Document jyo6Xe92Nngj9mK6dxK5GZgk2

FILE NAME: Lone Star Industries (LS) DATE: 1937 Oct DOC#: LS002 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the National Safety Council 26th National Safety Congress ( 2 6 th National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium Copyright, 1937, Notional Safety CounciM ne. Foreword T WO TransactionWrf^thc Twentv-sixlh National Safety Congress, 1937, are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street and Highway Traffic, Commercial V e hicle and Transit Sections. All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mem bers, however, may obtain it upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume I ), $2 each; 11 copies or more, $1.75 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume II), 75 cents each. T HE Transactions are published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau o f Informa tion, where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which $re not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. Tt cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, In c . 20 North Wacker Drive C h ic a g o 38- 4 :ilf )|| Contents Council Officers and D irectors.............. 4 Council Purposes and P o licies...................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members.............. .................... .........., . . . . 11 Annual Banquet . ......................... . ........ . ...................................... 31 Subject Sessions-- After Work A c c id e n ts ................*..................................... 33 Agricultural S a fe ty ................................. 41 Community Safety Organization......... ............................. 51 Fire Prevention*...................................................................... 59 Health Service m Industry................................................... 71 Industrial D u s t s .................................. : .................................. 85 Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors................ 99 Industrial Safety Lectures................ . ............................. 109 Maintaining Interest in Safety......... *..................................141 Pressure Vessels ............................................. . ..................... 157 Safety Fundamentals .................................. 173 Safety Inspectors ................................................................... 183 Safety Training ............................................ 193 Safe Use of Acids.....................................................................201 Aeronautical S e c tio n ......................................... 211 A.S.S.E.--Engineering S e c tio n .................................................... 221 Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections......... 225 Cement and Quarry Sections.............. 249 Chemical Section ......................................................................... ..271 Construction S e c tio n ......................... 285 Food S e c tio n .....................................................................................307 Industrial N u r sin g .......................................................................... 323 Marine S e c tio n ................... 341 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section....... 371 Metals S e c tio n ................................................................................. 381 Mining S e c tio n ....... ........................... 401 Paper and Pulp S ectio n .............................................................. .429 Petroleum Section .................................................... 489 Power Press S ection ................................. 535 Public U tilities Section........... .......................................................537 Quarry S e c tio n ........... ..................................................................... 557 Refrigeration S e c tio n ................... .559 Rubber Section ..................... 577 Safety Equipment S e c t io n ......................................................... 581 Steam Railroad M eeting................................................ .587 Textile Section ............................................................................... 601 Wood Products Section................................................................. 611 In d e x ......................................................................; .........................621 National Safety Council, Inc HONORARY MEMBERS \ssociation of I kon and S teel E ngineers Robert W. Campbell Lew R. P almer OFFICERS (1937-1938) I). D. Fennell, President C. W. Dempesy, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer H arry Guilbert, Vice-President for Membership F rank H. H arrison, Vice-President for Industrial Safety H on. H arou) G. H offman, Vice-President for Public Safety W alter S. P aine, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Rohweder, Vice-President for Local Safety Councils A. W. W hitney, Vice-President for Education W, H. Cameron, Secretary and Managing Director EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( 1937-1938 H, W. Anderson, General Motors Corporation J. I. Banash, Past President C. W. Bergquist, Past President H enry W. Boor,ess, Petroleum Section C. B. Boulet, ASSE-Engineering Section H. W . Boulton, Automotive and Machine Shop Section H arold S. Buttenhfjm, The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbell, Past President Robert L Catlin, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company R. A, Chaffin, Metals Section L ewis A, Df.Blois, Past President C. W. D empesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corporation Marcus A. I)ow, Past President D. D, F ennfxl, Consulting Engineer J ohn B. Gibson, Western Electric Company H arry Guilbert, The Pullman Company F rank H. H arrison, International Harvester Company P. L, G. H asskarl, Lehigh Valley Safety Council H on. H arold G. H offman, Governor, State of New Jersey S. B. H orrell, Food Section W aiter G. K ino, Past President 4 O FFIC ER S A N D D IR ECTO R S, Continued Wm. C. K noklk, Milwaukee Safety Commission J ohn K. Long, Past President Tims. H. M acDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture W alter B. M artin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council I. W. M illard, industrial Gloves Company H arold L. M iner, E. I, du Pont de Nemours & Co, P rof. Roger L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traffic Section K. J. O'Brien, J r,, I^ouisville Safety Council W alter S. P aii^e, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R, P almer, Past President C E. P f.ttibonk. Past President Albert S. R kgula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt, Col. H enry A, R eninger, Past President A. V. Rohwedkr, Duluth, Missahe & Iron Range Railway Co. George E, S anford, General Electric Co. Charles B. S cott, Past President Gen, J ohn H. S herburne, Massachusetts Safety Council J udge L ee E, S keel, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Company (hid.) W alter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. S olensten, Elliott Service Company C. i \ T olman, Past President George G. T raver, Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. Dr. C. H. W atson, Past President A. W . W hitney, National Conservation Bureau T. A. W ilson, Textile Section W. E. W orth, International Harvester Co. Arthur H. Y oung, Past President DIRECTORS ( 1937- 1938) George J. A dams, Paper and Pulp Section H. W. A nderson, General Motors Corp. A. L. A rmstrong, Eastman Kodak Company IT. H. Bailey. Chattanooga Safety Council J. I. Banasii, Consulting Engineer Carl Barker, St. Louis Safety Council G. J. Barrett, Mining Section E rnest W. B eck, United States Rubber Products, Inc. C. W. Bf.rgquist, Western Electric Co, K. E Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. H enry W, Boggess, Petroleum Section H. K. Bolt, South Bend Civic Safety Council 5 O FFICERS A N D D IRECTO RS, Continued C B. Boulkt, ASSE-Engineering Section H. W, Boulton, Automotive & Machine Shop Section F. S, Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Co. W. A. Brown, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce W. T. Buckeridce, Employees' Publication Section S. W. Burchiel, Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rhode Island H arold S. Buttf.nhf.im, The American City Magazine B. J. Callaghan, Contra Costa County Safety Council W. H . Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Ray Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Robert I. Catun, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Kenneth B. Coi.man, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council J. E. Culunf.y, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. D kBloir, Consulting Engineer J ay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council G W . Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corp. J ames B, D ouglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. L ouis I. Dublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. O. M. E dwards, J r., Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber o f Commerce W. P. E lstun, Public Utilities Section D. D. F ennell, Consulting Engineer D. L. F ennf.ll, Kansas City Safety Council Donald A. Finkbeiner, Toledo Safety Council Dr. H art E. Fisiif.r, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chester C, F isk, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission H oward B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Alexander Foster, J r., Quarry Section J ohn B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. H oward F. Gilbert, Elizabeth Safety Council Onto M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. H arry Guilbert, The Pullman Co. Isaiah H ale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. C. H. H arper, Refrigeration Section D. T. H arrington, IJ. S. Bureau of Mines F rank H. H arrison, International Harvester Co. P. L. G. H asskari., Lehigh Valley Safety Council R. C. H aven, Commercial Vehicle Section G. T, H ellmuth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee RR. Co. Chas. E. H im., New York Central Lines Hon. H arold G. H offman, Governor, State of New Jersey E. C H olden, J r., Marine Section 6 O FFICER S A N D D IR EC TO R S, Continued E verett Homiv Madison County Safety Council S. B. H orrku., Fowl Section H. G H owsam, Power Press Section F red B, H unt, Cement Section Major N orman A. I mrik, Columbus Safety Council R. D. J ewett, Springfield Safety Council T homas P. K earns, Industrial Commission of Ohio T hos, L. K elley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. K errigan, Rjibber Section W m. C. K noelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm. S. K nudsen, Detroit Industrial Safety Council C L. L aF ountaine, Great Northern Railway Co, Millard C. L efler, Child Education Section Barney L evy, J r., Rochester Safety Council A. A ugustus Low, Brooklyn Safety Council T hos. H. M acDonald, U. S. Department o f Agriculture W alter B. M artin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W , M atson, Minnesota Safety Council R. A. McA rthur, Transit Section Miller M cCuntock, Harvard University I. W. M illard, Industrial (.loves Co. J ames K. M iller, Grand Rapids Safety Council / H arold L. M iner, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co. R. B. Morley, Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. P rof. Roger L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traffic Section E rnest M urphy, Albany Safety Council E. J , O 'B rien, J r., Louisville Safety Council George C. A. O ff, The Detroit Edison Co. W alter S. P aine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. P almer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U . S. David A. P atton, Newark Safety Council M rs. G. M. P elton, Evanston Safety Council Charles W. P endock, Safety Div. Milwaukee Association of Com merce C. E. P ettibone, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen, George B. P illsbury, United States Engineer Office Arthur P otterton, Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. C ol. H enry A . R eninger, L eh ig h Portland Cement Co. Bestor Robinson, East bay Safety Council A. V. RoHWEDERf Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry. Co. W alter R osenbaum, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co. 7 O FFIC ER S A N D D IR ECTO R S, Continued H enry G, Schaffner, Eric Safety Council K ami. G. S choeffler, Rahway Safety Council H arry A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. H, K. S eely, Wood Products Section E arl S. S hartzer, Utica Safety Council Gf.n. J ohn H. S herburne, Massachusetts Safety Council I )r. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. E rnest L, Simonds, New Haven Safety Council A. E. S inclair, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section J udge L ee E. Skeel, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Company (Im l) E dwin C. Smith, Blackstone Valley Safety Council W alter Dent S mith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. S now, Construction Section R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Co. E. C. S pring, Lansdale, Pa. G eorge R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber o f Commerce J ohn S tilwell, Greater New York Safety Council A rthur M. T ode, Consulting Marine Engineer George G, T raver, Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. M ajor R. D. T rimble, Richmond Safety Council Frank E, Vitz, Superior Safety Council Dk. C H. W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co, H arry M. W ebber, Wilmette, 111. D r. David E. W egi.ein, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W . W hitney, National Conservation Bureau H oward R. W hitney', Worcester Safety Council T. A. W ilson, Textile Section W. H. W inans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. F. B. W inslow, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. E. W orth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Z auft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce G. L. Z wick, St. Joseph Safety Council X Council Purposes and Policies The conservation of human life is the basic purpose of the National Safety Council. The Council works toward this end through a continuous campaign of accident prevention that is nation-wide in scope, ap plies to all types of hazardous activity, and dirfcctly or indirectly reaches the entire popu lation. * Recognizing that improvement, of health conditions and the prevention of vocational diseases in industry arc closely allied with accident prevention, the Council is also ac tive in these fields. The National Safety Council is a non profit, non-sectarian, non-political organiza tion. It has approximately 5,000 members, repre senting every state in the Union and many of the Canadian provinces. There are about 400 foreign members. Included in the mem bership are industrial corporations, firms, individuals, public officials, schools, cham bers of commerce, clubs and civic organiza tions. About 70 per cent are industrial con cerns, including the large steel companies, the oil companies, most of the railroads in the United States, the automotive industry, and others of outstanding imjjortancc. Origin and Growth Tlie history of the Council begins with tlie first cooperative Safety Congress held under the auspices of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in Mil waukee in 1912. As an aftermath of this Congress the National Safety Council was organized in New York in 1913 with 14 members. During the first year the mem bership increased to 971. These safety pioneers based their pro gram on the assumption that accidents arc unnecessary and avoidable, They began to develop the principles and the materials to make accident prevention possible. The continuous growth of the Council and expansion of its activities attest the sound ness of these principles. Every field in which a coordinated program has been applied of fers striking examples of the possibilities of accident reduction. Results of Organized Safety Since the National Safety Council was organized in 1913, the national accident death rate in all fields except motor vehi cle has been reduced 30 per cent. Ilecause the traffic field does not offer the possibilities of control that are found in the industrial field, the motor vehicle accident problem continues to he a serious one. While there was a slight decline in fatalities in 1932--the first decrease that had occurred since the advent of the automobile--increases have occurred in succeeding years, with an all time high in 1936. Better-than-average results in motor vehi cle safety have been achieved among school children, in commercial vehicle fleets, in states with properly administered drivers' license laws, and in cities with an effective community safety organization. These cases indicate that the national problem can be solved by a careful study and application of the methods which have already produced results. The National Safety Council was started as an industrial safety organization. The results of safety work in this field have often been phenomenal. For example, the steam railroads have re duced the accident rate among employees 74 per cent since 1923. A group of the largest steel industries has cut its accidents 90 per cent since 1913. It is not uncommon for an industrial establishment to complete an en tire year without a single disabling injury among its employees. In the face of such reductions the psychol ogy of accidents is changing. Accidents are becoming out of date both from the view point of the employer and the employee. They arc being recognized as a reflection on the efficiency of the plant. Looking Ahead The universal character of the safety problem makes it natural that the idea which 9 10 smiy-sixth Xational Safety Congress ha* been fostered in the United States should reach into other countries of the world. Organizations similar in purpose and activity to the National Safety Council have been formed in many countries. Council post ers have been widely copied for foreign use, and several National Safety Council publications have been translated into other tongues. The National Safety Council is still young, but it has made amazing progress during its short lifetime. These achieve ments offer inspiration and incentive for continuing its humanitarian efforts. * * * Objectives The purposes and policies of the National Safety Council are not always understood by those who are not in close touch with the Councirs work. As a concise presenta tion of the Councirs objectives, the follow ing has been approved by the Executive Committee as an official statement of policy: 'The National Safety Council's objective is the elimination of accidents to men, women and children, as being deplorable, unnecessary and wasteful. It seeks mem berships, cooperation and contacts to insure that its services may provide for instrumenalities and finances to accomplish this ob jective. Through education it seeks to demon strate that the safe way is the right way and the best way, from the standpoint not only of human satisfaction hut of social effi ciency and economy. It seeks those ways and means for safety that satisfactorily fit into the practical affairs of life. "Its financial policy is to return in service all moneys received, so operating without profit, and to undertake only those activi ties which can be assured of reasonable permanence. Much of its administrative personnel consists of volunteer workers. "The National Safety Council holds itself open to give fullest and most cordial coop eration to all individuals, industries, or ganizations, communities, states and nations that are in accord with the principles and objectives of the organization, and the Na tional Safety Council likewise asks and seeks cooperation from all these in carrying out its purposes." Annual Meeting of Members M ONDAY MORNING SESSIO N O ctober 11, 1937 The Annual Meeting of Members of the National Safety Council at the Twentysixth National Safety Congress, assembling in Kansas City, Mo., was called to .order by Dr. C. H. Watson, President, who pre sided. The invocation was delivered by the Rev. Walter H. North, Pastor, the Country Club Congregational Church of Kansas City. The secretary reported that a quorum of members entitled to vote was present in person or by proxy, and the formal roll call was dispensed with. The chairman then introduced D. L. Fen nell, President of the Kansas City Safety Council, who welcomed the delegates in behalf of the Kansas City Congress Com mittee. Address of Welcome for Kansas City Safety Council By D. L. FENNELL President, Kansas City Safety Council The Kansas City Safety Council in the Heart of America, welcomes you. This is a welcome in which every phase of Kansas City's varied interests sincerely joins. Our schools, churches, women's organiza tions, civic clubs, fraternal societies--in fact, I feel I can speak for every citizen of this community---bid you welcome, because we realize that the ideals of the National Safety Council tend to make a happier life for all of us. The Kansas City Safety Council, in wel coming you this morning, is realizing a hope of which we have long dreamed, and wishes to express appreciation to you for bringing your twenty-sixth Congress here, not because it is merely another large Convention, but because it presents a splendid opportunity for Kansas City and this Mid-West area to learn from the assembled delegates things that will make possible better safety records. We are aware that the eyes, ears and minds of the entire nation are focused upon this Congress in Kansas City, with prayers for the success of its accident prevention pro gram. Our Country wants this Congress to succeed in its purpose. Why? Because America today realizes, as never before, the terrible significance of its huge accident losses. Because America knows today, as it has never known before, that its homes and its dear ones are threatened with their very lives. This wonderful Safety Congress has the power, organization and unity to accomplish great things. The American people expect and have the right to expect that from this Congress will come a program adequate for their protection against death and tragedy by accidents. Kansas City, on the evening of October 6, completed a year in which we had no fatali ties to children 15 years of age and under, from motor vehicle accidents. This is a record of which we are extremely proud. The record as to motor vehicle fatalities to persons above this age is not such as we desire, hut our record for 1937 shows an improvement in this respect over the same period for 1936. With all public officials and civic organi zations cooperating with the Kansas City Safety Council, wc have made plans to the best of our ability to see that your visit with us is an enjoyable one. 11 ) Industrial Dusts W E D N E SD A Y MORNING SESSIO N October 13, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Chairman A. S. Regula, Executive Secretary, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York City, and Vice-President for Engineering, National Safety Council, who introdticed the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Arc Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not so exposed. The number of persons ex posed in dusty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion, by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neces sarily arbitrary, since the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, and the chief differentiation is based on the size ol the particles. Investigations by the Pub lic Health Service in dusty industries* re pealed that about 70 per cent of the dust particles examined were between 1 and 3 microns in size, only about 20 per cent were less than 1 micron, and the median size was U microns. Industrial dusts are mainly less than 10 microns in size. However, fibrous dusts in the air, such as asbestos, have been found to contain particles as large as 200DOmircons in the greatest diameter. While, generally speaking, according to Collis, dusts are more injurious as their chemical composition differs from that of the human body, or from the elements of which the body is normally composed,* it is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition for toxic dusts. Sollmann,* after analysis of various definitions for poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such: 11A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Gm.) internally." Some dusts are known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son, whether it is caustic in reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc in turn affected/ It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate from respiratory diseases; while me tallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds, 85 86 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress have been associated with general systemic poisoning.* Dusts may he swallowed with saliva, water, or food, and direct poisoning has l>een traced to absorption by this method; other dusts may act as irritants and produce affections of the skin, irritate mu cous membranes of nose, eyes and throat, often causing inflammatory diseases of these organs.* Some inorganic dusts are able to pene trate the deep lung tissues and arc sufficiently insoluble to be retained there. Some of these may be active in the human tissues, causing definite and permanent in jury, while others arc inert and may he retained for years, apparently without seri ous damage; some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.1 All inhaled particles are soluble, at least to a small extent. If harmless, cell activity is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the dust. If the solute is toxic, the viability of the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective accumulation results. At the same time, further solute may diffuse into neighboring tissues, setting up an irritation and subse quent fibrosis. The nature as well as the solubility of the solute is an important fac tor, hut of two substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble form causes the greater damage. However, sub stances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.* Kettle has stated that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion or a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities of a harm less dust are inhaled, some of it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, hut such fibrosis is never sufficient to inter fere with the function of the lung.* Some writers state that while the influ ence of nonpoisonous dusts on health is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronchitis and pneumonia are sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to nontoxic dusts. Large amounts of dust are occasionally found in supposedly normal lungs, at autopsy* According to Drinker, there are four dif ferent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation of dust* The first and most important are the pneumoconioses, such as silicosis and ashestosis, which cause specific, lung pathology and often arc followed by pulmonary tuberculosis. The second type of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like lead, cadmium, and radium. A third type of mal ady follows the inhalation of finely divided metallic fume particles such as zinc oxide, and is known as metal fume fever. The fourtli reaction, allergic in character, is caused by breathing organic dusts such as pollen and certain types of pulverized wood and flour. In all four cases the sole cause of the disability may be dust inhalation, hut the reactions from toxic dusts result from swallowing as well as from inhalation.1* For various reasons it is difficult to set up an absolute classification for dusts, j Opinion is rapidly changing regarding so- j called inert or harmless dusts and further j investigation may prove some of them to he i injurious. Some dusts may have lioth a j toxic and an irritant action; while on the I other hand, the poisoning resulting from ex posure to a dust may he the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into the body. However, the following classification of dusts, according to physical character istics and physiological effect, is used for convenience. I. Organic Dusts Organic dusts arc those which contain carbon, and were originally supposed to come from organized substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dusts come tinder this classification, and are thought to be of the same order of size as industrial dusts, with which they are fre quently associated. Bacteria arc usually be tween 0.5 and 3 microns, except in a few cases, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges from l to 1,25 micron in breadth and 4.5 to 10 qiicrons in length and 10 or 12 microns in diameter. However, it is possi ble that the larger and heavier varieties like the larger and heavier dust particles settle due to gravity, and do not remain suspended in the air. Many thousands of organic substances carbon-containing, are made synthetically by chemical processes such as dyestuffs explosives, cjc. 1. N O NLIVING ORGANIC DUSTS. M the name implies, these arc comprised of nonviable particles, which may or may not lie inherently toxic or irritant, hilt which nevertheless produce untoward effects in the human organism. "Allergic* dusts, or thof to which only certain persons arc or may I mi ustrial Dusts 87 become hypersensitive, with resulting dust, or powder form of the preparation, ex ,asthma, rhinitis, or other disturbances, are erting a direct irritating effect on the skin.1* included in this classification. Dermatitis due to other vegetable dusts a. Toxic and/or Irritant Toxic or irritant such as vanilla, powdered arnica, pyredusts are all organic dusts which produce thrum, etc., have been reported." untoward symptoms, either systemic or Dental lesions, of occupational origin, local. Those producing local symptoms are have been reported among workers in sugar. usually described as irritant; those produc The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is clas ing general or systemic symptoms are sified as purely mechanical, with later- termed toxic. A dust may be. both toxic and developing caries. Digestive disorders, irritant. respiratory conditions, and cutaneous con In reported cases of injury or death fol ditions (especially of the face) were also lowing inhalation of dust from organic com found.11 pounds, among the chief offenders are t>aramtraniline, the dinitrobenzcncs, chloro,dinitrobenzenes, trinitrophenol, and nitro- Dock workers, transporters of grain, workers in grain and flour mills, etc. are exposed to (lusts during their work. Dusts naphthalene. Eye damage due to inflamma from cereals may contain many impurities, tion of the cornea has occurred among which may cause an irritating action on the workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The respiratory passages, as well as inflamma dust from paraphenylene diamine derivatives tion of the skin. Digestive disturbances, is particularly irritating and dangerous, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and causing not only a severe form of derma conjunctivitis have been observed among titis where the dust comes in contact with millers, and have been attributed to the dusts the skin, but also producing acute infiamma- to which such workers are exposed.11 .tion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages.4 Toxic dusts may be generated during the handling of powdered dyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, .particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles are disseminated in all di rections.11 Coal tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. b. Allergic. Many apparently innocuous substances may produce reactions in per sons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term "allergy" is used to describe this con dition of hypersensitiveness or susceptibility, and allergic phenomena most frequently manifest themselves in skin reactions. How ever, they may cause acute reactions else Cases of amblyopia have been reported where in the body. When the respiratory from exposure to inhalation of tobacco tract is involved we have such well known dust.1* It has been found that inhaled to diseases as hay fever or asthma. These bacco dust exerts a nicotine action on the diseases may develop as a result of hyper organism fifteen times greater than that sensitiveness to such substances as pollens produced by the same quantity of smoked . from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, furs, tobacco with an equal nicotine content.1* feathers, etc. Severe dermatitis is experienced by many workers handling powder cpntaining T.N.T., which is used in making high explosives. Picric acid, which is also used for this pur pose, requires drying, and in this latter state has been found to produce a dermatitis. Picric acid is also the oldest synthetic or ganic dyestuff." Dermatitis occurs among Handlers of silk with varying frequency. Sails determined that a rash occurring among workers in a silk factory was due to For instance, furriers, workers in clothing industries who are exposed to wool dust, etc., may suffer from hay fever or asthma.1* It is unnecessary for the offending dust to reach the depths of the lungs--giant pollens for example are reported to produce their effect after being caught in the upper res piratory passages. Should such an offending substance be finely ground it could reach the alveoli and as a result probably all physiologic reactions would be accelerated.* dust from silk cocoons imported from In a survey of a plant where resin is Africa.1* mixed, ground, and molded, it was found Persons engaged in the manufacture of that 80 per cent of the occupational derma quinine and quinine preparations suffer from titis there was clue to hypersensitivity to dun phenomena, which occur for the most hexamethylenetetramine and formaldehyde part on exposed parts of the Ixwly, and contained in the dust to which the workers may he caused by ingestion or by quinine were exposed.*1 During the first processes m \ Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress of cotton spinning, cotton-strippers are ex posed to dust arising from cotton husks and debris, which produces a typical form of asthma.1 Ordinary wood dust has been of interest due to its purely mechanical action, but still greater care is required in handling certain kinds, especially woods coming from abroad, because of the essential oils impreg nating them, which when freed in the dust may affect the health of the workers con cerned, Some of the woods capable of causing skin lesions are Brazil wood, satin- trichum dermatodcs), which is scattered when the bark is stripped off. This powder is irritating to the skin and mucous mem branes. Mycelia and spores of moulds are commonly found to cause rashes: for in stance, the black powder coming from macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basketmakers, the mycelium and spores, in the form of a white mould (hyphomycete) from the rhattan canes used, get shaken out when the canes are split, hammered, and cut, causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight.