Document jy78aX6JbmyQMBeXNXEoLrGmk

Inter Office Messrs. N. Abu-Nas6ar D. T. Axon P. S. Dewar A. G. Folger V. S. Hulse P. J. Kallln ' J.D. Klndree D. J. HcCheaney P. E. Toth 'S' Manufacturing Staff July 25, 1980 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Subject: Current Trends In Regulation of Asbestos and Availability of Asbestos Substitutes June 14-16, 1980, Washington, D.C. Attached for your information and file is a summary of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) meeting on asbestos usage. TAL/gw Att. T. A. Loch 8005 1083 PRODUCED BY FORD SCF-ALLF-08200 REPORT OF CONTACT Subject: EPA/CPSC/IRLG Information-Gathering Meeting in Advanoe of Rule-Making to Regulate the Usage of Asbestos Date and Place: June 14-16, 1980 Washington, D.C. . Purpose The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) that the current asbestos exposure limit of 2 fibers per cubic centimeter (fibers/cc) be reduced to 0.1 fibers/cc in recognition of the carcinogenicity of asbestos fiber. This move is part of a coordinated effort to systematically remove asbestos from all materials where substitutes are available. The Interagency Regulatory Liason Group (IRLG) is seeking to unify the regulatory efforts of OSHA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in determining the state of the art in cost effective asbestos substitutes which do not impose the long-term potential health hazards characteristic of asbestos fiber. The meeting consisted of presentations and roundtable discussions among representatives of the asbestos industry, government regulatory officials, asbestos substitute material vendors and their technical representatives, and members of those industries who are present consumers of asbestos containing materials. Specific Applications While Manufacturing Staff has been designated to evaluate the cost-effective asbestossubstitute materials presently available for Companywide applications, one current specific interest involves the use of asbestos-cement (A/C) sheet for building construction. The available substitutes for A/C sheet include: glass-reinforced concrete (GRC); cement/wood board; cement-based materials using reinforcing fibers made from mineralized wood, steel, mineral wool, carbon, nylon, or ceramics. Tables I and D list the unit costs associated with currently available substitutes. TABLE I - COMPARISON OF CEMENT SHEET PRODUCT PRICES Product Cost ($) per square meter __________ (square foot)______ 1/4" 1/2" J. M. Flexboard (A/C) J-M Transite (A/C) Cement/wood board High density GRC Low density GRC Alumina-Sheet 5.90 13.15 1.95 - - (0.55) (1.20) (0.20) 161.40 (15.00) 14.00 (1.30) 21.50 (2.00) 4.00 (0.40) 8.61 (0.80) less than 8.60 (0.80) 8005 1084 PRODUCED BY FORD -2- TABLE D - COMPARISON OF SIDING PRODUCT COSTS Product Total cost ($) per square meter (square foot) Wood siding, 5/8" Wood shingle Asbestos-cement shingle Fiber board Brick or stone Stucco or concrete block Aluminum 8.60 (0.80) 15.60 (1.45) 13.50 (1.25) 10.80 (1.00) 61.75 (5.75) 17.90 (1.65) 13.40 (1.25)a Cost includes material price for plywood sheathing of $2.72/square meter ($0,253 square feet). At the conference, asbestos industry representatives disputed the accuracy of the unit prices presented above. EPA/CPSC acknowledged possible errors and intends to update the information and distribute the data to attendees. Deficiences in the performance/weatherability of substitute materials were cited by asbestos manufacturers. In particular, cement/wood board, which had been used widely in Europe as an asbestos substitute, tends to gain and lose moisture in wood fibers causing cracking. Despite these deficiences, EPA/CPSC assert that the above materials are cost effective asbestos substitutes for current use of A/C sheet. Additional Information Other items on the agenda included a diversity of subjects such as: asbestos regulatory status update; overview of non-asbestos substitutes for friction products, paper products, gaskets and packings, plastics and flooring, textiles, roofing materials and sealants, asbestos cement sheet building materials, and asbestos cement pipe; roundtable discus sions on the general development of asbestos substitutes and market acceptance of these new materials; overview of health aspects related to the use of new asbestos substitutes which are fibrous in their morphology and are either synthetically manufactured or are naturally occurring. This symposium's proceedings were tape recorded by EPA for subsequent publication. That record will, in part, form the basis for a technical and economic feasibility assessment related to the eventual ban of asbestos in those applications where substitutes are already available. The EPA is slated to publish an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in April, 1981 with the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (which establishes a near term date of enforcement/compliance) due in August, 1982. The issues raised at the meeting clearly demonstrated that EPA's/CPSC's economic assessments distributed at the meeting were in serious question and that substantial revisions have to be made based on information yet to be supplied by industry representatives present. 8005 1085 PRODUCED BY FORD Other salient points are as follows: . The symposium provided a marketing forum for asbestos substitute material vendors and did not appear to be conducive to unbiased presentation of factual information. . EPA/CPSC asserts that cost-effective, proven asbestos substitutes are already on the market and proliferation of these materials requires only consumer/industry education. . The general philosophy expressed by CPSC is one which seeks to eliminate asbestos usage without regard for the tendency of asbestos fibers in various products to become airborne. Background information presented at the meeting is attached. EPA intends to publish a summary of the symposium which will also contain reprints of the papers presented. Estimated time to publication is three months. Attachments TAL/so/7-22 T. A. Loch 8005 1086 PRODUCED BY FORD  . -&EFA UmwdtutM . ilHMNKimt htMCMK A*ev Offici o Tonic Subitancn WMhinoton. DC 70*60 July I960 Tonic Subrawcm Background Information on Substitutes for Asbestos Sponsored by: The Environmental Protection Agency The Consumer Product Safety Commission The Interagency Regulatory Liason Group PRODUCED BY FORD PREFACE This document presents background information on substitutes for asbestos, for use by attendees at the Workshop on Substitutes for Asbestos, sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Consumer Product Safetv Commission, and the Interagency Regulatory Llasion Croup. The, information is the result of a preliminary study of substitutes for asbestos by EPA; data on the special qualities of asbestos-containing products, the available substitute materials, and cost comparisons between asbestos and the substitute materials are pre sented. This report is being distributed in order to form a basis for dis cussion of substitutes by participants at the workshop. Comments on the accuracy and validity of the report as well as sny additional information are welcomed. Cost data were obtained from a variety of sources and though they are believed to portray 1979 values, the EPA cannot guarantee their accuracy. 8005 1088 PRODUCED BY FORD CONTENTS 1. Introduction. ......................................... 2. Paper Products........................................................................................................ Beverage and pharmaceutical filters................................................... Millboard........................................................................................................ Commercial papers........................................................................................ Specialty papers............................................. Roofing felt................................................................................................ Beater-add gasketb .................................................................................... Electrical insulation..................................... Flooring felt................................................................................................ Pipeline wrap. . ........................................................................................ 3. Asbestos-Cement Pipe............................ 4. Floor Tiles and Sheeting.................................................................................... 5. Friction Materials................................................................................................ 