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TWENTY-THIRD' ANNUAL SAFETY, CONGRESS -> cNATIONAL SAFETY, COUNCIL '- -Papet and Pulp Section Officers 1933-34 : c? General Chairman--H. G. Gilson. Oxford Paper Co.,'Riimford, Maine.- Vice-Chairman in Charge `of Membershipr-H: D. Banta, Hoberg Paper and Fibre . ' Co., Green Bay, Wis. ' `* Secretary and News Letter Editor--F. L. Irvin, St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Maifie. i.I ) ' Program Committee. Chairman-r-E.. E.- Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown/" ' Wo., Engineering Committee Chairman--George J. Adams, International Paper Co., New York, N. Y. . -' Statistics Committee Chairman--^R. I.'^Dickinson, Cme11/Wpbd) Products `Co., . Cornell, Wis. . ^ " . ;; . Jlealth Committee Chairman--Dr. L. H. Frechtling>JQ Champion Coated Paper , " Co., [ Hamilton, Ohio. ' Poster Committee Chairman--Don CHunter, Oxford Miami Paper Co., West . Carrollton, Ohio. - v Contest:Committee Chairman--A. Scott ^pwivTne Paper Industry, Chicago, 111. .. Members at Large-- `. ' ' Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp.',- Chillicothe, Ohio. ' W. J/;Brennan, State DepartmentCof Labor and Industry, Augusta, Maine. E. R. Brown, Oregon and Columbia Basin Division,; National Safety. Council,Portland, Oregon.- v - . Wik. H. .Brydges, Bedford Pulp' & Paper Co., Big Island, Va. , Kenneth'L. .Faist, The-Champion Coated Paper Co., Hamilton, Ohio. sW. A. Gleason, Hanunermill Paper Co.,. Erie, Pa. John .Lundrigan, International Paper Co., , New York,'N. YW. j. Peacock, Northern Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. '. j' J. Plzak, Consolidated Water- Power and Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel pRUYN,;Finch-Pruyn and Co.; Inc., Glens Falls, N; Y. -'.:;B. .;D. Rogers, Bird fe-Sons/Tnc.,. East Walpole, Mass. '* (7) ,- . ' F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper. Co., Port EdwardsTWis. : -'289 ' i &> PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT * yi/^A3L54Ul I3 G-MSo.- 3M The opening session of the Paper and Pulp. Section was called to order, by' General Chairman H. G. Gilson, Oxford Paper Company, Rumford, Maine, who presided. Chairman Gilson first presented a paper entitled "Our Sectional Activi ties--Past, Present and Future," in which he sketched briefly' the Section's history, and dwelt espedally on the good work performed by. officers and standing commit tees during tiie past-year. He then introduced the first speaker Accident Prevention and the New Industrial Economy By, ERNEST W CORN Field Safety Counselbr, F.E.R.A., Washington, D. C. The speaker said in part: The conservation of human beings and materials has always berii the safety objective. TMon't believe, there is any man that is true -to his real colors in accident prevention who has not kept before him continuously-that he can make his department a paying department, and . yet he has not overlooked the fact that he can send men home whole; that he can bring them bade itovwofk the next day relatively as good as they were the day before, that longevity and' regularity of employment have been chief considerations; of the'accident prevention ., plans. ... ,,` - . . I was. in one of the greatest printing establishments in the United States a few years ago with a young lad -with .whom I. .used to. like to visit.' After dinner to^ gether, he took me down to the printing establishment, aiid I spent a lot of time: walking about those immense multicolor printing presses, which you find in an es tablishment of that kind. But one thing struck me most' forcibly. They had a lot of easy chairs and all the employees in that big department were sitting in .those easy chairs, _some here and some there alongside the 'presses, but they were all reading' magazines, or the evening papers, or doing just what they pleased--in" fact everything excepting work.. Now, I was accustomed to seeing men work, and I said to my friend: Jack, "This is an awfully busy looking crowd ..around here." .'. Btit he said to me, "Let me tell you,. Mr. Corn, you know in our plant, we have a slogan which says: When these boys work, we Jose money.' " I have an idea that you men. feel the* same -.way about a paper mill that has cost a half million or more dollars; you do not object to seeing employees just . idling around and letting the blooming thing run. When they work,' the 'corpora tion is losing .money. There .are,-of course, lots of ways to stop ;the machine from" rolling. You might run a man through it and stop it; you might run- a monkey wrench through-dt and stop it; you.might, by some maladjustment,, run it to pieces. The thing -the management, the -foremen and the safety men all want is the con sistent hour by hour, precise production that is making, a profit foie the corporation. Out in one of our western states a short time ago I met a safety mhn who..is one of my many friends; .He told-'ine about being invited to .visit one of the greatest contracting companies of that vicinity. They, wanted ling to look,.over their, maintenance plant. It'was a-company, that had always had many nice tilings to say about safety, but" didn't really do very much about it My friend was reluctant to visit them, but he did go ;with the definite under- standing that die would come and point out the. hazards as he saw them, and then . - he would go 'away and- they could do what they pleased, about remedying them. So he went through the plant and made a list of the hazards he discovered, and he told me that he pointed, out seventy-four distinct hazards which he observed on his visit The big boss was somewhat flabbergasted when he got through this list, but he had the maintenance man and the production boss with hum and they were 1 ordered to make the necessary changes. ' v, ' The day I arrived on one of the big jobs of this same'concern, a faulty drag ji Paper and Pulp Section 291 .?|v linethat had been . condemned, swung a bucket againsthis for&ban who had been with him'for sixteen years and crushed him:to death instantly!. %Three days lator'I passed within' a-short distance of .one of the other big'contract^ 'of tfiis same con cern, and the^Jiead of the department, of'safety ofiihat state, a$".the request of the ..president of ttus contracting cDncern, had'(allied the head-of the {department of safety' ` of the next; adjoining state to make a thorough jinvestigatioxl of this . very, large contracting job for die PWA, to; see that no unhecessary hoards were left un corrected in'that particular, job. .j If there was a- connection/ isn't it really too bad that a foreman who was the father of five children, fifty-two years of age, who had been id that man's employ-, meat for sixteen-.yearsii had to have his .life snuffed out before Jie. had the intestinal fortitude to'^put into effect the thing that he knew was fundamentally sound? Yet .there isn't a single one of you . then who canpot point to just'such experiences as that It js happening today all over, this?country;. You men of the paper industry have made'a .remarkable accident prevention progress over a period of years in two ways. You have taken an industry out of the woods,5 so to speak, within^the last ten or twelve years, and have built it up until now it has-become the proper thing to be safety minded in the paper industry. Along7 with that, .you have built your own technique,, and there is. hardly'a nan 'among you who .has been in this, business for a period of years but who could wrote a .special manual definitely and specifically fitted to the hazards of the= paper industry. You are part of an industry, that presupposes immense financial, background, and .it has been my experience that when you'get into the aristocracy"of finance,:you get into r^rn... environment where'men think and where'very frequently much more humanity is deniontsrated than in some`of our less important groups financially. If you will take the paper companies of this-country by and iarg&,,you will,find them in a few cities, in a large percentage of instances.- You might close up; a paper industry of 500 men in the city of Geveland,' and it. wouldnt' cause.a.ripple in normal., times, perhaps, because those men- .would be reabsorbed in industry without' any great disturbance. But if you throw 500 men out of work in a town of 1,500 .or 2,000 or 3,000, you have brought a- calamity on that community, and fdr that Teason the paper industry has a very definite' social significance in' many of its seats' df operation, and that obtains in the" woods as well as at the' plant. ;- , So you have a*'very definite social obligation' to impart to the management, and' as I haVe said So many times to other safety groups, fundamentally you are sales men.. : You must sell the man at the machine and you must also sell the man in the executive office. You have sold safety in the past on. the basis, of'economy; but you will sell it more essentially .in-the future bn the basis of humanity-rand the 'fact. that.it fits.in and .is a`. perfectly legitimate part of the new. industrial economy. "So if we . properly meet the challenge before uspwe will recognize`.our sales'obligations and aside from doing a good safety .job, we will lead employec'and employee alike by the'hand-out of the twilight of confusion^ and uncertainty info the new day when through safety we-will work togethei; in reasonable unison for social and com munity welfare.' *,, '' '. , `* -^ * . c."' .