Document jyMKjDV626Oy6qmKJ8E7d1md9

FILE NAME Kohler KOH DATE 1936 DOC KOH107 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Journal Articles - The Journal of Industrial Hygiene yee THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY EDITORS DAVID L. EDSALL M.D. S.D. United States EDGAR L. COLLIS M.D. M.R.C.S. Great Britain VOLUME 18 - JANUARY DECEMBER 1936 PUBLISHED BY THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY Baltimore Md - ion of animal experiments the au- iews 60 cases of electric accidents longed heart damage In 36 cases E -: re nervous disorders with no objec- re ings in 11 cases heart changes had : before the accident and in 13 there SUBJECT INDEX usal relation between the accident REVIEWS ulatory damage in four of these ' -:. 4 Te TO TEXT AND BOOK BOOK VOLUME fibrillation which in 1 for 7 one case *S mage years and in others there This is a subject index to all tricular extra systoles regard HYGIENE and one should therefore therefore look for word cete ationof young workers with regard subject entry in parentheses Items The name of the author i itional rating T. F^...rst pp 175- 3 author index see page 801 starred are book reviews oteworthy is the explanation that jy st 5 years after overcoming the % undernourishment of the war and 2: period an increase in growth and *# ent of external appearance is but at the same time there is an. in functional heart and nervous sorders as the result of increased Holstein 1 in sport of all kinds apes T. 36. ABSENTEEISM sickness sickness absence PAGE and labor wastage Pt 1 Measurement and incidence in Leiper and Culpin wastage Greenwood and ACCIDENTS and diseases from chemical action electrical fatal electric von Smith BENZENE exposure urine urine sulfate PAGE deter- minations as measure Sayers Horvath exposure urine sulfate tions as measure of Yant Schrenk and BERYLLIUM OXYFLUORIDE by vapors of Gelman determina- monoxide poisoning and heart C. Kroetz pp 215-219 ~ published in the Deutsch Med ' vol 62 pp 1365 13618414 1417 eleky an abstract appears in this is Congress of Occupational Accidents Diseases Brussels methylalcohol mixtures relative toxicity anskaia Crieva and Mashbitz methylalcohol and their action on white mice BLISTERS see under SKIN DISEASES BLOOD pressure observations observations clinical studies in lead absorption Bel- concentration effect of nico- containing diets on of albino rats Wilson and ) MIR MIRb=oCrOnNeDiInTfIeOctNiIoNnGChope and Smillie 780 controlled hu- midity in industry Cheating and Allen Allen and Walker spital ., Yaglou Drinker 741 in normal life Drinker . ALLERGY and neoplasia with special low concentra- tions of toxic effects effects of Wiley Hueper and von von Oettingen CARBON MONOXIDE asphyxia and re- suscitation with with oxygen and carbon poisoning Drinker 2.0000) 0000007 637 formation formation Hueper occupational occupational tumor ANTHRACO SILICOSIS among hard coal miners Sayers Bloomfield DallaValle Jones Dreessen Dreessen Brundage ANTHRAX Brundage infection 337 infection prevention of in textile processing Mac- survey e eee cee employees 357 poisoning from compresedcompressed air Bernz ) CARBON TETRACHLORIDE TETRACHLORIDE chronic toxicity of animal animal exposures and field studies Smyth Smyth Smyth and Car- CHARCOAL activated BUTADIENE chloroprene toxicity and pathology pathology and mechanism of action von von Oettingen Hueper Deichmann Gruebler and incidence gnosis pulmonary incidence gnosis Donnelly CHLOROPRENE , its toxicity pathology mechanism of action von Oet- dust McPheeters McPheters termination of solvent rans of activated and Coleman Gruebler and Wiley CHROMIUM toxicology Brard CIRCULATION of young workers occupational with with PULMONARY ASBESTOSIS INCIDENCE AND * PROGNOSIS en. J. DONNELLY M.D. abe ek Mecklenburg Sanatorium Huntersville N. ITHIN a comparatively short effective types of suction apparatus W time the occupational disease now in use will remove a maximum e W W e pulmonary asbestosis hns be- of not over 90 per cent of the dust Oe come a matter of considerable impor- but the remaining 10 per cent may be mee Ree tance not only to manufacturers of definitely injurious In 1918 proter- St asbestos products but also to the tive devices of the suction type were worknien engaged in the industry placed in a certain asbestos mill and That the serious industrial hazard of yet 15 years later cases of asbestosis this type of work has not previously received sufficient attention is becom- with fatal termination were reported among workers from this plant Sines ing more apparent The manufacture of asbestos products has increased more than four in the last 20 the most efficient type of protective machinery known apparently does not completely protect Although the num- years and hence because of the ber of workers affected is probably greater number of workers exposed and the more frequent recognition as a pathological entity of the resulting pulmonary condition the subject of asbestosis has rapidly assumed greater importance It is indicated that the owners of somewhat reduced and the time re- quired for the production of an advanced type of disease is probably lengthened the problem becomes a matter for serious consideration In the case of any industrial em- ployee presumed to be physically asbestos plants and the workers them- handicapped by any condition or dis- te selves are beginning to realize that case supposedly caused or aggravated me exposure to asbestos dust is a serious occupational hazard and it also is by conditions under which he has worked there enters the question of apparent that these workers must be compensability Pulmonary asbesto- protected against the hazard as effec- sis has not as yet been widely recog- fively as is possible That this pro- nized as a compensable disease in tection can be made complete seetns states having laws governing the very doubtful It seems to be the compensation of workers If such opinion of engineers that the most cases are viewed as compensable under the Industrial Compensation Laws Received for publication January 2 1936 Rend before the Industrial Hygiene Sec- tion of the American Public Health Associntion at the Fourth Annual Meeting in Milwaukeo Wis Oct. 9 1935 it will be necessary to decide the degree of disability in each individual in order that proper rating may be inade my my as a. Bion Teg et, a: ote ele hak cian - oP aa os, sO . PULMONARY ASBESTOSIS 223 Practically all writers on the subject are agreed that the principal ymptom of the condition is a varying degree of dyspnea and that the physical signs are those found in fibroid tuberculosis Henec a definite ding- nosis cannot be made by a physical examination alone The ray film however is distinctive in that it shows a picture of pathological pathological changes in several particulars different from those found in the ray films of any other respiratory abnormality The presence of the condition can be dem- onstrated by the ray film alone but the degree of disability cannot be estimated unless the symptoms and physical signs are also considered The dyspnes is usually out of proportion to other symptomatic manifestations and is the one symptom which in the more advanced cases precludes any form of muscular exertion For that reason an ashestotic victim is unable to sell his labor on the open market and must be rated as totally disabled I have seen no statistics in the literature in regard to the incidence of asbestosis among the workers in the industry It would seem to be a matter of some importance to determine the average number of employees who may be now or who are likely to become disabled by the condition I have lately had occasion to review the ray films of 151 workers in asbestos mills Of these fifty showed definite evidence of asbestosis in varying degrees Of the 151 eightysix had worked in asbestos for periods varying from 4 to 20 years and in this group were found fifty of the positive cases a percentage of 59.3 There was only one case with definite ray evidence of asbestosis who had worked less than 1 years in the industry Of the 52 workers with evidence of asbestosis only four had worked less than 5 years eight having been employed for 5 years or more There were eleven with an advanerd type one of whom had worked less than 8 years One of these advanced euses had been exposed to asbestos dust for 8 years two for 9 and one each for 11 12 11 15 16 17 and 20 years Unfortunately I have no record of the length of service of these employees in the various departments of the mills all of which are unquestionably unquestionably dusty but it is agreed that the carding room is the dustiest and the weave room probably next It is presumed that the dustier the work the more likelihood there is that pathological changes in the lungs may result It is noteworthy however that some employees work in asbestos plants for years without suffering any pathological changes in the lungs as far as can be detected in the ray films In this series of 151 employees ninety showed no positive evi- dence of asbestosis in the films Five had worked in asbestos for 6 years three for 7 three for 8 four for 9 six for 10 one for 1 and one for 15 years All the others had worked for periods varying frota few months to 5 years Since the percentage of those in the series who were affected was so high it seems remarkable that miny could be entirely free from the condition even after years of expo- SUTE Siner this proce is infees tions the term physical resistance to disease is not applicable It is true that muscular development avails SIT oe 221 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Apr. 19 nothing as a protection against the disease since well developed men are culosis One had been working in asbestos for 10 years annther for as frequently affected as those not so 4 years and the third for 2 years well developed It is also possible Thero was no evidence in the file that some individuals may be sus- that the presence of asbestosis had ceptiblo even though exposed to low yet had any tendency to activate the concentrations of dust tuberculous lesion The films of 27 It is the opinion of some writers workers showed evidence of tuberen- that the inhalation of asbestos dust and the consequent production of asbestosis has a tendency to exacerbate lous infection without any pathologied pathologied changes indicating asbestosis of these eleven showed healed childhoo old tuberculous lesions This opinion is apparently not universal Mere- wether 1 says from a review of 12 type tuberculosis but none of these had worked longer than 15 month in asbestos Two workers showed fntal enses of confirmed asbestosis it appears that asbestosis is less fre- healed childhood type tuberculosi with no asbestosis one of whom quently accompanied by tuberculosis than is silicosis Gardner and Cum- had spent 8 years in the work ani the other 6 years There were 5 film - mings 2 state that primary tuberculous infection is influenced only to a showing apparently arrested adult typ disease with no asbestosis These limited degree by inhaled asbestos Egbert 3 in an analysis of 28 