6. Sealants.................................................................................................................... 7. Asbestos/Cement Sheet ........................................................................................ 8. Caskets and Packings...................................................................... 9. Reinforced Plastics ............................................................................................ 10. Textiles.................................................................................................................... Fire-resistant materials ....................................................................... Thermal Insulation .................................................................................... - Electrical insulation............................................................................... Packings and gaskets............................ Friction materials .................................................................................... Specialty textiles ................................................................................... 11. Miscellaneous........................................................................................................ Drilling muds................................................................................................ Other products..................................... ......................................... * . . . 12. Conclusions............................................................................................................ 13. References . 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 17 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 25 25 26 27 29 8005 1089 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Asbestos is the common name for a group of fibrous silicates Including chrysotile, amoslte, anthophylllte, crocldollte, and tremollte-actlnolite. Asbestos is used in many Industrial and consumer .products to provide strength, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, rot resistance, and fireproofing. The United States currently uses approximately 7 pounds of asbestos per person in products each year. An approximate breakdown for the major product categories Is: Asbestos paper (including commercial roofing) Asbestos cement pipe Floor tile Friction products Sealants Asbestos cement sheet Caskets and packing Plastics, textile, and miscellaneous 38 percent* 16 percent 13 percent 7 percent 7 percent 6 percent 3 percent 10 percent This document summarizes the present Information or. the special qualities of asbestos-containing products, the available substitute materials, and cost comparlsions between asbestos and the substitute materials. Percent of annual United States asbestos consumption. Clifton, R.A. Mineral Tndustry Survey, Asbestos Industry 1978. U.S. Bureau of Mines, August 22, 1979. 1 8005 1090 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 2 PAPER PRODUCTS Asbestos-containing paper can be used In products that serve nany different functions. The performance and availability of substitute products will vary for each asbe6toB-paper product; therefore, this section presents the following aubcategorles of paper products: Beverage and Pharmaceutical Filters Millboard Commercial Papers Specialty Papers Roofing Felt Beater-Add Caskets Electrical Insulation Flooring Felt Pipeline Wrap Table 1 presents the estimated current annual consumption of asbestos fiber In paper products. BEVERAGE AND PHARMACEUTICAL FILTERS Asbestos Is used In filters because of its large surface area per unit of weight and natural positive charge, which facilitates the removal of negatively charged particles from beverages.^ Asbestos filter sheets are primarily used by the beer, wine, and liquor distilling Industries to filter micro-organisms and very fine 60llds from liquids and to act as a clarifier removing haze from the liquid medium. Substitute filters, composed of cellulose fibers, distomaceous earth and n melamine resin, appear to be adequate alternatives to asbestos filters, although, Instead of a natural positive charge, they must be chemically treated to produce a positive charge. Costs are comparable for both the asbestos and substitute filters. MILLBOARD Asbestos millboard resists rot and supplies protection from fire, heat, and corrosion. Asbestos millboard is used as a fire-resistant lining in floors, partitions, ceilings, and fire doors, and as sn Insulating barrier in stove ovens, and heating appliances. It has Important uses in metal and chemical industries as well, due to the high temperature performance requirements. 2 8005 1091 PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE 1. ESTIMATED CURRENT ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF ASBESTOS FIBER IN PAPER PRODUCTS (IN TONS) 2,3,4 . Category Consumption Flooring felt Roofing felt Beater-add gaskets Pipeline wrap Millboard Electrical insulation Commercial paper Ceneral insulation Muffler paper Corrugated paper Specialty papers Cooling tower fill Transmission paper Chlorine electrolytic diaphragms Decorative laminates Beverage and pharmaceutical filters 130,000 90,000 30,000 20,000 8,000 1,000 3,500 NA NA 2,500 1,000 3,500 NA 100 Total paper products 286,100* fWiU m m **- e------ -- - ------------~ ^* Totcl should be increased slightly to Include subcategories without figures. NA - Not available but considered small. Substitute millboard is primarily composed of an alumina-silicate refrac tory material. Substitute products generally have equal or superior insulating quslitltes relative to asbestos board, but most have significantly higher costs (see Table 2). TABLE 2. COST(5) PER SQUARE FOOT FOR ASBESTOS MILLBOARD AND SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS5"7 Thickness (Inches) Asbestos Pars No. 9 Johns-Manville Ceraform 102 Carborundum Flberfrax Duraboard Hotboard0 CC Boardb 1/B SO. 30 1/4 SO.60 1/2 51.15 $0.85 $1.45 $2.60 $1.00 $1.20 $1.65 -- $2.20 -- $1.30 - $3.10 -- Price for 1,000 square feet or more. ^Price for 75 square foot lots. 8005 1092 PRODUCED BY FORD COMMERCIAL PAPERS Asbestos Is used in commercial papers because of its strength, durability, and resistance to fire and corrosion. Commercial asbestos papers, including general insulation paper, muffler paper, and corrugated paper, provide maximum insulation against fire, heat, and corrosion with minimum product thickness. Substitutes are made from ceramics, cellulose, or fiberglass. These materials display some advantages, such as the ability to withstand a greater temperature range, but they cost more and provide less dimensional stability. SPECIALTY PAPERS Asbestos is used in specialty papers, including cooling tower fill, electro* lytic diaphragms, and decorative laminates, primarily because of its chemical and heat reslBtant properties. Substitutes for cooling tower fill are polyvinyl and polypropylene plastics, cellulose, aluminum, and steel. An alternative to asbestos electrolytic dia phragms is a membrane-cell, consisting of a film of perfluoro-sulfuric acid resin and another monomer to which negative sulfuric acid groups are attached. Class and ceramic substrates are available as substitutes for decorative laminates. Generally, costs for these substitute materials are higher than asbestos-containing papers. R00F1NC FELT Roofing felt, primarily used for built-up roofing and as an underlayment for other roofing products, is manufactured.with asbestos because of its dimensional stability and resistance to rot, fire, and heat. There are three substitutes for asbestos roofing felt: organic felt (celluloslc fibers), fiberglass felt, and a single-ply membrane system (a laminate of a modified bitumen or rubber and plastic or FVC). Organic felt is the most widely used roofing felt, followed by asbestos felt; fiberglass felt holds the smallest share of the roofing market. Table 3 provides a cost comparison of roofing felts. The substitutes for asbestos containing roofing products are currently available g and are fairly comparable in costs when installed, durability and performance. TABLE 3. ROOFING COSTS9"13 Retail cost per roll ($) Squares Single square (one layer) ($) . Material cost per square ($) Installed cost per square ($) Range Average Organic felt 10.00 4 2.50 7.50 100-160 126.00 (three layers) Asbestos felt 23.50 4 5.75 11.50 (two layers) 115-160 132.50 Fiberglass felt Membrane 6ingle-ply 28.50 35.70 5 1 5.60 35.70 16.80 110-160 140.00 (three layers) 35.70 (one layer) -- 150.00 4 8005 1093 PRODUCED BY FORD %EATER-M>b CASKETS Caskets are Installed to provide tight, nonleaking connections In piping and other joints. They are used In the automotive industry, and also In Indus* trial and connerclol equipment of all varieties. Asbestos is used in gaskets because It is heat resistant, resilient, strong, and chemically Inert. Although alternative materials may be available for certain applications, there are no substitute products of the same effectiveness. In particular, no suitable substitutes have been found for applications requiring the chemical inertness and oil resistance of asbestos gasketing material.