* TUESDAY MORNING"SESSION. j- October 2, 1934 . .. Let's Teach Safety's Teachers '1 - By W. j. BRENNAN Safety Engineer, Maine'Department of Labor and Industry* Augusta, Me. The speaker said in part: The educators-of the world haVe found the classroom and laboratory methods reasonably effective in teaching'"Young; America." It fol lows'that safety meetings are logical classrooms for "Supervisory'' America"; and before someone rises <to ask. the question, /'Are hot safety, meetings. about 100 per cent ieducational noW?", I will touch upon ,this3matter. First of all, I would say that, top much of the .Safety taught is by the "hind- . sight method i. e., reviewing hazards after- victim's have been claimed. Because - injuries, like lightning, rarely strikeJn the same place consistently, our meeting; set up should include a definite period for the development of one specific.phase of safety as educational material. By this I mean teaching a subjectby lecture or demonstration, using blackboards, asking questions, and issuing an abstract 'of the subject for future reference. - Naturally, matters of general .educational interest should be chosen for = such ^ meetings, and the topical matter is easy'to find. Oxy-acetylene hazards may con- , cern but few committee 7members, but such -subjects as dermatoses, ladders, scaf folds, stairs, chains, ropes, lighting, infection, psychology, economics-of safety,-elec- < ! tricity, and protective equipment are of universal interest The supply of such material'is practically unlimited. You pay a plant physician for treating your cases; do you use.him as a lecturer to tell of infection, sacro iliac strains, and hernia? You have, or a neighboring' plant has,'1 a chemist Do you use'him in your meetings? The same goes for mechanical, Civil, and elec trical engineers. . Each yepr a wealth of information is offered' by speakers at the Annual Safety Congress, and at dozens of state and. sectional meetings. 'You would like to.have all of your foremen attend these sessions, yet it is obviously impossible. Why not cull over the programs and bring certain papers to your own meetings room? The National Congress..program in itself offers more than enough material to supply your meeting needs for a year. ,v u i In working with safety--directors in mills, I plan to ask the question, "How familiar are .your foremen with the subject matter on posters displayed in their departments?" Only rarely-do I find one who. has had a preview, so to speak. .. Those who have been shown the posters of the month and had their, details .ex- " plained are.more prone to parade their new-found .knowledge than those who are not quite sure of weir ground. *. . Frankly, I do not see how safety^ work can succeed without an adequate supply : of educational and warning displays. Yotr'kriow and I know that the poorest cigaret on the'market .can be made to outsell all others in a short time,.if it is advertised ; more than its competitors. Posters, strategically located and well' displayed, repre sent to me persuasive-voiced announcers standing here, there, and everywhere throughout the plant," twenty-four hours' a day, giving instructions against chafed - rope, hemlockJn scaffolds; arid -the-thousand and one hazards ever with , us.- For teaching such phases as will-interest certain groups only; we have the special or group meeting^and in some plants safety directors are holding one such session 'each week with-some group. The supervisors and their assistants are re- ' quired to he present;, crews are frequently instructed as well. These sessions' di- - . pense with., all formality and in a very few minutes cover one specific topic, answer questions, and adjourn. - -* - a* The grinding wheel, salesman' has a story, as has the saw representative.. Of particular merit are the lectures by salesmen from frianufacturers of goggles, respira tors, and gas masks. One of the-most popular salemen .comin^into Maine has had a world of training as.jan officer in-the New York Fire Departriient His.ability ' i to interest and tea'ch, together, with his complete-repertoire'of; anecdotes to illus- / trate his ideas, 'makes him ultra-valuable in the) role I suggest . In preparing to discuss the advantages of a.complete utilization of safety litera ture, I Invariably recall that hot" summer day when, it seemed,, every hazard I en countered demanded a sketch and every foreman's'desk added , a little^,more'soot and'grease to my coat sleeves. The interest and -gratitude of these supervisors well . repaid me; but the blow that rocked me back on my heels was to-see, at the close of my tour, in the Safety directors office, a -complete file of the National Safety News, from whose pages had been taken all the ideas sketched that afternoon. Here . before me stood the originals, none of whicfy had 'ever seen the desks of the men'1 most concerned! < ` .L.- Safety literature should be analyzed, route sheets attached, and-circulated; Those ..having read their assignments initial the route sheet, and it moves to the next. At safety meetings the chairman sometimes calls for a report--this more for psycho- O logical purposes-than for any other reason. .. ` r \ \ %. Paper find Pulp Section 293- Not'only should literature be distributed, but;a safety>library should be.accu-. ;5 mulaftd by each supervisor. . A loose-leaf notebook to accommodates blueprinted' sheets [has worked oiit \#ell. One day a table of chain Strengths conies to our attention, to be reproduced notebook size and "delivered to linterested parties. An other day we submit a* print showing ramp, stair and ladder angles, tread and riser dimensions, etc. ' ~' < -: , .It is* surprising how those notebooks' grow and how ; forceful the information; : becomes when presented by itself,t shorn of all extraneous matter, on standard ! sheets. The National Safety Council, with its Instruction Cards, published"monthly ij in the News, is doing what some of us have been" doing for years with our^nptebpok (1. memoranda.- Certainly there is no better way to cover the special hazard field, next ' to actual classwork. . ' . ' si . .. c . What does, it profit us, in the last, analysis, to 'devote hours and hours' of time to the instruction of `supervisors, that they may first know and secondly teach, only 1 . - to have the benefit cut in half by a poor presentation or a tactless approach? Why . diminish the yield -of fertile brain-soil by. a poor job of'"sowing? It is my belief J that, we must give our supervisors elementary chemical training with which to . combat' chemical hazards, 'engineering fundamentals as a defense against material .failures, and an appreciation of psychology with which>.to forestall the disaster, which threatens us always as the result of ah inadequate safety consciousness. - Report of Accident Experience Exchange c , By ERNEST-AUGUSTUS o . V- ` l > Safety Director, Mead Corporatiori, Chillicothe, Ohio ... " . ' .. . The speaker said in part: The following is^ a brief summary report of the accident experience exchange and attempted ^study of" paper-mill accidents/ vohrir teered by certain members of the,. Pulp and Paper Section of the National 'Safety - - Council following the 22nd Annual-Safety Congress. r. .* During the ten or twelve months covered by this report a total of 300 lost-tithe' / accidents, were reported. more or less-in detail by 46 separate units-or plants. ' All r> plants participating in the contest, reported a total of 1,405 accidents, resulting in a loss of.C102,145 days of time. Time lost as-a result of `the 300' accidents included in this study amounted to 32,674 days.5- Included with the 300 accidents covered by this study were four fatalities, seven finger amputations and one loss of an. eye. " With all plants on a full-time operating basis, it Would naturally be expected that Monday would be the day must prolific of accidents. Figures reported in con nection with the 300 accidents included in this study, however, show Tuesday as being the day on which most accidents occurred, with:Thursday next incline. .This . tabulation-is as follows:,. Sunday"'10 accidents^;. Monday'47 accidents; Tuesday 70 . accidents;. Wednesday 46 accidents; Thursday 55' accidents; Friday 41 accidents;-, arid Saturday. 31 accidents. , s ", The period of greatest, fatigue is shown to .be=three pr four hotirs after the indi- viduakhas started to work;' Wherp regt periods are provided, these peaks may , vary, but generally speaking, just, before the lunch'period and just before the quit ting period in the afternoon or at the end of a trick are the' times when men -tend to grow most careless; _ \ ' A segregation of the accidents "to show: the number, of years those injured had. been employed on a. particular job reveals the following statistics: - a- Employede on the job less ,than prie week/14 accidents ; ..one'week to one-.month' .15 accidents; one to six months 62 accidents; six months to one year 30 accidents; . one to two years 16 accidents; two to three years 10 accidents; three' to four years 15 accidents.; four to ...five years -16 "accidents -live to six years 12. accidents; six ter seven-years 20 accidents; severi to eight.years? 