highly fatal and produces massive necrosis of the liver. The significance of this study in relation to the industrial problem involved is discussed. 240 S01.E PERTINENT IMPORTATION ABOUT MINE GASES. U.S.Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. 6983 (Jan. 1938). bctainable free from Division of Information, U.S.Bureau of Mines, TTashington, D.C. A list of the gases found in nines, harmless and injurious, and from natural and artificial sources, is first given in a table, with the essential proper ties and hazards of oach, with textual elaboration, which includes `tables showing the effect of increasing the carbon dioxide content and of reducing 'v' nJj Q> _n L----- J M 3 a References to Recent Literature - 16 the oxygen content on the explosibility of methane-air fixtures, and a table giving the explosive limits of mixtures of combustible gases with air. The physiological effects of each gas are then discussed, and brief directions for reviving a person overcome by gas follow. Methods of sampling ar.d an alysis of mine gases are discussed in some detail. 241 DETECTION AH) TREATMENT 0? CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. Robert T Legge. Rocky Mtn. Med. c. (Jan. 1938); Ir.d. Med. 7, 108-9 (Feb. 1938). This is a general review of carbon monoxide poisoning, ana its methods of de tection and treatment. The greatest hazard is that of exposure to exhaust automobile gases in enclosed spaces but exposure often occurs in industry. The maximum exposure should not exceed 1 part in 10,000 parts of air, and all possible precautions should be taken to avoid undue concentrations. Small animals and birds arc- often used for detection in air, but chemical detectors, such as that developed by the Bureau of lines, are best. The pyrotannic de tector devised by Sayers and Yant for carbon monoxide in blood, is simple, usable without technical skill, and accurate. The symptoms in the first and second stages ar.d permanent effects are described briefly. Artificial res piration and administration of oxygen are the best methods of treatment. 242 SIMPLE .MET SENSITIVE 'SHOD FOR DETERMINING C.iEBOl: MONOXIDE ID BLOOD. A. Gigcr. and M. Noverraz. Schweiz, med. Wchnschr. 67, 1154-6 (1937) (German.) The authors present an involved method by which"the portion of the hemoglobin that has been converted to carbon monoxide hemoglobin, can be estimated from color changes noticeable with a stage photometer. The method is based upon the fact that the color of blood changes with addition of sodium thiosulfate, but that the change is not very marked if a portion of the hemoglobin has been converted into carbon monoxide hemoglobin. 243 IvET; AUER COMPANY HIGH-CAPACITY C.iRTRIDGES FOR KIKE OXYGEN RESPIRATORS. C. . Hoff, Gasmaske (German) 9_, 110-4 (1937). Tests of the new cartridges are described. Compared with previously used al kali cartridges they show considerably increased absorption of carbon dioxide, a better utilization of oxygen and consequently a longer active life. Al though the temperature of the respired air is no higher than when the older cartridges are used, in spite of the greater efficiency of the new cartridges, the requirement of the industry for a reduction of 'this temperature has not been met. 244 FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN OXYGEN RESPIRATORS. Walter Lemcke. Gasmaske (German) 9, 107-9 (1937). This is a discussion of the function of the absorbent in a closed-cirouit ox ygen respirator and compares the properties of caustic soda and soda lime as a cartridge filling. Caustic soda performs satisfactorily but requires too much space. Ordinary soda lime utilizes the space more efficiently but is less affective as an absorbent and so saturates the air with moisture that the wearer is very uncomfortable. The Auer Co. in Germany has found a way to combine the advantages of these 2 absorbents and their new high-capacity car tridges have successfully passed their first practical tests. 245 "OX RESPIRATORS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CHLORINE. N.A, Poliakof. Gig. truda .Russian) No. 3, 41-6 (1937). The principle of the respirators devised by the author is the transformation of chlorine into hydrogen chloride by means of the reaetion between chlorine and potassium polysulfide on activated charcoal. They are intended to be worn in high o on centrations of chlorine, where the ordinary activated char coal respirator is insufficient. Two respirators of this type have been con structed, one for accidents and a smaller one for general use. HWBB-0009675 S_T| U--J 0 -3 References to Recent Literature - 17 246 LEAD DISEASES AMONG RIVETERS. Neumann. Arbeitsschutz (German) 292-4 (1937). The author has taken numerous samples of air in the vicinity of riveters, using Owens counters, including one with a capacity of 250 cc. instead of the usual 50 cc. Ke has also developed a method for qualitative and quantitative determin ation of lead on the cover glass on which the sample is obtained. His results vary widely, as does also the incidence of lead poisoning in different plants and locations. The author explains the differences by the varying amount of riveting done and the different number of riveters working in a given space. 