cases of pulmonary asbestosis with fatal termination as reported in the litera- films were of employees who had spent the following periods in this work One each for 4 6 7 and 9 years and one no term of servien ture found that tuberculosis was given There was 1 case with an present in only 6 cases of the 28 and in only 3 instances was death due primarily to tuberculosis it is universally agreed that silicosis does tend to exacerbate old tuberett Jous lesions In fact more or less rapidly progressive tuberculosis is considered the most frequent and apparently healed and calcified miliary tuberculosis with a history of only s months service in the industry In the 151 films there were only four which from an ray standpoint were diagnosed as probably active tuberculosis of the adult type One of these had been in service for i most serious complication of silicosis months and one each for 15 months Boisdiniere 1 says that silica is the for ti years and for 10 years Since 1 only producing dust servations for several years In obI have case had worked only 5 months and another 15 months it would seem ita- bern unable to find evidence that the inhalation of asbestos dust or the probable that this type of work could be the cause of their netive disease condition asbestosis itself has any particularly as the Bens of both enses tendency to render active old apparently healed tuberendous lesions In this series of 151 workers there were indicated a chronic ype of disease and apparently not an acute exacerba- tion There remain for consideration three who had a definite asbestosis in addition to apparently healed tuber- 2 active cases with 6 and 10 years service respectively Agreeing that - FSET . epee eee e 5 ty, pal 18 no 4 PULMONARY ASHESTOSIS ASHESTOSIS 205 the work in asbestos may have aggra- vated their pulmonary condition 2 cases of active tuberculosis in 151 workers seems a decidedly low per- rating the eventual degree of disability of worker either in the assessment of datages in civil suits or in claims under State Compensation Laws centage if this type of industrial Sparks 5 states that the disease is occupation has any tendency per se to exacerbate old tuberculous lesions Tuberculosis of an active type may be found quite as frequently in the routine examination of workers in any industry regardless of whether or not the occupation be dusty Case I. The ray films of one man who has worked approximately 10 apparently progressive not even the ressation of exposure to the dust checking its spread Wood and Gloyue 6 state that oner asbestosis bodies are found in the sputum the course of the discuse appears pro- gressively downward and cessation of exposure then does not check the spreal years in asbestos illustrates the fact that employment in this industry even for a long time does not tend always Many writers consider that silicosis is a progressive disease regardless of whether or not there lias been ressa- to activate old tuberculous lesions The first lin taken April 2 1930 shows some fine fibrosis on both sides from the 6th to the 9th posterior ribs thickened interlobular pleura with tion of exposure However Sayers 7 says that a man suffering from simple silicosis generally improves when removed from the dusty atmos phere and placed in suitable surround- some involvement of the diaphragmatic pleura and a slightly shaggy heart outline these pathological ings Boisliniere 4 says Silicosis by no means always progresses after the hazaud has ceased nor does it changes indicating a probable asbes- always produce tuberculosis tosis which is not very far advanced In addition to this condition the filmi shows a tuberculous infiltration in the right apex which appears to be in a quiescent state The second film taken May 3 1935 indicates that the It is reasonable to assume that the eventual effert of the inhalation of dust which sometimes contains as much as 99 per cent silica might be somewhat more severe than that caused by a dust which contains a tuberculous lesion still remains innetive although a period of 5 years lous maximum of only 2.6 per cent It seems to be true however that the elapsed since the previous film was taken This inun left the usbestos fibrosist in asbestosis is produced by a much shorter exposure than is the industry for a while during this period but returned to it about 2 years ago One of the most important problems in the consideration of pulmonary asLe tosis is whether or not the disease is progressive even after an individual rule in silicosis mings 2 say Gardner and Cum- The particles and elongated fibers of asbestos dust do not during this period 2 years and 5 months penetrate so deeply into the air passages of the hung as do the handicapped by it ceases to work in the industry Information on this question is of considerable moment in other dusts previously studied The major portion is held up and phagocytosed in the lumina of respiratory SE we we. . fh a ADS bp . i, ao a aoe . es a .* me fd h ae ea: Var . oa aaodt. ao te Me tans + awe wey 7 f 4 226 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Apr. 1951 bronchioles and the alveoli given off from their walls Since the condition is not an infectious process it should not continue to progress on removal of the causative factor Gard- ner and Cummings 2 stato that the asbestosis body and the production of fibrous tissue in the lung is caused by hydrolysis of asbestos fibers in the tissues Theoretically then extension of the pathological process should continue until all asbestos fibers re- maining in the lung are hydrolyzed which may require a considerable time Several of my cases seen to indicate that the rapidity of progress of the fibrotic change in the lungs after cessation of exposure is dependent to some extent on the amount of involvement which necurred before the indi- vidual ceased work illustrate this point consideration of additional ray films of 3 cases reported in 1933 may be of interest Case II D. S. W. white male Ceased work in card room of asbestos plant in January 1929 after working only 18 months The first film was taken June 13 1931 and shows a fairly extensive fine fibrosis a slinggy heart outline and some involvement of the pleura The second film was taken on March 8 1935 approximately years later Compatison of the two films indicates that in the 4 year interval the densities at the hila have increased noticeably the palinonary fibrosis has ex- tended toward the apices and the hypertrophy of both the right and left heart has increased Symptomatically the dyspnea has noticeably increased within the last year The man has not been exposed to asbestos dust since January 1929 Case III A. B. white stale Quit his work in the card room of mo asbestos plant in June 1931 after having worked continuously for years The first film was taken dure 13 1031 the second film Janusry uns 1935. The first film shows a bilater t fibrosis over the lower thirds et the lungs the usual ahnggy heart outline and adhesive pleurisy advnced Th ense was diagnosed advanced ve bestosis The last film showa na extensive progression of the condition the fibrosis having extended into the apices and also become more dense In spite of the fact that this man har had no exposure for a period of 3 years the condition has steadily be come more extensive At the time this is written he has begun to s ow symptoms of progressive heart failure and a fatal termination seems in- evitable Case IV R. G. J. white male Quit his work in the card room of an asbestos plant in April 1930. The first film was taken April 23 1930 and shows fine fibrosis and mottling over the lower lung fields with some shagginess of the heart outline and pleural adhesions The next lilin taken September 2 1931 16 months after the first film shows some increase in the pulmonary fibrosis This man under rest treatment improved his general physical condition materially He was advised not to returu to work in an asbestos plant but he and not heed this advice because he felt that he must make an attempt to care for his family He started to work again in May 1933 and continued until October 1934 when he was forced again to leave his job The final film taken August 30 1934 le. ite oer . vol 18 no 4 ASBESTOSIS 227 depicted indicates extensive progression of the fibrosis well up into the apices and a definitely hopeless outlook In fact this man is beginning to manifest the physical signs and symptoms of progressive cardiac failure which in my opinion is the terminal result most frequently met with in pulmonary The rate of progress of the condition in Case II and the extensive progress in Case III even though there was cessation of exposure in both cases qualifies the statement of Wood and Gloyne 6 that once asbestosis bodies are found in the sputum the course of the disease appears progres- sively downward Asbestosis bodies were not found in the sputum of Case II but were found in that of Case III The sputum of Case IV was at first negative for the bodies but they are present since the condition has become far advanced Inciden- tally careful examination of the sputum of cases with definite asbestotic involvement in the lungs frequently fails to exhibit asbestosis bodies The high percentage of pulmonary asbestosis 34.4 found in this series of 151 workers indicates unquestion- ably the need for more complete protection of employers in asbestos mills Sufficient evidence has been produced to prove that the inhalation of asbestos dust is productive of serious impairment of health In fact the victim of asbestosis as a rule eventu- ally becomes totally disabled from engaging in any form of labor The most prominent and lasting symptom of this disease is dyspnea and this is out of all proportion not only to the physical signs found in the lungs but also to the pathological changes PULMONARY in the ray films It is this symptom which very frequently precedes any form of physical exertion Furthermore even in those cases in which the ray films show a negligible increase in the pathological process over a period of years there is no indicates improvement in the dyspnea Serial ray films indicate that the condition is slowly progressive even when exposure has been discontinued for several years The prognosis for extension of life after cessation of exposure in the cases in which involvement is not far advanced is encourag- ing but the hope for amelioration of the dyspnea is not encouraging An industrial worker is entitled to every protection that may safeguard his health so that he may earn a livelihood for himself and family for at least a reasonable period of years in the work in which he is most skilled If he is prevented from con- tinuing in such work because of im- pairment of health through no fault of his own he is entitled to some remuneration for his loss of earning power That protection of asbestos workers has been woefully lacking in the past has been definitely shown It is imperative that such protection as nearly complete as possible be provided by mill owners protective devices will be expensive in the final check Efficient far less up than the aggregate of numerous claims for compensation and frequent damage suits That complete protection can be afforded by the devices in use at the present time seems to be somewhat doubtful but workers are entitled to the highest type of protection which the engineers familiar with the hazard can provide 228 * JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY = 1 . BIBLIOGRAPHY Merewatnen E. R. .; A meinorandum 1. an asbestosis Tuberele 18 0n 100 152 1933 1934 2. 