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NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium Copy'ifHl, 19JT, National Safety Council, Inc. n 05 . y u. l- z--o u - c 5 - .a- o Strot tort tox Vc) rt rt o o; 5 5 ---5-/W)_ -- `ZZ 'ZZ '* rt cj '" *s c . ouyy s w ^^3 S2S2-3*x Oy-CVOa --V u >.JD y=*u h cc >r- H.'* - c V=^pI y A JZ <H/i ---* . `S V rr- " 2 .2 .ia^*Cc- rrov- --3O --O. 2 = *-> o 2'/! u O' > .i fcV5-5 <fi-- or s u 2 = uC */T - o .c Son U <= 3 =xao ---*o*> ` -r3t 5>V( S--S. 3 ._... J3 xou OsVv ui i if. G = oo co vv wC . -' gs. O w C V* .Cc- s" <o J* -co "3 ''ia " S'** Or "O SS* = O .2 o > " _ 2 -- >'* j: E > o o otvAoj > .teoo---: 2GC^ u.to*o/o/ii 3aCum. " --1w - 33 -c- Hs e. o s cod .Xo irWtfM-u^ o o Xo -* r3 i_cu -j---V --Er.l -- tCo =o ---- c *> u O "o " ? */; c-- .E- y s y 2 V rt ; J- ->j ' r>~ -"r ./>-= o ^ E cu. t^a rt U^ V . 'z V 'W " t3 _ ^ r= ^ o y 3 3 fj fl -o.ss c Si *; t-H '!lf u " tC ^ cj 8^-^ _VyU_ HXnQu. 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U "J3 o *** (/r)t xZ = o U .i 2 o >0 i * 2 > s' ---* 7 U- ? = < rt . w | ri s i S <>X Xo</> 7, 2 ;iSe r: o 2* co ^" . 3o css * 5U i: z7< O=^ 2UJ 2 S5 P S9_i cu O u h_ o M" ltoA | ui 1-0 x a UJH. Sgi^O3 > Su fFICERS A N D D IR EC TO R S, C ontinued O 5 JZ u CS <M O U DC ` ajO O 2 u y3 CJ -- .2 li 3 -- V c u C^ o 0 "3 V rt V* . - O U OU u to w > -y y-.= sr^*# to C ~ "I e 'Co >4 -03 _= JA > S* ?5? S ? 1 -2 tA " rs rt ii \! 2o _ e . =; =. >-* x ". G=^ > 3u *z y r1t3 /U*> . CO 3 0 0 > 5-x Z- 'Z 3 U 10 u 9- 5 >. = -e r g! u c U o^ e e<i -j "-s 4-- c* y 5 U i/i -z >> --f 2 ,t?o Urt rt = ~ P: X O < 2 xr 'jC. Z !^.y6u -. 3 U :- i>^ ^ c U to = <-i -S CO nV j, W Z< -o i; t^ o U 3 u y -- C.. >o yo ^ =u S d,o u o 5 ^ `5 rt w .i i $ tSoen u = >. 4 ^ 2 G .= t* u ? ah =25d d i 7. * cid 2s^ -J a >^ -N U j/i 5~ os c0 3 -A <' o*JM7 c tonU>.\ ._ ^> -e. C. o- J?!i xrt rt a| ^ *s oz U *w r* r*. yy w ffl .a-ii wc - V. D 0 'J Ui U* a* <^ **s. Uo ~ r-** 5 = G -a " X o ~o r" - i i < *" *5 c3 = -0 = >1 rt G -.-u r-t -^ '= .V -; e oo j C j? G4 G Z hG *a X-- -- vj D u >i o e uo = > 2 2 -2 - ?3 2 = .2 o yu X uH j- u a Jf ,35 3C ?. U >, ,y x = = o U -3 _2 u O ^ * ^ u O Z O U - X. ai 2 rt i (3 1 lit: :rt 1(V2 = *z z .C_.U3 S3 f-r-^* * '4** xr a2 53 2 1. X as - d 42 (J c z /, t 5^ X 'Z <J to rt JJ _ _ 2- _ 5 ^ -ec rt 3 lx:5x'jaj " .2 a -- t rt O o "i =- U iy m-m ^ ^"--5*< U/."^nx.. " *< --Httmu7ii *^^Z-. w,"9.e"~ ,^x-------- " <j ir: y = i < jGh i x. (J y y ci d G = y OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Henry G. ScilAKFNr.it, Eric Sufclv Council Karl G. Schoefit.ur. Rahway Safety Council Hakry A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. H. E. Seely, Wood Products Section Earl S. Shartzf.r, Utica Safety Council Gen. John H. Sherburne. Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. ' Ernest L, Simonds, N:ew Haven Safety Council A. E. Sinclair, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section .. Judge Lee E. Skeei, Clcvelantl Safety Council C. VV. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Ittd.) Edwin C. Smith, Blackstonc Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Sot.ENSTEN. Elliott Service Co. E. C. Spring, Lansdalc. I'a. George R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce Joiiif'STH.wixi, Greater New York Safety Council Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer George G. Tkaver, Greater Chicago Safety Council. Inc. # Major R. D. Trimble, Richmond Safety Council Frank E. Vitz, Superior Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Webuek, Wilmette, 111. Dk. David E. Wegi.kin, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau Howard R. Whitney, Worcester Safety Council T. A. Wilson, Textile Section \V. H. WtNANS, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. I'. B. Winslow, Safety Die., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. K. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce t>. