Document jmx8b98rZVO4rvd8nwpaMGajy

FILE NAME: BF Goodrich (BFG) DATE: 1938 DOC#: BFG057 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Report from NSC Industrial Safety Series Compounding Materials Used in the Rubber Industry ^Compounding Materials Used in the Rubber Industry Pail 11--Dry Inoiganic Substain.es; Gums, Oils, Hesinous Materials and Waxes; Liquids and Gases Industrial Safety Series No. RU-3 / Published by the National Safety Council 20 North Wacker Dtive, Chicago I T h is pamphlet is the second "i a 'erics ol two on ''Com pounding t laiciiiil C'-ed in the Rubber Ineltisli\ " 'I lie tirsi pamphlet, No R U - 1, i' omtined to the ela-'Mlira!ion ol orr',inie accelerators. unli-oxidant.s and ills organa- compounds. This pam phlet a- coulipcd to the following time giuups of compounding matci wls 1'i v imn e.tim miI>'|.wu t s 'imi' ink H'iiwiii'i tuaiiTiaU and 1i*|in*i's aiu[ c.i'e' ' \n attempt has been made to list herein alphabetically, in the three above gmnps, p ra cliia lly all of the n-tial nmi))minding ingredients viced m live manmacturc ol rubber which aie not unered m 1`a111|Islet .No. K l -! It should he realized, howi i l i , lhal new compounding ingredii i i t- aie constantly being developed and in come cacce new and unusual usi- aie being made ol the present ngiedients. \ linei' dectripliiin of i ac h i oinpoundmg ingiedlenl is giv. oil, logeilier with it- use in the rub in i im 1ii-ii \ , its relative health haz ed- and lei oinmeiiil.limns for is ale handling hum a health view"ic l Many ol the solvents u-ed lit i.impounding rubber tue llanunahle, it.nn ol die 111y cubsiaiues used ie m l a ilvisi explosion hazard, and si-.i u-c ol v.u imic mie Involves the d o v e i of spontaneous ignition, llow i vr i the me hazards of the suh-, inn - li-ted are not discussed in de,i ' a- those luizatds are lu lly cov im i i in othet publications1 'Ib is |i.iu>l)let iv a u>m ))il,ilinn of expericncc in ju u lu it pre-vcntioti. Il stimili! noi Ih - assumici, lu m c si-r , vlvni ii include s co ere .iiu-pt,itile- procedure in vive liciti coserei!. h must noi he confuseci 11-1111 feder.il, l,ue or in sili,im e rc-cjiiiri-nu-nis, or svilii A m erit.in Sl.uul.ird .s.del)' nates. Dvy Inorganic Compounds I Most of the compounds in this gtoup are ol a soft mineral powder t\pc*, of a panicle si/.c less than two hundred mesh, many of less than three hundred mesh, or liner Few ul them contain haul or abrasive par ticles such as silica or corundum. Only a few are ionic. On the whole they are comparatively free Irom health hazards. However, they ate all more or less dusty when handled carelessly( and the ordinary dust haz ard is aluavs present flood sun age huts, conveyors, hooded mills, and efficient e\haust s_\stems will teadily eliminate the diM hazards and in most cases pi event haim from the !o\ic or siliia hcaiing compounds. (See also National .safely Council Health ('rut (ices Pamphlet No 4. "Ousi," and Sab Practices Pampblels No M, TNhaust Svsients," and \ o fid, " Kcspiialoty I'lott-clivc Fqutpmcnt ") 4 Thete ate several compounds, however, that should receive special fonsklfUtmn, stall as lead m si lieabeating compounds These- ,oe so designated in the loilowmg h-t ut materials. Aluminum l-'lake .5. A line cicam-folotid powdei. Consisting primal ilv of aluminum sib cate, used as a filler in uibbei i is non-gtilly and mm-tooi hut rathet dusty in handling. Ammonium Caibonate 0 A white srvstalim . lumpv powder havin g a pungent odor ol am monia It icadilv decomposes ,uu give- oft an i n it a tl n g o.u>. during mixing It Is u-c-d in sp ,nge ra o b ri- ll is slightly Ionic, but the e -s hit,, health ha za rd as it is m the rubber industry Antimony Sulphide* 1. There are two type- due goiu cn and the red antimony sulphide Used for colot trig' rubber arnck-s Some grades contain a consider,.Me percentage of t'u-e sulphur and , al tium sulphate. 