2. Gardner L. U. and Cummings D. E Studies on experimental pneumokonio- sis VI Inhalation of asbestos dust its effect upon primary tuberculous infection Tina Jour 13 05 1931 3. Kannur D. .: Pulmonary asbestosis Report of a caso with necropay findings Am Rev. Tubero $ 25 1935 4. Boisliniene L. .: Bilicosis and cilj tuberculosis J. Missouri State S Asboc 30 31M 1933 5. Sparks J. V Pulmionary usbestimm Radiology 17 1219 1931 6. Wood W. B. and Gloyne 8. R t monary asbestosis Lancet 218 11 1930 7. SATERS R. .: Silico- sReivsie-w history pathology and preventi U. S. Pub Health Repts 39 - 1034 oer ne e e wean oe a ee e ne D TOXICOLOGY Apr. 1956 iere L. C Silicosis and silico silico State Med ulosis J. Missouri , 30 309 1933 oe asbestosis J. .: Pulmonary logy 17 1249 1931 V. B. and GloTNE S. R - j & y asbestosis Lancet 218 445 R. .: Silicosis of * 4 pathology and prevention Pub Health Repts 49 595 A SURVEY OF A GROUP OF EMPLOYEES EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS DUST S. B. MCPHEETERS Charlotte North Carolina TT HE dangerous dust diseases are the cause of the distinctive pul- silicosis and asbestosis are be- monary fibrosis called asbestosis ing widely studied at present Gardner writes that these asbestos oe It has been estimated that there are particles are phagocytosed as they are e more than 750,000 silicotics in the caught on the irregular walls of the oe United States while there are only terminal bronchioles The phagocytes wre 35,000 to 40,000 persons engaged in for the most part migrate directly into the asbestos industry in the world the substance of the adjacent walls In the United States in 1929 a total and there stimulate growth of connec 9,237 persons were said to be em- tive tissue cells There results a ployed in the manufacture of asbestos collar of fibrous tissue about the ter- products other than steam packing and pipe and boiler covering While it employs a relatively small number of persons the asbestos industry has had a remarkably rapid expansion and by reason of the widespread and varied uses of its products which include minal bronchioles which contracts and constricts the tubes The constriction produces collapse of the distal alveoli atelectasis The collapsed area be- comes fibrous from mechanical causes collapse induration In asbestosis unlike silicosis there is little or no matches filter pads paints roofing high pressure jointing electrodes brake linings clutch rings and insulating material in a great variety the industry occupies an important increasing and permanent place in our economic establishment Asbestos is described chemically as a hydrated silicate of magnesia containing little iron and almost no calcium It is a fibrous mineral which can be split up into flexible fibers for spinning and weaving When it is transport of dust into the lymphatic system and no nodule formation Intervening units between the affected lobules not being involved still contain air and permit the passage of rays Consequently the roentgenogram fails to show massive homogene- ous shadows The appearance on the film has been frequently likened to ground glass This paper reports the results of a survey of 210 persons exposed to asbestos dust The conditions im- processed some of these fibers are fragmented The fine fragments are inhaled by the workers It is the particles smaller than 10 microns which Received for publication January January 7 1936 posed upon the survey did not permit the thoroughness of study to be desired but all of the employees were given a brief general clinical examination which included taking their past 229 Ee: awe 230 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY pr 1996 EXPOSURE T health and occipational history and a physical examination No labora- fory examinations were made All had a single film made of the chest The dust concentrations are not equal in the various departments In the preparation department the proeesses of grinding erushing and mixing are carried out Here the quantity of dust is greatest and consists almost dred and twenty 58.5 per cent were regarded as showing fields that were normal except for a small primary tubereulous focus in one Of the 210 films three 25.2 per cent were regarded as showing definite or questionable evidence of asbestosis of the three 20 films were classed as questionable Had stereoscopie res takes been allowed it is believed that somethin management states that like 95 per cent of employees contin in the department in which they bega it has been assumed in the discussio that the employee has been at 1 present work throughout his exposur From this analysis it appears th of 9 persons exposed for more than years to dust concentrations effecti in producing disease four 44 per cer TABLE 1 this number could have been greatly reduced The indispensability of a / ANALYSIS OF Group of } NUM | FEH HER CENT competent roentgenologie technic needs to be emphasized Thirty- Total examined ; ee 210 three films 15.7 per cent showed Normal lungs . 1 Pulmonary fibrosis linear type Heavy linear shadows in the cardiophrenic angle 123 9 58 S 43 HW} 52 definite asbestosis in twenty 11.8 per cent the process was moderate in extent and in eight 3.8 per cent Cardiovascular pathology Pleural adhesions 0. f 11 y 33 more advanced In the remaining 34 films various types of thoracic pathol- Azygos lobes 2) 0.9 ogy were noted none of which were Bony pathology a 4} 19 ascribable to asbestos dust Oo pericardial adhesions Bronchiectasis beens 417 3 3 1 Table 2 presents the normal lung 15-24 years Number in each age period . Dyspnea 6.2.2... abnormalities abnormalities Cardiovascular abnormalities Chest expansion 0... --. Number in each grade. . Years of exposure oo... .- . | 3- 3- | 0-1 | 2 1-2 | | | Departments Asbestosis questionable 000... 20 9.5 group and shows the distribution of Preparation Asbestosis moderate 0000 Asbestosis advanced 000... ooo... Primary pulmonary tubercu Josis Primary fori 0 0 Calcified lymph nodes ., 0... 25 8 3.8 6 28 a1 23 the group in the various periods the incidence of cardiovascular abnor- malities seen in the films and dyspnea according to periods the number with chest expansions averaging ap- Carding . 20... Mule spinning .... 3 Spooling ... Twisting .......... Winding . 19 Ring spinning .. 0.2... Secondary pulmonary tubercu- Josis Minimal eee Moderately advanerd 0. Far advanced 000 oo, proximately 4 inch 1 inches 2 inches and 3 inches the total number 2 0.9 of employees in each department 4] 1.9 oO; } whose lungs were normal and the numbers and lengths of exposure to asbestos dust of those in the several entirely of asbestos particles In the other departments the material proc departments Table 3 shows the incidence and essed is a mixture of asbestos and extent of asbestosis from increasing rotton Here the proportion of as- periods of exposure in the several bestos particles is less and the total departments In this table employers dust is also less are placed in the department where Table 1 summarizes the various they work at present It is obviously types of pathology noted in the films _ a practical impossibility to trace the Of the 210 persons examined forty transfer of each individual from de- were negroes The films of one hun- partment to department and we the Weaving Leas Maintenance Total eee oo... .- wa | 61 I escaped asbestosis of 32 persons posed for more than 10 years similar concentrations fourteen per cent escaped of 70 persons exposed for more than 5 years fo five 64 per cent escaped and of persons exposed for more than 2 y~- and less than 5 twenty 85 cent escaped Prolonged exposur producing concentrations dust alone does not seem to have h rol 18 no 41 EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS DUST , 231 management states that something like 95 per cent of employers continue in the department in which they began it has been assumed in the discussion that the employee has been at his present work throughout his exposure From this analysis it appears that of 9 persons exposed for more than 15 years to dust concentrations effective in producing disease four 44 per cent sufficient in these cases Attention is a great percentage of to produce asbestosis called to the fact that in the same department that is where the concentration of dust is the same some exhibit the disease after a short exposure while others after much longer exposures escape Nor is the incidence of disease always as great among those who have been TABLE 2 ANALYSIS OF Group of Employees with Normal Lungs AGE 15-24 years | 25-34 years | 35-44 years 45-54 years | 55-64 years Number in each age period .. Dyspnea 6... eee ones Cardiovascular abnormalities Chest expansion & = .........., Number in each grade Years of exposure .........- 36 1 0-1 2 1-2 57 6 2 1-2 67 2-5 22 I 3 | 2-3 48 5-10 6 2 1 2 | 3-4 in 2 | Not re- corded 3 3 10-15 15-20 TOTAL 123 9 9 123 Departments 4 I 5 tg 0.0055 Pre sppinanirna g tion ra Carding 6 4 4 2 ...00.....0-0-..0 Mule 5 l 4 1 .......- Spooling ........-.....0655 3 2 4 1 Twisting 11 1 5 i 16 ,, 13 10 18 30 Winding .....0...0..0..6. 19 1 7 3 n Ring spinning 1 I 2 20 Fg Weaving 8 31 020 I - Maintenance 4 3 020 0 Total oo. aes ooo 61 14 35 10 3 123 escaped asbestosis of 32 persons ex- posed for more than 10 years to similar concentrations fourteen 43 per cent escaped of 70 persons so exposed for more than 5 years forty- ive 64 per cent escaped and of 28 persons exposed for more than 2 years and less than 5 twenty 85 per cent escaped Prolonged exposure to producing concentrations of dust alone does not seem to have been exposed for equal periods in departments where concentration of dust is greater as among those who work in departments where it is less The incidence of disease increases with the duration of exposure and the concentration of effective dust but not directly or constantly No length of exposure or concentration of dust produced the disease in more than 60 per cent of persons exposed in any eed. ee ta JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY department It seems to be true everywhere that some workers are not affected however long the exposure or high the concentration These facts suggest differences in suscepti- bility As to what deficiencies in defense or possible reinforcements of the attack exist in those in whom asbestosis occurs other than the recognized difference in the compe- zs were made to observe the behavior of respiration in response to the changing ventilatory demands of graded physical exercise Dyspnea here means that the persons replied yes when asked Do you have any shortness of breath under ordinary circumstances This yes is understood as meaning that these persons when engaged in usual activities were with TABLE 3 Analysis of Effect and Duration or Exposure In Various DepartmenTS DURATION OF EXPOSUKN 0-2 years 3-5 years 6-10 years 10-15 years 15-20 years Moderate employees Questionable Moderate Questionable DEPARTMENTS sebestosis employees Questionable asbestosia Questionable employees employees QuestionableQuestionable employeesQuQeuessttiioonnaabbllee Advanced employes Number Number Preparation 3 3 Carding Mule spinning 871 871 871 55 55 Spooling ... 