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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF HEALTH EFFECTS RESULTING FROM THE USE OF MOBIL PRODUCTS BEARING THE NAME "DUMDUM* GRAHAM W GIBBS MSc PhD LRSC ROH HJ.C. SAFETY HEALTH ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS CORP BOX 27, SITE 17, RR2, WINTERBURN, ALBERTA, CANADA TOE 2N0 - JUNE 1992 MOB-HarrisMaster 00075 i SECTION TA?U OF_CQgEfgS PACE TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................ i PREFACE................................................................................................................................ ix REPORT ORGANIZATION................................................................................................. ix 1.0 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 DIM DUM TERMINOLOGY.................................................................................................... 1 3.0 BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................... 2 3.2 PERIOD OVER WHICH PRODUCTS WERE SOLD............................................ 2 4.0 THE ASBESTOS MINERALS.............................................................................................. 2 4.1 CHRYSOTILE ( WHITE ASBESTOS)...-......................................................... 2 4.2 THE AHPHIBOLES................................................................................................... 3 4.2.1 Crocidolite( Blue Asbescos)................................................. 3 4.2.2 Amosite (Brown Asbescos)......................................................... 5 4.2.3 Anthophylite....................................................................................... 5 4.2.4 Tremolite and Actinolite......................................................: 5 5.0 THE DUM DUM PRODUCTS................................................................................................. 5 5.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................. 5 5.2 THE SPECIFIC PRODUCTS.................................................................................. 6 6.0 OCCUPATIONALLY RELATED DISEASES..................................................................... 8 7.0 DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ASBESTOSEXPOSURE............................................. 9 7.1 MESOTHELIOMA................................................................................................... 10 7.1.1 Occurence.......................................................................................... 10 7.1.2, Diagnosis.......................................................................................... 10 7.1.3 Survival............................................................................................ 11 7.1.4 Etiological Factors................................................................ 11 7.1.4.1 Agent............................................................................. 11 7.1.4.2 Asbestos Fibre Type.......................................... 12 7.1.4.3 Other Fibres........................................................... 20 7.1.4.4 Ionizing Radiation............................................ 21 7.1.4.5 Ocher Chemicals.................................................... 21 7.1.4.6 Other Factors......................................................... 21 7.2 MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS................................................................... 22 MOB-HarrisMaster 00076 . -V' N ) SECTION ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 7.3 LEVEL OF EXPOSURE......................................................................................... 23 7.3.1 NeighbourhoodExposure........................................................... 25 7.3.2 HouseholdExposure..................................................................... 25 7.4 LATENCY................................................................................................................... 26 8.0 ASBESTOSIS........................................................................................................................ 26 8.1 DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS........................................................................ 26 8.1.1 Radiological Changes............................................................. 27 8.1.2 Breathlessness.............................................. .............................. 28 8.1.3 Lung Function Changes.................. ........................................ 28 8.1.4 Clinical Observations........................................................... 28 8.1.5 Mechanistic Considerations.............................................. 28 9.0 LUNG CANCER..................................................................................................................... 29 9.1 LUNG CANCER RISK .TYPE OFASBESTOS AND OCCUPATION............. 29 9.2 SMOKING.................................................................................................................. 32 9.3 OTHER FACTORS................................................................................................... 34 10.0 GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER....................................................................................... 34 11.0 OTHER CANCERS................................................................................... 34 12.0 TALC....................................................................................................................................... 36 13.0 ASSESSING HAZARD AND RISKS............................................................................... 36 13.1 PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE........................................................................ 37 13.1.1 Aerodynamic behaviour, respirability and deposition.......................................................................... 37 13.1.2 Role of particle size in particle. removal from the lung.......................................................... 38 13.1.3 Particle solubility...:..................................................... 39 14.0 THE RISKS OF HEALTH EFFECTS FROM WORKING WITH DUK DUK.................................................................................... 39 . 14.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS DUSTS FROM DUM DUK................................................................ 40 14.1.1 Asbestos Fibre types............................................................. 40 14.1.2 Sizes of airborne fibres................................................... 41 14.1.3 Asbestos exposure of workers applying and removing Dum Dum prdduets...................................... 44 14.1.3.1 Levels of exposure........................................ 44 14.1.3.2 Duration of exposure.................................. 54 MOB-HarrisMaster 00077 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 15.0 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES AND LEGAL EXPOSURE LIMITS........................................................................... PAGE 55 16.0 RISKS OP HEALTH EFFECTS FOR USERS OF DUM DUM PRODUCTS................................................................................................................... 55 16.1 RADIOLOGICAL CHANGES............................................................................... 58 16.2 LUNG CANCER...................................................................................................... 59 16.3 MESOTHELIOMA RISKS................................................................................... 63 16.4 COMPARISONS...................................................................................................... 64 17.0 CONCLUSIONS........................................ 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................. 69 MOB-HarrisMaster 00078 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS NUMBER FIGURES PAGE 1 THE ASBESTOS MINERALS......................................................................................... 3 2 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF CROCIDOLITE, AMOSITE ANTHOPHYLLITE AND CHRYSOTILE AT THE SAME MAGNIFICATION... A 3 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS FOR VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS............................................................................................ 31 A USE OF NAIL HOLE FILLER................................................................................... A7 5 OSHA PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS, ACGIH TLV'S FOR CHRYSOYILE ASBESTOS AND THE CONCENTRATION OF ASBESTOS STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED VITH THE APPLICATION AND REMOVAL OF DUM DUM PRODUCTS............................................................................................ 57 MOB-HarrisMaster 00079 table V TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES pace 1 MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - AMPHIBOLE ONLY - BLUE ASBESTOS .............................................................................................. .......... 13 2 MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - AMPHIBOLE ONLY - AMOSITE ASBESTOS ................................................................................................. 13 3 MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS MIXED FIBRE - AMPHIBOLE & CHRYSOTILE ........................................................................ 14 4 MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - TREMQLXTEONLY........................... IS 5 MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS- CHRYSOTILEONLY -...................... 15 6 a. MESOTHELIOMA IN CHRYSOTILE MINERS & MILLERS AND BLUE ASBESTOS CAS MASK WORKERS............................................................. 17 6 b. MESOTHELIOMA IN MILITARY (BLUE) & CIVILIAN (CHRYSOTILE) GAS MASK WORKERS.......................................................................... 18 7 MESOTHELIOMA RISK INCREMENTS PER FIBRE PER MICROGRAM................ 19 8 MESOTHELIOMA - EVIDENCE OF EXPOSURE-RESPONSE.................................... 23 9 MESOTHELIOMA ODDS RATIOS IN RELATION TO LUNG TISSUE FIBRE CONTENTS RECALCULATED FROM VARIOUS STUDIES BY BERRY.. 24 10 THE OBSERVED & EXPECTED NUMBERS OF DEATHS FROM LUNG CANCER BY FIBRE TYPE AND INDUSTRY SECTOR............................................................... 30 11 EFFECTS OF SMOKING &-ASBESTOS EXPOSURE ON LUNG CANCER RISKS....................................................................................................................................... 33 12 EFFECTS OF SMOKING & ASBESTOS EXPOSURE ON LUNG CANCER RISKS........................................................................................................................................ 33 13 CHEMICALS LISTED AS CONFIRMED (Al) OR SUSPECTED CARCINOGENS (A2) BY ACGIH.................................................................................... 35 14 CONCENTRATIONS OF AIRBORNE STRUCTURES DURING THE APPLICATION AND REMOVAL OF VARIOUS DUM DUM PRODUCTS IN A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS BY ARTHUR D LITTLE INC (BASED ON DATA PROVIDED BYPETERS 1991).................................................... 43 MOB-HarrisMaster 00080 VI TABLE TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT. PAGE 15 FIBRE CONCENTRATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPRAT APPLICATION OF ASBESTOS CONTAINING PETROLEUM - BASED COATING PRODUCTS.. 51 16 MAXIMUM POSSIBLE DURATIONS OF EXPOSURE AND MAXIMUM CUMULATIVE EXPOSURES OF WORKERS APPLYING DUM DUM PRODUCTS MARKETED BY MOBIL........................................................................................................ 56 17 SELECTED RISK SITUATIONS....................................................................................... 66 MOB-HarrisMaster 00081 vii . TABLE QF CONTENTS PLATES FOLLOWING PAGE PLATE 1. SURFACE OF DUM DUM MASONOC TO SHOW ENCAPSULATION (SEM)................ 41 PLATE 2. BROKEN CROSS-SECTION OF CHIMNEY DUM DUM SHOWING HOW........................ 41 FIBRES ARE ENCAPSULATED. (SEM) PLATE 3. CLUMP OF FIBRES SHOWING ENCAPSULATION. PRODUCT .................................. 41 CHIMNEY DUM DUM (SEM). PLATE 4.' FREE CHRYSOTILE FIBRES AT THE SAME MAGNIFICATION AS FIGURE 1. SAMPLE PREPARED IN SAME LABORATORY AS FIGURE 1........... 41 PLATE 5. FREE CHRYSOTILE FIBRES AT THE SAME MAGNIFICATION AS FIGURE 2. SAMPLE PREPARED IN SAME LABORATORY AS FIGURE 2........... 41 PLATE 6. FREE CHRYSOTILE FIBRES AT THE SAME MAGNIFICATION AS FIGURE 3. SAMPLE PREPARED IN SAME LABORATORY AS FIGURE 3...........41 PLATE 7. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES DUM DUM MASONOC..................................... 42 REMOVAL EXPERIMENT. PLATE 8. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - DUM DUM MASONOC APPLICATION EXPERIMENT................................................................................................. 42 PLATE 9. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - DUM DUM MASONOC APPLICATION EXPERIMENT................................................................................................. 42 PLATE 10. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - CHIMNEY DUM DUM..................................... 44 APPLICATION EXPERIMENT. PLATE 11. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - CHIMNEY DUM DUM..................................... 44 APPLICATION EXPERIMENT. PLATE 12. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - HI-HEAT DUM DUM..................................... 44 REMOVAL EXPERIMENT. PLATE 13. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - HI-HEAT DUM DUM..................................... 44 REMOVAL EXPERIMENT. PLATE 14. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - HI-HEAT DUM DUM..................................... 44 APPLICATION EXPERIMENT. MOB-HarrisMaster 00082 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CQNT PUTES FOLLOWING PAGE PLATE 15. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - HI-HEAT DUM DUM.................................... 44 REMOVAL EXPERIMENT. PLATE 16. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - HI-HEAT DUM DUM.................................... 44 REMOVAL EXPERIMENT. PLATE 17. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - HI-HEAT DUM DUM REMOVAL EXPERIMENT........................................................................................................... 44 APPENDICES A MSDS FOR RED DUM DUM BOILER PUTTY B MSDS FOR DUM DUM HIGH TEMP BOILER PUTTY C DUM DUM PRODUCT LISTS D SIZE OF FIBRES OBSERVED IN AIRBORNE "DUST" SAMPLES E TLV'S 1946-1991 F FEDERAL REGULATORY PROGRAM - OSHA G DUM DUM PRODUCT LABELS H DUM DUM PRODUCT DATA MOB-HarrisMaster 00083 IX PREFACE This report was prepared at the request of Mr Thomas Campion, Shanley & Fisher, Morristown, New Jersey. The task undertaken was to prepare a document which evaluated the risk of asbestos-related disease for persons using Dum Dum products. Mr Campion provided no specific direction other than the report should advise " whether, on the basis of the available scientific evidence, the encapsulated asbestos in the products caused injury in the application or removal process." REPORT ORGANIZATION The repon guides the reader through a logical sequence of steps, critically evaluating the factors which determine the occurrence of health effects in workers exposed to "asbestos" fibres. These factors are then examined in making an assessment of the risks for persons using "Dum Dum" products. For convenience, technical terms and abbreviations are provided as foomotes on the pages where they occur. When more detail is required to support a particular evaluative step, this is provided in an appendix to the report. The various sections of the report'are numbered according to subject matter. The studies to which references are made in the repon are listed in alphabetical and date order in the BIBLIOGRAPHY. MOB-HarrisMaster 00084 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF HEALTH EFFECTS RESULTING FROM THE USE OF MOBIL PRODUCTS BEARING THE NAME "DUM DUM" Dr GRAHAM W GIBBS Safety Health Environment International Consultants Corp Box 27, Site 17, RR2, Winterburn, Alberta, Canada TOE 2N0 1.0 OBJECTIVES The purpose of this report is..~.. a. to describe a systematic approach which might be applied in evaluating whether the "asbestos" used in certain "Dum Dum" products has, or might reasonably be expected, to have caused adverse health effects in persons who applied or removed the products. b. to apply this approach in critically evaluating the available scientific evidence concerning the health risks for workers applying or removing products bearing the name "Dum Dum". 2.0 'DUM DUM' TERMINOLOGY This report addresses "DUM DUM" products manufactured and marketed by MobiL While preparing this report, it was found that a product known as "Red Dum Dum Boiler Putty" was currently being manufactured by "The Fresco Co. Ltd", Mississauga, Ontario. In a telephone conversation, Mr R.C. Smith of that company informed me that this product has been manufactured by them since at least 1935 and probably earlier. Hie most recent Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the "Presco" product (APPENDIX A) does not report the presence of asbestos, although an earlier MSDS for a "Dum Dum Hi-Temp Boiler Putty" (date unknown - APPENDIX B) did note asbestos as a constituent. "Red Dum Dum Boiler Putty" product was not, as far as I could ascertain, ever produced by MobiL The products discussed in this report will be restricted to those produced and/or marketed by Mobil. MOB-HairisMaster 00085 3.0 BACKGROUND 3.1SCOPE This report was prepared in response to the question posed by Mr Thomas F Campion, Shaniey & Fisher, Morristown, New Jersey. Referring to Dum Dum products he asked ".... whether the encapsulated' asbestos in Mobil's products caused an injury to those who applied it or removed it" The report specifically targets the risks for persons working with the manufactured products as marketed by Mobil and does not include an assessment of health risks for workers involved in manufacturing the products or handling raw materials used in their manufacture. "Working with" has been defined as applying, removing and disposing of the products. 32 PERIOD OVER WHICH PRODUCTS WERE SOLD . In 1963 Mobil acquired the paints and coatings business of the Martin-Marietta Corporation and began to manufacture and sell coatings products which contained small amounts of encapsulated asbestos. Several of these products were discontinued at various dates between 1963 and 1980, with the asbestos containing materials being totally discontinued by the end of 1980, This report, while drawing on information gathered outside this time-frame, addresses only products produced and sold in the period 1963-1980. 4.0 THE ASBESTOS MINERALS Asbestos is not a single substance. In later sections of this report, it will be seen that there are clear differences in the risk of asbestos-related diseases associated with exposure to the different fibrous minerals referred to as "asbestos". That they should pose different levels of risk should not be surprising as each of the "fibre types" has its own distinct chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics. Asbestos is a generic term applied to the naturally occurring hydrated fibrous silicates. There are six main varieties (FIGURE 1). Four of them, chrysotile, amosite, croridolite and anthophyllite have been of commercial importance. Differences in the general appearance of these minerals under the electron microscope are shown in FIGURE 2 4.1 CHRYSOTILE (WHITE ASBESTOS) Chrysotile is an hydrated magnesium silicate and a member of the serpentine group of minerals. It usually occurs as white flexible fibres and is sometimes referred to as "white asbestos". 'Eneapaulared danatat tha andoaure of th* nhwm try substansat wftiefc covar or form a aaal over fft# individual or bundias of fibre* forming a max* in wtnen fba fibre* are now an tntagrel pan of ma wfiott and no longtr frea asbaxtos fibres. MOB-HarrisMaster 00086 3 The main asbestos fibre type referred to in this report will be "CHRYSOTILE" as chrysotiie was the only commercial asbestos mineral used in the manufacture of the "DumDum" products (Chamberlain 1992). FIGURE 1 THE ASBESTOS MINERALS CHRYSOTILE White Atbexux 3MsO. 2SiOi. 2HiO ASBESTOS 1 AMPHIBOLES TREMOLTTE 2CaO. JMfO. (StOt. H0 AHTHOPHYLUTE 7MfO.I5iOi.HtO ACTINOUTE 2CaO. 4MfO. FcO. SSiOi. HtO AMOsrrE JJFeO. I-SMfO. SSidt. HtO CROCIDOLITE Blue Albcitoj N*tO. FeOa. 3FeO. ISiOt. HtO 42 THE AMPHIBOLES Unlike chrysotiie, the other asbestos minerals are members of the amphibole group of minerals__ 4.2.1 Croddollte (Bine Asbestos) Croddolite, often known as blue asbestos because of its colour, is mined in South Africa, was for some years mined in Australia and has been produced in other countries. The occupational health experience of persons working with this fibre in respect to malignant mesothelioma2 has been such that in most countries, much more stringent workplace standards and controls for this asbestos mineral have been in place for maty years. 2 Primary malignant maaothalioma an tumour* which occur on tna ptaura and pantonaum. MOB-HarrisMaster 00087 4 FIGURE 2 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF CROCTDOLITE, AMOSITE, ANTHOPHYLLTIE AND CHRYSOTTLE AT THE SAME MAGNIFICATION (xlTOO)3'4 CROCIDOUTE AMOSITE \ t / anthophyllite CHRYSOTTLE 3 10 (im Th sourest of tha fibf* ware: coddolttt: Notth-Wastam Capa Provinea, South Africa; amoarta: Trvwvul, South Africa; antnophyllfta: Finland; ehryaotila: ^Nota tna atraigftt amohlboia fibres (croeidott*, smash* and anthophyliita) m eontreat to tha curly criryaotU* fibres; tha nLaav* orriar of maflnttuoa ottn* diamatar* of tha amphloola Sbre*_oroelbollta<amo*it*<antnophy1lit* and tna longltuainaJ fragmentation of tna enryaotlla fibre* and tha small dlamstar of tha ultfmat* fibril (approx O.C3um) (Tlmbrell lS73).Th* dimension* -* -----------convarTBonaJty axpreaaad In mieromatrea (jim). Ipm 1i MOB-HarrisMaster 00088 5 In order to avoid confusion in the use of mineralogical terms, the term used throughout this text to identify crocidolite, the mineral mined in South Africa and Australia, will be "BLUE ASBESTOS". A22 Amosite (Brown Asbestos) Amosite is a brown-grey or white fibre mined in South Africa. A23 Anthophyllite Anthopbyllite is a white fibre which was mined mainly in Finland and has had limited application commercially. 4.2.4 Tremolite and Actinolite Tremolite and actinolite are two minerals in a series of minerals in which the iron/magnesium ratio determines the mineral name. Tremolite is not of direct commercial importance at this time. However, tremolite has become quite important in understanding the health risks associated with chiysotile asbestos as tremolite would appear to occur in extremely small amounts in some chrysotile deposits.' When Quebec chiysotile miners and millers have inhaled mine and mill dusts, tremolite fibres appear to have been preferentially concentrated in their lungs. Some chiysotile miners in Quebec have been found to have as much tremolite as chiysotile in their lungs at autopsy (Rowlands et al 1982). Tremolite can be a contaminant of vermicuiite and talc. Mesotheliomas have been reported in vermicuiite miners ((McDonald et al 1986a), and in talc miners (Vianna et al 1981). This has led to an hypothesis, increasingly supported by scientific research results, that the tremolite fibre contamination of chrysotile may explain the occasional occurrence of mesothelioma in workers in the Quebec chiysotile mines and mills. Talc was used in some of the Dum Dum products. Some talcs have tremolite associated with them. It should be emphasized that not all talcs contain tremolite and not all tremolite is asbestiform. Whether or not talcs used by Mobil prior to the mid 1970's were contaminated by asbestiform tremolite is not known. However, after that time, Mobil stipulated that only tremolite-ffee talcs be purchased for use in the Dum Dum product line. 5.0 THE DUM DUM PRODUCTS 5.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS A list of Dum Dum products is provided in Appendix C. For convenience, they have been classified according to their application, asbestos content and period over which they were manufactured. MOB-HarrisMaster 00089 6 The applications were.. Filling nail holes * General purpose caulking * High temperature caulking * Exterior masonry coatings * Chimney coatings The shared characteristics of "Dum Dum" products were that they were designed to.--. * harden only at the surface so that they could be painted. * remain pliable underneath the surface during application and throughout the product lifetime to expand and contract with the building * bridge cracks and flaws in the surfaces to which applied * in most cases have a weatherproof exterior. * reseal automatically if the surface were cracked because the exposed sub-surface material would reform a new coating. The products were sold in a form ready for use and the components were thoroughly mixed in oils so that the products were essentially of putty consistency making it unlikely that they would produce any dusts or respirable aerosols during use. 52 THE SPECIFIC PRODUCTS Brief descriptions of the products taken from product literature, product labels and material safety data sheets provided by Mobil follow.... A. Dum Dum Nail Hole A number of nail hole products were manufactured until 1973, the only differences between the various products were in the additives used to produce different colours (See APPENDIX Cl). This material was of putty-like consistency, for knife application to fill nail holes in pre-finished wood. B. Caulking Compounds A number of products were manufactured and marketed as faulting materials (See APPENDIX C2). The Mobil Chemical Product Data sheet for "DUM DUM Callring 46-F-5" shows that this product was a mixture of pigment and asbestos fibre in a vegetable oil vehicle (Mobil 1976a). At 24C its viscosity was described as putty and would build one inch (1") on the vertical without slumping. The label for this particular produo was clearly marked "For MOB-HarrisMaster 00090 7 industrial use onlv. Do not use around a household or dwelling" (Mobil 1976a; Mobil 1970a). The product label indicated that "Dum Dum Calking" was designed for all conventional exterior caulking work, with flexibility to withstand building stresses, settling and shrinkage. It was described as an oil based caulking compound for glazing and filling operations by knife or gun for joints or cracks (Mobil 1976b). The product was clearly under oil as instructions to stir it, if oil had risen to the top, were provided. The surface was reported to "skin'' in 18 hours and could be painted in 24 hours. C. High temperature Caulking compounds The high temperature caulking materials are described in APPENDIX C3. There appear to have been two such products. "Hi-Heat Dum Dum, 46-F-7" was marketed from 1964 through October 1980. A Material Safety Data Sheet dated September 26 1980 states that this product was at that time "asbestos-free" (Mobil 1980). Hi- Heat Dum Dum is described in the Mobil product- literature as a heavy semi-plastic fibred coating which acts as a joint sealer and pliable gasket for boilers, furnaces and dry kilns. It retains its elasticity at constant heat up to 175*0 and at intermittent heat to 350*0 (Mobil 19XXa)5. Its viscosity at 24*0 was described as mastic (Mobil 1976c). The product after application could be painted over after 24 hours (Mobil 1970b). This product contained chrysotile asbestos and talc in a linseed oil blend (Chamberlain 1991). "Dum Dum Armorcote, 46-J-9" was a specially compounded heavy bodied product containing asphalt, reinforcing pigment and high boiling point hydrocarbons. It was resistant to fumes, moisture and sustained temperatures to 300F. It was used to protea and increase the efficiency of brick boiler settings, as a dry kiln liner and in similar refraaory applications (Mobil 19XXb; Mobil 1973a). Its viscosity at 24 *C was described as a putty (Mobil 1976d). D. Masonry Coatings The "95 series DUM DUM Masonoc" was marketed from 1964 to 1979 and contained not less than 10 and not more than 15% chrysotile asbestos. Its viscosity was mastic and while forming a "skin" in 1 hour the under surface remained pliable (Mobil 1976e). The produa was described as a heavy bodied coating of mastic consistency designed for "hi build" application for filling and bridging cracks and crevices, with application by special brush or heavy duty mastic spray equipment (Mobil 19XXc). The produa was noted to be used in applications for the waterproofing and restoration of exterior masonry and for the protection of steel surfaces and for industrial use only (Mobil 1971a; Mobil 1976e). dmJSJOf hu b<n uwd in rwftmnatx wntn mi product iitarsturi ixitts but a undatad. MOB-HarrisMaster 00091 8 E. Chimney Coatings The "97 Series Chimney Dum Dum" was marketed in the period 1964-1979. The product was a mixture containing cbiysotile asbestos fibre (4-5%) and color fast pigments in a resinated vegetable oil (Mobil 1976f; Mobil 1970c). According to the product literature, "Chimney Dum Dum" provides "the same outstanding protective and waterproofing qualities as the 95 Series Masonoc except that it has been formulated for use on concrete chimneys where additional heat resistance up to 210T may be required" (Mobil 1976g). The viscosity is described as mastic. Although fie surface "skins" in 4-6 hours, fie product was designed so fiat fie under-surface remained pliable (Mobil 1976f). F. Primers Literature relating to fie use of "Dum Dum Masonoc" recommended fiat the surface be prepared wifi primers. Examples of primers for use wifi fie "Dum Dum Masonoc 95 series" were "Masonoc Primer, 47-W-21" and "Masonoc Primer,47-B-i". There were others which differed in colour but wifi essentially fie same constituents except for fie pigment. The 47W-l product was described as "a normal paint like material to be used beneath fie Masonoc coating on all types of masonry surfaces to seal off and eliminate surface porosity" (Mobil 1976h). A primer recommended for use wifi fie Chimney Dum Dum was "Chimney Dum Dum Primer 38-V-5." Commercial asbestos was not a component in fie formulation of these primers (Chamberlain 1991). Hence, these primers will not be considered further. 