'I hey an- 'hghiiv toxic. irritating to the, -km and i),, niueous membranes fau-iu! handlu.g is required P-u-e also Indu-'nal Data Sheti D-Chent. 21, "Anttmom ai,ii l i s t 'taiijimnuls ' ) Axhextine S A lihrnus v.u.i-lv of m.igne-,'ii situ ale vised in lubbtt as a nlit (specially m p,ukmgs ano ga-kets ll is white pundii. nun-griiiv a. non-,t,xic. ll -could he bo, ne m illinet, however, that many ul du-, s-lte.ees. when not >,ure, ma\ con,an tiasi-s o. silica and tin-' -i,o\..d kept down. 11 ,/- v n i f h t, /Vi.V, A it/iii||,l/ Vu/, l y C iittt/i il, I a, Il n t / h t , , . s, i a, it l ' i m h d i nf / S , ! IX/H'STIUAI. SAFETY S E M E * NO. R U -3 .I* !('<[<" *ii V ii'iimis magnesium silicate i-ui in rai'/n 'ype' of rubber goods, r-pecie'h the packing and gasket is'i. and whore the rubber must w "i-1md tonsMctnbU" heat, U may b. 11,tih<1 in many length* id fiber, " i an imii lung tn almost a pow amI i' M-uallv grayish white in 'i .imiui Suitable exhaust sy-,. i-I le-iiiratni) protective equipiiiit .no usually needed to prevent do inhalation of dust by the workers '1'iiimi Dust '(> \ tiade name for barium -ii '>ti:i11- It if mm Sulnlvue 1i f heavy white powder used na 111ni<>i i-n-it; rubber and also as a 'lei Ii * insoluble in most solm- it - min-absmbahU' and noniHi 'I here i- no hazard in handling, V 1nun that of dtist. Mu vtes Coin'rtereial name for natural V K1-:t o, i.i; iuill sulphate. " ,' hum White ! \ "aile name for Htho|xme. Hentonitc I It. nomile is a fme colloidal ' \ ob,amed uom natural deposits. ' miisis's i.'* a fine giavish-uhitc .mVi , - milnr in many charactor i., i.'hi" clays Itentonite, how. i r he- 'he pei uhar properly of 'd'U lv. dtolysing when brought in /nut,it i ui;h water and swelling o t..1 in a lelly-likc structure Small aei,uin:s (.wise a liemendous thiclc. mm: oi water solttlions. On arimmi u| these jnoperiies it is used a 'hiikenine ayenI and stabilizer waiei dispersions ol rubber." lie1 ,m-c oi activity and absorptive "i ipeitic- when brought into con" i with water, care should be taken ptoxent inhalation or swallowiny a tin 'hist. HI,me t'i\i i - \ irade mmie-for precipitated 11'u1 -u mate. Him ' .i.ot 'i \ ...| ayi-li bhu pnivdi'r used i a Huh ateelevaior and foi umv >,"in.line; \ oiislme of active lead i ..iwniunils. and veyv V mi . (See lead ....mb i Cadmium Yellow 17. A fine light-yellow powder of cadmium sulphide, used for coloring rubber. It is slightly toxic. It ran cause irritation of mucous mem branes and also gastritis. Cut etui handling is required, hands imM be kept clean and diM at a minimum in the workplace. Calcined Magnesia IS. (Sec magnesium oxide.) Calcium Chloride lb. White to brownish deliques cent crystals or lumps whiih me eas ily soluble in water This material is not added to the rubber, but is dissolved in water and used as a bath for vulcanizing rubber artieles. It is irritating to the skin but non-toxic Carbon Black 20 An exceedingly fine dusty black powder. It is used in quan tities for tires and many lines of rubber goods as a reinforcing ingredi ent. The dust is difficult to tope with but is non-toxic. Carbonate of Ammonia 21. (See ammonium carbonate) Carbonate of Magnesia 22. (See magnesium rarbonate.) Caustic Soda 22 Same as sodium hydroxide It is a white nioislute-ahsorbent sub stance, usually in the form of sticks, llakcs or lumps, and easily soluble in waiter. It is used as a bath or wash lor rubber articles to cleanse, lemnve bloom, and giease, It is vety caustic, disintegrates organic tissue, and should he handled with