* wood, teakwood, cumaru or tonka wood, A form of asthma or spasmodic cough, black ebony wood, West Indian mahogany, suffered by cotton weavers and known as Japanese tagayasan, coccoloba, chestnutwood, aspergillosis, has been considered due to in olivewood, California sequoia, etc. All per halation of spores of a mildew which some sons who handle these woods are not in times occurs on the threads* In a study jured, only those particularly susceptible to of silicosis among miners, made by the the substances they contain becoming Public Health Service, a number of cases affected* of typical miliary calcification were en countered. Unstained smears of those cases 2. LIVING ORGANIC DUSTS. These examined were positive for fungus, two contain particles capable of exhibiting the types of Aspergillus fungi being identified. phenomena of life1 (especially the property All of the subjects but one were farmers, of reproduction or multiplication), such as teamsters, feedmill workers, or residents of bacteria and fungi. They are usually found small agricultural towns where grain is in low concentrations and are associated marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi in with nonliving dusts in the air. threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling a. Bacteria. One of Ihe most important various small grains * among these is the anthrax bacillus, which Some other fungus diseases such as actino is contained in the dust from skins, furs, mycosis and blastomycosis are associated wool, and animal hair, horns, hoofs, bones, with occupational exposure to dust. The etc. This disease may occur in two forms: former occurs among workers handling cutaneous (in which the organism affects straw, hay, grass, vegetable debris contami the skin), and pulmonary (when it is inhaled, nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is as in the form of anthrax known as wool- likely to affect people engaged in commercial sorters' disease)." handling, storing, and cleansing of grain Cases of tetanus, reported in connection (grain distilleries, flour mills, grain crush with jute manufacture, were traced to the ing, breweries, and malting houses, etc.).M raw material, the bacillus having been found in the factory dust.11 Diphtheria, tubercu II. Inorganic Dusts losis, smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillusproduced diseases, may result from exposure to infected dusts. Inorganic compounds are oi mineral origin, not requiring a living organism to produce them.* A number of dusts not Bacterial sensitization can be the cause of usually classed as toxic may, under some any of the allergic diseases, namely, asthma, conditions, produce untoward effects on the perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic human organism. Classified under inorganic Vdema, eczema, or migraine headaches.* are toxic and/or irritant, fibrosis-produc b. Fungi, Dusts containing the mycelia ing, and nonfibrosis-pioducing dusts. and spores of parasitic fungi give rise to a. Toxic and/or Irritant. Toxic dusts are annoyance and discomfort. "Maltster's" itch those which are inherently toxic when in from the dust alone has been reported. In haled, ingested, or otherwise absorbed. Provence, reeds used for ceilings are stacked Among those which produce systemic poi while still wet and undergo fermentation; soning, some of which are also irritant, are they become covered with a white powder the dusts from heavy metals and their salts, (a dry fungus of the Mucor family: Sporo- such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, industrial Dusts 89 ) zinc, etc. Irritant dusts arc injurious by reason of their strong irritative or corro sive* properties. As a rule, inhaled irritant substances im mediately cause a reaction in the upper respiratory tract of such severity that they are prevented from reaching the lungs, al though they may cause lung damage by extension of inflammation if the mucous membrane is corroded.1Limp, calcium oxide, and the di-chromates are examples of irri tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess both toxic and irritant properties, and the poisoning produced may be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into 'the body. Of the directly poisonous dusts, the most widely prevalent are those of certain lead compounds, particularly the oxide, carbon ate and the chromate. The dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice* According to Fairhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.4 In a study made by the U. S. Public Health Service it was found that continuous daily exposure to concentrations of chromic acid mist greater than l milligram in 10 cubic meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues* It is believed that a similar concentration of the dust would be equally toxic. In the case of poisoning from some heavy metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. For instance, investigations have shown the safe limit of total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air, except for prolonged exposure.** In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that the incidence of chronic rnprcurialism in creases rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, after such concentration ex ceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters.** Alkalis and metallic oxides are common causes of dermatoses. Lye, potash and lime are known to cause irritation to plas terers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, stonecutters, modellers, and metal platers.1* Ulceration and perforation of the nasal sep tum occur among workers exposed to the dust of soda ash; systemic poisoning also occurs from inhalation of calcium cyanimide dust.M Cases of dermatitis, scleroderma and can cer are reported to have been caused by exposure to dust of arsenic compounds* Certain aluminum salts are skin irritants and aluminum dusts may contribute to the infection of skin and mucous membranes, through mechanical action,** b. Fibrosis-Producing Dusts. The most important of these are the inorganic, slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes in the lung tissues, some of which are seri ous, and some of which cause little or no disability.1 So far as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate degree of fibrosis of the lung. Moreover, there seems to be no evidence that any other constituent of ordinary dusts can influence so unfavora bly a pulmonary infection* Although other dusts, when inhaled in sufficient concentrations over a long period of time, have been shown capable of pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis, nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated only with the inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust may bear a definite relationship to the in jurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The greater majority of par ticles found upon microscopic examination of the lung fall within the limits of from 1 to 3 microns.** Examples of siliceous dusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. In a recent study among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to dust (which contained silica) and the evidence of constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of the dust in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure and the extent of pulmonary changes.** When the inhaled dust consists of silica combined with bases, silicates, some degree of change in the pulmonary tissue may result. In this respect asbestos dust seems to he unique among silicates in the prevalence and se verity of the disease it causes.** The chief distinction between silicosis and conditions due to simple reactions caused hv other dusts is the active proliferative <K) ( ''wiity-sixth Xational Safety Congress f reaction in the tissues which results in Dust may be entrapped at its source by progressive nodulation. Silicosis, when once suction devices and thus removed and col established, strongly predisposes the lungs lected, Familiar examples are exhaust hoods to infection, especially with the tubercle in grinding operations, and the devices used bacillus. Chronic interstitial pneumonia, in rock drilling. chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are fre quent complications of advanced degrees of silicosis. Generally speaking, the exhaust ventila tion method, where applicable, is to be pre ferred in controlling a dust hazard. Water The relation of the acute respiratory in may be used to entrap dust and prevent its fections to the reaction due to dusts other dispersal, and under certain circumstances than free silica has never been established, it may be of advantage to combine the use though a heightened incidence lias often of water and the use of suction. Sometimes been shown statistically in workers in dusty a dusty process can he completely enclosed trades. It is fairly certain that a dust dam in a sealed room or compartment. It must aged lung, whatever the cause, fares much be remembered, however, that any mechani worse if an acute infection does supervene cal device of this kind offers adequate pro upon it,T tection only if it is properly designed, in a study conducted by the IT. S. Public installed, and maintained. Health Service among marble finishers in Vermont, it was found that marble dust when inhaled in the concentrations found in the examined plants produced a mild, bi lateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, but no serious lung changes were noted and there was no disability due to the dust, even after years of exposure.** A great deal of attention has been given the subject of individual protection from dust, and there are many types of respira tory protective devices now available. These are generally of two types: those which provide fresh air from an uncontaminated source and those which rely upon a filtering medium for removing dust from the air c, Nonfibrosis-Producing Dusts, These bisreiantdhiecda.tedW, ohnelrye otnhee oufsethoef tyspuecsh aappdreovviecde atirsesuienertto, thbeat pisr,odthuecyedd, o bnuott cmaauyse lfieibcroomues by the U. S, Hureau of Mines should be encapsulated or lie free in the tissues; or uressepdi.raAtosrsa, rourleo, thitermasuychbepsraoitdectthivaet mdeavsikcse, tfhiberyouasretisasbuseo. rbIendcluwdiethdouatmopnrgoduthcteimon aoref should be used only where exposure to the aiundum, coal, corundum, emery, limestone, sdoumste iusnuisnutaelrmciotntednittioanndmabkreisefa, mororewhaedree smuamg)n,esaintde, pmolaisrhbleer,'s prolausgtee.r of paris (gyp quate dust control impracticable." Dust Control Where bacteria or other living dusts in . the air are associated with a process, steri- : Engineering and medical control arc the two most important factors in combating the industrial dust hazard, and arc to a large extent complementary. lization methods such as increased tempera- j ture, ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, may be of use. Pasteurization temperature (about 140 F.) will kill most organisms Engineering Control. As Lanza** has stated in a recent paper, "it is a basic principle in dealing with a dust hazard that the dust should be attacked at its point of origin and thus prevented from being dis seminated into the atmosphere." After the dust has been spread throughout the air it is difficult to deal with it, and reliance must lie placed on individual protection, which is never wholly satisfactory. Lanza further cites various methods used in controlling dust. These will lie reviewed except those hearing spores. Steam disin fection is used for horsehair, and proves to be practicable if the temperature does not j exceed 230 F. Wool fibres, however, lose j their elasticity b y steam disinfection, and j the "Duckering" process now used in Eng- j land includes soaking of the wool in a form- j aldehyde solution, and drying in a current of air at a temperature of 160 F.1* There \ are few occupations in which there would he a sufficient concentration of dead bac- ! teria to cause untoward effects in man. but briefly, since a paper dealing with the In the case of dusts producing external ' subject of dust control in detail, will follow irritation, auxiliary protective measures may j on this program. include the use of protective clothing, Industrial Dusts loves, goggles ami apron*; as well as pro tective salves, ointments, or other com pounds to delay or diminish the irritant action. General rules for hygiene and good housekeeping should also be observed. Medical Control. Equally important, and closely interrelated with the engineering phase, is medical control of occupational hazards. In addition to directing the proper placement of new workers, and guarding the health of all employees, medical control is check on the efficacy of the engineering control methods already instituted, or a measure of the need for new protective de vices,. It has been stated that "Industry has found that the best way to treat industrial injuries and illness is to prevent them,"" and medical control, through preemploy ment and periodic physical examinations, is one of the most important factors in such prevention. The preemployment examination is made to determine the employee's physical and mental fitness for work. It serves to dis close the presence of any contagious dis ease, reveals any minor physical defects which might later become serious, or whether the examinee's condition precludes his em ployment in certain or in all types of work. It should be remembered that such preem ployment examinations are not to be made lor the purpose of eliminating an employee, but rather for allocating him to the type of work for which he is physically suited. A worker should be given employment unless totally unfit, or unless his disability, even though slight, would cause him to be a haz ard to himself or his associates. Further more, the practice of preemployment examinations should be extended to include executives and officials of industrial organintions. "The purpose of periodic physical examinations is to secure and maintain physical fitness and thereby lengthen work pans."* Reexamination of employees some times results in the discovery of defects and disabilities which were not observed at the time of employment. In such cases, an oc cupational adjustment should be made to provide continued employment, but remove therisk of permanent injury. Reexamination of employees is required b law in certain occupations in which the handling of poisonous or otherwise deleteri ous substances may result in the contraction of disease.11 Since some occupational dis eases tend to clear up and recur, records of previous occupations should be included in the physical examinations. The frequency of examinations should be determined by the medical director, unless otherwise speci fied by law. Those exposed to known occu pational disease hazards may have weekly or monthly examinations.** "It should always be kept in mind that the basic principle of physical examinations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow the physical examination to be merely a weeding out process."* References Bloomfield, J. J. and DallaValle, J. M. "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 217, April, 1935. Collis, Edgar L, " Industrial Pneumoconioses, with special reference to Dust Phthisis/' Milroy Lectures, 1915. H. M.S.O., London. Soilman, Torald. " A Manual of Pharma* cology," W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia, 1932. Fairball, Lawrence T. "Toxic Dusts and Fume/' Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi cology, November, 1936. Bloomfield, J. J. ' `The Sampling and Analysis o f Industrial Dusts/' American Public Health Asso ciation, Yearbook, 1935-36. Gibbs, W. E. " Dust Hazard in Industry." Ernest Bennt Ltd. London, 1925. 1 Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. "Sili cosis and Allied Disorders." Medical Series, Bulle tin No. 1. Pittsburgh. Pa. April 15,1936. Kettle, E. H. ''The Action of Harmful Dusts." , Inst, of Mining and Metallurgy, London, June 14, 1 1934, i " Dusts, Fumes, and Smokes/' Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. * Drinker, Philip. " Causation of Pneumoconi osis." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi* cology. October, 1936. n " Dyeing." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. Legge, Sir Thomas. ' `Industrial Maladies." Oxford University Press, London, 1934. 'Burstein, A. "Nicotine Action from Inhaled Tobacco Dust," Journal of Industrial Hygiene, De cember, 1927, w White, R, Prosser. " The Dermatergoses, or Occupational Affections of the Skin." II. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., London, 1934. 9 Schwartz, Louts. " Skin Hazards in American Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 215, October, 1934. MDowning, J. G. "Industrial Dermatoses: Treat ment and I^egaf Aspects: Review of Recent Litera ture," Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, July, 1935. ,T"Occupational Lesions in Workers in Sugar." Belgium Letter, Journal of American Medical Asso ciation, Sent, 10, 1927. Abst. Journal of Industrial Hygiene, February, 1928. **" Flour Mills. Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. 'Mayers, May R. " Susceptibility to Dermatitis." The Industrial Bulletin, Albany, N. Y. Feb. 1937, vol. 16#>no. 2. * Drinker, Philip, and Hatch, Theodore. " Indus trial Dtist." McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc,, New York, 1936. ** Schwartz, Louis. " Skin Hazards in American Industry. Part II." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 229, Sept. 1936. ** "Poisonous Woods." Occupation and Health Scries, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930, 92 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress * Hope, E. W., Hanna, W,, and StaHybrsss, C, O, "Industrisl Medicine and Hygiene." Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London, 1923. H Brown, G. T. "The Diagnosis of Bacterial Allergy." Southern Medical journal, Vol. 27, No. 10, Oct* 1934. * Saver, R. R. and Mcrewether, F. V. "Miliary Lung Diftcaae Due to Unknown Cause. U. S. Public Health Report, Dec, 5, 1930. * "Actinomycosis." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930, " Holland, J. W. "Textbook of Medical Chemiatry and Toxicology," W, B, Saunder Company, Phila delphia, 1920. Bloomfield, J. J. and Blum. Wm. "Health Ha*, arda in Chromium Plating." U. S. Public Health Service Reprint No. 124S, Washington, 1930. **Russell. Tone#, Bloomfield, Britten and Thomp son. "Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant," U, S. Public Health Bulletin No, 205, June, 1933. * Neal, Jones. Bloomfield, Dallavalle and Ed wards, "A Study of Chronic Mercurialism In the Hatters* Fur Cutting Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 234, May, 1937. *l Sayers, R. R. and Jones, R. R. "Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases." National Silicosis Con ference, Washington, D. C., April 14, 1936. **Sayers, Bloomfield, DallaValle, Jones, preexsen, Brundage and Briltn. "nthrao-Sjlicoxis among Hard Coal Miners," U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 221, December, 1935. Middleton, E, L, "Industrial Pulmonary Dis- ease due to the Inhalation of Dust." The Lancet, July 4 and 11, 1936, H Drees*en, Waldemar C. "Effect of Inflated Marble Dust as Observed in Vermont Marble Finishers." U. S, Public Health Service Reprint No. 1630. * Lanza, . J. "Control and Prevention of Sili cosis." Symposium on Silicosis. California Tuber culosis Association, San Francisco, 1937. * Newquist, M, Nr "Medical Service in Industry and Workmen's Compensation Laws." American College of Surgeons, Chicago, 1934. _ "Medical Care of Industrial Worker," Na tional Industrial Conference Board, Inc. New York, 1926, The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Assistant to Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. When one realizes that control of the dust hazard depends uf>on the combined contribu tions of the physician and the engineer, he ap preciates that the solution requires scientific treatment. By scientific treatment I mean the technical analysis of the hazard to discover the causes which contribute to injury or ill health, and the development of control meth ods which obey physical law and physiology, and which will be directed at causes that admit of most immediate and economical treatment. That goes for'handling the dust hazard in a given plant It goes double for acquiring knowledge to the end that the whole problem may reach ultimate solution. Right now our knowledge of the problem is in big chunks, loosely put together ami largely empirical. There are estimates only to judge the mag nitude of the dust health problem, and it is so closely associated with other health problems that a clean-cut estimate of it alone is imjHissihle. We do know that it is great in the aggregate, and for the individual plant it may he very bothersome and expensive. What actually makes quartz dust cause silicosis is not known. It does, so the air breathed by workmen must not contain harm ful quantities of respirable quartz dust. Inex pensive methods for making the air clean are still in the realm of dreams. Much work must be done to know more about silicosis and more how to make atmospheres safe inexpensivcly. As an accident prevention job, dust control lies almost entirely within the admin istrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size. A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, which may include expensive major opera tions. Home remedies are seldom much good, and supervision and employee safety con sciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. There may be observed in countless shops installations for exhausting dust which are derisively called "tin knocker" jobs in which the horsepower dissipated is out of all pro portion to the air-borne dust moved. Tonnage efficiency of material moved may be the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors but if the material to be moved is air, contaminated with nearly weightless particles of dust, the entire health hazard can lie in the half of one per cent of material not moved. I do not mean that unless a dust supression job was engineered it can be no good. There arc many good installations that were never figured at all but grew like Topsy. The re- Industrial Dusts :) 93 suiting freedom from dustiness was so satis factory that efficiency held little interest to the owner. This is exceptional, however, and I offer the opinion that dust suppression jobs should he engineered. A dust-suppression installation is a safety device, designed and operated to provide pro tection against possible disease and provide a sense of security which must be absolute. Its safety is not rushing air and rattling chips but a minimal residual dustiness. There is no more pathetic defeat for a dust control job than to find faith in its effectiveness so low that workers must wear respirators to find the reasonable safety that was expected from the hoods, ducts and fans. > Diagnosis and Control Let us examine some of the features by which we recognize this dust hazard problem, leaving out the socio-Iegal aspects. In order to develop more fully the engi neer's place in this dust control program, it seems desirable to separate as sharply as we can the diagnostic considerations from those which deal with control. In the first com partment we can place all the analytical com ponents which describe the hazard and its exposure, the probability of its producing ill health and all the rest of the medical and I industrial hygiene facts which make out a I case against the existing dust. In the second I compartment place the knowledge of physics I and engineering necessary to plan the dust I control program and so design it that when I installed its performance follows prediction I that the probability of industrial disease is I reduced to insignificance. I The Industrial Hygienist B Our first feature of interest would naturally be the specific and relative toxicity of silica, ( silica-bearing and other dusts which make up I the dust heatth hazard. Much might be said B toadvantage about the quality and quantity B of hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of this knowledge has been, and must remain a I uedical problem. It involves gross and microB xopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental B i&imals. Engineers do not talk that language. B Industrial hygienists d o ; they are a happy B combination, half doctor and half engineer. B Many of them are quite capable of handling B the dust health hazard in alt its phases of I arestigation and control. For the purpose of B to discussion I throw their interest in with B Ae doctors. I want to go so far in my opinion as to state that the engineer should not attempt to define the quality of heatth hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold limits of safe or permissible dusti ness. This may be debatable, but I shall con tend that the engineer who writes the speci fications of hazard and dust tolerance is really an industrial hygienist, and is using a very much broader knowledge than engineering alone. In the first case the quality of the health hazard is an opinion arrived at after studying all the environmental conditions including the general sanitation, occupational analysis and a scientific analysis of the dust exposures. In the exploration of dust exposures, the nature of dusty operations must be viewed from physical, chemical and mechanical aspects, the determinations of dustiness must 1>c not only counted and classified by particu late sizes, but chemically and mineralogically analyzed. The plant layout must be studied with respect to dust production and distribu tion, and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. The presence of specific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor mal temperature and humidity conditions, etc., must be explored for their complicating effect upon the whole picture. This is distinctly an industrial hygiene job, and some of the most critical data requires only medical viewpoint. This is absolute in the case of tuberculosis study and the qualifying of men for employ ment. So far, not one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. It is entirely anal ysis of hazard. The diagnosis must be that the dustiness is hazardous to health or that it is safe. If it is hazardous, it must be brought down to a specified residue. If it isn't, leave it alone. On the second point, if the hygienists can not specify threshold limits graduated upward for relatively less hazardous dusts, let the engineer not worry about i t The diagnosis is dust which is harmful and too much of it. The remedy is control of the dust. The engineer designs controls which will produce the lowest practical residual dusti ness. He should not attempt to write his own specifications of threshold limits or permis sible dustiness. This may be an important goal in the study of dust health hazards. Safe Limits At the present time the medical men and hygienists believe that quartz dust is safe 94 ( ''wcntv-sixth National Safety Congress Itufusinai Jhtsls :) 95 tielow five million particles. They seem will ing to graduate upward to 20 million for medium silica and 50 million for low silica j>erccntagcs. l*ive million particles is virtually dust free, ami is very difficult and expensive to achieve and maintain. The declaration of safety of the installations must remain in the funds of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the responsibility for determining the hazard. We now enter the chapter of our discussion intended to demonstrate that dust control is an engineering job, that it must be given scentific treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior of dust, the performance of air-moving machin ery, etc. Prerequisite Knowledge Let me recite briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly, tie must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, the time, the frequency, the amount in a sam ple. and the number of samples so that maxi mum, minimum and average data mean some thing, so that credibility can be given them. trical phenomena which bear upon dust be havior. > Those are all principles of physics which explain the behavior of dust and upon winch engineering practice must be based. 1hey must be understood and be taken into account. Dust control is not a matter only of general ventilation; the engineer must study the pro duction as well as the dispersion. The problem should he analyzed to determine the applica bility of segregation, enclosure, wetting, local exhaust and general ventilation. In some instances, substitution of non-haz ardous material, or non-dust-producing oper ations may have specific application, and they should be explored first. This implies plant engineering. I am convinced that many bad installations are bad because plant engineering was not used. In the designing of exhaust systems installed to capture the dust at the points of generation, the physical behavior of air moving toward hoods and in ducts must he known, and that knowledge tised. Each system must consist of collection hoods, pip ing, air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro jection as well as dust dispersion by air cur rents, and design the hood accordingly. system. Loss at the hoods, loss at the bends, and loss in the ducts must not be guessed at. Pipe design must take into account the gage of. the metal and reinforcing to withstand pressures and erosion. The selection of a fan and its motive power is a matter of calculation, not guess work. Power consumption in the system is calcula ble, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer must know the behavior of axial flow, pro peller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and other fan performance. More physics and engineering calculation goes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration method depends upon what the,dust is, the calculation for any methods requires knowl edge of discharge through stacks, the deter mination of sizes of settling chambers; the behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of a filter, and if so, what type, how it should perforin, how big it should be. what kind of resistance and how much each kind offers, to say nothing of their proper location with relation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all items for accurate engineering determination. Apparatus to check the behavior of installa Knowledge Needed tions must be known and used. Performance cannot he left to guess work. Supplying sufli' cient air to be exhausted is part of the prob lem. The same may be said of heating. Do l give the problem too severe a build up 1 think not. Remember these two tilings: 1, You arc dealing with hazardous mate rial so small in size and so little of it by weight that it is as invisible as the air that licars it. 2. Physical laws involved in the behavior of dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. I am acquainted with budgets set up for this purpose which amounit to more than a quarter of a million dollars, and I know of many where 60 to 80 thousand dollars is involved. The need for this much engineering is rec ognized by men who know. Already much has been done toward getting the knowledge into handliook shape. Perhaps the best job of this sort to date is "Fundamentals Relating to the Design and Operation of Exhaust Systems" developed under American Stand ards Association procedure. For the type of sample involved he must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, as distinguished from large masses of nonrcspirable dust which complicate the picture. He must know how to observe the sources of dust floods as distinguished from conditions if normal dustiness. He must know the sources of dust and the principles involved in the dispersion of dust. He must determine how much dust enters the problem because it is part of the material, and what dust is created in the process by the fracturing of the material. Any less survey cannot tell the engineer what his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently he should know the physics of Brownian motion, laws of resist ance to the motion of particles moving in air, both when the air is in turbulence and for stream-line motion. He should know terminal velocities, movements due to centrifugal mo tion ; flocculation and the effects of air motion and the effects of humidification on it. He must know all alxmt the difficulties of wetting and what is known about overcoming these difficulties. He should know the several elec- Thc aero-dynamic characteristics of suction hoods appear to be little known because little The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards thought was given to them in designing thousands of hoods which can be found every where in industry. Alt the possibility for By A. D. LAZENBY, M.D., F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore, Maryland entrapping dust and much of the efficiency ox Considerable confusion has existed in the the system lies in this factor.. Air velocituy. ist .as tTo' just what is tmhe pnhysician's rfuncstatic suction, and rate of air flow are au on m tfle prevention of dust diseases and related, and they must be known. It is essen- ,st what s tbe engineer's. It is very obtial to use high velocity of air in certain typJioUS upon even casual tjlougJlt that ^ TM - i t r s s of exhaust systems to entrap dust projected *0 sciences must work hand m hand at high velocities as in the case of a gramU cjr efforts to solve the problem surfacing machine, and low velocities must ix f- * used in others, as in Z* TM T ; a T1,e, hrougl, hi, special training material. . w how those dusts e n ter the body and Quantity of air and its vcl^clt>Vm"st manner in which they do their harm. He determined, then the piping should be ast be trained in the examination of persigned to take into account the behavior c m wJl0 are to be empIoye<I to work n air-flow through pipes at low and high veioo ^ and to <jjscover t|lose wJjq are afrea(jv ities. Where the problem is complicated hj scased, or are peculiarly susceptible to the large sized particles which go along wit! Bt disease. He must be able to detect the the fine dust, how these behave must be take 5t signs of disease in workers who are into accounts Pressure losses are very unpor ^ sed to dustf and m||st b(> prepared , tant elements in the design of an exhausf recognize the disease when it is fully de veloped. It is not necessarily the physician's func tion to analyze dust. That is a task for the chemist and the petrographer. It is not the physician's function to count the particles of dust in a given industrial atmosphere. That, in reality, is the function of the engineer. It is not the physician's function to devise ventilating equipment for the removal of dust, nor even to be more than an adviser as to the means that must be adopted to render the atmosphere safe. The physician nevertheless must correlate with his medical knowledge and with his studies of the industrial worker the findings of the engineer. A diagnosis of silicosis, for example, requires not merely characteristic occupational history and characteristic physi- % I iCL'/ily-si.Yth National Safety Congress cal findings, but the knowledge as well that the patient has been exposed to hazardous dusts in dangerous concentrations, All dusts when inhaled in excessive quantities may be considered as harmful, but only a few can be regarded as dangerous. From the standpoint of their dangerous properties, they may lie divided into three general groups. 1. Those which are dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. 2. Those which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local inflammation; such substances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, flour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials, 3. Those which tend to produce fibrosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag nesium silicate. I shall confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. It has been generally believed that the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the lungs depended more upon their physical structure than upon their chemical. It was believed, for example, that silica dioxide, on quartz, was particularly harmful because of its crystalline structure, and the hardness and sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by mechanical in terference with function are the dusts which are relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust. Chemical Effect Is Harmful The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues, It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to the body, re gardless of the part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. We have no real knowledge as to true figures, hut as a simple rule, wc can adopt for practical purposes the thought that the human body can withstand successfully a concentration of dust containing 100 per cent silica dioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, in a concentration not in excess of 5,000,000 particles per cubic foot. If we decrease the percentage of silica dioxide present in the dust, we can correspondingly increase the concentration with comparative safety. We must, of course, take into ac count the portion of the worker's time spent in the dusty atmosphere. To arrive at a rough conception of a safe atmosphere, wc multiply the percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total num ber of particles per cubic foot. I f the result is under 5,000,000 the condition may he con sidered relatively safe. If the result is over 5,000,000 the condition must be regarded as unsafe. Bear in mind too that silicosis is essentially a disease of great chronicity. Except in a few exceptional instances it will require from seven to thirty years for a worker to develop advanced silicosis. It is evident too ] that coincident dusts may either retard the 1 development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent j research seems to indicate that the admix- j ture of aluminum dust to a silicious dust I will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter; I whereas a silicious dust combined with some a alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de-1 velopment of silicosis. 