6.0 OCCUPATIONALLY RELATED DISEASES Occupational diseases result from exposures at work and are essentially of three types. The first is a disease which occurs very rarely in fie general population. When a few cases occur in a working population in relation to a specific occupational exposure this is sufficient to raise a suspicion that fie disease is occupational in origin. However, there are often factors other than occupation which are common to fie cases and working population. Thus fie observation of a clustering of cases of a rare disease should signal fie need to seek confirmatory data. This usually involves an independent epidemiological study. An example is primary malignant mesothelioma. The second type of occupational disease occurs quite commonly in fie general population. In this situation it becomes necessary to determine whether fie disease occurs more frequently in fie workers exposed to a specific agent than in workers of fie same age, sex, socio-economic status, etc who are not so exposed. This is fie situation in regard to linking health effects such as lung cancer to asbestos exposure. In such instances, several different agents may independently be associated wifi fie disease. They may also interact to increase or decrease risks. MOB-HarrisMaster 00092 9 The third type of occupational disease is one where the disease has been established as occurring in occupationally exposed persons or is so defined. Such a disease is classical silicosis which occurs in persons exposed to high levels of respirable crystalline silica dust, often over reladvely long periods of time. These are conditions which are typically encountered occupationally. The key factors which determine whether or not a worker contracts or is identified with a dust related disease are as follows: i. The characteristics and properties of the dust ii. The concentrations of the respirable dust to which the worker is exposed. iii Duration of exposure to the airborne dust iv. Pattern of exposure. v. Period since first exposure to time that the worker is examined for health effects. vi. Personal habits of the worker which might directly or indirectly: a. influence the risk of occurrence of a dust related disease(s) or health effect(s) or influence the course of the disease (eg: smoking) b. produce a disease indistinguishable from that produced by the dust vii. Individual personal characteristics or pre-disposing conditions which might directly or indirectly influence the occurrence or course of a disease in that worker. There are several essential considerations in determining the link between exposure and disease in both groups and in individuals. First the presence of the disease or health effect must be clearly defined and demonstrated. Second, it must make mechanistic sense for the disease to be associated with the agents or dusts to which the individual or group are exposed. Third, the nature and level of the dust exposure must be appropriate to explaining the nature of the disease or health effect and frequency with which it occurs. Fourth, other agents or factors known to be associated with, give rise to, or influence the occurrence or course of the disease must be evaluated. In the following sections, these are examined in relation to the diseases associated with the various asbestos minerals. 7.0 DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ASBESTOS EXPOSURE. The diseases or health effects which are frequently studied in relation to asbestos exposure MOB-HarrisMaster are__ asbestosis6, lung cancer and mesothelioma. Other diseases such as gastrointestinal cancer, cancer of the larynx, cancer of the ovary as well as cancers of other sites remain controversial. 7.1 MESOTHELIOMA 7.1.1 Occurrence The tumour occurs on the pleura and peritoneum, membranes that surround the lung and line the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The pathological and clinical characteristics of mesotheliomas are now described in standard texts (Hunter 1987; Parkes 1975). 7.1.2 Diagnosis Kannerstein et al (1979) drew attention to the difficulties of diagnosing this tumour and the value of "mesothelioma panels" to review cases. They noted that due to the "pathologic overlap with other neoplasms ... there is scarcely another variety of tumour which is so illdefined and which admits of so much doubt as to its true nature". Microscopically the tumour shows considerable variation and the appearance varies from tumour to tumour making accurate diagnosis difficult Parkes(1975) notes that the diagnosis has either been by biopsy alone or at autopsy. He states that diagnosis made by biopsy alone is not reliable. The difficulties noted above are exemplified in the study by McDonald et aT(1973). Six pathologists reviewed 119 of 165 cases reported as primary malignant mesothelial tumours between 1960 and 1968 in a Canadian national survey. Based on histologic observations only, the panel was in favour of the diagnosis in 50% of cases, uncertain in 14% and against in 36%. This illustrates the tendency at that time to "over diagnose mesothelioma". In the United Kingdom, Greenberg & Davies (1974) .reported that of 413 notifications of mesotheliomas: 76 were "definitely not" mesotheliomas when reviewed; 35 of these 76 had been identified as mesothelioma on the death certificate. In a quite recent study of 78 autopsied cases in Canada, pathological review resulted in 33 (42%) being considered as definite mesotheliomas, 25 (32%) probable, 7 (9%) possible, 4 (5%) doubtful but 9 could not be classified because of inadequate tissue samples (McDonald et al 1989). While it is likely that the tendency is towards being more rigorous in diagnosis, diagnosis is difficult and must be based on stringent standards of post mortem examination (Parkes 1975). Review by panels of pathologists is now the accepted method of obtaining agreement on such cases. Aibrnttota rs trw aearring of th lung tesut muffing from axpcsur# to normally htgh conotntrvtians of aaOottes mintrajs ovr many )*ars. MOB-HairisMaster 00094 11 The early cases identified by Wagner et al (1960) were referred as having tuberculosis. More recently the possibility was raised that some of the women with "cancer of the ovary" who worked with blue asbestos (crocidoiite) while making military gas masks may have had mesotheliomas (Acheson et al 1982). The existence of benign mesothelioma must also be considered. For example, Daya & McCaugbey (1990) reported 22 cases (18 women) of well differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum (WDPMP) which they described, for practical purposes, as benign. The cause of these tumours is not known . This further illustrates diagnostic complexity. 7.13 Survival In view of the high fatality rate with this tumour and short survival times, cases with very long survival times should be examined critically to ensure that the diagnosis is correct 7.1.4 Etiological Factors Etiological factors refer to those factors which are associated with a disease and which may explain its occurrence. It is now well accepted that several factors are important in the occurrence of primary malignant mesothelioma. These fit well with the factors identified in Section 6.0 as essential in assessing the risk of occupationally related diseases: * agent * level of exposure * duration of exposure * period since first exposure to diagnosis " other factors 7.1.4.1 Agent Non-pulmonary pleural tumours have been reported in the literature for more than 100 years. However it would appear that the first formal link between primary malignant mesothelial tumours and an environmental factor was in 1959 when Dr. Christopher Wagner first diagnosed primary malignant mesotheliomas in persons living and/or working in the blue asbestos mines of South Africa (Wagner et al 1960). Since that time there has been considerable research carried out and some findings are now well established___ * The majority of mesotheliomas in workers to date, have been shown to be associated with exposure to asbestos particularly to the amphibole fibres - blue asbestos, amosite and tremolite. This high proportion of mesotheliomas linked to asbestos exposure may, in part, be the result of biasses in reporting because major efforts have been directed at confirming asbestos associations, not at In thair report Drey notad that although diffusa malignant masothafcoma is a highly malignant eancar, thare are othar masothslial naoplaimi that are lass aggresana or are bamgn. Thay ksied mumcyttic maaothaltoma. adanomatoid tumour and "htstoganatieally comanhous* locaload fibrous masothalioma as wall as WDPMP. MOB-HarrisMaster 00095 12 identifying other etiological factors. In spite of this-- * In about 25*30% of mesothelioma cases, a dear history of asbestos exposure has not been established. While this may reflect differences in the methods used to establish exposure, those reporting this proportion appear to be reasonably confident that not all mesotheliomas are asbestos related. * Mesothelioma risks have been shown to be increased in persons exposed to a mineral other than asbestos, specifically a fibrous zeolite known as erionite (Baris et al 1987). Mesotheliomas have also been produced in experimental animals by fibres other than asbestos and zeolites. * Fibre length, diameter, durability and biopersistence play important roles in a fibre's potential to induce mesothelioma, pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary tumours in experimental systems. * The tumour occurs in both sexes. * The tumour risk appears to be unrelated to smoking * Mesothelioma has a long "latency" with periods between first exposure and tumour detection of generally 20-40 yean or more. 7.1.42 Asbestos Fibre Type The differences in the risk of mesothelioma for workers exposed to different asbestos fibre types are quite marked. These risks will be described for the various fibre types and then compared. a. Blue Asbestos TABLE 1 shows the mesothelioma experience of persons who were occupationally exposed to blue asbestos. It is clear from these results that mesothelioma is strongly associated with working with blue asbestos and that the risks for workers in occupations where this material has been used can be very high. b. Amosite Amosite has been implicated in mesothelioma as an important cause of death in a US amosite factory (Seidman et al 1979) and in a British amosite factory (Acheson et al 1984). See TABLE 2. MOB-H&rrisMaster 00096 13 TABLE 1. MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - AMPHIBOLE ONLY - BLUE ASBESTOS - a. Gas mask filter manufacture - Canada McDonald & McDonald (1978) Total Cohort 199 Dead 56 Mesothelioma 9 ( 16.1%)* b. Gas mask filter manufacture - UK Acheson et al (1982) Total Cohort 757 Dead 219 Mesothelioma 5 ( 2.3%) c. Mining Blue Asbestos * Australia Hobbs et al (1980) Total Cohort 6200 Dead 526 Mesothelioma 17 ( 3.2%) TABLE Z MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - AMPHIBOLE ONLY - AMOSTOE ASBESTOS - a. Amosite factory - US Seidman et al (1979) Total Cohort Dead 820 . 528 Mesothelioma 14 (2.7%) b. Amosite factory - UK Achcson et al (1984) Total Cohort 5969 Dead 422 Mesothelioma 5 (1.2%) As used in ttW** 1-5, pvamhascs mprasant pxoantag* of dsstm Qua to mttsttwUomt MOB-HarrisMaster 00097 14 c. Mixed fibre exposures. The pattern of mesothelioma mortality in workers exposed to mixtures of amphiboles and chrysotile are very similar to those among amphibole only exposed workers. See TABLE 3. TABLE 3. MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - MIXED FIBRE AMPHIBOLE & CHRYSOTILE - a. Insulation workers - NY - New Jersey Selikoff et al (1979a) Total Cohort 632 Dead 478 Mesothelioma 38 (7.9%) b. Insulation workers - US & Canada Selikoff et al (1979a) Total Cohort 17800 Dead 2271 Mesothelioma 175 (7.7%) c. Dockyards - UK Rossiter & Coles (1980) Total Cohort 6292 Dead 1043 Mesothelioma 31 (3.0%) cLInsulators in shipyards - USA Selikoff et al (1979b) Total Cohort 440 Dead 79 Mesothelioma 8 (10.1%) eAsbestos factory workers in London - UK Newhouse & Beny (1979) Total Cohort M 4600 F 992 Dead 775 225 Mesothelioma 46( 5.9%) 21( 9.3%) MOB-HarrisMaster 00098 15 d. Tremolite Fibrous tremolite has been implicated in the occurrence of mesothelioma in vermicuiite miners where tremolite is a contaminant of the vermicuiite (McDonald et al (1986a) and Amandus & Wheeler (1987)). See TABLE 4. Mesotheliomas have also been reported in talc miners where'the talc contained asbestifonn tremolite. TABLE 4. MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS -TREMOLITE ONLY - a. Vermicuiite mining - USA McDonald et al (1986a) Total Cohort 406 Dead 165 Mesothelioma 4 (2.4*)* b. Vermicuiite mining - USA Amandus & Wheeler (1987) Total Cohort . 575 Dead 161 Mesothelioma 2 (1.2%)* e. Chrysotile Mesothelioma has been relatively rarely described in pure chrysotile exposed workers. See TABLE 5. As noted earlier, the finding of tremolite fibres in high concentrations in the lungs of some Quebec chrysotile miners and millers (Rowlands et al 1982) has led to the hypothesis that the tremolite contamination of chrysotile may explain the increased mesothelioma risk in that mining and milling industry. TABLE 5. MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS * CHRYSOTILE ONLY - a. Chrysotile miners & millers McDonald et al (1980) Total Cohort 11379 Dead 4547 Mesothelioma 11 (0.24%)10 ttudwi worn conducted at ttm aim* min*. 10Somt ptrtont known to hav* workad with vnpftibota ftbrm. MOB-HarrisMaster 00099 TABLE 5 (CONT.) MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - CHRYSOTTLE ONLY - b. Cbrysotile miners & millers Rubino et al (1979) Total Cohort 900 Dead 332 Mesothelioma 1 (0.3%)" c. Chiysotile miners & millers Nicholson et al (1979) Total Cohort" 544 Dead 178 Mesothelioma 1 (0.56%) d. Chiysotile products factoiy Weiss (1977) Total Cohort 264 Oead 66 . Mesothelioma 0 (-) e. Asbestos cement plant Thomas et al (1982) Total Cohort 1970 Oead 351 Mesothelioma 0" . Chiysotile textile plant McDonald et al (1983a) Total Cohort 2543 Dead 863 Mesothelioma 1 (0.1%)'4 * 12 13 * 16 1 'wot wpporMd by hutalogicaJ txinwrubon. 12Coftort compnMd m*n with at l*t*t 2D yan aononty. 13Tt*r wan 2 tn**oth*liom* axpoaad to biu* ubvxto* |pn 1938) but 0 in tho** ixpruwl to eftrywtil* only. 1,4Th*f w* on* pomonul m*oth*ftema with no cutop*y. MOB-HarrisMaster 00100 TABLE 5 (CONT.) MESOTHELIOMA IN VARIOUS COHORTS - CHRYSOTTLE ONLY - g. Frictionjnaterials manufacture - USA McDonald et al (1984) Total Cohort 3641 Dead 1267 Mesothelioma 0 (-) h. Friction materials manufacture UK Newbouse & Sullivan (1989) Total Cohort 13450 Dead 2577 Mesothelioma 2'* 17 . Comparisons of risks The occurrence of 9 mesotheliomas among 56 deaths of crocidolite gas mask workers (16.1%) and 11 among 4,247 deaths of chiysotile miners (026%) illustrate dear differences in the mesothelioma risk posed by these two fibres (McDonald & McDonald 1978). See TABLE 6a. This difference and the strong assotiation between blue asbestos and mesothelioma is paralleled by observations in several other studies. TABLE 6a MESOTHELIOMA IN CHRYSOTTLE MINERS & MILLERS AND BLUE ASBESTOS GAS MASK WORKERS McDonald & McDonald (1978)15 16 Total Cohort Dead Mesothelioma Blue Asbestos Gas Mask Filter Workers 199 (55X male) 56 9 (16.IX) Chrysotile Miners & Millers 11,379(96X male) 4,247(since 1935; 11(0.26X)" 15Thars war* 13 mascthalioma at tha plant 11 had contact with btua asbtsas; in tha ramamdar, tha diagnosis of 1 was unoartain and tha work history erf tha othar was not wall asaNishad. 16 Two caaas wars common to Both tanas. Soma ehrysotilt workars may hava baan irnnaart to othar (ibra typas by work in a factory in ona of tha mining towns and/or m tuptnmtntal/pilot plants. MOB-HarrisMaster 00101 18 In the study of workers manufacturing civilian gas masks using chrysotile asbestos there were no mesothelioma that could be linked to the chtysotile exposures. At the plant manufacturing military gas masks using blue asbestos 23% of the deaths were due to this cancer (Acheson et at 1982). See TABLE 6b. TABLE 6b MESOTHELIOMA IN MILITARY (BLUE) & CIVILIAN (CHRYSOTILE) GAS MASK WORKERS Acheson et al (1982) Total Cohort Dead Mesothelioma Blue Asbestos Gas Mask Filter Workers 757 219 5(2.3%) Chrysotile Gas Mask Filter Workers 570 177 1,T The mesothelioma experience of insulation workers1187has been considerably worse than that of chrysotile miners and millers, chrysotile textile workers, friction manufacturing workers and other chrysotileoniy exposed populations which makes it likely that their mesotheliomas are not linked to their chrysotile exposure. Amosite has been implicated in mesothelioma as an important cause of death in an amosite factory in the US (Seidman et al 1979), with 14 of 528 amosite worker deaths (2.7%). It seems most probable that the mesothelioma experience of amosite and insulation workers is explained by their exposure to amphibole fibres. This association between amphibole fibre exposure and mesothelioma has been further supported by several case-control studies in which the lung fibre contents of mesothelioma cases and controls have been determined. In a recent study in Canaria, lung tissues from 78 mesothelioma cases and matched "referents"19were analyzed (McDonald et al 1989). The different fibre types were classified by length (greater than or equal to 8pm and less than 8 pm). More than one type of fibre and both long and short fibres were round in the lung tissue from some individuals. Despite the fact that concentrations of short fibres were highly correlated with the concentrations of long ones "analyses in which both short and long fibre concentrations were entered 17__ TM* e*** > * conaidaTad haw bean axpoaad to btua aabattoa ax anotharfactory. Thar* was aiao an axora number of paraons with eanoar of tna ovary at tn* Xu# flora plant. Thaa* war* coiiudarad by tha author* to posaibfy b* additional maaotnaliomas. '"irmrlttoo worttata. in ganaral hv muaJty worttad wtth dvyactil* and amoartt and oanamty in many countna* with biua asbaatos. 'P*raon* from tha tam* autopay cagitsy who bid not di* of malignancy or raapinttory diaaaaa but who wara of tha aama aga, aax. data of daath. and for whom tha aam* typ* of trxsua (paraffin block, or wat) was tvaitabia. MOB-HarrisMaster 00102 simultaneously into risk models showed likelihoods barely increased from those for long fibres alone indicating that short fibres were not significantly associated with excess risk, after accounting for the effect of long fibres". When the possible confounding effect of more than one fibre type in the lung was taken into account through the use of multivariate methods, risk increments were derived. See TABLE 7. TABLE 7 MESOTHELIOMA RISK INCREMENTS PER FIBRE PER MICROGRAM (MCDONALD ET AL 1989) Fibre Risk Increment (95y. C.I.l" Attributable*' Risk(%) Lono Fibres (>8rum) Amphiboles(all) 32.1 ( 8, 120) 68 Amosite 93.7 (20, 500) 28 Crocidolite 24.9 ( 1.4,120) 10 Tremolite 69.7 ( 9,300) 30 Talc/Anthophyl1ite . 1.8 ( <0, 50) 2 Chrysotile Short Fibres (<8um) / Amphiboles (all) <0 0.7 ( <0, 8) -- (0.1, 3) 55 Amosite 13.5 ( 0, 980) 20 Crocidolite - 1.6 ( 0, 110) 13 Tremolite 0.6 ( 0, 3) 18 Talc/Anthophyllite Chrysotile 0.2 ` 0.02 ( 0, 17) ( <0, 0.2) 6 6 95% C.I. Confidence Interval*. The lowertimrt is thewn on the loft snd the upper limit or the right This mesrts that the true value of trio risk mersmsflt bet within tries* ooofior>c* imsrvais unless a on* m twenty mtschano* has occurred. Attributable nsk is the proportion of cases occurring in trie total population which can be explained by the risk factor. MOB-HarrisMaster 00103 20 The "increment in relative risk" is the slope of the line expressing the relationship between the relative risk of mesothelioma and the number of fibres per microgram of dry lung tissue. It should be noted that the confidence intervals for the 4 amphibole fibres are wide and differences between them were no more than could be accounted for by chance (p >0.10). The much lower risk for chrysoule could not be accounted for by chance (p <0.001). The attributable risk suggests that perhaps 30% of the mesotheliomas were attributable to tremolite exposure. All the mesothelioma from the Quebec mines and mills (9 cases) were among these. A similar study was conducted in Australia, but controls were taken from only one hospital and not matched (Rogers et al 1991). The greatest risk of mesothelioma in Australia was associated with crocidolite fibres > 10 um in length but that study claimed a significant contribution by short chiysodle fibres. Recognising that hospitals are often catchment areas for the industries in their district, the use of "control" tissues from one single centre in a national study may be a serious design flaw. A second important factor is that the large numbers of short chiysotile fibres may reflect recent exposures to this fibre type. Chiysotile is also well recognised to be removed from the lung over time (Davis 1991) and this may have prompted Rogers et al to note the difficulty of assessing the risks of chiysotile alone due to the almost universal exposure to both chiysotile and amphiboles. Although the levels of exposure of the various occupational groups described in this section have not been as well defined as one might like, the experience of workers using different fibre types have been so different that it is clearly inappropriate to extrapolate from the mesothelioma experience of persons working with one fibre type to another. Thus, in this report, only the experience of persons exposed to the asbestos fibre types likely to be found in Dum Dum products will be used in assessing the risk associated with these products. 7.1.43 Other Fibres a. Zeolites: Evidence that fibres other than asbestos may be related to mesothelioma in humans is found in Turkey, where, in several small villages, the rates of mesothelioma are very high. Research concentrated in this area has shown that the most likely etiological factor is exposure to the fibrous zeolite, erionite, which occurs in the rock of that area (Baris et al 1987). This zeolite was shown to produce high rates of mesotheliomas in experimental animals (Wagner et al 1985). b. Man-Made Mineral Fibres: Certain of these fibres have the characteristics, size and durability that are widely accepted as making them candidates for the production of mesothelioma and experiments in animate have been reviewed by Hesterberg 1991a. Indeed, it is possible to produce mesothelioma in experimental animals by inoculation with a wide variety of naturally occurring and man- MOB-HarrisMaster 00104 21 made mineral fibres (Monchaux ej_al 1985; Stanton 1973; Stanton & Layard 1978; Pott^t al 1980; Pott et al 1987). Recent animal experiments in which animals inhaled ceramic fibres by a nose only route, yielded a high percentage of mesotheliomas (Hesterberg 1991b). To date, no excess of mesothelioma has been reported in any occupational groups producing man-made mineral fibres. c. Biogenic Fibres: The possibility that organically produced fibres might be related to mesothelioma was raised by observations of mesothelioma in sugar cane workers in India (Das et al 1976) where after burning the cane', there remain long silica fibres (Newman 1983). McDonald and McDonald (1991) note that there is support for this observation with the observed higher than expected rates of mesothelioma in the sugar producing areas of Louisiana (Rothchild and Mulvey 1982) and in sugar refinery workers in Sweden, although there, asbestos exposure may also have been involved (Steinbeck et al 1983; Malker et al 1983). 7.I.4.4. Ionizing Radiation The possibility that ionising radiation may be responsible for isolated cases of malignant mesothelioma has been noted in the literature (Stock et al 1979; Pelnar 1988). 7.1.4.5. Other Chemicals While the evidence in experimental animals has been that certain chemicals and drugs can induce mesothelioma (Kurakawa et al 1983; Okada et al 1989) there is, to date, no systematic evidence of such effects in humans. Beryllium has also been suggested (Oels et M 1971). 7.1.4.6 Other Factors a. Smoking: Smoking does not appear to increase the risk of mesothelioma. b. Diet: A recent case-control study has suggested that a low vegetable diet might influence mesothelioma occurrence (Schiffman et al 1988). c. Genetic Predisposition: It has been suggested that certain familial cases in which siblings or parents and children in the same family get mesothelioma might be genetically linked (Risberg et_al 1980; Martennsson et al 1984). The early childhood cases may fit this category. In practice, however, the close interaction of genetic and environmental factors makes it very difficult to separate them. MOB-HarrisMaster 00105 T? d. Viruses In his review of non-asbestos mesothelioma, Peterson et al (1984) noted that an avian virus had been shown to induce mesotheliomas in chickens which were similar to those in mammals. To date, there is no comparable human evidence. e. Non-asbestos exposed mesothelioma cases There is a certain consistency in the epidemiological literature that dear evidence of asbestos exposure cannot be established for 25-30% of cases. Peterson et al (1984) have reviewed this problem and quote a range (0-87%) without documented asbestos exposure. In most countries where women have not been a major part of the workforce, the rates of mesothelioma in women have remained reasonably constant at the 1-2 per million population "background" rate. These might represent genetically controlled or background environmentally induced rates (Hirsch et al 1982; McDonald & McDonald 1986; Huncharek 1989; Peto et_al 1981). 