33 33 Twisting .. ~ +f 1515 Winding .... .... 20 Ring spinning 11 11 Weaving ... 1010 Maintenance 66 66 86 86 33 33 22 22 11 33 33 1 1 5 4} 8! 4) Moderate 2 3 1 employe s employe s Questionable No Moderate Questionable Advanced 7232 7232 7232 7232 13513 13513 13513 13513 4 86 86 72) } 65 65 Yy-| 971 971 971 98 98 -- 1 1 129 2 5j 3] -- 1) 1 7132 7132 7132 32 - 32 ANNN- 3! ANNN- 6] ANNN- --- --- 5 --- -- 13 3 -- Moderate TOTAL TOTAL 3 -- - 12 -- 21 12 5 . 1 1 1] 2 1 12 -12 -- | 5 - 3 Total 7170 - Number with 2824 22 22 7045 812 5 321479 321479 321479 2 9422 9422 9422 9422 2 33 dyspnea 3. 12 Cardiovascular disease. 3. 3. 12 12 2333 2333 2333 2333 2333 2333 2333 2333 33 33 33 ,, 124 124 24 tency of the protective mechanisms in different individuals no conjecture is ventured ve As of silicosis dyspnes may be said to be the characteristic symptom of asbestosis The dyspnes here re- - ported does not refer to more fre- . : quent more forceful or embarrassed > operations of the respiratory mecha- nisms objectively manifest No tests greater or less frequency conscious of an unaccustomed sense of inadequacy attending the ' ventilatory process This experience was not infrequent among persons with lungs roentgeno- -{ logically and by physical examination normal occurring in 8.1 per of cent The experience was more than twice _, as frequent among those with definite * asbestosis Six of the 33 asbestotics ts fe pol 18 no 41 EXPOSURE 18.1 per cent stated that they h | Bre sonic shortness of breath three of ES ie 25 moderate cases and three of the more advanced But the most US" vanced cases showed no special respi a tory effort during examination a Fio Moderate asbestosis He Do Do cyanosis and none declared cg of or ae 9 their impaired impaired impaired ability ability to jobs Among the carry carry o o thirty twier . Fasbestoties dyspnea was twier my frequent in those under 45 yea age 42.1 per cent as in those age J 45 years of shatter 'e 21.4 per cent Lhe c os . +EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOSASBESTOS DUST | 18.1 18.1 per cent stated that they had 6 sonic shortness of breath three of the =. 25 moderate cases and three of the 8 more advanced But the most ad- * vanced eases showed no special respiratory effort during examination and of the twenty cardiovascular with ddyyspnsea pne|a showed cardiovascular pathology in the films and also had high blood pressure but none of the five had definite asbestosis Dr. William S. McCann reminds us Respiration is Heavy pectoral museles exaggerate the . of fibrosis appearance * no cyanosis and none declared lacknot a function of the lungs alone but of or impaired ability to carry on at of the heart blood and tissue ability their jobs Among the thirty . to absorb oxygen and also to undergo | asbestoties dyspnea was twice as frequent in those under 45 years of oxygen 42.1 per cent as in those over 45 years of age 21.4 per cent Five oxygen want such as the muscles of athletes withstand oxygen want _ Decreased chest expansion may be 234 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY twee Apr. 1936 ge said to be the cardinal sign of asbesto- plained of shortness sis Among the normal lung the of breath Of ' + 56 per cent had group eleven with moderate asbestosis 9 f an expansion under 2 and the three with advanced asbestosis inches 44 per cent above 2 inches who had worked | In the group with definite more than 10 years 69.6 asbestosis one 7.1 per cent complained of per cent had a chest expansion of less than 2 inches 30.4 per cent had shortness of breath these fourteen men had chest an expansion above 2 expansions which com- inches The . pared favorably with the normal proportion of those with the lower * group Sixty and lung thirds ey degree of expansion was increased cent of these had about 24 cent among the asbes- chest per & 14 asbestotics a totics Chest expansion under 2 inches expansion depends not whereas 56 per cent of the only on lung distensibility but on the lung had the normal J: mobility of the bony and soft tissues group But 78.9 of same limits of the thoracic cage and of the dia- per cent those with definite phragm It is often asbestosis who had worked in dust astonishing how under 10 years had chest . training and practice can rapidly in- under 2 inches and expansion crease chest expansion The indi- 26.3 per cent vidual learns to exercise fully anatomic complained of shortness of breath The older persons whether with mod- capacities which were present prior to erate or the training , more advanced asbestosis From the appear better adjusted to the disease foregoing findings it The appears that the average exposure for the entire sense of air assumption that a group with asbestosis was 10.2 years - want and restricted chest for those with moderate asbestosis expansion are due to an existing asbestotic involvement of the lungs 10.3 years and for those with advanced - roentgenologically manifest should not asbestosis paradoxically 10.0 - 2 be made too i _ years If the entire group with as- hastily -- bestosis is divided into those below Studying the compatibility of as- and those above 40 bestosis with length of life and work years of age the it is to be noted that One exposure of those with moderate employee with advanced asbestosis above the asbestosis below 40 years of age was 9.5 years and above 40 age of 55 who had worked in dust 12.4 years of age more than 15 years was still able to years For those with advanced asbestosis the corresponding averages work One employee 54 years old were 9 and 11 with advanced asbestosis who had years respectively te Advanced asbestosis may exist in worked in dust more 10 years was still able late periods with working ability ' . to work Three em- * not impaired below the level of con- was required = ployees with moderate asbestosis and .. above the age of 44 who had worked tinued employability in the depart- -: 25 ment where the disease . i er re in dust more than 10 years were still was incurred = able to work Of this very rapid development of the group of 5 ' asbestotics above the age of 44 three disease was noted Only 2 cases occurred where the exposure had been | witwihth madovdaenrcaetde asbestosis and two less than 5 years As a rule 5 or asbestosis one com- more years of exposure 4 j EXPOS eg a 18 4 let 'i Bees vol 18 no 4 to to cause the disease No c | ~ erate~ erateor massive lesions such a ear inin silicosis where infection @A=* silicosis silicosis infection infection is is s posed were found in these a ees cases , The progression of the me evidence presented as effect effect of asbestosis upon tuber this survey is somewhat 1. Apical tuberculous infiltratio noted in the films of 17 emp f there was no other evidence of tu the disease No cause conglomassumed most these erateor massive lesions such as - occur that of infiltra- in silicosis where infection is superini- posed _ were found in these asbestosis tions formed in the late teen age or Let before 25 years of age then exposures cases The progression of the disease to asbestos dust varying from 5 to 15 _, in this group was very slow 2+ years had produced no evidences of Fig Fig 2. Upper Fig 2. Ad- vanced asbestosis oa emphasized at left base lung fields emphysematous ws . emphysematous s sah evidence presented as to the activationactivation to be seen in the films - . Theeffectof asbestosis upon tuberculosis Four of these apical tuberculous in- . filtrations and n this survey is somewhat limited7 were found in asbestotie*s' tuberculous infiltrationwastwo with moderate two with more minimal and 4 moderately advanced American Sanatorium Association Classification One moderately ad- vanced lesion was found in a man 24 years old who had been exposed to asbestos dust in the winding depart- - ,_ Apr. 1936 garded good One himself as in | health health health of the moderately advanced le- sions was found in an employee 37 years of age who had worked in the winding department for 9 years and years showed no evidence of asbestosis A . ane . ' EXPOSURE me partment had moderate asbesto The tuberculous lesion in this c could satisfy rigid criteria of a hea lesion Three of these lesions w i fi active and were accompanied by el cal manifestations The one les " associated with asbestosis was he and the employee apparently wa ; : @. good health One of the two mini * ~. EP lesions was in a man 24 years of who had worked 15 months in twisting department and whose f did not show asbestosis one in a 37 years of age who had worked years in the winding department Group or 24 Employees WITH ^ B _ ; < ae 3 Fia 3. Lateral position Same case as Fig 2. ~ . , ment unstable soft 6 years and The lesion appeared there was how- , vanced ever no evidence of accompanyacicompnanyging disease asbestosis . in The The disease in this this mod erately case fourth erately advanced was clinically though employee worked manifest the re- - employee with moderately third employe employee with tuberculous a ad- tuberculous lesion had worked vanced vanced tuberculous lesion worked . the twisting department for 10 years but had no asbestosis The fourth an employee 37 years of age who had in the weaving de- ; | Number of employees in each age- Dys 62.p eeen cere re enee ea ee ee Hypertension ceveceenares expoo f esxuproesure laeeeeeeers Number of employees _ Asbestosis rer ee had no asbestosis One of minimal lesions was apparently ho It is felt that no evidence aggravating effect on tuberculo asbestos dusting is to be foun BS these cases Only one of th L clinically significant lesions wa | companied by asbestosis and ' lexion had every appearance of - healed The incidence of pulm * tuberculosis 2.8 per cent is reg 15 comparable to the incider many other industrial groups in the association is close and pro ra _ EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS DUST & gi partment had moderate asbestosis The tuberculous lesion in this case * could satisfy rigid criteria of a healed lesion Three of these lesions were " active and were accompanied by clini- i The films were studied to discover any accentuating effect of a focus of | tuberculosis on the surrounding as - bestosis No convincing evidence of such an effect was seen Tuberculosis " cal manifestations The one lesion and asbestosis were coincident in associated with asbestosis was healed only 5 employees The average dura- . and the employee apparently was intion intion intion of exposure for the five was 10.4 . good health One of the two minimal years and for the entire group with _ lesions was in a man 24 years of age . asbestosis 10.2 years No accelerating who had worked 15 months in the effect of tuberculosis on asbestosis twisting department and whose films could be inferred did not show asbestosis one in a man . Twenty films showed abnor- 37 years of age who had worked 12 malities of the heart and aortic shad- years in the winding department and ows Table 4 and eleven of the TABLE 4 GROUP or 24 EMPLOYEES WITH ABNORMALITIES OF THE HEART OR AORTIC SHADOW v , , a ar 15-24 years } 25-34 years | 35-44 years | 45-54 years | 55-60 years Number of employees in each age- period cer . ceas eee e es fo eeeee 0 014 9 5 3 Se Te| Dyspnea se ccet cece ees eees 0 014 2 1 1 ee Hypertension Les ceneeees 0 014 8 4 3 a Years of exposure 0-2 2-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 Number of employees sees 4 2 9 Asbest 2...o cees e ci ece s ees 3 2 had no asbestosis One of these twenty abnormalities were found minimal lesions was apparently healed _ in the 45 negro employees A Wasser- It is felt that no evidence of an man test was not allowed Ten of aggravating effect on tuberculosis by these negroes were under 45 years of Asbestos dusting is to be found in age and one over 55 years of age In . these cases Only one of the six this group of 24 employees with efinically significant lesions was ac| companied by asbestosis and that cardiovascular changes three had a normal blood pressure and the rest had lesion had every appearance of being hypertension Five of the group with healed The incidence of pulmonary cardiovascular abnormalities had def- [> tuberculosis 2.8 per cent is regarded inite asbestosis three of these were ' 38 comparable to the incidence in negroes under 35 years of age Table ~many other industrial groups in which .5 . 