1 Much research is now under way in prob- j lems such as this. We have never learned how to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapidly how to prevent it. Our knowledge in this respect seeniis to be limited to the removal of dust from the breathing zone of the worker. Later discoveries may show us how to modify existing dusts with contaminant dusts that will render silica dioxide innocu ous. Owing tq its very great chronicity, it ii only the rare case who actually develop! disabling silicosis during his industrial life time. It is realized, of course, that cxcep* tional instances take place, but the coincide* ravages of age usually keep pace with the effects of dust, so that much the di* ability usually attributed to silicosis is oftea in fact, actually attributable to other di* eases or incapacities which advancing yttn bring in their wake. To me the great peril of silicosis, the peril not only to the industriil Industrial Dusts ) 97 worker himself, but his family, co-workers and the public generally, is the accompany*ing susceptibility to tuberculosis. Complicated by Tuberculosis Silicosis per se does not kill. Tuberculosis as a complicating factor of silicosis rarely recovers despite treatment, and the indi vidual so afflicted is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite menace to all with whom he comes in contact, particularly the fellow worker who may have silicosis. So perhaps the most important places in which the services of the physician in a dusty .trade are necessary are--first, along lines of discovering and barring from exposure to a silicious dust those persons who may al ready have arrested tuberculosis; and sec ondly, discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in | whom tuberculous infections may have de veloped. 1 It is well recognized that no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica : dioxide until he has undergone a thorough physical examination, including carefully made and interpreted x-ray films of his , chest. It is likewise obvious to anyone fa miliar with silicosis that no person who is exposed to silicious dust should he denied the privilege of frequent physical examina tions and x-rays of the chest, not entirely to discover the existence of possible silicosis, but to discover a coincident tuberculosis if such exists. A man so diseased should, in protection to himself and to all with whom he comes in contact, be removed from industry. Let me emphasize the uselessness of a physical ! examination, unless it be accompanied by j properly taken x-ray films, except in cases r of gross tuberculosis. f . ' It is the function of the physician, there- l fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent manner the pre-employment examina- , tion of all persons who are to be engaged ; in a dusty trade. The purpose of this ex- ; animation should be threefold. First, to discover and bar from employment in dust, i any person who is suffering from tuber culosis in an active, a quiescent or an ar rested state. \ A possible exception might be made in i individuals suffering from a so called healed i primary complex, or a healed childhood inr fection. It is well known that exposure to silica dioxide is very likely to excite i**to activity a turberculous lesion which may be quiescent or arrested, and once such a lesion is reactivated, the chances of recovery are remote. The second problem which confronts the physician at the pre-employment physical ex amination is whether a given individual is, by reason of secondary physical defects, more susceptible to the development of sili cosis than a normal. Is he suffering from diseases of the nose or upper respiratory tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease of the lungs or air passages, or obstructions which produce mouth breathing? We must remember that silica dioxide is not dangerous until it reaches the lungs, and that the normal individual retains in the nose and the upper air passages a large quantity of the dust inhaled from the atmos phere. In instances where this nasal reten tion is disturbed, exposure to silica dioxide dust may be dangerous to that individual, where it would not be to another. It is believed that certain diseace$ of the heart and circulation, of the kidneys, possi bly syphilis, chronic coincident diseases of the lungs, all may render a man more sus ceptible to silicosis than normal. The physi cian at his pre-employment examination must follow certain established criteria in this respect, and bar from exposure to dangerous dusts those persons who through existing disease may be more ready prey to silicosis or tuberculosis. Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for employment has successfully passed his physical examination and is engaged in a dusty trade, the duty of the physician is not yet ended. This work man must be periodically re-examined, first to discover the early appearances of pul monary fibrosis, but what is even more im portant, to detect the early evidences of complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not be dismissed from em ployment in a dusty trade merely because he has evidences of non-disabling silicosis. Workers in dusty trades, especially stone cutters, moulders, pottery workers, and similar craftsmen, are usually highly skilled, and it seems unfortunate from a social and economic point of view to deny them em ployment so long as they are physically able to carry on, especially since the actual dis abling qualities of silicosis are in doubt W Twenty-sixth iXationul Safety ( onyress They should Ini denied employment in a dusty trade if that condition is found at pre-employment examination, but they should not be barred from continuing an employment in which they are already en gaged. Of course, in such instances you, as engineers, must realize that you have failed, because if you had kept the breathing zone of the worker free from dangerous dusts, silicosis would not be present on physical examination. In this work of preventing dust diseases in industry, it should he evident that the closest and most intelligent cooperation between the physician and the engineer is necessary. The physician must, through Ins knowledge and research, tel! the engineer what dusts, or, for that matter, what other substances used in industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer how such dusts or other materials enter the body, how they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence in the body. Must Make Analyses The engineer must in turn tell the physi cian of the harmful dusts and other sub stances surrounding his workers. He must make chemical and petrographic analyses of the dusts, and other indicated analyses of the atmosphere in the workshop. He must make dust counts and check Ins counts at regular intervals, conferring with the physician in an effort to discover whether, in the light of their joint knowledge, working conditions are dangerous. He must develop and install carefully designed ventilating equipment. He must arrange for modification of chemical and other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and must bend his efforts toward removing from the danger zone of the worker tiie offending substance, whatever it may he. Too many engineers construe this function loosely. They pass on to the physician as his responsibility certain functions which es* scntially are theirs; such functions as dust analyses, dust counts, and similar technical duties. All too often it is .considered ade quate merely to install a fan. Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must lie constructed only after careful en gineering study has given a knowledge of the physical properties of the air and of substances polluting it. It is possible to calculate to a v$ry fine point the volume of air that must be removed from a given spot to remove the dust originating at that place, and the engineer must approach his task from just as scientific an angle as the physi cian approaches his. There is no room in industry for hap hazard methods on the part of either tiie physician or the engineer. i .l/VOUKXMJ'XT industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors TH URSDAY M ORNING SESSION October 14, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Voyta of Wisconsin, Madison, who presided ami Wrabetz, Chairman, Industrial Commission introduced the speakers. Injurious Effects of Metal! Fumes and How to Prevent Them By ROY R. JONES, M.D. Division of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. The inhalation of metal fumes is a com mon cause of illness among certain occupa tional groups. Two very different systemic reactions may result from breathing air containing particulate metal or metal comoounds: (a) metal fume fever, an acute, transitory, non-fatal disease causing slight or temporary disability; (b) systemic metal poisoning, mild, severe, or even fatal in its effect. The same occupational exposure may produce both reactions, metal fume fever | developing following the worker's early ex![sure, chronic systemic poisoning develop ing later as a result of prolonged exposure. We may consider metal fumes as solid particles generated by condensation from I metal in a gaseous state. Condensation is I usually accompanied by oxidation. I There are two chief physical characterIMics of metal fumes which hear a direct I relationship to the ease with which they may I be absorbed: (a) The solid particles arc I much finer than atmospheric du,st, probably I averaging less than .5 micron in diameter; I ()>) they tend to flocculate and settle out of I theair as dust. The finer the solid particles Impended in the air, the longer the time required for them to settle out. Many of I the coarser dust particles in the air are I tapped in the upper respiratory tract and by I the ciliated cells lining tbe trachea and I bronchi, while the finer particles may he I tarried to the terminal air spaces of the l fnngs. Here they arc taken up hv the phago cytic cells and arc eliminated chiefly by way of the blood and lymph. Sayers and his associates1 found that only about 15 per cent of inhaled particulate matter, such as lead dust from automobile exhaust gas, was retained in the lungs, the remainder passing out with the exhaled air. I)rinkcr and his associates* and Brown* made quantitative measurements of fumes retained! in the. lungs. They found a direct relation ship between the percentage of fumes re tained and the size of the particle and the density of the fumes breathed. They alsoi showed that slow deep breathing increased the reaction resulting from inhaling zinc fumes. Such breathing should increase tlici percentage of particulate matter retained. Hazardous Processes For convenience we may place the more common occupational environments which are likely to afford a harmful exposure to metal fumes in three large groups: 1. Smelting of ores and refining of metals. 2. Employment at processes handling mol ten metal such as molding, cutting, and welding operations. 3. Salvage and cleaning operations, includ ing the burning of metals or metal covered objects, especially by means of 1acetylene torch or electric arc. In the first class, the ores or nictals proc essed provide the source for the generation 99 156 ( 7\ w w/v sixth X aanal Saft'ty Contfrcss placed in the main exit. We had "Fourth of July" across the top. "Automobile accidents" with a question mark : "Persons injured" with a question mark; "Persons killed" with a question mark; and then in brackets on the niter edge, "Do your part to keep these at 7ero," Then just a little phrase at the bottom here: "Remember this, safety is like a ball game. It is the number of times you arrive safely at home that counts." ADJOURNMENT i1 1 , . ! , . i. j Pressure Vessels W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The session was called to order hy Chair man Dan L. Royer, Chief Engineer, Ocean Accident and (uarantce ('orp., New York City,*and i encrai Chairman, ASSK Kngi f coring Section, National Safety Council Mr Rover introduced the speakers. The address prepare! by Mr. (iibbs was read hy Ralph M. Moon, of the same firm. What the' Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines By E. R. FISH Chief Engineer, Boiler Division, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. With respect to steam boilers and steam lines, the safety man should be familiar with those factors that produce weaknesses re sulting in failures--factors that are prejudi cial to the safety of personnel and property. The safety man is not necessarily concerned with efficiency of operation, but he is concerned with how the equipment should be j operated in the interest of safety. The term steam boilers and steam piping covers a great variety of equipment ranging 1hom the inconspicuous steel or cast iron I heating boiler, the pressure of which rarely I exceeds 10 or 15 lbs. per square inch, up to 11he mammoth steam generating units capaIWeof evaporating over a million pounds of inter per hour at a pressure of 1,400 lbs. ||tr square inch and delivering steam at a Itmiperature of 900 to 950 degrees F. | Obviously, such a wide range makes it iniBfosstlde to discuss the various factors that K^ect each of them. However, there arc Bmtain fundamentals applicable to l>oi!ers of Mi high and low degree, m Internal Deposits I Oeposits or accumulations on the internal faces of parts of boilers exposed to high fenperature gases interfere with the rapid Mrption of heat. When directly in contact with the metal, water absorbs heat at a suffi ciently rapid rate to prevent the metal from becoming overheated. However, interfere, with this orderly process and the metal very1 rapidly overheats to the point where it loses practically all its strength. Internal pressure then pushes the metal out and causes the socalled "bulge.*1 In water tube boilers bulges on tubes not infrequently break through, and while they do not often cause any serious consequences to the attendants, sometimes steam or flame are driven out through openings in the settings and some one is injured. In horizontal return tubular boilers the result is likely to be much more serious botli from a personal injury and expense point of view. Bulges in boilers of this type very fre quently break through and, being directly over the fire, flame and live coals are very likely to he driven out of the furnace. Many state laws now require fire doors to be equipped with automatic latches that prevent them from being blown open when they are closed. Bulges in H.R.T. boilers have fre quently opened to such an extent that a true boiler explosion has happened and great property loss as well as persona! injuries and dcatli have resulted. A serious explosion of this kind happened 157 m /\v(7//v sixth Xalinmtl Safety Congress Steam gages some!imps give wrong read ings and need to be tested frequently. Blowoff connections, particularly on horizontal return tulutlar Boilers must he of sturdy construction and properly protected from high tcmperatuie gases. BlowotT valves must also he of heavy const ruction and so arranged that they cannot he quickly opened or closed. There have hem a multitude of accidents to persons due to failure of some part of the hlowoff connection resulting from improper materials, improper opera tion and insufficient protection. Attendance The proper and safe operation of as im portant and potentially dangerous a piece of apparatus as a steam hoiler, he it either high or low pressure, large or small, is dependent on intelligent attendants and should he en trusted only to the care of those who are thoroughly competent. This is a point that is by no means universally complied with, even, oftentimes, in power plants of moder ate size. The value of the equipment in a very large plant is such that the management cannot do otherwise than provide it with the best possible care am! attention. However, there are many hoiler plants that are hut very inadequately attended and. in thousands of small heating plants the attendant is wholly uninformed and ignorant. Piping Steam piping is not a source of very many accidents. The failures that do take place are usually in connection wifh cast iron fittings, such as toes, elbows and the valves, and usually in the pressure line. Water hammer not infrequently occurs in steam lines, especially when starting up cold. A slug of water traveling at a high rate of speed can deliver a sledge hammer blow at an abrupt change in direction or dead end, and many cast iron fittings are broken in this way. Expansion and contraction stresses that are not properly provided for, not in frequently result in cracked fittings or valves that permit the discharge of steam. Even low pressure steam is at a temperature such that serious injury results from coming in contact with it. Most piping is covered with insulation so that it is not easily examined, hut the holts and flanges and the provision for proper expansion can he checked. Construction and Repairs Safety men probably do not often have any part in the selection of equipment or methods of construction or repair, hut it is well for them to know that a great deal of welded hoiler work is now being lone and many pipe lines are being fabricated by welding instead of the usual threaded and flanged construction. Every possible assur ance must he taken to determine that the welding process will give sound welds with the proper physical characteristics. Also that only welding operators arc permitted to do the. work who have demonstrated their ability to produce sound welds under the prescribed procedure. There have been so many instances of improperly welded joints, both in pressure vessels and piping, that every precaution should he taken to assure welds of an accept able and safe nature. There need he no great concern about welded boilers, because that work is invariably done in shops that are properly equipped and supervised. This, however, is not necessarily true with pres sure vessels of various kinds. There is a great temptation to effect re pairs of boilers and other pressure vessels by welding. Repairs of this kirn! should lie permitted only after thorough analysis of the conditions and then only by proved, com petent welding operators. Rules have been adopted by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors respecting the application of welding to hoiler repairs that arc highly restrictive. The American Welding Society has pre pared rules for the Qualification of Welding Processes and Testing of Welding Opera tors. Both the rules for repairs and the quali fication of wohfers should be familiar to those concerned with equipment to which welding may he applicable, Less than six Months ago the welded-ffl patch in the bottom of a horizontal return tubular boiler U) a saw mill failed. The patch measured 24" x 36" and was suffi ciently large to cause major explosion. One man was killed and the hoiler house w*l demolished. An examination showed th*t it was a miserable job of welding, evident^ done by one entirely ignorant of the danger of that kind of repair as well as being m\ inexpert welder. Prrsxurr I 'rsxrlx I 16! Personal Injuries Many personal injuries cause! by expo sure to steam or high temperature water, the discharge of which may he due to a rela tively minor accident, are constantly hapfcu ing* Many of these, occur because of carelessness or ignorance on the part of the injured person hut many of them are through no fault of the injured man. Meticulous attention to smalt details is necessary to avoid the minor accidents. In numerable injuries have been due to men working on, or attempting to make repairs of, parts under pressure. It should he an invariable rule that the tightening up of holts in an attempt to stop gasket leaks' or making other repairs involving hammering or possii hly welding should be positively prohibited [ while the equipment is under pressure. Furnace Explosions Furnace explosions are of rather frequent occurrence, particularly where gas, oil or pulverized coal is used as the fuel, (reat | care and an orderly method of both lighting off and operating furnaces using these fuels is very necessary. The lighting means should he introduced only after a furnace has been well ventilated and before the supply of fuel is started. Some very disastrous explosions have hap pened in large boilers fired with pulverized coal, gas and to some extent with oil. Small automatically oil fired heating boilers very frequently have furnace explosions, but they are not usually of a serious nature. This kind of accident is worthy of careful con sideration by those concerned with boiler operation. Only a very few years ago a furnace ex plosion of natural gas occurred under a new 000 pound boiler in a city electric light plant in Colorado. One man was killed and four injured. The property loss was approxi mately $25,000. The boiler was just being prepared for service by men who were familiar with the use of natural gas fuel. Apparently the mismanipulation of valves and failure to take the necessary preliminary precautions by ventilating (he furnace before lighting off was the cause. What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air Systems By CHARLES W. GIBBS Compressor Engineer Department, Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York City Power, to most people, including engi!ifccrs, means electricity or steam. To a few it means water power. Less frequently is compressed air thought of as power. It is 1ore likely to be considered a convenience. ICompressed air is probably actually handled I^ more workmen in the average plant than [cither steam or electricity. Compressed air |na personal utility, but it is also power. Because of this familiarity with com[Kt' ed air and because of its generation and l*e in so many small shops (practically levery gasoline station lias its compressed air llhnt), the question of safe installation and Iteration is important. This paper will not |*tempt to cover the actual use of comIfressed air, but will he limited to the instalitakm and maintenance of th stationary mpressor plant and system. All of the equipment should be designed for the maximum pressures which might be encountered. All reputable manufacturers of compressed air equipment can offer units for practically any service which will pro vide an ample factor of safety. For the type of plant which the safety man will generally he called upon to consider, the operating pressure will seldom be above 150 pounds, and the compressors will be either single or two stage. By this we mean that the air will be compressed to discharge pres sure in one stroke of a piston (single stage), or it may be compressed part way in one cylinder and then transferred to another cylinder and compressed the rest of the way (two stage). In general, machines above 100 horsepower will he two stage, the power re quirements for 100 pound units being about I American Society of Safety Engineers-- Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 (encrai Chairman--1). L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. I'icc-Chairwan--C. B. Boui.kt, Wisconsin Public Service (*orp.f Milwaukee, Wis. Vice-Chairman--R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. Secretary--W. Dkan Keefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, III Members at Large-- Cyril Ainsworth, Amricain Standards Association, New York, N. Y. *C II Auei, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111 E. W, Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. H. R, IUxlkr, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) K, W. Bullard, E. 1>. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) I l F. Gilhkrt, American Cyanatnid Co., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Roy M. (kmwiN, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) *W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty St Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. IL J. Griffith, Jones St Laugldin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. J. M. Kerkian, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y, (Niagara Frontier Chapter) Everett F. Kino, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Lkuitpoqt, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. Cl Li.oyi), National Bureau of Standards, Washington, I). C. H. L. M iner, K. I. du Pont de Nemours Si Co., Wilmington, Del. W, S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Beo. F. Prussono, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate (dass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Rkula, industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York. N. Y. (i. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. S mith, Standard O il Co. (Im i), Chicago, III H. S. S mith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. William P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Ta/ Chairman--C. B. Boui.kt, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. fitt'Chairman--R. E. Donovan^Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. Jfct'Chairman--C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *Deceased. 221 222 Twen tv-sixth National Safety Congress Hmjineerituj Seetion 223 Sttrrtary_W. Dkan Kkkfkr. National Safety Council, Tnc., Chicago, 111. Engineering snd Industrial Accident Prevention Members al .ar</e - . . .. v i xi v ! Cvrii. Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. . By E. A. HOLBROOK J. 1. IIanasii, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, Til. Dean, Schools of Engineering & Mines, F W Kf.ck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. ^ . F ' W lUiu.Ami, E. 1). Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) Cham.ks I). Fari.in, Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan The essence of early safety work was the safety education of the worker. Education lias ever been one of the two legs supporting safety. H CR C h rt. American Cyanamid Co., Linden. N. J. (New jersey Chapter) We did not go far in our safety program Hov M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia iChap er) until wc discovered that safe materials, safe H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa. (Western Pennsylvania guards, safety standards and safe equipment Safety Council Chapter) . ,. .... R McA. Kfown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. were equally potent with worker education mreducing accidents. These material things Evkrf.it F. Kino, Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge, Mass. (Boston < hapter) constitute the second leg of our safety bodv. T homas E. L ightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. L ijo yd , National Bureau of Standards, Washington, I). C. f E Long, The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. . 1 notice with pleasure a wide diversity of use of the term "engineering0 in the world . of safety. There is nothing to tell you that N. B. MacHose, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y, (Niagara Frontier Chapter) aman must go to college to be a safety en H. L. Miner, K. I, du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Dei. W S Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. P russino, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calti. A S. Rkcui.a, industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co., Dututb, I). L. Royfr, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Minn. gineer. Nevertheless, an engineering college kperhaps the place where a man may learn easiest how to design a safe boiler or build- ins or of the thousand and one material fac tors of safety that we associate with engi neering. He learns there also how to draw conclusions from his facts, and we trust he may later in practice act with professional wisdom. C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. When we remember the efforts of the Red H, S, Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. Cross thirty years ago, or wc read again the R, F; T hai.ner, Buiok Motor Co., Flint, Mich. 1 wst mine inspection act in Pennsylvania, S. FI. W hitind, Liltcrty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. there was little to indicate that safety ever Wiujam V. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ould be of professional engineering inter cut. Today when you consider the enormous cumulated data on the material side of *|ety, engineering of its writings, its myr- ni standards, its exacting practice, you W EDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION oust! admit that to absorb, interpret and ap^iythis world of material requires a mind October 13, 1937 rained to the college or equivalent level. As parallel example, electrical engineering was nheard of before 1880, yet in the past 50- idyears, it has through research and prac- The annual meeting of the ASSE Engineering Section of the National Safety Council followed a luncheon ami convened with D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation, Npw York City, general chairman, presiding. AH reports had been mimeographed, and copies were dis tributed at the luncheon. A report of the address delivered at the meeting by Rimer A. Holbrook, dean of the Schools of Engineering and Mines, Univer sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., will be found elsewhere in this record. The. report of the nominating committe was resented by C. W. Smith, chairma, Other members of the committee were A, S. Rgula, S. E. Whiting, Dr. M. G. LloH in and R. F. Th^lncr. The committee's list ol officers, as elected, will he found t section of the Congress Transactions. Other sessions sponsored by the ASSB Engineering Section included those on1SiK Use of Acids," "Industrial Dusts," "Pres* Vessels," "Industrial Fumes, Gases * Vapors," "Safety Training," and Inspectors" e. accumulated data, writings and stand- 'dJ,o f-such importance and variety that the ca,mot m a lifetime span Think eld. again of those modest beginnings of tty, mostly in the minds of men in the wing, metallurgical and railroad industries. My it felt its way, largely with a humaniton background. Then came workman's pensation, giving the work a definite *rmc background. Finally, *nd with in acceleration, the methods and prac- * of safety ^ v e penetrated today not University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. only into every corner of our industrial world, hut into our individual daily life. Certainly as regards industry, I am ready to admit that Safety Engineering has ar rived; that in its historical development, in its penetration of organization and manage ment, in its influence on production, eco nomics and design, and by its high standards of research and practice, Safety Engineer ing is on a plane where it demands a place in our engineering college curriculum. The curious fact remains that in general the engineering colleges of this country have not yet assigned to safety engineering any definite recognition. Several years ago it seemed that the time had come where in a great industrial center like Pittsburgh wc should offer a course in Safety Engineering on a college level. We determined in this course not to deal with safety as applied to any specific industry, for we believe that in these industries them selves, the special application of safety prin ciples best can he mastered. Rather we tried to uncover the basic principles or essence of safety engineering, common to and of inter est in all industries. Thus our year's out line for the subject covered purposes, ori gin, growth, agencies, and organization for safety work; industrial hazards, manage ment responsibility, and safety education. Then came individual accidents, their causes, costs and prevention ; accident classification, machinery and the human factor, design as affecting safety; safeguarding the working place, inspection, and materials handling. Finally, we studied safety codes and stand ards, workman's compensation (origin and rate making), and methods and results of safety work in typical industries. This class has gone on for some seven years; first under its founder, the late Dr. J W. Hallock, and for the past two years under Frvin Brinkman, safety director of the Mclntosh-Hemphill Company. The classes have varied between 20 and 70 men enrolled. A curious difficulty has been the absence of a satisfactory text book. Is it not noteworthy that although there arc hundreds of college text hooks covering almost every conceiv able engineering subject, I know today of ( 224 7\w/y sixth National Safety Conyress no text suitable for a college course in safety engineering. The Armour Institute of Technology has a<!miral>le courses in fire prevention engineering, and Harvard Uni versity has undertaken extensive work in traflic ami highway engineering and recently has ottered 15 fellowships to men wishingtraining in this field. These exceptions bring out by contrast how little attention most eti gineering colleges give to safety, Perhaps it will take another generation of engineering teachers to recognize that today safety is a part of every engineering prob lem and as essential as the items of cost, good design, probable life, and general use fulness. You of the National Safety Council have done a great work in educating' employees ami employers, insurance companies, stand ardization agencies, the child in the school, the man on the street, and the woman in the home. But for some reason you have not made the engineering colleges safety con scious. You have accumulated writings and data so vast that no single mind can absorb them. You know that your continued success de pends upon diffusing safely knowledge this year and next, yes even from generation to generation. You should have at work men trying to explore for that essence in safety problems which 1 sometimes think cannot wholly be expressed--it can only he felt. May 1 call attention here to the fact that, so far as we know, a college or a university is likely, next to the church, to he the most enduring agency of civilization. Even in this young country, Harvard University has cele brated its three hundredth anniversary, re minding us that it has outlived changes in government, in religion, ami in peoples. Es sentially it has been the repository of great ideals and truths, equipped to pass the torch down from generation to generation, tindimmed and often refueled. For this rea son alone, l say to the National Safely Council that >ou ought to form an alliance with one or more American engineering schools, trusting in this way to insure the perpetuation, without fear or favor of all that is at the heart of safety. I believe also that within a college, and away from the stress of economic struggle, where research in safety principles can best he carried on, you would find, through sup port of a chair of safety engineering, that out of it would come a sifting of wheat from chaff, an extraction of the essence from the mass of material tilings. Of a more practical nature, an engineering college department interested in safety should he able to put out text lw>oks on safety, more valuable therefore to the stu dent than the general references we now have to use. On this foundation must come courses in the principles of safety engineering offered to the* undergraduate engineering student. Whether you like it or not, the truth is that the bright young hoys of today go to col lege, most often to an engineering school, whereas the similar boy of 30 years ago gen erally entered industry after high school. This means that the future safety engineers and industrial leaders arc largely going to he products of a four year college engineer ing course. Safety engineering can't just he discussed like politics. U must he felt, it must he lived, it must he instilled into these young engi neers firmly. Then and then only will they react instinctively to safety in engineering. I do invite, most earnestly, the attention of the Executive Committee of this Council to the need, through cooperation with the en gineering colleges, of educating our future ; engineers in safety. ADJOURNMENT ! Automotive and Machine Shop Power Press Sections Automotive and Machine Shop Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Products Inc., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--H. W. Boulton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Secretary--W. H. Fratf.r, Cadillac Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. Hews Letter Editor--R. F. T hai.nkr, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--L. B. Loomis, Ternstedt Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. A. L. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee Chairman--( \ W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williams port, Pa. Poster Committee Chairman--K, Makkntatk, Motor Products Corp., Detroit, Mich. Program Committee Chairman--W. A, Bkchiu., Chrysler C'orp., Detroit, Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman--Paul A. Dkn/.ic, Kclsey-Hayes Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich. Statistics Committee Chairman--G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Shencctady, N. Y. Menibe, s at Large-- , , L. E. Averill, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. Merle C. Half, Genera) Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. A. S haw, Murray Corp, of America, Detroit, Mich. Carl L. Storck, Delco Products Corp., Dayton,Ohio. R. F. T halnkr, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. C. T. Wineoar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Officers Elected for 1937-38 baieral Chairman - If. W. Boulton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. ^ Chairm an--L. B. Loomis, Ternstedt Manufacturing Div., Genera! Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. neretary--C. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamsport, Pa. W i Letter Editor--L. B. G atkly, Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co., Pontiac, Mich. Umeermg Committee Chairman--W. N, Krausfr, Willvs-Ovcrland Motors, Inc., Toledo, Ohio. 225 , xth 226 Twenly~st H e a l t h C o m m i t * C o - C h a i r m e n Motors Corp. Detroit, M'dt. . National Safety Congress KWwr lUly A. I- * () Chicago, IN- Detroit Div.. ( 'encrai Grand KapMs. Mich- w 11. R.HTA 11 K l ` VC"V,!!1n u s Jof.i.i.. Hayes Hody Corp-. <.ran^ Ry .tntoniotive and Machine Shop Power Press 22 7 the company will not tolerate accident -prone employees, for they are distinct haz ards to themselves, their fellow workers, and to company property. The employment man should he thoroughly familiar with conditions surrounding the joh for which croachment upon his authority. However, the introduction of compensation laws and labor legislation in many states, the tremendous labor turn-over costs in industry, and the increases in insurance premiums helped 1 bring to the attention of managements the S ; Detroit DW.. (leneral he is selecting a man. He should know the idea that some medium of control had to fatigue elements and the types of workers he exercised. Consequently, the safety engi required for the job, remembering that neer, thought of in terms of a necessary ,^ S T i ^ ^ _ V publicity Com m ittee Chairman- Mich . S t a tu <te s rC'no*mnmrtxiitlitece C/tcurwimt Co., East Pittsburgh, \ a. Member.i at Large-- I. T rotter, P ly ^ u th Div.. Chrysler c. . . Bower, Westingbousc F.lectnc )' Co., Dctroit, Mich. Corp.. Delro.t, M anufacturing c u tf. a HOVT 1- Fracher. Dctro ` Mfree C. HMai.Fe,. GD<cncra Mo K. A- S-.AW, Murray c*. a * * ? ? New York, N .V. Detroitt,. MMiicdh,. r)iv.. General Motors Corp.. Dayt . upon his ability to select men depends the functioning of a smoothly running organi zation. The employment office itself can be an important factor in creating the correct impression on the new employee--neatness and orderliness of the office and surround ings can indicate the type of good house keeping in the plant, so essential to proper safety conditions. The prospective employee is undoubtedly I anxious to obtain the joh and make.good. Since he has his mind set on conforming to the requirements of a new joh, new associ- evil or disease, slowly found his way into the spotlight and his job from then on was definitely outlined. The plant physician can also take a place among those responsible for the develop ment of safe workers in industry. The final selection of any man is subject to the ap proval of the medical staff. While the employment man concentrates on the mental and experience qualifications of the new man, the physician decides on the physical fitness angle. The plant physician, in other words, acts as a double check on the proper I ates and new environment, lie will un~ selection of a new employee. C p. W inf.:ak, [mbtedly react to new ideas on safety, l especially when the benefits he will derive [are explained. The railroads were among the forerun ners of the safety movement and soon realized the value of educating the workers No man will deliberately cause injury to on accident prevention and accepted as an [himself or another, nor do I like to charge integral part of their program the selective TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION San injury to carelessness on the part of the training of engineers, firemen, brakemen, [person injured. Carelessness might he the and round house employees. Their pro [under-lying cause of an injury--but whose gram designated special training periods for October 12, 1937 carelessness? Did the employment man do each employee and the employee was ad duty, or simply provide a hook of vanced accordingly. . called to orderlqfety rules containing a hundred or more The metal working industry finally took The opening se^ ^ \ j McCarthy, S afety |on*ts? a leaf from the railroad manual and used Slu>p and * '** ^ ttK ^ -V o o tj,c Power Press Page 335 of this by Acfin* Body Div., General Motor** j recall an incident where a new man was DC*irnec^tDorc, troit Mich., who introduce jheing "written up" in one of our plants. He speakers. is handed a book of rules on safety and told to read them carefully, After going it as a pattern to organize and develop safe workers. It was a good experiment indeed, for a review of the industry's accident ex perience shows the success in the reduction volume. 1 rer them slowly he laid the book down of industrial tragedies that plagued the in indicated that he understood their dustry in the early years. Taking General , t workers Through the Employment Office Developing Safe Wo And j ob Training leaning. When asked to sign his name to employment card he made an X. What were written rules in this case? The Motors* record, our frequency rate in 1937 is only one-sixth of that in 1925 and the severity rate only one-third. I'm sure other By HARRY C- IGLR Personnel DTVirecttoorr, RReeaa. 'rrceh LaboratDoreitersoiDt ivision, Q 1 Motors Corporal* c the m could neither write nor read, and yet could not be denied the right to work. Experience has taught us that a little itra time spent by the employment man units of the automotive industry can show a similar improvement. At one of our plants a very effective plan was recently adopted and has been success . The employment man hie position to instill s y * -s in the minds ^ eWrCSi I>i<^ mpany to confirst representative of the res^ ,nsibility tact the new emp oy ^ the safety for safety is as reat a sth a t ^ ^ ^ op_ S r -s s ii - meets the new man when he .s in t receptive iran* ^ TM"`be able to judge While he y certain operati man's ability t o . f r^ ; mnotCefaHnwithin efficiently and ` hy the rudiments of line of duty la-m company Po'icie* * be should p la m ^ j ^ Thj departmental foreman with a new em>yee before he actually starts work will only pay dividends in the form of ility and quantity of workmanship, but ' greatly reduce human suffering and cident costs, in early years, an attempt on part of anyone to encourage selective ?!oyment was often frowned upon hy the iloyment man who considered it an en ful in developing safety consciousness among new as well as older employees. This plant held regularly scheduled "executive train ing" meetings for the purpose of developing the best possible kind of leadership. Com pany policies and their effect upon good workmanship and production schedules were discussed. Accident prevention methods were suggested or at least discussed in an > Cement and Quarry Sections Cement Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman'--F red B. H unt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Vice-Chairman--W. J. W okthv, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Toledo, Ohio. Secretary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, III. Mews Letter Editor--J ack D empster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q,, Can., Engineering Committee Chairman--W ii.i.iam Moeller, I.one Star Cement Co., Dallas, Texas. IIifEnvoy Committee Chairman--M. A. Kofpman, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman--H enry A. R eninokr, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., i Allentown, Pa. \ Poster Committee Chairman--J. W. K ennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit, Mich. \ Program Committee Chairman--A. B. S underland, Ash (rove Lime & Portland Cement j Co., Kansas City, Mo. \ Members at Large-- . j D. B. CofKMAN, Missouri Portland Ccnicni Co., St. Louis, Mo. 1 R. B. Kortuin, Pennsylvania-1 )ixic Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. I Gordon C. Hum, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Chicago, 111. j K. P osse!.t, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, N. Y. j J. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 nlencra! Chairman--Bred B. H unt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Wice-Chairman--A. B. S underland, Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Co., Kansas I City, Mo,i omr/ury--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. |Vnex Letter Editor--J ack Dempster, Canada Om ent Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q. Canada. fyiifinecring Committee Chairman-- William Moeller, Lone Star Cement Corp., Dallas, Texas. tfiglnvay ( ommittee Chairman-- M. A. Koffman, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman-- II. A. Kkninger, Lehigh Portland (`oment Co., Allen ' town. Pa. 'osier Committee Chairman--J. W. K ennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit, Mich. (embers at Large-- P. N. Bushnell, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. R. B. Kortuin, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. Gordon C. H utu, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Chicago, ill. E. P osselt, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, N. Y. F. E. T own, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Manitowoc, Wis. J. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. 249 256 Twenty sixth Xational Safely Congress SI. I believe that >nr general safely meet* mgs will mean more tq, the men if, instead of having outside speakers all of the time, we should make the fprograms more our own organization; using our own men as speakers and possibly working tip consider able discussion in taking cases from the Round Table that is put out by the Associa tion; also devoting a part of the time in the study of our safety regulations. S. That is an idea, and I would suggest that you work up next month's program along that line. Has anybody else got an idea? SF. I have one. I suggest that we have a rule requiring any faulty ladder or other tool to be taken to the storeroom; and let it be the safety inspector's responsibility to sec that such a tool does not go back in the tool room until properly chocked and repaired by some craftsman. S. Thai'* a good me, and we will give it immediate consideration. In addition, I sug gest that we pick out a man from each de partment and bring him in to our safety committee meetings, rotating these men so that we can eventually have them all meet with usf thus giving these men a closer in sight as to our safety work and permit us to get their ideas. Also, 1 will, until further notice, hold weekly meetings with all the foremen wherein we can make clear the ad ditional duties that you men must assume, one of which will lie to sec that your men are acquainted with our safety rules and the training of new employees. We can also discuss various individuals who do not seem to he cooperating one hundred per cent. Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work?* By F. M. PEPPER General Plant Employment Supervisor, Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago Much of the effort spent in safety work has been more or less inspirational in char acter, with considerable stress placed on sell ing the idea of safety. Too much time am! effort have been spent in stimulating our people to do something to prevent accidents and in inspiring them, and too little time and effort in teaching them how. The job is essentially one of adequate training, both for the supervisor and man. The essential considerations in those manage ment functions which are concerned with doing the job safely are no different from those management functions which are con cerned with securing a product for which the industry is organized. Effective sujKrvisory training means secur ing effective supervision for the job as a whole. When a job is well done, preventable accidents will he at a minimum. There should he a tendency to set up pro cedures which are apart from the usual super visory functions. Prevention of injuries on the job is a matter which lies almost entirely in the hands of the direct supervision of the job. Editor's Not*: This is a brief abstract of Mr. Pepper's address. One of the most difficult problems facing us today is to return to the foreman his reS|M>nsibility for the safe doing of the job which, by various measures, we have take away from him. He must feel that the safe doing of the job is his responsibility and fed that he is the man to-cl something about it. Rarely, if ever, is ther- an accident on a job which is considered particularly haz ardous. We must not assume that the foreman of supervisor knows how to conduct the work safely. We must he sure that he does and assist him through a proper training pro gram. It is safe to assume that a majority of fatal and serious accidents are directly <* indirectly attributable to the failure of super vision at some level to function property-, It is quite evident that supervisory training' as a means of avoiding accidents is necessary. The development of a supervisory training course is a much more difficult proceda* than the development of a technical or voca tional training course. Apart from the teefc-i nical features involved, there does not to he any general formula. There is, it Can ml and Ottarry Scellons .1 257 course, sonic similarity of procedure in di recting the work of any man on any job; but different industries employ such different types of people, tinder such a wide variety of circumstances, and place such a diver gence of requirements upon them that the problem of supervisory training in its more comprehensive aspects is peculiar to each type of industry. The general treatises on leadership give the groundwork, hut the subject matter for any supervisory training course for any par ticular industry lies within that industry. \Ve must go out and sec how our job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor; compare the#* and select the host; look u|wm supervision as a process in itself, and sec how best to direct the work of the people. It is a long, tedious, and costly process, but one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. W EDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 The Wednesday Luncheon session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed by Iftiah Hale, Superintendent of Safety, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, who spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the same as another address by Mr. Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will he found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Work of the National Silicosis Conference By R. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science lias not reported silica dust u affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air *hich they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U, S. Department of labor in a broad social and economic prob lemsuch as this has its origin in the Organic Act, effective March 4, 1913, which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department of Labor the duly "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profit able employment." With this in mind, and believing that through joint effort of all concerned, much could he done to eliminate the hazard, the Secretary of Labor called together in Wash- 258 7rvV/Vv/.r//i Xatitnutl Safely ( nmjrrss Cement and Quarry Serfinns :) 259 iugtcm on l*Ybruar\ 0, I93f> a group of about 75 nn'ii representing leaders in indus tries having a silica problem, labor leaders and outstanding representatives of the medi visors, one on labor problems and one on mining matters. These committee members served without compensation and gave freely of their time f those already permanently detached from tlivii employment by reason of disabling sili cosis. The status of the 1,000,000 workers ex cal, legal, and engineering professions, as and effort in studying the problem from their well as insurance carriers and State adminis respective viewpoints. After nine months of posed to the hazard of silicosis was analyzed 'bus by the committees making the survey: trators. After considering various phases of the silicosis problem, this group generally agreed that through a pooling of knowledge and a frank discussion through the conference method important advances could be made toward, first, overcoming the hysterical at titude on the part of employers, labor, and others; second, after careful investigation, to consolidate in one place all known data with regard to the preventive engineering methods; third, analysis and recommenda tions in connection with adequate standards of compensation for those workers disabled as a result of the disease. As an outgrowth of this initial meeting, another group, similar in composition to the first conference, but expanded to include some 200 individuals, was invited to come to Washington on April 14, 1036 to outline ways and means of attacking the problem. After bearing silicosis discussed from the stand point of the employer, labor, and the medical profession, by outstanding experts in the field, this large group endorsed the confer careful and searching study, these commit tees advised the Secretary of Labor that they were ready to report. Consequently, on February 3, 1937 the Second National Silicosis Conference was called in Washing ton. At this time summary committee re ports were presented to the Secretary and considerable discussion was given them. Shortly after this second national confer ence the 1>cpartment published,' as Bulletin No. 13 of the Division of Labor Standards, the summary reports of the four committees referred to above, together with an abstract version containing the principal findings an recommendations written in non-tec hmea language. The full reports of the committees, com prising several thousand typewritten pages, are now being edited and will go to the printer very shortly, ll is expected that they will he issued in four separate volumes sometime during the fall or early winter. Nature and E xtent of Silicosis A percentage of the 4,000 to 5,000 workers having silicosis are completely or partially disabled because of this disease and have their difficulties further com plicated with tuberculosis. The remainder of the 4,000 to 5,000 have silicosis and disability in some degree, but np tuberculosis. Approximately 105,000 have silicosis, but no disability and no tuberculosis. Approximately 900,000 arc exposed to silica dust, but have not contracted the dis ease. Contrary to popular belief, silicosis is slow to develop. Usually it takes seven years or more of exposure to silica dust for a worker to contract the disease. A few cases that nave been known to develop in as short a period as one and one-half years occurred under extreme and unusual conditions. On the other hand, many workers have labored under ordinary exposures to silica for more than 30 years without demonstrating any trouble whatever that coqld be diagnosed as licosis. ence method as proposed, and as a result four main working committees were ap pointed by the Secretary of Labor with the advice and consent of the group to investi gate and report upon the outstanding phases of the silicosis problem. These committees were:1234 (1) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Medical Control. (2) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Engineering Control, (3) Committee on the Economic,Legal and insurance Phases of the Silicosis Problem, (4) Committee on the Regulatory and Administrative Phases of the Silicosis Problem. Physicians generally agree that silicosis, in the layman's language, is a disease of the Silicosis Prevention lungs, caused by breathing air containing silica dust, in which the norma! lung tissue is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. Silica dust is found in many industrial operations, but the hazard is acute only in such industries as metal mining; anthracite mining; quarrying, drilling, and tunneling m granite, gamster, and- sandstone; smelting and refining; foundries; potteries; * works; stone-products industries; grinding; Silicosis can be prevented in three general ays: First, by preventing the creation of hca dust; second, by preventing the disKrsion of dust into the atmosphere of a orking area; and third, if it is impossible apply the first two methods, by the use * personal protective equipment such as ftqnrators, to prevent the inhalation of the *Kt. In carrying out a prevention program, buffing; and sandblasting. **ny agencies must cooperate. Jn the view Of the 49,000.000 workers in the United * the committees studying the problem, the States, only 1,000,000, or 2 per cent, it is e*- IScalled on to do most of the work (ttmmaatteend,, aarree iipp aannyy wwnayy exposed to the hai- f y 0 sPe_n(t most ..o.f tTMhe .m...o..n.ey. But his ard of silicosis. About half of this number, *** and money will never accomplish the or 1 per cent of the total number of worketv results unless the \yorkcr is will- am , . . . < " I s !f,` gineers, insurance companies, legislators, ad ministrators, and others. , The reports of the conference committees on engineering control and medical control recommend specific procedures for attack ing the problem through those two avenues of prevention. A partial list of these recom mendations follows: Survey the working conditions to deter mine the severity of the hazard and indi cate what needs to be done to decrease it. Secure information on best procedure. Design plant for dust control. Provide building ventilation. Store dusty materials in dusttight bins. Enclose material-handling equipment. Isolate dusty processes. Provide wet methods of operation,-- Water, oil, and other liquids may be used effectively-- 1. To suppress dust at the point of origin irt such operations as rock-drilling; han dling, pulverizing, and milling rock and o re grinding metal on grindstones; abrasive-wheel cutting of granite and sand stone. 2. I o prevent the redispersion of dust that has settled on the floors, walls, and other surfaces such as in the granite in dustry and in foundries. Design equipment to control dust. Establish good maintenance and house keeping procedure. Provide respirators. Instruct the workers. Responsibility of Workers l he cooperation of the workers is neces sary if the hazard of silicosis is to be re duced to the minimum. The worker should realize that the safe practices recommended and the equipment provided are designed to prevent injury to himself and to his fellow employees. The equipment should be used as directed and every effort should be made to maintain it in good working order. Further more, the worker is frequently in a posi tion to observe faulty equipment and unsafe practices, and he should make it a point to report all such conditions to his supervisor. ", 0 ^ -- Statutory Regulation c o n s i s t e d o M h c ^ T o u r lech- between 4,000 and 5.0| nical committees just mentioned and two ad- otisly affected b> the di > . I > 1<lditiTM. p b y ~ s can" play a definite While the primary approach to the prob** m preventing silicosis, as can also en- > m must he the prevention and diminution 260 Twenty sixth Satinimi Safety ( nmjrcss Cement ami (Juarry Sections 5/ 261 of the hazard, the fact must he recognized that until silicosis ha*; been wiped out, workers who now have the disease, as well as those who may contract it, must receive workmen's compensation just as do those workers who arc injured in accidents. Accordingly, the committees of the silico sis conference, were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations: Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory, for the conversion of known facts in the medical and engineering fields working toward prevention, and in the legal, insurance and regulatory phases looking toward adc quate workmen's compensation, into a l>n\c' deal, readily understood program which will adequately take care of the silicosis prob lem* ^ In its program of cooperation with the 48 States, the Department of Labor has in cluded a section covering silicosis and simi lar dust diseases. This breaks down into three main sub-headings: (I) Assistance m because of competition between the same or similar industries in various. States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should he as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured the preparation of reasonable and adequate codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention ; (2) assistance in the establishment of equitable standards ol workmen's compensation for those em ployees disabled as a result of the disease, (3) a general educational program among The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation either through self insurance subject to the posting o ade quate funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. State officials, factory inspectors, etc. so that they will he equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treat ment under the workmen's compensation law. \ Insurance should not be denied any em ployer, provided the State authorities certi Follows Two Lines fy that he complies with the State require This application program, which is jusT ments as to proper safe working condi now getting under way has been commence, tions, and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should he removed from employment. Such workers should he granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (hut with no tuberculosis) should ultimately he granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in-; jury. * Two years is a reasonable minimum limitation period for filing claims subse quent to the date of the last exposure. Further Activitie* of the Department of Labor along two principal lines: (1) The compiling, of practical information concerning actualii dust control installations in typical silica hazardous plants, together with approxima tions as to cost, not only of installation, mn also of maintenance of dust control equipj ment in such plants; (2) a program of visu education supplementing the summary aw full committee reports of the National Nhcosis Conference. Tt is contemplated that this field such media as film strips, lantern- slides, posters, illustrated bulletins, etc. be utilized. Further, in connection with W. various exhibits of the department, shown various large expositions trade assocUti** meetings labor and technical orgamzatK* meetings; et " it is contemplated that mod; f.act.ual* infi*or_m__aat!ion ..w.11i1ll Kbne nucsi>etdl , npnoiinnMt*f In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the. U. S. Department of Labor has conceived that there is immediate need toward ways and means of correcting wt hazard and of establishing adequate stM* ards of workmen's compensai ion. Following the address by Mr. Starr a round table discussion of outstanding hazards in quarry operation took place. Tlfr concluded thc*Weducsday program. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 Methods Used by a Sand and Gravel Company to Win the National Safety Award By H. A. KOOP Safety Director, Lyman-Richey Sand & Gravel Corporation, Omaha, Neb. The Lyman-Kjclicy Sa.nl & Gravel mtiop operates 22 plants, located throughout he state. Each plant is operated as an individual unit, normally employing one reman and from three to six men on each annual employees number 200 to250, with an average of 275,000 to 325,000 man hours. AHproduction operations are by lake type dredges, involving such hazards as usually suit in electrocution, falling, burning, and drowning. Although our safety problems were the me as those of most small operators, our cord in the year prior to the safety pro gram was 79 lost-time accidents in 163,275 an hours' exposure. In fact, there were somany accidents reported that we received ry unfavorable comment from the State vnmpensation Commission, and some insur ance firms flatly refused to insure us. It was evident that the system of each Ihnt looking out for its own safety was all jV'r^" j a safe,y l'roraln for all plants decided upon ami put into operation in tfc following manner. First, an old employee, well versed in all Pnt operations was selected as safety diMor, devoting his full time to safety work. Stcond, all employees were required to physical examination. Most of the loyees passed tins examination, but a jM w were found to bo physically unfit. t TTLk.Vti/-Jd, .atllt _m_a_cth*inery and< equi.pment were *we as mechanically safe as possible; nls placed nn Rears ami around open ea.ving parts, ladders carefully inspected w ard s built over them, hand rails and * tlCKmls around platforms and on ways, electric equipment checked for per size switches and faplty wiring. Frrt: An annual meeting of all forewas decided tqion to discuss safety aTM Plant operations, th is prom t very profitable, since from experience had observed that the attitude of the fore man is reflected in the workman. . F'ifth: In addition to the trophy to he won in a safety contest, substantial cash awards were given the foremen having the best plant safety record; and we honestly believe these cold, round dollars did more than any thing else in keeping up interest in safety and plant competition. Sixth: All plants were provided with bulletin boards, posters and first aid kits. Seventh: The policy was adopted of hold ing each foreman directly responsible for his plant and each operator responsible for the condition of that particular part of the equipment he was operating, It was the duty of the safety director to go from plant to plant, making routine in spections, observing, and instructing when necessary in methods of safe operation, and conducting plant safety meetings. At these meetings all plant safety probloins were discussed, and the men encour aged to make any suggestions in regard to equipment or its operation that would tend to eliminate future accidents. Many good ideas, successfully executed, originated from this source. KcOt"tinneVomf eot^iuttroo gurseeatthest*proTbleTms 1h,aaSs been other i k l T l i . J , 'll*/1l f"T,something ci"al,0lyr t,rhuae" ohhfaattnerrwaacckkmsse--~n.t/oo tthhtinnhk. TTh,'i!s' i~s espe New men are prone to apply safety meas ures to other than themselves, and the alert foreman proves his worth in directing and cautioning until unconsciously the men be come safety minded. in 1934, as a member of the National Safety Council, we entered the National Safety Contest and although we did not win an award several of our plants had no lost time accidents in an average of 30,000 man hours exposure at each plant. 284 f Twenty sixth National Safety Cntujress safe working conditions and safe attitude* on the part of all employees is a cold busi ness proposition. It is a means of increasing efficiency and reducing costs. Jiv costs we mean not only money save! cm insurance and disability payments to injured workers, hut the even more real cost which is the suffering, pain and anxiety that results from injury for which no amount of money can ever compensate. ADJOURNMENT Construction Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--W, A. S now, Associated General C'ontractors of America, Inc., Wash ington, I). C, Vice-Chairman far Heavy Construction--R. J. RKtr.Ki.tnru, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. Vice-Chairman for Hifjhivay Construction--F. I. Rowk, W. L, Johnson Construction C<>., Uicksvillo, Ohio. Vice-Chairman for U, ,Y. Engineer department-- Major Ki.uott V andkvantkr, C. of E., Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, P. C. Vice-Chairman for Building Construction--C mkstkk W. W rioht, Wright & Kremers, Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Secretary--Roiif.kt MoK ini.ky, General Accident, Fire & Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich, News I.etter Editor--G. O. (rutin, Dravo Corp,, Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. hxgincering Committee Chairman- -T homas Soui.k, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Francisco, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman -I7. J. Cranufm., Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. i Poster Committee Chairman S. M. Lauokrdai k, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washing*; ton, ! ) . { * . . 1 , ,| Prtoofnf,raIm). CCo.mmittee\ Chairman-* V. P. Aiikarn, National Sand & Gravel Assn., Washing Publicity Committee Chairman--W. P. Conn, "The Constructor,*' Washington, D. C.* \'hitisiics Committee Chairman--C. II. Bi.aoc, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. Post General Chairmen-- W. F. A ustin, W. 1C,Wood Co., Detroit, Mich. Edc.ar N,,, Go!.1istink, Consulting Safety Engineer, San Francisco, Calif. John Kussku., J r., Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Officers Elected for 1937-38 tnitral C hair m a n - -W. A. S now, Associated (onoral Contractors of America, Inc., Washington, 1). C. Tice-Chainnan for Jleaiy C onstruction-^. J. Rkiukuitii, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. ftf'Chairman for Highway Construction --II. G. Camimiku., Ilarrv T. Campbell Sons Co., Tow-son, Md. Kt-Chairman for l 1. S. Engineer department Major II. B. Vaijc.iian, J r., Corps of Engineers, War Dept., Washington, I). t \ 285 286 Twenty-sixth National Safely Congress Vice-Chairman for Huildin;? Construction--(\ H. Black. Stone & Webster F.ngineeriug Corj*., Boston, Mas''. Secretary--Rom-'nr McKjnuy, fiencral Accident, Fire & Life Assurance <\irj., Detroit, Mich, Nnvs Letter liditor- 1,, K. Mhnii-mun, In<ln^frial Accident Conunisshm, San Francisco, Calif. Iinfitteeriii<] Committee Chairman- -Thomas Soui.k, Industrial Indemnity Kxchange, San Francisco, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman - A'. J. ( `kanou.i , Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass, i Vnujram Committee Chairman --John Uusski.I., J h., Public Service KIcctric & (ias Co,, Newark, N. J. Statistics Committee Chairman--K. N. (ni.ostini*:, 352 Ftmstnn Ave., San Francisco, Calif. Visual hduealion Committee ( 'h a irm a n S t M. Lauukroalk, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington, !>.('. TU ESD A Y AFTERNO O N SESSION October 12, 1937 The first session, was called to order In Francisco, who acted as chairman in the Kdgar N\ (ioldstine; consulting engineer, San absence of W. A. Snow. Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record 1 By R. J. REIGELUTH Vice President, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. Our1company has always maintained the policy of trying to make its employees into one large family. We have about forty men who have been in our organization over twenty-five years, and a large number who have been w'ith us over fifteen years, some of these men growing up from water hoys to superintendents. As all contractors today arc seeking means to check the increasing costs of material and labor, we were concerned about a further increase in the cost of our compen sation insurance. While the insurance costs arc only a part of the cost of a high accident record, they arc an indication of how those costs are running. Most of us construction men do not record all of the costs of an accident in our cost books and do not know the cost involved in time lost by the associ ated workers of the injured man, ihc cost involved in replacing the injured man with another workman, the cost involved in replacing a broken machine or damaged piece of work; still we all know these cost* exist and when our insurance rates increase, we get an idea of how those other costs are mounting up. Wc made a thorough study of what was involved in ouf accident records and had conferences with two insurance companies who carry our compensation insurance. There were several jobs in our record whicli bad operated without a lost time accident including various typical kinds of construe* tion work front operating a crushed stone quarry to reconstructing a bridge on whick a pier had failed. We determined what the saving in in surance costs would have been on the job which had a record of no lost time accidc* ( 'nnsirnelintt SeeIion 2*7 if we had hoen carrying the Kelro-pccltvc plan of insurance on those jobs. This study showed that a joh operating for a period d one year with no Inst time accidents re suits in a savin of hot ween $2*50 and $5 per $100 of payroll, the savin, being deter mined hy the type of work. Six men workin with one foreman -40 hours per week for 40 weeks amount approximately to 10,000 hours. If these men averaged 50c per hour the annual payroll for this crew would he $5,000. If this crew operated through the year with no lost time accident, the saving at $2.50 per $100 of payroll would result in ! a saving of $125 in the insurance for that period of time. It s ohvious1 that with a foreman having a larger crew of men, the I saving would he considerably more, and also I that the saving would he considerably more I on a hazardous piece of work where the compensation rate was high. We decided to I Mmre that saving with our men. I We set up for this first year the following I plan of awards for a No Lost Time- Aeci- I dent Record: I We offer cash prizes of $50 and $25 to I tach foreman attaining the requirements for I the award. The $50 prize is awarded to any 9 foreman who carries his gang through the 1 calendar year with no lost time accident,, awl I % $25 prize is awarded to any foreman S ^ho carries his gang through the calendar I war with no more than one lost time acci9 dent resulting in no more than one week of tot time. We established the second prize B of $25 to meet the possible situation of a f l foreman almost making the grade of a no accident record only to have it shot the tot week by one accident. We wanted the Iftcnto feel that their honest efforts at safety fed recognition even though they did not 9 tove a perfect score, To qualify for these awards a foreman oq be a man regularly employed on our Sftyroll at least 40 weeks in one year. We tore no requirement for a mipimuin amount d time that a foreman must work as a toeman in any one year. We figure each Btoeman\s record on the same basis that the Bfettball leagues figure a player's hatting wage. We want results and if a man who B lto to "bat" only once makes a "hit," he flfc aperfect score. I f a foreman has a joh B * only one month or less and has a no BlRidcnt record he has done the best that B * could for the time we called upon him performance. I waul to make that point plain. All cot'" `(ruction men are faced with a problem tff keeping their key men working all the tim4' and ftoni time to time demote key men from positions as foremen to jobs in a gang whe11 there is not work for the men as foremen* We have carried on work sometimes in periods of depression when almost every man on the job was of foremanship ma terial. So that in an effort to avoid impos ing any hardships on our men \vc classify those men as foremen and available for the awards who have been in our employ for a period of 40 weeks in a calendar year and used hy ns as foremen any time during that year* ! We classify as a lost time accident any accident where the injured man is unable to return to work on the shift following the shift in which he was injured. An injured man may receive first aid treatment on the joh or at a physician's office and may be off the joh the larger pari of the day in which the injury occurs, hut if he is able to return to work on the next shift, we do not classify that accident as a lost time accident. We put this plan into operation at one of the meetings of our superintendents and foremen. Our plan for meetings of this nature is to have a private dining room in the best bote! in our city to which we call the superintendents and first-class foremen from their jobs, wherever they may be lo cated. in cases of jobs remote from our city, it is necessary for these key men to leave a job in the middle of the day to get to the meeting; but we consider these meetings of i sufficient importance to warrant the effort and cost about once a month. It lias always been difficult to induce the foreman on a job to consider safety from a humanitarian point of view, and it is also difiicult to get him to realize fully the costs involved in accidents to the company. Rut it is comparatively easy with a foreman, as with anybody else in the world, to point out the value of safety when it means $50 in his own pocket. The foremen are showing a keener interest in safety than they ever have liefore, and have come to look upon an accident as a direct loss to themselves. Throughout the competition for these awards we have not abated our efforts to assist otir foremen and superintendents to secure as safe conditions as possible on our work. Wc have had meetings, not only of the foremen and superintendents, but also 2(K) I 'wrii tv sixth X a(tonal Safety Coutfress ( '(instruction Section 201 By Hours of tin* l >ay By Body Fart Injuivd By Nature <f Injury By General CaiiM* By major sub-classifications under Den- eral Cause By Primary Basic Causes By Secondary Contributing ( auses Bv Foremen in Charge By Manner of Performance By Agency (Machine, Material, etc.) By Part of Agency By Method of Contact The figures may he summarised using days of time lost, medical expense, compen sation awards, or other associated data. W EDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Methods fer Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified1 By DANIEL HARRINGTON Chief, Health and Safety Branch. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D,C. While the hysteria with regard to silicosis and oilier occupational diseases has largely subsided and this subject is being more care fully considered ami soberly judged, it would lie poor policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and revert to conditions as they were sonic years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying occupational-disease compen sation is now in its infancy and can he ex pected to grow rapidly. At present while all the States^ of the Union, including the District of Columbia and excepting only Arkansas and Missis sippi, have compensation acts, only the fol lowing make provision for occupational dis eases to some extent: California, Delaware, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina. North Dakota, Ohio. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island. Washing ton, West Virginia, ami Wisconsin. Silicosis is compensable in one wav or an other in California. Connecticut. District of Columbia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri. New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, and possibly in other States, It will lie surprising if comparatively com prehensive occupational-disease legislation is . . i. . _t! Ci 1. Published by prrmisMon of the Director, 1?. S. Bureau of Mine. (Not .ub^ct to copyright.) not on the statute hooks of nearly every state in the Union within the next five years. With this situation confronting him, the farsighted industrialist who lias the interest of his organization at heart will immediately start to "'put Ids house in order" by studying possible, occupational disease hazards to his employees and promptly applying known remedial measures or attempting to devise such measures if none exist. Unquestionably one of the most important of the surveys to he made relates to dust occurrence. While the state dust laws and regulations apply primarily to silica dust and resultant silicosis insofar as the health hazard is con* cerncd, those most familiar with dust occur rence and its possible hazards recognize, not only that the breathing of large quantities of dust of free silica (SiO) is probably the greatest hazard to health likely to he founi where dust is involved, hut that not even silica dust is harmful to health unless < occurs in very finely divided form and * breathed in relatively large quantities mo or less continuously (or a considerably length of time. Moreover, many thought experts on dust harm fulness are now bet ing convinced if is to he expected that In will he harmed when human beings obliged to breathe higli concentrations of kind of dust more or less continuously. I fessor Philip Drinker, of Harvard, as eta IHm(UaIntMofthtehe . P.r.e..v..e..n..t.i.v..e.....E..n-g--ineering- C,c . j Hygiene Foundation. Pf ol hurgh, has expressed the considered opinion of a body of outstanding dust experts as follows : "There is no satisfactory medical answer at present to this question, hut the engineer js making a had mistake if he lets men breathe heavy dust concentrations of any material. If no other reason for dust control can he found, then one should read tran scripts of some of the recent suits at com mon law in which fantastic damages for alleged silicosis were granted to men who reathed dust containing little or no silica. The courts and compensation hoards arc not impressed with subtle distinctions between dusts with 10 per cent and 40 per cent quartz, specially when medical experts are reluctant to make definite statements as to the com parative significance of such differences. It would he well to realize that men forking in dusty trades suffer far more from respiratory troubles of all kinds than no men who work in dean air. The evidence that excessive dustiness of any kind is harm ful is beyond argument/' It should also be remembered that the dialing of dust is by no means its only tazard m industrial work that may require wpensation payment; ami even here the armful effect of breathing dust is not nccwarily confined to the lungs, as some kinds Idust are known to have detrimental health dtcct on the nose, throat, and bronchial Passages as well as (indirectly) cm the heart, Jtomach, and possibly other internal organs, kdernally, dust may cause injury to the res, ears, and skin ; and some dusts, in conJrt with the perspiration, are absorbed with Wnitc harm to the health of the victim. Dust Cuts Visibility Moreover, heavy concentrations of dust in ^ air reduce visibility materially. Obvidy, m industrial occupations in which but ited amounts of natural light are avail ? or in wbb'h artificial light is used 7 * anY decrease, in visibility due to lust concentrations (and the decrease in ibty may, under some circumstances, it to 75 per cent or more) is likely to* in materially reducing efficiency and mthe more frequent occurrence of ar ils accompanied by an increase in comition commitments. Some dusts (coal, aluminum, and scores of others, minW nonmineral) are explosive and inanv are subject to spontaneous combustion will* consequent hazards to health, safety, and property. Many dusts have detrimental eF eels of various kinds on property as distin guished from persons. Machinery, growing vegetation, animals, dwelling houses, and other types of property are damaged by dusts, and compensation of some kind often is obtained from industrial concerns through damage suits or otherwise. From the viewpoint of respiratory harm fulness, it is generally stated (though actu ally knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health ad versely upon entering the lungs are those that arc less than 10 microns in size, different persons having different ideas as to what the maximum may he--10 microns or 8 or 6, and some say that the harm really is done by particles less than 2 microns in size. As against this, it is stated that fibers of as'-, hestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found in the lungs of men, and that undoubt edly these long asbestos fibers exerted at least some detrimental effect. Since a micron is only about one twentyfive-tiiousandth of an inch, or much smaller than the naked eye can see, it is usually as- , sumed that the larger dust particles that can ` he seen floating in air, and which settle out relatively fast are not harmful to health. Certainly, this is not so, as the larger par ticles that float in the air (some of them 100 or more microns in size), if present in considerable quantities clog the air passages to the lungs, some of which have agencies that under ordinary conditions intercept dust particles before they can reach the lungs and this clogging then allows the smaller and probably most dangerous dust to enter the lungs unimpeded. A common-sense opinion as to what con stitutes an atmosphere so dusty that dust prevention action should he taken is that any atmosphere in which dust can be seen bj the naked eye is too dusty, not only for health hut also, at least in many cases, for safety and efficiency, ff the visible dust is eliminated, much of the invisible or probably most dangerous dust will unquestionably have also been removed and very likely the health as well as other hazards much mini mized or even removed. After the visible dust has been removed, it may be necessary, under some conditions or with some types of dust, to make more in- I 292 7 humify sixth National Safely Cnii</rcss tricatc investigations as to the occurrence of invisible dust, using the impinger, konimetcr, or other instruments; but unless litigation is in effect or threatened, those intricate studies arc relatively unimportant if the visible dust is eliminated from the air of working places. Prevention Is Best Manifestly, if dust is not produced, it can't get into the air or become harmful other wise; and some relief from dust troubles in industry can be achieved by using con struction, practices, processes, or equipment that tend to eliminate dust formation. In designing and equipping the places in which employees must work, the forwardlooking industrialist will be wise to prevent the making of dust or to control it if it must be made, by using machinery, methods, processes and construction with dust-elimi nating characteristics rather than those that produce or spread dust, even though some additional expense in construction or opera tion may attach to the dust-prevention fea tures. The emphasis now being placed on dust in its various phases and the expense which dust may cause make it almost im perative that in the future much more thought he given to dust prevention and handling than has been given in the past For instance, processes or practices that produce excessive dust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they should he isolated somehow, such as by housing them tightly in a separate part of the plant or using them at times when the least number of persons would he exposed to them or when there is ample time to remove the dust from the atmosphere of the working places. Sue! installations or practices must he operated efficiently at all times, however. Common sense should he used in handling a dust control device or method; certainly it is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system to take the dust out of part of an establish ment and then exhaust the dust-laden air at such point or in such manner that it will be taken into the same or some other part of the establishment or into an adjacent one through doors and windows. If dust must be formed, several effective methods arc available to prevent the dissem ination of dust into the air or into places where it may cause trouble. Among these are wet methods, such as wet drilling in stead of dry drilling, wet crushing instead of dry crushing, wetting or washing down j floors, walls, and rock faces. In general the j use of water in industrial processes and j otherwise is one of the most effective avail- i able aids in the prevention of air dustiness, j even though in some cases wet drilling does 1 give off some dust. Notwithstanding a j growing tendency in some quarters to decry j the effectiveness of wet methods, up to now 1 the use of water is probably our best defense against dust dissemination, especially in min ing and tunneling. Dust-exhaust devices, such as hoods, traps for drilling, etc,, have a definite place in dust control, particularly in surface plants and operations. Under some conditions exhaust systems, when well installed and kept in re pair and operation, not only remove dust but also more than pay for themselves in dollars and cents value of recovered dust. It costs approximately $7,000 to install such a device in a surface plant processing one of the metals, and the. value of the dust recovered daily averaged about $25. in addition, the device kept the air of the plant as well t* the surrounding walls and other surfaces practically free of dust. On the other hand, the use of dust tra#e in dry drilling, while definitely applicable t certain types of surface or near-surfact rock-excavation work, has not been founl applicable to general rock-drilling practice underground vyork. There are several rea sons for this, some of which may be over come in time. Some types of rock cannot he drilled diy with any degree of effectiveness, and as yet the availably types of rock-drilling traps are not workable with wet drilling; if dry dol ing can he done, the traps ordinarily will da a good job of removing the dust from dril* ing, but thjs will leave the rock surface! (top, sides, and floor in many cases) dry,wl subsequent operations (blasting, muck timbering, hauling, etc.) will throw into dl air dust certain to be created in large qustil ties by the other processes. The dust tfcj thrown into the atr will settle on dry N | faces, ready to be thrown into suspewid subsequently by any or all activities. Doj traps are somewhat cumbersome, espedll when used in the more or less conm places in mining and tunneling. J However, dust traps with dry drilling hat definite applicability for use in surface near-surface operations where dry driS* Construction Section ) 29i can be done, and have numerous advantage* bver wet drilling, especially in very add weather. Good Ventilation Needed Ventilation is probably the most effective dust-control practice available for many in dustries, though it ranks second to wet methods in others. Where ventilation can he applied effectively, dust can be removed from the air or its concentration can be kept so diluted as to render it practically harmless to workers; ventilation can mini mize dust hazards of almost,all kinds, in cluding spontaneous combustion, though it may enhance hazards of dust cxplosibility in some instances. In some cases ventilation should be induced by exhaust method*, hut in others forced or blowing systems arc the more effective, this being particularly true inunderground work in places having hightemperature air due to rock or dripping water or other condition, such as rapid, oxi dation of surrounding rock or timber. To obtain really effective ventilation in such work as tunneling and metal mining is difficult usually because ordinarily but one opening is driven instead of having workings in pairs as in coal mining, where fresh air lows in one opening and return or contamimrted air in the other. Conditions brought about by dust may force the use of parallel openings in many tunneling and metal-min ing operations o f'the future, and, notwith standing the violent objections this wggestion will raise, there are good reasons for believing that in many cases there would k definite dollars and cents savings if the parallel-opening system, with its numerous ventilation, health, drainage, and other ad vantages, were used instead of the present e-opening system, with numerous disad vantages and hazards and with alnnit its only nal advantage the fact that its use is and has ken customary. Dry drilling is unquestionably the dustiest workin mining, tunneling and quarrying, and continues to he used far too much in the 'ted States; certainly, if dry drilling is ed at all, it should b$ done only with twist drills or with the simultaneous of up-to-date dust traps. Wet drilling as practiced in the United `es, with water forced or drawn through fl*drill steel by means of compressed air. k now under fire as producing relatively large quantities of dust even though the ma terial floating in the air usually is wet; some of this criticism is undeserved but, some of it is legitimate. The trouble is due largely to the fact that the holes are collared or started dry and, in some cases at least, are drilled dry for several inches after starting, ami the dust created by this dry starting im pregnates the usually stagnant air of the ordinary underground-tunnel or metal-mine working place for much if not most of the working shift. In some cases the driller drastically limits the amount of water sent through the drill steal and, while nominally drilling wet, the actual practice is closely analogous to dry drilling with compressed air, which flows through the drill steel and forces out of the drill hole and into the air of the working place undue quantities of water-entrained dust or particles. In some cases when the drill is out of repair, the driller allows far too much compressed air to flow through the drill steel. When present types of wet drills are used properly, the dust from drilling can be kept within reasonable limits, and this is actually . being done by numerous alert and conscien tious mining and tunneling companies. Some companies in the United States and Canada are experimenting with rock drills that do not allow compressed air to go through the drill steel but require the water to he forced through the steel by its own pressure; such drills are said to produce less dust than the usual types in which water is sent through the steel by compressed air, but the practica bility of the newer type of drill is question able and it has been used relatively little in the United Slates or Canada. Must Use Judgment However, air dustiness can be kept well within safe limits if modern types of wet drills are operated with care and judgment in collaring wet with plenty of clean dirtfree water; if the drills are kept in good re pair; if the proportion of water and compressed air flowing through the drill steel are adequately regulated; if the ex haust from the drill is prevented from im pinging on nearby dusty surfaces of muck piles, floors, walls, or timbers thereby throw ing dust into the air; and, if, insofar as feasible, the drilling of upper holes is re duced to a minimum, as upper holes, whether 294 i TiK't'fiiy sixth Xalituml Safety Congress drilled dry or wet, are relatively heavy pro ducers of dust in the air of working places. Next to dry drilling, blasting causes more finely divided dust to be thrown into work ing places than anything else; and, in addi tion to throwing violently into the surround ing air immense quantities of finely divided dust, blasting with the heavy charges of ex plosive required in many mining and tunnel ing operations also impregnates the surrounding air as well as the mtidf piles with considerable quantities of poisonous gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and, in some kinds of rock, hydro gen .sulphate and other dangerous sulphurous fumes, practically all of winch occur in such quantities ami percentages under some circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who may breathe them or to cause serious illness, often of a more or less permanent character. Many persons win have studied the inci dence of dust disease are of the opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of extraneous or hamful gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc., inflames or other wise adversely aiTects the respiratory organs, especially the lungs, and makes them much more easily and readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. Past blasting practice most certainly must he modified and reformed if the employer is to avoid heavy penalties in compensation and other charges due to the inclusion of legislation on occupational diseases (one be ing dust disease) in the laws of the various States, If at all feasible, blasting should he done at the end of the working shift or on an off shift, and the dust- and gas-laden air should he removed or thoroughly diluted before the men return to work. Ventilation is, of course, an essential agency in cleansing the air where blasting lias been done, hut in addition to ventilating the place it should he thoroughly wetted (walls, floors, roof or top, timbers, etc.) be fore blasting is done, and a water blast should be kept in effect during and after the blasting; the region should be thoroughly wetted upon return to the face region after blasting, and the muck pile should he kept well wetted at all times while loading it out, as the water not only tends to allay the dust hut also either absorbs or otherwise aids in the dilution or elimination of harmful or poisonous gases from blasting, which usually cling to the blasted material. In general the larger the quantity of ex plosive used, the more finely divided the lasted material, the more heavily the air is impregnated with dust and smoke, and the greater the quantity of poisonous gases left at the places; hence, methods should he used which will tend to reduce the quantity of explosives used and of gases and dust pro duced. In this it will be found that the use of stemming or of some types of blasting plugs now available will more definitely con fine the explosive; hence, increase its effi ciency and reduce the quantity of explosive used and also reduce the amount of poison ous gas produced and possibly reduce the violence of the blast and its tendency to produce dust and disseminate it into the surrounding air. And it would be well for users of explo sives to investigate types of explosives that are known to give off minimum quantities of harmful gases on detonation and to use them; also the elimination of the use of fuse and the substitution of electric blasting would aid in reducing the amount of poison ous gases from blasting. Explosives that have been held in storage too long or that have been stored under unfavorable con ditions as to moisture and temperature, arc likely to give ofT maximum quantities of harmful gases if they detonate at all; hence* utmost care should be taken in the storage of explosives apd to see that they are no! held in storagp too long before being used Respirators Available Dust respirators of various types are now available for use in excessively dusty atmos pheres, and while they are cumbersome and have numerous features that make the undesirable for constant wear throughout i working shift /though they can be worn readily for several minutes at a time), they do give adequate protection to wearer* against dust but give essentially no protiC-; tion against either poisonous or asphyxiate gases. Dust respirators should be regarded as being temporarily useful for emergence* only, whereas protection for workers agat*( dust should be more substantial. i What might be designated "good Imhm#* keeping1' has a definite place in dust pft^ vention. Dusty materials should he stored dust-tight containers or bins ; dusty esses, including the handling of dusty *4 lerial, should bc carried on, as far Construction Section ? feasible, in dust-tight compartments or structures, the lightness of which should he maintained; ledges or surfaces on which dust may lodge and accumulate, to be thrown into the air by some shock or move ment, should be changed to prevent oppor tunity for such accumulation, or, if this cannot be done, such surfaces should be cleaned periodically by vacuum process, by washing down, or by sweeping (the latter being a relatively poor method, and should he employed only when as few of other workers as possible are present); floors should be kept as free of dust as possible preferably by washing them with water; and, certainly, air for the working places should not come from dusty sources. Physical examinations should play an im portant part in the drive to minimize health harm from dust in industry, but so much controversy has been aroused because of themthat their effectiveness has been largely nullified. Unquestionably, every person em ployed in an industry where considerable dust may be found in the air should be rig idly examined by a competent doctor pre vious to employment, and if the examination reveals the presence of respiratory trouble, I the person should not he employed; this is i especially true if tuberculosis is indicated. I At six- or twelve-month intervals every per son in dusty industry should submit to a rigid physical examination; and if disease is 'hown to he developing, tlie victim should be transferred to noiulusty employment if such available. Handling physical examinations in a manner fair to the worker as well as to the employer should be worked out, and it must be admitted that to date this has not been done at all adequately. Prevention of dust disease is chiefly an employer responsibility lie should shoulder willingly, not only to safeguard the health of persons in his employ but also to relieve his firm of the heavy financial burden likely to be thrust upon it by compensation or legal authorities, should employees become af flicted with dust disease; and when one takes into account how little is known as to the cause of the disease and how to relieve it if it is incurred, it would seem to be the acme of common sense to do anything practicable to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work. This does not mean that the employee should not help himself, as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational disease as to avoid having accidents. However, information as to occupational disease (including dust dis ease) is not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the employer should carry on an educational campaign to inform his safety and operating officials about occupational disease matters and to have them transmit the information to the workers so the latter can cooperate whole heartedly in trying to eradicate these dread diseases from industry or at least control them to a far greater extent than has been done. Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment By E. A. BLANPIED Safety Engineer of Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. My personal experience has liecn confined |*inly to work of river improvement and Ibidge building. Our records are divided |*o these two classes. River work consists of driving pile dikes |*d rip-rapping river hanks, generally for S. Government. Bridge classification covers railroad and ftway bridges of the heavier type includItheir foundations, laitli '`pneumatic" and \ dredged." [ River work, being mainly done by floating and with a large percentage of un skilled labor, differs greatly from the more complicated bridge work which uses mostly skilled and semi-skilled labor under greater hazards. The bridge classification is sub-divided into erection and foundation as each has its own special hazards and treatment. River work has been the subject of ex tensive research along accident prevention lines by the U. S. Corps of Engineers and most of the fatalities are due to drowning. Special safety requirements to lessen this hazard have tarn compulsory by being 340 ( T m 'h(v sixth National Safety Congress One of your local physician* will he pleased to talk to the employees on sickness prevention. Carefully located bulletin hoard* with timely health topics are useful. Articles in plant magazine* arc far reaching, and payenvelope inserts discussing health topics have proved beneficial. ADJOURNMENT Marine Section Officers 1936-37 vacuerai Chairman--K. ( \ Holden, J k., United State P. 8r l. Agency, hic., New York, N. Y. \Vicc-Chairman (In Chary? of Posters and Slides)--Rohert F. Hand, Standard Oil Co. of N. J.t Marine Dept., New York, N. Y. \Viee-Chairwon (ht Charge o f Publicity)* \V. K. Stewardson, Colombian Steamship Co., New York, N, Y, ` 1 \Vice-Chairmm (For the Pacific Coast)--Ai.hkrt (). P ew, Union Oil Company of Calif., Wilmington, Calif. iVfcrr/ary--Care F. V ander C.utk, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N, Y. 1 |yc*i Letter Editor--H enry Blackstone, United States P, & T. Agency, lnc,, San Fran cisco, Calif. pioneering Committee Chairman--\\. C E dwards, Atlantic Gulf and West Indies Steam; ship Co., New York, N. Y. membership Committee Chairman--E. \V. Fiskk, Ir., Soconv-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. ^mjram Committee Chairman--Byron (),. P ickard, Pacific ( `oast Marine Association, San Francisco, C'ait f. I Misties Committee Chairman--Benjamin H, Ski.k, Travelers Insurance C'ompany, New. York, N, Y. IMevedoriny Committee Chairman--I7, C. Grkcory, Waterfront Employers Association, San Francisco, Calif. Members at Large-- Frank E. Amks, Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship to ., New Orleans, La. W. P. Bines, Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, !>. ( \ C. F. Beackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey, City, N. J. 1 Frank H. Coc.an, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, N. Y. J. M. Griser, Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co,, Mobile, Ala. Henry J. H kiixmn, Standard Oil Co. of N. J.t Marine Department, New York, N. Y. John S. H unter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa, Willard F. J ones, Gulf Oil Corp,, New York, N. Y. T. F. Kavanac.h, Grace Line, Inc., New York, N. Y. Frank C. L aurie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. J. L. LucKENitAOi, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. John McGrath, John W. McGrath Corp., New York, N. Y. Care E. P etersen, Newport News Shipbuilding 8r Dry Dock Co., New York, N. Y. H. W. P room, 1 Broadway, New York, N. Y. J. K. Romson, Sinclair Navigation Co>, New York, N. Y. J. A. Rumhky, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Richmond, Calif. S. A. Schramm, Black Diamond Steamship Co.. Pier K. Wcehawkcn, N. J. 341 342 ( Ttv't'My sixth National Safety Congress H. L. Si warm, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. A. I. Smith, Mai me Office of America, New York, N. Y, A rthur M. T ook, Consulting Marine Engineer, New York, N. Y. (. K. T aylor, Federal Barge Lines, New Orleans, La. J. H. Tomb, New York State Merchant Marine Academy, New York, N. Y. Hi u o rr Yandi \ anier, Office of tlie Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg., Washington, I). C. L. H. Wfsthaiii, Hollar Steamship Lines, San Francisco, Calif. A. O. Wou., (eneral Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island, Calif. J ohn Wright, American Export Lines, New York, N. Y. , Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--K. C. Holden, J r., United States P> & I. Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Oil Co. of N, J. Marine Dept., New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (in Charge of /'WiY/vJ--Harou* J. Harding, Marine Progress, New York, N, Y. Vice-Chairman (Por the Pacific Coast)--Albert O. P egg, Union Oil Company of Calif., Wilmington, Calif. Secretary--Carl F. V anper Cuite, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. N nvs Letter P.difor-- Henry Blaukstonk, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Fran* cisco, Calif. Engineering Committee Chairman--Frank H. Cogan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, N. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--K. W. Fjskr, J r., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Program Committee Chairman--W, P. Biggs, Navy Department Safety Eng., Washington, D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. S elf, Travelers Insurance Company, Nc* York, N. Y, Stevedoring Committee Chairman--Frank K. Ames, Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co. New Orleans, La. Members at Large-- (*. F. Bi.ackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey, City, N. J. T homas Bi.au, (race Line, New York, N, Y. Logan Cresai*, Isthmian Steamship Co., New York, N. Y. W. C. CiAunurr. Pittsburgh Steamship Co,, Cleveland, Ohio. F. (*, (iRKgory, Waterfront Employers Assn., San Francisco, Calif. J, M ,.(riser, Alabama Dry I hick and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. Henry J. Hkiihirn, Standard O il Co., of N, J., New' YorkTN. Y, John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. . (i. Johnson, Sinclair Navigation Co., New York, N. Y, Willard F. Jones, Oulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. I'rank (*. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. J, H. Love, Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Kearny, N. J. Marine Section MX J. I.. I-tu kI'.niiac'if, American Hurcau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. J ohn M rtitm ii, John \Y. Met rath Corp,, New York, N. Y. Hykon O. Pickard, Pari lie Const Marine Associations, San Francisco, Calif. J. P. Ronky, The Texas Co., New York, N. Y, J, A. Riimsky, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Richmond, Calif. S. A. Schramm, Plack Diamond Steamship (.*<*,, Pier Is, Weehawken, N. J. 1L L. Skwako, Yale University, New Haven, Conti. A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. Y, !.. R. Sokknson, Newport News Shipbuilding 8r I >rv HockCo., Newport News Ya. VV. K. Sti.waroson, Colombian Steamship Co., New York, N. Y. Arthur M. Took. Consulting Marine Engineer, New York*, N. Y. J. H. Town, New York Stale Merchant Marine Academy, New York, N. Y. * Major II. Ik Vauujian, Jit., Corpjj of Fngit|icrrs, War Dept., \Y,ardiinivton; !>. C. > L. H. VYtvSTHAtH^ Dollar Steamship Lines, San Francisco, Calif. A, 0 . Woi.b, (ieneral Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island, Calif. John VYhiuht, American Export lanes. New York, N. Y. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION O ctober 12, 1937 The opening session was called to order by Ilyron i O; Pickard, Pacific American Steamship Assn., San Francisco, Calif., pro tram chairman of the section. Captain E. C. Holden, IJr., Unihstjl iSiatles' P. aind* L Agency, Inc.,' New York City, general chair man of the section, submitted a, review of the year's activities. The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry B y R. J. BAKER President, American Steamship Owners' Association, New York City The advancement of safety at sea is the *ult of an endless process of trial and *ror. It is amusing to compare the present H attitude toward safety with the one of * 11 eighty years ago, as indicated in an ide published in the "Nautical Magazine Naval Chronicle" of London in 1856, which it was declared that the chief s for loss <f ships at sea a re : 1Tcetotalism -the serving of coffee in stead of rum ; iThe presence of the captain's wife and 1oInthsearniwtyo;men; 4. Drunkenness and revelry; 5. Mutiny and insubordination ; 6. Discord and dissension ; 7. No devil being on hoard ; 8. The devil having been let loose. Today our reliance on safety at sea is placed in the results of the navigation laws of the country; the ice patrol; study of icc and current conditions ; load line and stow age regulations; removal of derelicts; in stallation of safety devices which provide tiic host available fire detection and extinc tion apparatus; constructive requirements which will enable an endangered ship to 1 Metals Section Officers 1936-37 (encrai Chairman--C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co.t Middletown, O, Vice-Chairman--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Imi. Secretary and News J,etter Editor--Mkll K. T rammell, (iulf States Steel Co,, Alabama City, Ala. (pitest Committee Chairman--\<onv:ur L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co,, Louisville, Ky. Engineering Committee Chairman--R. H. Fkrouson, Republic. Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Foundry Committee Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--1)r. R. C. E nokl, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, (), Membership Committee Chairman- H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughiin Steel Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa. Pester Committee Chairman--11. II, H enry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. * Publicity Committee Chairman--C. K. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate (Bass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman--1\ l. Brani, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago. Nife and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. (>artel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Co., Pittsburgh,- Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. F ilmer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. JUmbers at Large-- R G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, O. R, A. Beyer, Central Tube Co., Ambridgc, Pa, C, A. Bianchi, H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridgc, Pa. E. F. Blank, Jones Si Laugldin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. ColtriN, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Craiumile, Beiden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, HI. H, M. Croc.iian, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. J.E. Cullinky, Bethlehem Steel Co,, Bethlehem, Pa. 11. W. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dundork, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. UT. Dye. Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. John P. Km, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet, III. E. A. Ellis, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W, Va. J.P. Gatherum, Groat Lakes Steel Corp., Kcorse, Mich. O.R H arvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S.E. Hawkes, Macwbyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H.G. H enskl, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. W. A. J arvis, ('base Brass St..Copper Co., Waterbary, Conn. 381 ,W 7\w///v .VM'/// X at tonal Safely Canifress I' A l.\rM\N. krpnblic Steel ( orI,. (`hicago, 111. T. H. McK inn'i V f i d i m i ) , Carnegie Illinois Steri l u . , Chicago, 111 D. \ . Mu i m i i , Inlet hike Iron Corp., Chicago, Hk John <>*Rocrk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Mil. C. S. l'Un i tes, Povere Copper & Brass, Ine., Pome, N. V. Frank Row*. Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, <>. A. C. Snuu.T/, Bnenis-P.rie Co,, So. Milwaukee, Wis. H. J. Spokhkk, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Hast Chicago, hui. K. J. Stf.rnkr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. J. . Voss Republie Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Officers Elected for 1937-38 (entrai Chairman - U..-A. Chafmn, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, lud. 'ire-Chairman Mi u, K. T kammkm. Republie Steel Corpk, Alabama City, Ab. Secretary and News fitte r Editor- -H. J. (kiffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa. Contest Committee Chairman- Korkkt I,. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. Ent/inccrin<f Committee C hairman--W. T. FikMKR, The Youngstown Sheet & 'Pube Ou, Youngstown, ( )hio. foundry Committee Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hcmphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman-- )r, K. C. Knhku, Republic Steel Corp,, Cleveland, O, Membership Committee Chairman-Vum K. W arr, Pittsburgh District, Carnegie, Illinois Steel Corj>., Pittsburgh, Pa. > ! j, Vaster Committee Chairman--H. II. IIknry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. i'myram Committee Chairman -R. H. Ff.ruuson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Publicity ( 'omiwh//<v Chairman--Joiin.O'Roukk, Bethlehem Steel Ou, Sparrows Point, Md \ Railway Car Guilders Committee C hairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Maine j faeturing Co., Pullman, Chicago. Statistics Committee Chairman--H. J. S pofkkk, The Youngstown Sheet & Tubej Co., ,Ka*t Chicago, Ind. Members at Large-- j j C. M. A1.1.KN, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. ; F. (i. Bknnktt, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio R. A. Bfykr, Central Tube Co., Atnbridge, Pa. J. A. Com rin. National Radiator Corp,, Jolmstmvn, Pa. <*. S. Craihmii.k, Behlen Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. H. M. Croc.man, Inland Steel Co.. Hast Chicago, Ind. J. K. O n.kinky, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. C. A. Bianchi, H. II. Robertson Co., Amhridgc, Pa. 11. W. Daur, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown* Pa. ' M. W. Dundokk, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. Ik T, Dyf.. Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. K, A. Kims Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. Karl Fym.r, (arnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, Ilk ; E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Metals Section 3R3 J. I*, (atiikkum, Great Lukes Steel Gorp., Kcorse, Mich. (). I\ H akvky, American Tar ami Foundry CoMNew York, N. Y. S. K. Hawkks. MacWhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis, H. G. Hknskl, The Youngstown Sheet and Ttihe Co., Chicago, III. W. A. J arvis, ('base Brass it Copper Co., Inc., Waterhury, Conn. I7. A. Laukkman, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. N. B. MacIIosk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. T. IL McKknnry, 2542 K. 73rd Street. Chicago, 111. (Retired) 1). V. Mkdauk, Interlakc Iron Corp., Chicago, HI. C. S. P hillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. C. E. R alston, Pittsburgh Plate (lass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowk, Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, O. A. C. Schultz, Bttcynis-Kric Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 The session was called to order hy Gen- Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio, who eral Chairman C. M. Allen, The American introduced the speakers. Safety as a Morale Builder By ROY W. KELLY Chief, Personnel and Training Division, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D, C, The maintenance of morale is readily con ned to be one of the major objectives of management. Whether the executive is re sponsible for building locomotives, making mattresses, managing a Government bureau, or commanding an Army division, his suc- is dependent in large upon keeping up ^morale of his associates. All of us tend to he influenced by, and to k upset and kept in a most unsatisfactory tame of mind by unsatisfactory living or workingconditions. 1f we want high morale, * roust expect to pay constructive attention * such matters as wages, hours, working Citions, basic causes for grievances and mplaints, improvement of sanitation, elimi^ion of unnecessary noise, anti proper tating, lighting, and ventilation of the work *** Perhaps no other causes contribute *reto lowered morale than a feeling of in*wily in one's occupation, fear as to the future of one's earning power and doubt as to opportunities for advancement and for satisfying achievement. These are all recognized as matters prop erly belonging in the field of personnel ad ministration or labor management. They are mentioned merely for the sake of point ing out that safety is an integral part of this functional field. Organization for accident prevention and the maintenance of the safety program, if they are to contribute to im proved morale, must he planned and carried out with a view to their direct relationships with these other essential human factors in management. This is a point on which there is much diversity of opinion as well as practice. Nevertheless, the experience of many or ganizations tends to indicate that a safety program cannot hope to succeed, no matter how well planned, unless conducted in an mo 7<\v///y sixth National Safety ( dnt/rcss On (be basis of 11n* human dement being the major problem in (lie elimination of ac cidents and tbeir attendant injurie1 the safety program must be designed to empha size to the supervision and workers the ne cessity of being safety-inindcd at all times. The roost effective influence in selling any proposition is an appeal to lhc self-interest of the individual. 1f he becomes convinced that he can personally benefit by the elimina tion of accidents, he is apt to accept the safety program and become a safety booster. The hazards incident to maintenance work can be minimized bv methods which antici pate and reduce the number of breakdown jobs. This reduces the amount of work and corresponding man hour exposure, and al lows most of the work to he done on a planned basis. The most essential practice in such a program is systematic, thorough and frequent inspection of all equipment, with a follow-up system which will insure that unsatisfactory conditions are corrected as promptly as production allows or eco nomic considerations dictate. If the maintenance foreman's territory is small this inspection can he made person ally. However, the usual division of a steel mill maintenance foreman is too extensive and too many other demands aire made upon his time to allow personal attention to all items of equipment. It is then necessary to delegate this important function to opera tors, oilers, engineers ami electricians who are in a position, to observe the condition <f each piece of apparatus. hi power houses, boiler houses, pumping stations and similar1station jobs tlie engi neers, oilers, pump tenders and electrical operators are primarily occupied with opera tion of the equipment and close and continual observation is automatically obtained. Such close observation is accepted as necessary due to the importance to production and the fact that little spare capacity is provided. Like wise, the standard of maintenance is high, being kept as far as possible on a preventive basis. The jolis are usually well planned, the crews experienced and efficient, and all tools and special equipment at hand, resulting in efficient and safe performance. T|ie majority of mill auxiliary equipment docs not get the same degree of attention and maintenance. Here the operator, in gen eral, has no interest in the apparatus, except that it respond to the controls, and little or no responsibility for keeping the unit in operating condition--hence the necessary, fully organized maintenance crew to take care of such equipment. The only exception to this is the craneman who may have limited responsibilities as to the inspection, lubrica tion and adjustment of his machine, and certain other machine operators. Overhead traveling cranes, gantry cranes, repair trolleys and various types of hoists comprise a class of equipment which require special attention from the standpoint of in spection and preventive maintenance. I >uc to the hazards of falling material, whether cas ual material, broken parts of the equipment, or loads dropped due to failure of mecha nisms, every precaution must be taken to keep this class of equipment in good repair. It has been found desirable to supplement the work of tbp foreman and repairmen charged with the proper maintenance of such eipiipmcnt by Ihp nisc of (Vane Inspectors. The craite inspector goes over all equip ment in detail, recording all items of a me chanical or electrical nature which need ad justment or replacement. This survey pro vides a double check and docs not lessen in any degree the responsibility of the abovementioned foremen and repairmen. Copies of these reports arc forwarded to the su perintendent and foreman involved, as well as to the Plant Safety Department head. All recommended repairs or alterations roust he disposed of, either by being carried to completion, or by being rejected for cau*e. The inspectirpti covers cleanliness and or derliness of the equipment in the interest of minimized fire hazard and increased safety of operators and repairmen. Safety equipincut, such as sanders, fire extinguisher, hand lines, safety belts, gongs, warning lights light extension cords, gear guards clc. b checked. Loose or scrap materia! on the cranes, approaches or runways is not tol erated. Loose, worn or broken parts are itemized and recommended for correction. Inspections at intervals of one to two months have been found sufficient for aver age conditions, with more attention given to particularly hard-worked cranes. Unusual operating conditions, or failures of parts may make it desirable for the inspector to mala special checks and reports when requested. ADJOURNMENT $ Mining Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--C W. (inms, Harwick Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Engineering--(i, J. Bakrktt, U. S. Steel Corporation Sub sidiaries, Duluth, Minn. Vice-Chairman in Charge o f Health--I,kb Low;, Clinchficld Coal Corp., Dante, Va. Vice-Chairman in Charge o f Membership--ANous 1). Camiuki.i,, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, , Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada, Secretary and News Letter E.ditor~\)t\n m . Ha[rrini;ton, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, l). C, Poster and Slide Committer Chairman--J. J. Koruks, United States Bureau of Mines, Pitts burgh, Pa. Program Committee Chairman--L. ( \ Campuku., The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman - M, R. Bunn, The Explosives Engineer, Wilmington, Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W, Adams, United States Bureau of Mines, Wash ington, I). C. Members at Large-- Thomas Ai.ubn, Chief Coal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado, Denver, Colo. J. W. Ai.t, Calumet Ik Hccla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. P. M. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Tcnn. Fred E. Bedaub, Consolidation Coal Co., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper1Mining Co,, Butte, Mont. Maurice Coui.tkr, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. H. T. Harrkr, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhilt, Tcnn. H. C. H enrik, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bishee. Ariz. Kush N. Hosj.kr, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspec tion Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. C. ,F. Keck, Jamison Coal Corp., (freynslmrgy Pa. Thomas K> Liohtfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wm. (*. Mktzuer, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton. Pa. I). D. Moffat. Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. V, O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. K. B. Paul, New Jersey Zinc Co., New York, N. Y. John T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo, J(|hn T kkwbrk, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Cacral Chairman--0 . J. Barkbtt, Oliver iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. Vice-Chairman--Lkk Long, Clinchficld Coal Corp., Dante, Va. Vice-Chairman--Aw.us D. C axipbku, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ont., Canada. 401 `102 Twenty sixth National Safely Congress MUIUUJ St'CtWH v) 403 Vice-Chmrmttti {' Cami'hi i.i, The Koppers ^ oal ( Pittsburgh. Pa, Secretary and /Veres' / clter hthlor Uanim 11arkW iTon, l*nitcl States Uureaii <>i Mitu*s Washington, 11 t \ Poster tut(l Slide ( otutu ittec ( Iwirnnut L J. Kukhks, United States Bureau of Mines, Pitts- ( luiirmiin -M. K. The I'.xplosivo. t H*l. S ta tis ts CommilUr (Vminmm-W. W. Adams, United States Unreal, of Mines. ington, I). U. Members tit l.artjC" . ,+ . T homas A .ifn, Chief Coat Mine Inspector. State of Colorado. I>enver, (1.. J \V. Ait, Calumet & Meda Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. I>. M. ATim, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Trim. P'kkoiK. Hkiiai.k, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. 1., nm |.. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Minin (.o., Butte, Mont. Maurice Coiii.tfr, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. C. W. (dims, Marwick Coal & Coke Co., 1ittsburli. Pa. H. T. Mari'FR, Tennessee Copper ( o., CopperhiU, T enn. H C. Hf.nkik, Phelps I )ode Corp.. Bisl.ee, Ark. , Rush N. Hosier. Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Ratio & Inspec tion Bureau. Marnshur, Pa. . C. F. K eck, Jam ison Coal Cor|>., C.reenslmr. Pa. Thomas Tv Lioiitfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wii.i.iam G. Mf.tzof.r, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. |> I> Moffat, Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. V. <). Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. B. P aui, Netv Jersey Zinc, Co., New York, N. Y. j j John T. R yan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. 1.. T. S h-ka, St. Joseph I.ead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Iohn T rewmk, 1lomestake Minin Co., I.ead, S. D. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . O ctober 12, 1937 The session was called to order by Gen- and Coke Co. Pittsburgh, Pa., who introeral Chairman C. \V. Gibbs, Marwick ( oal duced the speakers. The Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Mining By JAMES K. RICHARDSON Safety Director, Climax Molybdenum Company, Climax, Colorado S ^ T ^ r S H S * ore cannot he extracted without endangering machines it is surely not efluic . I.ow cost production is the true basis of efficiency. I lie major item on any cost sheet * tabor. A property that achieves a low unit cost due to a cheapness acquired by low wages with the consequent low type per sonnel will not long exist! The reason is obvious although the daily labor cost is low the ultimate job cost is high. These poor workers are the men that efficient organiza tion^ refuse to tolerate--the "cream of the crop are hired in their place. When a mine gets a reputation for unsafe working eonditions you will notice an influx , l>ot>J* workers. The good men leave--the poor ones stay. The reason is that the poor worker realizes he cannot get work in an organization that demands efficiency and ability. Each of us has talked to various em ployees coming from other properties. You ear that "such and such" a company kills men daily, or that someone is always getting hurt. These reports may or may not be exaggerated--but where there is smoke there * fire! If your property gets such a reputa tion among the laboring men LOOK OUT. The basic principles of accident preven tion are: Supervision, education, and disci . J* i* not necessary to discuss these Principies. However, it is true that too much at each day's work is lost by the working m , due to unsafe conditions. If the work man must spend half his day remedying twity conditions, replacing staging left by a previous shift, blowing out" his working Hace, or any one of a thousand similar cirmstances, you know production costs are wing. The efficient mining organization is today lUnilardizing every task. These standards built up from the study of the task and adopted if efficient and safe. Such jobs (easily supervised and it is easy to educate u emI>loZee ',l Hie manner of working. |w i an employee knows how to do a job seldom is injured! [Frommy persona! standpoint J believe that standardizing of jobs is the biggest Pan organization can make toward im- wing underground or surface efficiency. I believe that on the standard tasks the ent risk has been lessened 50 per cent, sy task is done the same way yet there N>ugh variation of conditions in mining ^ice so that it does not tolerate a man wing mechanical. When a workman i he must keep a definite standard rcss of the work being done, he attempts to meet those requirements. He knows that the preceding shifts must meet the same re quirements and therefore he is able, to take up his work safely, exactly where it was left hv his predecessor. He can flitis devote his full time to work without fear of slipshod methods applied previous to his arrival. I believe that a task well done, regardless of the job, is more easily maintained than a haphazard piece of construction. When a job is safe, all components of that job are in first class condition. We can, then, surely count on lower maintenance costs on first class jobs and when the operator looks over his cost sheets, repair costs arc the major items. All of us have seen timbermen tearing out old timber and replacing with new. Had this timber been properly placed and properly considered at first, the new job would not have been necessary. Unquestionably we have all had experi ence with faulty ventilation. I recall cer tain underground fires that could have been controlled and loss of life averted had venti lation been considered a major problem in the original layout. The major portion of our small metal mines are notoriously poorly ventilated. Many men are "gassed," causing them^ to^ fall from high raises to death or certain injury; others contract pulmonary diseases more readily and are disabled. Some are injured because of their inability to see their work clearly. These things are all due to a faulty ventilating condition, and any in jury causes certain losses in production re gardless of its seriousness; nor can it he denied that unless breathable air is avail able the normal efficiency of employees is decreased. ~ In one particular property I recall certain additional work obtained merely by estab lishing proper ventilation. A total of 150 ma chine shifts was being put in each day in a sloping area and prior to correct ventilation the average amount of hole drilled per ma chine was 86 feet. After the ventilation was improved the average was increased to 118 feet. Loaders who had originally pulled ap proximately 76 cars consistently passed the 100 mark. Footages in development work rose from 2.6 per machine to 3.8 feet. Loss ' of time from pulmonary disorders dropped to a negligible figure, and the accident frefluency fell 28 per cent. Another important factor in accident pre vention is correct illumination. Those mines which have done away with the old carbide 42K 7'a/e-lity sixth iXatiomil Safely Congress the mine superintendent and head* of the employment and safety departments. Each accident is analyzed and entered on the workman's safety record which shows at a glance, not only the accidents that he has sustained and the action taken, hut also the educational training he has received and the protective equipment with which he has been provided such as goggles, gloves, safety fiats, lamps, safety belts and other similar articles which are furnished by the company free of charge, and exchanged without cost to the workmen when rendered unfit by normal wear. 'flic safety work of the mining depart ment is under the direction of a safety engi neer, who has under him a corps of trained inspectors who make an inspection of all working places on each shift, and supervise general blasting operations. I )angcrous con ditions arc reported immediately to the boss in charge of the work* and in urgent situa tions the inspectors have authority to stop the work until the place has been inspected by the boss, who then assumes all further responsibility. Typewritten reports arc dis tributed daily by the safety departmont.to all the losses concerned, and at the weekly meetings of supervisors a cheek is made on the action taken on the recommendations , that have been submitted. As a stimulus to greater interest and co operation in the prevention of accidents, a scale of monthly safety bonuses, payable to all bosses and inspectors has been estab lished. This scale is based on the total rate of accidents per thousand shifts supervised, and takes into account the interest displayed during the month by each supervisor in the elimination of hazards, enforcement of safety rules, and good housekeeping. Once each month all the working places of the mine are inspected by sectional safety committees, who make a detailed report of the conditions and equipment considered to he unsafe. Typewritten copies of these re ports are distributed to all the foremen and bosses concerned for their investigation and written comments, and the discussion of questionable recommendations is taken up at a monthly meeting of the committees, Imsscs, foremen and mine officials. Separate meetings of the contractors working in the two main divisions of the mine arc held once each month, and the accident record of the preceding month is discussed with them in detail, adopting ail possible measures for the prevention of similar recurrences, Two meetings of the general safety com mittee comprising the management, operat ing executives, technicians and principal as sistants: one for the surface departments and the other to cover mining operations, arc held once each month for a review of the record of the previous month, and for the discussion of matters of general nature. Fire Prevention Every possible effort is made to minimize the danger of a fire underground. In prep aration for such a contingency a large number of carefully selected men have been trained in the use of oxygen breathing ap paratus, and five crews of five men each are kept in continued training. A smoke room has been provided to make the training more effective, and fire-drills are held under ground in various sections of the mine once a month. An up-to-date first-aid and mine- rescue station is maintained on the main patio of the mine, completely equipped with 12 McCaa oxygen breathing apparatuses; 10 all-service gas masks; 50 self-rescuers; oxygen pump; carbon monoxide detector; safety lamps; stretchers of various types; life line, and other miscellaneous equip ment. .i A fire-car fully equipped with hoses, axes, pipe fittings, fire extinguishers, first-aid supplies, and other tools and material is also available on the main mine patio at a mo ment's notice. Provisions for an abundant supply of water in all parts of the mine through both air and water lines have hem made, and water connections, hydrants,; and fire extinguishers have been placed in con venient parts of the mine. An injector installed on the main air lino at the portal of the mine is available to spread, by mean' of a stench signal, the warning of a fire underground. ADJOURNMENT ') Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman- ( ikoiu.k J. A dams, International Paper Co., (ileus Palls, N. Y. Vice-Chairman in Charge of MembersItip--Arthur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whit ney Co., Waterville, Me. Secretary anti /Vm/rjiw Committee Chairman 1\ A. Roiunson, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Necnali, Wis, Xews Letter Editor and I'nblieity Committee Chairman---Clayton Braatz, Marathon Paper Mills, Rothschild, Wis. Conlest Committee Chairman S rorr l)o\vt>, The Paper Industry, Chicago, 111. Ilffyineeriiiif Committee ( 'hairmdn--I ). B. (Viant. The Ontario Pulp St Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Ont., Canada* Health Committee Chairman - D m, Howard W. Paine, Hollingsworth Si Whitney Co., Waterville, Me. Poster Committee Chairman--}. H. T urner, Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., (rancTMcrc, P. Q., Canada. Statistics Committee Chairman--Krko W. Braun, Kmtloyers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Members at l-aryc--. , Hrnkst A uoustus, The Mead Corporation, Chillieothe, O, W. J. Brennan, Maine Department of Labor and Industry, Augusta, Me. M. W. Dundore; Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. K. L. Kaist, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co., Hamilton. O. W. A, G leason, llammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. E. ,H. (rant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, O. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co,, Port Huron, Mich. C. O. 1Iolmer, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co.* Minneapolis, Minn, }*'. L. Irvin, St. Croix Paper Co!, Woodland, Me. D. A. McAlary, Eraser Companies, Ltd., Kdmundston, N. It., Canada. Don E. McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parclmjienl Co., Kalamazoo, Micb. 1 Arthur M urray; Container Corporation of America, Chicago, III, 11. (i. Noyks, O xford Paper Company, Rum ford, Me. J. J. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel P ruyn, Finch-Pruyu Co., Inc., (dens balls, N. Y, H. 1). Rockks, Bird St Sou, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. i\ II. Roskiujsij, Nekoosn-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. S. F. Siiattuck, Kimbcrly-(`lark Corp., Ncenab, Wis., Representative. The American Paper and Pulp Association. L R. S impson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., West Monroe, La. Officers Elected for 1937-38 rfww/ Chairman - Dumw. J. A dams. International Paper Co., (ileus Kails, N. Y. ^(Chairman in Charm* of Membership- Arthur K. Winsi.ow, Hollingsworth St Whit'wyCo., Waterville, Me. 429 430 Twenty-sixth National Safety Cone/ress Secretary ami Program Committee Chairman~ F. A. Rownson, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. Sexes Letter liditor and Ptihlieify Committee Chairman--Clayton Braat/., Marathon Paper Mills Rothschild, Wis. Contest Committee Chairman--A, Scott Down, The Paper Industry, Chicago, III. iint/meerintj Committee Chairman--D. B. Ciiant, The Ontario I>tilp & Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Out., Canada. Health Committee Chairman--Dr, Edward \V, Paine, Hollingsworth Si Whitney On., Watervillc, Me, , Poster Committer ( `hnirman--J. H. T urner, Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., Grand Merc, P. Q., Canada. S'fatisties Ctonmitlrc Chairman--Frfd W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis, Members at Lartje - - Krnfst1Atw.i'sTtiSj The Mead Corporation, Chillicothc, O. M. W. Dunixirk, Belojt Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. K. L. Faist, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co., Hamilton, O, W. A. Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, O. JLJ. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite Si Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. C. O. Hof.MF.R, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. F. L. Irvin, St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Me. I). A. McAi.arv, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Edmundston, N. B., Canada. Don E. McDowkii., Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. Arthur Murray, Container Corporation of America, Chicago, 111. H. G, Noyes Oxford Paper Company. Rumford, Me. ! E. W. Patton, The Lawrence Paper Co., Lawrence, Kansas. | i J. J. Pi.zak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruyn, Finch-Pruyn Co., Inc., (dens Falls, N. Y. B. I). Roc.KKjS, Bird Si Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass, I7. H. Rosehush, Nckoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. i ; S. F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenab, Wis., Representative, The American Paper and Pttllp Association. L. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., West Monroe, La. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1937 The opening session of the Paper and Pulp Section was called to order by George J. Adams, International Paper Company, Glens Falls, New York, who presided. C iiairman Adams: Following the usual practice, it is my duty as General Chairman to review briefly the activities and progress of the Paper and Pulp Section during this past year. There were two meetings of the executive committee during the year, the first at Chi cago on January 19 and the second in New York City on April 15. At the Chicago meeting, the principal topic of discussion was the program for thi* Kansas City Convention. The New York meeting was concerned with a discussion relative to the correlation / 'rt/Vr ami / 'i//> Srrlioii y$ 431 of efforts of this Section with other agencies or associations of the Industry in their aims trt promote accident prevention in pulp and paper mills. Also included in the New York meeting was an extensive discussion on acci dent statistics. It was proposed that the Section take some means of perfecting and continuing these statistics because of the very pronounced interest being shown by a number of mills. Accordingly, a committee was appointed at the New York meeting consisting of Fred liraun, Chairman, Ernest Augustus, Arthur Winslow, George Hums and myself to act as a sub-committee to the regular statistics committee, of which Mr. Braun is also our Chairman, to consider the following: 1. Improvement of the present form of report of accident. 2. Perfecting a plan for future tabulation. 3. Perfecting a plan for the presentation of the statistics to the Section. I have asked Mr. Hraun to include in his statistical report also the report of this com mittee. There has been quite an increase in the membership of our Section the past year. About 5 per cent of the industry as a whole are now members of the National Safety Council. Through the good will of Fred Robinson and the Kimberly-Clark Corporation we have the services of a stenotypist to take discussion notes at our meetings here. Wc certainly are all appreciative to Fred and his corporation for this. J. J. Pr.ZAK (Consolidateti Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis.) : I would like to ask that the membership give the Secretary permission to record a unani mous vote of appreciation for the splendid leadership that this Section has had under our Chairman, George Adams. (The motion was carried.) Report of Accident Experience Exchange By FRED W. BRAUN Manager, Safety Engineering, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Statistics should lie used in your accident prevention work for fact-finding interest on your program. These can be shifted in any manner. Some very interesting things are tonight out in this year's report. Members of the Section arc to lie com plimented on their response in sending in *eir reports. We received 678 reports this war as compared to 108 last year. This year August, with 77 accidents, was fchigh accident month: July, with 29, low. In Tabulation 2, which indicates the day d the week in which these accidents were onsed, you will find that Wednesday was Nth, with 119, and Sunday was low. In *36 Nnday was low and Thursday was high. Itorc is apparently an indication there that middle of the week is high. You should check with your own plant perience and see whether thp accidents as *7 arc reported to your plant check with ^ Do you have the high recording in the ddlc of the week ? Tabulation 3 shows the day or shift. The day worker is low and the shift worker high. Does that mean that the day worker, work ing eight hours a day, during the day, every day in the year, has more natural rest, and that the shift worker who goes on at eleven to three or from three to eleven and so on, one week, and next week some other hours, has his rest broken up? When a man comes home at seven o'clock in the morning from a night shift, or three o'clock, does he go to bed and get his rest? If so, does he get natural rest? Those arc some of the things you should check with your own plant. Tabulation 4, time of accidents, is very close. There is very little difference Iietween afternoon and morning accidents in recording. Tabulation 5 shows that for the three years, *35, *36 and '37. the highest peak in the morning occurred anywhere from eight to twelve o'clock. Here is your first some what consistent fact. In the afternoon you o Petroleum Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--A. W. B reeland, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman--A. J, Martinson, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif, Mews Letter Editor--J. H. B rown, Tide Water Oil Company, New York, N. Y. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. D. M urphey, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, Okla. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. , Poster Committee Chairman--H. T. M arker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Program Committee Chairman--R. B. R oarer, Humble Oil and Refining Co,, Houston, Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--G lenn Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. i Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W, M yers, Standard Oil Co. (N, J.), New York, N. Y. i Atlantic Division Chairman--R. L. S impson, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. ICrt Lakes Division Chairman--I7. R. McLean, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., White Star Div., Detroit, Mich. [&// Division Chairman--D. B. H iatt, Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort Worth, Texas. 1M-Continent Division Chairman--K raus E arhart, The Texas Company, Tulsa, Okla. Iicific Ditnsion Chairman--L. K. Buti.hr, Union Oil Company of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. ( IW y Mountain Division Chairman--B. V. O sborn, Standard Oil Co, (ind.), Casper, Wyo. General Chairmen-- R. W. B lack, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. R. S. Bonsib, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. V. R. Currie, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. D onovan, Standard Oil Co. o f Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. H ightower, United Gas System, Houston, T exas. G. 0 . L ockwood, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. P russing, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. S enne, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. 1), J. W allace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. veiary--H. N. Br.AKKsi.KK, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N, Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 trot Chairman--H. W. Bogg*;ss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Chairman--J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. \ Letter Editor-- F. R. M c L e a n , Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., White Star Div., piToit, Mich. 489 Petroleum Section 491 Twenty-sixth National Safely Congress 490 Mid-Continent Fclrolcum Corp.. Tulsa, Huflinecrvtfi Com milice C h a irm a n --F.. 1>. Mubimiky, Houston, Texas. Okla. C o m m i t , e c ^ an^ . H aHlla^s, T'I exas. Pro(from Com m i t tte* e (C hiuani rrmm aanu ---AA.. ww.. ... "V Dallas, Texas. Publicity C om m ittee .y/ntw/tY* C o m m i t t e e ( /niirnun1 C/im rm a^ i J; y%r j j ^ vrRS r a Standard M i u .kr, The T ex as . . Co., Houston, Texas. SS=' - v* Atlantic Division Chairman N. Y. . . . of Ohio, Cleveland, ~R. T. llKNOKKSON, Standard Oil Co. rVrdi /.uA'c* D i v i s i o n C h a t r r n a n Baytown, Texas. ' Ohio. Chant Jk Ih.mWe Oil & Kefiniiw 0 ''' G u l f D i v i s i o n C h a i r m a n - W m. ( . bant, J - By> j Rt The Carter Oil ,uulsa, Okla. That tlierc is a dose relationship between , accident causes classed as public and those classed as industrial is recognized by ail stu dents of the subject. That relationship causes one to ponder over the right and the wrong of arbitrarily segregating industrial and public accidents. Safely men have long realized that the fundamental causes of industrial accidents differ not at all from those that kill people in the home, on the street or at the seashore. If hazardous equipment leads to injury in the plant, it will lead to the same thing on the highway or in the homo. From the standpoint of society at large there can be no basic difference between giv M i d - C o n t i n e n t D i v i s i o n C h a i r m a n ] . c C n Oil Co; San Francisco, Calif. ing a green and wholly untrained industrial Pacific /ilVvXisSiwon k^ ll<`!rl,l`m~ ^ ; J /rC!--R. O. T kayuw. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Rocky Mountain Division Chairman yowling. (cnerttl C h a ir m n t- - *t Elizabeth, N. J H. W. B-- . S `atf ^ ;l (N ?.'). N e . York, N. Y. K. S. lloNstn. Standard Oil Co. < J ' Texas. AA. WW .. HUhbiiih .ano. I-<me s t a r (.as Co ' al a l e V. 1C COKKIK, ` 1* T ,, ( M * CM. K. K. Donovan. Standard ^ la,u aru Oil Cn. o ril(el finCeaCliof..,. ! H o u s to n , Texas. C, H himtowkr, l.n ito d Gas ' Bartlesville, Okla. C,. O. l.oeKWoon, C ittes Servi { L os Angeles. Calif. CiKo. V. I'rpssiw?. Union Od . ,, Houston, Texas. K. 1C KoA.it. Humble 0.1^and ft K N Yofk> N Y . asper, worker a well guarded jointer to operate and giving a green and wholly untrained citizen a modern, safe motor vehicle to operate. Trouble is potential in either instance; irre trievable loss is imminent in either case. The question should not be,41Who is responsible?" --the question should be, "Why arc such fool ish things done?** It does seem that a united front should be brought to hear iqwm the fundamental causes of accidents as a whole; not entirely in lieu of, but at least in connection with, the many piecemeal thrusts and parries at contributing uses that arc now flying in all directions, it isaltogether probable that a closely knit and well organized one-front safety movement will Secretary--H. b~ Y" fc N- Y- appear on the horizon eventually. It is readily granted that certain necessary legislation must come if safety is to grow more efficient. The Uniform Vehicle Code is an MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION outstanding example of the right kind of leg islation. Much necessary legislation will in October 11, 1937 t &ed be sponsored and foqg|it for by safety nwn. But all such legislation must be sound Gas Co., Dallas, Texas, who introduced the speakers and directed the discussion. aid based upon scientific knowledge of the wbject. Aside from industrial safety men devotedly entering the so-called public accident field, Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety By HENRY W. BOGGESS Sinclair Prairie Oil Company. Tulsa, Okla. Superintendent of Safety, The ratio of public to industrial death. * s died During 19*. UUWO An^ TM " ^ S ^ T f justwhat else can industry do to help minimize accidents outside its gates? Just what are dustry's responsibilities which it has not yet itcognized and accepted? One critical view is that ijie so-called techadngical development in this country, to hich so many of our ills have liecu charged, the result of research anrj development by S u ir v ' hasaany j S S i y fordtesep^f r outside accidents, whether or not .<: * within its power the ability to prevent * * * American industry. It is spid that through fc*research and development, the entire sod tone of America has been changed from I Beethoven sonata to a Duke Ellington them, is the question. were non-occupational. swing. To attem pt to free industry from r e sponsibility in even the more remote reactions due to this increased national tempo would be difficult--if it could he shown that industry had both the antidote and the authority to administer it. The thought seems to be that, having changed the environment in which men live, it would follow as a logical sequence that industry should so train men that they can Ijve securely in that changed environment. The answer to such a charge is not difficult: The limits to which industry may go in training humans to safely use its products are very vfclt defined by the liberties that society grants to its citizens. Factual information, detailed in structions and pointed warnings just about exhaust industrial limits. Persuasion is pos sible hut coercion is impossible. Mandatory. requirements must he left to society. But there are criticisms that are more prac tical and less idealistic. It has been suggested that the individual consuming the product of industry is entitled to as much protection in its use as is the. workman in its making. Unless industrial safety is a mere monetary gesture, unless it was devised and is being maintained for purely economic reasons, this thought must he accepted as true. What right has industry to sell a farmer a water pump with unguarded gears that will sooner or later mangle his hand ? What right lias industry to sell a housiewife a porcelain bathroom fixture that is known to frequently break and sever arteries ? What right lias in dustry to sell a road commission an asphalt road that will be slick in wet weather and result in broken necks and broken hearts? If the water pump can be guarded; if the bathroom fixture can he made of non-breakablc material; if the asphalt road can he built so that it will not he slick in wet weather, then industry should not be permitted to plead economic or competitive pressure, nor even the value of replacement business. It will not even attempt to do so when the time comes that the accident problem is looked upon as one problem and the safety efforts of America arc united in a one-front, efficient drive to stop preventable accidents without regard to where they occur. In a few quarters, industry yet covers up behind the old English Common Law prin ciple known as "caveat emptor" which means, "Let the buyer beware." But this is rapidly being recognized as poor morals, poor ethics 576 { Tn'Oily-sixth National Safety Congress hospitals where air conditioning is installed, the doctors and nurses are comfortable, which tends to promote a steadiness of the nerves. The freedom from perspiration avoids the possibility of a wound infection from that source. Since some types of anesthetics arc definitely known to have ex plosive characteristics, it is important to prevent the generation of a static condition that may prove disastrous. This is accom plished by maintaining a relative humidity of 50 per cent at which condition static is en tirely eliminated. In mines, air conditioning has been bene ficial to the health and well being of the men working. In deep mines, without air condi tioning, temperatures and humidities are excessive, which frequently cause prostra tions. In shallow mines the roof and walls are at a temperature of approximately 50 degrees the year round and in the summer, when moist air is induced for ventilation, rapid condensation occurs and accumulates on the shale rock which increases the hazard due to falls. By supplying dehumidified air with a dewpoint equal to or below the shale rock temperature, moisture condensa tion will not occur, disintegration and falls are minimized. Many air conditioning installations have been made in industrial plants where exces sive process heat is generated, such as enameling rooms where materials to be enameled are at intensive temperatures. Air conditioning has reduced the number of prostrations and hence benefited the health and increased the comfort of the employees, Another important application is the re moval of dust and small particles of irritant chemicals, such as are found in uncondi tioned match factories, some departments of chemical, paints and pharmaceutical plants. In the manufacturing of rayon, an acid solvent is required in the process. Unless an exhaust system is tied into the air con ditioning system, the acid fumes contaminate the air, producing urhealthful working con ditions. The fumes affect the throat and eyes in particular. Fuse loading departments in ammunition plants is another application where air con ditioning produces safety for employees. The humidity is kept high enough to prevent a static spark. Cooling and dehumidifying in summer eliminate perspiration from the worker's hands, which prevents the powder from adhering to the steel dies. Some lacquering processes require a sol vent having explosive properties. Since in some plants doing this type of work the solvent has explosive properties, and de humidifying is required, an exhaust system is installed and sufficient outside air sup plied to prohibit an explosive mixture. Humidification in tobacco plants keeps down dust, which otherwise would be haz ardous to employees. In the drying process of manufacturing matches, uniform drying, which requires air conditioning, prevent* flaring or sparking when ignited. ADJOURNMENT Rubber Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--J, M. Kerrigan, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co,, Inc., Buffalo, N, Y. Vice-Chairman in Charge o f Program--R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co,, Grand Rapids, Mich. Secretary--R. W. Morse, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. News Letter Editor--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc,, Providence, R. I. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. G. Polm, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Health Committee-- I I)r. W. S. Ash, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. 1 Dr. J. N ewton S hirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co,, Watertown, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--Paul Van Clkef, Van Cleef Brothers, Chicago, 111. Publicity Committee Chairman--W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire Sc Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Statistics Committee Chairman--1). G. Welch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Members at Large-- Ralph S. Farnum, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. John J. Loge, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. John E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Passaic, N. J. Urban L. Moler, Inland Div., Genera! Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. W, P. S pa^ton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. C. W, U fford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio, Past General Chairmen-- E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. M. Dietz., Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa. C, F. Horan, Hood Rubber Company, Watertown, Mass, J. T. Kidney, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. H. W. Low, Miller Rubber Products Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio. W. L. Schneider, The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. Charles F. Smith, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--J. M. Kerrigan, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Pite-Chairman in Charge o f Program-*-R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Kapids, Mich. feretory--R. W. Morse, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. few Letter Editor--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Providence, R. I, hyneering Committee Chairman--J. G. Polm, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. IteJfh Committee-- Dr, W. S. Ash, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Dr. J, N ewton S hirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. 577 578 ( Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress Membership Committee Chairman--Paw, Van O .f.f.f, Van C.lecf Brothers, Chicago, 111. Publicity Committee Chairman--W. H. MaoKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y.' Statistics Committee Chairman--I). G. W ei.ch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Members at Lartje-- Rai.imi S. Farnum, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. John J. Look, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. John E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Passaic, N. J. Urban L. Moi.er, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. W. P. Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. C. W. Ufforo, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Past General Chairmen-- E. W. Bf.ck, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. M. Dietz, Pennsylvania Rubber Co.t Jeannette, Pa. C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Company, Watertown, Mass. J. T. Kidney, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. H. W. Low, Miller Rubber Products Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio. W. L. Schneider, The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. Chari.es F, Smith, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 The session was called to order by J. M. Buffalo, N. Y., General Chairman of the Kerrigan, V. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., section. Rubber Section Safety Contest Chairman Kerrigan briefly reviewed the outstanding facts in the 1937 Rubber Section Safety Contest. Thirty-seven participating plants worked 63,6%,394 man-hours during the six months' period of competition in the Rubber Section Contest and experienced 642 disabling in juries for an accident frequency rate of 10.079. The 37 plants employed 67,874 men. Both the accident frequency rate and man hours of exposure were higher than for all previous contests. Plants averaging 125,001 or more man hours per month, composing Groups A and B, made the best records in the contest with an average frequency rate of 10.05. Ciroups C and I>, composed of plants with 125,000 or less man-hours of exposure per month, had an average frequency rate of 10.424. Two-thirds of the plants in both divisions had frequency rates below the averages. Perfect records for the entire conteil period were made by four plants. Seven of the 22 large plants in Groups A and B ha4 frequency rates below 2.00 for the contett period. Five plaques were awarded to winners of h'iiblu'r Sri'lit)n S79 first place; two certificates were awarded to winners of second ami third place. Awards were presented by Lew R. Palmer, conservation engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City, and past president, National Safety Council. Plaques were awarded to first place winners as follows: Groups A and B--11. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Saugatuck Footwear Plant, Saugatuck, Conn. Groups C and D (under 125,000 average monthly man-hour exposure)--Four tied for first place with perfect records--Van Cleef Brothers, Chicago ; Providence Insulated Wire Co., Pawtucket, R, I. ; The LobI Manu facturing Co., Middleboro, Mass.; U, S. Rubber Products, Inc., Fabric Fire Hose Co., Sandy Hook, Conn, j "Rubber Industry Problems" was the sub ject of a round table discussion which touched on the following points: 1. What is a workable plan for good housekeeping? 2. What are the outstanding fire hazards? How can they he minimized ? 3. How can hand tool injuries be pre vented ? 4. What protective apparel is necessary for the workers? 5. What types of mill and calendar safe ties are most satisfactory? Why? (\. What hazards are involved in molding small rubber parts? How can they be over come ? Safety Device for Horizontal Heater By K. C. LOOMIS Manager, Runningboard Div., The Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio The need for a safety device for locks on the doors of horizontal vuleanizers, com monly called open steam heaters, was im pressed upon us last year when a door Mew off one of our largest heaters. The <toor, weighing more than a ton, was shot through the air like a paper plate. Luckily, none was injured. The operator couldn't explain what had happened. He was thinking about the spoiled job in the vulcanizer. We were thinkI in different terms--how much more *rious this could have been and what could he done to the heaters so that the steam eald not be turned on unless the door was Properly closed. Not Fully Closed Examination of the door and the door Wts exposed as the reason for the acci- the fact that the door had been closed enough to withstand nearly a full head of steam. As the pressure built up to this point, the door lug slipped hack and the door blew open and off. Positive Device Sought The engineering division was instructed to correct tins hazard, ant! if we were un able to buy a safety device, to make one. We found that there was no positive safety mechanism available which would make it impossible to turn on the steam if the door were not properly closed nor to open the door before the steam had been completely exhausted from the heater after the cure. A safety device that will do just this has been developed and is now in use on all heaters in our plant at Willoughby, Ohio. (Illustrating with a large copy of the drawing shown here, Mr, Loomis gave the following explanation of the device.) 580 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress Part I. Door is moved into position on heater and locked by turning door to the left Cam (1) operates roller (2) opening valve (3) which releases air pressure to line (10) which leads to lower inlet of three-way diaphragm valve (8). Operator then sets cure time on time cycle regulator (9). This regulator automatically shuts off air pres sure on line (11) allowing direct acting valve (7) to open. Shutting off the air on line (11) also operates three-way valve (8) which opens lower inlet allowing air pres sure from line (10) to enter reverse acting diaphragm valve (4) opening same, and al lowing steam to enter heater. Part IT. When heater is in operation, steam pressure built up inside of it will operate the diaphragm valve (5) pushing JhU ((>) down behind door lug. Part Hi. When cure time is up, time cycle regulator (9) turns air pressure into line (11) closing direct acting valve (7), also clos ing lower inlet of three-way diaphragm valve (8) which shuts air pressure from air line (10) and vents air from reverse acting diaphragm valve (4) causing this valve to close. Part IV. As steam is exhausted from the heater and the pressure has reduced to less than 12 oz. on diaphragm valve (5), spring (12) will pull bolt (6) up, and heater door can be opened. Note. (a) Tension on spring (12) can be adjusted either to raise or to lower the 12 oz. factor. (b) Steam line has two valves, one clos ing with air pressure and the other closing with air off. ADJOURNMENT Safety Equipment Section Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Sixth National Safety Congress and Exposition Kansas City, Mo., October 11-15, 1937 Exhibition Hall--Municipal Auditorium Acme Protection Equipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Gas Masks. Advertising Displays, Inc., Covington, Ky. Safety ducation Materials in Display Form With Moving Messages. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. Safe Driving Tests, Safety Educational Films. A. S. Aloe Co., S t Louis, Mo. First Aid and Hospital Equipment, jAmerican Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, N. J. Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings, American-LaFrance and Foamite Industries, Inc., Elmira, N. Y. Fire Protection Equipment .American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Insurance, Workmen's Compensation, Property Damage and General American Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass, Head and Eye Protection Products. American Safety Tank Co., Kansas City, Mo. Automotive Fuel Supply Tanks, Amtzen, Inc., Chicago, III, Auxiliary & Emergency Stretcher First Aid Equipment, Automatic Trartic Control Corp., St. Paul, Minn, Traffic Actuated Control Equipment Automobile. Bear Manufacturing Co., Rock Island, 111. Safety Inspection and Correction Equipment, [Itndix Products Corp., South Bend, Ind. Automotive Equipment. [llhck-Sivails & Bryson, lnc,, Kansas City, Mo, Safety Heads, Tanks and Pressure Vessels. |kad!ey Wash fountain Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Group Washing Equipment. | Ifown Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes, jfcwart R. Browne Manufacturing Co., New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. ( 5K2 Twenty-sixth National Safety Comjress K. H. Hnhrke To., Chicago, 111. Safety Equipment for ('instruction ami Maintenance. E. I). Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. Persona! Protective Equipment, Burroughs Wellcome & Co., (U.S.A.), Inc., New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. Champion Brake Corp., Chicago, III. Hand Brakes for Freight Cars. Chicago Eye Shield Co., Chicago, III. Head, Eye and Respiratory Protective Equipment. Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Toiiawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. H. S. Cover, South Bend, Ind. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hinds Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Traffic Signals and Floodlights. M. E. Cunningham Co,, Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Steel Stamps and Type Holders. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc., New York City. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. Head and Eye Protection. DoMorc Chair Co., Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Posture-Health Chairs for Office.and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald F. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment. f i 1 Eagle Eignal Corp., Moline, III. Traffic Signals. Electronic Control Corp., Detroit, Mich. Electronic and Photo-Electric Equipment. Elliott Service Co., New York City. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety, Emerson Drug (to., Baltimore, Md. Bromo-Seltzer. I Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. F'ire and Casualty Insurance, Workmen's Compensation. Enameled Steel Sign Co.. Chicago, III. Day and Night Steel Reflecting Signs. Fairway Laboratories, Inc., Belleville, 111. Anti-Fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablet* and Dispensing Equipment. Harley-1 )avidson Motor Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Police Motorcycles and Accessory Equipment, Hercules Friction Grip Co., Kansas City, Mo. Brake Dressing. Hild Floor Machine Co., Chicago, III. Electric Floor Scrubbing Machines and Vacuum Holcomb Safety Garment (to., Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Co., Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors, ! Cleaners, Safety Equipment Section 9 583 ,Huntington Laboratories, Inc., Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Haltimor, Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic, Thantis Lozenges. Indian Motocycle Co,, Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Co., Danville, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Industrial Safety Equipment Assn., New York City. Association of Manufacturers of Industrial Safety Equipment. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. [Junkin Safety Appliance Co., Louisville, Ky. Power Press Guards. | Juvenile Wood Products, Inc., Fort Wayne, Iiul. Automobile Safety Seats for Children. IThe Karpark Corp., New York City. Parking Meters. [Keystone View Co., Meadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. | Walter Kidde & Co., Inc., New York City, Fire Protection Equipment. | Kimball Safety Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing and Supplies. [Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc., Allentown, Pa. i Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. | Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass, Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. | TheLima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels, lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co,. Chicago, 111. Automobile, Compensation and General Casualty Insurance. [Hacwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Wire Rope Slings. [The Martindale Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. iMcCloskey Torch Co., Toledo, Ohio. I Bomb Shell Torches and Truck blares. [KF. McDonald Co., Los Angeles, Calif. I Safety Hats and Respirators. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City, I Life Insurance, Industrial, etc. |chigan Malleable Iron Co., Detroit, Mich. I Traffic Stop Signs. Co., Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases. Ifce Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. I Safety Appliances and First Aid Materials. |IWem Engineering Co.f St. Louis, Mo. Welding Torches and Safety Goggles. |M>rray Safety Sling Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Plated Wire Rope Slings. ( 5H4 Twenty-sixth National Safety Conyrcss National Bureau of Casualty St Surety Underwriters, New York City. Safety Service, Casualty Insurance. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Posters, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Division. G. H. Packwood Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Soaps and Cleaning Compounds. Panther-Panco Rubber Co., Inc,, Chelsea, Mass, Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The Phister Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Protection Equipment. Protcctoseal Co., Chicago, III. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co., Grccnsburg, Pa. Interlock Systems, Potential and Phase Detectors, Insulator Recce Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nebr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rich Signs Corp., Wichita, Kans. Highway Reflecting Traffic Markers. Rockwood Sprinkler Co., Worcester, Mass, Fire Protection Equipment. Rose Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Equipment. Testers. Safeguard Electric Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. ! Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Co., Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. The Safety Equipment Service Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. Linemen's-Rubber Protective Devices. Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp., Chicago, III. Safety Shoes. The Spencer Turbine Co., Hartford, Conn. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collection Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Co., Chicago, III. Industrial Safety Equipment. Stonchouse Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. The Strauss Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Safety Hats, and Foot Guards. Sugar Beet Products Co.. Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. The Surety Rubber Co., Carrollton, Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber Industrial The Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc., Chicago, III. Dust Counters, Exhaust Units, Safety Guards and Shields, S-W Supply Co., Girard, Kans. Highway Railroad Signals. Equipment. Safely Iunripmenl Section Threeway Signal Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Safety Signal Equipment. Traflic Boy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. School Zone Traflic Warning Sign*. United States Steel Corporation Subsidiaries Pittsburgh, Pa. Steel Products am! Cement. Wahlert Products Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y, Industrial Safety and Eire Protection Equipment. Weaver Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Ilk Automotive 'resting Equipment. West Disinfecting Co,, Chicago, III. Products for the Promotion of .Industrial Sanitation. The Western Union Telegraph Co., Kansas City, Mo. Communication Service. 1 Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Personal Protective Devices. 1' ) 585 620 7'nrnty-sixth National Safety Congress The session closed with a panel discussion on wood products mill safety. Among the points mentioned were the following: The nerd of educating the worker in simple terms; the necessity of personal con tact in safety education; giving reasons in stead of simply orders; the seriousness of minor injuries; safety meetings of super visors and employees. ADJOURNMENT INDEX A Absenteeism: Fact Revealed from Studying the Causes of Absenteeism (Curtis), 76*80, Accident Prone Employees: See Personal Factor. Accident Statistics: Analysis of Accidents, 228. The Function of the IJ. S. Bureau of Labor Statis tics jn the Field of Accident Statistics, 463-465. Graphic Method of Portraying Accidents (Spit' zer), 264-266. How to Make Statistics Interesting and Useful (Filmer), 396-398. Keening a Record of Accident Costs (Goldstine), 288-290. Report of Accident Experience Exchange (Braun), 431-435. What are the Best Way* to Keep and Use Accident Records? 176-180. Acids: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Kberhardt), 207-209. Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers Such as Carboys, Drums, Jugs, Flasks (Stratton), 201-204. Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plants (Turgeon), 204*206. See also Chemicals. Aeronautical Section: Minutes, 211-219. Officers, 211. Aeronautics: Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Con trol (Berry), 218.219. The Importance of Flight Dispatching in Air Transportation (Fritz), 211-213. Planning for Safety (Gazloy), 213-217. Rating of Instructors (('ole), 217-218. After Work Accidents Session: 33-40. After Work Accidents: See alsjo Public Safety. Agricultitral Safety Session: 41-49. Ainsworth, : Interesting Phases of Construc tion Safety Code Work, 300-302. Air Conditioning; Safety Control in Air Condition ing (Ifjlleit),! 