Document jxOV8GYQM5LoJxLggygKbaKN

cc: Mr. C. C. Vogel Mr. W. G. Ball, Jr. Mr. Thom. Yates Mr. C. G. Krieger ETHYL CORPORATION February 23, 19 6 5 Memorandum to: Dr. George F. Kirby Mr. William R. Perdue Mr. R. K. Scales Mr. H. E. Hesselberg Mr. M. P. Murdock Mr. L. L. Huxtable Dr. R. A. Kehoe Dr. George Roush Mr. F. P. Warne Mr. Robert Herzog Mr. Davis Batson Mr. Carl Elliott Mr. John C. Lane Mr. Joseph Carter Attached is a revised draft of the white paper on antiknock compounds. As many as possible of the comments and suggestions made by various of you gentlemen have been incorporated into this draft. Sincerely, JEB:ir Att. V f 0004873 D istribu tion S. M . Blit z e r J. E. Boudreau S. F o r b e s H. J. G ib son J. G ill H. E . H esselb erg D. A. H irsch ler L . L. H uxtable R. A. Kehoe G. F . Kirby W. B. Ligett M. P . M urdock C. M. Neher F . P r in c i S. T. P ru itt K. Sw ar t w ood (3) T. W. W arren KE 0004S74 STR ICT LY CO N FID EN TIAL D etroit M eetin g on AIR PO LLUTIO N P RO BLEM S O ctober 24, 1961 Scope of th e P r o b lem M r . M u rdock ou tlin ed th e im p act of th e a ir p ollu tion p r o b lem on E t h y l's sa le s p o sit io n . H e p oin ted out th at t h is is th e m o st se r io u s p r o b le m w e fa c e . Th e sit u at io n in Sou th ern C a lifo r n ia c o n st it u t e s a t h r e a t to ou r w h ole an tik n ock m ar k e t . If T E L is elim in ated fr o m gaso lin e in C alifo r n ia oth er states m ay take sim ilar action . The im m ediate p roblem is to preven t r e st r ictio n s on the u se of T E L in th e Lo s A n geles a r e a . W h ile le gisla t io n at a st at e le v e l is a t h r e at for th e fu t u r e, r e st r ic t io n in Lo s A n ge le s Coun ty cou ld be im p osed im m ed iately . M r. G risw old h as been th reaten in g to elim in ate T E L on the b a sis th at it in t e r fe r e s w ith th e d evelopm en t of a sa t isfa c t o r y c a t a ly st . We do not doubt h is ab ility to en for ce su ch a r egu lation . O ur W est C o ast c u st o m e r s h ave tak en th e attitu d e th at t h is is a lead in d u stry p rob lem an d th ey w ill not figh t our b attle fo r u s. Th ey w ould not lik e to see Pb elim in ated , h ow ever, an d th ey w ill coop er ate w ith u s. Stan d ar d of C a lifo r n ia in p a r t ic u la r h as a st r o n g in t e r e st in k eep in g P b in th e p ict u r e . Th e t h r e at of P b r e st r ic t io n s in Lo s A n ge le s Cou n ty is so st r o n g t h at so m e c u st o m e r s h ave a lr e a d y st a r t e d to low er P b co n ce n t r at io n s in an t icip at io n . T h is is docu m en ted in tw o at t ach ed t a b le s su p p lied by M r . F o r b e s. M r. M urdock said th at DuPon t and Eth yl ar e both w orkin g on the d efen se of Pb and th at we could not hope to gain an y com petitive ad van tage w ith c u st o m e r s th rou gh our e ffo r t s in th is a r e a . A c t iv it ie s of W OGA M r . H uxtable said th at the econ om ics of rem ovin g Pb from ga so lin e w ill n ot p r e v e n t le g isla t io n . Th e A P CD h a s ask e d th e W OGA fo r in for m ation on th e c o st of su pplyin g u n lead