& The alternative materials that are sometimes employed are ceramic fibers, teflon, and metal. ' The costs of these substitute materials ere generally higher than the asbestos containing materials. ELECTRICAL INSULATION The largest use of asbestos electrical paper is as insulation for dry transformers for 1-yrr insulation, leyer barriers, core barrier tubes, general conductor wraps, lead insulation, and cross-over insulation. Asbestos is used in electrical paper insulation because of its high thermal and electrical resistance, which permits the paper to act effectively as an insulator and protects the conductor from fire. Substitute materials currently available for electrical insulation are aromatic polymldes, ceramic fibers, mica, and glass fiber. The tests of these substitutes are higher than the asbestos-containing materials. FLOORING FELT Most flooring felt is used commercially in residential applications. Asbestos is used in flooring felts to add dimensional stability, and high moisture, rot and heat resistance. There has been little success in substituting other fibers for asbestos fibers in this product. Alternatively, verious floor coverings can be used as substitutes for vinyl sheet flooring backed with asbestos felt. These coverings include everything from foam cushion-backed flooring and backless sheet flooring to wood flooring or carpeting and "place and push" vinyl tile squares. Costs of substitute products vary widely as the sub stitutes themselves differ grcstly. PIPELINE WRAP Asbestos paper has been successful as pipeline wrap because asbestos can resist soil chemicals, rotting, and decay, while maintaining dimensional stabil ity throughout its lifetime. Asbestos pipe wrap protects underground pipelines from corrosion. The largest user of asbestos pipe wraps is the oil and 'gas industry with their extensive underground piping networks. Alternatives to asbestos pipewrap include saturated fiberglass, plastic tapes, extruded epoxy resins and extruded polyethylene wrapping, bound to undercoating.14 Cost effectiveness still favors asbestos pipe wraps and, although competitive pipeline wraps are also used by the oil and gas industry, asbestos wraps are currently preferred because of cost and proven effectiveness. 5 6005 1094 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 3 ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPE Ashcst-os-cement (A/C) pipe is most suitable fot intermediate range pipe diameters (6 to 24 inches). A/C pipe is strong, resilient, flexible, durable, inert, and fire resistant. The majority of A/C pipe produced is U6ed for water mains (pressure pipe) and sewer line6 (nonpreasure pipe). A 1974 survey projected the total amount of water mains in use in the United States to be about 640,000 miles.15 A/C pipe accounted for 64,000 miles or about 13 percent of this total. Table' 4 lists the types of water main pipe in place as of 1973 and the national projections of mileage. Table 3 lists the type of sewer main pipe now in place and the national projections of mileage. TABLE 4. TYPES OF WATER MAIN PIPE IN PLACE (1975) NATIONAL PROJECTIONS OF MILEAGE15 Cast iron Asbestos cement Steel Reinforced concrete Plastic Other Total Total Mileage 462,000 84,000 38,000 10,000 7,000 19,000 640,000 Percent of Total 75.3 13.1 5.9 1.6 1.1 3.0 100.8 NOTE: Cast iron is the predominate type of pipe now in place, accounting for threefourths of the total. Asbestos cement has a 13 percent share with none of the other types having more than 6 percent. TABLE 5. TYPE OF SEWER MAIN PIPE NOW IN PLACE-NATIONAL PROJECTIONS Or MILEAGE15 wejss %ne-* r (Twiim'MMawtfWtAnwaHMuamMsaBmasnBimBnBsasHnamamanaaanMnmi Cost iron AsbestoB cement Vitrified clay Reinforced concrete Plastic Ocher Total Total Mileage 15,000 25,000 306,000 74,000 10,000 28,000 459,000 Percent of Total 3.3 5.4 66.8 16.2 2.1 6.2 100.0 NOTE: Vitrified clay is the predominate type of pipe now in place, accounting for two-thirds of the total. Reinforced concrete has a 16 percent share with none of the other types having more than 6 percent of the total. The majority of pipe within the "other" category is of the unreinforced concrete category. The common pipe products available as substitutes for A/C pipe include: Ductile iron pipe Concrete pipe . Class-reinforced concrete pipe Plastic pipe Vitrified clay pipe 6 8003 1095 PRODUCED BY FORD None of these products alone could substitute for all A/C pipe uses. However, as a group, they can meet all of the technical requirements placed on A/C pipe. A/C pipe used In water mains can be replaced by ductile Iron, PVC, and reinforced concrete. In sewer mains, A/C pipe can be replaced with vitrified clay, concrete, PVC, and ductile Iron. The only factor preventing the use of substitutes for A/C pipe in new construction or replacement service is economics. Table 6 lists pipe price estimates for asbestos cement and the substitute materials. TABLE 6. PIPE PRICE ESTIMATES X6"21 Approximate price per foot ($) Material Water Sewer 8" 15" 24" 8" 15" 24" Asbestos cement Ductile iron . Vitrified clay Reinforced concrete Nonrelnforced concrete PVC * Fiber reinforced PVC 5.50 6.00 -- -- 4.25 6.25 16.00 (16") 14.50 (16") -- -- 10.50 9.75 (12") 12.25 (12") -- 3.00 24.50 6.00 -- 2.50 15.50 -- - 2.25 -- 2.75 ---- 10-14.00 14.50 (16") 10.00 6.00 4.00 10.50 -- 25-30.00 24.50 29.00 11.50 6.00 16.00 08") -- *JohnB-Manville - Permastrain 8005 1096 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION FLOOR TILES AND SHEETING Vinyl asbestos (V/A) flooring is installed in industrial, commercial, institutional, and residential buildings because it is extremely veil suited to applications requiring: . Toughness Dimensional stability Long life Economy Moisture resistance Smooth surface a Cleanablllty In 1975 asbestos flooring commanded a 91 percent share of the resilient floor covering market. 22 Of this total 38 percent was floor tile and 53 percent vbb sheet flooring. Only 9 percent of the resilient floor covering market was held by nonasbestos-contalning products. Major V/A flooring companies are actively pursuing or producing a substitute flooring product. Available alternate flooring products Include vinyl-sheet roll goods, solid vinyl floor tiles, ceramic tile, carpeting, and wood. However, these substitutes lack one or more of the above-mentioned characteristics of V/A flooring. The primary hindrances to a substitute product effectively competing with V/A flooring are higher cost and lack of toughness; 1/e., durability, resilience, flexibility, and wear resistance. 8005 1097 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 5 FRICTION MATERIALS Asbestos is well suited for use in friction materials because of its thermal stability, reinforcing abilities, and relatively high ability to with stand friction. Asbestos-containing friction materials are U6ed for brakes for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, aircraft, railcars, various types of heavy equipment and clutch facings. Several manufacturers of friction materials have active research and testing programs to develop asbestos-free, materials. Although Industry's research and development activities are highly secretive, we know that among the materials proposed in the past as substitutes are: glass fiber, steel wool, mineral wool, carbon fiber, cermets (sintered,metal6), semlmetallic materials, potassium tltanate fibers, aramld fibers, vermlcullte, and silicon nitrides. Some firms may have ceased research on one or more of these materials but ethers may still be under consideration. .V-.vral manufacturers of friction materials have active research and testing programs to develop asbestos-free materials. Some of the materials propose-! as substitutes are: glass fiber, steel wool, mineral wool, carbon fiber, cornets (sintered metals), semlmetallic materials, potassium tltanate fibers, aramld fibers, vermlcullte, and silicon nitrides. As friction applications vary, so do the materials most appropriate for each use. Semlmetallic and cermet materials may all be used in direct asbestos substitute applications, semlmetallic in disc brakes (it is projected that in 5 years nearly all original equipment disc brakes In passenger cars and light trucks will use semlmetalllcs) and cermets for aircraft brakes (95 percent of all new commercial aircraft use cermets). 