12 MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS Experimental work in animals and other biological systems are consistent with fibre length and diameter being important in both the ability of fibres to produce experimental fibrosis and to produce mesothelial tumours when introduced directly to the pleural surface. Experiments where "long" asbestos fibres were placed on the pleura, produced mesothelioma from all fibre types (Wagner & Berry 1973; Stanton 1973), but experience in humans has shown no dear high risk of mesothelioma for workers exposed to chrysotile asbestos fibres. While the reasons for such differences remain conjecture, a convincing argument is that in experimental animals, with a lifespan of approximately 2 years, the lung protection / removal mechanisms have less than 2 years over which to act. Thus if solubility of the fibre or removal mechanisms are important in reducing the number of fibres at a site, the time over which these mechanisms can act is truncated Although the processes of tumour development occur within the lifetime of the animal, exposure levels in animals tend to be high and might further impede fibre removal mechanisms. Moreover, experiments where fibres are placed directly on the pleura exdude consideration of the mechanisms impeding fibres from reaching the pleura under normal circumstances. In humans, time frames are measured in tens of years, which provides the fibres with the opportunity to be dissolved or removed from the lung. In spite of the apparent difference between the human and animal experience, experimental data are never-the-less useful because they provide a possible mechanistic perspective on the importance of fibre shape and dimensions. Studies by Stanton & Wrench (1972); Stanton (1973), Stanton et al(1977) and Stanton & Layard (1978) showed that fibres greater than 8um in length and less than 0-25 um in diameter had a higher probability of producing tumours than did shorter and larger diameter fibres. They also demonstrated that reducing MOB-HarrisMaster 00106 23 the length of fibres by pulverization decreases the carcinogenicity as far as mesotheliai tumour production is concerned. They concluded that pulverized blue asbestos of length less than 125-3.15 ym could be discounted in mesothelioma production. Demonstrating that glass fibres and aluminium oxide fibres produced mesothelioma when in contact with the pleura suggested that mesotheliai tumour carcinogenicity was linked' primarily to length, diameter and, possibly, durability. 13. LEVEL OF EXPOSURE. There is epidemiological evidence that the risk of mesothelioma is dose related (Newhouse et a1 1985 and Newhouse & Berry 1979). See TABLE 8. In studies where exposure has not been quantitative, duration of employment has often been used as a surrogate. For example, in the British textile industry there was no case of mesothelioma in men with less than 6 years of employment (Peto et al 1985) compared to 33 such cases where individuals were exposed for more than 6 years with 23 of the cases exposed for 20 years or more. The existence of exposure-response relationships has been strengthened by measurements of fibres in tissues where progressive increases in relative risk have been observed with increasing fibre content. TABLE 8. MESOTHELIOMA -EVIDENCE OF EXPOSURE-RESPONSE Newhouse & Berry (1979)22 23 Exposure category Number of cases Low- Moderate* <2 4 >2 7 Rate / 100.000 s.vrs" 33 93 Severe** <2 >2 16 19 104 243 lhornm ter man only. 23 t.yr Subject or panon yun of exposure. eaugori** of axaoaure <2 and >2 repraaent la** than or mor* than 2 yaw* of azposur*. Tha Tow mnrlanfa* expeaure category was `praeabty 5-10 fibr**/ml. Th* `tavara* sxposurs category inducted oonuawrauon* which baton 19*5 rvarxgad 20 fibres/ml or higftar. MOB-HarrisMaster 00107 24 Rogers etal (1991) found relative risks to increase more rapidly with concentrations of fibre in lung tissue greater than 3 x 10s fibres /g by light microscopy and 106-106,5 fibres /g by transmission electron microscopy. Rogers et al (1991) used data from various studies, evaluated by Berry to illustrate bow the risk of mesothelioma increased with the concentration of fibres in lung tissue. He did this by calculating odds ratios25 which are shown in TABLE 9. These show that when the odds of mesothelioma occurrence is set at 1 for concentrations of less than 106fibres/g of tissue, the odds of mesothelioma occurring for concentrations greater than 10 fibres/g of lung tissue are consistently greater than 1. This shows that the risk of mesothelioma increases with increasing exposure. TABLE 9. MESOTHELIOMA ODDS RATIOS IN RELATION TO LUNG TISSUE FIBRE CONTENTS RE-CALCULATED FROM VARIOUS STUDIES BY BERRY From Rogers et al (1991) Concentration* < 10*fibres/g Concentration* >10*fibres/g Berry et al 1989* .cr.a Berry et al 1989* cr.a Mowe et al 1985 1 1 1 3.8 (1.8- 8.0) 7.4 (3.5-16.0) 8.5 (2.3-31.0) 2S An 'odds ratio* is tna ratio of 0m `odds' of diaasta oocurranea in tha axposad and nonopostd subgroups. 2S < maana lass man or aqual to statad value > mains mora than ctatad valua. MOB-HarrisMaster 00108 25 In the Quebec chiysotile mines and mills the relative risk of mesothelioma increased with cumulative exposure. The case with the lowest cumulative exposure had 8.8 years of employment at a concentration of 6.7 fibres/ml (Liddell 1989). The mesotheliomas in the Quebec chrysotile mines and mills were also highly correlated with the concentrations of tremolite >8um long in their lungs as described earlier in this report (McDonald et_al 1989). ' 7.3.1 Neighbourhood Exposure. Another possible indirect measure of exposure is distance from a source. In this regard, the absence of high rates of mesothelioma in persons living near asbestos factories would be supportive of zero or very low risks at low levels of exposure, neighbourhood exposures being presumably less than those in the workplace. In fact, the only evidence of neighbourhood exposure increasing risk has -been in cases where large quantities of blue asbestos was involved (Wagner et al 1960, Newhouse et al 1985). Other studies in Canada and the USA have not shown such an association (McDonald & McDonald 1980; Hammond et al 1979a). These latter studies were concerned with chrysotile and amosite respectively. Quebec chiysotile mining and milling communities were included in the mesothelioma survey conducted by McDonald & McDonald (1980). There, even in the 1970's, airborne fibre concentrations29 ranged 160-11000 ng/m3 . These concentrations were orders of magnitude greater than the 0.1-100 ng/m Reported in other rural and urban areas (Gibbs et al 1980). While subject to many errors, the mean fibre concentrations at the "dustiest" site in these communities as measured by phase contrast microscopy was about 0.015 fibres/ml30. 132 Household Exposure There have been instances where it appears that household exposure from living with a person who is occupationally exposed to asbestos may have been involved in increases in mesothelioma risks, with cases in case-control studies reporting more domestic contact than controls. (McDonald & McDonald 1980; Vianna & Polan 1978; Lieben & Pistawa 1967). The studies by McDonald & McDonald (1980) involved chrysotile (and tremolite contamination if present), other mine dusts and dusts from a factory where blue asbestos was also used. Fibre types were not identified by Vianna & Polan (1978) but the occupations of household contacts included, brake-lining worker, pipe fitter, heat insulation worker, heat electric-wire worker, elevator insulation worker and electric wire insulation worker. lieben & Pistawa (1967) noted that the asbestos fibre types to which mesothelioma* * 2aTh concentrations wart detsrmined using transmission titetron microscopy. fibres are disrupted in the preparation prooadurta. eonosmrmtjona art expressed on a man baits as ng/m1. One ng txltr'p - *This is the mean valua tor the results of 14 samples counted using two different phase contrast membrane filter mounting and counting methods (NlOSH and BOHS) and 4 counters. The main sources of error are particle overtap which would liirety lead to underestimation of fibre concentration and lack of fibre differentiation which would overestimate the concentration. MOB-HarrisMaster 00109 26 cases may have been exposed by family contacts in the three cases were: chrysotiie and amosite; an unidentified fibre used in an insulation plant: and, unidentified fibres used in insuladon work in a shipyard. The levels of fibre exposures associated with the household contacts were not described in any of the reports. However radiological changes similar to those found in asbestos workers have been described in persons living in the same household as amosite asbestos workers (Anderson et al 1979). Such radiological changes in workers have usually involved long term exposures at levels in excess of occupational exposure limits of 1-2 fibres per ml Thus, it is likely that past household exposures, may have been quite high. 7.4 LATENCY: There was no mesothelioma death in the Quebec chiysotile mines and mills below 20 years from first exposure (McDonald 1980). Peto (1980) found no mesotheliomas in the British textile industry under 20 yean from first exposure. While the latter used predominantly chrysotiie, some amphiboie (blue asbestos) was used at the plant Overall the literature would appear to support the statement by Browne (1983) that in asbestos related cases the onset of die illness is usually 35-40 years after first exposure, rarely less than 20 years and perhaps never less than 15 years. 8.0 AS6EST0SIS 8.1DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSIS The definitions applied to asbestosis are many and highly variable although Harber & Smitherman (1991) found that over the last decade there was "stability of the criteria for asbestosis case definitions". As damage to the tissues (fibrosis or scarring) can only strictly be observed at autopsy or biopsy, asbestosis should be a pathological diagnosis. In practice, the observation of signs and symptoms in life are used for "clinical diagnosis". Thus, "asbestosis" is usually a clinical term applied to fibrosis of the lungs which has been caused by asbestos. The diagnosis is a clinical opinion which takes into account a variety of observations such as changes on the chest radiograph, worker complaints of breathlessness, crepitations (noises in the lungs), certain lung function deficits and evidence of asbestos exposure. The simple knowledge that the person being examined has been exposed to asbestos is likely to introduce a bias into a clinical diagnosis. ' There is probably little disagreement in the literature that high grades of certain radiological abnormalities reflecting scarring of the lung, combined with certain characteristic symptoms, pulmonary function deficits and clear evidence of long term exposure to high levels of asbestos might be called "asbestosis". However, minor radiological abnormalities or lung function changes may or may not be indicative of "asbestosis". The application of newer techniques in diagnosis, such as CAT and High Resolution CAT scans, MOB-HarrisMaster 00110 27 positive gallium scans, exercise and other tests, has not improved the situation because the relationship between these techniques and the currently more accepted definitions of clinical asbestosis remains unclear. It is for these reasons that the term "asbestosis" is rarely used in epidemiological studies. In most epidemiological studies the frequency of changes on a chest radiograph or frequency ofsymptoms etc., are treated independently and examined in relation to exposure. In some studies, combinations of changes to define asbestosis have been used but this definition has been for study purposes only. 8.1.1 Radiological Changes The chest radiograph may show changes. These include: lung markings which obscure the normal lung appearance; pleural thickeningi-pleural calcification; and possibly changes to the cardiac outline. These changes can be graded and an internationally agreed classification system exists for the reading of radiographs known as the ILO/UC Classification. Interpreting these readings is not straightforward for the following reasons. * There is almost always significant variation between even "expert" readers in terms of the existence or degree of radiological change. It is for this reason that scientific studies involve the review of films by multipie readers. An idea of the effect that this might have has been reported by Parker et al (1989). They reported that an initial reading of 566 radiographs found 30% of films to be classified as positive for pleural change. However, only 4% were considered positive by at least 2 out of 3 readers from a NIOSH panel reading radiographs under blind conditions31. " Readings by a single reader, especially when they have knowledge of exposure and other clinical information may be quite unreliable from the standpoint of obtaining objective information on which to establish etiological factors. * Some radiological changes such as pleural calcification may be quite marked but have little or no importance in producing respiratory disability. * As the radiological changes become less pronounced, there can be serious difficulties in the interpretation of results. Readings of the radiographs of persons with and without asbestos exposure may reveal the same types and degrees of abnormality. It is for this reason that, before reaching conclusions that there is a disease or indicator of a health effect in a group of workers, it is necessary to know 31. Blind' maans witftout information on aga, occupation, txpcsum, ottmr dinical information ate. MOB-HarrisMaster 00111 28 that the frequency and degree of change is greater in those exposed than in a comparable group of non-exposed workers or that the degree of change and the incidence of such changes relate to exposure levels. * Beckiake (1991) notes that while the presence of small irregular opacities are usually considered important in the diagnosis of asbestosis (Canadian Thoracic Society 1979; American Thoracic Society 1986; Council report 1984) they are nonspecific for this condition. Fibrosis may be the result of exposure to other agents or to pathophysiological processes. Moreover, there is evidence that milder grades of radiological abnormality may be related to smoking or enhanced in asbestos exposed smokers (Hnizdo and Sluis-Cremer 1988; Rosenstock et al 1988; T ilis ct al 1986; Weiss 1984; Blanc & Gamsu 1988; Blanc & Gamsu 1989; Weiss 1991). 8.12 Breathlessness While breathlessness relates well to cumulative exposure in asbestos exposed workers, the symptom alone is non-specific. 8.13 Lung Function Changes. While certain changes may correlate well with cumulative exposure to asbestos, not all tests are equally predictive. Some changes are completely non-specific and are influenced by other factors such as smoking, age, race etc.. 8.1.4 Clinical observations. These are rarely used in epidemiological studies because of observer variation. However, certain well standardized observations may be useful (eg; presence of "rales" or "crepitations")32. In epidemiological studies the frequencies of certain measured outcomes in exposed workers are compared to those in non-exposed workers. The relationships between observations and levels of dust/fibre exposure are also examined to determine if the rate of adverse' outcomes increases sensibly with exposure. 8.13 Mechanistic considerations In studies of fibre size in relation to fibrosis of the lung in experimental animals, Wright & Kuschner (1977) found that short fibres (glass and blue asbestos) less than 10 um in length did not produce lung fibrosis but that the long fibres did. The explanation for this would appear to be the removal of these shorter fibres from the lung. This and removal of ^*ta* w*t* propoa*d as on* of tit* mora Saratov* indicators of *asbntss* wran m* Britts* Occupations! standard tor uMOt was publisnad (BOHS 1968). MOB-HarrisMaster 00112 29 chiysotile through solubility may also explain the observations by McDonald et al (1989) of different dose-response (radiographic outcome) curves for tremolite and chrysotile. 9.0 LUNG CANCER The occurrence of lung cancer in certain age groups is not uncommon due to past smoking habits. In North America, almost one quarter of all cancer deaths are due to lung cancer. The American Cancer Society Statistical report for 1978 (American Cancer Society 1978) reported the eventual risk of dying of lung cancer for white males 20 years of age in 1970 as 5.07%. Thus in a cohort of 100,000 men, approximately 5070 deaths from lung cancer would be predicted to occur if men were followed from age 20 to death. Hughes (1989) noted a lifetime risk in 1982 of approximately 0.07 for a man dying of lung cancer. At this rate, approximately 7000 lung cancer deaths would be expected over the lifetime of a cohort of 100,000 men. While the estimates of "background " may differ somewhat depending on the method of calculation and assumptions made, the numbers are quite large and it is against this background that the risks of lung cancer from asbestos exposure must be measured. The normal variation in background rates can make it very difficult to detect small increases in ' / risk. 9.1LUNG CANCER RISK, TYPE OF ASBESTOS AND OCCUPATION As noted in the discussion of mesothelioma, differentiating between asbestos fibre types is important because there is good evidence that different fibres pose different levels of health risk. These differences in risk not only exist between mesothelioma and fibre type, but also between lung cancer and fibre type. Although lung cancer differences are not as striking as for mesothelioma, they are worthy of consideration. Hughes (1991) recently compiled the observed and expected numbers of deaths from lung cancer for various occupational groups, using only deaths 20 years after hire or when data were not available, 10 years after hire. The results of combining these, by fibre type and industry sectors in which more than one fibre type is represented, are shown in TABLE 10. In all industry sectors, the risks of lung cancer are lower for chrysotile only exposed persons than for those with mixed or amphibole only exposures. The lung cancer risk in the chrysotile textile industry is substantially greater than in the other chiysotile exposed occupations. MOB-HarrisMaster 00113 30 TABLE 10. THE OBSERVED & EXPECTED NUMBERS OF DEATHS FROM LUNG CANCER BY FIBRE TYPE AND INDUSTRY SECTOR33 34 35 36 Modified from Hughes (1991). IN0USTRY Mining & Milling Gas Mask Insulation FIBRE TYPE CHRYSOTILE * MI2BT AMPHIBOLES* 0 E 0/E . 0 E 0/E 0 E 0/E 239 192.7 1.24 91 34.5 2.64 6 4.8 1.25 33 >15.8 2.09 397 93.7 4.24 84 17.5 4.80 Mi sc. Manufacturing 4 4.3 0.93 Asbestos Cement 58 56.3 1.03 Textiles 94 55.6 1.69 TOTAL 401 313.7 1.28 77 351 342 1167 72.4 2.71 225.1 1.56 188.9 1.81 536.1 2.18 208 67.8 3.07 Thiatabiahai baanrtproducad with aoma modification from that praaamtd by Hugh** (1991). Th* friction product* iitduttry was aitminated from th# ongmal compilation Parana* it had no "mijiad* or "ampniboW aourvalarrt for oomperiaon. Th* total* raflaet this cnartga. Tha table ha* ottwwiao ratwnad th* cfaaaHieation uaad by Hugh** although it it noaad that Hugh** included a* `cftryactria taxtila*. tha plant atudiad by Robinaonatal (1979). Wtil* this plant uaad mamiy enryaotila, varying quantrtiaa of amoaita and blue tsbaatos wara aao uaad. 34 Baaad on th* following publication*- McDonald at al (1980); ftibifio atal (1979); tehtaon at al 119821: Wat** (1977); Thoma**f al (1982); Ohlaon & Hogatadt (19SS): Gardner atal (1966); McDonald atal (1963a); Robinaonatal (1979). 35 Baaad on th* following pubUe*dana_ Sammffatal (1979): McDonald at al (1963b): Entaftina atal (1967): Patn at al 119651: Hugh** at al (1967); Nawhouaa at al (19B5I: Albin Mjd (1984); Baffin at al (1969): Rnkataaain (1964); Miaa-Psban & fiuaton (1965): Laouatatal (1960); 36 Baaad on th* following publication*^ Armatronfl at *1(1968): Jonaa at al (1960): McDonald & McDonald (1981); Achaaonatal (1964): Ionian atal (1966) MOB-HarrisMaster 00114 31 , .j Since differences in the exposure levels for persons in the various studies reflected in table 10 were not taken into account, the validity of adding the studies together might be questioned. However, this problem is somewhat eliminated in FIGURE 3, where lung cancer risks in different industry sectors can be compared for the "same" levels of cumulative exposure37. These risks range from not detectable in the friction materials manufacturing industry, to risks in textile workers, which are approximately SO times greater than those in Quebec cbrysotile miners and millers (McDonald et al 1983a). HcUtivt nU FIGURE 3 EXPOSURE - RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS FOR VARIOUS OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS (AFTER MCDONALD 1984) Cumulate** expoauraa ara tha aum o< tha peoducta of axpoawa laval and duration of aapoaura ovtr a woridng fifadroa andar* arpraaaad In soneantfanon yatra. Tha aonaansradon met, mpef nriart is mittona oi paiticlaa/cubic toeL Prior to tha lajal860*, s--tot cuat conaangallon* In Noun Amarioa wart maaaurad u*mg a mathod known aa tha mUgtt Imping*. Th* mathod uaad today la tha mamocarw tutor phaaa oancaat mlerpacopte; mathod In which concamrasore ara rapottad In flfaraa/oc. Triaaa curvat (FIGURE 3) wars conatructad ualng ttw axpoaura maaauramanta uaad in tha anginal itudlaa. H axpoauraa am* *xpmaaad in fifacaa/eo yatra tha axaa would hav* eftangad but tha am*A pattam of dJtfaraneaa in naka in tha dHfarant induatry aaetsra arould rtmalnTht unit*. (lbrac/mt (f/ml) and (braa/ee (f/ec) aia traaad aynonymoualy. MOB-HarrisMaster 00115 The reason for lung cancer risks being so much higher in textile plants is not yet known. It is hypothesized that it may be related to other materials used in the textile manufacturing process such as mineral oils which were sprayed on the fibres (Sebastien et al 1989). The possibility that the proportion of very long fibres in the airborne dust may be responsible still needs further, investigation. This difference in risk of lung cancer is not explained on the basis of the tremolite content of the airborne dust (Sebastien et al 1989). In the case of the asbestos textile industry where chrysotile has been the main fibre type used, lung cancer risks may be elevated but mesotheliomas are rare or absent. Thus, in all chrysotile industry sectors, mesothelioma occurs rarely or is absent In many studies, persons have been exposed to more than one fibre type. The health experience of these workers may not be directly, relevant in considering the possible risk to workers using Dum Dum products where only chrysotile was used. The dear difference in the lung cancer experience of workers in the chrysotile textile industry compared to that of workers in other chrysotile industries suggests that there is something special about that industry. Extrapolation of the high risks from that industry to the Dum Dum product industry is unlikely to be appropriate, except to err on the side of overestimating risks. 92 SMOKING It is important to consider the magnitude of the risk of lung cancer associated with smoking. TABLE 11 modified from Hammond et al (1979), clearly indicates the importance of smoking. The asbestos workers were insulation workers and the "control" population was the 73763 men in the Cancer Society's prospective cancer prevention study. The risk of lung cancer for non-smoking asbestos insulation workers is 5 times that of non-smoking, non asbestos exposed workers. The risk of lung cancer for asbestos exposed insulation workers who smoke is 53.24 which is more than 10 times that of non-smoking, asbestos exposed insulation workers. This effect of smoking is termed "multiplicative" because smoking multiplies the risk posed by the asbestos exposure. McDonald(1984) showed that effects were more additive than multiplicative in chrysotile mine and mill workers as shown in TABLE 12. The risk of lung cancer for chrysotile miners and millers who are heavily exposed non-smokers is 6.9 times that of the non-smoking miner or miller with little exposure. The risk of lung cancer for the heavily exposed but moderate smoker is 12.8 times that of the "little" exposed non-smoker. Thus, moderate smoking almost doubles the risk so it is not possible to say whether the risk is simply the sum of the individual risks of heavy exposure (6.9) plus the risk of moderate smoking (63) or a risk of 6.9 multiplied by Z These risks might be considered to be "additive" as opposed to multiplicative. Smoking habits must be taken into account in study design or in interpreting findings. It might be noted that for both chrysotile miners and millers and insulation workers the risk of lung cancer is increased more by smoking than by asbestos exposure. For example, the MOB-HarrisMaster 00116 \ 33 TABLE 11. EFFECTS OF SMOKING &. ASBESTOS EXPOSURE ON LUNG CANCER RISKS Asbestos insulation workers Hammond et al 1979 Group Exposure to Asbestos History Cigarette Smoking? Death Rate /100000 Mortality; Ratio Control Asbestos Control Asbestos No Yes No Yes No 11.3 1.00 No 58.4 5.17 Yes 122.6 10.85 Yes 601.6 53.24 TABLE 12. EFFECTS OF SMOKING & ASBESTOS EXPOSURE ON LUNG CANCER RISKS Quebec chiysnrile miners ft miller;339840 41 McDonald 1984 Asbestos Exposure Little Moderate* Heavy*' Non Smokers 1 Moderate Smokers 6.3 Heavy Smokers 11.8 2.0 7.5 13.3 6.9 12.8 25.0 38 Mortality ratio it tht ratio of death ran relative at non expoeed nonsmoking population. 39 Tbeee am riaka rtfativa to ttia risk for nonsmoking worker* with nitPa' a^oaura. 40 Moderate axpoaum it cumulative axpoaum of 3MOO mpcf^r* accumulated to aga 45. 41Haavy axpoaum n cumulative axpoaum gmatar than 300 mpcf-yr* accumulated to aga 45 MOB-HarrisMaster 00117 34 risk of lung cancer for moderate smokers with little asbestos exposure in the chrysotile mining & milling industry is more than 6 times that of non-smokers with the same exposure while moderate asbestos exposure increases the risk for a non-smoker twofold. In insulation workers, the lung cancer risk in non-smoking, asbestos exposed workers is 5 times that of non-smokers who .are not asbestos exposed whereas the risk for workers who smoke but are not exposed to asbestos, is almost 11 times that of non-smokers who are not asbestos exposed. See TABLES 11 & 12 93 OTHER FACTORS It is well established that agents other than asbestos and cigarette smoking are associated with increased risks of lung cancer. Some of the chemicals listed as confirmed or suspected human carcinogens by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists are shown in TABLE 13. Many of.these have the lung as a possible site for the cancer. Workers may encounter one or more of these as part of their work, hobbies or even by virtue of where they live. Elsewhere in the literature, materials such as man made mineral fibres, silica, herbicides and cadmium among others are mentioned as possibly increasing the risk of lung cancer (Hunter 1987). The radioactive gas radon and radon daughters, which can be present in homes in some parts of the country, has been well established as increasing lung cancer risk in uranium and certain other underground mining industries. These axe just a few of the other factors which need consideration in evaluating lung cancer aetiology. 10.0 GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER Selikoff et al (1964), in a study of insulation workers, reported that there was an excess of gastrointestinal cancer. As mentioned earlier these workers were most likely exposed to mixed chrysotile/amphibole fibres. Since that time there have been a number, of cohorts studied where an excess of gastrointestinal cancer has been claimed and others where the results have been negative. The epidemiological studies have not shown consistent excesses of gastrointestinal cancers of specific sites. Thus, there is still controversy over whether gastrointestinal cancer risks are increased. Edelman(1988) reassessed the results of 32 published cohort studies and he concluded that "asbestos workers are not at an increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer". As will be shown later in this report, the levels of exposure to fibres from "Dum Dum" are such that gastrointestinal cancer risks do not require further consideration. 11.0 OTHER CANCERS The question of whether laryngeal cancers are associated with exposure to the various asbestos minerals is doubtful but still debated. Liddell (1991) in reviewing previous evidence opined that" the evidence on the link between exposure to asbestos and laryngeal cancer has failed to satisfy accepted criteria for causation". He noted that the Industrial Injury MOB-HarrisMaster 00118 35 TABLE 13. CHEMICALS LISTED AS CONFIRMED (Al) OR SUSPECTED CARCINOGENS (A2) BY ACGIH Al 4-AMINODIPHENYL BIS-CHLOROMETHYL ETHER HEXAVALEHT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE 4-NITRODIPHENYL ZINC CHROMATES BENZIDINE CHROMATE PROCESSING (CHROMATE) COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES NICKEL SULPHIDE ROASTING VINYL CHLORIDE M ACRYLAMIDE ACRYLONITRILE ARSENIC TRIOXIDE PRODUCTION BENZENE BENZO(A)PYRENE BERYLLIUM & COMPOUNDS 1,3 BUTADIENE CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER CHRYSENE 3,3' -DICHLOROBENZIDINE DIMETHYL CARBAMOYL CHLORIDE 1,1- DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE DIMETHYL SULPHATE ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE ETHYLENE OXIDE FORMALDEHYDE H EXACHLOROBUTADIENE HEXAMETHYL PHOSPHORAMIDE LEAD CHROMATE METHYLENE CHLORIDE METHYLENE BIS(2-CHLOROANILIN) 4,4'METHYLENE DIANILINE METHYL HYDRAZINE METHYL IODIDE NITROPROPANE N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE N-PHENYL-BETA-NAPTHYLAMINE PHENYLHYDRAZINE PROPANE SULTONE BETA-PROPIOLACTONE PROPYLENE IMINE D-TOLIDINE O-TOLUIDINE P-TOLUIDINE VINYL BROMIDE VINYL CYCLOHEXANE DIOXIDE MOB-HarrisMaster 00119 36 Advisory Council (UK) had recently recommended that, on the balance of the evidence, cancer of the larynx should not be added to the schedule of prescribed diseases in respect of occupations involving exposure to asbestos. There have been studies of women working with blue asbestos where an excess of cancer of the ovary has been reported (Acheson et al 1982). Whether these were cancers of the ovary or mesothelioma remains unclear, as does the possibility of an association between asbestos and cancers of this site. There have been claims in the literature that cancers of other sites, such as the kidney, might be associated with asbestos exposure, but the cases appear to be isolated. My review of the evidence concerning kidney cancer indicates that if there is an increased risk, it is not associated with chrysotile. 