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council purpo The throw, prever plies tdirectl lation. Rcr condit. diseas> accidc tive it. The profit. tion. It ha sentin. of the 400 fm hcrslu indiv;. hers oi tions. rente, the mi the U and r. Tin the fir under Tron i wauki Cone. organ inemlx bersl.i; The gram unnedevu. make Tin expat. Industrial Dusts j WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The meet ini' was railed to order by Chair- York City, and Vice-President tor Engineerman A. S. Eegula, Executive Secretary, In- ing, National Safety Council, who introdustrial delations Counselors, Inc., New dneed the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service . While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not so, exposed. ^The number of persons ex poseddusty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion. by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neces sarily arbitrary, since'the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, and the chief differentiation is based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Pub lic Health Service in dusty industries' re vealed that about 70 per cent of the dust particles examined were between 1 and 3 microns in size, only about 20 per cent were less than 1 micron, and the median size was 1.3 microns. Industrial dusts arc mainly less than 10 microns in size. However, fibrous dusts in the air, such as asbestos, have been found to contain particles as large as 200400 mireous in the greatest diameter. While, generally speaking, according to Collis, tlusts arc more injurious as their chemical composition differs from that of the human body, or from the elements of which the body is normally composed,1 it is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition for toxic dusts. Sollmann,' after analysis of various definitions for poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such: r. "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate (loses (to 50 Gin.) internally." Some dusts arc known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usuallv encountered, are comparatively harmless. 1 lowevcr, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son, whether it is caustic in reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc in turn affected.' It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate from respiratory diseases; while me tallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds. 35 A (*. ?' H3 ?2- -=- _ G UZ -*.2 ft ^ 3 S -- 2 = c fl !C Z d '/>3o ----. 2Z. n-i *(a tA O *"* * *-- -Pfrl" - o 3 c ? 5*; -- V. -- '/-,n ,,-- _ o r* 2 5-f -- * "* o Z 1/5 5 3O 7* =-- -- o-- I* y so v. ~ft ^ ~ - rs-5fI =i Z. y 33 ~ cz X o o 'J. o V. O O 3 --. 1 C Z O 3* O ^ r -.r " y "3 r? O3 ~n 3 .5=1-- w 3* * in < = j. 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Z 0 T* ft z. 6 Z ft . -- a n ft ft o -- = 7 a a z g; 3 a' ** _ 2 --" pS ^ w* ---^ - 'HS< -s.ii = mi; a;ES2 *-C J2 a ' L`S S ?! I =`5-s bI i 5I e 4 s .s iiJPlis--= bC--_-S ^c .5^.Er. i-ilii* 5 * HI 1.15 m^ ^ 5c ^ : r5-5 S r=. Co?rSt 5C j:u *g -8 o cg. =^tsr-.si ^ 2`llJ-3 >n "5 O II-S ipijdiZ,S,--1r:S. fc.-~u sw so.S--i * = c:?;?O S .= " s 2 -= >- .. S == 2=b e'br' S ^ S = ^ c 1 ,' -- i o ,, L. E=f *O" "U- "--c ipllM! i :I'l = 7 - u a c s 5-- il Ijlf- i --."5 iPf uli I =y !-:> -?=.=z= -3 = -= 181:811 \ r. n f 2 "Kl^!!!Jbw yx:.,J-=:^=c~s i:r.5 - r: 3 | = = J .2 S = 5 5 7. *- ^3 c-` ^ 2-2 " 53 2 c3 h-s. rtf- mi 2 a- 2&b:8 -a ss _a- ,_ c. J-.C a a 5 E 5,'Ss 3 = "= = 2S,,: | i:n= .=s=?=3 "= s-ii-2':6 e S 3)2 " 2 0 2 25 E-a-sr s =- u i 0 5 - _ _J'Z Zs r--- ~ s-- ~k. --* t-3j I f 4 - mmuimm 1?It S ?gfJi'45J iiiffl||:ll:M| i3!sPiilJ _ aStllilsIl2 = = C <= - -t = -= _- = rz -- lilWilHWW"=-g~rss"a0c=-5- ! f J Jlf-I IS-11 H:lsl i-y~i =1- == I 5 r"I |h H i ! i - " g 2 3-2 S o 2S . u =--B5" =S 85 i=-s-<l,lgi'u^a * * g "= "5 1.s ^g'is.rs" 2 2 & isLH'M ,, lS f : te-= .i! o 5 Sif'E'^s^5f-=ih='M= " itllH I1f?!l!i!l! siMI * iiliil'lls Wi 5 -- ~ '= ^ s = "= 2 -S.v ms^uii =:" -s -2:.