23,24 Nonasbestos drum brake linings for passenger cars are currently unavailable commercially.^ A cost comparison for various materials proposed as substitutes for esbe6toB in friction products is given in Table 7. TABLE 7. COSTS OF MATERIALS PROPOSED AS SUBSTITUTES FOR ASBESTOS IN FRICTION MATERIALS 25 Material Price per pound ($) Asbestos Fibrous glass Mineral wool Potassium tltanate fibers Graphite and carbon fibers Wollastonlte Cotton linters Aramld fibers 0.05-0.15 0.05-0.75 0.15 1.00-1.25 10.00-12.00 0.15 0.15 6.00-8.00 Exact costs for semlmetallic friction materials are not available, but they are comparable to organic friction materials. Cermets cost three to five times as much as asbestos friction materials. . q 8005 1098 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 6 PAINTS, COATINGS, AND SEALANTS Asbestos Is used In asphalt and tar bases for products such as roof sealants, waterproof coatings, and autonobile undercoatings. Previous use6 of asbestos in texture paints, spackle, and joint compounds have been banned. The asbestos fiber serves as a filler and reinforcing agent in these diverse products. ' An acceptable substitute nust be: i.'oncombustlble e Resistant to decay, many acids, andvermin Made up of long, flexible fibers a Strong enough to reinforce other binders a Unaffected by temperatures up to 500C (automobile undercoating) Un.u effective There are no substitutesavailable thatpossess all the above attributes, but for applications where several of the characteristics are not necessary, a substitute may be applicable. There are r.o commercially available esbescos-free, asphalt-based roofing, underrating, cr linings and chemical resistant coatings products that provide the properties of asphalt-based products. However, several companies report the availability of products in the premarket or early commercial stages. 26,27 nonasphalt asbestos-based linings and chemically resistant coatings, several mineral reinforcing materials are available as substitutes for asbestos. Although use of asbestos in texture paints was banned in 1977, no substitutes of comparable quality have been found. For Table 6 presents a cost comparison for substitute materials used in sealant products. TABLE 8. COST C>' SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS COMPARED WITH GRADE 7 CKRYS07ILE 22 Substitute Cost ($/pound) Chrysotile Fiberglass Polypropylene Cellulose Cotton Talc 0.06-0.12 0.40-0.50 0.35 0.60 0.20 0.06 Substitute Barite Diatomlte Silica Clay Mica Carbonate Nylon Cost ($/pound) - 0.04-0.08 0.05 0.04-0.08 0.60 10 8005 1099 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 7 ASBESTOS/CEMENT SHEET Asbestos is used as a reinforcing material In cement sheet products because of its high tensile strength, flexibility, resistance to heat, chemical Inertness, and large aspect ratio. Asbestos fiber in cement sheet adds to the stability, strength, stiffness, and toughness of the material, resulting in a product that is rigid; durable; noncombustible; and resistant to heat, weather, and attack by corrosive chemicals. A/C sheet may be broken down into four product categories: flat sheet, corrugated sheet, siding shingles, and roofing shingles. , Asbestos can be replaced in A/C sheet by either a substitute reinforcing fiber or an entirely different sheet material. Glass-reinforced concrete (GRC) appears to be suitable for most corrosion and heat resistant applications where A/C sheet is currently used. Cement/wood board, once it is actually under production, should be a cheaper material than A/C sheet for general construction purposes. 29 No substitute material is available that adequately matches A/C sheet'6 qualities as a laboratory table top; nor is there a material available that could replace ebonised A/C sheet in all electrical applications. Table 9 presents the performance of possible fiber substitutes for asbes tos in cement sheet. TABLE 9. PERFORMANCE OF POSSIBLE FIBER SUBSTITUTES FOR ASBESTOS IN CEMENT SHEETS Fiber Performance and Comments Reference Alkali-resistant Can be used in Portland cement; better impact glass resistance than asbestos; product loses strength with time; commercially feasible. Mineralized wood Lightweight; not as heat resistant as asbestos; superior Impact resistance, abundant supply available; commercially competitive. Steel fibers Good enforcement; high impact strength; problems vlth processing and machining; problems vlth ru6t. Mineral wool Weak product; does not work well in cement. Carbon fibers Increases modular strength of cement sheet; is resistant to alkali attack; no Increase in impact strength; very expensive. Nylon Provides Impact strength; lacks reinforcement. Ceramic fibers No success to date; work is continuing. 22,30 29 22 22 22 22 22,31 11 8005 1100 PRODUCED BY FORD A cost comparison of cement sheet products and siding products 16 pre sented in Tables 10 and 11, respectively. TABLE 10. COMPARISON OF CEMENT SHEET PRODUCT PRICES29"34 Product Cost ($) per square meter (square foot) 1/4" 1/2" J-M Flexboard (A/C) J-M Transite (A/C) Cement/wood board High density CRC Low density CRC Alumina-Sheet 5.90 (0.55) 13.15 (1.20) 1.9* (0.20) - 161.40 (15.00) 14.00 (1.30) 21.50 (2.00) 4.00 (0.40) 8.61 (0.80) less than 0.60 (0.80) - TABLE 11. COMPARISON OF SIDING PRODUCT COSTS29 Product Total cost ($) per square meter (square foot) Wood siding, 5/6" Wood shingle Asbestos-cement shingle Fiber board Brick or stone Stucco or concrete block Aluminum 8. 60 (0.80) 15.60 (1.45)a 13.50 (1.25)a 10.60 (1.00)8 61.75 (5.75)a 17.90 (1.65)a 13.40 (1.25)a aCost Includes material price for plywood sheathing of S2.72/square meter ($0,253 square feet). 12 BOOS 1101 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 6 CASKETS AND PACKINGS Caskets and packings, used to seal one fluid from another, are found in virtually every mechanical, chemical, and thermal operation or device where fluids arc involved. Asbestos has been successful in both applications because it is heat reslBtant, resilient, strong and relatively chemically inert. Two types of substitute products exist for asbestos gaskets and packings: (1) fiber-for-fiber replacements; and (b) an alternative material, such as Glyon or Nu-Board. The fiber-for-fiber replacements include: silica, carbon, Kevlar, ceramic and Teflon fibers. Their characteristics are shown in Table 12. TABLE 12. CHARACTERISTICS_0F FIBERS Fiber Maximum tensile strength (10fi kPa) (103 psi) Continuousduty temperature limits (C) Lower Higher Chemical deterioration References Silica 3,450 500 Ceramic 1,720 250 Graphite 2,070 . 3,000 Kevlar 2,758 400 Teflon 359 52 Asbestos 3,450 500 -73 -- -200 -46 -268 -273 990 1,400 3,000 200 290 540 Some molten metals, hydroflu oric acid, fluorides, oxides, hydroxides. 35-38 Hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric 39-41 acid, hot concentrated alkalies. Strong oxidizing compounds, chromium (VI) and permanganate solutions. 41, 42 Strong acids including: hydro chloric, hydrofluoric, nitric, and sulfuric. 43 Certain perfluorinated organic liquids at temperatures above 299C (570F) 44 Some molten metals, hydroflu oric acid, fluorides, oxides, hydroxides. . 25 13 8005 1102 PRODUCED BY FORD No single substitute fiber material possesses all desired qualities to the same degree as asbestos. However, for any particular application, a sub stitute fiber can often be employed to achieve the necessary combination of properties. Table 13 lists the raw materials identified as substitutes for asbestos-containing gaskets and packings. For a fiber-for-flber replacement, the cost.of packings and gaskets is proportional to the cost of fibers used because the manufacturing processes are identical. A cost comparison of various fibers is presented in Table 14. A cost comparison of asbestos gaskets and substitute gasket materials is shown in Table 15. . 