14 accidents; eight to nine years 10' accidents; nine to ten years 5 accidents.;:tenr.to eleven years 6 accidents; eleven to twelve years 8 accidents; twelve to thirteejt years 5.accidents; thirteen.to fourteen-' years '3 accidents; fourteen to. fifteen yearSr.3 accidents; fifteen ;to sixteen years 7 accidents; steK to seventeen years 6-.accidents; seventeen-to' eighteen years 1? 294 Twenty-thirdAnnual Safety Cbngress--Natiohal Safety Council accident ^eighteen to nineteen years 2 accidents; nineteen to twenty years no acci dents; twenty to twenty-one 'years..3 accidents; twenty-one-to twenty-two years >3 accidents; twenty-two to twenty-three..years 1 accident; twenty-three to .twenty-four years 1 accident; twenty-four to twenty-five:years no accidents; twenty-five years and over4 accident. , /,' The following tabulation shows the variotis jobs" on which injured workers were ^employed at the time the accident occurred: - laborers 33 acddehtsj wood handlers 31 accidents; millwrights 26 accidents; machine tenders 17 accidents; backtenders 14 accidents; beater helpers 14 accidents; fourth hands. 12 accidents; beater oper ators 9 accidents; third hands 8 accidents; rewinder operators 7 accidents; cutterpress men 7 accidents; calendar operators,' 6 accidents; carpenters 6 accidents; trackers 6 accidents; firemen's helpers 5 accidents; pipefitters 5 accidents; rolltenders 4 accidents; calendar helpers 4 accidents ^'-laboratory and sample boys 4 accidents; rewinder helpers 4 accidents; miscellaneous 71.accidents. l; A grand total of 130 different machines, tools or appliances wore listed on the reports as having been connected iwith the 300 accidents reported. Those'in. con nection with which three or more accidents were recorded aje given in the following table: 'Calendars and super-calendars. 15 accidents; cores, dollars, shafting, pipe 16 accidents; winders and rewinders 13 accidents; roll-pulp, baled paper, waste 11 ac- ^cidents; hand-books, picaroons, poles 11 accidents; pulp wood 11 accidents; hand trucks 8 accidents; elecbjp-fcu^ks<8'-accidents; conveyors 7 accidents; belts 6 acci dents;^ wet floors 6 accidMit^paper^insfchirie'dryers !5, accidents; tables and benches 5 accidents; 4-wheel vj^gaais 5 accidents; tanks a5 accidents; valves 4 accidents; steam and hot-water hose '4 accidents; I-beams and iron or steel bars 4 accidents; ladders 4 accidents; hammers and hatchets '4 accidents'; boards, heavy, timbers 4 accidents; knives 4 accidents; coils of loose wire 3- accidents; wrenches 3 accidents;r cutter-presses 3 accidents; paper tpachine reels 3 accidents; paper machine felts land felt rolls 3 accidents; broken.boxes 3 accidents; beaters 3 accidents; ductor blades t accidents; and miscellaneous 176 accidents. " ' ` Following are the^accidents reported Sunder various classifications coming under the heading "Nature of Injuries Sustained": Bruises, contusions, abrasions 91 ac cidents; fractures and amputations 60 accidents; sprains and strains' 47 accidents; lacerations and cuts 41' accidents' heat burns, scalds. 16 accidents crashed or mashed parts 14 accidents; puncture wounds 10 accidents;-foreign'*bodies in .eyes 7 acci dents; chemical burns 5 accidents; electric.burns 2 accidents; concussion 2 accidents; heat prostration 2 accidents; ivy poisoning 1 accident; dislocations 1 accident; frost bite 1 accident The last and probably the most important tabulation in connection with this study of.-3G0 accidents has to do with the answers given to the question "proxi-' mate cause of the accident" This question >:was wrongly stated and should have asked for.. "Caufce of the injury." However, the replies as.'gathered from, the re ports on the 300 accidents are as hollows': falling or slipping material and objects 66 cases and '7,375 days of-lost time; falls, from a height ^18, and on the level 29. cases--total of 47 cases, and. 1,268 days of lost time; hand tools" (hooks, pikes, wrenches, etc.) 28 cases and 377 days of lost timer;' lifting, pulling, pushing, prying 27 cases, and 199 days of lost time caught in'revolving* rolls 24 cases and = 6,932 .days of lost time; handling material and objects 19.cases and 410 days of lost time; caught in gears, belts, etc., .19 cases and -7,501 days of lost time bumped, by or run' over by moving.loads, objects, etc., 10 cases and 52 days of lost time; struck by flying objects 10 cases and 85 days of lost time; caught by orsjammed between'., objects 7 cases and 72 days of lost time; splashing liquids. 6 cases and 38 days of lost'time; stepping, in holes or.;on objects.;6 cases and 42 days of lost time; mis cellaneous 5 cases and 130 days of lost time; strikingsand bumping against things 4 cases and 77 days of lost'time; burns and scalds--acid, caustics, etc.--7 cases and 7,914 days of lost time: bursting hose 3 cases and 31 days of lost time; explosions and explosive ..actions 3 cases and?52 days .of lost time; foreign objects or sub stances in eyes 2 cases.;and 7 days of lost'time; extreme hot-or cold weather 2 casts and 17 days of lost time; fumes and gases 2 cases'and 30 days of lost time; loose clothing cajight in machinery 2 cases and 65 days of lost time; bursting grinding wheel 1 case and 20 days of lost time. r ^Paperand Piilp Sectiok 0>5 j Safety Methods Adopted by the Consolidated Paper - ;fi 4 Corporation TURNER. Director of" Safety, Consolidated Paper Corporation, Ltd., Grand Mere, P. Q., -j j- t Canada. rThe speaker said in part: .The following brief table showing the frequency rate of' accidents in the various divisions' of our company, from 1929, which was the ygar prior to organization of our safety work, up to and including 1^>33, will indi-. cite, our accident .prevention progress. ' ^ Frequency Rate for Divisions by Years 19294933-' .'< 1929 Belgoi........ .Cl... JvA.. .7;'.____ 30.53, Laurentide:........ .................... . 8.11 Port Alfred........ .............?............- 7799.1.155 Wayagamack .................. - 45.02 . 1930. 16.29 9.81 ' 40.37 - .18.84 1931 10.95 .5.96 8.02 . 1932 1327 . ` 3.04 14.65 `4.19 1933 !13.96 35.59 9.31 We feel that the hopes we entertained in 1930 of a reduction of lostrtime accidents throughout the mills . have been fiirly well satisfied, although ' in 1933, probably chiefly on account of the economic and social' upheaval, there was . an increase inrf ^accidents. - , \` . * ... < In general our safety service -is organized as follows: , . . . ' ^. v General supervision in `all miil&> is carried' on by the director Of safety, who is directly responsible to.the'chairman^ of the operating ..committee. : The director.-of safety systematically visits .'each mill`to. organize safety committeesi inspect the plant from an accident prevention and sanitary standpoint, and suggests ways and means of correcting dangerous.working conditions..' He conducts publicity campaigns and generally furthers the" educational, work-in connection with, all accident, prevention.- activities, scrutinizes: accident records,' compiles comparative statistics of lost-time accidents each month, deals with all- correspondence with outside parties' in connec tion with contests,' requests for statistics and all .criticisms of the-safety first service. IjVhile visiting the'individual mills,; he has the .closest ^cooperation of the'mill man ager, the safety inspector, and> the mill physician., ... . Ci In each of our mills a safety inspector, generally the employment supervisor; and ah' understudy have, been-appointed by the mill manager.- He accompanies the . director of safety upon his periodical. visits .of* inspection, and together they recon struct as far-as possible each lostrtime accident and potential lost-time accident as- wel| as near accident, with the parties, concerned, 'with the-view of adopting-prompt measures to prevent a-recurrence;' Individual accident* folders are kept, for each, lost-time- accident. . '. . ' ; The first aid nurse; is responsible .directly to the-mill physician who. in turn is. ^responsible to. the medical. director. The first aid nurse is, expected to cooperate with the safety jnspector by reporting to hbn immediately all major- accidents<'arid minor injures which in her opinion should'be investigated. *.'" ' In order-that the corporation;:has accurate and-comparable statistics of -mill. accidents,, a ``Monthly Accident Statistical Statement is compiled, by- the director of safety, from data furnished him,by the safety inspectors. - This 'statement covers the data about lost-time accidents in great detail, including, for example: number of' working`days lost, frequency and severity'rates, number of first-aid primary dress ings and re-dressings, total wages, lost by injured employees, etc. Opportunity. is then taken .to give the greatest possible-publicity to these; statistics. Our safety work was stapled very slowly,; but we had fhe^essential backing of our. executive; officers, and. the -first step was the organization of a; central'/safety committee in each of the mills. .The committee's .personnel consists of the mill super intendents aind the representative.':,foremen from -each of the major departments, sejected.by the safety^nsqectoni w;jththe superintendents' sanction.. These foremen members serve for a period'! of from one year to one and one-half years, and the various-jmeinbers are-rotated. I,,,, O 296 Twenty-third Annual Safety-Congress--National Safety Council . Meetings of this committee are held fortnightly imder the . chairmanship of the - safety inspector. tAt each meeting all lost-time, minor and near accidents