== s". 2= s5 g' "'ll z2 - l l- lll j? WHIPi' Will iwitjijlliiflli miiiiVhMUt3-: j X H niiiirs i liWW iiliF s-: 4-5 I I |sf -mmsl; "a "6* ofI'13 1 31 !l|3|!J|.f| C 2 0 s .1: ?-=7 * 4 -s I = o i slill mnz .11 fl_ ijjijiij]Sfllin i&liJ'i S^l J*5 " fl'U 5 rffii^ili|lIlif*?.,, Hi-' IIJPIIliiMliMlll'Illtllis 11311111 "SI.Ji-III1s111.1!I i5.1 i - 2 S3 X -= - o : ii-ij-2:! 135. lilili iliis! P ^-Ittwltllfl :I I&5 ^ fillHJ i ! |i  " - - .2 -- =. ^ 7 ^ : 351-in sg-il 11^ill-i;i 7 *r -- -- r - V) *o uo QM cc K cn rt 5 2y "co w 3O j 5 _Q <; =2 in ^ r! y.9 y ' * = F. u "-C *2 : .* >.s ,, o = >- t = -J -=' g -7. flS-c'"2 = x'- ?J'-H 1 5 lii|i!'|.p" n-= | '.= 5 . -- -- > ^ > ` bfl Cr -= o J3 Qo s J u >. .= s|:_5-s'-s o.-=c.o g-S-illS-'BI- ^ w > *w u C.-C .3 > *3 O a2 CN U ^" C3 ^ o< Q 4oUO- mX O Q u JC H ijlillli? Iill3l1^1li.ilii v,:^*m iimmnuzHH i? ii s iim 1 tliI !i ffillj| "sf'!11111tl -i!11.1 a Hi5 !.i1111 r. u z ^ MC ? _ -- Z "= fflt = - 7 S Ruining .: r r ^ ^ "-- . {lit Ill'll If||1 Mb1^l-=l = JiJ M'-H - --- V IONIUM! O U = R~ -- U#k llHJ-P5-" - . = r g ^ s s- ~ S==K-= == '3l ci-?_5*-5-0-S ^'.S n ; fe-r-g y ?.= tr*n j, o 8^a-irf t* ~ ~ 22;5 5 3 js- " SiS &.|= ja= .8" -- -- W <J -- w. *3 *3 == w, u .s 5 B-z 2`3 ~ v p 5 15 ~ 5 I'rB 'llgl = 53Sg|| ifpliilil! tf^uiiir Wllijjfli? Kl^ff 5114*1.1 _--2^." _.: |i"| o 2 I~l4ll4i!jijl t> -- 3-2 s-= y - i =" ~ <? 1MH jHj-H|8l ul*l .-^2g .nil 5 s!4<! 5 y" l|i^i! l|ljjlli ^* uf- - ;niiijij S 5 22 Bi u Hliflill C .i 11 .l= illl 111! 2 ^jssSIHiSi* r- ~ lil 5 5-5 o x ifisiiiMKi film " 5 o | I - i> --= =* >, f S " 8-j?S |^2 5 1`JS J!!iiI .5 5 2-| g " Ss x.5=:f *" ?Nlli$IWf!!l "| "llll | = l!si S P i I^4s4i-1 i sums Iliiflil I fill III .11 il -3 S .= 2 Tmiily-sijrtlt Xalinna! Sofely Congress They should iic denied employment in a lusty trade it that condition is found at pre-employment examination, hut they should not be barred from continuing an employment in which they are already en cased. Of course, in such instances you. as engineers, must realize that you have failed, because if you had kept the breathing zone of the worker free from dangerous dusts, silicosis would not be present on physical examination. In this work of preventing dust diseases in industry, it should be evident that the closest and most intelligent cooperation between the physician and the engineer is necessary. The physician must, through his knowledge and research, tell the engineer what dusts, or. for that matter, what other substances used in industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer how such dusts or other materials enter the body, how they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence in the body. Must Make Analyses The engineer must in turn tell the physi cian of the harmful /dusts and other sub stances surrounding his .workers. He must make chemical and petrographic analyse* ot the dust*, and other indicated analyses of the atmosphere in the workshop. He mut make lust counts urn! check his counts at regular intervals, conferring with the physician in an effort to discover whether, in the light of their joint knowledge, working conditions arc dangerous. He must develop and install carefully designed ventilating equipment. He must arrange tor modification of chemical and other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and must bend his efforts toward removing from the danger zone of the worker the offending substance, whatever it may be. Too many engineers construe this function loosely. They pass on to the physician as his responsibility certain functions which es sentially arc theirs; such functions as dust analyses, dust counts, and similar technical duties. All too often it is considered ade quate merely to install a tan. Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must he constructed only after careful en gineering study has given a knowledge of the physical properties of the air and of substances polluting it. It is possible to calculate to a vert" tine point the volume of air that must be removed from a given spot trr-removc the dust originating at that place, anti the engineer mast approach his task "from just as scientific an angle as the physi cian approaches his. ^ There is no room in industry iof hap hazard methods on the part of either the phy-iemii or the engineer. ADJ01) A'A' ME .V T .y checked and rc|iairccl t>nc. and e will give it v.ition. In addition. 1 sug11C a man from each dou him in to <>nr ^atety ;s. rotating these men so !>iallv have them all meet .g these men a closer inetv work and permit ns to Mso. I will, until further s.v meetings with all the we can make clear the adat you men must assume, e to see that your men are mtr safety rules and the employees. We can also lividuals who do not Seem one hundred per cent. -.fety Work?' iephone Co., Chicago > difficult problems facing rn to the foreman his re ar safe doing oi the joh measures, we have taken :lc must feel that the '.He his res|K.ii'ihilIty and feel to do something about it. i' there an accident on a sidcrcd .particularly haz- '(line that the foreman or imw to conduct the work e sure that lie does ami I a proper training pro- nie that a majority of all accidents arc directly or ile to tlie failure of supervel to function properly, that supervisory training ing accidents is necessary. of a supervisory training more dillicult procedure it of a technical or vocng;. Apart from the tecli.cd. there does not seem formula. There is, of Cemciit and ()mirr\ Sections 2 57 course, some similarity of procedure in di recting die work of any man on any joh: but different industries employ such different types of people, under such a wide variety of eirrumstanees. and place such a diver gence of rci|iiircmrnts upon them that the problem of supervisory training in its more comprehensive aspects is peculiar to cacli type of industry. The general treatises on leadership give tite groundwork, but the subject matter for any supervisory training course lor any par ticular industry lies within that industry. We must go out and see Imw our job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor: compare them and .select the best: look u|>u supervision as a process in itself, and see how best to direct the work of the people. It is a long, tedious, ami costly process. Imt one which, carried flirriitiifi to completion, will pay dividends in the end. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 The Wednesday Luncheon session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed by Isaiah Hale, Superintendent of Safely, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, who spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety.'' The address was substantially the? same as another address by Mr. Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will lie found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Work of the Nations! Silicosis Conference By R. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science lias not reported silica dust as affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air which they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of Labor in a broad social and economic prob lem such as this has its origin in the Organic Act, elfectivc March 4, 1913, which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department of Labor the fluty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of tiie United Slates, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities tor profit able employment." With this in mind, and believing that through joint effort of all concerned, much could lie done to eliminate the hazard, the Secretary of Lalior called together in Wash* '4* t! l i 11 = - Z = C. = 3 = s; 8 | rt n " cpi! i4.= 4 U 4 - 5 M ir .s rt C 1 .=' '*1 ?| * '._ =. = 5. s 5f s 6' = isi=|M | 5 = %* s 4 (i 1 .2 .= tt *s S S : .i 5 -rl.l t-S -5 = -1 2. -r. g "I Ml.. V.1 a =4iliM t !i .1=5 ' *- c fS.rl.