247 EPILATING ACTION OF ETHYL GASOLINE. H.J.Templeton, G. Michael and J.K.Key. Arch. Dermatol, and Syphilol. 37, 35-42 (Jan. 1938). Loss of hair was the result of atomizing tetraethyl lead gasoline with a spray gun for 4 days. No symptoms of lead poisoning were discovered, and there was no thallium in the gasoline. Animal experiments showed that loss of hair occurs at the point of application when gasoline containing tetraethyl is applied, but not when pure gasoline or kerosene is used. 246 THE LEAD HAZARD IN MAKING BUSHINGS OF LEAD BRONZE. H.H.weber. Arbeitsschutz, 294-5 (1937) (German.) Lead bronze has come into use recently for coating steel bearings for high speed motors. It consists of one-third lead and two-thirds copper, heated to 1350. No lead poisoning was found in the plant where the alloy was made, and 0.016 microgram of lead was found per liter of air. Lead poisoning occurred in 2 other plants in vfcich centrifugal casting was employed, and in which the lead near the breathing level was found to be 1.9 and 0.55 micrograms, respectively, per liter of air. 249 THE HAD AND ARSENIC CONTENT OF CANADIAN DOMESTIC TOBACCOS. F.A.J.Zeidler arri V.'.J.T/agner. Can; Pub. Health J. 28_, 582-6 (Dec. 1937). Canadian tobaccos showed an average of 22 parts per million of lead, against 2.5 p.p.m. for oriental tobaccos. The arsenic content of the former is estimated to be about one-half the lead content. The authors conclude: "the lead and arsenic content of Canadian tobaccos is far in excess of that vhich would be tolerated in foods. In view of the possible ill effects from unlimited use of arsenate of lead on the tobacco plant, it seems logical that there should be government con trol of some kind, -whether through the development of less toxic sprays or throug) the establishing of a safe contamination tolerance." 250 NORMAL ARSENIC CONTENT OF HUMAN HAIR. J. fuehrer. Biochem. Ztschr. (German) 294, 401-6 (1937). In the hair of persons unexposed to arsenic, a colorimetric method showed 5 to 53 micrograms of arsenio'per 100 g. of hair. In persons with symptoms of ar senic poisoning, 245 to 1110 micrograms per 100 g. were found. 251 MERCURY VAPOR DETECTION. L.R.Biggs,"Construction Eng. Dept., General Electric Co. * Schenectady, K.Y. J. Ind. Hyg. & Toxicol. 20, 161-8 (Feb* 1938). Reprints probably obtainable frcm author. The development of the Emmett mercury vapor process for producing electrical power led to the necessity of a suitable sensitive detector for mercury vapor in the air. Various types of detector wre described and illustrated. Selenium sul fide coated paper turns black when exposed to mercury vapor, and several of the methods described depend upon that principle. Two types of photoelectric de tectors are also mentioned, depending upon the permeability of meroury vapor to ultraviolet light. The air for either test must be dust free, dry and cool, and a method of filtering, cooling ar.d drying is described. Hl/BB-0009676 G_n L--J $=3 S) References to Recent Literature - 18 252 TESTING MERCURY IN AIR BY POLEJAEV'S METHOD. G.A.Gorodezky. Gig. truda (Rus sian) No. 3, 82-3 (1937). The author has developed a modified method by which samples may be taken more quickly; 150 liters per hour as compared with 15 to 20 liters per hour by Fclejaev's original method. 253 INDUSTRIAL MERCURY POISONING. E, Holstein. Zbl. f. Gewerbehyg. 14, 249-58 (1S37). (German). This paper describes the mercury hazards ip. certain industries, the clinical symptoms of poisoning, therapy, and the necessary hygienic measures. In a plant constructed in 1934-35, the lessons of experience in older plants led to many modifications. A German scientist has developed a substitute for mercury in the carroting process. 254 CHRONIC .'3RCURIALISM IN THE HATTERS * FUR CUTTING INDUSTRY. Paul A. Neal and R. R. Jones. J.A.l'.A. 110, 337-42 (Jan. 23, 1937). The authors review their work which was presented fully in Public Health Bulletin 234 (our abstract 75). 255 HEALTH HAZARDS IN THE PLATING INDUSTRY. F.N.Carlson. Monthly Labor Rev., (Aug. 1937); Metal Ind. 35_, 610-3 (Dec. 1937.) The author briefly discusses the hazards of the plating industry, including skin irritation from alkaline spray, nnickel itch", chromic acid, lead and oyanide poisoning. Cleanliness, ventilation and use of respirators are advocated as remedies for all these hazards. Also the addition of beeswax or stearic acid to cleaning solutions is recommended. Resistance to "nickel iteh" is increased by the plentiful use of fruits in the diet. 7/earing rubber gloves greatly re duces the hazard involved in cyanide plating. The treatment of lead poisoning is discussed briefly. Silicosis also is briefly discussed. 