1 the association is close and prolonged _ Waring and Black in an admirable whose general standards of living .paper discuss The Syndrome of Ob" and hygiene are not as good as might struction in the Lesser Circulation 238 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY . Apr. 1936 give as its clinical features cyanosis tions in group appear dyspnea polycythemia and right ven- be the does not to tricular preponderance excessive The blood was not examined in the To make a scientific the effect appraisal of cases here described and no electro- on the employees in this cardiograms were plant of exposure to asbestos and dyspnea made Cyanosis it is dust necessary to know how were not observed in any of the 5 asbestotics with cardiovascular employees during the 15 to many 20 covered in the study have died years disease In view of the pathology and how or quit characteristic of asbestosis namely .- This many of these had asbestosis constriction of the terminal bronchioles knowledge is not available Cer- tainly it with no perilymphatic or perivascular fibrosis as in silicosis less obstruction might add greatly to the gravity of the picture The most that could be done was to note the effect TABLE 5 : _ ASBESTOSIS WIth Cardiovascular Lesions Age Race Blood pressure ,.. Years of exposure Asbestosis Dyspnea Chest expansion ray pathology . a a . EMPLOYES | EMPLOTES EMPLOYEE _ 53 27 White 170/110 " Black 158/104 8 7 Advanced | ' No 1.5 in - Moderate No 1.5 in Enlarged ~ aortic Enlarged _ aortic ' shadow 1. Enlarged left ven- shadow Enlarged right and Atricle | left ventri- EMPLOTEN | | EMPLOTES * 30 Black 30 Black 130/92 10 134/90 7 Advanced | Moderate No No 1.5 in 1.5 in Enlarged heart shadow Enlarged aortic shadow - Both ven- / .. tricles en- f ye .. :: larged =}? 2; ot _ of the lesser circulation would to be expected in asbestosis seem on those now present in the plant silicosis and than in _ after varying periods of consequentlyconsequently less strain exposure on the right heart they had The frequency of respiratory infec- SUMMARY tions was investigated Each em- 1. In addition to duration of ployee was asked Have you had sure and concentration of effeecxtpiov-e . severe colds flu or pneumonia and dust it appears that individual *: _ how oftenoften None said they had had sponse to the inhalation of asbestroes- . 3: pneumoniapneumonia six said a had~ dust is an important factorfactor in the is flu eight mentioned having had production of asbestosis of having frequent production 2. Asbestosis Asbetosi is infrequently found . 5 years of exposure to industrial respiratory . concentrations concentrations of asbestos dust In EXT this group even under du continued 15 years or more we did not progress to an .> involvement attended by cal manifestations or disabi ~ 3. Roentgenologically ad bestosis was not incomp _ ability to work at the proce it was incurred Contiu : 7 entailing exposure to disease *S concentrations of asbestos increases the extent of fibr _ is to be advised against 4. The evidence present study warrantthse opinion the reduction of dust con now feasible by available 1 ss, inating devicethse incider this group eveen ven under dusting which elinieffect asbestos dust continued 15 yearsor more the disease : 7 did not progress to an extent of - |y oaainvolvement attended by marked cal manifestations or disability 8. Noactivating oraggravating of orasbestosis evidence advanced 3. Roentgenologically advanced ass 6. The to bestosis was not incompatible with the effect of asbestosis ability ~_ to work at the process in which it was incurredtheContinuedw' ork entailing : exposure to disease A producing : of concentrations asbestos dust slowly of this study on the . is to increases increases the e|vidence . presented 4. The evidence in this tions was reported group study warrants the opinion thatwith the reduction | of dust concentration asbestosis now feasible byavailabledust elim- . 8. There suggests that inthis develops more inating theincidence devices devices , : rapidly in younger of sig- younger fr. 192 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY PAGE ANEMIA pernicious from chronic car- bon monoxide poisoning Berger and Grill 101 ANILINE intoxication with severe cya- nosis Loeper Soulie and Marchon resorption by plant and animal tissue Lieb ARTIFICIAL see RAYON fabricating plants dust ASBESTOS fabricating and amount of plants and effect on workers Fulton et al ASBESTOSIS Alwens Bohne nature encountered in health ANTHRACENE group wool dyes of eczema and hyper- Lanza Pts and 3. Fulton et al || sensitivity to Kohler ANTHRACOSIS inhalation of coal dust by guinea pigs Ichok and Glarner two cases of squamous carcinoma in Gloyne monoxide ASPHYXIATIONASPHYXIATION carcbarbonon monoxide sl sloow w , pleural pigmentation and Glarne pleural nodules Kreipe pulmonary simulating lung tumor Gutz silico- of coal miners Cummins .. ANTHRACOSILICOSIS Dreessen and Beck ATMOSPHERE diurnal variation of inter mediate and large ions of at Wash- ington D. C. Wait and Torreson ATMOSPHERIC conditions effects of re- duced cooling powers on water balance and related effects Lee and Mulder from ulcus motle of penis Borzow conditions electrical and hygro- and Finkel metric relation to surgical skin treatment with large doses of anthrax infections in Egypt Knipfer serum Metzulescu conditions in bot and deep mines ANTIMONY history production use in 21st report of on energy output of industry and Habeck poisonous effect Apatite dust effect of on experi- mental animals Dahl miners Moss conditions in hot and deep mines 22nd report of time study of coalface workers Moss and Halls .. APHASIA as symptom in caisson disease conditions outdoor subjective reac- Oka tions of human beings to Winslow APPETITE influence of odor on Win- and Herrington slow and Herrington conditions see also Air Conditioning ee ARGYRIA occupational Harker and Cooling Heating Ventilation etc. Hunter pollution of American cities for 1931- thy re nerve paralysis in case of lead poisoning Gerbis 1933 Ives Britten Armstrong Gill and Goldman carcinoma industrial Mi- pollution Research Committee for TMM ARSENIC yaji year ended 31st March 1935 21st damage to liver chronic investiga- tion of Stoeber pressure evidence that mammals TA determination of by means of Peni- cannot acclimatize to % oxygen LOS cillium brevicaule Breiter or 20,000 ft altitude Campbell .. effect of on muscle Nonenbruch pressure increased physiological Stary Bareuther and Thelen 177 effects of Koslova Schutov and in hair nails determination of Schwarz and Deckert Farfel AUSTRALIA lead in urine of workers in poisoning chronic tabes in Stokvis symptoms of 51 poisoning ocular affections in Che- purin trioxide study of handlers of Irvine and Turnacliff ARSENIURETTED HYDROGEN see Arsine ARSINE action of Heubner and Wolff poisoning Gillert poisoning by at zinc sulfate plant of Mt. Isa Mines Queensland Shiels lead poisoning at smelter in Queens- land AUTOMOBILE cases of professonal in- toxication among Diesel motor drivers Castrovilli drivers hours of work Neveu industry in 1934 wages hours employment and annual earnings in Tolles and LaFever lead works Spangenberg and BACK injured of working man Muir K^tzing strain and sciatica Ober poisoning chronic BACTERIA effect of radium on Spencer Bertram in air passages of anesthetized ani- poisoning occupational of physician mals behavior of Margaritis Baader technic which completely excludes ARTIFICIAL respiration efficacy of air contamination of bacterial cul- Thiel tures Spencer 8 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY Jan. 1986 motely resembling those of silicosis by injecting sericite The authors realize that their results may not exactly represent the pathological changes produced by the inhalation of sericite by miners but they feel that the results may be useful for the comparisons which are made possible between quartz sericite and other dusts.- Philip Drinker 6. Though there is an excess losis deaths among workers monia which is the cause of fourth of all deaths of of tubercu- pneu- about one- foundrymen appears to be the greatest occupational hazard the industry Authors in summary Two CASES OF SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA OF FAMILIAL DISPOSITION TO SILICOSIS I. Lochtemper Acrzil Sachverst^/nd ung vol 41 pp 174 The author writes members of which 1715 985 of a family several contracted silicosis shortly after working in the same industry where they were exposed to quartz dust Members of another family on the other hand showed only light cases of silicosis although they had worked some years under the same conditions The author draws attention to the fact that there may be a family disposition to silicosis although be cannot assert that this is true.