great care to keep it from con tact with the skin anti eves. (See also National Safety Council Safe Vractices Pam phlet No. 25, " \rids a n d Caustics," and Industrial Data Sheet P-Chem. 2, " Handling Caustic Soda.") Chalk 24. (See whiting.) China Clays 25. (See clays.) Chronic Green 20. A gieen mineral frontier used for colnn'ng i tibbei. The most s;uisiacltuy gieen for lubber work is the oxide Cr.Oi, whith is ineit and non toxic. There are, however, so-called "chiome greens," which are not pure chromium oxitle hut are mixtures of blue and yellow pigments made up of (ompounrls other than chromium. Sitelt pigments might have toxic prop ci ties, especially if they contain lead salts. Such greens are usually un satisfactory for heat vulcanization of lubber, since they lose their color under high temperatures, Neverthe less, the purity of chrome green should be determined he)ore giving it a clean "bill of health." Chrome Yellow 27, A (leep-ycllmv powder used for coloring rubber. This is a duomate of lead, although there tire abo chromates of zinc and barium. The lead salt is the one usually used lor rubber and is quite toxic because ot the lead it contains. It should be handled with the same precautions as other lead coni|>ouwls. (See lead romiiounds) Clays 2S. There arc innumerable clays, varying in colors and rahging ftoni white to blark. Those used (or rub her compounding are usually the white variety, ranging from white to cream or buff Most of the daytire fine smooth powders, varying greatly In both chemical and physical properties. 'They are of natural origin ami chemically a hydrous aluminum siliiiite. 'They are used as fillers and for reinfmring. 'The days are usual ly non-grit!v and non-toxic. A suit able exhaust system or respirator is usually required to protect the respiialory mguns. Crimson Amimooy 29. Another name for reel anti mony sulphide. Diatomaceous liarth (Celite) 20. A soft e a r th y rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms it grinds tn a fine powder, e.xlieindv light and fluffy, used for filter in rubber compounds It is non-toxic, Inn cave should be taken to keep down excessive dust. ,\ suitable ex haust system or inspirator mav be needed, Tiuei v d A fine abrasive powder used with rubber (or making eM'erx ,md /,,r\ wheel' COMI'Ol:M)I\G MATEIUAI.S IX HIE Kl'IWI-.K IXIU.M i\, basically. it is an /round lubber ilust is explosive when ll> l.rutl uh tilt- is -till usui tu , .i/nmiim oxide II K nun-toxic hut mixed with air considerable extent In in a- 'in ai ,/iaip and dangerous Id inhale. Ill ii- ii'c the 'iiiii1 pieeauiimix a ' for -iIh.i aie icquircd. (Abo called ini undiim.j Heavy Magnesia >10 Heavy ealimeil magnesia, or magnesium oxide, (bee magnesium oxele.) cdelator and lor exli titled and moulded /noils It /Ives a good fin i'h and elimin,lies bloom ill tei lam types of stocks It x an active poi son and should bp treated wilh caie fovvil Hour 32 (bee diatomaccuu.x earth ) l-ienth Chalk Hypo 41 bead hypo-sulphite. (See lead compounds,) It is soft, waxy .-ybxtantc, and -o theie is no dan/cr ui dust, the teal clanger hein/ fumi sucking to hands and clothing 11 c.m lie handled " i'h ' 3 (bee tide.) Iron O.xide safety if cleanliness is c.ueiuily oli I idler's r.irth VI \ d a y relatively high in magm da. Il ix tixeil a- a filler In rubber /nm!