mat" have occurred since the previous meeting are fully discussed and recommendations made to prevent a' recurrence. The accident statistic^ are explained ..and the- accident . . experiences at our other mills are reported and applied to conditions in other'mills. Suggestions for safeguarding and safer methods of operation are considered and ` necEssary recommendations made. .. . . ' Safely sub-committees also function at'each mill who report .to the central safety' committees. -These subcommittees are under chairmanship of their departmental representative to the central committee; they meet once.fortnightly at time and place selected by the-members. The object of these sub-committees is to give the mill men the opportunity of discussing their problems amongst themselves without fear or restraint occasioned by. the presence |of their superintendent. AH./.suggestions, sub mitted by individuals oh the sub-committees are considered by the central committee of each mill and finally passed* uponjor approved by the mill management. Sanitation and lighting conditions" in the mills have constant attention and many improvements have been effected. In this connection, within recent months, clean liness committees, consisting of from three to' six superintendents, have, been ap pointed by .the respective tfiill managers,-vtfio make a special inspectiojf of the plant once each month.;.and report conditions found with regard to safety,, cleanliness and general conditions. The idea has been instrumental in educating employees' to report poor conditions and a notable response has been made. The fullest cooperation with the Medical Service .is maintained, particularly in respect to educating, .employees to avail themselves" of the first aid service. To stimulate use of this'first aid service, bulletin boards`have been installed showing the departmental distribution of the plant, the number of lost-time accidents- sus tained by each department since die first of the year, another column showing, the r names of employees off on account of an accident, and a further column designated ' "Unsafe Workers" where the names of men are given who have met with an accident which also caused injury to'a fellow worker.. In this last column, too, appears the names, of workers who failed to properly report to the first aid office for any minor injury that they had sustained.' Obviously, no man wants to see his name classed as an unsafe worker, and this method has proved of great value in furthering an attitude of safety'mindedness throughout the mills. Naturally, .in the' early days of our safety service, a great deal of attention was given to- the safeguarding of .machinery and eliminating hazardous conditions about the mills. At one time this was considered almost the whole function of the accident prevention program. But now,, with all known, physical conditions adequately- safe guarded and correctly maintained, we realize that this phase does not continue to he the most important. Our chief problem is''conceriied>with the emoloyee in directing his /mental attitude away " from thoughtless, careless and negligent methods of working. ' In this program, safety signs, posters and bulletins play just as important a part as advertising does to a commercial, concern in promoting a maximum sales pro duction. To obtain best results, we;. design or select our signs, posters and bulletins, ___ first to attract the attention of the readers, and then to urge his definite action by " creating a desire to carry out the message they convey. Proper placement of post ers is also important; Those pertaining to", a specific hazard m condition .or prac tice-are placed right at the machine.' or other-hazardous places, "usually-where dealing with generalities are put up at other advantageous, places,. usually where workers congregate: This latter type of poster, is rotated from one department to anomer, while those .dealing with specific hazards are removed when die condition -.to which they refer has been corrected. ,v: - The abusive use-of signs and bulletins is not tolerated: that is to say, we never use -them as a, makeshift excuse for not. installing guards or making proper cor rection, nor with* the idea that if anything happens we will be cleared and die. fault will rest with the victim. .' The mental attitude of the employee is most important and we make an oppor tunity to talk with them individually about their working conditions. One. result of this is that, the men now pay more attention to the footwear and clothing they `V PaperandPuIpSection : 297 . wear-on. the job. We .Have greatly-reduced the number of accidents previously - caused through the wearing, of,unserviceable shoes, loose and-ragged clothing, and . .employees ho longer/feel that any cSSt-off' clothing is good enough t.o wear while at work. It is false economy to'increase the hazard of accident by wearing unsafe clothing. ' .. .' ''' > V- . '" **'?,. *' i 1 TUESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION ' October 2,1934 . . After spending a pleasant luncheon Hour;- Chairman Gilson announced that the principal purpose of this meeting was the formal bestowal of trophies won by unit companies in the various contests conducted "during the . year among paper mills. He called upon Mr. A. Scott Dowd. Editorial Director, the Paper. Industry Maya- ' sine of Chicago, Chairman of the Contest Committee, to present the "Data on the 1933-34 Safety Contest," as follows.:' s , In the Paper Industry Annual Safety. Contest, which extended from. July 1, 1933, to.!June.,30,` 1934,, 105 paper and pulp mills participated. . During, the contest, 34,132'employees worked .a total of 71,463,322 man hours. They suffered a total of 1,402 disabling injuries which occasioned 102,099 days of lost time. The. average frequency rate of the contest was' 19,626, and the average severity rate was 1.429. Fifty-six of the mills completed the contest with-a; frequency rate below", the aver age. Out of the total, 6 mills went through , the contest-with perfect safety scores. Chairman Gilson then introduced C. B.'Auel, Manager, Employees* Service De partment, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company,. East, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and past president of the National Safety Council, yijho presented toe . handsome trophy, awards to the eight winning companies in-the contest.- Mr. Auel' congratulated toe entire section -membership on its good accident prevention efforts, and called particular attention to the fact that it was the Paper and Pulp Section which first instituted a Sectional Safety Contest--an innovation to be taken up* later and followed successfully by other sections. With a few well chosen and com- - plimentary remarks, Mr.*Auel presented trophies to the following companies:- International Paper Company, Hudson River (winner in Division 1--Group A); 7 disabling injuries, 258 days of lost.time; frequency rate 3.598 and severity-rate .133., St. Croix Paper- Company (winner in Group B); no disabling injuries. . Bryant Paper Company,- Paper Division (winner in Group. C) ;. 1 disabling in jury causing ten days of lost time; frequency rate 1.973 and severity'rate .002. .Bird and Son, Inc., Chicago (winner, tri*' Group D); no disabling injuries. . International Paper Company, Riley, Maine (winner in Group D); no disabling injuries. . Hollingsworth and .Whitney Company, Abenaquis, Maine (winner in 'Group. D); no disabling-injuries. ; `v * -- - Container Corporation of America, Natick, Mass, (winner in Division II); no disabling injuries* ' \ Southern Container Company (winner in Division ,2) ; no -disabling .injuries. 4 Following, toe presentation of toe Council trophies, .the special 'trophy awarded by the Paper Industry Magaaine to the one outstanding paper mill for. safety ac complishment during the. year was presented to the SL CroiV'Paper Company, Wood? land, Maine, by A. 'Scott Dowd, representing Mr. :-E. B. Fritz, publisher of^ thd ; Paper Industry Magaaine. ." Report of the dominating Pomfnittee <*'. Chairman Gilsbm then ^called for toe report of the Nominating Committee, and new officers for theSection, for the...ensuing year were elected as follows: Genetfal Chairman--H. D. Banta, Hoberg Paper, and Fibre Cd, Green Bay, Wis. Vice-Chairman in. Charge of. Membership-rE. E. Grant, The Crystal. Tissue Cd, Middletown, Ohio. -o '- .. Secretary and Program Committee Chairman--F. L. Irvin, St. Croix Paper Co., - Woodland, Maine.- ! . .. 298 Twenty-third Annual Safety. Congress--National Safety Council l. .News Letter Editor--L. Christensen, Continental' Paper Bag Corp., Mari-1 nette, Wis. 'f- Engineering' Committee' Chairman--T.` H. Tinner, Consolidated rPaper Corp.; Ltd., Montreal, p. Q. Canada.. ' ~ Statistics Committee Ckatrman-rrA. E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney- Co., Watervilje, Maine.'1' .! Poster Committee Chairman--J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. :. Contest Committee Chairman--A. Scott Dowd, The Paper. Industry^ 'Chicago, 111. Health Committee Chairman--Dr.'E. W. Paine, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co.; Waterville, Maine. > Members at Large-- ` .. . . George J. Adams^ International Paper Co., New York, -N. Y. - W. J. Brennan, Maine Department 'of Labor and Industry, .Augusta, Me. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Coated Paper Co., -HamiltonrO. W. A. i Gleason, Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. ........... M. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. r W. J. Peacock, Northern Paper Mills,,Green,.Bay, Wis. . A .7 Samuel Pruyn, Finch-Pruyn arid Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y.- J. T. Plzak, Consolidated Water Power and Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3,1934 ^. This session was devoted to a special disctission entitled "Safety Exchange Round Table." Itvwas called to order by the Conference Leader, H. T. Randall, Works Engineer, The Champion Coated Paper Company, Hamilton, Ohio, .whp presided. Although the subjects, discussed were, presented informally, and the general discussion was participated in by numerous members who presented their ideas from time to time as the discussion developed^ the following has been prepared as a concise sum mary for these Transactions: , i.Trimmer Accidents. A trimmer, can sometimes bCtfmpecT by-bumping it- Sev er^, accidents and near accidents have been caused ihcjfijs. way. Guards properly placed, however, can prevent this typ^ ofraccidents Several mills have installed' an electrical device to control the tripping action; there g/e two push buttons andsboth hands must be used to push the two buttons at tiuHsame time in order to trip the machine. -To( protect the^helper also, who is behind the machine, rigid instructions have been issued that -he must keep, away from the machine--not only his hands, but must not even lean against the machine while it* is in operation.. .1 *" Several years ago a special committee was appointed by the Section to investigate trimmer accidents and possible safety devices to prevent them.* The investigation showed that a number of mills were cutting small stock and they-objected to . any device which kept both of the operators'hands upon the operating buttohs or levers* 'during tiie entire time of .operation. . They said, the operator had' to withdraw his hands and hold them against the small stoat to prevent the knife from tipping over the piles. The Nekoo?a-Edwards- Paper Company, manufactured for itself a safety device which necessitated the'hands, of both operators being busy, during the time of operation. It was a lug on the cross bar and a lever which tripped into place the moment the bar was thrust back, to avoid any repeating of the knife's operations. With such a device, however, there is nothing to prevent the operator, after he holds tiie safety lever up so, that he can trip with tiie other hand, releasing this and reach ing under the knife. No safety device seems to""be universal in Its application. The main thing is ito recognize,, the hazard^and take any possible steps: to correct it. ' [Cleaning Drier Pits. -^Several accidents have been caused when men went into the drier pits to dean the' rolls while the machine was running, .beiiig caught in tiie rblls and almost instantly killed. It is common ifor . paper to wind around a .roll and the temptation is often great/to remove it without stopping the machine. However, there is only one safe way.!to remove .'this hazard, and. that is to permit no one* to  Paper and Pulp.Section enter the drier pits, until the machine has ceased-running. Some milis have'a stand- . ihg rule that before a than goes into the drier pits he must lock' the drier^press with a chain and padlock and tak^the key withhim. .. - Compensation, Paynients. In the case df a fatal accident which resulted from a - violation of'rules,, wliat about compensation payments? .If the case resulted fatally in Ontario, Canada, it wouldn't make any difference whether'it was deliberate, care^ lessness, deliberate neglect qp, violation of the. rule. If it is a fatal: accident, comX pensation follows. In a non-fatal case, it/doesn't necessarily follow. sider the violation of the rule is sufficiently flagrant, they catwdis completely on the grounds that the man was-not acting jn the /Surfl he was acting contrary to rules. InOhio, however ,(it..was stated). .... can do nothing in the way of. neglect that will preclude his right jfo colle ____ sation for an accident In Quebec, however, the opposite is again the case and the employee can collect (or his family- can collect)compensation payment. Their law was founded on the Ontario Taw. .... s u' . .' Compensator Fires. What is the prpper way of putting out a fire in a com- / pensator box? In one mjlj the.instructions are to let the box burn; get away from it, get a fire hose and, staying'at least 20 feet away, squirt the fire down with the hose. This mill is -convinced that an operator of a' two-and-one-half inch fire hose, twenty feet away from 2300 volts, even with his feet grounded, will not be shocked. The mill, however, interacts its men to let the box burn until the thing blows'up. arid then turn the fire'hose on, because by the time it is blown up, it kicks-the main breaker in the-generator room, so that the lines are dead.: Definite.instructions.have been given to.eall men^that they'are not to touch the safety box or compensator box when it is oh fire, because the chances are it is .stuck.. When a, man.touches.the safety box it will blow tip in his face. It is important to educate all employees in theUyell knoum standard rule or practice to operate compensato|g*with the jpft (hnd and"always keep the face away, from the front -pf the compefisitton|jptfeis the only . way to get away from serious burning accidents In electrical^' ''' J Safety Switches. The following, experience is quoted vereatajvi^^?t has been ur experience that some:so-called `safety switches' are the mostuailgerous pieces - If equipment in a paper mill. It might be well for you to. go back arid look over . our safety switches.- If they ard of the .same type as .ours, it would be.' well* to take the steps we have takeri Most- safety switches have a cross bar that operates the; phase knives. That cross bar is fastened on wtih a little linkage. If the little linkage mechanism should break, all three phases jwill be short circuited. We have had that happen several times. We. have corrected it by insulating the cross bar with . bakelite tubes,- and, in addition, welding an angle inside the ;boX, so that if the linkage mechanism breaks, the handle"- can't be thrown far enough .to .short circuit . the phases with-the cross bar." c%. .Goggles'.- What are mills doing. to enforce"*the use of goggles? Nothing but continual harping on the subject wilFmake a man realize that his' eyes arp invaluable ' ,, 1 property'to. him.. .Discipline for violation-of the goggle rales frequently'included, a layoff for .one or two weeks: The- Pullman Company follows the rigid, rule of niak- ing everyone in the shop, whether messenger, worker, or .the president of . the com pany himself, wear goggles while in the shops. A similar plan is followed by the Kalamazoo. Vegetable Parchment Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan, the goggles being- fitted tcf each#individual by a'capable optician.^ Experience shows' that to' enforce such a rigid rrile.requir.es the thorough support of the supervisory force. . Goggles of many types arie required, lo fit the individual to the job and the job to the indi-. vidual. In short, no' single type of goggles can be used throughout the plant, of .throughout the department. There is a certain adequate.type of goggle for each , . ; occupation. .. Safety Rules Enforcement. Whether the problem is enforcement of the rale about the-wearing of .goggles, or some other safety rule, it is . of . the utmost-im^ portance that management back up an adequate enforcement-of'the-rules< In one , . case; after..posting of and orderingthat a ten-day lay-off would be given to-any man . who was found working on a dangerous machine, without his goggles, the next day. the foreman'of the department was found working on. a grinding wheel without ... - goggles. In this case, as in all others, the management, if it is sincere,, must enforce -> v, * j* - .VAV. '. ..V. .r- m. 300 Twenty-third Annual Safetyongresi--National Safety Council' ' 'C- . ' ;^ . -l t the rule. It is often well in making safety rules,, to give the .workers an oppor-tuqity to assist. in their formulation. In one case-workfers in a department were given a number of types-of goggles and asked to wear them and express their private opinion as to their servicability. . In this case'the workers picked out a certain type, of goggle of the wide vision, land and no trouble was found in getting them to -wear them. When management lias thus carefully covered the situation, decided upon the necessary rules to be followed, and considered the comfort and perhaps even the opinions of the workers, then mere- is. no reason why the enforcement of the rules should not be regularly carried out Although rules and regulations may not whplly. solve the problem of safety, they .have their importance' in convincing the workers that the management is sincere and'uiat it is going to back , up the safety program 100 per cent THURSDAY MORNING SESSION '- October 4, 1934 "t . / Trend of Occupational Diseases and Compensation ... By A. G. CRANCH, A.B., M.D. 1: ' - National Carbon Co,, Inc., Cleveland,. Ohio .The speaker said in part: The view that Workmen's Compensation represents the recognition of a social principle is probably generally accepted.today, and forms the basis upon