14 8005 1103 PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE 13. NONASBESTOS RAW MATERIALS FOR CASKETS AND PACKINGS Accnpoc Acelote Alualnisn AI ml mm (oil Armaflex Artim hIiIoi Aaphalt-wnlurnlcd nhcatlilny, frit Backrliock li'lt Bake 1 He Binders hoard BJark fibre Blotting p.ipi't Bond pnptr Burnr Hnrotr Bunn N-rublier Bunn S-riililier t'.nmhrlr Ganvnn lianvim-hiiMrd linki'lltr l-mvim-linMi'il phenol If Ciirdhunril Ol Iulnlii Ccllulone material* Ccrnf el t Ccrokutr Cclcon Chipboard Ch 1 phnar d-1T en t ed Clear ccllulone acetate Cloth Cloth-Innerted rubber Copper Cork Cork-rubber rumpo*1tIona Cork-t.vnthct.lr cnmpn*11 lonn Crepe barrier paper Hendon Inn felt lie I r In I lurk Horace I Wiirocnrk Hurolil KPHM KPT Knboaned chipboard Emery cloth Kt tin (non Fabric mipi'orti'd ruhber Fnirprene mntrrlola Felt Fibre, vulcnntr.ed FI reboard FI hrefle* Fiberglass Flhrrglusa, neoprene coated Fiberglass, slllcone-costed Fiberglass, teflon-coated Flbre-kork Filter felt Firm pad felt Flshpoper (nrroite) . Flexible fibre Fluorglass Fluoroallicone Foam Gasket felt Graphite-coated materials Graph 1ted rubber Gum rubber Gummed kraft paper Hemp llycor (GR-N) rubber Jute . Jute-lined chipboard .lute paper K-grcy paper Ksplon Kllngcrlt Kraft paper Koroma l Leather Lcathcrbnard Lexide l.exan Linen-base bakellte Linen-base phenolic Manila paper Melamine Metal finishing felt Kohl-resistant sheathing felt Molybdenum filled materials Monocast nylon Mylar Myatlk tape Natural rubber Neoprene-asbestos, compressed Neoprene-coated materials Neoprene-cork compositions Neoprene (CR-M) rubber Nomex Nylstron . Nylon 0 ring cord Oll-reslstant material Onion-akin paper P.V.C. Packtlte Paper Paper-base bakellte Paper-base phenolic Panelyte Parchment paper Phenollcs Plastics . Polyamld Polyethylene, linear Polypropylene Pressboard Pure gum rubber Red rope paper Royal grey paper Rubber-synthetic compounds SBR rubber Saran screen Sheathing felt Shim stock Showcase felt Silicone Soft pad felt Spauldlte Spauldo Sponge rubber Stencil board Supercork Superpak Teflon Teflon-coated flbreglees Thlo-flex Thlokol-coated materials Tlilokol-lmpregnated leather Transformer board Treated leather Trimming felt Upholstery felt Urethane, homogeneous Urethane, foam polyester Urethane, foam polyether Urethane, foam scott felt Urethane, liquid cast Urethane, mlllable gum Varnished cambric Velbeetos Vellumold Vinyl Vlnyllte Vlton Vi ton sponge Vulcanised fibre Waterproofed chipboards Wax-Impregnated materials 15 8005 1104 PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE 14. COST COMPARISON BETWEEN ASBESTOS FIBERS AND SUBSTITUTES FOR USE IN TEXTILES (IN 1976 DOLLARS)3, 46 Fiber Approximate cost per pound ($) AsbestOE fiber 1.00 Class fiber 0.75 Nomex -- fiber -- continuous filament Kevlar Teflon Kynol 5.00-5.50 6.50-10.00 5.50-6.00 7.00-10.00 3.60 Carbon 2.00 Ceramics -- 3M -- refrasil fibers -- refrasil strands 30.00-32.00 9.00 28.00 TABLE 15. COSTS OF ASBESTOS AND ASBESTOS SUBSTITUTE GASKETING 47 48 Material Cost per square foot 1/16" diameter Asbestos Sheet Carlock 900 Asbestos Sheet Garlock 7006 GyIon Fawn Vegetable Garlock 681 Cork Red Rubber Nu-Board 1800 1.95 1.20 8.60 0.50 0.55 0.40 0.90 16 6005 1105 PRODUCED BY FORD I SECTION 9 REINFORCED PLASTICS Asbestos-reinforced plastic molding compounds are used in many industries. Including the electrical, electronics, automotive, and printing Industries. Asbestos fibers, when added to polymeric materials, modify the physical and chemical characteristics of the composite. The fibers serve a6 both fillers and reinforcing agents. Phenolic molding compounds (thermosetting polymers) ' are the major users of asbestos In reinforced plastic applications outside of floor coverings. In phenolic molding compounds, asbestos provides good surface finish, toughness, resistance to heat and fire, and les6 shrinking and warping than other fibers. Asbestos also Improves the handling qualities of the product during processing. Not all products require all of the physical properties supplied by asbestos, consequently substitutes that lack some physical properties of asbestos but meet product specifications can be used. In addition, new fiber technology has been developed which has improved physical properties of substitutes so that they are comparable to asbestos. Table 16 ll6ts the sub stitute materials, their price compared to asbestos, and performance informa tion and comments. Examination of the table shows a trend towards the replacement of asbestos in reinforced plastics. 17 8005 1106 PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE 16. COST COMPARISON OF ASBESTOS AND SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS TOR REINFORCED PIASTICS22 Substitute material Price compared to asbestos Performance and comments Fibrous glass 75c/lb vs 55C/lb long fiber asbestos; 50c/lb vs lOc/lb short fiber asbestos May be used for higher temperature applications; new glass fiber tech nology Improves the physical prop erties of the material; problems with abrasiveness of glass wearing out processing equipment; process change probable. Clay Same Used as filler, no reinforcement; new clay base compositions are re ported to maintain the acceptable balance between heat resistance and Impact strength. Talc ?c/lh vs 5-10c/lb asbestos Loss of strength but can compensate by caking thicker walled product; presently used as an asbestos sub stitute; limited to 450F applications. Mica Jc/ib vs 12-lac/lb for asbestos Adds dimensional stability and in creases strength of plastics; mica's high aspect-ratio is purported to pro' vide cost performance somewhere inbetween that of inorganic particulate fillers and fiber reinforcement; it ii blended with higher priced substi tute materials. Carbon fibers $ 10--S12/lb vs 13--25c/lb asbestos For high strength applications; in creases acid resistance in phenolies; also used as filler for thermoset plastics; high heat resistance; specialty applications only. Aramid fibers $6-$8/lb vs 13c-25c/lb for asbestos Polyethylene fibers No data Use in specialty plastic reinforce ments; too expensive for asbestos replacement in phenolic molding compounds; can be blended with less expensive materials. Still in development stage; high modulus of elasticity (10 psi) but poor heat resistance properties. Calcium sulfate 2c-3c/lb vs 13c-25c/lb for asbestos Provides improved output rates, allows high loadings, and results in low densities; high heat resis tance; no reinforcing properties. 18 8005 1107 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 10 TEXTILES Aubuutou textiles arc used In the six product categories that follow. FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS Asbestos Is used to manufacture fire-resistant materials because it is fireproof, acid-resistant and strong enough to be processed into textiles using looms and other equipment commonly employed in the textile Industry. For example, asbestos cloth, yam and thread are used to produce welding cur tains, draperies, blankets, protective clothing, hot conveyer belts, furnace shields and molten metal splash protection aprons. . THERMAL INSULATION Asbestos 16 used in thermal insulation because of its temperature resis tance, high tensile strength, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance er.i durability. Asbestos tubing, tape, rope, card, cloth and yarn are used for safety protection in pipe wraps, stress relieving pads in welding operations, protective coverings for hot glassware utensils, coverings for diesel engine exhaust lines, flue sleeves, and braided walls in steam hose construction. ELECTRICAL INSULATION Asbestos yarn, rcvir.g, tape, thread, felts, cord, lap, and tubing are used for the Insulation of vires and cables, arcing barriers In switches, circuit breakers, heater cords, and motor winding. Asbestos textiles are employed in electrical insulation because of their high dielectric strength, temperature resistance, flexibility, abrasion re sistance and high tensile strength, PACKINGS AND GASKETS Asbestos is also used in packings and gpskets in the textile industry. It provides these products with low thermal conductivity, resilience, chem ical stability, lrrunity to thermal shock, compressibility, and abrasion re sistance. For example, asbestos yarn, rope, wick, cord, cloth, and tape are used for pump packings, all purpose shaft and valve stem packings, expansion Joints, manhole gaskets, BealB for boilers, ovens and furnaces, flange gaskets and gasketB for storage tanks, coolers and dryers. FRICTION MATERIALS Asbestos textiles, usually in the form of woven yarn, are used in fric tion materials for brake linings, clutch facings, and brake pads, primarily because of their friction and wear characteristics. 8005 1108 19 PRODUCED BY FORD SPECIALTY TEXTILES Asbestos carded fiber is the main form of asbestos textiles that can be used lr. specialty products, such as liquid filters, electrolytic diaphragms, wiping pads and stuffing box packing. Asbestos carded fiber Is veil suited for these uses because of Its filter medium qualities, chemical resistance and natural positive charge. SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS There is o large variety of fiber materials which can substitute for asbestos fibers. The physical properties of these substitutes for asbestos fibers In textile applications are presented In Table 17. Cost comparisons between asbestos fibers and substitute materials are presented In Table 18. 