-L. Teleky THE LUNG OCCURRING IN ASBESTOSIS S. R. Gloyne Tubercle pp 5-10 Oct. 1935 The two cases described were women workers in an asbestos factory One aged 35 had been a spinner for 8 years and survived for further 9 years The other aged 71 worked only for two periods of 6 and 13 months as a mattress maker and lived for 15 years afterwards No etiological association between the carcinoma and the asbestosis is claimed The malignant lesions were small and were not recognized during life They were circumscribed with no extension to important structures no secondary deposits were present The as- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SILICOSIS AND TUBERCULOSIS A. S. Pope and D. Zacks Am Rev. Tuber vol 32 pp 229 242 1935 1. In representative groups of both gran- ite- and foundry in Massachusetts the frequency of silicosis and of silicosis bestosis was fairly advanced and of long standing pigment asbestos fibres and asbestosis bodies were pushed aside by the advancing growth Neither disease seemed to be sufficiently advanced to have caused death by itself the combination was fatal. E. Collis with tuberculosis was found to be positively correlated with the duration of expo- sure to dusts containing free silica and to the concentration of such dusts in the occupational environment 2. Among the granite workers examined silicosis alone was found in 15.2 and silicosis complicated with tuberculosis in 7.6 3. Tuberculosis is the cause of death in over third of all workers a proportionate mortality three times that in foundry and four times that in all males of 20 years and over LUNG FUNCTION AND RAY PICTURES IN THE LEGAL ESTIMATION OF LUNG DAMAGE FROM DUSTS IN COMPENsation Cases W. Schmidt E. Gaubatz and Holtzmann Aerztl Sachverst^/ndvol 41 pp 178 1812 985 The authors have investigated lung dam- age from dust inhalation by procedures other than ray Lung function was deter- mined spirometrically the apneic pause and residual air was determined and work tests were performed using an ergometer Vital 4. Among the employees of 10 Massachu- setts foundries silicosis was found in 8.8 and silicosis with tuberculosis in 2.6 a total frequency of half that found in workers 5. The silicosis found in foundrymen was not only less frequent but also less advanced in degree than that in workers capacity alone was found insufficient for judging functional disability but the apneic pause and residual air gave a convenient objective scale for judging emphysema while the work studies gave useful data on the heart action It was established that working capacity and disability could not be judged by ray alone which are in general acceptance Teleky pol 18 no ] OF LITERATURE ON REVIEW BREATHING Dusts with Spi ENCE TO SILICosis PART III rington and J. ) DOacvte.nport Mines C. 6857 1985 In this Information Circula deal with the economic and leg dust disease in industry and chosen list of references A summary and general con complete the series and it is that this valuable informatio in book form.-H. N. Lawson r DUST STORMs and Their Posa Brown ON HEALTH E. G. and R. L. Labourn U. Repts vol 50 pp 1869 18 1935 which 1. The dust storms which I in the central west are the clim rainfall period of decreased 1 of vegetation and high winds 2. Crop and livestock los large It is believed by aut although there has been mu DUST SMOKE FUMES PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS R. . de Smidt J. Chem Met - Africa vol 36 pp 18 2A 8 A review of the methods of tion and dust control in the gold mines The author em little progress was made unti was approached with the vic mine air must be treated in p same way as gassy mine air should be controlled to prod dilution Mine air filtration given highly satisfactory resu mines wi The author questions the wi cation of cooling as a means the high temperature and hip deep mines Dry methods o but face one serious obstacle wet methods of control are no the miners and the general p^ mental to safe work in dusty | - will have to be educated to methods Hatch 52 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY pr 1999 1999 1999 DUST HAZARDS AND THEIR EFFECTS STUDIES ON the ^ bsorptionof Dust in THE RESPIRATORY PABSAGES II AB- sorption of Manganese Dioxide Dust O. Ehrismann Zlschr f Hyg u Infec- _ tionskrank vol 117 p 662 1955 The author subjected rabbits to daily exposures of 4 hours over a period of 3 months to manganese dioxide concentra- tions of 10 2m0gs per cubic meter or he gave them a maximum of 3 gms of manga- nese dioxide by means of throat probe over a period of 33 weeks He found increased amounts of manganese in the organs though no more in the lungs than in the other organs there was a decrease in the erythrocyte count and in the hemoglobin content The white blood picture showed no changes Studies with cats gave similar results Thus it was shown that inhaled and swallowed manganese behave similarly pneumonia did not result from manganese dust inhalation Teleky Indust Med vol 5 pp 17-20 Wav . 1936 The often encountered assertion that existence of silica and alkali dust in iniustis constitutes extra hazardous work conte tions is unproved but not necessarily 17 founded Extensive investigations of the workers in six plants simultaneously the posed to silica and alkali dusts provided 10 evidence of an accelerator action by alka lies The entire absence of silicosis suggests the possibility of an inhibitor action Animal experiments with guinen pigs in which the peritoneal cavities were injected one or more times with 0.1 or 0.2 gm each of silica and alkali sodium carbonate sodium bicarbonate magnesium carbonate or limestone yielded no results proving either an accelerator or inhibitor action of alkalies in the production of silica nodules The presence of alkalies markedly increased the distribution of silicotic nodules throughout the abdominal cavity which action is ASBESTOSIS A. Lanza J. A. M. apparently solely due to the mechanical distribution of the silica by increased mus vol 106 pp 368 69Feb. 1 1936 As this paper is shorter it is necessarily less complete than that by Lanza McConnell and Febnel These Absts vol 17 p 33 It is general in character gives the history of asbestosis the clinical picture a brief discussion of the roentgenogram and of the tions of abdominal organs induced by alkali irritation The primary toxicity of silica and silica gel mixed with alkalies is much greater than is true for silica silica gel or alkalies alone Authors summary pathology Lanza estimates that there are about 10,000 men exposed to asbestos dusts in plants employing about 12,000 Merewether and Price estimated that there were about 2200 similarly exposed in England in Philip Drinker SILICOSIS AND Tuberculosis IN MetallurgiCAL PLANTS M. Fraures Med del Lav vol 13 pp 241 233July 1935 The author describes and discusses 13 cases of silicosis or tuberculosis in metal workers and points out necessary The Action of Silica C. P. McCord H. Ainslee J. Johnston and R. L. Fleming precautions in plants where the silicons hazard exists T. Fairhall DUST SMOKE FUMES AND VAPORS THEIR DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATION DETERMINATION OF PHOSGENE W. P. Yant J. C. Olsen H. H. Storch J. B. Littlefield and L. Scheflan Ind and Eng ... Chem vol 8 pp 20 2J6an. 15 1936 An article of comparatively recent publi- cation by Olsen and others criticized the results previously reported by the Bureau of Mines in measuring phosgene in the gases from excelsior fires which were extinguished by carbon tetrachloride on the basis that the analytical method gave erroneously hiel values This bureau with the cooperation of the manufacturera of the carbon tetrie chloride fire extinguisher has repeated of the investigation under reproduction the former conditions except that a differ- ew 4 analytical method osgene found in these sixt which excelsior fires were smal sealed chamber rang p.p.m. by volume with an Pp.m. When carbon tet on an beam previ dropped heat and without fir F mount of phosgene found age results are in substar with those formerly reported y Mines The report gi description of the experime and methods and a tabulati obtained The rapid reacti Tene formed with other p quses and with walls of the Briefly tests were made is p Briefly Briefly discussed E It is not the intention o discourage the use of carbe type fire extinguishers wh "or stopping incipient fire determine the decompo which may result from the hould be recognized and Authors summary THE DETERMINATION 01 QUANTITIES Of Hydrocy PLICATIONS in Plants } TOXICOLOGY M. T. F Laffitte Bull soc chin pp 1088 10916 935 ' One cc of the slightly : to be analyzed is placed i the tube closed with a par , which is suspended a du " sodium picrate paper prep _the method of Guignard ( . 8 p 866 After standin ; temperature the color of pared with that of control ' the same manner to soli p " known quantities of hydr a little as 0.002 g of hydr liter can be determined a starch or ammonia and it & values obtained are a litt bol castor oil and liver at do not interfere heart ti the hydrocyanic and ca 7 Chem Abstr F. 86 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY = June 1996 lution of fibrosis in chronic silicosis beginning with lymphatic obstruction followed by accumulation in the parenchyma of the lung and nodular fibrosis In acute sili- cosis the usual order is reversed In the case of asbestosis he inclines to the belief that the magnesium is leached out of the molecule of hydrous magnesium silicate and that the residual silica then produces silicosis indirectly His experience with sericite indicates that this substance re- mains unaltered in the tissues for a period of 1 year without producing anything but a foreign body type of reaction He is not yet willing to conclude that sericite is entirely innocuous Tuberculosis the usual cause of death in silicosis ia discussed only parenthetically the author mentions the various theories suggested to explain its frequency U. Gardner SILICOSIS SOME DIFFErential DiagnosTIC PROBLEMS E. Mayer and W. Greth- man Am Rev. Tuberc vol 33 pp 318-321 Mar. 1936 It has been estimated that in the United States there are 500,000 to 1,000,000 people employed in occupations in which a silicosis hazard exists and that there are about 65,000 such persons in New York City The disease is often unrecognized in the general hospital because clinicians are unfamiliar with it and its differential diagnosis is diffi- cult The diagnosis of silicosis is based on occu- pational history symptoms physical examination and ray Occupational history and ray are very important in the diagnosis The occupational history should be spe- cific as to kind of exposure and length of time in each dusty occupation It is necessary to establish a definite history of exposure The silicotic patient has few complaints the most constant are dyspnea and cough Fever is absent unless infection is present There is great disproportion between the patient's complaints and the ray findings Extensive disease silicosis may be present and but few abnormal physical signs elicited Diagnosis is really made by exclusion The physical findings are common to general pulmonary fibrosis with emphysema There is restricted diaphrag- matic movement There may be diminished or intensified breath sounds and hyperresonant areas R^les are absent in pure silicosis which is a more consistent finding than in any other pulmonary disease The essential types of abnormal shad- ows seen in silicosis are 1 small discrete shadows 2 linear strands and 3 homogeneous shadows of varying size indicating the presence of silicotic nodules thick fibrous trunks and conglomerate massive fibrosis respectively Infection tuberculosis is considered to be present when the shadows begin to lose their sharp outline and to coalesce