-. .mil ix nun-gritty and non-to\ic. thee also clays.) Golden Antim ony is tSee antimony sulphides.) -12. '1he ted oxide of iron. (See red oxide.) Infusorial l.arth 45. (See diatomarcous earth.) Kaolin 14. A white china clay. (See clays.) sci ved. 50 f.turl n\'i(tf in lillhirge i- pn.i) ably I lie most extensively used lead compound and the one mo-t to fe.ited. Il is an rirangc-lo-lmmncolored pmulei 1 he dust n vine line, but hein/ heavy, settles quickly T lu f i h.mdlin/ ibis uialeii.d si,old wear suitable iC'piralory pinteclive G iw ph ite Kievclgulir equipment if there is the sli/lm-si In A giayi'h-black sod greasy 45. (See diatomaceous cat til.) danger of inhaling any du-t m get ponder, (.Ted lor lubricating rubber ting dust in the mouth ut saliva It moulds and .is a lillmy inateiial for Light Magnesia Oxide is d.m/eious to handle tobacco, gum, sin It ininpotinds ;is gaskets, pack -Id. The light call ined in,i/iU'smin flint or any food until aflet the baiai- ing-, eii It is an impute fonn of oxide. (See magnesium oxide ) and fare have been ihoiuu/nlv name carbon and is abo produced X o U " Magnc-ium c.iibonatr is washed .Mixing mills should In uiiiIkmII). Il is non-IOML, but res- often spoken ol mcnriectly a ' light hooded and evciy precaution taken j puatnry pmiection is usually neces- magnesia. lo keep domi riusi lead oxide i- s.u\ in 11s use. In v i. Imi then- is no meri lo lilia li, Lamp III,ilk la re on lead poisoning Lnhar/s inn (.found Glass 17 \ fine puu'dcied /lass used im 1oinpotini ling rulibei in make iiaxeix and other rubber abrasive uleiisils '1lie same pieeautions should l.e nljseiveil as lor -ilir a It is non 47. A hi,ill; c.nlion pi/meilt Oh1,lined by binning oils and ody u-sidues t'ailion 111,irk is often mixcailed "lamp-blueK." Its cl.araUertstirs are similar to carbon black (see carbon black) It is no! U'Ctl to any he s.uely handled if reasonable i >,i is exeicised in Us use 'flic mu lor should be insinuici! as to its xenons toxic piopertn-s, and p.aitx shoafo be taken lo show him how to handle it safely. ius but should not be bandied with hate hands hei.him- it may cause minute skm l.iiei.ilium- that may beuune mice led (.1 jinim IS \ /ravish.white powder used im i (impounding tubher. Il etmsists ol a pulveri/.efl uaiuial hydious calcium sulphate It is ntm-griHy and non-loMe, bill icspiiatory prolection is nciC'xary in its use. Haul Rubber Dust 10 A line ginuiid hard uiasish to black m color, xciy light and iltiffy. and sticks in whatever it /real extent. Il is not toxic Lead Compounds 4S. ltefoie the advent ol my.niii accelerators, the lead compounds weir the most widely used atielei.itois ol vulcanuation. Some ate 'till used in lar/e quantities The usual lead compounds used in rubber compound ing are: Itbie bad, lead thiosulphate, hy|ii)sul|)bite or hypo, lead ideate, lead oxide or lilhar/e, sublimed white lead, and lv.isie while lead blue lead, lead thiosulphate, and hypo .ue rubnboei,lon/er Used lo any /real exlenl There are actixe compounds of lead which lead icadilv wnh sulphm at 51 lithium rl w ln lf irmi is lar/elv icari sulphale with about 15 pel .cnt ol artivc lead ovule pic-ent It i> tin- fie, lead oxide which i- >he jcnvi arreleiating ingredient and also tin leal loxir subslnnic. While muih less toxic than the litharge, d shou.d he liandlirl with the same caie as the latter xuh lance 52. me -.vinte laid is a white powder consisting of a basic r e lionate of had It is not u-ed nov to any /teal extent im rubi i can pounding, lui! il e a v. ry ai live an toxic subsiante and it u-ed should I handled with .is much c.oi as h I,.,.' Imiilii- Oidm.nily it u .iim- 1- tno-l- vulcanizing lempeiaim i s to speed up 55 Ml }.el -oris using a ad ty ol \ iik.iiu/.ed haul rubber, vvliiih viikaniz.ilion I hey ale mole f>i less pounds to anv extent -hoidd mio V is uihher and sulphur, but il may ai live compounds and are readilv as thimselvrs .,i, the s\mptoms ,n i v akn iniu.un oilier mineral oi organic similated if taken into the scsteni, poi'onmg, in Hi,umi nt and av 'ubstaiue' used in compounding rub- 1,el t lusl should be kept down, lull