ed fu e l. W OGA h as tak en th e stan d th at th is in form ation is n ot av ailab le an d th at u n leaded fu e ls ar e not n e c e ssa r y . Cop ies of APCD r eq u est and a d raft of W OGA's p r o p o se d r e p ly a r e at t ach e d . W OGA h as n ot a s yet ap p r oved th is d r a ft . It w as th e opin ion of th e grou p th at w h ile th is an sw er is favorab le to our cau se it w ill be con sid ered u n satisfacto r y by M r. G risw old . H? 00C4375 N 7186.01 - 2- St at u s of W est C o a st A n t i- T E L Le g isla t io n M r . H e sse lb e r g r e v ie w e d th e O ctob er 10 H e a r in gs. A se p a r a t e r e p o r t on th is m eetin g is bein g p r e p ar e d . At th is m eetin g M r. Brow n , the sp on sor of th e C alifo r n ia A ssem b ly Bill AB2335, ask ed som e qu estion s on the pu blic h ealth asp e c t s of T E L w h ich fo r lack of tim e an d oth er r e a so n s D r . Keh oe did not an sw er com p letely . It w as agr e e d th at it w ould be d e sir a b le for D r . Keh oe to w rite an o fficial an sw er to th e se q u est io n s an d su b m it it to th e Com m ittee fo r in clu sio n in h is t estim o n y . It w as fu r th er agr e e d th at it w ould be d e sir ab le fo r D r . Keh oe to p e r so n ally t alk w ith se v e r a l of th e Com m ittee m e m b e r s. D r . Keh oe agr e e d to be av ailab le for su ch d isc u ssio n s. M r . M u rdock w ill d isc u ss th e m ech an ism of settin g up th ese m eetin gs w ith D r . Kir b y . It w a s th e fe e lin g o f t h o se p r e se n t a t th e O c t o b e r 10 H e a r in g t h at we h ad little to fe ar from the public h ealth asp e ct s of T E L. It is M r. G r isw o ld 's stan d on th e e ffe ct of T E L on cataly tic d e v ice s w h ich m ak es our p osition d an gerou s. Econ om ics of Rem ovin g T E L from G asolin e M r . W ar ren review ed h is stu dy on th e in c r e a se in c o st to th e r e fin e r of m ark etin g un leaded fu el of cu r r en t octan e qu ality. T h ese c o st s w ould be in th e n eigh borh ood of 2. 5 ^ /ga l an d w ould r e q u ir e an in d u str y in vestm en t of $228 M . If T E L con ten t of 1 m l p er gallon w ere p e r m it t e d , th e ad d ition al co st p e r gallon w ould be red u ced to 1. l an d th e cap it al in vestm en t w ould be on ly $59 M . He e x p r e sse d th e opin ion th at th e se c o st s w ould be red u ced o ver a p er io d of tim e a s com peten t people focu s th eir effo r ts on tech n ological im p rovem en ts. Statu s of Exh au st C ataly st P r o gr am M r. H ir sch le r review ed our p r o gr am to develop a cat a ly st w h ich w ill op erate sat isfact o r ily on lead ed fu el. P r o g r e ss is bein g m ade and w e ar e c lo se to bein g ab le to m eet p r e se n t C alifo r n ia st an d ar d s. We h ave co o p e r at iv e p r o gr am s w ith se v e r a l au tom otive co m p an ies an d se v e r a l m u ffler com pan ies a s w ell a s CCI. Feed -b ack from th ese p r o gr am s lead s u s to believe th at no one is ah ead of u s. One of the m ost se r io u s p rob lem s is attrition and we h ave r e aso n to su sp ect th at T E L p rom otes