-5 5 E 1 C~ SI 0 u s = <-2 2 ' *z a 1 l^s2 l-pjlj'*II .I'5 S.s i/i c o > -- k. ** if i. *- 1:1 I Es'sl`y '= 5 tsr = ! i-v 1 y^ o - V S.slsili iJJ II -= r.- = * .1 11H1 -- /r z~ z =X If u.r in 41 .-;= = IN s S its g S* _c ill? l'.= Ill I -j n t/: -- i = .= Si g s -- -- --s ' 1", ' t b. / .c 114 12 :H t 2 = .= -2 y'Z SSS:- tv r.-~ irssi = o"=-= c - E- m y d s s:- ' u = 2 -7. * v - = -- ---- iljJI*" = uu .. 5 - - u r = * i I ^ I! 1 "" -- s *r / ^ -i T; ~ ^ C. ^ Willi! IH.il = r-l Lx ;2b fli r. = =.<- = et w if. cis o yu o ~- =s y "2 2 s ; v *2 i'= V>^`C% H="*s -if^:?rSc ^ Iol^SEEe F " --s. liUltn muV-tnkliiN=F "Sd-:|i g c o S': . 2--S Si'S 5 o` S j2ir ^^11-2 2 1.? u ; u C X -C b rt z. vS .= ^1 2-1 s, il :PC Xh w o 3 h rj W JH = i= = i Ud!l||7 jPIPil J4=4j3 ~ w2o mi U. J = u; "-r-- = -F.2 ;. '5'- ~v~ 9 5 I st'M - .1"* 5:i II II pi HPl 15!5^ " "=:: gli .ifi .= ". "i = i?. 5-Sh Ol' -=M-2r8S = - si " = UliKlI ill'll fill 260 / a'ciily-sixllt 'Yalimial Safely Coiujrrss of the hazard, tlie fact must be recognized that until silirosis has been wiped out. workers who now have the disease, as well as those who may ronlrncl il, must receive workmen's compensation just as do those workers who ate injured in accidents. Accordingly, the committees of the silico sis conference wore unanimous in presenting the following recommendations: Coverage for .silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory. Because of competition between the same or similar industries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should be as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation cither through selfinsurance subject to the posting of adc quate iunds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not he denied any em ployer. provided the State authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as to proper safe working condi tions, and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should he removed from employment. Such workers should he granted suitable compensation payments ami mediral care. Workers disabled from silicosis (Inti with no tuberculosis) should ultimately he granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in jury. Two years i* a reasonable minimum limitation period for tiling claims subse quent to the dale of the last exposure. Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the l'. S. Department of Labor has conceived that there is immediate need for the conversion of known facts in the medical and engineering fields working toward prevention, and in the legal, insurance and regulatory phases looking toward ade quate workmen's compensation, into a prac tical. readily understood program which will adequately take care of the silicosis prob lem. fit its program of cooperation with the IS States, the Department of Labor lias in cluded a section covering silicosis and simi lar dust diseases. This breaks down into three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance in the preparation of reasonable and adequate codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention; (2) assistance in the establishment of equitable standards of workmen's compensation for those em ployees disabled as a result of the disease; (3) a general educational program among State officials, factory inspectors, etc. so that they will be equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treat ment under the workmen's compensation law'. Follows Two Lines This application program, which is just now getting under wav has been commenced along two principal lines: (1) The compiling of practical information concerning actual dust control installations in typical silica hazardous plants, together with approxima tions as to cost, not only of installation, hut also of maintenance of (lust control equip ment in such plants; (2) a program of visual education supplementing the summary and full committee reports of the National