20 8005 1109 PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE L7. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTITUTE FIBERS TOR ASBESTOS TEXTILE APPLICATIONS K) 00 O O VI O ro O Sebetltuta wttrlil (aanufacturer) ASBESTOS: Project application Tenperature tensile resistance4 strength* op to C (S) kPa (pal) Crasnita All applications requiring n Incombustible M(1i teip*rattt fabric. 1S' (l'00)c 5.68 IT (87* .000) t*<w thertul conductivity; excellent reflation it.iMllty; good flexibility; excellent resistance to mfture and eovoston; excellent aplcmabltIty; contains a stnlaun n( magnetic Of conductive fthere. Rafereucet kt CIASS: All application* t|trln| an ineonboatlble high tanpetatut* (abtlc. Refraatt* (HItee Material*) flr-rtilit<nt aaterlali; therm 1 and electrld insolation; packings and gaskets. Theano-SUTM (Cirlock, Inc.) Flrerolitant aatrrUlt; themal and electrical Insulation; packing and gaaketa. tcteitM (NcwUt MtottlMt Inc.) Plra-tcalatant Mierlala; themal and electrical Insolation; packings and gaaketa. 5)8 (1000) 981 (1800) 5)8 (1000) 15)8 (2800) 2.17 10* 015.000) tvnalty similar to isbeatoa; excellent handling rliaracterlstlca; hl&h dielectric strength; not as durable as asbestos; may produce com skin Irritation; fiber dimeter 0.066 mi (0.0026 Inch). 5.17 10! (75.000) Good acid re*!*tanc-; pood dielectric properties; excellent resistant to thermal shock; high capacity to absorb nolature; lack, abtaalon resistance, fiber dlaMter 8-12 uicron*. 2.17 10* 015.000) Resists org.mlc solvents and sett aclda end alkalies; t os 1st s abtasion jitJ sear; moisture aod ueether r*sft*ut; dlnenstotally stable; high dielectric fctrcir.(h; lvv dtvK.-irlc constant; soft and flexible. ).44 10;(500.000) Ire1lent strength .nd durability; excellent dielectric strength; dimensional stability; excellent cutting. Saving and liatnlllng; abrasion resistant; fiber rise *9 ntcrvn*. - ). * 50. 51 52. 5) 56. 55 CERAMICS: All applications requiring an Incombustible high teaperatuta fabric. 1427 (7600) high A hlp.li tensile strength silica - alualna fiber; flcxll'lv; abNitM-Militant. * ) ntl* III ON Company) _rntwC-maTM (Catlock. Inc.) Fire-resistant material*; themal and electrical Insolation, packing* and gaaketa. . Pire-reatstant Mtcrlala; tharaal and electrical Inaalatlon; pickings and gaaketa. 1*77 (7600) 1760 (2 W0) 1.77 I0; (250.000) lilph .trength retention; low shrinkage; abrasionKbl-jiaiit (Mur 4 iNtors at 816C (I500f). It retained liH)X of Ita aitvMif.ti'); good flexibility; bom akio in Itnt Ion; fiber size 10-12 microns la diameter. 1.72 0fc (250,000) K.ri'llrnt fnl1 jnce to Mchantcnl vibration and nrm; resists attack fro. salt eha.te.la; no loss .n strength doe to vator evaporation at htgh tnprrjlarri; lov thetmal conductlvlty a.id excellent electrical restatanc.. 56. 57 52. 62 riberfran* (CirborunA* Co.) Flre-taalatanct Mtcrlala; tbaraal and alactrlcal Inaalatlon; packtnga and gaakata. 1260 (2)00) 1.72 I0` Clexlttl resistant; lev thermal conductivity; (250.000) restate oxidation and reduction; excellent resis tance to thermal shock. 68. 68 PRODUCED BY FORD PRODUCED BY FORD NK3> ov 17 (eont itttictl) f.. t Iftii* mitcrlal Product application T*#t* ratove op to C (*f) Tens 1! Sfren.t *' kPa (| H\ Coaoents ith.s i:f O.) K**. t . lUliViit Co.) Fire-resistant tMcerlsIs; lhmt and cicatrical Insulation; packings and gaskets. Fire-resistant materials; friction ittorljh; cables.. Tuf 1 on (fKifunt Co.) -Kynol (Aaertcan Kynol, Inc.) Fire-resistant Materials; therms) and electrical insolation; packings and gaskets. Fire-reatstant Materials; packings and gaskets. Ourette Flre-rexlst.nl uutlali. (fire Safe IrodiKtt, Inc.) P.B.I.W (ColiMte Plastic* and Specialties Co.) Fire-resistant oaterlals. Woefab* (AMATEX Corp.) CARBON: Colton* (Cvlmii Plastic* and SpvclaUtes Co.) Flre-reeiatant Material; thermal and electrical insulation; packings and gaskets. Fire-resistant ojterlals; packing, and gaskets; friction Mtctlala. Friction Materials; packings and ps'.lef*. 171 (700) t.si < :<r ,V<j4i.n rcblr.jdt; ftexlbte; radiation resistant; (lO.O.ei) .Kesl.-tt resistant; vashabla; lav shrinkage. 206 (*00) 316 1600) 2.16 * 10* (400.0"0) High thermal stability; excellent chemical resistance; esccllent cot realacance; lav thereal conductlelts. ).62 s 10' (52.VN) High cheatcal resistance; lav friction and adhesion; lav shrinkage; great flea-abrasion resistance: radiation resistant* 704i (1)00)" 59) (1100) 500 (9)2) )4) (650) 1.86 10s Lov nolstore absorption; acid resistant; tov tonic (27,004) off gases; lov shrinkage; la a carbon precorsot; tov abrasion. 4.8) lt5 Better beat stability than Ibeet* ; high rtratlm (70,006) re.lst.nce: good acid re.lstance; high tear resistance; excellent dloen.tonal atablllty. * 2.07 I0l (300,001) Polybentlaldatole; nonf 1naab1e la air; little or no colltance of toxic off gasea; acid resiatant; readily processed on consentIona1 textile equipment; cooforteble; r.wl cryogenic characterlsclca; high olature ter. Moderate In a coot) In-. 1 .. of synthetic*; excat lent workability; 1 I cl.t weight; high abrasion teslsi.net; tl.xlble; good cheatcsl resistance. 1622 (2600) 56)2 ()M00> (no oxygen) tNer Nigh flexlhlllts, lightweight, food retention of 3.10 Ijk fiber propel tl.-s ol high teoperaturos. (450,0. N.) 3.24 l.* (470.0.N:) Flexible, lev -hrlnkage; excellent osldatlse stability; excellent sdhexion to r;..lt<; excellent electrlealftheraal condo.tlvlty. (eferaeces ). 58, 59 3. 58. 60 3. 58. 61 62. 6) ), 64 5. 66 76. 77 ). 70. 71 70. 71 TABLE 17 (continued) fttl*S Submit.!. ..t'.rl.t Project prlletle Tenalle tt<ift!ib *p to C <r) fcP. (p!) IffttMCH I C.tlc. (Ct'IjnrM ritftttiint MttrUlt. and 160 (U00) 1.10 10* lUMvl|U. fUilMit high wliut* regain, lev 00,500) Jenelty, readily concerted fate carbon. jo, n Co.) fYMtr.!: (Al|!;.t Aifocllttl) y\l:MAt riSER: CVttt'fl (VtfiUii, Inc.) flr-rMltmt mlalti thereat ltd electrical Insolation; packings and gia(. Fire-resistant aaterlali Over 1704 (2200) B.ftl 10* (124.01*)) Thermal tu!llu*; elastic; excellent tea latreed tr thernal vN-vk* easily Impregnated; race 1 lent eMetlve characteristic#; high parity: tmipatNt to eleccroeugnetlc and radio vavea. 71, 74, 7$ 2)2 (450) 9.62 a 10* Fla** tea latent; (a coated and treated; washable; (125,000) fiber d laneter 0.020 to 0.0X) re (0.0009 to O.OOlt Inches. 49, 26 *Teo?eratares depend upon product application. ^Figure# ara for fibers only, and ara not necessarily related to fabric strength. cVtre Inserted aabeatoa textile#. ^Carbonising teaperatore range. 0O0 o VI rv PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE 18. COST COMPARISON BETWEEN ASBESTOS FIBERS AND SUBSTITUTES USED IN TEXTILES8 Product Approximate coat ($) per kilogram (pound) Reference Asbestos Plberglass .0.45-0.50 (1.00-1.10) 0.50 (1.10) 3 3 Kevlar 2.50-2.70 (5.50-6.00) 58 '' Nomex 2.70-2.95 (6.00-6.50) 58 Teflon 3.15-4.50 (7.00-10.00) 58 Refraall 3.15-5.40 (7.00-12.00) 50 Durette 3.60 (8.00) 64 Nextel312 KynolTM CelloxTM 13.50 (30.00) 2.00-2.25 (4.50-5.00) 4.50 (10.00) 56 62 70 Cellon 11.25 (25.00) 70 Prices vary with product style and quantity. 24 8005 1113 PRODUCED BY FORD SECTION 11 MISCELLANEOUS DRILLING MUDS Drilling muds or drilling fluids are used when wells are drilled by the rotary method. Asbestos Increases the carrying capacity of the mud (the - ability of the mud to bring up cuttings) without significantly Increasing the mud viscosity and acts as a loss-circulation material In helping to plug pas sages In the drill hole. No single substitute except possibly bentonite or attapulglte clays serves both of these functions, but several substitutes can be used as viscoslflers and many additional materials can be used as loss- circulation materials. ' A list of both conmonly substituted drilling mud viscoslflers and losscirculation materials as well as a cost comparison with asbestos Is in Tables 19 and 20. TABLE 19. COST COMPARISON OF DRILLING MUD VISCOSIFIERS Material Asbestos Bentonite Attapulglte Seplollte Xanthan (XC) polymer Carboxymethyl cellulose Polysaccharides polymer (DF-VIS) Hydroxyethyl cellulose Cost ($/pound) 0.40 - 1.00 0.05 - 0.10 0.15 - 0.20 0.20 - 0.25 7.00 - 9.00 3.60 5.00 1.00 Amount used/ barrel (pounds) Cost ($/barrel) 0 1 **O 2-5 15 - 20 5-10 0.80 - 5.00 1.60 - 4.00 2.40 - 4.00 1.00 - 2.50 Reference 79. 