which sudi laws are administered and should form die basis for further amendments.. This-social principle, that the consumer pays the cost of production, involves, charging the costs resulting from payment of - compensation back ..on the product and therefore such costs should be kept low. This shouldvbe done not primarily, through lowered payments as such, but through, .more efficient' prevention and treatment, therefore amendments should insure especially' more ade quate. safety work, and shortening of disabilities through ..improved medical care. But during the years of changes in these laws, we find too" often that most amend ments have been the result of compromise between two groups, one trying to keep down costs. by limiting all payments to tlie lowest figures, and the other trying . to -increase the coverage and cash returns to workers injured. Too little attention would seem to be paid to' simplified administration, preventive work, and- more adequate niedical care. - Today the really interested parties are the various Labor Departments with their boards of;commissions who must administer the law, the employers, the employees and the -mediqal profession. In addition to these there are two. groups who .are ' in- ' jecting their influence into this field--propagandists; for various forms of "social; ...legislation" and the legal profession. - The first of these, 'seem anxious to engraft -:Upon the compensation . system increased coverage which would make of it prac tically a general health" insurance. As for the second, many of-its members seem " anxious-to develop methods of . administration such ^as might"rquire a. great increase in legal services; this'notwithstanding-the fact that oneVofc the. essential features of the system was to make it possible, for the injured worknftbi to receive payments without necessity for expense of litigation. Unfortunately, as already mentioned,., changes in these laws are too frequently brought about, not oh their merits, or in-' the real furtherance of what seemk'generally recognized as the' basis of the. law, but through compromise between, two groups striving .with one another over many meas ures which may be before the legislature. . '. \ The trend ever since these laws came into effect has been toward. increased liberality. Cash, benefits, have been increased for temporary and permanent dis abilities. and for death claims; "waiting periods" have been reduced;.periods dur ing which medical care is given, .and amounts available therefore, have been in-. creased; coverage, has .been increased, and .in twelve states occupational diseases, as well as accidental injuries, have been made compensable in-one way or another.. This. trend toward liberality up to die time of the depression was largely reflected* ' hr ,the 'administration of the law. As the chairman of die .Commission in . one of pur Sjtates said publicly a few years ago--?`I consider the fund a fund created ' die . benefit of the'workman, and if it is humanlypaS$ible to make a payment to:a i claimant without direct, violation . of the law, it sfioimh be done." The resul&of; i ... this attitude, which at'the time seemed not at all uhique, was that many clauta*Ci . were .awarded on what' seemedto be'entirely insufiicient evidence, and'tor con-, tiitions so remotely Connected with the alleged cause as to be almost grotesque. Pay- ; ment of claims based oh the theory of "aggravation, of a pre-existing condition" ' was common, .and 'often seemed very far fetched. .- ... In .prosperous times dt was possible to carry on'with these extremely liberal interpretations. With the depression - the pictiire* changed; Reduced .employment brought reduced, collections for die funds and this in spite of. frequent increases'in : premium rates. * Reserve funds* became "frozen" and banking conditions played.. Havoc, with, such funds as were supposedly entirely, available^ Although employ-. .ftient fell off. and with it the . number .of accidents, this was far from-true with claims--at least as to size and frequency in proportion to the .number of' accidents. Today there is a flood of "not allowed" claims, because baseless, also' manyfold claims'arp'being revived, .but all claims of this^ sort must be investigated, greatly . increasing. administrative expense and-delating the work of the boards and commissions^TThen, too, many-absences, from work, have become noticeably dispro portionate ;in length for the apparent severity of the injury. Appeals, from' adverse decisions, are far more frequent -and in states where appeal to a court' can be made, juries are.^making1, awards -in many cases on what seems insufficient'grounds.' -The > result of these .trends has been greatly increased cost of insurance, and in some cases actual threatening of... the financial stability of the insurers.; Preseht trends'in compensation may then be summed ;iip as follows: . - ' ' In claims-^-far more groundless and ."border line" claims are being filed, appar- - ' ently in an effort to stretch tije coverage of these laws to include what .plight belong to health sor unemployment insurance laws. - `V- Ih administration--an-: increasing tendency-' to make use of legal ..services in ,pre- . senting. claims:' more appeals; more complication in procedure and delay in pay-, ments; a fngrked'tendency , to'interpret: the law more strictly. ( . . In scope-!-a' steadily growing tendency to include, coverage for .'occupational diseases as. well as' accidental injuries. ' _ - - In spite of its ancestry, I believe" we will agree that Workmen's Compensation - is now recognized generally as based on a sound social principle.';- Costs of the care of injured workers are legitimately part of the cost of the product If this is true in the case, of accidental injuries,, it is only logical that^diseases directly' resulting - from occupation should also be compensable. This was'recognized in Europe fifty .years ago by some governments, and inclusion of occupational diseases 'is now very - general in European compensation schemes.. In this country practically all our com- / - pqnsation laws, when first passed,' wholly ><;ignored. occupational diseases. Usually . coverage was limited specifically to accidents. ./In some states only the word "injury" - was .used, so claims for injury due to disease and-not -accident were presented. Tins ' . called for court rulings and in this way rather, than-through any apparent'intention ... in ; the law, .occupational ^diseases were included. In some states, by amendment the ' wording was changed so as to allow compensation for disease in'this'way. In Other stages amendments were adopted providing , compensation for certain scheduled dis eases. The .movement., for inclusion J-of diseases under compensation ..began .some . fifteen years agoj but even after this lapse .of time .they, are compensable in one way .': or. another in only 'twelve states,, and also, by the Federal Government' and three ' territories. * *' t. * . . Along with. the>definite trerid toward inclusion of occupational disease,'has alwaysbeen' soine, considerable argument as to scope and method of coverage. Theoretically, just as any accidental injury arising out of-" and' in the course of employment' is compensable, so'should any disease. This, idea is reflected fn the legislation where = the act applies--to "injury" arid may so include-any disease as'well'as accident. This is-the'so-called- "blanket coverage;" The .other method is to adopt, a" schedule of ; diiease'recognized as occupational, making them compensable but excluding risers. This iimitied coverage is known as the. "schedule" method. There are validargu- l,:'S * Twenty-third Annual Safety.Congress--National Safety Council meats for and against each method; To present these briefly and-with as little bias as possible^ would summarize as follows:--J "Blanket Coverage" while theoretically sound, and'the method presumatjly' most just to the-workman, presets .so many; practical difficulties-in-administration that,. % it may often fail to give, the-protection desire. It is also' far more, likely to- be . ' abused if liberally- interpreted/Tintil it could in' effect become almost general health, insurance for workmen. If any illness attributable to a man's work is supposed to be covered, almost any illness may be the basis of a claim.. 'To determino-tne occu pational connection would often become a highly complex medical question.' Already under this system so much litigation is often'required, and court rulings must'be. followed, that .the purpose of the law in aiding thdse disabled is^ not infrequently - - defeated. Thev"schedule" method was the first method: tried and has stood the test of half a century's practice in some. European countries. The schedule .should be . carefully prepared to cover the outstanding recognized occupational diseases apt to rbccur in- the state. It should not follow blindly some earlier schedule which may include many diseases never likely .to occur, and possibly omitting, others quite likely to be found. It should be limited to recognized conditions knofrh to be of essentially occupational- origin and capable of definite diagnosis.' Provision should be made for some form of competent medical board of review, officially connected wtih the body administering the compensation law and- the decision of tills board, should be. final on medical matters. Provision should also "be made fox' inclusion of additional occupa tional diseases as experience indicates. With a properly prepared schedule and proper Administration, certainly-. 