Sili cosis Conference. It is contemplated that in tins liehl such media a- film strips, lantern slides, po-tcrs, illustrated bulletins, etc. will he utilized. Further, in connection with the various exhibits of the department, shown at various large expositions, trade association meetings, labor and technical organization meetings, etc., il is contemplated that much factual information will he used, pointing toward ways and means of correcting the hazard and of establishing adequate stand ards of workmen's compensation. Following the address bv Mr. Starr a hazards in quarry operation took place. This round table discussion of outstanding concluded the Wednesday program. Steam Railroad Meeting WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Tlic session wa* called In order l>v \V. \V". niorc, Md,, who presided, introduciiiv; the Wood, Balliinorc and Ohio Railroad, 13alti- speakers and directing the discussion. The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety By J. M. SYMES Vice President, Operations and Maintenance Department, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D. C. No industry in the world requires more diversilied study and more exacting applica tion of safety principles than the steam rail road industry. Picture a quarter of a million miles of railroad line covering in a virtual network the vast expanse of the United Slates. Over this network are operated a billion train miles annually. Vast yard and y pendahility; grades and curves have hcen eliminated or reduced; signal systems have been modernized and extended; other safety clcvicrs have been installed; new and more powerful locomotives, cmhraciug all modern safety devices, have been purchased; new ears, both irciglit and passenger, have been installed. This capital improvement program i terminal operations arc necessary to make up lias cost the railroads about eight billion dol the beginning of the journey of passengers lars since 192J, and a large part, if not all, j and goods, and to break up at the end of that of that huge sum had a beneficial effect, di journey the 12 million trains that accumulate rectly or indirectly, on the safety of opera that billion miles. These trains carry 500 tions. million passengers and one billion tons of But the engineer's job is ntvr done. As freight annually. It requires more than one soon as new equipment, new rail, or other million railroatl employees to run ihe trains, devices ;ue installed the engineers go to make them ready for road movement, sn- work lo develop more efficient and safer i pervisc ami safeguard'their movement and units. The railroads spend millions of dollars maintain the equipment and rnadhed, as well annually in research and laboratory work as perform ihe many other duties incidental experimenting with engineering improve to the production of railroad transportation. ments. In all this work safety is of primary Safety lias in the past, is today, and always importance. An invention which might mean ! will lie the first principle in railroad opera- great economics to the railroads would not t lions. P,ut it is within the past fifteen years find its way to a single locomotive or car . that greatest advances have been made in if its uc in any way lessened the opportunity '> railroad safety. During that period we have for safe operation. Conversely, any improve ! seen a complete remodeling and modcruiza- ment, mechanical or otherwise, promoting i lion of railroad physical properties. Road- safety of operation immediately commends j beds have been strengthened; bridges. itself to railroad officers and employees. The trestles and rulycrts rebuilt; tracks have search for greater safety will continue so | l>ccn laid with heavier rail and with long as railroad transportation is used. ; treated ties of greater service life and dc- About a quarter of a century ago, the 5S7 i1 .1 . I' i- j. j k i. j. ' !t ` * urn, iij x zzi ir/i W$: . .. iKarc jCnscl: tf&'pxz, =r-:T- .lii^eaa t: !