256 TOXICITY 0? SELENIUM. V. TOXIC AND VESICANT PROPERTIES OF SELENIUM OXYCHLORIDE. H.C.Dudley. U.S.Pub. Health Rents. 53, 94-8 (Jan. 21, 1938). Obtainable from Supt. of Documents, Y/ashir.gton, D.C., for 5 cents, cash. Selenium oxychloride, used as a solvent and plasticizer, is a powerful chlor inating and oxidizing agent* Small quantities were painted on the clipped skin of rabbits, and 0.01 cc. or 7 mg. per kg. body weight, was found fatal. When mixed with anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, death did not result, but mod erately severe burns were produced. When 0.005 cc. of selenium oxychloride was dropped on the arm of a man a burn appeared almost immediately and required 30 days to heal. No harm resulted, however, when the ara was washed with water immediately after application. Quantities of the substaneee found in the blood and liver of treated animals are given. 257 PROTECTING THE WORKER AID NEIGHBORHOOD'IN THE PRODUCTION OF ZINC OXIDE IN THE ROLLING MILLS OF UPPER SILESIA. Kappe. Arbeit a*.chut*, 296-8 (1937)(German). The author describes an evaporation process by which zinc, with lead, cadmium and thallium associated with it, can be extracted from low grade zinc ore. The escape of these metals constitutes a hazard, and the author shows how the dan gers can be overcome by proper equipment. 258 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IK THE ELECTROLYSIS OF ZINC. A .A. 'Lexatunian and D.N. Finkelstein. Gig truda (Russian) No. 3, 35-40 (1937). On the basis of special investigations carried out in the electrolytical de partment of the zinc plant in Cheliabinsk, including air analysis and study of morbidity among workers, the authors point out that the greatest harm is done by the combined action of sulfuric aeid and zinc sulfate. These cause respira tory diseases and dental trouble. Prophylactic measures are suggested. From the authors' English susmary. HWBB-0009677 HHBB-0009678 References to Recent Literature - 19 259 THE DANGER OF OXYGEN. G. Pflesser. Arch. f. exper. Pathol, u, Fharmakol. 187, 472-8 (1937). (German). Vfhite mice, cats and dogs allowed to breathe as much pure oxygen as possible died within 2 to 4 days. Autopsy showed massive lung em physema, stasis of the organs, heart and vessels almost bloodless and the heart almost flaccid. The cause of death, tterefore, appeared to be weakness of the heart and circulation. 260 OXYGEN DEFICIENCY IN A 'CATER TANK. F.R.Holden. Nat. Safety News 37, 51, 7(7-1 (Feb. 1938). Three workmen collapsed on entering a tank 8 or 9 feet in diameter and 30 feet in length, for the purpose of cleaning out the residue from water that had been stored under pressure in the tank. The water had been forced out by the air pressure already in the tank which vras then reduced to atmospheric. The men were rescued soon. Two suffered headache and nausea but no permanent effect. On repetition of the same conditions at the next cleaning period, no carbon monoxide and 0*1^ oarbon dioxide were found, but the oxygen content varied from 5.4 to 10,4-%. Similar values were obtained on a later recheck. The lack of oxygen was evidently due to its selective solubility in the water. Life lines should be worn during work in such tanks, and outside air should be admitted during draining. 261 REPORT OF SUB-COMMITTEE OK CHEMICAL PROCEDURES IN AIR ANALYSIS. W.A.Cook, Chairman. A.F.H.A. Year Book, 83-4 (1937-38). As the first steps toward the publication of approved chemical methods of air analysis for organic and inorganic impurities, a questionnaire was sent to a number of laboratories believed to be conducting air analyses for industrial hygiene purposes. Including some state and municipal laboratories that will soon begin work, there will be a total of 54 available for conducting analyses as a part of occupational disease control. The next step will be the sub mission of a few methods for approval and subsequent publication. 262 CLINICAL Ai*D EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON GAS COAL DUST EXPLOSION INJURIES IN COAL MINES v;iTH A SHORT REPORT ON THE CLINICAL PICTURE OF THESE INJURIES. S. Ishinishi. Arch. f. klin. Chir. 190, 693-713 (l93*/)- (German). On the basis of animal experiments and observations on 252 workers, the author concludes that in these accidents the effects of high temperature and high air pressures on the respiratory tract are of greater significance than bums. The important factor of carbon monoxide poisoning is not given much considera tion. 263 ALLERGIC DISEASES IN RELATION TO OCCUPATION. May R. Mayers. Ind. Bull. 16, 503 (Dec. 1937); Ind. lied. 7, 109-10 (Feb. 1938). Obtainable from Div. o7" Hygiene, N.Y.State Dept. of~Labor. 