12.0 TALC Although chiysotile was the only commercial asbestos used in the Dum Dum products, some contained talc. Talc, under some circumstances, has been shown to be contaminated with asbestifonn tremolite, anthopbyllite and chiysotile. Contaminants of the talc will be encapsulated in the Dum Dum products in the same way as the talc, chiysotile asbestos and other constituents. None-the-less, talc and the possibility of tremolite contaminants will be considered for completeness. Talcs do not always contain tremolite, much less asbestifonn tremolite or other asbestos fibres. After the mid-1970's Mobil purchased only tremolite free talc for use in its Dum Dum products. This does not mean that the talc before that time contained asbestifonn tremolite but provides assurance that it did not, after that time. The presence of tremolite does not necessarily mean the presence of asbestifonn tremolite. There is considerable debate concerning the importance of cleavage fragments of tremolite. However as will be seen later in this report, the very low dust concentrations associated with applying or removing Dum Dum compounds do not make lung fibrosis from the asbestos minerals or tremolite contamination of talc a viable consideration. 13.0 ASSESSING HAZARD AND RISKS In an earlier section it was noted that one of the key factors in the initiation of a disease process was "the characteristics and properties of the dust to which the worker is exposed." In this section, characteristics other than fibre type will be considered... The characteristics and properties of a dust which are important in determining its potential to produce a health effect include: a. Particle size, shape and panicle density (number of grams /cubic centimetre of the particle). These determine the aerodynamic behaviour and respirability of the dust, as well MOB-HarrisMaster 00120 -,_.y Ok ) 37 as whether and where the particle deposits in the respiratory system. b. Panicle size, panicle shape and solubility. These determine whether and how long the deposited particle remains at the site of deposition or whether it is removed from the lung. c. Chemistry and mineralogy. These determine the likely reactivity of the dust in the lung or system. d. The toxicity or potential for the dust to produce adverse health effects. e. Associated contaminants which might, in their own right, have the potential to cause health effects or influence the dust effects. 13.1 PARTICLE SIZE & SHAPE * The size, shape and density of particles are extremely important in determining whether they get into the lung, and if they do, how well lung defense mechanisms can remove them. The ability of fibres to experimentally induce disease is also size dependent 13.1.1 Aerodynamic behaviour, respirabiiity and deposition Particles of significance from the standpoint of evaluating the health effects of asbestos, are those suspended in air (collectively known as aerosols) which may be inhaled. Airborne particulates may range in size from molecular dimensions up to about 100 urn in diameter . The rate at which spherical particles settle out in air is governed by Stokes' Law. This relates the terminal settling velocity of a particle (rate at which it falls in the air) to its density and radius as it falls in non-turbulent air. The aerodynamic diameter is the diameter of a sphere of unit density which has the same terminal settling velocity as the particle of interest. As most dust clouds are made up of panicles with a wide range of sizes and densities, it is convenient to consider particles equivalent if they exhibit the same settling rates which are defined by the aerodynamic diameter mentioned above. The physical dimensions of particles are important as they determine the aerodynamics of the particle, its ability to enter the respiratory tract and its behaviour in the respiratory system after deposition. Particles are deposited in the lung by essentially four mechanisms, gravitational settlement, inertial impaction. Brownian movement*43 and interception. Particles which can penetrate deep into the alveolar region of the lung are defined as "respirable". urn micrometre or on* millionth of a maos and it th* standard unit used in daaribinfl tha aim of small particles. 43Browman movement mans that paroeta* are moved about in tha lung air by bombardment by gas motoeuMa. In this way they get ctoe* to surtaot* and deposrt. Fibre deposition m th* lung is governed by essentially th* same mechamsms as tor sphencal partus* oaoosroon. MOB-HarrisMaster 00121 38 Timfarell (1965,1970,1973); Timbrell & Skidmore (1971) and Timbrel] et al (1970)) studied the aerodynamic behaviour of fibres and the relationships between fibre and non-fibrous particle aerodynamic behaviour by measuring particle and fibre deposition rates. They were able to show that length of the fibre was of little importance in determining fibre deposition rates but that, aerodynamically, fibre diameter was extremely important. Based on these relationships and assuming that the upper limit of the diameter of a spherical particle of unit density reaching the lung alveolar region is lOum, then the expected upper limit of the diameter of asbestos fibres penetrating to the alveolar region would be approximately 3.5pm. Assenting that they are straight, differences in the aerodynamic behaviour of fibres of different types are governed by their fibre densities and their diameter size distrifagoions. The sizes of compact particles found in the alveolar or gas exchange region of the lung are generally 10 um or less in diameter. On the other hand, fibres of lengths exceeding 100 pm can be found deep in the lung at autopsy. This fits with the lesser importance of length in explaining aerodynamic behaviour. Interception as a mechanism for fibre deposition in the respiratoty airways is vety important Timbrell(l965) showed that there was a definite tendency for fibres longer than 5um to align in laminar air flow. He also showed that asymmetry led to a lower rate of alignment which is important because it means that curly fibres or those with adhering panicles have a lower chance of penetrating deep into the lung. Timbrell (Davies 1970) suggested that curliness was an important factor in explaining the apparent lower risks of health effects associated with chiysotile asbestos. Using UICC chrysotfie fibre samples44 and glass fibres of various shapes, he was able to show a significant reduction in the penetration into the alveolar regions of the lung of curly compared to straight fibres. In a person who breathes through the nose, long fibres, curly fibres and fibres with adhering particles are likely to.be trapped in the nose and to be removed by sneezing or by blowing the nose. If a person breathes through the mouth, the larger airborne fibres, normally trapped in the nose, are deposited by impaction in the upper part of the respiratory system. Whether breathed through the nose or mouth, fibres are rapidly transferred to the mouth, swallowed and excreted. 13.1.2. Role of particle size in particle removal from the lung. The moment that either inert or toxic particles are deposited in the lung, mechanisms to remove them come into play. These can be divided into those that depend on ciliary action and those that act in the non-diiated regions of the lung. 44 UICC it the mttnrwtxjna) Union Against Canosr and under their auspices special .sampiea were prepared tor use in animal experiments around the world. There were 2 dnyeotile samples, one from "Rhodes** and another from Canada Tha latter was a mature of fibres from vinous mills in Quebec. There were also samples of amoans and eroadolite from South Africa and of anthophytlrts from Finland. MOB-HarrisMaster 00122 39 As in everyday life, panicles and fibres which are deposited on the tracheobronchial pan of the respiratory system are transported by mucociliary action upwards to be swallowed. This method of panicle removal can be hindered by damage to the cilia, as through the effects of cigarette smoking, with clearance of panicles severely impaired (Cohen et al 1979). If panicles are deposited more deeply in the lung, one of the most rapid'removal mechanisms involves recruitable macrophages (phagocytic cells contained in the alveolar surface epithelium). A particle is engulfed by the macrophage orphagocyte which moves the particle towards the ciliary escalator for removal. Phagocyiesmay also serve to render the particles incapable of injuring or irritating the tidies Panicle size and shape are important in clearance from the alveolar surface because shape and dimension may hinder phagocytosis. Allison (1973) examined the limit to the size of panicles that could be ingested by phagocytes, using fractions of chiysotile and blue asbestos containing high and low percentages of shon and long fibres. Independently of fibre type, the shon fibres (<5 ym) were rapidly and completely taken up by the phagocytes; fibres longer than 20 um were never completely taken up; and fibres of length 5-20 pn were sometimes completely ingested. The observation that shon (less than 5jsm) fibres are readily removed from the lung has been reported many times in the literature. 13.13 Particle solubility. Panicle solubility is important in assessing health risks. In the case of chiysotile it has been well established that its outer magnesium layer makes it possible for body fluids to dissolve or leach out magnesium. The chiysotile structure is thus steadily dissolved and at a much greater rate than for the amphibole asbestos minerals (Morgan & Cralley 1973). Thus, increased solubility over the amphiboles may be another factor in the decreased retention of chiysotile in the lung. 14.0 THE RISKS OF HEALTH EFFECTS FROM W0RKIN6 WITH DUM DUM. In section 6.0 it was noted that the risk of disease was related to the following... i. The characteristics and properties of the dust to which the worker is exposed. ii. The concentrations of the respirable fraction of the dust to which the worker is exposed. iii Duration of exposure to the airborne dust iv. Pattern of exposure. v. Period since first exposure to time that the worker is examined for health effects. MOB-HarrisMaster 00123 40 vi. Personal habits of the worker which might directly or indirectly: a. influence the risk of occurrence of a dust related disease(s) or health effect(s) or influence the course of the disease. b. produce a disease indistinguishable from that produced by the dust. vii. Individual personal characteristics or pre-disposing conditions which might directly or indirectly influence the occurrence or course of a disease in that worker. In the following sections the information available for Dum Dum products will be systematically applied in the assessment of the health risks for persons using Dum Dum products. 14.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS DUSTS FROM DUM DUM. 14.1.1 Asbestos fibre types Earlier in this report it was noted that chrysotile was the only commercial asbestos fibre used in the Dum Dum products. It was also noted that talc was used in some of the products. In order to ensure that risks are not in any way underestimated, products will be considered to fit into 4 separate categories. CATEGORY A Products which contained neither commercial asbestos nor talc. Products in this category include - Chimney Dum Dum Primer CATEGORY B : Products which contained only chrysotile but no talc. Products in this category include - Chimney Dum Dum - Nail Hole Dum Dum Dum Dum Masonoc Dum Dum Armorcote CATEGORY C: Products which contained no commercial asbestos as part of their formulations but contained talc. There is no information on whether tremolite was present in the talcs used. Two scenarios can be envisaged.. 1. Products containing no asbestos - This is assured after the mid-1970's when the talc used was tremolite free. It may always have been tremolite free. 2. Products containing some tremolite by virtue of use of talc containing asbestiform tremolite. This is an assumption for which there is no direct evidence. A product in this category is - Dum Dum Masonoc Primer MOB-HarrisMaster 00124 41 CATEGORY D. Products which contained chrysotile asbestos as part of their formulations plus talc. Two scenarios can be envisaged. 1. Product containing chrysotile only. This can be assured after the mid 1970's when the talc used was tremolite free. It may have always been tremolite free. ft 2. Product containing chrysotile plus tremolite by virtue of the use of talc containing asbestiform tremolite. This is an assumption for which there is no direct evidence. Products in this category include - Hi -Heat Dum Dum 14.12 Sizes of afrborne fibres. The composition and size distribution of the fibres to which a worker might be exposed are rarely the same as those of the bulk material with which he or she may be working. This is because particles of different sizes may have different compositions and because size, shape and density determine whether particles, dispersed in air, remain airborne. In the case of Diim Dum products, the commercial grade of chrysotile fibre used was short (grade 7) (Chamberlain 1991). The production process called for this fibre to undergo several stages of intimate mixing with various resins and oils as well as other inorganic materials and solvents. Thus the product was quite unlike the free asbestos used in its production. Dum Dum products are of putty or mastic consistency. Scanning electron images45 show how the surface of the Dum Dum product forms to encapsulate the fibre and this is evident in the removed product (PLATE 1). This binding of fibres to the matrix and to other fibres is seen in the broken cross-section of a piece of Chimney Dum Dum (PLATE 2) and in the surface clump (PLATE 3). The latter chimp of fibres is about 20um in diameter and nonrespirable. For comparison, scanning electron images of free chrysotile at the same magnifications are shown in PLATES 4-6. The difference between the encaspulated and non-encapsulated fibre is quite evident The material after application dries with a hard surface. A sample of the Hi-Heat Dum Dum after removal, which was dark in colour, was provided to me by Dr Peters (1991). This sample when broken, was still moist and putty-like under the surface layer. There were no overtly visible fibres in the surface of the specimen. While much thinner, fragments of the "dried" Dum Dum Masonoc and Chimney Dum Dum were still very pliable. It is clear at T)m mterogrmnh* w*r m*d availtbi* to m* eotmoty of Or E.T. Pttan of Arthur D. LittM hc.,CimBneg* M*sucftutMtti. MOB-HarrisMaster 00125 P LA T E 1. MOB-HarrisMaster 00126 MOB-HarrisMaster 00127 FIBRES ARE ENCAPSULATED. (SEM) MOB-HarrisMaster 00128 MOB-HarrisMaster 00129 PLATE 4. FREE CHRYSOTILE FIBRES AT THE SAME MAGNIFICATION AS FIGURE 1. SAMPLE PREPARED IN SAME LABORATORY AS FIGURE I PLATE 16. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES - HI-HEAT DUM DUM REMOVAL EXPERIMENT. MOB-HarrisMaster 00130 PLATE 17. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS STRUCTURES HI-HEAT DUM DUM REMOVAL EXPERIMENT. MOB-HarrisMaster 00131 are thought to be completely bound by all of these additives in the final product". In describing the primary manufacture of sealants mixed with asphalt, tar and solvents or other additives, they noted " shortly after mixing, the asbestos fibre is bound by the asphalt and upon completion of miring, the asbestos is considered completely bound in the asphalt with little chance of fibre dust exposure." In discussing the release of fibres from wastes, weathering, corrosion, wear and scrap through demolition, they state "...In nearly all of these losses the asbestos fibres should be completely encased in the bituminous binder. Consequently, only small quantities of free fibre are likely to be released" The Consumer Products Safety Commission under the product "Mastic" noted "Since asbestos as an additive reduces embrittlement, the danger of free fibre exposure appears limited" (CPSC 1978). In the guidelines for assessment and abatement of asbestos containing materials in buildings, non*friable materials are defined as "matrix-bonded composite products" prepared by mixing fibres with various bonding agents such as starch, glue, plastics, cements and asphalt. The degree of bonding of asbestos fibres within the composite material or the fibre's immobilization covers a wide range. Caulking putties and mastics are described as non-friable (NBS 1983). As-the fibres in Dum Dum are coated with oleoresinous substances and by design will adhere to other particles, they will if rendered airborne, tend towards being far less respirable than free fibres encountered in the industries where health risks have been assessed. Crucial to the potential of the product to pose a risk of health effects is the airborne respirable fibre concentration. In the following subsections, the potential for generating airborne asbestos fibre concentrations and the order of magnitude of the concentrations are discussed. The various products under consideration are applied in a viscous "putty-like" state with the asbestos fibres and other components intimately mixed into a matrix. Let us consider the various products in the categories described in section 14.1.1. CATEGORY A (Chimney Dum Dum Primer) There will be no asbestos exposure as the product does not contain asbestos minerals. MOB-HarrisMaster 00132 46 CATEGORY B. (Nail Hole Dum Dum: Chimney Dum Dum, Dum Dum Masonoc, Dum Dum Armorcote) i. Nail Hole Dum Dum. As far as could be determined, measurements of exposure to chiysotile asbestos when using this product do not appear to have been described in the literature. However the following is known or can be deduced: * The potential for a worker to be exposed to chiysotfle asbestos fibre from this product is limited by the asbestos content of the product (only 2% chrysotile). * The product is putty-like in consistency which will not readily give rise to aerosols of free fibre or any dust. " The product is applied as a solid encapsulated material and physically pressed into a nail bole. The method to set nails in wood is well known and described in readily available manuals (Readers' Digest 1973). As shown in FIGURE 4, the nail is countersunk below the surface of the wood by placing a "nail set" of slightly smaller dimension than the nail head onto it The nail is driven in such away as to sink the head below the surface of the wood. It is the small space above the nail head which would be filled with the "DUM DUM Nail Hole." In order to avoid damage to the wood surface, this would be pressed into the hole and the surface left flat or level with the wood surface. As the material is a putty-like consistency with the fibre mixed within the "putty", it would be virtually impossible for the applicator to be exposed to fibres during this work. The time taken to fill a hole might be measured in seconds. * As the "Dum Dum Nail Hole" would be applied to make the surface of the filler level with the wood, sanding would not be necessary and the surface could be painted or varnished further sealing in any asbestos. The nail hole fillers were produced in colours to match the wood colour and texture of pre-finished woods so that there is only a very remote possibility that the surface containing this filler would ever be sanded. * In the event that the surface of the wood was sanded, the surface area of the Dum Dum exposed would be extremely small and the depth of any sanding would be minimal, as the purpose of a nail hole filler is to just cover the head of nails. As the . asbestos content of the filler was only 2%, it would be virtually impossible even with aggressive sanding for workers to begin to approach a fraction of the asbestos exposure limits in effect in the USA even today.* * The quantity of "Nail Hole Dum Dum" used on a single board would be extremely smalL As the product was recessed in the wood on which the product was used, it is difficult to identify even hypothetical situations under which it could give rise to any measurable exposures for persons disposing of the wood after its useful life. MOB-HarrisMaster 00133 - J FIGURE 4 - THE USE OF NAIL HOLE FILLER From Readers Digest (1973) 47 MOB-HarrisMaster 00134 * It is not known when this product was Erst manufactured, but it was not manufactured or marketed after 1973. Overall, it is difficult to conceive of any situation under which "Dum Dum Nail Hole" might have been used, where the concentrations of respirable free asbestos fibres would be measurable above background levels by either conventional phase contrast microscopy or electron microscopy. Support for a conclusion that chiysotile asbestos fibre exposure when using Dum Dum Nail Hole would be virtually zero is found in the very low levels of fibre exposure associated with the application of similarly encapsulated Dum Dum products described later in this section. ii. Dum Dum Masonoc. The 95 series DUM DUM Masonoc contained 12-15% asbestos and was a heavy bodied coating of mastic consistency designed for high build application for filling and bridging of cracks and crevices with application by special brush or heavy duty mastic spray equipment There are several reasons to conclude that during the normal application of this product the exposures would be extremely low if not zero: * The product is of a putty consistency which will not make it easy to generate an airborne dust or aerosol ' The products are typically applied in the open air as the masonry coatings are designed and recommended only for exterior use. * It is recommended that if there is an enclosed area in which the product is used, an air supplied respirator be used. For example the label for "Dum Dum Masonoc Soft White 95-W-9" dated 4-73 states-' "------------ Use adequate ventilation. Wear an air supplied mask to avoid breathing concentrated fumes in enclosed areas. Keep container closed--------- " Air supplied respirators provide total protection from solvent and fibre exposure as the air is completely separate from that in the immediate work area. * Measurements of the concentrations of airborne asbestos structures during application and removal of Dum Dum Masonoc were all vety low. (TABLE 14). Using the highest concentrations measured, the concentrations were all still less than 0.01 asbestos stmctures/cc. At 0.01 structures /cc, this represents less than l/20th of the present OSHA permissible exposure limit of 02 fibres/cc and l/500tb of the permissible exposure limit when the product was being widely used in commerce in the early 1970's. SEE APPENDIX E. MOB-HarrisMaster 00135 iii. Chimney Dum Dum The 97 Series Chimney Dum Dum provides "the same outstanding protective and waterproofing qualities as the 95 Series Masonoc except that it has been formulated for use on concrete chimneys where additional heat resistance up to 210 F may be required". The exposures associated with the application and removal of this product were likely to be low for the following reasons: * As with the previous Dum Dum products, Chimney Dum Dum was of a putty consistency which would make it difficult to generate an airborne respirable dust or aerosol. * The product was usually applied in the open air as the chimney coatings were designed and recommended only for exterior use. * The same recommendation as appeared in chemical product data for the Dum Dum Masonoc 95 Series appeared in the literature concerning Chimney Dum Dum 97 Series in 1976 (Mobil 1976E, 1976F). This recommended that, if there was an enclosed area in which the product was used, an air supplied respirator be used. Air supplied respirators provide total protection as the air to be breathed comes from a completely separate supply of air from that in the immediate work area. If the recommendation by Mobil was properly followed, this would make it impossible for the worker to be exposed to any asbestos. * The results of the tests carried out by Arthur D little Inc. (Peters 1990, 1991) showed that the concentrations associated with the application and removal of this product were low. TABLE 14. Indeed, after adjusting the .concentrations for fibres that would not be visible by light microscopy, the concentrations were less than O.Olf/cc in all cases but one, which gave 0.02f/cc. A replicate of that measurement in a second test carried out while applying the product gave results of <0.01 f/cc and it is reasonable to conclude that the fibre concentration associated with the use of this product is generally less than O.Olf/cc Even when the total transmission electron microscopic fibre counts were considered, the highest concentration recorded was still low (0.088f/cc), and well below the current OSHA standard based on phase contrast light optical microscopic fibre counts. Under normal conditions of application and removal of this product, the concentrations of fibres to which workers would have been exposed would have been less than one twentieth (l/20th) of the present OSHA permissible exposure limit and less than one five hundredth (l/500th) of the OSHA standard in effect or ACGIH recommended TLV in the early 1970's (5 fibres/cc). iv Armorcote Dum Dum This product is asphalt based. Petroleum based products which primarily included asphalt and tar based sealants were studied by Anderson et al (1982) in a report to EPA. They MOB-HarrisMaster 00136 50 noted that the petroleum sealants contained 5-30% asbestos (primarily chrysotile) and 5580% asphalt. They noted that other petroleum derivatives added to achieve proper consistency included naphtha, mineral spirits and lighter weight solvents. Other ingredients including rust proofing chemicals, pigments, heat reflecting powdered metals such as aluminium, emulsifiers, resins and clay fillers, were also present in those products. Of special interest in the EPA study was that airborne fibre concentration measurements were collected for a variety of different materials and operations. The operations monitored . varied from spraying cutback asphalt containing 5.8 - 7.7% asbestos on a roof surface to sand blasting a 2.1% asbestos content high performance exterior resin coating from a steel tank. The airborne fibre concentrations measured in the period 1974-1976 did not exceed 0.6f/ml for any of the asphalt tests. The results of those tests are shown in TABLE 15. The duration of the activity or sampling times were recorded only in the cutback asphalt spraying and lasted approximately 6-7 hours. It is important to note that all these activities are carried on out of doors and not in confined spaces. The EPA report noted that there is* no secondary processing necessary of the product and that the fibre releasabiiity was classified as Tow". The CPSC, while noting that the product is designed to form a watertight seal for the roofs of industrial plants, warehouses and other flat roofs, concluded under their scenario for fibre release.... "Roof coatings are formulated to remain somewhat flexible, therefore fibre release during abrasion or demolition is not likely". This conclusion is consistent with the conclusion reached in the EPA report in which fibre concentrations reported were very low. Although only ranges were reported in the report by Anderson et al (1982), means and medians were probably of the same order of magnitude as determined for the Dum Dum materials tested by Peters (1990, 1991). A clear indication exists that these encapsulated products give rise to, at most, extremely low fibre exposure levels for workers. The findings are also consistent in that the fibre concentrations during removal are very low. While measurements made during the application and removal of Armorcote Dum Dum products were not available, there is good support for concluding that exposure to asbestos during application and removal of the product would be very remote. Reasons for such a conclusion might be sumarized as follows: * The product was of a consistency that would make it difficult to generate respirable. dusts or aerosols. * The product was applied in the open air as it was designed and recommended only for exterior use. * Measurements made in several US States have provided consistent evidence that the concentrations of airborne fibres recorded during the spraying of chrysotilecontaining asphalt products and during the removal of such products are very low. MOB-HarrisMaster 00137 51 TABLE 15. FIBRE CONCENTRATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPRAY APPLICATION OF ASBESTOS CONTAINING PETROLEUM - BASED COATING PRODUCTS. (Summarized from Anderson ct al 1982) PRODUCT ACTIVITY Cut back asphalt Spraying Asphalt-emulsion Spraying Built-up roofing Tear-off Tear-off & Replace Spraying CONCN f/ cc 0.003- 0.15 0.01 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.4 0.0 - 0.3 0.0 - 0.6 TIME mins DATE OF TEST 342-432 1974 NR* 1974,76 NR 1974 NR 1974,76 NR 1974,75,76 NR Not raoorOaO. Pttus consist microacopy was assuimd in Sw onginal nport. Montoting <** don# in savaral US Statas. MOB-HarrisMaster 00138  There was a strong recommendation on the labels of containers of Dum Dum Armorcote Black 46-J-9 dated 4-73 stating.. ".........