<;> jyym T*> V^'pSC 5w' -->t ;.C2li^C7 wrk. V. '".<) ^ttic. TO- 'Jtc r =;5 he -Wv Yes: --ait jrUua zx daccer -^pnfflc=?iy t- ^nfiTwwi;nlv rnr mr- eu n:"'J. Aac se repeated runal ner_ said: aK<or ase. ' ay -gry^ar same old ~ tpea aod using Straw luulriutd Mrrliiit/ 1 THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 ,V>3 Safety, An Executive Operating Problem By R. C. WHITE Assistant General Manager, Missouri Pacific R. R., St. Louis, Mo. Safety is an obligation of management. Without the constructive leadership ami dayto-day urge from the executive and operat ing heads, the movement would lapse into a perfuntory activity. The safety movement is recognized liy executive and operating officers as a medium for building up and maintaining that rela tionship, that fellowship, which broadens our views, enriches character, and brings the Golden Rule into practical application. Management recognizes that our economic system must.enable mgtt to live on an.in creasingly high i3hnc. :.ft must enable them tu fulfill their desires and satisfy their rea sonable wants, antrgivc them that feeling of security which is essential to happiness and efficiency. Having made the decision that safety is an executive problem and responsibility--that accidents must stop--it is then essential that management promulgate, and follow through, a plan that will definitely fix this decision in the minds of all the individuals who collectively comprise the industry. The follow through must be such that department heads, superintendents, am! every member of the supervisory force will appreciate the need for a constant, active interest in safety; will understand that passive interest will no more produce results than would the same interest in production. Supervisors must be made to feel that the prevention of accidents demands the same type of hcads-up super vision that is given to the other problems affecting cost and service. The executive must find a wav to indicate directly that it is the responsibility of the department heads lo carry out management's program, that authority is placed in each superintendent's hands to put accident pre vention on the same basis as production. A complete.factual and descriptive report of each accident must be made. This must be followed by a thorough analysis to find the direct and underlying causes and the pro cedure necessary to prevent a recurrence. Proof of its sincerity will depend pri marily on whether management will make the first essential move in the program-- that is, authorize the expenditure of money necessary to make the maintenance and op erating plant a safe place to work. Safety and Efficiency Analysis of the underlying causes of in dustrial accidents and preventive measures to be applied has made it. increasingly appar ent that those factors which are producing accidents arc very largely the same factors which tend to lower the quantity and quality of production. Expressed in another way, safety and efficiency arc as inseparable as though one word. In coupling safety with efficiency I have not minimized it as an executive problem, but have endeavored to indicate that its solu tion is an executive responsibility, both to his individual industry and to the employees that make it a going concern. Rail transportation is a scientific business in which laboratory research, expert engi neering, trained builders, and skilled workers share a part. One of the main factors is a group of employees who are loyal--who appreciate that their railroad must give the kind of service that will stimulate and accelerate the development of the territory traversed. The successful solution of our problem de mands the type of aggressive individualism in executive leadership that will attract and command loyal, collective , cooperative effort on the part of all who produce rail transpor tation. Our major concern is leadership--Icader- H *f ; r. I ;; * .. )