eilher thimigh breathing m lluou/h food uml.iminati d by contact willi line, ol limil.l. lumi p< also Valim i d -saicly ( aieuil I ,, lhe material is not toxic. l'inclv dirty hands or clothing l 'i act ices. Pamphlet \o .5, " I , i X D U S m iA f. SAI-ETY SERIES NO. R U -3 lame s<i \ fine illy white powder u.seil extensively in rubber compounding as ,i secondary atcelciatur and drying ingredient This compound is the wK.dled hydrated calcium oxide or -hiked lime. Jt is slightly caustic and irritating to mucous membranes, and suitable protection against its (.nisiit action is required. (See Indusin.il Data Sheet D-Chetn. 19, " Lime," tor details.) Lithaige 1a Lead oxide. pounds.) (See lead com Lithopone 5(i A tine white powder consist ing of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide of high coloring power. It K a widely used pigment for pro ducing while rubber goods. Being rather inert, there is no hazard connetted with its use other than the general dust hazard. The zinc pres ent m the material might be dis solved if considerable quantities of dust were taken into the system, hut zme in such small quantities would nol be considered as a toxic matci ini. Magnesium Carbonate 57. ADo called magnesia carbo nate and light carbonate. This is a iluliv white powder; next lo caihon bl.-uk it is one of the lightest powders ii-ed, and it thereloie causes cousiileiable dust. It is very soluble if laken internally, but it has no poi-iminis effects. It D an ingredient oil on ured for baby and toilet pow ders and also used in many medical piep.nations as an anti-acid and mild laxative. There is no health hazard uninected with its use other than that of dust. Magnesium Oxide xS \iso called magnesia oxide and cabined magnesia It is obtained In heating the magnesium carbonate. 1wo gi.ules are U'td extensive!) in die uibber induMi). one called heavy i.diined magnesia and the othei light calcined magnesia The heavy prod uct is moie dense and slight!) d.itkcr in Kilo than the light calcined innici ud Both are used as auxiliary aeeeleiaiors and lo neutralize acid leaclnms The penontagc used is icl.uivclv small in most cases. The dust is slightly irritating to morons membianes but non-toxic. Suitable respiratory protection is required in its use. Magnesia Uxta 59. Same as magnesium oxide. Mica 60. A form of aluminum silicate which, when finely ground, is a soft glistening powder. The Hat pat tides slide over each other, giving the slip pery properties noted in graphite. The color runs from a cream while to gray. It is used for dusting iaw rubber to keep the slabs fiom stick ing together, also for dusting finished goods to give a smooth, glistening finish. Mica is also used in packings and mechanical goods as a litter where goods arc to resist heat and add. The material is non-toxic, and there is no hazard other than the dust hazard. Cheap grades, however, may contain traces ol silica. Suitable re.pir.itory protection is ncccs-my. Mica in needle-like form is likely to be more irritating to the skin and nasal passages than mi a in plate form. Oxide of Magnesia 61. (See magnesium oxide.) Oxide of Iron 62. (Sec red oxide.) Paris White 6.1. (Sec whiling,) Plaster of Paris 64. (Sec gypsum.) Plumbago 05. (See graphite.) Pumice 66, A giayish povvdci consisting of ground lava. It is a complex sili cate of aluminum, potassium and sodium. It is used as a soli abrasive for producing a smooth polished sur face on rubber goods stub a- me chanicals and lolls. Also it i- used as a filler in add and hcat-ie'isling rub ber goods. It is nonloxk, but cate should he exercised in keeping down dust Piussian Blue 67. Thcie are a mimhci of so- called piussian blues with varying shade- and solubilities, all belonging to the inm blues They aie im ofcrri-cyanide compositions and arc non-tuvic. rile blues ii.