90 per cent of occupational diseases should be cov- ' ered. <:< ' - In extending compensation coverage to occupational diseases it must bg recognized that .whatever method is pursued, we are mating with-sa much more complex''subject . than with accidents. Expert medical ihforaa^pnris essential in administration and - must be available from an impartial source'tothe Soard^ or. commission responsible; The ultimate cost of such coverage is also quite a problem, Some ridiculously low figures have been given from time to time in comparison with the-premium figures for accident coverage, but so far the surface has only been scratched.- Wrknow that-costs have steadily increased for coverage of accidents, despite the presumed dear`cut nature of an accident We can only guess what the relative., increase' iu costs would be for occupational diseases when such coverage becomes niore general and information regarding its-possibilities-is more widespread. This is especially true if "blanket coverage" is attempted. No insurance company or state fund;, knows . how to estimate the cost As an illustration of this we-Have only to cite, the present appalling situation with regard to silicosis, and this same problem of silicosis shows tne vital'need for a special'set up In dealing with occupational disease as compared - :with accident To attempt to-do justice to the silicosis probldh by including it as 'an "injury" and dealing witii it through present laws designed only foraccident cov- :' erage would be almost impossible. . Compared with'accident compensation our experience with occupational disease, coverage is small indeed; The first compensation laws were often very poorly framed, precedents were often too blindly followed and basic needs seemed only partially appreciated. This is largely true of our first efforts to include occupational -- disease, but a new trend is noticeable, and I believe further advance In this field ' will show a (better appreciation of the important'features of such legislation.' In Pennsylvaniaa'nd Massachusetts, for instance, some outstanding studies have been made by well qualified commissions.. The report of the Pennsylvania ..Commission ^-contains one of the. most masterful analyses of the problem of compensation, for occu5- national disease so far published. Through such studies' it should be"possible to '^-'-draft a law accomplishing its purpose with essential justice and with the possibility of efficient administration. To sum up the trend in the field of compensation for occupational, disease, I would say that there is a definite increase in recognition of the justice of such coverage; that haphazard methods of approach are giving way to intelligent study of the*problem; that such study seems to show clearly the value of a. schedule method rather than blanket coverage, and that there is increasing recognition that a different' set up is required for efficient administration with provision for adequate medical advicinn^hlffldting claims. !.*& Paperjind Pulp Section- present`Wo tendencies are very nodceable^-one toward broader coverage, the Oother toward^ return to hiethodssof administration involving more legal aid-and the couiits. The first might l^ad to inclusIon imder'ra compensation law of raucR that should not be covered in sjuch laws. The real purpose of theelaw should always, be . kept , in niind and the law' administered accordingly or else the whole scheme may' Hbe endangered through exCesslye^costs. " The second seems likely to defeat two of the? important features, of^thelilaw, namely, to make ti possible'for an injured workman. : ; to :obtain payment for his disability without the added expanse of legal aid,'and . without thfefhampering technicalities of courtprocedure. .. . In clo&mg this' review we might list as objectives which could well b considered . in furtherjamendments thd 'following:, ,i. *' . tf.' Garefully consWered provision for -occupational disease coverage, with^special coverage for silicosis: .: ` v 4 ~ <- . . ; .' 2. Better recognition of-$he essential, medical features, of. such laws; especially as" - affecting occupational disease coverage^ through the formation of non-political, non partisan, ompeteht medical boards with (official status and with power of final decision in . medical matters. \ * 3. Provision for'more effectual preventive. features. '0 . 4- More recognition yof the value of high grade medical treatment, as compared with cash? payment for disabilities. . ' : ' \. 5. Simpler methods of'administration, requiring less legal service and .court .... procedure* .* ' t. - ' ' ^ . .o . < 6: Provision for final decision - of claims ,by the boards or commissions charged - ` with administration. . * c- . ' ^ 4 o ' 7.. Adoption bf.somemethod for more just -handling of>claims^iifirolving "aggra vation of preexisting, condition," as in. two states now, through-7apportionment of amount of resulting disability, logically^attributable to the. "aggravation." O' Putting Safety EngineersUrider the Microscope By W. GRAHAM COLE vV; v- Dlrector of Safety. MetropoUtan Life Insurance Company, New York City /t . ' V.V* f > The speaker saidjin part: Aside from the responsibilitjDof a safety engineer to a given industrial property, safety engineers^generally have the ^responsibility to emphasize the need of organized effort wherever human beings are employed. They O.4,. are also in a position to stimulate plants in their communities,"because the active leadership of the employersCof small of the general effect of,,all types of,,occupational ; accidents) upon the national rate and upon insurance premiums. In the industrial plant which,^because of its .size or interest of management, has ,>been fit to employ an individual to serve as safety engineer, either on full.or part time, this individual becomes,the pivot man in the resulting safety program? upon > him rests a direct responsibility to develop policy, leadership and organization which. : will result in a reduction of accidents and a decrease, in the waste and inefficient, incident to the occurrence of accidents. . o- ` ' When tha-need of safety work was first accepted among industrial, employers, - . the preventiohjtof accidents was considered very largely in terms of mechanical safe-. ("guarding. The safety engineer was frequently selected because ofchls knowledge of mechanical engineering, lor ability to foresee^mechanical. hazards, and to design and build proper safeguarding devices. Experience soon Indicated, however, that only a relatively'small percentage of occupational injuries resulted directly from mechan ical imperfections, and that, ton thd other hand,^.personal habits of the. employees^ resulted in) the larger percentage of. accidents: At this step in the evolution of safety engineering as a profession, considerable. attention was -tgivett to the need of training employees and of stimulating their continual Interest in accident work. The work of the . safety engineer thenjbecame very largely "that of a promotional or educational agent. * . * " ^ . * ,, In this regard safety committees wertf organized^) interest employees and obtain - theirs cooperation in discovering and correcting unsafe conditions and* practices; o pi. Q o : .* V 'a V r * -- ; 304 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council . Safety 'rallies'-were held to stimulate group interest. Contests were conducted to encourage the production. of improved accident records of* departments or- entire; industrial units. In some-instances, a form of bonus was paid for the accomplishment' of exceptionally good records. Advertising principles, waje utilized- and attempts were made to develop-interest through various publicityl'metyiods. Bulletin boards were erected and used to display safety posters and at tmifiMO '.present special mes sages from the local manager. Cautionary and-instructive signs^were placed at important places to attract attention to a probable hazard, or fo present safety adrice. Pay envelopes and other means were used lo distribute pamphlets arid, other printed 'messages about safety. . These various promotional'activities, were, in most instances, designed to reach the employees as a group or,-in other'words, they followed the line of mass ap proach. The results of these efforts were apparent in' many industrial properties and marked reductions in accidents were noted. Several years ago it became ap parent, in some industrial organisations, that the ultimate in accident prevention could not he obtained entirely by mass appeal to all employees. It was appreciated that this type of -appeal -would have considerable effect upon certain groups of employees but that there were, in practically every industry, other groups who would not react to' general educational activities, even though they had the same opportunity to come in contact .with these activities.. .