attrition as w ell a s redu cin g catalytic activity. D r . N eh er b r iefly review ed an econ om ic an aly sis he h as p r e p ar e d . C o p ie s a r e in clu ded in t h is p ac k age . He st r e sse d tw o p o in t s. 1. If cataly st life could be exten ded from one y ear to two y e ar s by u se of un leaded fu el the an n ual co st for cataly st w ould be r ed u ced by $ 2 0 .0 0 . T h is is ap p r o xim ately equ al to th e ad d ition al fu el c o st p e r y e ar (2 p e r gallon for 1000 gallon s of u n leaded fu el). - 3- 2. H is r ecom m en d ation th at w e p r o ce e d w ith an ac ce le r at e d cataly st developm en t p r o gr am . N eat M an gan ese a s an An tikn ock Th e qu estion h as been r a ise d a s to th e p o ssib ilit y of sellin g A K-33X fo r u se in fu el if T E L is elim in at ed . M r . G ib son sa id th at 1 gm of Mn (4 gm of A K-33X) w ould give A RO N equ ivalen t to 2. 0 m l of T E L. MON fo r th is con cen tr ation w ould be about h alf w h at cou ld be obtain ed fro m 2 m l T E L . One gm of Mn is th e top con cen tration w h ich cou ld be co n sid e r e d fr o m a d u r ab ility stan dpoin t. T h is am oun t of Mn w ould p r o b ab ly be t o le r a b le in p a sse n g e r c a r s alth ou gh t h e r e w ould be som e lo ss of sp a r k plu g life . In h eavy-d u ty t r u ck s sp a r k plu g life w ould be v e r y p o o r . Th is type of sp ar k plu g failu r e w ould r a ise e m issio n lev el th rou gh ou t th e w h ole ran ge of en gin e op eratin g con d ition s. M r . G r isw o ld m igh t r a ise se r io u s ob jection to u se of Mn sin ce it is r e p o r t e d to in c r e a se t h e r a t e a t w h ich SC>2 i s c o n v e r t e d t o su l fu r i c a c id in t h e a t m o sp h e r e . In view of th ese p r o b lem s Mn d oes not ap p ear to be a p r a c t ic a l su b stitu te for le ad . A ctivities of Autom otive Com pan ies M r . Sc a le s r e p o r t e d on h is co n tacts w ith th e m ajo r p r o d u ce r s of au tom ob iles. Both GM an d F o r d th in k th at cataly tic m u ffle r s a r e a poor solu tion to th e e m issio n p r ob lem b ecau se th ey w ould be v e r y exp en sive an d t h e r e fo r e p o litically u n popu lar. Th ey ar e focu sin g th eir atten tion on redu cin g e m is sion s to an accep tab le lev el by ch an gin g en gin e d esign . A cataly tic m u ffler w h ich w ould se ll fo r $200. 00 w ould c o st $50. 00 at th e fa c t o r y . Th ey fe e l th at fo r $50. 00 a g r e a t d e al can be don e w ith th e en gin e. Th ey fe e l th at w h oever can solve th is p rob lem th rough en gin e m od ification s w ill h ave a r e a l com petitive advan tage. T h erefore they h ave sizeab le ($1,000,000 per year) p rogram s under w ay. Th ey w ere of th e opin ion th at Eth yl cou ld n ot affo r d to aban don th e cataly tic m u ffler approach at th is tim e, h ow ever, Fu r th er m o r e, th ey h ave no in t e r e st in se e in g T E L r em ov ed fr o m gaso lin e an d o ffe r e d co o p e r at io n in ou r e ffo r ts to p reven t th is. GM w ill p r e se n t a p ap e r at th e SA E P a sse n g e r C a r M eetin g in M arch w h ich w ill