--Use adequate ventilation. Wear an air supplied mask to avoid breathing concentrated fumes in enclosed areas. Keep container closed--------" If followed, this recommendation would make it impossible for such workers to be exposed to any asbestos even if any respirable fibres were rendered airborne. In summary, the levels of exposure for persons using or removing Armorcote Dum Dum products might reasonably be expected to range from zero (if proper procedures are followed) to average workplace concentrations, certainly below 0.1 fibre/cc and most probably below 0.01 fibres/cc CATEGORY C (Dum Dum Masonoc Primer) After the mid-1970's, there would have been no asbestos exposure as the product does not contain commercial asbestos and any talc would then be tremolite fibre free, if any tremolite was present, prior to that time, it would be as a minor contaminant of the talc As talc represents about 20 % of this product, a 1% tremolite content in the talc would represent only 02% of the product The product is applied as an ordinary paint and is unlikely to give rise to respirable fibre aerosols during application. After application it is covered by the Dum Dum Masonoc which has already been shown not to give rise to significant fibre exposures. CATEGORY D. The asbestos contents of the Dum Dum caulking products were in the range 2-13% Product data (Mobil 1976) notes that the materials are present in vegetable oil and that at 24 C the caulking has a viscosity of "putty". It skinned over in 18 hours and could be painted with conventional paints in 24 hours. The caulking products were applied using a caulking gun, trowel or knife. It is evident that the consistency of this product and its application is such that exposure to fibres during application is virtually impossible. The effectiveness of "encapsulation " in reducing asbestos fibre release was reported by Strassburg (1981) who found that when handling graphite, silicone or teflon treated asbestos packs there was so little dust production that changeover from asbestos to substitute materials was not required. The only situation where exposure to asbestos could occur, would be if the user attempted to thicken the caulking by miring more asbestos into the caulking material. It is evident that under such circumstances the potential would exist for exposure to the free asbestos before mixing but the quantities of asbestos involved would be small, the time adding the fibre short, the occasion rare and lifetime exposures insignificant when compared to those of occupational groups where increased health risks have been demonstrated. As far as can MOB-HarrisMaster 00139 53 be ascertained Mobil did not supply raw asbestos to add to their product. As with regular putty, the Dum Dum caulking materials are oil based and designed so that the surface hardens but the underlying product remains in a putty state. In their review of asbestos use in consumer products, for the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Kearney Management Consultants (CPSC 1978) noted that caulking compounds contained 05-1% asbestos, somewhat less than in commercial products. The purpose of the asbestos appears to be to "lend viscosity and retains by absorption the oils which insure ductility, thus preventing cracking". Their scenario for fibre release involved hardening of the compounds through weathering and loss of oils. They postulated that cracking and embrittlement may result and fibres might then be released during removal of the brittle putty. Their opinions about the release of fibres were not supported by measurements and appear to be contradicted by the measurements made with Hi- Heat Dum Dum. First & Love (1982) carried out measurements of airborne asbestos dust in a factory manufacturing a high asbestos content caulking compound (putty tape) over a 17 month period in 1979-81. The product was manufactured by kneading asbestos fibres into a mixture of mastic materials. Pertinent to the products under study in this report are the comments by the authors who when referring to the conclusion of the miring period when the charge was dropped from an open hatch onto a pallet stated--. "By this point in the process, all of the asbestos and talc has become thoroughly incorporated into a sticky non-dusting plastic mass and release of asbestos fibres is no longer possible" Concentrations of fibres were determined using the methods recommended by NIOSH. The exposure of the shipping and receiving room worker as measured using a personal sampler was 0.007 f/cc, on the extruder 0.003 f/cc, on the batchmaker 0 - 0.047 f/cc and in all areas of the plant at least an order of magnitude below the then proposed standard of 05 1/cc. This would likely be similar to the materials sold under the name " Dum Dum" caulking and exposures associated with the use of the Dum Dum eanliring materials might be closer to those of the extruder (0.003 fibres/cc) if measurable. The information available on Hi-Heat Dum Dum from the experiment by Peters (1990) is more likely to be relevant to the low temperature materials and fit well with the very low concentrations measured during-caulking manufacture. See TABLE 14. i. Hi-Heat Dum Dum High temperature resinous caulking materials of putty-like consistency are used in sealing joints and crevices on furnaces and boilers to prevent heat loss. One such product, Hi-Heat Dum Dum, is described as a mastic at 24`C. According to product literature, it was designed to remain pliable and withstand expansion and contraction associated with intermittent use. The product consisted of a linseed oil-base vehicle (resin) containing various solid fillers, including clay and chrysotile asbestos added for its resiliency and bridging properties. MOB-HarrisMaster 00140 The fibre concentrations associated with the application and removal of the material were determined in a special test carried out for Mobil by Arthur D Little (Peters 1990). In the experiment, steel panels were coated and heated to accelerate aging. Subsequently the product was removed from these panels by scraping in three separate 80 minute experiments. During application and removal the concentrations as determined by transmission electron microscopic counts of structures were 0.01 structures/cc or less, the limit of detection of the technique applied. The results are shown in TABLE 14. A reasonable conclusion based on the above results, is that there is insignificant occupational exposure to free asbestos fibres during the application and removal of Hi-Heat Dum Dum. Based on the fan that this product was exposed to beat (225-250Tr for 18 days), increasing its possibility of drying out, results might be expected to provide an upper estimate of the fibre release during removal. Oil based materials which are not so heated would be expected, because of the low vapour pressures of vegetable oils, to remain in a semi solid state throughout their lives. It is clear that fibre exposures from the use or removal of this product are extremely low, with all "OSHA" fibre concentrations less than 0.01 fibres/cc which is l/20th of the present OSHA permissible exposure level of 02 fibres/cc. ii. Heating & Ventilating "Dum Dum". A product known as " Heating and Ventilating Dum Dum" (46-X-9) was produced in the period 1964-1969. This material was recommended specifically for sealing joints-of air ducts in heating and air conditioning systems. The product would have been unlikely to be subjected to high temperatures and so would readily retain its semi-solid state. Experience with all the Dum Dum products tested suggest that they have the same basic characteristics of being associated with low or undetectable levels of fibre release. As it would be Highly unlikely that such a material would have been applied, other than using a caulking gun or trowel, exposures associated with its use would be anticipated to .be similar to other trowelled on products - very low. This product would be expected to be associated with low or undectectable fibre concentrations during removal also. 14.1.3.2 Duration of exposure The total exposure of a worker over his/her lifetime is often expressed as a cumulative exposure. This is the sum of the products of concentration and duration of exposure over a working lifetime. In this equation some consideration must be given to the number of hours worked per day with the product. The nature of the products and the most probable users (construction workers) make it unlikely that workers would work continuously with the product day after day. A possible exception might be Dum Dum Nail Filler which may have been used in prefabricated house manufacture where a worker might work all day filling nail holes. The period of exposure and hence maximum cumulative exposure possible for a worker from working with Mobil-supplied Dum Dum products wouid be limited by the period over which the products were on the market MOB-HamsMaster 00141 Making the following assumptions.. * The worker was exposed for the total period over which Mobil sold the product. * The worker worked 8 hours/day applying or removing Dum Dum products. The average exposure levels associated with the use/removal of the various products were less than or equal to 0.01 fibres /ml * No air supplied respirator was used. The maximum durations of exposure and maximum possible cumulative exposures are shown in TABLE 16. 15.0THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES AND LEGAL EXPOSURE LIMITS. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) is an organisation which has reviewed and published annually a list of Threshold limit Values. These have been adopted as guidelines or even legal standards in many countries. They refer to "airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effect." The levels have changed with time and values for the asbestos minerals are shown in Appendix E. Legal standards for the workplace in the US have been set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. They have also changed permissible, exposure limits over the years and values are shown in Appendix F. It appears from the experimental test results that it would have been virtually impossible for workers using Dum Dum products to be exposed to concentrations which exceeded the standards in effect to protect health at the time that the material was used and would not, even during removal of the product, give rise to exposures that would exceed present day exposure limits (FIGURE 5). 16.0 RISKS OF HEALTH EFFECTS FOR USERS OF DUM DUM PRODUCTS There can be several ways of determining whether the risks faced by workers using Dum Dum products were unreasonable or unwarranted. The first makes direct comparisons of the levels of exposure of the workers with the occupational exposure standards*1 that have been established for the substance under consideration. This was done in section 15.0. See FIGURE 51 S1 Occupation*] txsotun ttand*rtisorlimrti/ 9*o*r*J]y*t by GoY*mm*rra topfovid* prataetion forworttan wrthin oonfbm of tooaJ aectptabihty at any point in ttrrw. MOB-HamsMaster 00142 56 TABLE 16. MAXIMUM POSSIBLE DURATIONS OF EXPOSURE AND MAXIMUM CUMULATIVE EXPOSURES OF WORKERS APPLYING DUM DUM PRODUCTS MARKETED BY MOBIL PRODUCT YEARS OF EXP. Duin Dum Armorcote 64-79 Chimney Dum Dum 64-79 Dum Dum Masonoc 64-79 Heating & vent 64-69. ilating Dum Dum Dum Dum Calk 64-69 Dum Dum Nail Hole 64-73 Hi Heat Dum Dum 64-80 YEARS No. 15 15 15 6 CONCN** f/cc 0.01 . 0.01 0.01 0.01 CUM.EXP" (fibres/cc-yrs) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.06 5 0.01 0.05 10 0.01 0.10 16 0.01 0.16 SZK has been assumed thatthe maximum PCM eqimaieflt concentrations in TABLE 14 (whieh were modified from the conoentraiiona npmMd in souaures/oe mnwnd by Pim (logo, igei)) applied throughout the penod of exposure. S3_ Cumulative exposure has been expressed in fibres/cc^ears. Under OSHA, eountmp rule* all particles maatina Ota definition of t fibre are counted as asbestos fibres and concentration expressed as fibets/cc which a synonymous with fibres/ml MOB-HarrisMaster 00143 57 FIGURE 5 OSHA PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS, ACGIH TLV'S FOR CHRYSOHLE ASBESTOS AND THE CONCENTRATION OF ASBESTOS STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPLICATION AND REMOVAL OF DUM DUM PRODUCTS 8 K# AGENCY OR ORGANIZATION AND YEAR STANDARD VA5 IN PLACE FOR CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS TWA - Tim* wulgtifd avtrng* upotun (Kv). TLV - ThiMheld Limit Vain* Pcrmissibi* xpour* limit MOB-HarrisMaster 00144 58 Another approach is to estimate the risks of disease for persons at their measured or assessed levels of exposure and to situate these risks in relation to other day-to-day risks or risks faced by non-exposed persons. In the following sections such risks are assessed. Workers using Dum Dum products studied in this report have either not been exposed at all (if air supplied respirators were used) or were exposed to extremely low concentrations, orders of magnitude less than the prevailing standards. This would infer that they were protected at levels deemed safe at the time. 16.1 RADIOLOGICAL CHANGES As mentioned earlier in this report, epidemiological studies are rarely based on clinical diagnoses so the true incidence of "asbestosis" is rarely known. More often radiological changes, pulmonary function or clinical signs are assessed and examined in relation to various indices of exposure. There have been several such studies which, in the absence of studies of Dum Dum workers, might be useful in assessing risks. These include a study of workers exposed to tremolite, which permits an estimation to be made of the effect of exposure if the talc in certain of the Dum Dum products contained tremolite and studies of chrysodle asbestos miners and millers because they were exposed to chrysodle. An idea of the order of magnitude of tremolite exposures associated with radiological changes was reported in a radiological survey of vermiculite miners (McDonald et al 1986b). This study included workers who had left the company as well as current employees, eliminating to a large extent a .common criticism of cross-sectional studies where only healthy workers are examined. They showed that age, smoking and exposure levels contributed to the observed prevalence of radiological change. The relationship between cumulative exposure and the prevalence of pleural changes was statistically less strong than for small opacities. Estimates, as is usual in such studies, are associated with uncertainties because population size, exposure estimates, reading errors, age, smoking and other environmental variables also contribute to radiological change. However, using dose-response relationships, they estimated that by retirement age, the increase in prevalence of small opacities greater than 1/0 using the ELO-UC classification lay between 5 and 10% for workers with 100 f/cc-years of exposure to tremolite.57 There have been at least 4 studies of Quebec chrysodle miners and millers which have provided factors for radiological prevalence. Increases in prevalence per 100 fibre/mi-years of cumulative exposure been identified as 02% (Liddell et al 1982); 0.6 (Rossiter et al 1972) and 4% (McDonald et al 1984). The higher value in the latter study probably relates to the inclusion of current and past employees in the survey. A study st tna atm* min* by otter tnv*str&*Jacs gav aomawhal lower tsbmttss (Amandus at al 1967b). McDonald *t *1(19666) confuted trial Amandui *t *j (i987a) may hv* unoarammaad ntka tte 188 man In tteir study war* all currant mployaas. MOB-HarrisMaster 00145 59 / McDonald et al (1986b) noted that no radiological change would be detectable at an average concentration of 0.1 tremolite fibres/cc for 40 years (cumulative exposure of 4 fibre/ml-years) because the variation and errors associated with radiology would be considerably greater than any expected level of risk. The upper limit of cumulative exposures associated with the application of Dum Dum products calculated above was 0.16 fibre/cc-yrs. If it was assumed that a worker worked 40 years applying and removing Dum Dum products full time, the maximum total cumulative exposure would be 40 X 0.01 f/cc which is 0.4 fibre/cc-years, which is one tenth of the cumulative exposure level at which McDonald et al (1986b) reported that no radiological change due to asbestos exposure would be detectable. In fact, the probability of detecting changes in workers today as a result of work with Dum Dum would be even less for several reasons: a. The exposure-response relationships used in the above calculations were based on the experience of tremolite exposed workers. Workers who used Dum Dum may not have been exposed to tremolite at alL The rates of radiological change resulting from chiysotile exposures are 1.25 to 2.5 times lower than those for tremolite. b. By 1992, a worker starting to use Mobil marketed.Dum Dum in 1964, if working full time on applying and removing it, could only have aquired 28 years of exposure. This would result in a cumulative exposure of 028 fibres/cc-years whereas 40 years was used in the calculation. c. As regulations requiring respiratory protection for persons involved in removing asbestos, have been in place for several years, exposure during removal will have been less than 28 years. d. It is highly improbable that a worker would work full time, 8 hours/day for 28 years applying or removing only Dum Dum products. Any lesser duration of exposure reduces the risk of radiological change further. In conclusion, at levels of cumulative exposure associated with the use and removal of the Dum Dum products in this report, radiological changes would not be detectable even after 40 or more years of full time work with them. 162 LUNG CANCER Information on lung cancer risks in relation to levels of exposure are available for a number of cohorts. The risks vary quite considerably between different occupational groups as shown in FIG 3. There have been no studies of persons who have spent their working lives with Dum Dum products; indeed, such groups are not likely to exist On the other hand, construction workers and others who are likely to have used Dum Dum products are exposed to asbestos MOB-HarrisMaster 00146 fibres from other sources. Thus, data do not exist to directly derive risk estimates and it is necessary to extrapolate from the experience of other groups to the experience of workers using Dum Dum products. This is far from ideal as we need to choose the occupational group whose lung cancer experience will be used to estimate lung cancer risks for workers using Dum Dum. In order to arrive at risk estimates it has been necessary to make some assumptions. Because the only commercial asbestos fibre type used in Dum Dum products was chrysotile and because it is possible that for some years some of the Dum Dum products may have contained asbestiform tremolite in talc, the lung cancer experience in three industrial situations will be used in assessing risks for the Dum Dum products. a. the chrysotile textile industry which has been the chrysotile sector associated with the highest levels of lung cancer risk. b. the tremolite exposure in vermiculite mining. c. the chrysotile mining & milling industry which has been associated with a low risk/unit exposure. The use of the first two studies will lead to overestimates of risk. Lung cancer risks in the chrysotile textile industry are considerably greater than in any other chrysotile industry, as are the risks from tremolite exposure; tremolite was only a minor constituent of the airborne dust and over a limited time period, if it was present at all Because the exposure-response relationships for lung cancer have been developed in industries where exposures have been orders of magnitude higher than those associated with working with Dum Dum products, it is necessary to extrapolate from these high doses to levels of exposure where the shape of the relationship is not known. For these estimatestit has been assumed that the exposure-response relationships are linear and pass through zero. This is a convenient model. However, it is unlikely that the line passes linearly through zero. Some suggest that a threshold exists below which no effect occurs. There is also a body of opinion that asbestos related lung cancers do not occur in the absence of "fibrosis" and, recently, evidence was presented that this may be the situation ( Hughes & Weill 1991). As "fibrosis" may not occur in persons with very low exposures, the assumption of a threshold for lung cancer may be valid. It was shown earlier that the level of exposure anticipated from using Dum Dum products is a small fraction of those at which any, radiological change could be detected, one of the markers used in the clinical diagnosis of asbestosis. If we assume a working lifetime of continuous exposure to Dum Dum of 20 years (4 more years than the period over which Dum Dum products were marketed by Mobil) and a concentration of 0.01 fibres/cc associated with the use and removal of Dum Dum products, the total lifetime cumulative fibre exposure due to working with this product would be at most 20 x 0.01 = 020 fibre/ml-years. MOB-HarrisMaster 00147 61 This figure is likely to be a gross overestimate of cumulative exposure for several reasons: * The PCM Equivalent concentrations in only 2 out of 22 tests reached or exceeded a concentration of 0.01 structure/ml. The values were 0.01 and 0.02 respectively and a replicate of the second measurement resulted in a concentration of less than 0.01. * Workers would rarely be expected to work with a Dum Dum product continuously for 8 hours per day every day for 20 years. * Some of the products were identified for exterior use only and/or others were recommended to be used with an air supplied respirator, thereby eliminating asbestos exposure. The number of observed deaths (O) from lung cancer in a working population - the number expected (E) in the workforce without asbestos exposure + the additional number due to the asbestos exposure.. 0 = E + E(y)xC C = cumulative lifetime exposure and y is the increase in risk per unit fibre/cc-year of cumulative exposure. As discussed above, the cumulative exposure for workers working 20 years at a concentration of O.Olf/cc = 020 f/cc-years If we assume that y = 0.0158 the relationship becomes.-. O = E + E (0.01) x C Let us further assume a cohort of 1000 men are involved in applying and removing Dum Dum products for a total of 20 years each and calculate the risks in a variety of ways. a. The crude annual death rate from cancer of the lung, trachea and bronchus in the period 1985-87 in the USA was 75/100,000. Thus if the average life expectancy for working men in the 1000 man cohort were 74, the number of deaths expected over the 74 year period would be 55.50. O = 55.50 + 55.50 (0.01)x(020) = 55.50 + 0.11 S*Thii O01 is baaed on tha estimaled ncntM in risk with tremoiits of 1% for each fibra/ml^ear of exposure (McDonald at al 1986a)-This is about Oie same as datamimed by Hughas etal (1967) for an siftestot cament plant and by McDonald at al (1963a). McDonald at al (1983b) and Peto at al (1985) for textile plants. Tha use of a 0.01 fjfl.ra will rapraaant an upper limit of nak. thensk baaed on other ehryeotiie nnaa rsiimnse curves being between pemaps 1/5Bi and 1/5001 or more of Ova value. MOB-HarrisMaster 00148 62 There would be 0.11 lung cancers found in the cohort in addition to the number expected at US death rates. If we assume that exposure started at age 20 there would be 54 years of life expectancy left when the 1000 men started work with the Dum Dum. Hence the number of additional lung cancer deaths per annum due to exposure would be 0.11/54 = 0.002/annum. b. If the above calculation is carried out using the eventual probability of developing lung cancer for a person of 20 years of age based on the cancer statistics for 1970 (American Cancer Society 1978), the expected number of deaths from lung cancer would be 1000 x 5.07 = 50.70 O = 50.70 + 50.70 (0.01)x(020) = 50.70 + 0.10 This would translate into 0.0019 additional lung cancer deaths /annum in the cohort. c. A third method is to use the fractional increases in risk /unit exposure calculated by Nicholson (1986). He determined the fractional increases in lung cancer risks per fibre/mlyear of exposure (KJ, along with adjustments for possible biases, estimates of statistical variation and uncertainties associated with exposure estimates in various studies. He used a Kl of 0.01 in calculating lifetime risks for persons with 0.01 f/cc-yrs of exposure. He calculated, where smoking habits were not considered, that the lifetime risk for men with an age at first exposure of 20 and with 20 years of exposure was 59.5/100,000. As this reflects exposures for 24 hours/day it must be divided by 42 to bring the rate back to that for an 8 hr /day exposure which yields a risk of 142 /100,000. For a cohort of 1000 men this would be 0.14/1000. This would mean an additional 0.0026 lung cancer deaths per annum in the cohort for a life expectancy of 74. d. Calculations by Doll and Peto (1985) quoted in the Nicholson (1986) report gave a lifetime risk of 252/100,000 for men exposed 35 years from age 20 at a concentration of O.Olf/ml. Assuming linearity, this would mean a risk of about 14.4/100,000 for men exposed 20 years from age 20 at 0.01-fibres/ml This is 0.14/1000. Thus, there is considerable consistency in the estimates of risk, all life-time risks being in the range 0.10-0.14/1000 or 0.0019 -0.0026 additional lung cancers due to exposure each year in a cohort of 1000 men. These figures are already small compared to other risks. See TABLE 17. Exposure in the exposure-response curves on which risks for occupational groups are derived, are based on phase contrast microscopic (PCM) fibre counts. This is why the PCMequivalent values have been used. However, even if we were to use the mean of the three highest concentrations recorded by transmission electron microscopy, in the experiments by Arthur D. little Inc (0.045 fibres/cc), there would still be less than 1 death predicted as due to asbestos exposure in the cohort of 1000 men. There will be approximately 50 lung cancer deaths due to other factors. In practice, these risks will be considerably lower because the values used to calculate risk MOB-HarrisMaster 00149 63 were the same or similar to those for the textile industry which carried risks much greater than for any other chrysotile industry sectors. The slopes of the lines from various doseresponse relationships for chrysotile can range as high as two order of magnitude. McDonald et al (1983a) has estimated that the risk in the chrysotile textile industry sector are 50 times those in chrysotile mining and milling. The ratio of the KL values for predominantly chrysotile textiles and chrysotile mining and milling calculated by Nicholson(1986) was 20. If the non-textile risks for chrysotile exposure were considered, as is probably more appropriate, the annual increase in the rate of lung cancer due to asbestos exposure from the product based on mining and milling experience would be at most an average of 0.00013 lung cancer deaths /annum in a cohort of 1000 men. This has assumed 20 years continuous exposure which is extremely unlikely, so actual risks are smaller still. While calculations based on estimated increases in risk per unit exposure developed using different assumptions may provide slightly different risk estimates, the order of magnitude of the calculated risks at this concentration are in fact very similar, all are very low and in practice not detectable. An increased risk of lung cancer was not detected at levels of exposure several fold greater than these, in the friction materials manufacturing industry with a workforce of 13,460 persons (Newhouse and Sullivan 1989). 