60 79 79 79 0.5 - 2 3.50 - 18.00 79 0.25 - 2 0.90 7.20 80 1-2 5.00 - 10.00 81 8-9 8.00 - 9.00 82 25 8005 1114 PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE 20. COSTS OF COMMON LOSS-.. CIRCULATION MATERIALS01 Material Cost ($/pound) Asbestos Cellophane flakes Mica Nutshells . Bentonite 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.10 OTHER PRODUCTS Other minor uses of asbestos fibers Include: Shotgun shell base vads Asphalt/asbestos cement Foundry sands Sprayed on insulation Artificial fireplace ashes and artificial snows. The present uBe of asbestoE in shotgun shell base wads appears to be negligible; one-piece polyethylene shells may serve as alternatives. Vhlle there is some indication that asbestos may improve the quality of asphalt cement, the prevailing opinion appears to be that if there is actually any thing to be gained by adding asbestos, it is not enough to make it worthwhile.83 In foundry sands, asbestos is actually an undesirable material because it lowers the refractory point of the sand mold.8^ Substitutes used in insulating sleeves on risers for foundry sand castings can be any inert mineral material that (a) withstands high heat, (b) insulates, and (c) will not crystallite with water at high temperatures.* The use of asbestos in sprayed-on insulation was regulated in 1973,A effectively eliminating further use of asbestos in this product. Substitute materials Include both cellulose fibers and rock wool, both of which are made to be fire retardant, cost-effective, and, at present, have demonstrated no adverse health effects. Artificial fireplace ashe6 containing asbestos were, banned in 1977s5; vermiculite, rock wool, mica, and synthetic fibers have since replaced asbestos in thl6 use. Health considerations have also nearly halted the use of asbestos in artificial snows. To date, materials developed are proprietary. ^National Emissions Standard for Asbestos (40 CFR 61). 26 8005 1115 PRODUCED BY FORD TABLE 21. SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS AMt*** Mpiht'M't J. pf#r rral*M *, |rt#t iaa (i*ar% a. II | IUara r. 'OMari'Ul paper* . 1 r. . 1 , anater*al4 A. 1 IvMM' at Invtilnl Ion A. Hm. * |M /all 1. ! if. *r*n A/r *|f* 1. ri. r (l,.4. Ff l< t ! ** ..!.* 1 <1 a. 4. Hvavr | fuel <rnlr . r. ft* J1- *r t*r rf. Alia r*i t *'r . kr ik< f. V*l.|, tr . U.t.t-,-- ladnalflal !*< \. Walanta a. Av> ....... .. h. <0n*aaS.il r M.rJ 4. a/c ai.a#t 9, rikt| nrl f*rk|D| a. Mlfiluri-ml I'Utl 4. Teal1|aa 10, Mlaral Umiw* ` Av>* 1 liHIttv *Vr*i*rwinr* *l*.|frf.'vrla| lt> laia | r.rllv rfV tl 1 Vwwaarrl.il | v t' #* !* ftvie a.at rraulraaeni' v**l* nuir rr^ulfiArfltk i`iNnrrf.ilfv rfVrf 1 Cjmmetf l,i 11 v 4/ i IrfMv 4flt *tP tKfUlrtATKIv Win alt rrtulriAiitia I'aMW*!* UlU- Meet* rfll rninlf|vM* .vn|l.hln l.lottml AvatlaMlltv 1 Iv iv.il l.iMr Not MIIIpbi %vit all rntulframi* lalvf * iiaartr l.i 1It .iv.i 1 H.v kc lv durable aaiftO* 1.1 M ' ,tvrf! !(! Ha*vl 1 rfll rmnlrv^tfll % rfV.lt 1.1 Ilia- !*** ainrrfblr llltber * Nlihpr a'h CtMMrabU CiFori>lv Hlilirr lllalter Hlrbev IW teat* rM*il, #kri|v vtlll MiMria?, KuliilltNlr* ooi NvllrfH| lor all lubatlltttri ail available far all arrlicailvn.. Dgrahlllt* m mi e-iteel Ab*tltO. (flAr Mhrlll'itrti |ire*rfrfte abeam*; bear rovtrlnt Milft vlth roof. , MuiKvifa only available for I toilet appi tratloa. Fatenafw Khr||y|t rfodtifia aval UMr. MairMat u*btftte* ewch o* irffpvt rvAilllv available* l|M fall tukttlbur etlll under a*eipn*n<. 4krco pipeline wrap present!* pralrrmi. (nrfr.iMf HUiivr Mrrl available M^llNtrt. Current Iv. uhatlitiloo nOMMlIt1 to b<tl9t. t'lMM'f*: tii. .tv.tl 1 rtl. teet*. .ill i lAacrrl.al 1 v MVItl l-thlf (.ifMiri l.ttlv vdl lMi' - ran*Vi`InMv rfvalIflklr Hcrft rfll nt<'lrr*ml Halvr ilvveloprwnt I'prlvf (`mlrr ,li..*|opaiiit - l4r.tr,tMv I'rnprirtart (<(aiUloo. - IMcm-r - - AM fhv brake* rrrvtl; none .iihrtln. still In *tr -- ,%<v* I itpaM.nl l.aptH'let tn br |va tUirahlr CMparahii <pvi lallv treated ralluloae fiber*. * r<w^rrlal Iv rfvaflrfAJv Ural* mm rriulrntftt* rafirrillt hUHer A*b*tea banned In aooe pr<4m. CtMrrrUI Iv available Milt mt requirementa ltai Maher HrfKatlfutra fr MfK t**f*rtvrt nnUration* onrr coatlv. I'.Maarri'Inl |v rfv,il lahlt* Heat* mit rriulrrArnt* V.M.M. f4ultnmi redvatjin rryylrif In rrmli ranea. CtiMyrrlnl Iv rfv/i' l.tble Hrr wl ttivltiMklt Variable Hrfnv oonufat turera Kave alrvadv rtlrM to Nktillvm. 1 nai'r.'Ui | ai-A (Irfttlv Marl* anl rf^uircMMM Maher Mtiliuti* available for non anplIrAClonv, i.Mtr|iU aval|Me 4tcli vrvat ti^ulmrni* Aooe aabaaio* proton* bonnet; ftooa blither .rlllln. mM uMill.tii Mr W ewrli aorr tipnaivt. . * r. w PQBOOS 11H PRODUCED BY FORD RP.CTIDN 13 ftertRf.ifcr.ft Tfrhto,r, MM. 2* Cordon, ft* A and V* F. Induntry Profile and fteckground (nfortattaa oo Amboatna Ctaitit Prndurtn, MtltHnard and Luab*rKalatid Product#. D.f. Canavaar Gradate Safttr CMCC*/*-OM|( Talk 2, luktaak 2.02, rabraar; 1979. 3. A, ft, Little In^.i and Aorta, Joe. Characterisation of the V.S. Aabtatea Papers Harkala. Prepared for the Mlnleter of tndanttj and Commerce Government of Qaabac; riooJ Draft Report to Aorta Joe. (Montreal), Report C-79231, 197ft. ft* Chlorine loot I tot* Coaaanta to AHfftM, p.ft, -1990. ft. lalarnn. Salve rtrofioott, Carborundum Corporation, Niagara falla, B.T., vlth D. ftaaaar, CCA/Technology Dlvlalon, Auftuat 1979. ft* Talocon. Stein, C., ftalaa ftopraaontatlva, fora Manufacturing Co., AabUr, PA. ((215) ftftft*n00|, vlth D. ftaoaaj, June 24, 1979. 7. Tolocoo* fleer, V. r.a Marketing Maaagar, Caraforo Products, lehta*Nanvllli Corp*, Renville, M.J. 1 (201 ) 72ft*5000|, vlth D. fteneay, CCA/Technology Dlvlaloo, August 12, 1979* A. f.fA Preliminary P.atfoacea. t, TfU^nn, in, t, P.aclmetor, C and M Roofing, Aootrvlllt, Maaaech'iee11a, ((41 M A21-1A.42I, vlth f). Semesy, CtA/Technolngy Dlvlalon, Auguat 20, |9/u, 10. Teleron. r.aeioator, Mattel ftonftng cnmpenv, Chelate, Haaaachuaatta, |t'i7> ft22* 11001, vlth 0. fteoeay, OfA/Terhnology Dtvteion, Auguat 20, 1979. It. Ttlt'Afi. Nohle, A., Aaalatant Aalaa Manager, Kopptra Company, Eastern Dlvlaloo, Waat flrtngt, N.1, [ (201 ) Mn*915Q) vlth 0* fteatey, GCA/Technology Dlvlalon, Auguat 50, 1979. If. Telefnn. Perkima, f.*, ft*6?9 Product* Marketing Nanagar, Ovene-Corning Coapeny, Toledo, Ohio ((419) 24R-7RM), vlth D ftaMiv, CCA/Technology Dlvlaloo, Auguat 29, 1979. 15. Telteon. Saleaoao, Sredco Supply Corporation, Woburn, Maaaaenuaetta, vlth D. Ramsey, CCA/Tarhonlogy Dlvlalon, Auguat 17, 1979. 14. Telecun. Pipeline vrag ueer vlth M. flllahury. If* OPTS. Junt 1980* 15. Survey of Water Main Pipe In V.ft Utilities Over 2,500 Population. American City. Morgan*r,raoplan Pub. Co* PlCtafteid, Naaa. 1 975. Ift. Tranalte Claaa Proaaurt Pipe on Tranelto Sever Pipe* Pricing echedule. JohnsManvllle, Denver, Colorado* January 1980. 17. Toleton. Oven, Cent. Aoertear. Coat Iron Pipe Company, ((201) 945-5440) vlth f. Nuaaltr, CCA/Terhnnlngy Dlvlafnn. February 26, MS0. Notebook ) Call 22. |ft. VrKanna, Robert. Portland fttonevera, ((61 7) 666*7523), vlth T. Myaeler* GCA/Terhnn1oay Dlvlalon. February 26, I960. Notebook ft. Call 2ft. 19. Telrmn. Andreva, Charles* Rev ftngland Concrete Pipe, 1(617) 969-0220), vlth E. . Noaeler, GCA/TechneIngy Dlvlalon. February 2ft, I960* Notobook ft. Call 2ft. 20. Telecon. Nofrnan, Richard* tdtuata Concteta Ptpa Company, ((617) 565-0564], vlth S. Mnaaler, CCA/Technology Dlvlalon. February 28, I960. Notabook ft. Call 25. 21. Taleron. Chalaaon, Roger. Portland PUatlc Pipe, ((207) ?74*0ft64), vlth E. Nuaaltr, CCA/Technology Dlvlalon. February 28, 1910* Notabook ft. Call 26. 22. Wright, M.D., at al. Aabeatoa Duat Peaalblllty Aaaaaament and Economic Impact Aoalyala of the Proponed fedetnl Occupatloo Standard, Part 1: Technological Peaalblllty AaaeaaoeM and Economic Impact Anelyata. U.ft. Dapartmaet of Labor. Orcvpaitonal ftafaly and Health Adatnlatrattoo* Waahihgtoo, D.C. Contract No. J-9-F5-0229. Taab 2. September I97S. n. Talornn. Jeckn, M. , lendti Reaearch Laba vlth N. Roy, CCA/Ta chno logy Dlvlalon. August 1979. 24. Taleron. Ja<kn, N., lenJli Research Laba vlth H. Roy, CCA/Tetheology Dlvlalon. Nnveobar M, M?4. 75. Meylan, W.M., at al. Chaoleal Market lopul/Output 4nalytla of Aalactad Chemical Substance* to Aeaeae Sources of Environmental ContamlnatIoni Took III * Aabeatoa. CPA*A40/6*7A*005 Auguat 1971. pp. 6)*65. 29 8005 1117 Itmoikl, tea, TttHCO, lac. vita 0. Cask. CCA/Techeelegy Dlvtatee. . Jtmsrr H, Ifjo. fuftifffaf* fiitti far reoflog producta. tl. talnna*. Im, Call*, Ceyyare vltk a. Ceek. CCA/Teeheolegy Olvialea. Palmary a. II, Taiacaa. Jaaaa, J., Aaelataat Caaatal Manager. Cia-ftl Cara-. Reehvllln, Teeaaeeea, )(4I3) Ill-Mil), with I. Duleteky, CCA/Teckaelegy Olvloloe, January 11, 1110. latakaak la, 05, Phone call la. i). St. lataraatiaaal Raaatai Corporation. Ratebook caatalatai Intonation akaut Caaaat/Waal aard. lacraaaato. California. IV?*. 