im ply th at th ey fe e l en gin e m od ification s ar e the b e st ap p r o ach . Th ey su gge st e d th at Eth yl p r e se n t a d isc u ssio n w h ich w ould sa y in e ffe ct th at w e th in k both ap p r o ach e s a r e w orth w h ile. 0004877 - 4- Con tacts w ith C alifo r n ia M an u factu r er s A sso ciat io n M r. G ill rep orted th at the C alifo rn ia M an u factu rers A sso ciatio n w as sym path etic to our in t e r e st s an d h ave coop er ated to som e exten t w ith u s. Th ey w ill tak e an activ e in t e r e st at th e st at e le v e l but n ot at the county level. Sp ecific Action W ith th e ab ove b ack gr ou n d t h r e e ge n e r a l a r e a s w e r e e xp lo r e d fo r th e p u r p o se of m akin g sp e cific r ecom m en d ation s a s to actio n s w h ich Eth y l C o r p o r at io n sh ou ld t ak e . 1. R e se a r c h an d D evelopm en t 2. M edical 3. Pu blic R elation s Recom m en dation s for R & D P ro gr am 1. Th e grou p w as u n an im ou s in th e opin ion th at ou r c a t a ly st p r o gr am sh ou ld be con tin ued an d ac c e le r a t e d . It w as agr e e d th at th is p r o gr am is buyin g u s tim e w ith M r. G r isw o ld . If we w er e to aban don it at th is tim e he w ould say th at even Eth yl C o r p o r atio n h ad no h opes fo r solvin g th e c a t a ly st p r o b lem w ith lead ed fu e ls an d he w ou ld lik e ly in it iat e act io n to e lim in at e le ad fr o m gaso lin e in Lo s A n geles Coun ty. No one doubted h is ab ility to pu sh th is th rou gh in sh o r t o r d e r . 2. Im m ed iately begin to develop d ata on the role of T E L con cen tration on th e p e r fo r m an ce of ou r c a t a ly st . W h ile G r isw o ld m ak e s ge n e r al statem en ts on the red u ced efficien cy of cataly tic d ev ices op erated on lead ed fu els v e r su s cle ar fu e ls, we doubt th at an y ac t u a l sou n d d at a e x ist s. It is to be exp ect ed th at c a t a ly st p er fo r m an ce w ill be in flu en ced by T E L con ten t, h ow ever. Th is effect m ay w ell be m uch le ss th an M r. G risw old im p lies. 3. In o r d e r to a c c e le r a t e ou r p r o gr a m on c a t a ly st s we sh ou ld p u r ch ase two addition al v eh icles and in cr e ase m an pow er devoted to th is p rogram by $50, 000 p er y ear . 4 . Con tin ue an d expan d if p o ssib le our coop er ative p r o gr am s so th at ch an ces of d evelopin g a sa t isfa c t o r y d ev ice fo r u se w ith lead ed fu els ar e in cr eased . 5. C a r r y on som e b asic stu d ies of th e p oten tial im p rovem en ts from en gin e m o d ification s. Any h elp th at we can give au tom otive co m p an ies sh ou ld be p r ovid ed . - 5- 6. M r . W ar r en r a ise d th e p oin t,th at r e m o v al of su lp h u r fr o m W est C o ast fu el m igh t h elp a s m uch a s rem ovin g T E L an d th at it w ould be m ore attractive to r e fin e r s. Th is w ill be co n sid er ed fu rth er. 7. M r. Blit z e r put forth som e su gge st io n s a s to how Baton Rou ge m igh t con trib u te to t h is p r o gr a m . T h e se id e a s a r e ou tlin ed in an attach ed m em oran du m , and th ey w ill be con sid ered . R-e c o m r n e n d a t io n s fo r M e d ic a l P r o g r a m D r . Keh oe an d 'D r. P r in ci w ill w ork out a p r o gr am d esign ed to ed u cate an d in flu en ce opin ion s of m e d ical p eop le an d th e p u b lic. It is ou r opin ion b ased on a co n sid er ab le back grou n d an d an im p r e ssiv e am oun t of d ata th at the u se of lead ed fu els d oes not p ose an y th reat to pu b lic h ealth . D ata th at th e v ar io u s pu blic h ealth se r v ic e s a r e now gath erin g ar e con firm in g th is con clu sion . We do h ave to com b at a gen er al lack of in form ation an d co n sid er ab le m isin for m ation on th e p ar t of both the m ed ical p r o fe ssio n and the pu blic. A n u m ber of sp e cific ite m s w h ich w ere r ecom m en d ed fo r se r io u s con sid eration ar e liste d below . 1. O btain the se r v ic e s of a m ed ical con su ltan t in th e Lo s A n geles a r e a to keep us ad vised of developm en ts and to recom m en d app rop riate action . 2. P u b licat io n s in C a lifo r n ia M e d ical Jo u r n al w h ich w ould ed u cate ge n e r al p r ac t it io n e r s who in flu en ce pu blic opin ion to a co n sid er ab le exten t. 3. An ed u cation al m ed ical m ovie w h ich m igh t be sp o n so red by a u n iv e r sit y grou p w h ich w ould be u sed in M ed ical A sso ciat io n m eetin gs an d in M ed ical Sch o o ls. Th is w ould probably co st $50, 000 to $75, 000. 4. H old a w orksh op m eetin g fo r m e d ical p eo p le. 5. D ir e ct con tact w ith d o ct o r s who w rite d aily a r t ic le s fo r th e public p r e ss. In ad d ition to th e above ed u cation al p r o g r a m , we sh ou ld d evelop fu rth er in form ation on lead com poun d size d istr ib u tion an d com position in th e atm o sp h er e sin ce th is qu estion of body reten tion v e r su s p ar t ic le siz e , a s w ell a s sp ecific lead com poun d com position , ap p ear s to be assu m in g m ajo r p r o p o r tio n s. We h ave ad equ ate kn ow ledge w h at is'in exh au st gas an d we know th e relation sh ip betw een p ar t icle siz e an d body r eten tion . W hat w e m u st in v e st igat e is p a r t ic le siz e an d co m p o sitio n in th e at m o sp h e r e . Eth yl an d DuPon t a r e join tly look in g in to th e b e st w ay to conduct th is p rogram . - 6- Recom m en dation s for P u blic R elation s P r o gr am M r , Bo u d r e au o.utlin ed a P u b lic R e lat io n s p r o g r a m w h ich ev er y o n e agr e e d w as d e sir ab le . Th e im m ed iate n eed for th is p r o gr am is in C alifo r n ia but lon g r an ge it w ill be valu ab le th rou gh ou t th e U. S. In sp ite of the m ed ical, tech n ical, and econ om ic fact s in volved, we ar e at the m er cy of p o litics an d pu blic opin ion . Th e b e st w ay to p r o tect o u r se lv e s is th rough an effective P u blic R elation s P r o gr am . Som e of th e e sse n t ia l elem en ts th is p r o gr am an d som e sp e cific item s for action agreed upon ar e liste d below : 1. M r. M u rdock said th at he w ould recom m en d to M r. T u r n er th at a P r o je ct M an ager be appoin ted to d ir ect th is effort an d th at th is m an sh ou ld r e p o r t d ir e c t ly to D r . Kir b y . 