-c d lor lub ber are the m-oluble type and pnparotl to withstand die temperatures of vidraniz.ition. 'they are used in compaiatively small quantities, and, there is no health hazard connected with their handling, aside from that of dust. Red Oxide 68. A fine led pigment, vciy dense and heavy, and consisting oi the red oxide of iron; abo called iron red. It is one oi the most wide ly used red pigments for calming rub ber. It is non-toxic, and no serious health danger is involved in i f , ban dling. However, it is advisable to keep dust down, as the oxide flies readily. Red Ochre 69. A dull brownish-red powder u-cd for coloring rubber goods. It consists of a ground natural impuie form ot iron oxide, more gritty ,n a rule than the regular red oxide It is non-toxi(, but it may contam silica, and so eaie should be exercised in keeping down dust. Rotten Stone 70. (See inpoli.) Sand 71. (See silicon dioxide ) Selenium 72. Metallic selenium in the lorm of a fine heavy grayish-black powder is used to a limited extent m several branches of the rubber industi v, no tably in the insulated wire industry and whcic a very low percentage oi sulphur must be used lninrinutiun concerning its |oxic propeities is rather meagre It is claimed to he non-toxic, and vv'e have no records to indicate that (here are any health hazauls in connection with it' ase in the rubber indu-tiy. It a- ad visable to protect vvorkeis again i in halation or swallowing ol the du-,l. Silica 74. pSce silicon dioxide ) Silicon Dioxide 7 1. A bo call. <1 Mina and quartz sand, etc. \ hard abiasive powder, varying in panicle size l'rum a veiv line powder to large sharp p.m ' ir-. known as sand 'I he color mu;, .u, from almost pare white to ycllcw oi imuti 01 giinish. Thi" is the ma lt'. m! wlu'di has been so widely (h's- m-.-td in of "iliawis. ll oc- i in - a- an impurity in many dusts and powders and i" usually piesent in common road dust. In uibbcr compounding, its use is confined to s(i< It special rubber articles as erasers ami abrasive wheels. A very fine Hi .do is aKo used as a filler lor cer- i.mi lubber goods. Wherever 1 is used, the workers weighing and mix ing should be pmleeled by exhaust "I'lenis, in bn' should wear suitable lespirutuiy protective e q u ip m e n t. I here is an abundance of data avail able on sdieosis which should be studied by anyone using or contem platin': use of silicon dioxide. (.See aKo National Safely Council Health brattices Pamphlet No. 20, "Sili cosis.'") Slate Flour 7i \ fine bluish-gray powder consist In;; of "round slate. In compo sition ii is a sedimentary rock. It is used is a cheap tiller and for cer tain heat-resisting and acid-iesiting rubber goods. It is non-toxic, but it may contain silica, therefore precau tions should he taken to prevent inluil ilion ol (lie dust. Soapstone ~i> talc.) Sulphur 77 \ puie natuial deposit "round to an exceedingly line powdci. It is light yellow in color and N the priniipal vulcanizing ingredient Used in rulilier manufacture With few ex ceptions, all rulilier good' are cured oi vuliaimed with sulphur or with siilpluu compounds. Sulphur dust is mil,lime to the eyes. respiratory orfans and skin, (loves and shirts with sleeves may lie necessary to protei l the hands and arms, doggies and lespnators should lie used if lucre is nun Ii sulphur dust. \dcquale ventilation and exhaust equip ment should lie provided to keep lhe dust at a minimum There are seveial varieties of sulplun. such as flow er- ol sulphur and pun ipltaled sul- phiii, liul chemically tlvy are the -jmr as the natural product I .de 7S \ line \vhiir-1o-|:ray powder dial Ieels extremely soft and peeuliar- iv gi'ca-v or soapy, it is used thruughout tlie rubber mdtwlry as a iulincant or dusting powder. It is a hvdrous magnesium silicate, very ineit. ll is non-toxic, and them is no health danger in its handling other than that of dust. Tellurium 79. 