163 MESOTHELIOMA RISKS The factors which may be involved in mesothelioma causation were described in an earlier section. The characteristics of the Dum Dum products were also described. If we examine these in relation to the likely use of the Dum Dum products, the following would appear to be the situation. ' The asbestos used in DUM DUM is chrysotile. There is general agreement in the scientific literature that the risks of mesothelioma for workers exposed to chrysotile are considerably less than those for workers exposed to amphibole fibres. The mesothelioma risk may not be due to chrysotile but to amphibole contaminants associated with certain chrysotile fibre occurrences. * The concentrations as measured using Hi-Heat Dum Dum were 0.01 asbestos structures/cc or less. As in the case of lung cancer, it is necessary to extrapolate from risks at high levels of exposure in industries where the mesothelioma exposure data exist in order to quantify risks at low dose levels. Unlike the lung cancer situation, mesothelioma is a rare disease and reliable background rates to calculate the expected numbers of deaths from this cause are not available. The incidence of the disease is therefore calculated using a model based on observations in a number of studies. This model assumes that incidence rates increase as MOB-HarrisMaster 00150 0 j ') ', a power of the time since exposure began, that incidence is proportional to concentration and includes duration of exposure based on multi-stage carcinogenicity. The model used by Hughes (1989) can be expressed mathematically as... Incidence of Mesothelioma at time t * KC (^-(t-d)3"2 where t>d C = concentration ; t = time since exposure began; d = duration of exposure Hughes proposed that while there was considerable variability in the estimates of K from various studies "for mixed asbestos exposures, the median value of 0.2x10'* provides a reasonable estimate" of K (Hughes & Weill 1986). This value would take account of any tremolite contamination in the talc and has been used here to provide an upper estimate of risk. Hughes (1989) calculated, using lifetable methods, that for a cohort of 100,000 men exposed 20 years to O.OOlf/ml starting at age 20 there would be 0.9 mesothelioma deaths by age 80. If these values are expressed in terms of the number of deaths that would be seen in a cohort of 1000 workers exposed for 20 years at O.Olf/ml there would be about 0.09 deaths. This, over 60 years would be an average of 0.0015 mesothelioma deaths per annum in the 1000 man cohort. Hughes used a factor of five to calculate the number of mesotheliomas that would be associated with chrysotile exposures56. Under this scenario there would be 0.018 deaths from mesothelioma if 1000 men were followed from age 20 until 80 years of age. The levels of exposure of workers who worked with Dum Dum products are so low that one would not expect to see a single mesothelioma related to work with Dum Dum in a cohon of 50,000 workers working full time with the products for 20 years. 16.4 COMPARISONS. In order to understand statements of risk, it is useful to place them in the perspective of risks faced on a daily basis. One way to do this is to express risks as an annual rate or lifetime risks/100,000 persons as has been done by Commins (1985). See TABLE 17 In the previous section (16.3), it was found that, assuming a chrysotile only exposure, the number of deaths due to mesothelioma among 1000 Dum Dum workers exposed to O.Olf/ml for 20 years and followed from age 20 to age 80 was 0.018. This assessed risk of death from mesothelioma could be expressed as a balance of lifetime risk of about 1.8/100,000 which is less than the lifetime risk of being struck by lightning. This anumn met eny meeothetiomes in chry--tiie expo--d popuic&orts ve dcs to the ehryeotte exposure which may not be the --. MOB-HarrisMaster 00151 It must be remembered that calculations of risk have assumed a conservative linear extrapolation through zero. It is probable that at veiy low concentrations, risks cease to be linear as clearance and other mechanisms cannot be overwhelmed and can act effectively to protea cells. A less conservative view which may be correa is that their exists a threshold of exposure below which no effects occur. In practice, this threshold exists because at such low risks, the risk becomes undetectable epidemiologically or experimentally. The assessed risk of death from lung cancer was expressed as an increase in the annual average death rate from lung cancer which, for the same exposure scenario as for mesothelioma, resulted in an annual average death rate increase for men of 0.10 026/100,000. This is equivalent to a balance of lifetime increase in risk of 5.4 to 14/100,000. This is a very low risk and much lower than the risk of cancer from x-rays or dying in a transcontinental airline crash. In considering whether an individual who has worked with Dum Dum might have a cancer related to that exposure, it is necessary to recognise that the risk associated with the asbestos exposure due to that produa is so low that almost all other identified non-asbestos and societal factors pose considerably greater risks of lung cancer and are the more likely etiological faaors. If we compare the exposure of someone using Dum Dum full time for 20 years, with the exposure of mesothelioma cases in the Quebec chiysotile mining and milling industry, we find: that the lowest lifetime cumulative exposure of a mesothelioma case in the Quebec chrysotile mining and milling industry was 59 fibre/ml years (6.7 fibres/ml for 8.8 years). A person exposed to Dum Dum at the concentrations determined during the use of the HiHeat produa would need to work at least 5,900 years to achieve this exposure. MOB-HarrisMaster 00152 66 TABLE 17. LIFETIME RISK VALUES FOR SELECTED SITUATIONS Commas (1985) isk situations, mainly U.S. data Lifetime risi per 100,000 EXTRA HI6H RISK Smoking (all causes of death) Smoking (cancer only) 21,900 8,800 HIGH RISK Motor Vehicle, U.S.A 1975 (deaths) ELEVATED RISK Frequent airline passenger (deaths) " Cirrhosis of liver, moderate drinker Motor Accidents, pedestrians U.S.A 1975 (deaths) Skiing 40 hours per year (deaths) MODERATE RISK Light drinker, one beer per day (cancer) Drowning deaths,all recreational causes ^ Air Pollution U.S.A Benzo(a) pyrene cancer Natural Background radiation, sea level (cancer) Frequent airline passenger, cosmic rays cancer LOW RISK Home accidents, U.S.A.,1975 (deaths) Cycling, (deaths) Person sharing a room with a smoker (cancer) Diagnostic x-rays U.S.A (cancer) Risk level where few would coamit own resources to reduce risk; Royal Society, London (1983) VERY LOW RISK Person living in brick building, additional natural radiation (cancer) Vaccination for small pox, per occasion (death) One transcontinental air flight/year (death) Saccharin, average USA consumption (cancer) Risk level where few would consider action necessary, unless clear causal links with consumer products. Royal Society, London 1983 EXTREMELY LOW "RARE EVEMT* RISk 1,600 730 290 290 220 150 140 110 110 110 88 75 75 75 70 35 22 22 15 7 One transcontinental air flight per year, natural radiation (cancer) 4 Lightning 3 Hurricane deaths 3 Charcoal Broiled steak,one per week 3 Environmental asbestos risk,* 1985, (cancer)(around 1 per 100,000 or lower) 1 Acceptable* risk; World health Organization for drinking water, 1984, (cancer)l (Further control not justified. Royal Society, London 1983 0.7 00Exaudcs po--ib* effects of smotang. MOB-HarrisMaster 00153 67 17.0 CONCLUSIONS It is highly improbable that the levels of asbestos exposure by persons using Dum Dum products continuously over a 20 year period would be adequate to give rise to detectable "radiological changes" compatible with asbestosis. " It is highly improbable that the levels of asbestos exposure by persons using Dum Dum products continuously over a 20 year period would be adequate to produce detectable increases in lung cancer or primary malignant mesothelioma death rates. * The risk of mesothelioma, lung cancer and lung fibrosis associated with the use of the Dum Dum Products are so low that other sources of exposure and other factors deserve a much higher priority for consideration in determining the etiology of cancers or radiological changes. The basis for these conclusions is as follows: * It is extremely improbable that workers could be exposed to significant levels of asbestos fibres during the normal application and removal of Nail Hole Dum Dum, Dum Dum Masonoc, Hi-Heat Dum Dum, Chimney Dum Dum, Dum Dum Calking or Dum Dum Armorcote and it is likely that the same applies to other similar Dum Dum products. The products are putty like and generally applied outside. Mobil product literature recommends that workers use air supplied respirators during application to protect themselves from solvent exposures in enclosed areas. This would totally eliminate even the potential for exposure during application of the products so labelled. - Air measurements using personal and area samples made during the application and removal of Dum Dum Masonoc, Chimney Dum Dum and Hi-Heat Dum Dum have shown very low concentrations of "fibrous" structures (0.01 structures/cc or less). - These concentrations are almost all less than 0.01 asbestos structures/cc, low even when all structures visible by transmission electron microscope are considered. - Measured concentrations are consistent with the literature concerning low concentrations associated with the production and use of similar products. MOB-HarrisMaster 00154 * Concentrations, when expressed in terms to assess their compliance with OSHA permissible exposure limits, show them to be approximately l/10th - 1/20 th of the present standard of 02 fibres/cc and as much as l/500th of the OHSA standard of 5 fibres/cc in effect in the early 1970's when the products were in use. Thus, workers have not been exposed at levels which would put them at a level of risk above that determined to be acceptable to the US Government. * In the absence of studies of "Dum Dum" product applicators and removers, risks have been estimated using assumptions which would tend to overestimate risk. Assuming daily exposure for 8 hours for 40 years at the maximum measured airborne fibre concenpations associated with the use of Hi-Heat Dum Dum, Chimney Dum Dum and Dum Dum Masonoc (< 0.01 fibres/cc), even very minor radiological changes would not be detectable. Forty (40) years is more than twice the time that Mobil has marketed the product, and it will not be possible for a person to achieve this exposure before the year 2002. * The risk of lung cancer at the levels of exposure associated with the application and removal of the Dum Dum products over 20 years may be 0 and at most classifiable as an extremely low or rare event Even after 20 years of continuous exposure, at levels determined by laboratory tests of the product, the risk is considerably less than that calculated for sharing a room with a smoker. 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AmJMndustr Med IQ 459-470 Malker HR, Malker BK & Blot WJ (1983) Mesothelioma among sugar refinery workers. Lancet 2 858. Martensson G, Larsson S & Zettergren L (1984) Malignant mesothelioma in two pairs of siblings: is there a hereditary predisposing factor? Eur J Respir Dis Q5 179-184 McDonald AD, Magner D & Eyssen G (1973) Primary malignant mesothelial tumours in Canada 1960-1968 Cancer il 869-876 McDonald AD & McDonald JC (1978) Mesothelioma after croddolite exposure during gas mask manufacture Environ Research J7 340 -346 McDonald AD (1980) Malignant Mesothelioma in Quebec In: Biological Effects of Mineral Fibers.(Eds: Wagner JC & Davis,W.Eds) IARC Scientific Publication No30Jntemational Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 673-680 MOB-HarrisMaster 00162 McDonald AD & McDonald JC (1980) Malignant Mesothelioma in North America. Cancer 4. 1650-1656 McDonald JC Liddell FDK, Gibbs GW, Eyssen GE & McDonald AD (1980) Dust exposure and mortality in chtysotile mining 1910-75 Brit J Industr Med 21 11-24 McDonald JC & McDonald AD (1981) Mesothelioma as an index of asbestos impact. In: Banbury Report No.9, Quantification of Occupational Cancer,(Eds: Peto R, & Schneiderman) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 73-85. McDonald AD, McDonald JC & Pooley FD (1982) Mineral fibre content of lung in mesothtflial tumours in North America Ann Occup Hyg 2 417-422 McDonald AD,Fry JS,Woolley AJ and McDonald JC (1983a) Dust exposure and mortality in an American chrysotiie textile plant Brit J Industr Med 4 361-367 McDonald AD, Fry JS, Woolley AJ & McDonald JC (1983b) Dust exposure and mortality in an American factory using chrysotiie, amosite,and crocidolite in mainly textile manufacture, Br J Industr Med 4Q 368-374. McDonald AD, Fry JS, Woolley AJ & McDonald JC (1984) Dust exposure and mortality in an American chrysotiie asbestos fiicdon products plant. Brit J Industr Med 4J. 151-157. McDonald JC (1984) RCA Transcript Evidence 24 June 1981 In Report of the Royal Commission on.Matters of Health and Safety arising from the use of Asbestos in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General, volume 1 page 299 McDonald JC (1984) Mineral fibres and cancer, Ann Acad Med 345-352 McDonald JC, Gibbs GW & Oakes D (1984) Radiographic response to cumulative chrysotiie fibre exposure in production workers 8- 29 years after first employment. Abstract 26.2 Presented at XXI International Congress on Occupational Health, Dublin MOB-HarrisMaster 00163 77 McDonald JC and McDonald AD (1986) Epidemiology of Asbestos Related Lung Cancer. In: Asbestos Related Malignancy (Amman K, and Aisner MJ, Eds), Grime and Stratton Inc, New York, 57-79. McDonald JC, McDonald AD, Armstrong B & Sebastien P (1986a) Cohort Study of Mortality of Vermiculite Miners Exposed to Tremolite. Brit J Industr Med 43 436-444 McDonald JC, Sebastian P & Armstrong B (1986b) Radiological survey of past and present vermiculite miners exposed to tremolite. Brit J Ind Med 43 445-449. McDonald JC, Armstrong B, Case B, Doell D, McCaugbey WTE, McDonald AD & Sebastian P (1989) Mesothelioma and asbestos fiber type. Evidence from lung tissue analyses. Cancer 3 1544-1547 McDonald JC & McDonald AD (1991) Epidemiology of Mesothelioma. In: Mineral Fibers and Health (Eds: Liddell FDK & Miller K). CRC Boca Raton pp 147-168 Mobil 1970a Label for Dum Dum Palling 46-F-5 SEE APPENDIX G Mobil 1970b Label for Hi Heat Dum Dum 46-F-7 SEE APPENDIX G Mobil 1970c Label for Chimney Dum Dum Cement Gray 97-F-36 SEE APPENDIX G Mobil 1971a Label for Dum Dum Masonoc Soft White 95-W-9 SEE APPENDIX G Mobil 1973a Label for Dum Dum Armorcote Black 46-J-9 SEE APPENDIX G Mobil 1976a Mobil Chemical Product Data Sheet for Dum Dum retiring 46-F-5 SEE APPENDIX H MOB-HarrisMaster 00164 78 Mobil 1976b Mobil Chemical Product Data for Dum Dum calking 46-F-5 SHE APPENDIX H Mobil 1976c Mobil Chemical Product Data for Hi Heat Dum Dum 46-F-7 SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 1976d Mobil Chemical Product Data for Dum Dum Armorcote 46-J-9 SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 1976e Mobil Chemical Produa Data for Dum Dum Masonoc 95 Series SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 1976f Mobil Chemical Product Data for Chimney Dum Dum 97 Series SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 1976g Mobil Chemical Product Data for Chimney Dum Dum 97 Series SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 1976h Mobil Chemical Produa Data for Chimney Dum Dum Primer 38-V-5 and Masonoc Primer 47-W-21. SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 1980 Material Safety Data Sheet - Asbestos Fibre- Free Mobil 46F7. SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 19xxa Mobil Utilities Coatings - Hi Heat Dum Dum 46-F-7 SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 19xxb Mobil Chemical Protective Coatings Products Catalog Dum Dum Armorcote 46-J-9 SEE APPENDIX H Mobil 19xxc Mobil Chemical Protective Coating* Products Catalog Dum Dum Masonoc 95 Series SEE APPENDIX H MOB-HarrisMaster 00165 79 Moncbaux G, Lafuma J, Bignon J,& Hirsch A (1985) Experimental pleural carcinogenesis induced by mineral fibers, In: The Pleura in Health and Disease. Vol 30. (Eds: Chretien J, Bignon J, & Hirsch A) Marcel Dekker, New York, 551-570 Morgan A, Cralley U (1973) Chemical characteristics of asbestos and associated trace elements. ImBiological Effects of Mineral Fibres (Eds: Bogovski P, Gilson JC, Timbrell V, Wagner JC) IARC Scientific Publications No 8, Lyon 113-118 Mowe G, Gylseth B, Harveit F & Skaug V (1985) Fibre concentrations in lung tisuue of patients with malignant mesothelioma Cancer 1089-1093 NBS (1983) Guidelines for the assessment of asbestos-containing materials in buildings. NBSIR 83-2668, US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC. pp 55 Newhouse ML & Beny G (1979) Patterns of mortality in asbestos factory workers in London. Ann NY Acad Sri 330 53-60 Newhouse ML, Berry G & Wagner JC (1985) Mortality of factory workers in east London, 1933-80. Br J Industr Med. 42 4-11 Newhouse ML & Sullivan KR (1989) A mortality study of workers manufacturing friction materials; 1941-86 Brit J Industr Med 46 176-179 Newman RH (1983) Asbestos-like fibers of biogenic silica in sugar cane. Lancet October 8 No 2 857 Nicholson WJ, Selikoff U & Seidman H (1979) Long term mortality experience of chrysotile miners and millers in Thetford mines, Quebec Ann NY Acad Sri 330 11-21 Nicholson (1986) Airborne Asbestos Health Assessment Update US EPA Research Triangle NC USA EPA 600/8-84/0G3F June 1986 Oels HC Harrison EG, Carr DT & Bematz PE (1971) Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: a review of 37 cases. Chest 60 564-570 MOB-HarrisMaster 00166 Ohlson CG & Hogstedt C (1985) Lung cancer among asbestos cement workers. A Swedish cohort study and a review. Br J Industr Med 42 397-402. Okada S, Hamazakia S, Toyokuni S,& Midorikawa O (1989). Induction of mesothelioma by intraperitonial injections of ferric saccharate in male Wistar rats. Br J Cancer 6Q 708-711 Parker DL, Bender AP, Hankmson S & Aeppli D (1989) Public Health Implications of the Variability in the Interpretation of "B" Readings for Pleural Changes JOM11 775-780 Parkes WR (1975) Diseases due to asbestos and other silicates (Chapter 9) In Occupational Lung Disorders, Butterworth, London 1975 pp 270-323 Pelnar PV (1988) Further evidence of non-asbestos related mesothelioma. Scand J Work Environ Health 14 141-144 Peters E T (1990) Evaluation of Asbestos Release from Boiler Caulking during Application and removal AD Little Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge MA June 1990 9pp Peters E T (1991) Personal Communication. October 2 1991 Peterson JT, Greenberg SD & Buffier PA (1984) Non asbestos-related mesothelioma. A Review. Cancer i4 951-960. Peto J (1980) The incidence of pleural mesothelioma in chrysotile asbestos textile workers. In : Biological Effects of Mineral Fibres" (Ed: J.CWagner). IARC, Lyon. 703-711 Peto J, Henderson BE & Pike MC (1981) Trends in mesothelioma incidence in the United States and the forecast epidemic due to asbestos exposure during world war H In: Banbury Report No.9: Quantification of Occupational Cancer,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 51-72 MOB-HarrisMaster 00167 81 Peto J, Doll R, Hermon C, Binns W, Clayton R, & Goffe T (1985) Relationship of mortality to measures of environmental asbestos pollution in an asbestos textile factory. Ann Occup Hyg 2j> 305 -355 Pott F, Huth F, .Spumy K (1980) Tumour induction after intraperitoneal injection of fibrous dusts In : Biological Effects of Mineral Fibres" No 30 (Ed: J.C.Wagner) IARC, Lyon 337-341 Pott F, Ziem U, Rieffer FJ, Huth F, Erast H,& Mohr U (1987) Carcingenicity studies of fibers, metal compounds, and some other dusts in rats. Exp Pathol 32 129-152 Raffh E, Lynge E, Juel K & Korsgaard B (1989) Incidence of cancer and mortality among employees in the asbestos cement industry in Denmark. Br J Industr Med 46 90-96. Readers Digest ( 1973) Complete Do-it-yourself Manual Readers Digest Association (Canada) Ltd, Montreal p. 70 Risberg B,Nickels J & Wagermark J (1980) Familial clustering of maligmant mesothelioma. Cancer 452422-2427. Robinson C, Lemen R & Wagoner JK (1979) Mortality patterns 1940-1975 among workers employed in an asbestos textile friction and packing products manufacturing facility. In: Dusts and Disease (Eds Lemen R & Dement J Pathotex Publishers, Park Forest HI, 131143 Rogers AJ, Leigh J, Berry G JFerguson DA, Mulder HB & Ackad M (1991) Relationship between lung asbestos fiber type and concentration and relative risk of mesothelioma. A case-control study. Cancer 7 1912-1920 Rosenstock L, Barnhart S, Heyer NJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD (1988) The Relation among Pulmonary Function,Chest Roentgenographic Abnormalities and smoking status in an asbestos-exposed cohort Am Rev Respir Dis J22 272-277 Rossiter CE, Bristol LJ, Cartier PH, Gilson JG, Grainger TR, Sluis-Cremer GK, McDonald JC (1972) Radiographic changes in Chrysotile Asbestos Mine and Mill Workers of Quebec. Arch Environ Health 24 388-400 MOB-HarrisMaster 00168 82 Rossiter CE & Coles RM (1980) HM Dockyard, Devonport, 1947 mortality study. In: IARC Biological effects of Mineral Fibres NoJO (Ed: JC Wagner) 713-721 Rothschild H & Muivey JJ (1982) An increased risk for lung cancer mortality associated with sugar cane fanning. J Natl Cancer Inst 68 755-760 Rowlands N, Gibbs GW & McDonald AD (1982) Asbestos fibres in the lungs of chiysotile miners and millers -a preliminary report Ann Occup Hyg 26 411-415 Rubino GF, Piolatto G, Newhouse ML, Scancetti G, Aresini GA & Murray R (1979) Mortality of chiysotile asbestos workers at the Balangero mine, Northern Italy Brit J Industr Med 36 187-194 Schiffman MH, Pickle LW, Fontham E, Hoar 7jthm S, Falk R, Mele J, Correa P & Fraumeni JF (1988). Case-control study of diet and mesothelioma in Louisiana. Cancer Res 4g 2911-2915 Sebastien P, McDonald JC, McDonald AD, Case B & Harley R (1989) Respiratory cancer in chiysotile textile and mining industries: exposure inferences from lung analysis. Brit J Industr Med 4g 180-187 Seidman H, Sclikoff U & Hammond EC (1979) Short-term asbestos work exposure and long term observation Ann N Y Acad Sri 61-89 Seidman H, Selikoff U & Gelb SK (1986) Mortality Experience of Amosite Asbestos Factory Workers: Dose- Response Relationships 5 to 40 Years after onset of short-term work exposure. Amer J Industr Med JQ 479-514 Selikoff U, Churg J & Hammond EC (1964) Asbestos Exposure and Neoplasia JAMA ISS 22-26 Selikoff U, Hammond CE and Seidman H (1979a) Mortality experience of Insulation workers in the United States and Canada 1943-1976. Ann NY Acad Sri 330 91-116 Selikoff II, Lilis R, Nicholson WJ (1979b) Asbestos Disease in United States Shipyards. Ann N.YAcad Sri jSQ 295-311 MOB-HarrisMaster 00169 83 Stanton MF and Wrench C (1972) Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass J Nat Cancer Inst 4 797-821 Stanton M (1973) Some etiological considerations of fibre carcinogenesis In Biological Effects of Asbestos (Eds: Bogovski P, Gilson JC, Timbrell V, Wagner JC) IARC Scientific Publications No 8 Lyon 289-294 Stanton MF & Layard M (1978) The carcinogenicity of Fibrous minerals In: Workshop on asbestos, definition and measurement methods (NBS Special Publication 506) Eds: Gravatt CC, Lafleur PD and Heinreich KFJ Washington DC,National Measurements Laboratory 143-151 Stanton MF, Layard M, Tegaris A, Miller E, May M & Kent E (1977) Carcingenicity of fibrous glass: pleural response in the rat in relation to fiber dimension. J Nat Cancer Inst i 587-597 Steineck G, Carstensen J, Wiklund K & Eklund G (1983). Mesothelioma among sugar refinery workers. Lancet 2 1503. Stock RJ, Fu-YS & Carter JR (1979) Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma following radiotherapy for seminoma of the testis. Cancer 44 914-919. Strassburg H (1981) Praktische Erfahrungen bei der Einfurhrung von Ersatzstoffen fur Asbest (Practical experience on the use of substitutes for asbestos) Sicher ist sicher 22 No.7-8 364-375. Thomas HF, Benjamin FT, Eiwocd PC & Sweetnam PM (1982) Further follow up study of workers from an asbestos cement factory. Br J Industr Med 22 273-276. - Timbrell V (1965) The inhalation of fibrous dusts Ann NY Acad Sri 132 255-273 Timbrell V (1970) The inhalation of fibres In: Proceedings of the Pneumoconiosis Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1969 (EdtHjLShapiro). Oxford University Press, Capetown pp 3-9 MOB-HarrisMaster 00170 84 TimbreU V. Pooley F & Wagner JC (1970) Characteristics of respirable fibres. In: Proceedings of the Pneumoconiosis Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1969 (Ed:H-A.Shapiro). Oxford University Press, Capetown pp 120-125 Timbrel] V (1973). Physical Factors as aetiological mechanisms. ImBiological Effects of Mineral Fibres (Ed JC Wagner), IARC Scientific Publication No8, IARC, Lyon, France pp 295 -303 Timbrell V &. Skidmore JW (1971) The effect of shape on particle penetration and retention in animal lungs. Intlnhaled particles ELVol 1 (EdtWH Walton) Unwin Bros.Ltd.,01d Wnlring,Surrey,F.ngland pp 49-57 Vianna NJ, Maslowsky J, Roberts S, Spellman G & Patton RB (1981) Malignant Mesothelioma. Epidemiologic patterns in New York State. New York State J Med April 1981 735-738 Vianna NJ & Polan AK (1978) Non-occupadonal exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma in females. Lancet l 1061-63 Wagner JC, Sleggs CA & Marchand P (1960) Diffuse pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in the Northwestern Cape Province. Brit J Industr Med J2 260-271 Wagner JC & Berry G (1973) Information obtained from animal experiments. In Biological Effects of Asbestos (Eds: Bogovski P, Gilson JC, Timbrell V, Wagner JC) IARC, Lyon, France, 1973 pp 285-288 Wagner JC, Pooley FD, Berry G, et al (1982) A pathological and mineraiogical study of asbestos related deaths in the United Kingdom in 1977. Ann Occup Hyg.2 423-431 Wagner JC, Skidmore JW, Hill RJ & Griffiths DM (1985) Enonite exposure and mesothelioma in rats. BrJ.Cancer, H.727-730 Weiss W (1977) Mortality of a cohort exposed to chrysotile asbestos. JOM 19 737-740. MOB-HarrisMaster 00171 85 Weiss W (1984) Cigarette smoke, asbestos and small irregular opacities. Am Rev Respir Dis J3Q 293-301 Weiss W (1991) Cigarette smoking and small irregular opacities, Br J Industr Med 4g 841-844 Wright GW & Kushner M (1977) The influence of varying lengths of glass and asbestos fibres on tissue response in guinea Pigs In: Inhaled Particles IV (Ed: Walton H) Pergamon Press, Oxford pp 455-474 MOB-HarrisMaster 00172 85 Weiss W (1984) Cigarette smoke, asbestos and small irregular opacities. Am Rev Respir Dis 293-301 Weiss W (1991) Cigarette smoking and small irregular opacities, Br J Industr Med 4g 841-844 Wright GW & Kushner M (1977) The influence of varying lengths of glass and asbestos fibres on tissue response in guinea pigs In: Inhaled Particles IV (Ed: Walton H) Pergamon Press, Oxford pp 455-474 MOB-HarrisMaster 00173 APPENDICES A. NSDS FOR RED DUM DUM-BOILER PUTTY B. MSDS FOR DUM DUM HIGH TEMP BOILER PUTTY C. DUM DUM PRODUCT LISTS D. SIZE OF FIBRES OBSERVED IN AIRBORNE "DUST" SAMPLES E. TLV'S 1946-1991 F. FEDERAL REGULATORY PROGRAM - OSHA G. DUM DUM PRODUCT LABELS H. DUM DUM PRODUCT DATA MOB-HarrisMaster 00174 APPENDIX A MOB-HarrisMaster 00175 i MATERIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY.DATA SHSET.V;. j? 3..4;: M.-:- *'* %Y ' . ; . -' 'V- Product pun pua Boiler Patty 'Chemical Fonnula ' ! v ; J " ' 1. :[.^ Other Name* . Manufacturer. -- Name''`The Presco Co.. Ltd. ' Addre 6345 NetherharfRd., Mississauga,* Oht. L5T 1B8 Emergency PhoneNo. (416^ 675-^*8282 . Name of Contact g. c. Smith ` `V*fc;-r. ii. COMPONENTS Chemical Ingredients "*> Soybean Oil, Binding Oil, Petrpfin 100, Petrofin 0. Bed Oxide-; pigment, .Crashed limestone/ Hyt'al 300, (tale Filler)I?icalite ? powdered filler, Hedaanite Hi-Tepp: earth filler, Varsol, Trapes of Clesrate, Patty Acid Oil, .Cobalt - trace, Exkin,- Tr* ,.j!. !