2. M r. Bou d reau fe lt th at a fir st step w ould be to se t dow n our o b jectiv es in a w ritten statem en t. 3. M r. Bou d reau also recom m en d ed th at a fact sh eet be asse m b le d w h ich w ould be kept up to d ate on a d ay - to - d ay b a sis w h ich w ould be a ce n tr al so u r ce fo r a ll p ertin en t in form ation , * 4 . Th e p u b lic p r e ss sh ou ld be co n t act ed , cu lt iv at e d an d su p p lied w ith b ack grou n d , p r e ss r e le a se s an d st o r ie s. Th e sam e tr eat m en t sh ou ld be given to t r ad e jo u r n als and rad io n ew s p eople. P u b licize ou r p r o gr e ss on a catalytic device. 5. M r. Bo u d r e au 's grou p in New York sh ou ld do a ll of the w ritin g and p rep ar ation of r e le a se s. 6. M r. Bo u d r eau w ill v isit th e W est C o a st to fin d a su itab le Public R elation s firm or in dividual to ad vise u s on the C alifo r n ia p r o gr am an d p e r h ap s to h elp w ith co n t act s. 7. M r. H uxtable su bm itted for con sid er ation a su ggestion by G eorge Un zelm an th at a film be produ ced for public edu cation . A copy of th is m em oran dum is in cluded. 8. A s an in terim m e asu r e , Eth yl m igh t sp on sor a tun e-u p cam p aign in Lo s A n geles w h ich w ould h ave an im m ed iate b en eficial effect on e m issio n s. Th is w ould be d esign ed p r im ar ily to soften up M r. G risw old by d em on stratin g ou r d e sir e to co o p e r at e w ith h im in solvin g th e sm og problem . - 7- 9. M r. H uxtable w ill con tact M r. F r e d W arne an d a sk h im to m ake M r. Sch u lts a sp e cific o ffe r to r e p r e se n t u s a s a lo b b y ist in Sacr am e n t o . 10. M r . H e sse lb e r g w ill con tact M r . Je r r y M cAffee to fin d out w hat we can con tribute to h is AP I com m ittee (Air and W ater Con servation ). 11. M r . M u rdock w ill se t up a m eetin g w ith A m e r ican O il Com pan y to b r ie f th em on th e W est C o a st A ir P ollu tion situ atio n . Sin ce th ey ar e n ew m a r k e t e r s in C alifo r n ia, th ey h ave ask ed for our backgrou n d. We w ill also en cou r age th em to join W OGA. 12. In cluded is a le tte r fr o m Stan d ard of C alifo r n ia su ggestin g w h at th e lead ad d itive in d u str y sh ou ld be doin g in r e g a r d to the sm og situ ation . Th e grou p d isc u sse d th ese su ggestion s item by item an d m ade th e follow in g d e c isio n s. H ealth A sp ects Item 1. A s p r e v io u sly d isc u sse d in t h e se n o t e s, D r . Keh oe w ill o fficially and p er so n ally do w hat is r eq u ir ed to c le a r up an y qu estion s w h ich th e Com m ittee m em bers m ay h ave. Item 2. Eth yl an d DuPon t a r e plan n in g a co o p er at iv e stu dy of the type su ggested . E ffe ct s of Lead on A fte r - b u r n er C ataly st Life Item 1. We do not fe e l it w ould be w ise to ch allen ge M r . G r isw old to p rod u ce d ata. It w ould on ly alien ate h im . We w ill get our own d ata. Item 2. We h ave con tacted all of th ese people except UOP and no one h as an y d ata. W e su sp