573-576. Aldrich, H. J.: Safety Kinks in the Food Industry, 322. Allen, T.: Safety Procram for the Reduction of 1 ; Accidents in Coal Mines in Colorado, 404-4081 Ames, F. E.: The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention, 357-359. Ammonia: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 209. Anderson, A. L.: Can the Safety Engineer Make Effective Motion Picture.^? What One Company Has Done, 497, Annual Meeting of Members: 11-30. A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section: Minutes, 221-224. Officers, 221-222. Augustus, E.: How Can the Industrial Nurse Help Maintain Employee Interest in the Safety Pro gram? 328-332. ' Automotive and Machine Shop Section: Officers, 225-226, Automotive and Machine Shop Power Press Sec tions: Minutes, 225-247, Awards: See Contests; Rewards. B Bibb, L. V.: The Nurse's Part in Getting In jured Men Back on the Job, 323-326. Badger, O, B.: Habit Formation Through Super vision, 526-527. Baker, R, The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry, 34.1.345. Bakeries: See Food Industry. Hatuish, J. I. mu Reinhard, II, F.: Welding aid ('titling Fires arc Preventable. 385-387. Banquet: 31-32. Barrett, (. J.: Iron Ore Mining, 411-412. Beil, P.: Why the Worker is Not Responsible, 377, Berry, J,,: Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Con trol. 218-219. Bigler, H. C..; Developing Safe Workers Through the Employment Office and Job Training, 226229, Blakeslee, H. N.: A Statistical Review and Fore cast of the Petroleum Industry, 519-520. Bfaitnted, E. A.: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment, 295-297. Boggess, H. W.: Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety, 490*493. Boilers: What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines (Fish), 157161. Bonus Plans: See Rewards. Bowen, Capt. W. O.: Training of Officers, 368370. Boxboard Mills: See Paper Industry. Braun, F. W.: Report of Accident Experience Ex change, 431-435. Bridges: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Con struction Equipment (Blanpied). 295-297. Brooks, Dr. A. L.: What the Industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases, 334*337. Brown, P .: The Nurse's Part in the Sickness I n vention Program, 337-340Buckle, P. F.: Adequate Accident Investigation and the Need for Suitable Discipline Before the Accident Occurs, 597-509. Bulletin Boards: The Use of Bulletin Boards in the Safety Progranij 198*199. Bungenstock, A. G.: Getting Facts and Keeping Records on After Work Accidents, 33-35. Burden, O. R.: The Handling of Pifie as it Ap plies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work, 504-511. Burns: Industrial Burns and Their Treatment (Mudd), 81-83. c Calenders: See Paper Industry. Carbon Dioxide; Accidents Involving Carhon Dioxide and Their Prevention (fioosman), 564-566. Carboys: See Acids. Cement and Quarry Sections: Minutes, 249-270. Cement Industry: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry (Curtis), 250-252. Facts Revealed from Studying the Causes of Absenteeism (Curtis), 76-80. Cement Section: Officers, 249. Chemical Industry: Safety in Chemical Labora tories (Ritter). 272-274. Safety in Chemical Pilot Plants (Titden), 275- Safety in the Chemical Production (Zoerb), 280-284. Chemical Section: Contest, 275. Minutes, 271-284. Officer, 271*272. Plant 621 622 I Twcnty~Sixth National Safely Conress Chemical.*: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acid* by the Consumer (Kherhnrdt), 207- 200. Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers Such aa Carboy*, Drums, hi#*. Flasks (Stratton). 201.204. Safe .Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plant* (Turgron), 201>20fi. See also Acids. Colahan, K, A,: How to Inspect a Factory Elevator for Safety, 183-187, Cole, E. B.: Hating of Instructors. 217-218. Colors: Painting Machine.* on vVbich Repetitive Operations are Performed, 246. Committees: How Can Unsafe Conditions Be Un- covered, 173*174. Standard Safety Committee Procedure^ 348-340. What Part, if Any, Does the Safety Committee Have in the Training Program, 196*197. Community Safety Organization Session: 51-58. Community Safety: See also Public Safety. Compressed Air: What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air Systems, 161- 166. 1 Construction Industry: Interesting Phases of Con- atruction Safety Code Work (Ainsworth), 300-302. Methods Used to Present Safety Movement to Employees (Jessup), 302-304. Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction (Crandell), 304-306. Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis). 297-300, Construction Section: Minutes, 285-306. Officers, 285-286. Contests: Chemical Section, 275. Contests (live Results, 317-318. Marine Section, 370. Metals Section, 396, Methods Used by A Sand and Crave! Company to Win the National Safety Award (Koop), 261-262. ' Paper and Pulp Section Safety Contest, 471-473. Petroleum Section, 520. Place of Contests in the Safety Program, 153-155, Public Utilities Section, 549. Rubber Section, 578-S79. Cooner, J. I).: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Anthracite Mining, 409- 411. Costs and Money Savings: The Dollars and Cents Side of Safety (Hall), S89-590. Craig, J. I).: What the Safely Man Should Know About Processing Kettles, 166-172. Crandell, F. J.: Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction, 304-306. Curtis, A. J. R.: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry, 250-252. Facts Revetted t r a m Studying the Causes of Absenteeism, 76-80. Curtis, M. L.: Safety Training for the Construc tion Foreman, 297-300. D Deadman, W. W.: Let's Go Into This Accident, 253.256. Dermatitis: See Health Hazards. Dibadalc, S. S .: Point of Operation Guards for Meta! Working Machines. 236-237. Dickinson. S. C.: Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lessons Learned From Them, 554-555. Discipline: Disciplinary Measures for Violation of Safety Rules, 470. Penalties for Violation of Rules (Simpson), 455- 460. Dowd, A. S.: Data on 1936-37 Paper Industry Safety Contest, 472-473, Drivers and Driving: See Traffic. Drums for Acids: See Acids. "Dry Ice": Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosmin), 564-566. Dusts: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman), 612-614, The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Harard* (Lazeuhy), 95-98. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazard* (Johnson), 92-95. Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified (Harrington), 290295. What Industrial Dusts are Harmful? Why? (Sayers), 85-92. Work of the National Silicosis Conference (Starr) 257*260. Dye, B. T. : Planning Your Safety Program, 394395. E Eherhardt. E. G. : Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer, 207-209. Economics a t Safety: See Costs and Money Sav ings. Education of Workmen: The Art of (living Com plete Instruction (Martin), 521-526. Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads (Hale), 590-592. Five Steps Necessary to Instruction^ 619. Habit Formation Through Supervision (Badger), 526-527. Instructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industry, 451-455. Is There any Relation Between Safety Training and Safety Rules? 195-196. Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work (Pepper), 256-257. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis). 297-300. Should Visual Methods be Employed in the Training Program? 197-199, What are the Objectives of Safety Training, 193-194. What is Safety Education? 180-181. What Part, It Any, Does the Safety Committee Have in the Training Program, 196-197. What Training Methods are Most Effective? 196. What Types of Training Are the Most Beneficial to Industry? 194*195, Who Shall be Trained, 194. Electrical Industry: How to Make a Safety In spection of Electrical Equipment (Hasskarl), 187-191. Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies a* it Relates to Electric Operation (Salshury), 542-545. Electricity: Following the Plant Electrician (Wick ham), 603-605. How to Make a Safety Inspection of Electrical Equipment (Hasskarl), 187-191. See also Static Electricity. Electroplating: See Plating. Elevators: How to Inspect a Factory Elevator for Saftey (Colahan), 183-187. Employees' Meetings: Compulsory Attendance at Safety Meetings, 142-143. Executive Training Meetings, 227*228. Employees Training: See Education of Workmen; Safety Training Session. Engineering: Engineering and Industrial Accident Prevention (Holbrook), 223-224. Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction (Crandell), 304-306. Engineering Revision: Designing for Safety (Rockhoff), 237-238. Developing Safe Workers in Metal Working In dustries Through the Regular Supervisory Force (Hunter), 233-234. Executives: Sec Management, Exhibits: Exhibitors at the 26th National Safety Congress and Exposition, 581-585, Explosions: Explosion Hazards of Common Flam* mable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. hllh'.v ) 023 F Farm Safety: Farm Fires ami Their Prevention (Tames), 46-47, A Program for Farm Safety (Seagravcs), 4749, Urgent Need for Program on Agriciiliural Acci dent Prevention (Price). 41.42. What Are the Outstanding Causes of Agricul tural Accidents? (Mohler), 42-45. See also Agricultural Safely Session. Fatigue: Fatigue in Its Relation to Accident Pre vention (Garner). 569-573. Prevention of Accidents in Repetitive Oprt ions (Thomas), 243-244. Fennell, D. L.: Address of Welcome for Kansas City Safety Council, 11. Ferguson, R. If.: Visual Education Methods, 229* 232. Fernande*, A. C. Handling Safety in n l.ftrge Mexican Mine, 426-428. , Filmer, W. T,: How lo Make Statistics Interesting and Useful, 396*398. Fire Prevention: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-518. Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Siasman), 612-614, Explosion Hazards of Common Flammable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. Farm Fires and Their Prevention (James), 46- Spontaneous Ignition and Its Prevention (Nuck olls), 63-66. Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Con trol (Turkington), 59-63, Welding and Cutting Fires are Preventable (Banash and Keinhard), 385-387. Fire Prevention Session: 59-70. Fish, E. R ,: What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers anil Steam Lines, 157161. Flammable Liquids: Explosion Hazards of Com mon Flammable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. Flasks: See Acids. Flood Emergencies: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Telephone and Telegraph (Lcdwith), 547-548. Safety in Connection With Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities (Webb). 545*546. Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Relates to Electric Operation (Salsbury), 542-545. Floors: Preventing Slippery Floors, 321. Tripping Hazards in Paper Mill Machine Rooms, 476-477. Flour Mills: See Food Industry. Food Industry: Accident Reduction With a Planned Maintenance System --Bakeries (Hil debrand), 310;313. Eliminating Accidents Peculiar to Women in the Food Industry (McKeon), 319-322. Safety and Sanitation and Its Relation to Food Products (Kampe), 317-319. Safety Kinks in the Food Industry (Aldrich), What Accident Prevention Means to the Flour Milling Industry (W arkenlin), 313-316. Food Section: Minutes. 307-322. Officers, 307-309. fcrbe*, J. T.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Mining From the View point of the United States Bureau of Mines, 417-422. Fwemen: Developing Safety Workers in Metal Working Industries Through the Regular Supervisory Force (H unter), 232-234. How Can the Foreman Most Effectively Meet His Responsibility? (Roberts), 608-610. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297-300. ItibL L. C.: The Importance of Flight Dispatchn*f in Air Transportation, 211-213, h m : See Gases. G (arner, Dr. J. R.: Fatigue in Its Relation to Ac cident Prevention, 569-573. Gases: Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564-566. Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and flow to Prevent Them (Jones), 99*104. Gasoline: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-517. Rsum of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants (McCullough), 528-533.. See also Flammable Liquids. Gazlcy, R. C.; Planning tor Safety, 213-217. Gibbs, C. W.: What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air Systems, 161-166. Giessing, H. VV.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Lead Zinc Mining, tI .!" If# f Goldstine, E. N.: Keeping a Record of Accident Costs, 288-290. Goosman, Dr. J. C : Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention, 564-560. Gore, G. !#.: Accidents in Delivering Refrigerated Products and Their Prevention, 566*569. Grain Elevators: See Food Industry. Griffin, Dr. L M.: Coal Mine Injuries from a Doctor's Viewpoint, 422-423. Guards: Point ox Operation Guards for Metal Working Machines (Dibsdale), 236-237. What Constitutes a Good Safeguarding Program? 175-176. H Hale, I.: Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads, 590*592. Hall, F.: The Dollars and Cents Side of Safety,, 589-590. Handling Materials: The Handling of Pipe as it Applies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work (B ur den), 504*511. Recent Developments in the Safety of Internal Transportation Equipment (McAuley), 239. 242. Hanley, G. W.t The Psychology of Safety, 266* Harlan, B. J.: How I Made Safety Effective in My Department, 388-389. Harrington, D.; Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified, 290* 295. Harville, O. S. : Threads of Safety, 602-603. Haselton, W. D.; New Safety Kinks in Mining, 424-425. Hasskarl, P. L. G,: How to Make a Safety In- snection of Electrical Equipment, 187-191. Health Hazards: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman), 612614. The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards (Lazenby), 95-98. Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination (Rastello), 104-108. Industrial Burns and Their Treatment (Mudd), 81 -83. Industrial Dermatitis and Its Prevention (Schwartz) 71-76. Industrial Tuberculosis---A Public Health Fac tor (Spector), 326-328. Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them (Jones), 99-104. Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They are Justified (Harrington), 290295. What Industrial Dusts are Harmful? Why? (Sayers), 85-92. J What the Industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases (Brooks), 334-337. Work of the National Silicosis Conference (Starr), 257-260. 624 ^ I'wiilySixlli i\'al niial Sufri y Cniii/rrss The Worker's Health in In* Petroleum Industry (KasM'lmmn), 4*13 197, H raliii S erv ier S ession: 71-83. Hotmail, A, \ \\ : Safety Practice of the Inland Htnie and Stone Company, 02-264. Henderson, R, T .: Unusual Refinery Accidents, 50 1-504. Henderson, T. G.j Methods of Obtaining Employee Interest and oopnation in Safety, 4.15 412. Hilten, A, G.: Safety t oiitrtd in Air Condition* HiK. 573-576. Hothrook, K. A.: Engineering and Industrial Ae* cident Prevention, 4 1, Holden, ('apt, K. C.: Wliat Insurance Carrier ('au I3>4o6*2to40.Prevent Accidents in Maritime Trades, Hoblmg. J. H .: The Industrial Nurse as an Aid to the Safety Department, 332*334. Housekeeping: flood Housekeeping in Woodwork* ing Plants (Wilson), 614*616. Howell, J. T .: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires, 514-51. Hitman Element: See Personal Faetors. Hunter, V. B.: Developing Safe Workers in Metal Working Industries Through the Regular StP pervisory Force, 32*234. Hydrocyanic Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids hy the ( onsumer (Eher* hardt), 208. Hydrofluoric Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids hy the (onsumer (Eher* hardt), 208. I Industrial Dusts Session: 85*08. Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors Session: 00* 108. Industrial Nursing Session: 323-340. Industrial Relations: Safety's Place in an Indus* trial Relations Program (Shattitek), 448-451. Industrial Safety Lectures (Lee), 109-139. injured Workers: Discussions on Accident Report* tug hy Injured Employee, 466. The Nurse's Part in Getting Injured Men Back on the Job (Babb), 323-326. Inspection: Mow ('an Unsafe Conditions he Un- coveredj 173 175. Inspectors Session: See Safety Inspectors Session. Investigation of Accidents: Adequate Accident In vestigation and the Need for Suitable Disci pline Before the Accident Occurs (Buckle), 507-500. Demonstration of Accident Investigation, 45] . 455. Let's Go Into Tin's Accident (Headman)* 253-256, i James, W. P. : Farm Fires and Their Prevention, 46 47. Jamieson, F. R.: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Public, 540. 552. Jessup, G. P. : Methods Used to Present Safety Movement to Employees, 302*301. Johnson, A. S.; The F.nginrcr's Part in Klimiiinting Dust Hazards, 02*05, Johnson, G. R.: Investigation of Personal Injuries Involving Seamen, 350.36!. Johnston, C. E,: Stream Lining for Safety, 504* 507. Jones, Dr. R. R. : Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them, ou.JOL K Kampe, R. R.: Safety and Sanitation and Its Re lation to Food Products, 317-310. Kassebaum, Dr. G. K. : The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry. 403*497. Keller, C, (',: Why the Kmplovrr is Not Respon sible, 374*375. Kelly, R, W.: Safety as a Morale Builder, 383385. Knoelk, W. C.: The Officials* Part in an Organized Community Program, 54*56. Koffman, M. A.: What a Plant Can Do to Pre* vent After Work Accidents, 35.38. Koopt H. A.: Methods Used hv a Sami and Grave! Company to Win the National Safety Award, 261, 262, L Laboratories: Safety in Chemical Laboratories (Rit* ter), 272-274. Lazenby, Dr. A. P .: The Doctor's Part in Con* trolling Dust Hazards, 95-08. leather Industries Section: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Ledwifh, T. J).j Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Telephone and Tele graph, 547*548. I-*ee, I. J.; Industrial Safety lectures (How to Make the Safety Speech), 109*139. I*ee, R. L.: Highway Safety in Industry, 38*40. Lighting: Influence of Lighting, 244. Lincoln, H. L .: The Human Element in Accident Prevention, 562-564. Linstroth, L, W.: Safety in the Needle Trade, 606- 608. Loomis, K. C.: Safety Device for Horizontal Heater, 579-580. Lounshury. W. C.; Typical Public Utility Accidents and the I-essons Learned From Them, 553554. Lumber Industry' See Wood Products Industry. Lyons. J.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Bituminous Coal Mining, 408-100. 'Mi McArdle, J. M.: Who is Responsible for Industrial Accidents? 378*379. McAuley, B. F. ; Recent Developments in the Safety of Infernal Transportation Equipment. 239-242. McCann, E. J. : Personal Protective Equipment in Meat Packing plants. 372-374. McClintock, M. : Safety Today and Tomorrow, 22- 26. ! McCullough, G. W*: Resum of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants, 528-533. McKeon, E. D.: Eliminating Accidents Peculiar to Women in the Food Industry. 316*322. McLean, F. R: Lessons from Marketing Depart ment Accidents, 511*514. Maintaining Interest: How ('an the Industrial Nurse Hein Maintain Employee Interest in the Safety Program? (Augustus), 328-332. Methods ot Obtaining Employee Interest and Cooperation hi Safety (Henderson), 435-442. Sec also Contests. Maintaining Interest in Safely Session: 141-156. Maintenance and Repair: Acciifent Reduction With a Planned Maintenance System -Bakeries (Hildebrand), 310-313. Maintenance and Repair and Its Relation to Safety in the* Metals Industry (Smith), 398- 400. Proper Safely Training in Maintenance Depart* ments (Pcrcival), 309-310. Management: Management's Function in the Safety Prograqt (Nicholson), 460-463, Management's Interest in Safety, 149-150. Safety, An Executive Operating Prohlet (W hite), 593-594. Why the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller). 374-375. Index 625 iMarine Industry: The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry (Baker), 343345. Building Safely in Ships (Wrestling), 352-357. Creating a Sense of Responsibility in the In dividual Seaman (Pegg), 3n7. EliminatinK Dangers of Cargo Hazards (Wilson), , 364-367. (iovemment Aid in Preventing Injuties to Lone* .shoremen and Harbor Workers (Swotlord). 361-301. Investigation of Personal Injuries Involving Sea men (Jobii5nn)t 359.361. A Plan to O rate Interest of Seamen in Pr veutiou of Accident (Woll), 350*352. Safety Organization, 3*18-349, Training of Officer (Bowen), 368-370. The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Pre vention (Ames), 357-35'), What Insurance Carriers Can Do to Prevent Ac cidents in Maritime Trades (Holden), 346-34'). What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? (Slow), 345-346. Marine Section: Contest, 370. oint Luncheon with Petroleum Section: 510*520. finutes, 341*370. Officers, 341-343. Martin, R. I.: T|ie Art of (living Complete In struction, 521-526. Meat Packing Industry: Personal Protective Equip ment in Meat Packing Plants (McCann), 372* 374. Meat Packing, Tanning and feather Industries Section: Minutes, 371-379. Officers. 371-372. Metal Industries: How I Made Safety Effective in ! My Department (H arlan), 388-389. Maintenance and Repair and Its Relation to Safety in the Metals Industry (Smith), 398400. : Metals Section: Contest, 396. Minutes, 3K1-400. Officers, 381-383. Miller: C. R.: Explosion Hazards of Common Flam mable Liquids, 67-70. , Mining Industry: Coal Mine Injuries from a Doc* I torfs Viewpoint ((iriffiu), 422<423. Handling Safety in a Large Mexican Mine (Fernandez), 426-428. Iron Ore Mining (B arrett), 411-412. New Safety Kinks in Mining (Haselton), 424* 425. The Relationship, of Safety to Efficiency in Min ing (Richardsdn), 402-404. Safety Program for the Reduction of Accidents in Coal Mines in Colorado (Allen), 404-408. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Anthracite Mining (Conner), 409411. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation tn Bituminous Coal Mining (Lyons), 408-409. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Copper Mining (Nrwlin), 413-415. Specific Accidents and Hazards andfTheir Elimi nation in Lead Zinc Mining ((ies.sing), 415* 417. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Mining From the Viewpoint of the United States Bureau of Mines (Forbes), 417-422. Mining Section: Minutes, 101,128. Officers, 401-402. , Minor Injuries: Minor Acrid mu Reporting, 146147. Mohler, J. C.: What are the Outstanding Causes of Agricultural Accidents? 42-45, Motion Pictures; See Visual Education. Mudd, Dr. R. 1>.: Industrial Burns and Their Treatment, 81-83, N National Safety Council: Directors, 5-8. Executive Committee, 4-5. Honorary Members, 4, Nominating Committee Report, 20. Officers, 4, 31, Pm poses and Policies, 9-10. Resolutions Committee Report, 20-22. National Silicosis Conference: Work of the Na tional Silicosis Conference (Starr), 257-260. Ntnr Accidents; See Minor Injuries. New Employers; Developing Safe Workers Through (he Employment Office nnd Job Tttuning (Bigler), 226*22'). NewHu, R. S,,: Specific Accidents and Hazards tuid Their Elimination in Copper Mining, 413-41S. Nicholson, <*, W. K.: Management's Function in the Safety Program, 460-463. Nlcimsou, A. A.; Industry Casts a New Safety Die, 27-29. Nuckolls, A. II.i1 Spontaneous Ignition ami Its Prevention. 63-66, Nurses: How Can, the Industrial Nurse Help Main tain Employee Interest in the Safety Program? (Augustus), 328-332. The Industrial Nurse as an Aid to the Safety Department (llolzbog), 332*334. The Nurse's Part in Letting Injured Men Back on the Job (Babb)f 323-326. ^ The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Prevention Program (Brown), 337-340. What the Industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases (Brooks), 334-337. Nurses Session: Sec Industrial Nursing Session. o Organization: Methods Used by a Sand and (ravel Company to Win the National Safety Award (Koop), 261-262. Planning Your Safety Program (D ye), 394-395, Oxalic Acid: Protective Equipment in the H an dling of Acids by the Consumer (Eherhardt), 209. P Paper and Pulp Section: Contest, 471-473. Minutes, 429-487. Officers, 429,130. Paner Industry: Calender Stack Hazards, 479-482. Demonstration of Accident Investigation, 451* 455. Discussion on the Making of Paper Boxes, 465* 468. Dryer Hazards, 478-47').^ Hazards Encountered in Changing Wires on Paper Machines, 474-476. Hazards of Wet Felts, 476-478. instructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industry, 451-455. Major Hazards and Their Elimination in BoxImard Mills (Patton), 442-418, Methods of Obtaining Employee Interest and Cooperation in Safety (Henderson), 435-442. Paper Mill Machine Room Hazards, 473-487. Report of Accident Experience Exchange (Braun), 431-435. Tripping Hazards in Paper Mill Machine Rooms, 476-477. Winder Hazards, 482-487. Patton, E. \V.: Major Hazards and Their Elimina tion in Boxboard Mills, 442-448. ' Pegg, A. O .: (renting a Sense of Responsibility in the Individual Seaman, 367. Penalties: See Discipline. Pepper. F. M.: Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work? 256-257. Pereival, A. 7.: Proper Safety Training in Main tenance Departments. 309-310. Personal Factors: The Human F'lemcnt in Acci dent Prevention (Lincoln), 562-564. Mental Causes of Accidents (Rail), 560*562. 626 I'wcnty-Sixth National Safety Congress Method* of Handling Employees Who Are Con* tinually Involved in Accidents, 468-4f9. Prevention of Accidents in Repetitive Operation* (Thomas), 242-247. The Psychology of Safety (Hanley), 266-270. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curt*). 297-300. Petroleum industry: Cause*, Prevention and Con trol of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-518. Efficiency and Safety in Oil Field Transportation (Teague), 498-500. The Handling of Pipe as it Applies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work (Burden), 504-511. Lessons From Marketing Department Accidents (McLean), 511-514. Resum of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants (McCullough), 528-533. A Statistical Review and Forecast of the Petrol eum Industry (Blakeslee), 519-520. Unusual Refinery Accidents (Henderson), 501* 504. The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry (Kastebaum), 493-497. Petroleum Section: Contest, 520. Minutes, 489-533. Officers, 489-490. Physical Examinations: The Placement of Men from the Standpoint of Physical Fitness (Vonachen), 234-236. Picric Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Kberhardt), 208, F ating: Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination (Rastello), 104-108. Putters: The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention (Ames), 357-359, See also Visual Education. Power Press Section: Minutes, 225-247. Officers. 535-536. President's Address (Watson), 14-19. Pressure Vessels Session: 157-172. Price, D. J,: Urgent Need for Program on Agri cultural Accident Prevention, 41-42. Processing Kettles: What the Safety Man Should Know About Processing Kettles (Craig), 166172. Psychology: See Personal Factors. Public Safety: Activities of Public Utilities in the' Prevention of Accidents to the Public (Jamie son), 549-552. Community Safety Organizations and the Public (SkeelL 56-58. Getting Facts and Keeping Records on After Work Accidents (Bungenstock). 33-35. Highway Safety inti Industryr (,Lee), 38-40. Industry's Responsibilities m Community Safety (Boggess), 490-493. The Officials' Part in an Organized Community!1 Program (Knoelk), '54.56. What a Plant Can Do to Prevent After Work Accidents (Koffman), 35-38. Why Have a Community Safety Council? (Strieker), 51-54. See also Traffic. Public Speaking: How to Make the Safety Speech. Lectures (Lee), 109-139. Public Utilities: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Public (Jamieson), 549-552. Typical Publliice Utility Accidents (Taylor), 552Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Les sons Learned from Them (Dickinson), 554555. Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lessons Learned from Them (Lounsbury), 553-554. What Are We Doing? (Scott), 540-542. See also Electrical Industry; Telephone and Telegraph; Water Utilities. Public Utilities Section: Contest, 549, Minutes. 537.555. Officers, 537-539. Quarry Section: Minutes, 249-270. Officer, 557. R Railroads: Adequate Accident Investigation and the Need for Suitable Discipline Before the Acci dent Occurs (Buckle), S97-599. Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads (Hale), 590592. The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety (Syines), 587*589. Stream Lining for Safety (Johnston), 594-597. Rail, A. A.: Mental Causes of Accidents, 560*562. Kastello, I)r. P, B.: Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination, 104-108. Refrigeration Industry: Accidents in Delivering Re frigerated Products and Their Prevention (Gore), 566*569. Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564*566. Refrigeration Section: Minutes, 559-576. Officers, 559-560. Reigcluth, R, J . : Awards for No Lost Time Acci dent Record, 286-288, Reinhard, H. F. and Banash, J. I.: Welding and Cutting Fires Are Preventable, 385-387. Resolutions: Report of Committee, 20*22. Responsibility: Creating a Sense of Responsibility in the individual Seaman (Pegg), 367. How Can the Foreman Most Effectively Meet His Responsibility? (Roberts), 608-610. Who is Responsible for Industrial Accident*? (McArdle), 378*379. Why the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller), 374*375. Why the Supervisor is Not Responsible (Sloan), 376*377. W$^7 ^ or^cr ** Not Responsible Rewards: Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record (Reigcluth), 286*288. Presentation of Motion Picture Traffic Safety Committee Trophy to Columbia Pictures, Inc* 32. Safety Practices of the Inland Lime and Stout Company (Heitraan), 263. Richardson, J. R.; The Relationship of Safety Efficiency in Mining, 402-404. Ritter, A. B.: Safety in Chemical Laboratories, 2t% * 274. River Work: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Con struction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. Roberts, E. A.: I|ow Can the Foreman Mot Ef fectively Meet His Responsibility? 608-610. Rockhoff. B. E.: Designing tor Safety, 237-238. Rope: The Safe Use and the Abuse of Wire Rope and Wire Rope Slings (Whyte), 389-394. Rubber Industry: Safely Device for Horizontal Heater (Loomis), 579-580. Rubber Section: Contest, 578-579. Minutes, 577-580. Officers, 577*578. Rule Books: The Use of Printed Safety Rule*, 462*463. Safe Use of Acids Session: 201-209. Safety Equipment Section: Minutes, 581-585. Safety Fundamentals Session: 173-181. Safety Inspectors Session: 183-191. Safety Movement: Industry Casts a New Sfety Die (Ntchoson), 27-29. Safety As a Morale Builder (Kelly), 383-385. What Are We Doing? (Scott), 540-542. Safety Training Session: 193-199. Salsbury, R. J[.: Safety in Connection With FIom Emergencies gs it Relates to Electric Opera tion, 542-545, Sand, Gravel and Stone Industry: Safety Practices of the Inland Lime and Stone Company (Heil man) 262-264. Saws: How Should Dust Caused by a High Spwi Saw be Collected? 616. / mi ex 1 627 See also Wood Product* luduniry. yen, R. K.: What Industrial Dusts art* Maim* ful? Why? 5-92. Sebwartz, L,: fmlustrinl Dermatitis ami Its Pre vention, 71-76. Scelt, C. B.: What Arc We lining? 540-542, Stafraves, C. M.: A Program fur Farm Safety, 47-49. pen: How May the Proper Setting of Shaper Knives he Determined? 616. ttuck, S. F.: Safety'? Place in An Industrial Relations Program, 448-451. :is: See Dusts. . :n, L. R.: Penalties for Violation of Rules, 455-460. ^an, J. G., Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry, 612-614. ~*i Judge L. E.: Community Safety Organiza tions and the Public, 56-58. C, W.t Why the Supervisor is Not Respon sible, 376-377. 1 Plants: Safety from the Standpoint of the . Small Plant, 143-145. Saith, Hon. B. B.: Address of Welcome in Be half of Kansas City, 12-13. tb, C. J.: Maintenance and Repair and Its Re lation to Safety in the Metals Industry, 398 400. or, H. T.: Industrial Tuberculosis A Public Health Factor, 326-328. --:r, E.: Graphic Method of Portraying Acci dents, 264i266. ~Uneous Ignition: Spontaneous Ignition and IU Prevention (Nuckolls), 63-66. Hon. L. C.: Address of Welcome for the tate of Missouri, 13-14. ., R. C,: Work of the National Silicosis Con ference, 257-260. 3 Electricity: Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Control (Turkington), 59-63. 1" Railroad Meeting: 587-599. Industry: See Metal Industries. ~an Axigraph, i97, 264-26*6. ; See Sand, Gravel and Stone Industry. A. E.: What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? 345-346. ":a, R. C.: Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers such as Carboys, Drums, Jugs, Flasks, 201-204. :l;r, P. F.: Why Have a Community Safety Council? St-54. vision: See Foremen; Management, wrd, J, W,: Government Aid in Preventing Injuries to longshoremen and Harbor ^ Workers, 361-364. %aes, J. M.: The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety, 587-589, %*k Cars: Protective Equipment in the Handling f Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 207. ling Section: See Meat Packing and leather Industries Section. n*i*r, A. B.: Typical Public Utility Accidents, . 552-553. m m , J. II.: Efficiency and Safety in Oil Field Transportation, 498-500. pfeohone and Telegraph: Safety iii Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Tele fone and Telegraph (Ledwith), 547-548. ~:le Industry: Following the Plant Electrician (Wickham), 603-605. S_a_fet,,y .i.n...t.h. .e NI eedle Trade (Linstroth), 606-608, Threads of Safety (Harviile), 602-603. Section: Minutes, 601-610. Ofcer, 601. w m , Dr. J. S.: Prevention of Accidents in Repetitive Operations, 242-247. 'i , P. V.: Safety in Chemical Pilot Plants, 275-279. Design: See Engineering Revision. Traffic: Highway Safety in Industry (Lee), 38-40. Safety Today and Tomorrow (McCHntock), 26. See also Drivers and Driving; Public Safely* Trophies: See Rewards. Trucks -H and: Recent Developments in the Safely of Internal Transportation Equipment (Me* Auley). 239-242. Tuberculosis: Industrial Tuberculosis A Public Health Factor (Spector, 326-328. Turgeoti. L. P.: Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plants, 204-206. Turkington. E. E .: Static Electricity as a Fire Harare! and Its Control, 59-63, V Vapors; See Gases. Ventilation: See Also Air Conditioning; Dusts. Visual Education: Can the Safety Engineer Make Effective Motion Pictures? What One Com pany Has Done (Anderson), 497. Should Visual Methods Be Employed in the Training Program? 197-199, Visual Education Methods (Ferguson), 229-232. Vonachen, Dr. H. A.: The Placement of Men from the Standpoint of Physical Fitness, 234236. w Warkentin, C. B.: What Accident Prevention Means to the Flour Industry, 313-326, W ater Utilities: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities (Webb), 545-546. Watson, Dr. C. H .: President's Address, 14-19. Webb, H. F.: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities, 545546. Welding: Welding and Cutting Fires are Prevent able (Banash and Reinhard), 385-387. Westling, L.: Building Safety in Ships, 352-357. White, R. C.: Safety, An Executive Operating Problem, 593-594, Whyte, R. B.: The Safe Use and the Abuse of Wire Rope and Wire Rot>e Slings, 389-394. Wickham, R. B.: Following the Plant Electrician, 603-605. Wilson, B,; Eliminating Dangers of Cargo Hazards, 364-367. Wilson, J. C.: Good Housekeeping in Woodwork ing Plants. 614-616. Woll, A. O.: A Plan to Create Interest of Seamen in Prevention of Accidents, 350-352. Women in Industry: Eliminating Accidents Pecu liar to Women in the Food Industry (McKeon), 319-322. Wood Products Industry: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Siss^man). 612-614. Good Housekeeping in Woodworking Plants (Wilson), 614-616. Preventing Accidents at the Point of Operation on Woodworking Machines--From Log to Finished Product (Woods), 617-619. See Also Saws; Shapers. Wood Products Section: Minutes, 611-620. Officers, 611. Woods, R. L,: Preventing Accidents at the Point of Operation on Woodworking Machine* -- From Log to Finished Product, 617-619, z Zoerb, A. S. : Safety in the Chemical Production Plant, 280-284.