50, Taiacaa. lavle, V.R., CIC Product!, Inc., Icherta, flaaa, 1(512) I3I-I773), vlth 1. Duleteky, CCA/Technelogy Otvialan, February II, ItlO. letabaak la. 05, Pkaaa call a, SO. 51. Taiacaa. Cballla, C., lakeeck I Vtlcea lafractarlaa Dlvlalan, Ao|oata, Caar|ta, (dot) .MI-1000) vltn S. Cuitte.;', CSA/Tachaology Olvialea, January JO, ItlO. atabaeb la. 05, Phone call .-.'o. JC. S3. Taiacaa. Raallni, C., Sircar Preducto, lac., Plerlla, Rav Tork, ((111) 151-4111) ilk I. Ovlatakjr, CCA/Tachoolegy Olvialea, Pokraery 5. ItlO. Ratabaek Re. 05, Pbeaa call Re. SI. ' IS. Capa laarda aad Paaala, Ltd. Maaaluc loduatrlal lantfbeek. M107M14. 0ikrld|a, ta|laad. Sa, Taiacaa. ioatlaa, J., A.ka.tea Pabrlcatara, lac., Charlotte, Rertk Carel laa. 1(504) J77-31*:'. 5. pul.t>':-, CCA/Tachnelogy Olvialea, Narcb 5, ItlO. Ratabaek Re. 05, Shea. '.>.1 No. |g. S5. Areca, alter Material! Olvialea lalra.ll laaulatloa Tacclla. Caa Taka Tbla Taatl Caa Teurat tRT/ND-lOOM 10 N CP ll-M. Cardana, Califerela. kovaakar ItM. ' Si, Calc Induatrlaa, Carleck lac. Mechanical Packlnl Olvialea, laduatrlal Packla|. Tharao.ll - Taalurad Plbarflaaa Cloth, Taya, Tubing. A Non-Aakaatoa Product. LI5/M-iC M. Pelnyre, Rav Terk, duly ItM. 5 yagaa. 55. Keutea induatrlaa lac. l.its All of the Pratactlan but Ron. ef the Health Raaarda of Aakaataa. Victor, Nav Tore. 4 yagaa. SI. Araca. Rltca notarial. Olvialea, kalraall - kafractery Sllict la Taatlla Tara laaulatloa Product Data lull.tln 411 Preducta. P.O. ilT/M0-15TI 15 N CP ll-5t. Cardaaa, California. Roveektr ItM. 4 yagaa. St. Caraalc Plbar Producte/IH. Rttat - 512 Caraalc Flkar fraa 5H. R-MHPOL (M.5) HP It* Paul, Mlnneaota. 4 yagaa. 40, Celt Induatrlaa, Carleck Inc. Mechanical Packing Olvialea. Conyraaalee Packing. Therao-Ceraa. CMP-I2I. godtia, Rav Terk. Pabruary, ItM. 2 yagaa 4|. Celt Induatrlaa. Carleck lac. Mechanical Packing Olvialea. Roa-Aekeetoe Packlnga, Caakatlng. Oynaaic laala, tayenalon Jelnta, Oil laala, Plkarglaaa Cleth. MP-702. Palayra, Rav Terk. Au|uat IV7V t yagaa. 42. Arace. Kltce Material. Dlvlalan. Ritce Aaraayaca Materlale. IRT/MO-S25I SK TC I M. Cardana, Callferala. lagtjabar ItM. 5 yagaa. 43. t.l. OuPent da Reaoore 4 Ce. Inc. Taatlla Plkara Oayartnaet. CharactarletIce aad Oaaa ef Kevlar 2t Araald Ruaber 373. Wllalngcen, Oalavara. laytaakar 21, 1174. 7 pagaa. 44. S.I. OuPant da Revoura 4 Co. Inc. Preyartlaa, Procaealag and Ayyllcattene ef Taflea TPI Plaurecarkee Piker, lulletln TP-2, Vllalngtan, Oalavara. Hay 1171. 15 pagaa. 43. tacalaier, Inc. Advertlelng Hat af lav Hatarlala, Pukltcatlen Runkar 41731. lackford, Illlnela. I yaga. 44 Talacen. Chtoetergl, I., Marketing Manager, S.I* OuPent da Raaeura 4 Ce. Inc., Vllalngtan, Oalavara, 1(302) tt7-3t3l) vlth T. Randaraen, CCA/Technelegy Dlvlalan, Pabruary 1, ItlO. Ratabaek Mo. 07, Phono call Re. 20. 47. Ivanaon, R.C., lalaa layraamtatlva, Celt Induatrlaa, Carleck lac. Mackanlcal Packing Dlvlalan, Charlotte, R.C. Moating vlth T. Curtin, CCA Caryeratlea February 21, ItlO. 41. Talacen. Connolly, T., Janoa Inluatrlal laaulatloa Cory., Mooaachla, Rav Jareay, iCC17 P33-3I34J, vlth T. Curtin. '.CA/Techeelegy Olvialea, Pakraary 17, 1110. Ratabaek Me. 04, Pheaa call No. 12. 41 Anon. Raadkoek af Aakaataa Teattlee. Aaerlceo Taatlla loetltete. 1147. BOOS 1118 PRODUCED BY FORD >C. <!> Ilwk, IiIm liyiMHUtlvt, kltce NtmUli (IvlilM, GiNiu, M, 1(2157 >2l*IOIt|, ith t. Iii4riit, CCA/Techeeleip tlvIilM. Jtnirr >0. ItlO. ketakaak 07. fkaaa call ka. 11, 51. litca Natarlala Plvlalaa larraall freduct kata telletlae. f.o. Lkt/Np-lfft tk N Cf at Ik Cf. Cerdeaa. CA, keveabar 1970, f. !! II. Talacaa. Aatellee, J., Tattllaa Narkattai Heatgar, Oatleek 1st., felapra, T, [(515) HMII11 altk T. keederaea, CCA/Tecbaelegp Civilian, februerp I. ItlO, ketakaak ka. J, fkaat call ka. )l. - I). Carlaek lac. Tkaraa>lllTM, A Ren-Aabettea fakrlc. LI-7/79-IOK. falapra, kt. Jell. Iff*, f. 1-4. 54. Talacaa. ktalc, I., fretldantr kaatac taduatrtea, lac., Tlctsr, RT, t(Tlt) IIMIli) ' ltk T. keadereee, CCA/Tackaole|jr Civilian, Jaauerp 50, 1110, ketakaak ka. 0T, float call ka. II. S). Ravtat laduetrlat tae. (ate*TN lullatla. flctac, kT. till. 54. Talacaa. Ellleiaoa, L., lalee kafraaaatatlva, Cerealc fiber Predacta/9H Ceapanp, kt. faol, HR, 1(411) >29-1991), altk T. kaaderaea, CCA/Teehaalegp Plvlalaa, Jeeuerp 51. ItlO, ketakaak ka. 01, fkaaa call ka. II. 11. Caraalc flkar frelvcta, IN Caafaif. kaatal 111 Cataalc Tiber fralacca, N-NTOf (It.5) NT. aal R-HPikl-(0t.9> II. kt. Paul, NR. 51. Talaeaa. Chlettcrii, I., Merketlaf Naaa|er, l.t. Pufnet la Raaavra A Ca., lac. Vllalaften, Ok. (O01) 994-J9JI), altk T. Raelereee, CCA/Techeelegp Plvlalaa, fakreerp I, ItlO, katabaak ka. 01, fkaat tall ka. 10. }t. 1.1. CuPnnt la keeeure 4 Co., lac. Pufeat Tackalcal lalaraaclam lullatla. R-224. VUeletiaa, k. Octabar Itlt. f. 1-11. 10. t.l, DuPont la kaaavra 4 Ca., lac. Ckaractarlallea aal Ptee ol Crvlar It Araall. ' R-975. kllalB|taa, 01. lepteaktr 1114. p. 1-7 41. t.l. Pufont la Reaeurt 4 Ca., lac. Praftrclaa, fracaaelai and Appltcetleee at Tel lot . TI-2. Vllalnatae, 01. Rap 1*71. p. 1-19. I). Trleroa. ktortl, K., Rertaliai Rattier, Aetrlctn kpaal in;.. Ntv Turk, RT, ((111) 179-2016*, altk T. lealtraoe, CCA/Ttcbaolefp Plvlalaa, 9tbrutrp l, ItlO, Retained ka, 07, fkaat call Re. 1). 45. Aaerlcte kpaal, tat. Cpeel**1 koveletl lullatla. 4-10, 00). Rev Tort, RT. October * 1974. p. 1-1) 14. Talacaa. Taace, I., flea freallaat, lira lafe Prolucti lac. It. Louie, HO, |()I4) 421-49191, vltk T. kenderaea, CCA/Teeknologp Plvlalaa, Pebrutrp 20, ItlO, Ratebook ka. 07, Phene cell Re, )), 15. Celaaeaa Carp. fll*K, Palpkaaclallatola Piker. Ckarlatte, It, Pebrutrp 1979. p. 2. 44. Tilecoa. McCallleter, k.C>, Nerketlak Naaafer, Calaaate Carparttlaa, Ckatlatte, RC, 1(704) 554-2000), altk T. Nealaraoa, CCA/Technelafp Dlvlalaa, Ptbruarp 1, ItlO, katabaak, la. 07, fkaat call ka. 22. 47. Carlaek lac. Tkaraa-Caraa**. lk-7/79-11 K. Ptlopra, IT. p. 1-4. 41. Talacaa. ftatak, t., Ttttllt Ipecleltat, Tke Carbarunlue Ceaptap, kla|tt fallt, IT, 1(714) 271-1000), Vltk T. Rtelereea, CCA/Techaelogp Plvlalaa. Jaauarp 50, ItlO, katabaak ka. 07, fkaaa call Ra. 01, It. The Cerkoruadua Caapanp. flbarlraa fraduct lullatlaa. C754-A-C. Rla|ra falla, RT. f. 1-10. 70. Talacaa. Tlaaeat, I., Narktklai luparvtaor, Ctlanaea Plattlct aed Ipecltltlet, Ckatkaa, RJ, ((101) 4)5-1400), vltk T. keadartaa, CCA/Teckealoip Plvlalaa, Jaauarp 2k, 1940, katabaak ka. 07, Phene call ka. 05. 71. Calaaate Plaatlca and Ipecleltlee Ca. Caltaa Carbae Pllttra lullatlaa. Ckatkaa, kj. Ravaebar 1979, . 72. Calaatta Plattlct tad Ipaclaltltt Ca. CallacTM Plbart lullatla. Ckatkaa, RJ, weaker 1979. 71. Talacaa. taffadl, k., fraaldaat. Alpha Aaaaclatet, Vaedhridge, CJ, ((201) 454-97001, vltk T. keatereea, CCA/Tacfcaalaip Plvlalen, Janutrp 51, 1900, katabaak ka. 07, fkaaa call ka. II. 7a. Alpha Aaaeciatat Inc. Alpha auartf kulletlae. Oata ekaatt lot. 114t0-llit), kaadbrIdle, RJ. Nap 1979 . , 7). Labia, C. Ugh fillet and Outfit, let kandkaab at Plbarilaat and Advanced flettlct Caepsaltet. ktlakald leak Carparttlaa. 1949, p, 191-200. 8005 1119 PRODUCED BY FORD '' A : : * . n> tMTu carp. ( uiitutm. Reriek itn 400. Rerrteteua, rt. uri. 99. Telucoa. Mueekeet. V., kala. MeuaRer. AMATOI Cor*.. l.rfHt..., FA, {(111) 177 4ioo), *itk t. < ecA/Teckaaiear Rivieiee, Fekmerr i. 1900. Retekeak a*. of, >Iiim call lt> . J. telecea. Vtlendet, t., talaa Naaafat, tleetea tec, Chlceoe, llltaala, mil) 1101)1), vitk T. Reedereea, CCA/Teckeolear Wvlalaa, Jeeuerr JP, IMP. Retekeek a*. 67, Pkeae call tt< 10* F9. telecea. Fetoherrch. Xelee Dtvlelea, Merck Co., Rouetoa, TX, ((711) 411-0110), eltk L. Flicker, OCA/Tecfcaelear Dtvlalaa, Jaaeerp 1-, -1900, Rotakook Re. 04, Pkeae aalt Re. 1. 60. telecea. Clear, I.t., Rrlllle| apecleltlee, fartleevllle. OX. 041-5401), trick l. flicker, CCA/Teckaelear Oteletee, Jaauarr J4, 1710, Rotakook Re. 04, Pkeea call Re I. 01. lateraatleaal Orltltaa 7ta(4a, "Price ttac, 1979," X144Uati, Xaaleed, Pekrearr 10. 111*. ' 01. Telaeee. Jehaaea, 6., Irlaedd Coapaer, Boaatea, TX, 1(711) 444-1095), trick l. Flicker, CCA/Teckaelear Dtvlalea, Jaauarr IP. 1710. Retekeak Be. 04, Pkeae eall Re. 14. 01. Telecea. Footer, C., Ceneuttaat, Retleeel Aepkelc Pevloa Aeaeclattea, XlverOale, MR., ((101) 779*4010), eltk I. D.ilMikj, CCA/Ta ekeelear Plvlalea, Takraarr It, 1910, Rat.kook. Re. 0), Pkeae call R*. 94. Telecea. Ketaln, fare, Aaerltan .ijrJrraaa' Jrti.tr, Dae Flalnae, tl 1(111) 014* 0111), eltk l. Flicker, CCA/tachaology Blvlaen, Fakruarr U, 1910, Retekeak Re. 04, Fkeaa call Re. 19. 05. Fart 110) lea el Artificial tabarlalr.i Materlele (Aeh aa4 takera) Ceetalelaa kearlrakla Free-Fore Aafcaatea. Federal tt|leter, Ckapter 11 - Ceeauaar Product Oafetr Ceaalealea, Oecaekar 15, 1977. I i 32 8005 1120 PRODUCED BY FORD