~ .. . The appreciation) of this, fact led to the adoption of more direct methods of reaching certain groups dfjanployees. Disciplinary, measures were found necessary' in some cases.' In others, it was.considered advisable to study the individual habits and characteristics of certain employees and to take, individual steps to overcome lack of interest or indicated accident proneness. Increasing. attention was given to a review of applicants' fitness for the work to which.they'were.to be assigned, to the study of the actual requirements of specific jobs from the accident viewpoint,- and to the need of closer supervision; and special training for certain jobs. During this period,.also, the position of -the. executive and the supervisor- in the program was given greateh emphasis and increased attention was given to the need of convincing managements'-of their responsibility in the safety program. Methods were also developed -.to emphasize the importance of the supervisor, and in some instances foremen's safety conferences were organized and conducted. The recent period, of business depression in the United States presented a means of measuring, to some extent the results-.of organized safety activities in industrial organizations. To be .Sure, the numbers of industrial fatalities or serious accidents show a decline:during this period.but it is doubtful that this decrease was as great as the decrease in employment oran other words, as the decrease in exposure. In some outstanding instances,' industrial. safety, programs have -been-- Continued during the depression, diminishing only to; an extent comparable with the decrease in indus trial activity and employment In many other instances,' however, the -.industrial safety program suffered materially,; even to the ..extent of the ..total elimination' .of safety departments or. the coordination of the duties of the safety engineering, with those of some other executive. . V* - ' The experience, during a number of years prior to the depression has emphasized, by many1, studies which have been made including specifically a study conducted by the Engineering Council, a definite relationship between accident prevent and plant-- efficiency. Those who have had the privilege of dose contact with safety work realize that the frequent occurrences accidents is a measure of inefficiency, and that safety programs are an .essential phase of economic operation. Based upon this fact, it is reasonable to suppose that industry Would not decrease its safety activities during a period when ti was suffering from business depression; but rattier would increase its interest in those activities which aided to decrease*Wastage-and to over come inefficient and uneconomic operations. t It is apparent, therefore, that the diminished interest in safety^eyidenced on some properties, was but an-indication of the fact that the managemeht-bf these proper ties had not been sold effectively to the value of safety work from an^econOmic aswell as a humane viewpoint, This statement should, not be construed entirely-as a criticism of the safety engineer of these specific`projects, but rather as an indication of . the failure of the safety engineering, profession as'a whole to reach and . impress Paper aid Pulp Section 305 busiddsk executives withi\the value of safety activities and their responsibility, for the conducrstir prevention programs. .. O For more than a year, steps have beeptekCh by the National Government de signed to aid Ameriqjah business to - overcome, the depression. In this recovery program it seems very'"probable that the profit making organization will be the one which is able to`produce, distribute and sell' itsmerchandise iiDan 'Economic manner. This will require, the elimination of wasteful and uneconohiic practices which in-' 'volves, in very large part, the elimination of those conditions which are productive .of accidents. ;; ,r ' ^ ^ @. c e - In the past, accident prevention was considered very largely as a humane respon sibility and accidents were jeonsi^red-usually as-those incidents which resulted in human suffering!^-Recent studies have indicated, however, that industrial accidentsalso result in the,-destruction of property, the damage of machinery, the-spoilage'of '"raw and finished product, and the loss of .valuable and trained workers. Jn many instances these conditions result',where no' personal injury is experience.' The pre vention of all types of accidents would thus serve to' decrease many forms of waste, and in a. number .offinstances will* mean the difference between loss and profit on the annual balances sheet * j _ ^ c, ' We have thus reached a; step in the evolution of safety managementnever /hltere reached, when1 the;'sdfety profession has an outstanding opportunity e|:ajiiislfp?its prqper place as ,aj;part of /economic industrial ^management. In this^prosition, the safety engineering profession is aided by the National Government which'has required. the insertion of a clause in the various industrial codes and has called' upon organized industry to develop/ definite safety programs.'. . ' V Furthermore, the govemiment has shown an example and taken the leadership in developing organized safety .work dmong the thousand of individuals who have been added to government payrolls through C.',W. A., R W. A., T. E. R. Ai, and other large governmental recovery Activities. w The. safety engineer who .will, therefore,, capitalize^upon.his present opportunities, is the one swho will ' take active steps to analyze -tfie reasons executives have not .. been,-,in many instances,, thoroughly' sold31 on the advantages of safety programs. In; doing this,-he will analyze the past activities of the safety profession and will en deavor to develop hiniself and his safety, program: as an essential-to the'conduct of ,.the industry. It has been easjr for the safety engineer to . present perhaps <an. alibi, and to presume or say . that better results could Have0 been obtained if it had been ': 'possible: to. secure' the -more active leadership . of the higher ' executives,. and the criticism that management had, in many instances, not -visualized -the importance of safety procedure. . On the> other hand, he. placed, the responsibility for this lack of interest directly upon .the safety engineering profession. 'He emphasized, the? fact, that executives were . responsible for many other activities' and. that unless their attention was ^continually and forcefully rolled to*-' the need of their personal partici-. patiori in accident prevention work^- they were prone to lose sight of this responsi-. bility.' * ... 0' , v .' ' ... j. If. it "is granted "that-accidents are a form of economic, waste and that the'pre vention of accidents is an economic necessity it can be assumed that. the entire responsibility for the safety program is one that naturally rests on the= chief operat ing executive, and further, that the safety^ program should not be considered "purely' as a welfare activity but as a,i>hase- of industrial' management-'ancP supervision. With this conception, the safety engineer is not an independent force attempting to instill safety consciousness and prevent accidents through his ownr: ability. On the other hand, he becomes, an assistant to, not a substitute for, the operating bead of ;the business. In this position, it is. his responsibility to keep the operating head thor oughly advised1-of the accident problem ..and- as a . representative of. the operating head, to see that the' safety policy of the company is carried.out. . ImfollowmgGsuch a procedure,'the'department supervisor or foreman naturally is the man Reid respon- . sible for the prevention of accidents among his particular group of employees. The .safety engineer has the responsibility, not to prevent accidents id- a department, but. to aid the^ department head to visualize his responsibility and to develop and carry out necessary activities. ` In this capacity, - the safety engineer is in a position to coordinate the activities of the various departments.' . The departmental supervisor requires the cooperation of . the. men who are work-r ing forhim. To accomplish this-it is necessary thkt he. impress his workers, both by example and. Conversation, with his sincere interest,*and encourage them to aid him .in the conduct of plant'activities, unmarred by either, personal injury.`or noh- persohal injury accidents. '* The appointment of certain employees on . safety commit tees will undoubtedly aid the supervisor in meeting his responsibility, * if the committee is organized with this purpose, in mind. Too frequently in the''past committees have been organized wholly for the purpose of securing insurance, pre mium reductions; In mafiy instances, these committees have been ^effective on paper only, and In some cases they have* resulted in a group of men authorized to criticize defects in safeguarding and in operating procedure. To be sure, there .may still be conditions in industry where safeguarding is .essential* On the other hand; there ate many instances where accidents can only be prevented by the personal actions and practices-of the employees.* The effective safety committee,is one Which recognizes the entire situation and serves as a means of securing employee cooperation with the safety program. '' " -. . In summary, therefore, may we-emphasize the fact ..that the safety engineer has, - -at* the present moment, perhaps the"most opportunity he has ever had tb. analyze the defects in past-procedure and to develop himself as an integral part of the Oper ating procedure' of his industry, vand as a real assistant to tiie oiiefc operating executive. . . .' <" ' ADJOURNMENT . '" k> S i'"'! n n a