*sfc5 TLV~ *iT.,'\ * & jSgtfl f?j wffl Clndude eny chemicals luted In the ACGIH TLV Booklet or Ontario Government Regulation) III. Roun HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION . *\ */ .t Qi**<-- .'.vr* lt**,.Ag Emcn(Ixacasboth uarroUrtxhoLOHc-rmrmien) *. 'INHALATION : Hone Non Hazardous'"* * .. EYE CONTACT 0 ..Wash eyes .wfit.:h;; cold water* If. inflamed,-emitaoi^D^wi? SKIN CONTACT 0 Hone. Hen-hazardous. '` * M . SKIN ABSORPTION 0 Insignificant*' Hon-haZardous. * -V'i . V ... INGESTION * `.`77. .*."j7T.77 : : - e'',,. Q X caulking type mastic. If ingested,/see*'Doctor;..15 Ingestion to be avoided. tv.-. . ... HANDUNG PRECAUnONS 4.' * "V - Hone known.- 'v ' '.**** s!"n*-'c -it '` * A li' -jj ` * * l^"Vc '> f (Include recommendations for personal prolftly*.*<?ufRm*n( and controls) mouaiauu. acobimt *tvt*n uaocuiiou MsO as neon, t noon *1. ufr/tonwao, o*n. une aa * ***- ' . . . mm MOB-HarrisMaster 00176 jln.ftnj -' nil; FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Flarhponinit l Flammable Usies^ouT" LEL:. Umiu at 550? UEt REACTIVITY STABLE jx] UNSTABLE ........ Q' HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS INCOMPATIBILITY- ' (LUt conditions to avoid) (List) (list materials to avoid) - , ' None `known _ . None * None known . *%" ** ' . r:.. . ` . ; . .. : : .+*<a****.."*'***.' *, ^* . *. ** t* ,t .-- ***; **^*`/ . .\ EMERGENCY AND FIRS' FIGHTING PROCEDURE \ VI. ' SPILLAGE CLEAN-UP. AND WASTE DISPOSAL PROCEDURE > V Non- apiilable N,,.a*4*p..e*c*i.aT wasfte. d*i*spo sal-* required* .- , . 2* .. ' Ju. . INHALATION' * *. . ` . Not required- . FIRST-AID , EYES ' * . y-: - ' - " . . ;7 W* ash--eyes with'*.e*o* 1l'cfc water... * . i.; A. : %* I ' s. . SKIN INGESTION \ VIII. . Not required.' v See Doctor * . '" * STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS < >" . ,'r ; -3i * .-d '.-.r, ;..-4.--**vr5i "'y&m . v ... Jlfv r -. i * *** *.*. k .No. 8p.ecial requirements * * ..***.* *. f . * V .* IX. Daittee_ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Signed. - ; "V \-rja ** ,i MOB-HarrisMaster 00177 APPENDIX B MOB-HarrisMaster 00178 Canadian Centre for Occupational Htalth and Safaty ** IDENTIFICATION RECORD NUMIER LANGUAGE PRCOUa NAXE(S) : 47412 : EKSltSH : Dun Our Hi Taop. Roilor Putty MANUFACTURER INFORMATION MANUFACTURER ADORESS EMERffiNCT TELEPHONE NO.(S) ESSENTIAL INFORMATION : Tht Fresco Co Ltd : 6343 Notherhirt Road Unit 7 Mississauga Ontario Canada L5T 18 Talaphene: 416-670-8282 : 416-670-6282 : For furthar information plaaaa contact R.C. saith ** MATERIAL SAFETY DATA *** MATERIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY DATA SHEET I. Product Our Ota Hi To 3. loilar Putty Chsaieal Ferauta Other Ha II. COMPONENTS Oxaical Ingradiants Soybean Oil, Hindino Oil, Petrefin 100, Patrefin 0, Rad Oxide Piaaant, Cruahad Liaratone, Rytal 300 Tale Filler, Oicalite Powdered Filler, Aabaatoa, Varaol. Traces of Claarate, Fatty Acid Oil, Cobalt, aukin. TLV X (include any chaaieala liatad in tfta ACSIH TLV looklat or Ontario Govamaant Regulation) III. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION ROUTE EFFECTS (INCUSE ROTH I(MEDIATE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS) INHALATION ETE CONTACT SKIN CONTACT SIN AISOHPTION INGESTION t ) Non-hazardoua. C J res with cold water. If inflaaed, contact Doetor. t I Non-hazardoua. t ) Insignificant Non-hazardoua t ) Thia prodjet is a caulking type a Stic. If ingested, see Doetor. Ingestion to be avoided. MOB-HarrisMaster 00179 v. HANDLING PRECAUTIONS Non* knoan (Include rei V. tiortt far personal protective aquipaant and control*) FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Railing Point Nil Flashpoint Nil FI unable Liaits Dric* out at 550 deg F LEL UEL REACTIVITY STA1LE DU UNSTAILE C 1 (Liet condition* to avoid) Nan* knoan HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRCDUCTS (List) Non* INCOMPATASILITT (List Materials to avoid) Non* knoan EMERGENCY AND FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURE Non flanaabl* VI. SPILLAGE CLEAN*!# ANO WASTE DISPOSAL PROCEDURE Non spit labia No special vesta disposal required. VII FIRST AID' INHALATION EYES SKIN INGESTION Net required Wash ayes with aster. Not required Sae Doctor. VIII No special raquir STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS nts IX ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Oat* Sipwd MOB-HarrisMaster 00180 APPENDIX C MOB-HarrisMaster 00181 APPENDIX Cl DUM DUM NAIL HOLE PRODUCTS The dace of initial production was unknown. The reported year of cessation of marketing of this product was 1973. Nail Hole Dum Dum products had various designations. 77-739 Dum Dum Nail Hole Dark Walnut Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Nail Hole Dark Walnut. G-H Number 3720-599-LX32 77-171 Dum Dum Nail Hole Natural Walnut Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Nail Hole Natural Walnut G-H Number 3721-199-LXI15 77-539 Dum Dum Nail Hole Lt Luan Asbestos 2% Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Nail Hole Lt Luan G-H Number 3720-499-LX203. Dum Dum Nail Hole Walnut Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Nail Hole Walnut G-H Number 3721-499-LX405. 171 Dum Dum Nail Hole White Asbestos 2S Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Nail Hole White G-H Number 3720-110. 739 Dun Dum Nail Hole Dark Walnut Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum.Dum Nail Hole. Dark Walnut G-H Number 3721-499-LX406 MOB-HarrisMaster 00182 77-740 Dum Dum Nail Hole Allspice Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Oum Dum Nail Hole Allspice G-H Number 3721-499-LX247. 742 Oum Oum Nail Hole Natural Walnut Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Nail Hole Natural Walnut G-H Number 3721-499-1X315 569-W-1379 Dum Dum Nail Hole Bone White Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Nail Hole Bone White G-H Number 3721-1 Dum Dum Travertine White' Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Oum Travertine White G-H-Number 3721-199-1X276 Mahagony Dum Dum2 Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Mahogany Dum Dum G-H Number 3721-399-LX313 Dum Dum Super White2 Asbestos 2% Start Stop 1973 Trade Name Dum Dum Super White G-H Number 3720-110. '"These Dum Dum products contained 2% asbestos and are probably Nail Hole products, but this is unconfirmed. MOB-HarrisMaster 00183 APPENDIX C2 CAULKING PRODUCTS CODE PRODUCT NAME ASB YR YR % START DISC. 46-F-3 Dum Dum Calk Gun-Grade Natural 10% 1964 Aul969 46-F-6 Dura Dura Calk 10% 1964 1969 46-W-3 Dura Dura Calk Non shrink Off White U4 1964 Aul969 DESCRIPTION A Caulking of putty consistency for application by caulking gun Same as 46-F-3 but supplied in unspouted cartridges Similar to 46-F-3 but off white colour 46-W-4 Dum Dum nonCartridge Calk Non shrink Off White. U 1964- Jal968 Sane as 46-W-3 but supplied in unspouted cartridges 46-W-5 Dura Dum Cartridge Calk Non Shrink Off white U 1964 1969 Same as 46-W-3 but supplied in nozzle type cartridges Dum Dura Caulk Natural 2-3% 1964 Jal979 Heating and Ventilating Dum Dura U 1964 Aul969 A calking compound of putty consistency used for glazing and filling applications by putty knife and calking gun. A caulking material for sealing joints on air ducts in heating and air conditioning systems. A heavy putty- type consistency, for knife or trowel application 4 Asbestos content not known MOB-HarrisMaster 00184 APPENDIX C3 CAULKING PRODUCTS HIGH TEMPERATURE CAULK3NGS CODE PRODUCT NAME A5B YR YR % START DISC. DESCRIPTION 46-F-7 Hi-Heat Dum 10-13 1964 Ual980 A caulking of mastic consistency used for seeling joints and crevices on furnaces and boilers applicable only with caulking gun,trowel,special Dun Dun brush or heavy duty mastic spray equipment. un 46-0-9 Armorcote Dum 5-6 1964 Dum Jal979 A heavy bodied product for refractory application by trowel. MOB-HarrisMaster 00185 APPENDIX C4 OTHER DUM DUM PRODUCTS CODE PRODUCT NAME AS8 YR YR * START DISC. DESCRIPTION 95 Series Dum Dum Masonoc 12-15 1954 1969 A heavy-bodied coating of mastic consistency designed for hi-build application and for bridging cracks and crevices with application by trowel, special brush or heavy-duty mastic spray equipment. 97 Series Chimney Dum Dum 4-5 1964 1979 A heavy-bodied coating of mastic consistency designed for hi-build application for filling and bridging cracks and and surface sealing of concrete chimneys with application by trowel, special brush or heavy-duty mastic spray equipment. MOB-HarrisMaster 00186 APPENDIX D MOB-HarrisMaster 00187 APPENDIX D1 SIZES OF "ASBESTOS STRUCTURES" IN AIRBORNE DUST SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE TESTING OF DUM DUM MASONOC BY ARTHUR D LITTLE (PETERS 1991). PRODUCT APPLICATION DIAMETERS 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5+ TOTAL L 5.0-5.9 E 6.0-6.9 N 7.0-7.9 G 8.0-6.9 T 9.0-9.9 H 10 + 2 1 23 11 23 11 1 7 10 TOTAL 3 2 13 18 * Includes 1 fibre of diameter 6jm. PRODUCT REMOVAL DIAMETERS L 5.0-5.9 E 6.0-6.9 N 7.0-7.9 G 8.0-8.9 T 9.0-9.9 H 10 + TOTAL 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5+ TOTAL 2 2^ 22 MOB-HarrisMaster 00188  APPENDIX D2 SIZES OF "ASBESTOS STRUCTURES" IN AIRBORNE DUST SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE TESTING OF CHIMNEY DUM DUM BY ARTHUR D LITTLE (PETERS 1991). PRODUCT APPLICATION 0.1 0.15 0.2 L 5.0-5.9 9 1 E 6.0-6.9 2 N 7.0-7.9 1 G 8.0-8.9 2 T 9.0-9.9 2 H 10 + 1 5 4 1 4 1 3 TOTAL 17 1 18 DIAMETERS 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5+ 1 21 1 1 1 241 TOTAL 16 9 3 7 4 4 43 PRODUCT REMOVAL L 5.0-5.9 E 6.0-6.9 N 7.0-7.9 6 8.0-8.9 T 9.0-9.9 H 10 + TOTAL 1 1 DIAMETERS 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5+ TOTAL 12 12 MOB-HarrisMaster 00189 APPENDIX D-3 SIZES OF "ASBESTOS STRUCTURES" IN AIRBORNE DUST SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE TESTING OF HI-HEAT DUM DUM BY ARTHUR D LITTLE (PETERS 1991). oonniirT APPLICATION DIAMETERS L 5.0-5.9 E 6.0-6.9 N 7.0-7.9 G 8.0-8.9 T 9.0-9.9 H 10 + TOTAL 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5+ TOTAL 11 11 PRODUCT REMOVE DIAMETERS L 5.0-5.9 E 6.0-6.9 N 7.0-7.9 G 8.0-8.9 T 9.0-9.9 H 10 + TOTAL 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5+ TOTAL 4 1 16 28 10 MOB-HarrisMaster 00190 APPENDIX E MOB-HarrisMaster 00191 APPENDIX E THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (TLV'S) ESTABLISHED BY THE AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS (ACGIH) 2946-1991 M.P.P.C.F.* Million Particles per Cubic Foot of air as measured using midget impinger sampler and standard light field count Fibres/cc measured using phase contrast light optical microscopy.Fibres longer than Sum with aspect ratios greater than 3:1 YEAR SUBSTANCE 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Asbestos Trenolite CONCENTRATION TLV M.P.P.C.F Fibres/cc 5 5 * * * 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 * 5 5 * Asbestos not listed MOB-HarrisMaster 00192 Table cont. YEAR SUBSTANCE CONCENTRATION TLV M.P.P.C.F Fibres/cc 196S Intended change.................... 1969 1970 Asbestos,all types Intended change..................... S 2 -? 5 12 + 5 +$ Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 1971 Asbestos,all types Intended change Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS trIMIT Tremolite SEE TALC FIBROUS 5 +#$ 1972 Asbestos,all types Intended change...................... Tremolite SEE TALC FIBROUS Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 5 +S# Ala 1973 Asbestos,all forms 5 +9# Ala Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 1974 Asbestos,all forms Tremolite,SEE ASBESTOS Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 5 +90 Ala 1975 Asbestos,all forms Tremolite,SEE ASBESTOS Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 5 +90 Ala 1976 Asbestos,all forms Tremolite,SEE ASBESTOS Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 5 +90 Ala 1977 Asbestos,all forms 5 +90 Ala Tremolite,SEE ASBESTOS Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 1978 Asbestos,all forms Tremolite,SEE ASBESTOS Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 5 +90 Ala 1979 Asbestos,all forms 5 +0 Ala % Trendite,SEE ASBESTOS Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT MOB-HarrisMaster 00193 TABLE cdnt YEAR SUBSTANCE CONCENTRATION TLV Fibres/cc 1980 Asbestos Amosite Chrysotile Crocidolite Other Forms Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 0.5 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 0.2 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 1981 Asbestos Amosite Chrysotile Crocidolite Other Forms Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 0.5 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 0.2 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 1982 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 0.5 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 0.2 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +4 1983 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 0.5 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 0.2 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 1984 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms Talc (fibrous) USE ASBESTOS LIMIT 0.5 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 0.2 Ala +# 2.0 Ala +# 1985 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms 0.5 Ala xf 2.0 Ala x# 0.2 Ala x# 2.0 Ala xf Talc (containing asbestos fibres)- USE ASBESTOS TLV. However .should not exceed 2mg/m3 respirable dust. MOB-HarrisMaster 00194 TABLE cont YEAR SUBSTANCE CONCENTRATION TLV Fibres/cc 1986 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) 0.5 Chrysotile (12001-29-5) 2.0 Crocidolite (12001-28-4) 0.2 Other Forms 2.0 Talc (containing asbestos fibres) Ala x# Ala x# Ala x# Ala x# USE ASBESTOS TLV-TWA.However,should not exceed 2mg/m3 respirable dust. 1987 . Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) 0.5 Ala x# Chrysotile (12001-29-5) 2.0 Ala x# Crocidolite (12001-28-4) 0.2 Ala x# Other Forms 2.0 Ala x# Talc (containing asbestos fibres) USE ASBESTOS TLV_TWA.However,should not exceed 2mg/mi respirable dust." 1988 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms 0.5 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala x#*k 0.2 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala x**k 1989 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms 0.5 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala xf*k 0.2 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala x#*k 1990 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms 0.5 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala x#*k 0.2 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala x#*k 1991 Asbestos Amosite (12172-73-5) Chrysotile (12001-29-5) Crocidolite (12001-28-4) Other Forms 0.5 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala x#*k 0.2 Ala x#*k 2.0 Ala x#*k In 1991 ACGIH gave "notice of intended change" with a proposed TLV -0.2 fibres/cc for all forms of asbestos MOB-HarrisMaster 00195  explanation of notes TLV Threshold Limit Value TWA Time weighted average + Fibres/cc >5um in length x Fibres/cc longer than 5pm and with an aspect ratio equal or greater than 3:1 0 A more stringent TLV for crocidolite may be required # As determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450 x magnification (4mm objective) phase contrast illumination. S Concentrations 5 fibres/ml but not to exceed 10,may be permitted for 15-minute periods each hour up to 5 times daily. Ala Human Card nogens.Substances or substances associated with industrial processes.recognised to have carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic potential with an assigned TLV % Cigarette smoking can enhance the incidence of respiratory cancers from this or others of these substances or processes. * Substance identified by other sources as a suspected or confirmed human carcinogen k Substance for which OSHA and/or NIOSH has a permissible exposure limit (PEL) or a recommended exposure limit (REL) lower than the TLV. MOB-HanisMaster 00196 APPENDIX F MOB-HamsMaster 00197 APPENDIX F Date 29.05.71 12.07.71 7.06.72 09.10.75 07.76 04.11.83 FEDERAL REGULATORY PROGRAM OSHA 1971-1988 RULE PEL of 12 f/cc over 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) Section 6(a) of the OSH Act codified at 29 U.S.C.S 655 (a) (36 FR 10466) (29 C.F.'R.Part 1910) PEL of 5 f/cc over 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) and peak exposure of 10 f/cc as Emergency Temporary Standard (36 FR 234207) (29 C.F.R.Part 1910.93a) New Final rule-PEL of 5 f/cc over 8 hour time weighted average (TWA).To be lowered to 2f/cc in 1976 (37 FR 11318) (29 C.F.R.Part 1910) Proposed Rule PEL of 0.5 f/cc over 8 hour time weighted average (TWA).Ceiling limit of 5f/cc for 15 minutes (1980)-withdrawn. (40 FR 47652) PEL of 2f/cc as 8 hour time weighted average became effective as in 1972 final rule (29 CFR 1910.1001) Emergency temporary Standard (ETS) of 0.5 f/cc as 8 hour time weighted average. MOB-HarrisMaster 00198 TABLE cont. DATE RULE 03.84 1983 ETS Overturned 10.04.84 Proposed rule - PEL to be lowered to 0.5 or 0.2 f/cc as time weighted average. (49 FR 14116) 12.07.85 EPA Proposed rule Immediately effective to extend OSHA provisions to state and local workers. (50 C.F.R.28530) 25.04.86 EPA Final Rule-extends OSHA protections to state & 1ocal workers. 20.06.86 (51 FR 15722) (40 C.F.R.Part 763,Subpart S) t- PEL lowered to 0.2f/cc as 8 hour time weighted average. (Final Rules 51FR 22612) (29 C.F.R.Part 1910,Subpart Z and 29 C.F.R.Part 1926,subpart 0) 17.10.86 Partial Stay of 20.06.86 standards as they applied to non asbestiform tremolite.anthophyHite and actinolite pending further review and rule making. (51 FR 37002) 25.02.87 EPA Final Rule-Revised rule extended current OSHA requirements to state local workers involved in abatement and lifted repair exemption for projects 3 feet or less. (52 FR 5618) (40 C.F.R.Part 763,Subpart G) 14.09.88 Amendment - excursion limit of 1 f/cc over a 30 minute .period added to cover employees involved in jobs with irregular peak whose total exposure may not reach 0.2 f/cc as time weighted average over an 8 hour exposure period. (53 FR 35610) (29 C.F.R.Part 1910,Subpart Z and 29 C.F.R.1926,Subpart D). MOB-HarrisMaster 00199 APPENDIX G MOB-HairisMaster 00200 Mobil 1970a MOB-HarrisMaster 00201 T >'l l,I T [ H - I T IT MOB-HarrisMaster 00202 Mobil NET 1 GALLON MODli IS 7 Qd MOB-HarrisMaster 00203 I i MOB-HarrisMaster 00204 n mta il* 4VO v u u v /v a w m IN M M IVWCMOMVItMt NO*I wI Vnn i W tM WI ZtNN IINI lUOMn IU M N D /lM IN M a ill /u o d u io o |DO|uu9t|3 liqcwi Mobil Mobil 1970c > MOB-HarrisMaster 00205 MOB-HarrisMaster 00206 M obil C hem ical C om pany iiin n H N i MAMIIHKMX atuw /iKm m o h i. i i I M M ** COMMGS fw u i/io sA N U n sA U A jA iiivk ia ii turn Mobil 197ia MOB-HarrisMaster 00207 III*#.' u* mm/... . I MOB-HarrisMaster 00208 M obil C hem ical C om pany UAMIIHAMI I l i l i n rw* . . . * -.5"3a i* if r p r- t i r r k MOB-HarrisMaster 00209 MOB-HamsMaster 00210 Mobil Chemical Company IM W IH A H Il I / M l l r t COMMA U IIU IIM II) . '-\ APPENDIX H MOB-HarrisMaster 00211 Mobil l97Sa M@bil Chemical Prodcct Data NOVEMBER 1, TS7E / Rrintad in U.S-A. Thi% iwavmdM iii'praviaut ouoiieauoni. Aiwv consult your Mobil rtoratanutivt lor litttt information and rtcemmendationi for Mooil Rrodueu. DUM DUM'CALKING CONFORMS WITH AIR POLLUTION RULES AND REGULATIONS 46-F-5 COLOR FINISH VEHICLE TYRE MOMENT TYRE SOLVENT TYRE FLASH POINT, MINIMUM % SOUOS *Y VOLUME COVERAGE (THEORETICAL) VISCOSITY AT 7I*F. (24*C.) AVERAGE DRY TIME AT7S*R. (24*CJ RECOMMENDED THINNER RESISTANCE TO RECOMMIN0C0 RRIMER STEEL GALVANIZED WOOO MASONRY ARRLI CATION CAUTION Natural Law Shaan Vagataola oil Inan B*grriwrt and Atoano* Fibra j ......................................... .s^T-i Nonflammabia 100% j Six* of ioint 1/E" * 1>T" -- 1230 Lima! Fan par gallon l/4'xl/4"- 300 Unaaf Faat par gallon jyf'xlT'- 135 Linaal Faat oar gallon 1/2" x 1/2" -- 7? Linaal Faat oar gallon Tha actual warn* will ba iau, dapanding on aooiication taehniqgt. job condition* and rvoa of wrtact to bt oatad. ; j Rutty Skin* ovar m IS Mura -- Raim o**r attar 34 hour* wrtn eonvantional coatings. If malarial niHam in eold waathar add up to 1 cue linitod oil oar S gallant Of calking. Uaa Thitmar 7-T-3S fordaarvuo. 1 Fumaa -- Vary Goad Moittura -- ExeaUtnt Expansion k Contraction -- Vary Good Cracking - Vary Good Dry Hat - To 2M*P.(f2t*C.l ! | | Nona Nona Extaripr Firat Coatar 17-WH or Exterior Rrimar Whita I7-W*5 Matonoc Rrimar - ' .W*31 or Extarior Lataa Raint 7S-W-9 Calking Gun Gluing Kmla Will build I" on wrueil without (lumping Stor* m warm i'M <n eold wtatnar. j MOB-HarrisMaster 00212 Msbii Chemicar Prod t Data DUM DUM*CALKING 46-F-5 REPARATION: Surfact mat M elHft. arv and frts of cam. Loom Mint, mortar, or crumoimg puny would m rwmo*oo. AU masonry eraekt and mortar joints would pa fMe elaan.'Daao cracks and ooanings should ba Mekad " Mkum or fibra giaas to about 1ft" of surfaoa. brim* tMrt surfacat prior to aoolicauon of Calk. APPLICATION: If oil habrisan to tha too. stir thoroughly irns m sigmant mamr. Aoofv with i calking gun or tool using si haavy oud u oooibM. Apply in I mannar inuring full aontset on tiOM md bottom of baad. liavs i wll rounatd baad on tn* outiida. Whan i imoothad bud it rwuirad for aooaarsnoa. dip tool in wsttr to ilimnuti mating. To prowtt Rein forming whan not in usa. pour i liberal imount of mom am tha unuaad oamoound ind kaap containar tightly matad. Pour off witar bafort rv using. N0TIC2: This product is for industrial um only and if not tnnndad or suitable for use m or around a household'or dwelling. Mobil Chemical Company j MAINTENANCE & MARINE COATINGS DEPARTMENT Sdittft. Hoar Jersey 0*917 ".0. Sox 2f0 / Tal: (201) 2*7.2129 Sraaumonu Toxaa 77704 s .0. Sox 3431 / Tal: (713) *33.5324 XLankakaa. Illlnaia (0901 Los Angaias Aroa / Azusa. California 91702 1004 wast Ttntn Siroat / Tal: (213) 3344231 Louis villa. Kantueky 40210 (Railroad Coalings) iS3Q waai Hill Straat / Tat: (502) 774.A411 ***' -- --1~ *-- -U~*'T MOB-HarrisMaster 00213 Mobil 1976b NOVEMBER. 17/Punted m USA. ( Tha mctiwow *u previous ouobeiiiont. Ajwftyt cmsuh >ctr Mood reoreseruslrva lor Uiest mlormiuen and reconvnenaeucns lor Mood Prooucn. r ^OUM DUM CAULK / 45-F-5 An oil 6tid caulking compound recommended lor glazing and tilling operations by knit* or gun lor joints and cracks where movement is not a critical factor. Recommended spacifiesily lor use with 95 Series Masonoe. Excellent adhesion to previously primed sur face* and can be overcoated with conventional finishes attar 24 hours. tM i*#7 / CHIMNEY OUM OUM / 97 Series ten n Chimney Oum Dum provides the same outstanding pro tective and waterproofing qualities as the 95 Series Masonoe, except that It has been formulated tor use on concrete chimneys where additional heat resistance up to 210*F. is required. Owa Ow* |T*y4 iwtwMimii 14 S*Hi-HEAT OUM OUM / 46-F-7 A heavy semi-plastic fibred casting, which acta as a DUM DUM MASONOC / 95 Series Masonoe is s heavy bodied textured costing designed as a weather seat, waterproofing, and restoration coating tor ail types of masonry structures. Pliability and elas ticity allow tor building movement without cracking of tne coating while a tough outer skin provides protection for normal usage. Its hign build Qualities permit heirtine cracks to be bridged and sealed, and surface irregulari ties to be filled and uniformed. Masonoe also provides fine protection for steel with its high film build and impermeability. Its exeallant sur face wetting properties recommend use of this material in areas that cannot be cleaned too well, where there are numerous angles and edges to protect, or when a single coat application is ail that can be provided. joint sealer and pliable gasket for boilers, furnaces and dry kilns, improves boiier efficiency by preventing heat less. Retains its elasticity at constant heat up to 175* and intermittent heat to 350*. May be used as a complete cover to aiiminatt excess fuel consumption and can be painted over in 24 hours. *uM OUM ARMORCOTE / 46-J-9 A specialty compounded, heavy bodied produet con taining asphalt, reinforcing pigment and high boiling hydrocarbons. Resistant to fumes, moisture, and sus tained temperatures up to 300'F. Used to protect and increase the efficiency of brick boiler settings. May be applied to boilers even white they are in operation. CHIMNEY OUM DUM PRIMER / 38-V-S A clear 100 percent solid heat resistant penetrating primer designed tor application to masonry surfaces be neath Chimney Oum Oum Coalings. MASONOC PRIMER / 47-W-21 Masonoe primer is a normal paint like malarial which is to be used beneath the Masonoe coating on ail types ol masonry surfaces to seat off snd eliminate surface porosity. Brief product oasenptions are flven ter the purpose of facilitating selection. Always relar to me individual Mobil Chemical Product Oats Sheets tor funner specific product recommendslions snd use Instructions. Mobil Chemical Company j MAINTENANCE L MARINE COATINGS DEPARTMENT Edison, New Jersey 09817 P.0. Box 250 / Tel: (201) 287-2526 Beaumont. Texas 77704 P.O. Box 3431 / Tel: (713) 835-5324 Los Angeles Area / Azusa, California 91702 1004 west Tenth Street / Tel: (213) 334-8251 Louisville, Kentucky 40210 (Rallrosd Coatings) 1630 West Hill Street / Tel: (502) 774-44*' UrftwMrtXifnr+ar* 00214 Mobil 1976 Mbii Chemical Product Data NOVEMBER 1, 1171 / Printed in U.SA-. TKi* tuptrttdet ail orrvioul oubiieationt, Aiwtvt eanajll vour Mobil ngmnttiv for latttt information mo rtcommanoationi tor Mobil Prpducu. HI-HEAT DUM DUM CONFORMS WITH air POLLUTION RULES ANO REGULATIONS 4o*F"7 COLOR 1 Natural Gray . FINISH VEHICLE TYRE j Low j Lmttwd Oil Bland pigment type SOLVENT TYPE j FLASH POINT. MINIMUM | % SOLIDS IY VOLUME 1 Intrti and Aiorttoi F.pra Aiionaiie nyorocaroom nj'F 144*C.) PMC 15% RECOMMENDED DRY FILM lew coat) 1/16-3/72 inen il.*Z4 mmi | COVERAGE (THEORETICAL) ! 11 (Quart fart par fallen UL37 ml/tl par 1/t" QJ2 mmt Cry. Tha aetual eovrrifa will bt las. dapanding on aseEcnion taemuQua, job oonditiont and tyeeof turltea to ba epatad. ; VISCOSITY AT 75*F. fZ4*CJ ! AVERAGE DRYTIME AT7S*F./?<*C/ Mane Skint in IS Hours. Faint over attar 24 Hours wttn eonventienal coatings. RECOMMENDED THINNER Nona - Um at aaekage eensisttney CJaaivgp - um Thinnar 7-T-3I i RESISTANCE TO i Furnas - Good Motstura - Vary Good Dry Haat -- to 350*F. (177*C.l Intarmittant. To 1?5*F. t79*C.t Suxumae RECOMMENDED use i j APPLICATION eilars. Fumaon. Kilns. ate.. at letnt taal. Ottawa gaaaat md tor overall aosiiatien during installation and rapait. Calking gun. trpwtl. orutn or tprav For spray -- Htmr duty mastic tduiomant 6:1 Dump witn turga control. bmks7E2 gun or DtVilbui MBC 516 witn 3/B" Noma and fluid us. Srusn - Saaoai Dum Oum (rum. MOB-HarrisMaster 00215 Mcbil Chemical Produ . Data HI-K5AT DUM DUM*46-F-7 n.-mtti Sum Sum it neoffliNtMt for utt on furnietl. ooiiart. r.fnt and iirmiar miallationa. It it toacialiy bianoad :o -rmnn st.aeia and will witntxand tna aasantien and BriS'S" ontiSMO Oy mrarmittant uu. H.-Mfti Sum Oum an et utad at a joint ttaxr and oiiaoia oik: *or. dollar icntnyt. at a calkiny mattnai tor cracKt and 3'en mortar iointt. or for aoatication overall on tn* unit. Surlier insjia m dean and dry. Per matonry Uu. all criCM mould at raatd a tan and any Drtvioutly JCdlxd ait or auttv 'amoved. tnan (ill wttn H.-ntat Oum Oum. On sat ratuiu will M nad ( mui >< at normal srmsaraturr at ttma of tdoneation. WARNING: VAPOR HARMPUL. CAUSES IRRI TATION. COMBUSTIBLE. CONTAINS - ORGANIC SOL VENTS. Avoid >tatniny >adot. Avoid contact wim wvt. turn, and cietrwny. Kora away from n*at and ooon riama. Wain inorouyMy after handling. Uta with adoouata wntiitnon. Waar an air tusfltiad maek to avoid Brearnmd eoneon. tratae vaoort m eneosad treat. Kaao container aotad. PIRST AID: if mnaiad. remove to (rest air. if not oraatn- >ny give artificial rateiratton, preferadiy meutn-to-mouen. Call a dnyuaan. In cata of canuet. immediately Hum aval witn ettnry of water tor at nail IS mngtii. Can a onyticun. NOTICE: Thu oredudt n lor induttnal utt only and It not ntanoao o' tuna ox tor utt m or around a nouitnoid or Owallm;. li ! <*1| rv i) m rvvwuwww www-- imiirii wiwvim av utmt w miwuivroant-a wwiiw iiii | w < --v aany W a--wo -- am--ww a--v v m a.............. II-- lanhimwwiv w " ' < ~w "Wa--war--wu-- taaoi ............min imv.m -w-mimiinyiimmiiivw ri*CiSCt*MrAti3W | utai.:.v..wnatwi wetkffliMtttmwo--ntaniutn-vC "?*-r-t--uennow..yiuv ~v v.MCuuOmCaww--wi . .vunyi i-uiarwiitmmnwailaiUtaiaiimnviww m--iyvyct UCIV mCavi tlO m i i-mvivivminuvm i-**i * --i ru"wi --wrtavwoanoaaaii i ------ w w -- -- mat nvi-min arnymni* iaa iciw --eu I * *> .u* wiyta--maiio -- oaa-- <r -v>w w nn-iM r--<r -mm nawm narmyramrii `imv av a.v-1 iv-v j ! n"w"n hvvurvivwwwnavmaw aw wt w-- av vw vuvn >' w--vmwm wv i mwi v xnarianiw-v ! Mobil Chemical Company / maintenance & marine COATinGS OEPartmS.nt | Editon, Now Jersey 0SS17 > o.O. 5si 250 / Tol: (201) JI7.2S2B roaumont. Tens 7770a ; P.O. as* 30T / T*l; (7t3) 835-5324 Kankakee. Illmoia 80901 | 93t Nsrt.t Graonwood Ay#nu ; Tti: (115) S33-555' Lea Angela* Art* Acute. Calilomia S1732 ::- V-*itTrrr.S:r*at T*i: (2:: 33--S25I Louiaviiio. Kentucky a 32:0 (Re :?:2S C:s:-n;s.