Compensatory emphy- sema adds to the difficulty in making a diagnosis Four case histories and rays are pre- sented The diagnosis of silicosis is often difficult because it is frequently impossible to obtain an accurate history from a patient in a general hospital The physical signs and symptoms are inconclusive and frequently the ray is unreliable because of confusion with other pulmonary diseases Silicosis not infrequently presents itself in atypical form E. Russell Asbestosis W. Aewens Ztschr f Gewer- behyg u Unfall vol 48 pp 1 16 936 The author reports on the lung examina- tion of 35 employees of an asbestos plant Thirteen workers gave negative ray results 12 were doubtful first degree asbestosis 7 showed first and second degree asbestosis and 3 third degree these last had worked in asbestos for 21-24 years one of them who had worked also with kiesel- guhr showed silicosis as well Teleky DUST SMOKE FUMES AND VAPORS THEIR DETERMINATIOon and ELIMINATION ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION OF AMERICAN CITIES FOR THE YEARS 1931 TO 1933 E. Ives R. II Britten W. Armstrong W. A. Gill and F. H. Goldman U. Pub Health Bull No. 224 Mar. 1986 This study extended from June 1931 to March 1933 and included determinations in 14 cities of dust concentrations by count shade intensity on white filter paper Owen's automatic filter and by weight vol 18 no 6 The number of condensation obtained Continuous reco tained with the automatic fi tions were made with the oth twice a year for about a we except in Washington where records were obtained It was found possible to cities into three groups al level of atmospheric pollu figures are given in the fol | GROCY I. 11. III Baltimore Boston Pitts- Chicago Pitts- burgh St. Louis Buffalo Cleveland New Orleans New York Philadelphia Detroit Los Angeles San Francisco Washington All cities nee Shade of dust spot o paper compared with shade The collected dust con carbonaceous matter an amount of sulfur correl the amount of carbonac dian particle size was 0.5 Amount of pollution w December rather than J weather was more sev fe te during both years of obs Re months showed twice as aeataight summer months with pa the carbonaceous matte v Maximum daily pollu 7:30 a.m. and a secon served in the evening t day was caused mainly rents and was therefo days than cloudy and c in the summer than in pollution was less the although the difference in the winter as in t rain was found to hav Aven. + TTT BagiEn OXICOLOGY Oct. 1986 vol 18 no 8 ABSTRACTS 133 ULOSIS ROENTGENOLOGIC ' Against this the manufacturers of the natural stones In sandblasting the sand is rapidly ground the Differential DiagNO- appealed into a fine siliceous dust whether used as a be Wisconsin Med J. vol i The authors among the foremost industrial inspectors explain that after over- the abrasive agent or introduced on the articles treated The use of steel shot does alls value e attention to the coming the initial difficulties the intro- not decrease the hazard if duction of artificial abrasives proved to be any sand is nit roentgenological competent technically and economically satisfactory present At least some of the dust is of a micaceous nature in the form of sericite the diagnosis of the condi- They then appealed after an opinion in a similar mineral In or roentgenology tfalls of are the proper technic is given iB , favor of the manufacturers of natural stones spite of the opposite view of some free silica dust is the major nd pictures The points of had been handed down and showed that factor of sandblaster's silicosis the agnosis of roentgenograms in the artificial abrasives contained only 7.57 Abstr silicosis and tubercu- free silica and that the dust generated by 1. The author points out the them consists mostly of magnesium oxides ASBESTOSIS A. Bohne Deutsch med he understanding of the find- 1 chests and the close co^pera- . should exist between the ge ist and clinican De- which according to a decision of the Reich health authorities is not to be considered as causing silicosis L Teleky Wchnschr vol 62 pp 928 9310 936 This is a short discussion of asbestosis a description of a fatal case and data on the spread of asbestosis among the workers in MEdical -IS PROBLEM SOME L PHASES O. Sanders Wis- 2 ae 1936 J. vol 35 no 5 n 100 foundry workers examined examined years in Wisconsin less than SILICOSIS IN SANDBLASTERS THE EXAMINA- TION OF SANDS ASSOCIATED WITH SAND- BLASTING F. S. Fowweather vol 36 pp 67 781986 J. Hyg an asbestos factory An investigation showed that 4 of 14 workers showed mani- festation of the disease after 1 year the duration of work of the others is not given -L Teleky DUST SMOKE FUMES AND VAPORS THEIR DETERMINATION AND : pathology nd to have sufficient a change in occupation The that there will be a decline in c of silicosis with the closer of medical and engineering He stresses the need for pre- and periodic physical examina- lete medical and occupational examinations d routine ray 1 men engaged in the industries industries silicosis hazard The schedule the writer writer worked worked allowed allowed for ing findinga exam- of a copy of the yee another copy of the exam- s delivered by the employee to yer thereby fulfilling concerned 0 all parties concerned "4 Ratee , on ~ OF ARTIFICIAL ABRASIVES Kremer INDUSTRY Fritz and Part chutz Reichsarbeitsblatt . 125 1301936 industry tool and cutlery industry 1929 ut 1000 cases of pneumoconiosis 308 cases were compensated icosis of which 172 died insurance anization handling the substitution Core recommended the substitution do al abrasive stones as they cosis whereas the natural ones ones 1929 as Tho not do ELIMINATION MEASUREMENT OF THE RADIATION TO WHICH ROENTGEN and Radium Workers ARE EXPOSED I. C. Jacobsen and J. Ambrosen Acta Radiologica vol 17 p 252-255 June 1936 In modern roentgen installations with completely enclosed tubes the screening against stray radiation is very effective but by carelessness the staff may be exposed to considerable irradiation In the packing of radium applicators the danger is greater since effective screening cannot be carried out This paper describes the results of observations made on roentgen and radium workers The workers carried small con- denser chambers while going about their work and the charges in these condensers were afterwards measured The measure- ments were carried out regularly over a period of months In the case of roentgen workers most of the readings fell in the interval of 0.02 to 0.03 r per day for the packing of radium the results were roughly 5 to 10 times higher Bedford DETERMINATION DETERMINATION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID IN GAS H. A. J. Picters and K. Penners Het Gas vol 55 pp 402 4041935 A study of different hydrocyanic methods The polysulfide method determines the cyanide as well as hydrocyanic acid and likewise some of the carbon disulfide by decomposition of the ammonium carbon polysulfide while boiling hence bigh results are given however it is satisfactory for practical purposes The complex ferric cyanide method Feld gives a possibility of thiocyanate formation if the gas contains oxygen and hydrogen sulfide Only one- half of the cyanide is determined as hydro- cyanic acid the results are somewhat lower than those of the first method The easiest method for around use is the method of absorption of hydrocyanic acid in strong sulfuric acid and titration of it as ammonia It is sufficiently accurate Abstr MICROCOLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BENZENE IN BLOOD AND URINE S. J. Pearce H. H. Schrenk W. P. Yant U. S. Bur Mines Rept Invest no 8302 1936 A microcolorimetric method for the determination of small amounts of benzene in blood or urine is described The benzene is aerated from blood or urine and swept into a small amount of nitration acid after which the method described in Bureau of Se ant otherwise 26 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY once, 7% JOURNAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL 26 JOURNAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL Hygiene and one cutters had at leagt OF SILIcosis in THE twice 1.4 % once twice several times In PREVENTION Silicosis PorcelPAoIrNcelAIN other words and cutters IINDUSNTRYDUSTRY Hartmann Hartmann Zentralbl Zentralbl Ge- GIe . G-e- % one one examinationstone these 686 13.7 silicotic changes no Unfall Unfall werbehyg 1985 ig made 88.3 Hard porcelain made 40 6c0 lay clay, the persons found quartz quartz and from clay Soft porcelain 20-30 feldspar with with 10.6 10.6 were have made 25-40 25-40 clay found remaining remaining % feldspar to moderate severe silicosis classed found moderate took silicosis was found found that develop about about more working years the to to sho silw icossliights and that about about workers years slight silicosis about found to years be beginning beginning silicosis number number this independent independent independent age number April 1934 ceramic order cases found quiring ( order re- re- It to too small draw conclusions 500 moval cleanliness material workplaces workplaces spilled dustincas cannot properly this point point approximately where properly this It shown that approximately 500 controlled controlled otherwise should enclosed enclosed or of cases where marked silicosis the dust exhausted When these meth- trade life averaged averaged sthiosle icosis The length equipment siusitable respiratory protective life suffering severe equipment required ) workplaces silicosis found approximately approximately approximately approximately equipment up not less than must silicosis found mortality study study of using wet sawdust or once week week years mortality 493 severe vacuum sweepers ure, silicosia uncomplicated uncomplicated silicosis sfiloicousins d to due uncomplicated following heart fail- ig silicuonsciosmplacciompcanaiedted of deaths due points out that in 1933 the tion ceramics and the accompanied accompanied by tuberculosis paid out 585,025 for silicosis unfortunate presented tion of unfortunate severiutny foorftuenxpaostuere no data are presented 600,101 RM for silicosis were 35,936 accidents there In that this trade would the exposure composi- the dust so more information information -Philip Driwnokrekrers employed in this trade tion be available PNEUMOCONIOSIS disease Wity SPecial TO PNEUMOCONIOSIS RefereNCE PNEUMOCONIOSIS THE THE SILICO ANTHRACOSIS OF ANTHRACOSIS Brit Pp. MINERS MINERS S. Cummins Med The pp 287 290Aug. exert a The that coal dust author believes adsorbing adsorbing exert exert beneficial beneficial reduce likelihood likelihood ETIOLOGY ETIOLOGY SILICOSIS . Zentralbl Zentralbl Gewerbehyg , Unfall . 