e ct th at UOP m ay be th e so u r ce of som e of M r . G r isw o ld 's an ti- le ad in form ation . It w ould seem th at UOP h as a la r ge in cen tive to see lead rem oved from gasolin e. Item 3. We ar e goin g to t e st our own c a t a ly st s at red u ced lead lev els. Item 4. Sin ce w e fe e l th at le ad d o es h ave an ad v e r se effect on c a t a ly st life , w e w ill n ot p a r t ic ip a t e in an y c o o p er ative t e st s un til w e h ave our own an sw e r s. R JO :b a 0004881 0004882 ;,C3 a ;:g o u ' ,Mar. Ju n o Sep t, Doc. Mliti OU Co. SSLt 2 .11 1.0 2 2.76 o.Co 2 .k5 I.50 2.65 I .3 I R ich field QU Praiit. Ko(V 2.52 0 .7k 2.kk 0.20 2.69 O.23 2.99 l.k 3 Sh e ll QU Co Pretil. Hoff. 2.91 I .5 I 2 .9 I O.37 2 .3 I O.9O I.56 I.9 7 Mar. ' 939 2.76 1.1k 2.8 k I.72 I .6 I O.C6 Juno 2.85 2 .6 3 2 .9 2 2 .k9 2.0 5 1.3 7 Se p t . 2.83 I.6 5 2 .13 2 .19 2.k3 1.73 Dec. 2 .6 h I.0 7 2.32 2 .k9 2.5k l.k 7 Mar. i960 Ju n o Sep t . Dec. 2.95 2.87 3.0 2 3.0 6 1.2 1 1.95 1.39 I.35 2.5k 2.76 2.98 2.39 2.20 2.k7 2.56 2.0 3 2 .71 m 2.35 1.0 1 2 .5 1 Mar. i' 61 2 .7 3 Juno 2.0 2 Sep t . I .8 9 0 .8 k 2.35 1.0 8 2.23 2 .2 1 1.83 I.0 3 O.83 0.81 2.57 m 2.65 1.3 0 1.8 9 . J- :A'u) fjiiL c o ; ; !i.';;1.Tf 'Jt d 0.1r e m . Pro: u liiL I.69 1.11 2.63 1.08 2.92 0.62 2.5U I.50 In g. _ i 'A'OM. lier:. 2.89 1.60 2.95 2.03 2.93 2.32 2.99 2.11 Vi.^ovato^Ol 1 Prenu jRo/> 2.89 2.U9 3.OU l.Ul 2.98 I.80 2.99 1.U6 Union Oil Co. Pi'Oii. Ko r . 2.CU 1.73 2.90 2.18 2.88 1.89 2.63 2.27 2.60 2.55 2.93 1.30 2.95 1.71 2.90 2.35 2.69 1.26 2.85 2.19 2.87 2.65 2.70 2.87 1.97 I.9U 2.86 2.2U 2.98 1.99 2.7U 1.28 2.3U I.07 2.95 1.75 2.98 51.33 3.21 3.01 2.36 1.39 2.21 1.97 2.89 2.59 3.21 2.65 2.00 1.6l 2.80 2.86 2.79 2.11 3.05 2.99 2.13 0.93 3.09 1.52 2.95' 1.97 3.25 2.85 1.89 0.94 2.9U 2.76 3.15 1.32 3.32 2.76 % 2.39 1.05 2.69 0.80 2.57 0.8U 1.62 .OU 2.61 1.91 2.20 2.59 2.16 1.23 2.25 1.69 1.68 1.U5 2.83 2.06 2.16 I.99 2.09 1.30 Jan. Feb. Kar. r*3r* Kay June J u ly wCt O'/* Dec. Jan. Feb. Kar. J*3T* - 0*/ C# v - L .o July C r ' . Aw * . Ge t. l:o v. Dec. ... Feb. liar.. * * '.- .V la y ? . **i A July Au s . cw-u**w- * Ko v. Dec. U. S. POOL TEL CTEET 1956 2.11 2.08 2.09 2 .c6 2.05 2.05 2.03 2.0 0 2.07 2.05 1.93 1.66 mi iy.6o ., 1.82 1.&5 " 1.81 1 .C6 . 1.86 1.66 I.JU 1 *5 6 2.0 6 1.9 6 2.03 1.96 2.10 I.59 2 . 0S 2.0 7 2 .G6 2.02 2.02 1.97 i .91 XcS I.9 I i*o 3 k 6i 1. 7 ; 1.79 1.76 1.79 2^/'J1 1.9 7 1.97 1.99 1.9rW.3'V LC5 AFGSI-ES POOL EEL cor.'rsLT 2.0 8 2 . O5 2.02 2.05 O :** L\ VA.3-> 2.20 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.30 2.36 ' 2.25 2.36 2.22 2.69 2.69 2.67 2. bo 2.66 2 .16 2.66 2.35 2.37 2.37 2 .12 2.35 2 .3 1 O. 2 2 . 5> 2 .5 I 2.35 ^ -.c 2.25 2 .3 1 2.22 2.00 2 . O5 2 .05 2.0 9 2.'12 2.36 2.16 2 *u l 2 .12 TA? AF'trrT^; POOL AS $ or u . s . p o o l 96.6 98.6 96.7 99.5 99.O 10 1.5 10 8 .6 IO6 .5 10 6 .3 . iv6.5 12 3 .3 12 7.2 12 3 .6 > ' 4 , 12 6 .7 12 5.8 120 .9 116 .8 116 .3 119 .2 10 6 .9 12 2 .8 12 3 .0 12 6 .1 128 . i 116 .0 12 5.0 119 .1 121.6 127.6 123.1 12 1.3 II6 .3 120. & 118 .3 12 6 .2 . : *m Z ~ T ^ J.10 cr 115 .2 116.5 10 7.6 119 .8 10 7.5 106.1 112. S E 0004833. Octo ber 23, .961