< i2C Wot: Nil: S:rc`. Ti tSC2) 77i--att -,! J-JJVCT t :c *.*. ,x r 5r - -rnj ra--'e Cvrca fitera w* < Lr : d-*r- v >,<, MOB-HarrisMaster 00216 Mobil 1976d Mobil Chemical Product Data N0VEM1ER 1.1176 / Feinted in U.S.A. , lustritdH all prrueui ouMicjtiom - ..irt coniutt rwf Mobil normtiuini lor unit information ins recommendation* far Mobil Rroducti. % DUM DUM*ARMORCOTE CONFORMS WITH AIR POLLUTION RULES AND REGULATIONS ^, 4-"J9 COLOR ! Suet FINISH i Lew Sheen ' VEHICLE TYRE FIGMENT TYRE ' Modified neruit j Inirt pifmenu and iibntm fibre | SOLVENT TYRE FLASH ROINT. MINIMUM Aiianatie hvaroearoon* 805F !27*C.) RMC ! % SOUQS *Y VOLUME ' 62% \ RECOMMENDED ORY RlLMIocr so*) j 1/16 to 1/1 menct IJ.S a 2.2 mmJ COVERAGE (THEORETICAL) j 16 ttuare <* per gallon (0.4 mitV at 1/10 inOt (l.S mm) try. Tha actual cowagt will ba las. depending on application teennique. joe conditions i and tvoa of turfact to at coated. j VISCOSITY AT 7S*R. (24*0 j Runy j average dry time at7S*r. afc.)j Surface Mem in 1 -2 hourt Sen ua m 2R noun' RECOMMENDED THINNER Lite Thinner 7-T-3S for etean-ue oniv RESISTANCE TO APPLICATION | Fume* - Very Good Moisture - Excellent i Dry He* - To 300*F. 049*0 11 Trowel MOB-HarrisMaster 00217 Mobil Chemical Prodt *t Data !' : DUM DUM'ARMORCOTE 46-J-9 i i Armoreots u e 6UM oi spaeuliy selected Bitumtnt to tilled witn Quick orying Portland Cement mo iiiowm to it ( srowce t tow cait raiilient metenel tor retrsciory applies- herd. | t'ont. uie <i i complete cover. Armoreots tormj in nr t'fit PHIS wmcn effirt Uioiunttil lu< ia'w By slimimtmg nr unit. It 11 especially useful irouno md as i jetutmg mitiriil tor ooutr uningi. NOTICE: Thii proOuet ii tor industrial uu only mo it not ; mttnoM or iuiuow lor ua in or nouna t nouMMoiQ or Dwelling. | i 3tesuse Armoreots 11 mouturs end turn* rfsutant it isndl '(lilt to <11 tvoit of environment! inducing intiner ol pry ni wntrt enexi ins oorn mow nit iou mo ttmoere- j ture fluctuation!, Armoreott may o* applied tie to 1/# inffi mien mo will ioioto expansion mo conviction. It will prevent disinte gration of pitittr. mortar. eonertnt. One*, tilt mo cement Bioek. PREPARATION -- Surtiet mutt Ot cltin mo 0rv. Rtmove ill loon morttr or onck Oirticttl ov wirt Brutnmg. Ooeo morur lointt mo encsi over 1 /B men tnouio Ot rtkto mo WARNING: FLAMMABLE, vapor harmful, CAUSES IRRITATION. COftfTAINS - ORGANIC SOL- VENTS. Kteo twty from neat. sparks. mO ootn li*m. AoiO creaming xocr. Avoid enntset wim tvtt. um. mo doming. Warn thoroughly ttwr nmdirng. Uu wim tat- ou*tt ventilation. Wetr n nr tupplito meu to avoid Breathing eoncmtrtttO vapors in tnetouO erttt. Kite eon- umtr closed. FIRST AID: If mhsied. remove to Irttft nr. if net orestnmg give trtiticvsl respiration, prtttriBiy mouth- to-moutn. Cell e orvrtiam. In cbm ot contact, immtoiettiy iiu*n ty witn plenty of water tor it least 15 minutes. Call i pnvtician. i ! i j I Mobil Chemical Company / MAINTENANCE 1 VAS.Nc CCA'NSS r==ARTMS*.T Edison, Now Jersey OH17 i P.O. Box 250 / Ti: (201) 2I7-282S Beaumont. Tana 77704 P.O. Box 5431 / Tel: (7t3) I35-S324 Kankakee. Illmoix 80901 901 Nortn Greenwood Avenue / Tel: (US) 533 :56i Los Angelas Are* / Acusa. Celilerm* ?'_"3 esi ~t-T Strtr' T* (C-: :ii' Louisville. Kentucky iTC'C "4 " *33 v.et: - .. Sttte* iCC '` /: .;** * " " * ***" -*'* 4 :x:.'J r. i~C'* Z*<z *r. : ? ****" *r# MOB-HarrisMaster 00218 Mobil 19 ?6e IVf@bil Chemical Product Data NOVEMBER 1,1f7i / Printad in U.SA. Thu wpanto** all ortviout Duplication*. 4lw(y( contuit your Mull uguonumt (or Itttlt information nd rcommnO*tiOH* for MoBil Product*. DUM DUM MASONOC CONFORMS WITH 41 ft POLLUTION RULES AND REGULATIONS 95 SERIES 1 FINISH { Low moan : vehicle tyre ' Aatmatad Vaftupta Oil* ' FIGMENT TYFf j SOLVENT TYRE Titanium Dioaida - Color pifmant* - NMut Fibra | Aiionatie hydrocarbon* | | j FLASH POINT, MINIMUM j ios*f. mi*c; pmc | % SOLIDS SY VOLUME <2% a0nainf on color ! RECOMMENDED DRY FILM (Mr oort) 2S mid IS2Sum) | COVERAGE (THEORETICAL) 674 taudrt loot par |iUon I1SJm*Aart pw-dry mil OSum! a-wipt. dtoondinf on color. Tha actual conarapa wtfl bo lao*. dtatndinf on solicition taeftniout, job condition* and lw of turtaea to at castad. 1 ! j | VISCOSITY AT 75*R. fjScj i AVERAGE DRYTIME AT75*P./3<*C/ Mane Skint oor in 1 hour - Undar lurtaet ramaino oiiabla ! 1 RECOMMENDED THINNER ! resistances j 1 RECOMMENDED PRIMER steel GALVANIZED WOOD MASONRY ' So not Win for appiicstion -- In cold wtadior Rsro in warm araaa Micro uta. ! For daannio um Thinnar 7-T-3S. i Dry Han - To t50*F. rC6*C) Waatnar axtrtmoa -- Eacdltnt Dwmtcal Fumoa -- Ezaaltam Maittura -- EscsUcm Salt Air - Excallant Nonaraowirad Nona raqwrad Not rocommonoad 47-W-21 Momkoc PTimar | APPLICATION NOTE CAUTION Haary duty toray -- Trdwal - Soacial Pood CONVENTIONAL 9RAY (Sufftnad Eauipmam) Haary duty mattte aauipmant. 10:1 Duma, 1** 1.0. ftuN note. Einkt 7E2 fun (4$ s 3/tF nouMI and OoVribit* MBC 516 fun (MS-71 eao 54"1 Kara fntn food mult*. Aperpsimsto tamnfi -- pump craaura <0 an. atemiainf praturt 70 pti. i j Crack* in aacata of 1/32" tO.tmml tnould first M cauikad wttn Oum Oum ' : Calk mf Cpmeownd. Oo not um an fUMd Onek without spmuUinf MePil rapraMntattra. MOB-HarrisMaster 00219 Mobil Chemical Produ . Data DUM DUM MASONOC*95 SERIES Oum Oum Matonoc haavtly ooditd. t*tur*d abating f omrM far uu in tooiicationt tor at* witrroroof- mg ana rrrtorifon of onarior moaonry ana for m# orotac- ' non of itttf twrraet*. PREPARATION: Old matonry turfaeat Mould bt grtDind Bv on it ctaamng or otnar luitaow matnodt to rtmova dun dirt, uirfaea csnamnina ana loot* Mrtieltt. Any mailing eonerttl. loota mortar. and untound matonry mutt 0* rtmo.td and tna lurfae* rtoairad and brougm to lavai ai naaoad. Portland eamartt oatenat mutt b* allowao to cur* ana tntn ntutnluta prior to ovarceating. Prim* all Part matonry lurtaet with a coat of Matonoc Prtmar 47.W.J1. Oo not aeoly mora erimar tnan it ntad ad to taal tha turfaea. Allow orimar an ovtrmgnt dry and tnan fill all eraOct with luitabit caulking matarial prior to too- Nrw matonry turfacn mutt b allowad to curt for a tuML ciant langth of tima to raduc* aikaiinity. A minimum of 30 days timt it rtouirtd with at lean 6 month! dttirad. Staal turfaeat mould ba aaanad bv butting or wir brum* mg. Oum Oum Matonoe may b* aeonad diraetly to tn* oara itaal if datirad. or ovar a iwiubi* Mobil naal orimar. NOTICE: Thu oroduct u for industrial uta only and it not mtanoad or tuitabl* lor uta m or around a houtanoid w Owtllmg. t WARNING: VAPOR HARMFUL. CAUSES IRRI. TAT10N. COMBUSTIBLE. CONTAINS - ORGANIC SOL VENTS. Avoid braatnmg vapor. Avoid eontaet wim wat. tkm. and dothing. Kite away from haat and ooan fiai.M. Wath tnerougniy ifnr handling. Uta with adtowait vantila- tion. Watr an atr urcoiiad matk to avoid braathing cancan. tratad vaoon m anctoaad araat. Kaao cenamar etotad. FIRST AID: If innaiad, rtmova te train air. If not braitn. ing yiva artificial ratoiration, prafarably mouth-to-vnowtft. Call a onytieun. in cata of eanaet. immadiataly fluth ayat witn pianty of winr for at laatt 15 minum. Call a pnyt*. cun. Mobil Chemical Company / MAINTENANCE l MARINE CCATlNGS DEPARTMENT Edtaon, New Jartay 06817 R.O. Bax 250 / Toi: (201) 2S7-2B2B Jatumont, Taut 77704 P.O. Box 3431 / Tgl: (713) 835324 Kankakaa, Illlnola 60901 901 North Graanwood Avanua / Tal: (615) 933-2S6* Lot Angaiaa Araa / Acuta. California 11702 224 '.V**: Tar.tn Strct: ' Tgl. (213) 334*6251 Louuvilla. Kentucky 422*0 (Ra-frsad Caatingsi '522 .'.a*:mm Strait * 7a: CECZ: 774*4411 *-nr r-rsur.t vir vr -r.-r 2t-- -anand/rarama. Ca** a-.era ;.- 3-M Jra <1. : iw 6. MOB-HarrisMaster 00220 Mobil 1976f Mbil Chemical Product Data NOVEMBER 1.1B7B / Printed in U.S.A. . Thu juoemOei til ormoui publication!. Aiwtyi comult rur Modi rtomantitivr for mart informttien and rtcommtnettioro for Meoil Product!. CHIMNEY DUM DUM* CONFORMS WITH AIR POLLUTION RULES ANO REGULATIONS 97 SERIES ' FINISH Medium gloat ! i VEHICLE TYPE | Returned VignuM Oill . PIGMENT TYPE l1 1 SOLVENT TYFE j FLASH FOINT, MINIMUM Titanium OioaiOa, AfixROi Fibre, Mia Diva color fut dementi. Aiionatic nyorocaroona 101*F. oir*c/ PMC i j j % SOLIDS BY VOLUME 63% average, depending on color 1 ! RECOMMENDED DR Y FI LM (oar eootl 25 mitt /f2S umj j COVERAGE (THEORETICAL) 1010 tduare foot oar gallon (34.1 par dry mil 125in/ atmage. dabending on eoior. The actual m lartga aril be iaa. depending on aooiicrtion technique. job oondhiont and Type of turfeca to ba coated. VISCOSITY AT 75*F. (34*0 Mattie .... AVERAGE ORY TIME AT75*F. (34*0 j RECOMMENDED THINNER i j RESISTANCES 1 recommended primer Surftea tkin *-6 hn. Under turfact rimaiaw plia&it. Oo not thin for taoiieztion. Uta 7.T-3B for daannio. Mornura -- Excellent Chemical Fumat -- Vary Goad Dry Hoot -- To 210*F. ftS*CJ CDmeant mjrfaea temoamura. Chimney Oum Ottm Primer 3B>V*B ! APPLICATION truth - Spray CONVENTIONAL ?RAY (Suggattad Eaiaipment) Haary duty mttoc equipment, 10:1 pumo. 1" 1.0. fluid hota. links 7E2 gun (4S i 3/IF nozaa) and OeVilbui MK 51C gun IMg-71 eao X") nave - given good return. Aoarokimata laning* -- pumo ertttura 0 oti. atomising erasure 70 oai. NOTE On ttackt tnat art in oartutme uaa. aooiy tnin brum eoau of Oumnay Oum Oum to tooroA 10 mitt (35Cu/ni wat totaL Normal naavy eoau eouia ea oamagad Dy ram eollactien on tna interim of tna Bade. CAUTION NEW CONCRETE MUST WEATHER A MINIMUM OF 3 MONTHS BEFORE COATINGI MEMBRANE CURING AGENTS MUST BE COMPLETELY WEATHERE0 OR OTHERWISE REMOVED BEFORE COATING. MOB-HarrisMaster 00221 Mobil Chemical Prodi t Data CHIMNEY DUM DUm 97 SERIES Ch.mnw Oum Oum it ruggtd (wiry coating for XM | trtvr.ijr of emmotyl that OTOvkSVI litxiSla wvttJwrproof I cotretion. It filli and briogti htirlin* cracks vntn fltuOi* (coating vnctr I tougn outar iktn. Should tnt itathtry skin Dteomt frieturrl. tn toft unotr film will harden on con tact witn iir. May ot taoiiad without eompittaly cooling j iuck. { LININGS MUST BE INSPECTED FOR INTEGRITY ANO | PRcsDOM PROM AIR LEAKS. PREPARATION: Mun m dtanand dry. Surfiet mould bt thoroughly win orushtd te rtmowt dirt, {run, wot and old cottinj. Creek* larger tnan hairlino uo to X** wwo mould Ot nuttl. eaened out and ortmad with 36-V-5 Chimney Oum Oum Primtr and fillad with Calk, fill larfor crscxs wttlt dutek-trcting etment. Naw eamont Ottawa should ot trtattd to ntutraliat alkali conant. Pnmt-tntirt lurftet with 36-V-5 Chimnty Oum Oum Primtr. NOTICE: Thu product is for industrial ust only mg it net mttnotd or tuiuoa lor uu m or around a nousanoid or dwelling. WARNING: VAPOR HARMFUL. CAUSES IRRI TATION. COMBUSTIBLE, contains - ORGANIC SOL VENTS. Avoid ortanting vapor. Avoid conact with vs. skin, and clothing, Kttp away from haat ano epan llama. Wash thoroughly afttr handling. Uat wttn adtauatt vtnma. non. Wttr an air wspiitd mask to avoid brtathing eonein. trattd vapors in anaotad areas. Kttp contamvr esostd. FI RST AIO". If inhaltd, remove to fraah air. If not brtatnmg givt artificial rtiwretion, prtfaraMy moutn-to-moutn. Call a physician. In caat of contao. immadiattly flush tvts wren pianty of wattr for at laatt 15 minutes. Cali a ehvsn esan. I Mobil Chemical Company / MAINTENANCE & MARINE COATINGS DEPARTMENT Edison. Now Jtrsty 0SB17 P.0. Box 250 / T#l: (201) 2I7-2S2S BttumonL Toxaa 7770* P 0. Box 3<31 / Tl: (713) <35-5324 Kxnkakot, Illinois 50901 901 North Grotnwood A.tnua / Tot: ISIS) 933-5561 Las Angoios Arts / Axuss. California 91702 -.334 '.vast Ta.-.tn Strttt ! Ttl: (213) 334-3251 Louisvilid. Kentucky 4C21C (Railroad Ceilings) 1630 Wait run Swat: *i: (502) 774-uti r',n trMcit ma <n>'iw a<" Ontr. **#tt/ fv-wa Cr<* ifti. c |-i i Sic ***. |r.i.Ur tit *' MOB-HarrisMaster 00222 (Mobil l976g { NOVEMBER. 1*71/Printed tnU.SA ( I Thu tuotrwol srmot suoficstiona. I Hzzrt consult your Meou reortsentalive lor latest information ana recommendation* lor Mood Pronucn. SDUM DUM CAULK / 46-F-S An oil based caulking compound raeommtndac for glazing and tilling operations by knife or gun lor joints and cracks where movement is not a critical factor. Recommended specifically for use with 95 Series Masonoc. Excellent adhesion to previously primed surfaces and can be overeoated with conventional finishes attar 24 hours. / CHIMNEY OUM OUM / 97 Series v .. im wwu Chimney Oum Oum provides the same outstanding pro* teetive and waterproofing qualities as the 95 Series Masonoc, except mat it has been formulated tor use on concrete chimneys where additional heat resistance up to 210*F. is required. J*HI-HEAT OUM DUM / 46-F-7 OUM DUM MASONOC / 95 Series Masonoc is a heavy bodied textured coating designed as a weather seal, waterproofing,-and restoration coating lor all types of masonry structures. Pliability and elas ticity allow for building movement without cracking of me coating while a tough outer skin provides protection lor normal usage.'Its high build qualities permit hairline cracks to be bridged and sealed, and surface irregulari ties to be filled and uniformed. Masonoc also provides fine protection for steel with i is hign film Ouild and impermeability. Its excellent surlace wetting properties recommend use of this malarial n areas that cannot be cleaned too well, where there are numerous angles snd edges to protact, or when a single coat application is all that can be provided. A heavy semi-plastic fibred coating, which acts as a joint saalsr and pliable gasket.ior boilers, lumacat and dry kilns. Improves boiler efficiency by preventing heat leas. Ratains its elasticity at constant heat up to ITS* and intermittent heat to 350*. May be used as a complete cover to eliminate excess fuel consumption and can be paintad over in 24 hours. 'DUM DUM ARMORCOTE / 46-J-9 A specially compounded, heavy bodied product con taining asphalt, reinforcing pigment and high boiling hydrocarbons. Resistant to fumes, moisture, end sus tained temperatures up to 300*F. Used to protect and increase the ellieieney of brick boiler settings. May be applied to boilers even while they are in operation. CHIMNEY DUM OUM PRIMER / 35-V-5 A clear 100 percent solid heat resistant penetrating primer cesignad tor application to masonry surfaces Be neath Chimney Dum Oum Coatings. MASONOC PRIMER t 47-W-21 Masonoc primer is a normal paint like material which is to be used beneath the Masonoc eoating on all types of masonry surfaces to seal off snd eliminate surface porosity. Bnl croquet descriptions are given far the purpose et lecilitenng selection. Always rater to the individual Mobil Chemical Product Oats Sheets lor funner specific product recommendation* end use instructions. Mobil Chemical Company j MAINTENANCE fc MARINE COATINGS DEPARTMENT Edison, New Jersey MBIT P.O. Box 2S0 / Tel: (201) 287-2526 Beaumont. Texas 77704 P.O. Box 3431 / Tel: (713) 835-5324 Los Angeles Area / Azusa, California 91702 1004 West Tenth Street / Tel: (213) 334-8251 Louisville, Kentucky 40270 (Railroad Co***-**' 1630 west Hill street / Tel: (502) 774-441 MOB-HarrisMaster 00223 Mobil 1976b NOVEMBER. 1?S / Pruned m U.5A ( Thu iU0rveO*S all previous OuCltClIiora. a>**mv* eorouu your mom representative 10r latest information me tecorrvnenoilionj tor Mood Products. ^OUM DUM CAULK f 46-F-5 An oil bued caulking compound recommended tor gluing and filling operations by knife or gun tor joinu and cracks wnara movement is not a critical factor. Recommended specifically tor use witn 95 Series Muonoc. Excellent adhesion to previously primed sur faces and can be overcoated with conventional finishes after 24 hours. , CHIMNEY DUM DUM / 97 Series * uSa.n 4mwini II.M Chimney Qum Oum provides the same outstanding pro tective and waterproofing qualities as the 95 Series Masonoc, except that it has been formulated for use on concrete ehimneye where additional heat resistance up to 210*F. is required. JH^HEAT OUM OUM / 46-F-7 A heavy sami-plutlc fibred coating, which acts u a DUM OUM MASONOC / 95 Series joint scalar and pliable gasket lor boilers, furnaces and dry kilns. Improves boiler efficiency by preventing heat Muonoc is a heavy bodied textured coating designed as less. Reams .its elasticity at constant heat up to 175* a weather seal, waterproofing, and restoration coating and intermittent hut to 350*. May be used ss s complete for all types of masonry structures. Pliability and elas cover to eliminate cxceu fuel consumption and can be ticity allow for building movement without cracking ol painted over in 24 hours. tha coating while a tough outtr akin providu protection for normal usaga. Its- high build quaiilias eermit hairline AuM OUM ARMORCOTE / 46-J-9 cracks to be oridged and aaaltd, and turlaca irregulari ties to be filled end untlormed. A specially compounded, heavy bodied product con Muonoc also providu fine protection lor steel with taining uphait, reinforcing pigment and nigh boiling its high film build and impermaabiiity. Its excellent sur hydrocarbons. Resistant to fumes, moistura, and sus face wetting propertiu recommend use of this material tained temperatures up to 300* P. Usad to protect and in areu that cannot be cleaned too welt, where there inercue the etticieney of brick boiler settings. May be are numerous angles and sdgu to protaeL or when a applied to Ooilers even while they are in operation. single coat application is all that can be provided. CHIMNEY OUM OUM PRIMER / 38-V-5 tooA clear percent solid hast resistant penetrating primer designed for application to muonry surfaces be neath Chimney Dum Oum Coatings. MASONOC PRIMER / 47-W-21 Muonoc primer is a normal paint like material which is to be used beneath the Masonoc coating on aft types of masonry surfaeu to seal off and ilimmatt surface porosity. Brief product descriptions eie given lor the purpose or iscilitaiing selection. Always refer to me individual Mobil Chemical Product Pete Sheets ter funner specific product recommendations and use instructions. Mobil Chemical Company j MAINTENANCE & MARINE COATINGS DEPARTMENT Edison, New Jersey 08817 P.O. Box 250 t Tel: (201) 287-2626 Beaumont. Taxsa 77704 P.O. Box 3431 / Tal: (713) 835-5324 Los Angeles Ares / Azusa, California 91702 1004 Wtst Tenth Straat / Tel: (213) 334-8251 Louisville, Kentucky 40210 (Railroad f* 1630 west Hiu street / Tel: (502) T74m MOB-HamsMaster 00224 Mobil 1980 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET \jl ' --3P mtw= 9/26/80 FOR COATINGS. RESINS AND RELATED MATERIALS Section I u.NuPAcrunens namc 6IBS0N-H0MANS COMPANY 5Terr*ooti* 1755 Enterprise Pkwy\ city, state, .no zip cooe Twinsburg, OH uEKSEMcr telephone no 216/425--3255 NPCA 44087 OOUCTClASS M.NUP.CTuAES COOElOEHTIPICATION AX-2789-H iMGACDtKMr ASBESTOS FIBRE-FREE MOBIL 46F7 Section II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS RfRCfNT VA*0* etSUC Mineral Spirits *V 3.8 500 2.0 Section HI - PHYSICAL DATA__________________________ aiLMOMNoe Minera.i Spirits 310F. "TSFv*#0* OlNSlTY HtwKK. "O(.IBM* .A. THAN At* EV.NONATION NATE J__j PASTEG SLOmtn.THAN CTHEN PCNCENT lOLATlLE WCIONTNf* 12.54# Section IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA 3T CATEGOGY Combustible EXTINGUISHING MEDIA plash point Closed Cup 105F. minimum C02, Dry Chemical, Foam LEL NUSUALPIGf AND EXPLOSION NAEAGOS CIAL PINE PICHTInG P*OCEDUES Contains solvent, water rat effective. MOB-HarrisMaster 00225 Section V - HEALTH HAZARD DATA sholo limit value See Section II. wCTS 0 OvfAfxPOSU** Inhalation - possible dizziness, light headedness. -CBCfMCT AMO *ST AiOOCOu*S See physician. Flush with water. STaILITY ) | UNSTASH tOH STARLt MCOM*ATAOIL<T V | I* ***OOUS OCCOM*0$ITIOM RCOuCTS Section VI - REACTIVITY DATA CONDITIONS TO AVOIO SOUTCCS Of'IgnitlOn. A2AR00US PGLVUERI2ATION OMOITtONS TO AVOiO WAV OCCUR me WILL HOT OCCUH Section VII - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES ' TEPS TO RE Taken in CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPillGO Contain spill. Remove all sources of ignition. Scoop up and return to container. E disposal uETHOO 5 ^ Place in trash or use for landfill according to regulations. Section Vtlt - SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION tg5PATO^ pWOTCTON ventilation jot normally required. protectivecioves Not normally; if needed, use rubber gloves. eye protection Not normally. other PROTECTIVE equipment Section IX - SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS TO RE TAKEN Mt HANDLING ADO STORING Keep away from open flame. other PRECAUTIONS Store in accordance to NFPA, State and local regulations. ) MOB-HamsMaster 00226 Mobil 19xxa MOB-HarrisMaster 00227 ft PANORAMA COATINGS / 12 Series A compute line at attractive colon, designed to provide the "modem look" for all type* of industrial installations. These materials are formulated primarily for service in the industrlaJ-environmentt to combine weather durabil ity, resistance to mildly corrosive exposures, with good film build and ease of application with ail generally used methods. They provide excellent color retention and appearance throughout a long service lit*. STAINLESS STEEL PAINTS ' ', Stainless steel pigmented coatings in both one coat high build quality and finish coat materials for previously/ primed surfaces. Provide exealient durability and steel/ protection. u MOB1LTONE LATEX FLAT WALL FINISH / 77 S. This Vinyt Latex is a fiat interior finish that pro. uniformity of color and sheen... rapid drying... ea. application. Wide rang* of attractive colors mak, ideal for use on wails, callings and woodwork. HHKEAT CUM BUM / 46-F.7 This material acts as a Joint sealer and pliable ga for boilers, furnaces and dry kilns, it improves b< efficiency by preventing heat loss. Retains its eiast at constant hast up to 175* and intermittent heat to 3 A heavy semi-plastis fibred coating, It can be use e complete cover to eliminate excess fuel eonsump and can be painted over tn 24 hours. MOB-HarrisMaster 00228 i-iooij. laxxD Mob.i Chemical Protective Coatings Products Catalog MOB-HarrisMaster 00229 um Dum Products ;..V DUM MASONOC / 95 Series .it.is: is a heavy oodied textured coating de- : is a weather seal, waterproofing, and restocoating for alt types of masonry structures. : iz ano elasticity allow for building movement -: ji cracking of tne coating wnile a teugn outer : * prcvides protection for normal usage. Its nigh :. c dualities permit hairline cracks to be bridged r: ses;ed. and surface irregularities to be filled r: uniformed. .tsscnoe also provides fine protection lor steel --. :s nigh film build and impermeability: Its ex* .: t it surface wetting properties recommend use r vn s material in areas that cannot Pa cleaned tee .. at.sre there are numerous angles and tdges : or when a singia coat application is ali ~:: can be provided. ; -:/.`NcY DUM DUM PRIMER / 36-V-5 Vi sr too percent solid heat resistant penetrating : me.'`designed for application 10 masonry sur* ::** btneatn Chimnay Oum Dum Coatings. : .V. OUM CAULK / 46-F-5 - a Cited caulking compound recommended for : ic:"; and filling operations by knift or gun for : *:s and cracks whsra movement is not a critical lure*. Recommenced specifically for ust with 95 ^`ie-s Masonoe. Exeellant adhesion to previously surfaces and can ba overcoated with con* tirnal finishes alter 24 hours. CHIMNEY OUM OUM / 97 Series Chimney Oum Oum provides the same outstanding protective and waterproofing Qualities as the 95 Series Masonoe, except mat it has been formulated for use on concrete chimneys where additional neat resistance up to 210*F. is required. HI-HEAT OUM DUM / 46-F-7 A heavy semi-plastic fibred coating, which acts as a joint staler and pliaote gasket tor boilers, fur naces and dry kilns. Improves boiler efficiency by preventing heat loss. Retains its alasticity at con stant heat up to 175* and intermittent heat to 350*. May be used as a complete cover to eliminate ex cess fuel consumption and can bt painted over in 24 hours. CUM OUM ARMORCOTE / 46-J-9 A specially compounded, haavy bodied product containing asonatt; reinforcing pigment and high boiling hydrocarbons. Resistant to fumes, moisture, and sustained temperatures up to 300*F. Used-to protect snd increase tne efficiency of brick boiler settings. May be applied to boilers even wnile tney are in operation. MASONOC PRIMER / 47-W-21 Masonoe primer is a normal paint like material whten is to be used beneath the Masonoe coating on all typas of masonry surfaces to seal off and eliminate surface porosity. -:RYUC LATEX CALK / 46-W-5 *ur/f '; Latex Calk 4*W*6 is a high quality calking material designed for use around windows, doors. TTh; ng*, wall board joints or simitar openings that require seating, tt is particularly effective for mor* -T ;c nts and tor filling masonry cracks. Acrylic Letts Calk exhibits excellent weatherability. flexibility i*: g sod adhesion to wood, masonry, glass and metal. j-.-smz / 4S-x-io is a pice thread compound for sesi.ng ,c:n:s ,,-.c.-s. caps. e:c. :o prevent air and licuid ies*.s. ed in a semi-paste consistency. Jomtite n: -never "srser. and a-s.vs cisjcmmg years later with ecse. :t* use on joints m steam, gas. water, and air service. 2an oe used an potable water lines Not *et* * ended for use on gasoline or solvent .nes MOB-HarrisMaster 00230 Mobil I9xxc Mob.] Chemical Protective Coatings Products Cataiog MOB-HarrisMaster 00231 um Dum Products . V O'JM MASONOC / 95 Series iizntz is < nsavy bodied textured costing da* :.-tc is a wasmar sail, waterproofing. and resto* coating lor all typas of masonry structures. iz !tr/ and atastteity allow for Building movamant '"rut cracking of tne coating wnila a tougn outer crevides protection for normal usage. Its high . -c dualities permit hairline eraeks to be bridged ; sealed, and surface irregularities to be filled : .m.'ormed. `iscnoe also provides fine protection lor steal *. :s nigh film build and impermeability. Its ex* i *.t surface wetting properties recommend use s material in areas that cannot be cleaned too >. at.ere there are numerous angles and edges rrotect, or wnen a single coat application is all :: can oe provided. : *:/'NEY OUM OUM PRIMER / 38-V-5 :`c ir 100 percent solid heat resistant penetrating : "T.er 'designed for application to masonry sur* >:s beneath Chimney Oum Oum Coatings. : . Y. OUM CAULK / 46-F-5 s' Cased caulking compound recommended tor : and filling operations b^knife or gun lor : *:s and cracks where movement is not a critical ^:e*. Recommended specifically for use with 95 ^ifrs Masonoe. Excellent adhesion to previously :' me-a surfaces and can be overcoated with con*:~:i mil finishes after 24 hours. CHIMNEY OUM OUM / 97 Scries Chimney Oum Dum provides the same outstanding protective and waterproofing qualities as the 9i Series Masonoe. cxeept that it has been tormgiatec lor use on concrete enimneys where additional nea resistance up to 210'F. is required. HI-HEAT OUM OUM / 46-F-7 A heavy semi*piastie fibred coating, which acts as a joint sealer and pliable gasket ter ooilers. fur naces and dry kilns. Improves boiler efficiency by preventing heat loss. Retains its elasticity at con stant heat up to 175' and intermittent neat to 350*. May be used as a complete cover to eliminate ex cess fuel consumption and can be painted over in 24 hours. CUM OUM ARMORCOTE / 4S-J-9 A specially compounded, heavy bodied product containing asohalt, reinforcing pigment and high boiling hydrocarbons. Resistant to fumes, moisture, and sustained temperatures up to 300'F. Used to protect and increase the efficiency of brick boiler settings. May be applied to boilers even while they are in operation. MASONOC PRIMER / 47-W-21 Masonoe primer is a normal paint tike material wmen is to be used beneath the Masonoe coating on all types of masonry surfaces to seal off and eliminate surface porosity. -rsruc LATEX CAUC / 46-W-6 : Latex Calk 46-W-6 is a high quality calking material designed tor use around windows, doers. ` mings, wall board joints or similar openings that require sealing, it is particularly effective for mor-r ;c .its and for filling masonry eraeks. Acrylic Latex Calk exhibits excellent weatherability. flexibility f sod adhesion to wood, masonry, glass and metal. J-.-XTTTl / 46-X-10 is a pipe thread compound for sea*..-.; .omts .*.c.-s. caps. etc.. to prevent air and liquid tes*.s - stf in a semi-paste consistency. Jointi;* a-u: never "arse.*, and a;.ovs cisicmmg years later with ease. :*` us* on joints in steam, gas. water, ana air service. Can oe used on rotapie water lines. Not *ec ~~i need for use on gasoline or solvent .res MOB-HarrisMaster 00232