12, 18 151 151551 155 1935 vol. good summary difference air particularly particularly between composition composition of fine between and eighteen photomicrographs parent parent rock photomicrographs photomicrographs photomicrographs and camera preventing adsorbent adsorbent adsorbent for lous foci in lous toxic products products foci lungs The importance Preventing preventing from from from drilling dissemination dissemination The emphasized might might ABMEOSUTONSTBESTOS OF DUST ENCOUNtered ENCOUNtered PART FABRICATING PLANTS Dust Dust tubercu- EFFECTS Exposure FABRICATING of COUNTERED COUNTERED FABRICATING ASBESTOS of Group Group Philip Employing Employing Employing lined lined in Part this methods out- Part [ of this sericg (Spec, Bud?. No, 1934 1934 impinger impinger samples samples cal study was Pennsylvani Pennsylvani Pennsylvani of ne as! industry results this this the series series found that the conce ani: of this was plants plants decreased decreased the cones increased dust in the the fibers increased length milling operations operations operations ; whic inerease: various detail concentration concentration w the following following nic twisting tfwiisting twisting weaving weaving spinning warping Due particl Prep of dust average particl particl the in two diameters diameters longitudins longitudins partiel transverse Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos petrogr petrogr zone shown petrogr The the a wo: contain no free silica accou petrogr this series consists examinations examinations complete physical physical examinations subjects had Fifty the 64 The had accou | of asbestos previous exposure asbestos asbestos were ha very little other subject dust, : worker controls controls while previous previous exposur were found Fourteen Fourteen the : dust the textile departments departments of ployed plants showed both clinica clinica ! permit of fabricating roentgenological plants evidence roentgenological too limited permit permit formulation permissible dustiness but reduction reduction operations concentration concentration asbe standard asbe stu stu operations bibliograph shown necessary necessary necessary bibliograph asbe The bulletin with asbestosis gen stu i references determination references references asbestosis bibliograph 125 determination Page a CLINICAL CLINICAL Roentgenol Roentgenol gen. HYGIENIC CLINICAL PULMONARY COSIS Doctor Steel Hospita oda Doctor OF extensive Yawata Japan Japan report extensive inve This pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis and s f atmosph gation Japanese Japanese pollution pollution workers were examined examined clinically clinically The 715 workers radiographed operat radiographed workers included electric operat gr. truck manufacturers manufacturers manufacturers of firebrick cement plant - operators operators molders molders general sa , operators stamp mill operators 25 blasters the cases possible diagnosed silicosis silicosis tuberculosis Dur Dur moconiosis moconiosis moconiosis moconiosis and tuberculosis covered two years 1933 to by ,, 25 w: covered diagnosed as silicosis, 82 aa possible pr moconiosis, and 2 as tuberculasis. ur the two years (1933 to 1935) covered by . 938 IN Ge150 583217 583217 mol 18 no 2 ABSTRACTS 27 e 57 Oct. 1 1934 impinger samples collected alcohol a study was made of the asbestos study five cases became totally incapaci- tated and six more died 4 from tuber- fabricating industry in Pennsylvania In Part 2 of the series the results of this study given It was found that the concentration of dust in the plants decreased as the quality or length of the increased In the various milling operations which are described in detail dust concentrations decreased in the following order preparing carding weaving spinning twisting winding and warping Due to the fibrous nature of the dust the average particle size is stated in two diameters longitudinal and transverse Asbestos dust in the workers breathing zone was shown by petrographic analysis to contain no silica The third part of this series consists of an account of complete physical examinations of 64 persons Fifty of the subjects had had previous exposure to asbestos dust seven had had very little exposure and were used culosis It was estimated that among those working with quartz 8.65 had sili cosis 16.21 possible pneumoconiosis and 1.08 pulmonary tuberculosis while among the workers on steel castings 6.61 had silicosis and 12.2 possible pneumoconiosis Workers on magnesite and chromite ores stamping operations cement kilns limestone dolomite and iron ore plants showed few symptoms of lung fibrosis Detailed accounts of the examinations classification of findings and results of autopsies are given The author estimates the average age and average exposure as follows quartz workers -42.9 and exposed 17.6 years chamotte workers and exposed 17.1 years other pulverizing workers and exposed 17.11 years The average incubation period for incapacitating pneumoconiosis is estimated as controls while the other subject was at 18.1 years while the duration of the sick- found to have had previous exposure to silica dust Fourteen of the 56 workers employed in the textiledepartments textiledepartments of the ness which is usually complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis averages 2.2 years making the total course 21 years fabricating plants showed both clinical and The morbidity of the workers exposed to roentgenological evidence of asbestosis dust was as follows a with quartz The study was too limited to permit the among edge workers 45 among kiln _ formulation of permissible standards of operators 33.6 among electric truck dustiness but a reduction in the asbestos dust concentration in the operations studied is shown to be necessary The bulletin closes with a bibliography of 125 references on asbestosis and general dust determination Page operators 31.4 among molders b with chamotte among molders 27.3 among electric truck operators 22.7 among edge workers 22.2 by workers on raw materials 12.3 by oven operators c with magnesite 37.3 among HYGIENIC AND ROENTGENOLOGI- CAL INVESTIGation of Pulmonary SilICOSIS IN A Japanese FouNDRY S. Kur- clinker workers 12.9 by formers d in cement work by workers on raw - material During 1926-1931 the general annual accident and sickness rate of workers oda Chief Doctor Steel Hospital of Yawata Japan 1985 This is the report of an extensive investi- gation of pneumoconiosis and atmospheric pollution in Japanese foundries A group of 715 workers were examined clinically and 314 of these were radiographed These workers included electric truck operators manufacturers of firebrick cement kiln operators molders and general plant laborers as well stamp mill operators and sandblasters From the cases studied 25 were diagnosed as silicosis 81 as possible pneu- in industry was 1.98 of which 0.76 were from respiratory diseases while the loss by fire brick workers amounted to 3.48 of which 1.88 were from respiratory diseases Gravimetric dust determinations by thimble and gasometer showed 920 mg dust per cbm of air in the quartz screening room and 65.2 mg per chm near the edge 85.3 mg per cbm near the chamotte edgemill 486.5 mg per chm near the cement kiln and 298.4 mg in the cement bagging room Dust counts taken with Shimazu's apparatus appear too low to compare with moconiosis and 2 as tuberculosis During the two years 1933 to 1935 covered by the gravimetric determinations Silica contents of the composite dusts are 104 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE 17 no 5 50 mgs per cu meter and in the presence of approximately 1500 dust particles per cc up to 10 to 15 microns in size Those under 1 micron 43.4 and 1 micron 30.2 were the most common The exposures lasted from 10 days to 8 months Macroand microscopic observation of the organs of the rabbits showed that ^/throldust pro- duced about the same changes as the dust of other plastics ebonite and bakelite that is inflammatory affections of the nasal and adjoining cavities In the long exposures dust thrombi and especially terminal alveolitis ensued In the experiments lasting up to 2 months it was ascertained that there was an increase in blood neutrophiles and a decrease in lymphocytes whereas in the longer experiments a reversal of the behavior of this elementary form of the blood was noticed Thus ^/throl in its effect on the organism seems to occupy a middle place between the organic and inorganic dusts the author's German summary RESULTS OF RAY CHEST EXAMINATIONS AMONG 2500 Workers in a Heavy IN- DUSTRY PLANT L. M. Warfield Indust Med June 1985 vol 4 pp 302-306 A study of ray films flat of 2500 workers in a heavy industry plant is reported Based on a classification of silicosis accord- ing to nodule size of mild moderately severe and severe 145 5.8 of those examined had evidence of silicosis Of these 90 were foundry workers Of the remaining % most gave histories of pre- vious work in mines Among 692 foundry workers 81.3 were negative 1.3 doubtful 8.8 Inild 8.2 moderately severe and only 0.4 severe Of these last cases three in number one had been a miner for 10 yra the other two were 60 and 71 years of age None of these men complained of symptoms nor were they disabled Silicosis among foundry workers appears to be milder and slower in its development than among granite cutters or sand blasters There were 11 cases of healed tuberculosis with silicosis and 13 cases in silicotic lungs In this particular foundry the menace of tuberculosis appears to be no greater than it is in the city at large The impression is gained from this study that foundries may be operated practically without undue hazard to the health of the workers or limitation of their working caTheodore Hatch SILICOSIS AND DUM Home ASBESTOSIS A Office H. M. - MEMORAN- Stationery Office London 1935 The present position regarding compen- sation for pulmonary fibrosis is usefully summarized in this brochure During the three years 1932-4 there were certified 435 deaths from silicosis and 1,444 instances of disablement and 5 deaths with 60 cases of disablement due to asbestosis A short description is given of the origin and development of silicosis and then are stated the industries and processes in which silicosis occurs Means of prevention are grouped under ) suppression of dust generally by the use of water ii ventilation so applied at the point of origin of the dust as to prevent its access to the air of workplaces iii other preventive measures such as furnishing each worker with a separate supply of dust air to breathe or wearing efficient respirators and iv initial and periodic medical examinations under which workers with defective respiratory physique are excluded from the industry and anyone found to have pulmonary tuberculosis is suspended from further employment The medical arrangements for examinations and for certifying cases are described All these medical matters are carried out by a Board of experts from whom there is no appeal The compensa- tion schemes differ in minor details for various industries they cover the getting of ganister and other highly siliceous materials the getting and manipulation of sandstone the grinding of metals on sandstone wheels a long list of processes entailing risk of inhaling silica dust in such industries as the manufacture of pottery fettling of steel castings and blasting and the asbestos industry L. Collis SILICOSIS INTERPRETIVE ACCUMULATED EXPERIENCE REVIEW Or C. O. Sup- pington Indust Med Apr. 1935 vol 6 pp 178 177 A brief discussion has been given covering