80 Centre St, New York, N.Y. Allergy in general is first briefly discussed. In relation to occupation, if it can be shown that sensitization has occurred in the course of an occupation, and was actually due to substances with which the patient came in contact there, causal relation is established. The practice in cases of dermatitis venenata is to make patch tests with all suspected substances in order to de termine which one, if any, appears to be responsible. In asthma, other tests such as intradural or scratch tests are available. In many eases of asthma it can be shown that there is no possible relationship between the patient's asthma and his work. A difficult medical aspect of dermatitis is polyvalent sensitivity: that is, once a person has become sensitized to a given substance, he may then more readily than before become hypersensitive to other substances. In such cases, very careful study of the particular case is necessary in order to determine whether the allergic response is due to the person* work.  v=3 S_n Nj J References to Recent Literature - 20 From the standpoint of prevention, it is clear that allergic individuals who have become sensitized to certain substances should not go on working with them. There are exceptions in cases of dermatitis venenata, in which im munity is developed but most persons tend to become more sensitive if ex posure continues* 264 DETOXIFYING AND ANTIALLERGIC ACTION OF SODIUM THIOSULFATE (Na2S203- 5H20) H. 7/endt. Dtsch. med* `Vehnschr. 63, 1332-5 (1937). (German). The author attributes three effects to this chemical; "one apparently like that of phosphorus in statu nascendi", evidently that of a reducing agent, that of a chemical antidote and that of an antiallergic. The substance has proved useful in industrial eczema and also as a prophylactic in factory work. Ir. the literature are found reports on its detoxifying action in poisoning from carbon monoxide, cyanide, heavy metals and other substances. The author reports favorable results in the treatment of allergic skin dis eases, one of which was evidently of industrial origin* He recommends fur ther testing of the effectiveness of this substance. 265 ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS AND SECONDARY INFECTIONS. H. Kliewe and 'If. Hass. Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infect. 12C, 198-208 (1937). (German). Many artificial fertilizers, including calcium cyanamide and calcium nitrate, cause ski:: erosions, often in tbs form of a prolonged ulcerating process upon which secondary infections develop. It was shown tint pathogenic bacteria were absent arri that many fertilizers have a weak bactericidal action. The authors believe that infiltration of the calcium cyanamide or nitrate fol lowing a skin abrasion produces swelling, loosening and tissue damage, and the acid protection of the skin is also weakened by loss of serum. Thus the stage is set for the infiltration and growth of bacteria. 266 PULMONARY TUMORS IN MICE. V. FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY UPON SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED LUNG TUMORS. H.B.Andervont. U.S.Pub. Health Repts., 53, 232-7 (Feb. 11, 1938). Susceptibility to tumors caused by dibenzanthracene follows the laws of heredity, as far as can be established by the experiments. 267 THE PRODUCTION OF TUMORS IN MICE OF STRAINS CjH AND Y BY DIBENZANTHRACENE AND METKYLCHOLANTHBENE. H.B.Andervont. U.S.Pub. Health Repts. 53, 229-32, (Feb. 11, 1938). This paper, supplementary to the series on lung tumors, shows that one strain of mice (Y) is much more resistant to tumors than the other. 268 DOES TAR REQUIRE ULTRAVIOIET LIGHT TO HIODUCE SKIN CANCER? 0. Tueschlaender. Klin. Yichnschr. 16, 1284-5 (1937). (German.) Tfhite mice painted with tar developed cancer whether exposed to ultraviolet radiation or kept in the dark. 269 COMPRESSED AIR ILLNESS. C.W.Shilling. U.S.Naval Med. Bull. 36, 9-17 (Jan.1938). This is a very brief review of the subject in 2 sections, on history and cause respectively. A good bibliography is included. HMB8-0009679 HMBB-0009680 References to Recent Literature - 21 270 CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASE IV. INDUSTRY. V.'. Ehrhardt. Ztsch. f. aerztl. Fortblg. 34, 714-6 (1937). (German). Persons having cardiac and vascular diseases should not have work involving alcohol or dust. Vascular disease is caused by many industrial poisons, such as lead, phosphorus, arsenic, carbon disulfide and cyanides. 271 PHYSICAL THERAPY 12' RELATION TO IHD'JSTRIAL $DICi:iE. F.E.Xrueen. Minnesota Med. 21, 30-3 (Jan. 1938); Ind. Med. 7, 100-4 (Feb. 1938). Physical therapy is one of the means that can be used to get an injured worker back to normal, especially in the treatment of bone, joint, muscle, nerve or skin traumas. The useful forms of physical therapy include a reflecting lamp, paraffin bath, alternating hot and cold baths, short wave diathermy, massage and manipulation. In Aase of the patients' inability to resume his ordinary work, occupational therapy should be employed simultaneously with physical therapy. 'wC- L--J 0 ^3 -3 0 & >/HH8B-0809658