'JVIltttiutn is used lo a limited extent as a vulcanizing agent and especially wheie very lovv-sulplnii stocks arc desired, it is a grayMiblack amorphous powder. I'tefmile records as to its toxicity arc lacking, hut some workers appear to lie veiy sensitive to the odor given off when they come into intimate <outert with rubber stocks containing this chem ical. Aside from the disagreeable odor, there appear to lie no iccorck of ca-es where it has presented n serious health hazard when used in rubber. It is advisable to piotcct workers from diirct contact with the material as much as possible Titanium Dioxide 80. Titanium dioxide, eithei in the oxide or in combination with bari um or calcium sulphate, is used as a white coloring pigment for com pounding rubbri, ll is one of Ihe whitest and most staisle of the fewwhite pigments suitable for rulilier These titanium whites are exceeding ly line while powders, and the usual precautions for pigment dusts should lie oliscived. There appear to lie no records of their having caused any toxic hazards as used for lubber com pounding. Tripoli 81. Also called rotten stone. 11 is a porous, siliceous rock t('stilling from the natural decomposition of sandstone. It is used as tin ineit filler and as a mild polishing com pound for rulilier. It is non-toxic, liul care should lie exercised to pre vent excessive (hM, and especially in halation of dust, since it may contain 1 small amount of silica as an im purity. Tripolitc 82. (See diatnmaccous earth.) U U iiH ih iiin c B lu e 8V A powder used for coloiing rulilier goods. Its composition is vaii aide but consists essentially of a dou ble "ilu.He oi sodium and aluminum and "odium sulphide. It is a claikliliie powder, last to heat and -tupl'in It is non-toxic, hut dost should he kepi to i minimum Umber . 84. An iron oxide with varying amounts of clay and silicon com pounds. '] here arc two common va rieties. The raw timber is the nat ural deposit ground and made smooth, wherca- tin: burnt imiliet is calcined at low heat. The formei is a yellow ish-huff to brown color, and the latter 1 reddish-brown color. They arc low cost colors, used extensive!v in libber iloorings and mechanical goods Thorp is no health hazard in their handling other than that of the dust. Venetian Red 8i. (See red oxide.) Vermilion 56. A fine brilliant scuilct-loorangc-coloml powder consisting of mercuric sulphide It is used in a limited way for coloring certain types of rulilier hut is too costly for gen eral use. It is a very inert com pound, and no health hazard is in volved in its use except that ol dust. Whiting 57. A soft white or gray powder consisting of more than `hS per tent calcium carbonate, it is cine of the most widely used filling compounds for rubber manufacture. The poorer glades o'iy contain some traces of silica, it is non-toxic, and there is no health hazard connected with in use unless it contains free xilau, which can lie determined hy labora tory analysis. White Lead 88. (See lead compounds ) Yellow Ochre 89. A mineral deposit whili, when ground, produces a cheap pig ment used in coloring nihbei goods Iked principally for Homing and mechanical goods, ft con-i.-t- oi hedrated feriic oxide mixed with clay and other siliccuti> material- m earn ing amounts 'I here k no health hazard in its use except then of dust. Zinc Oxide 00. Next in sulphur, thi- e pom ably the mu-t widely used runber IX Dl'STRIM. SA bITY SliRIIX NO. 1W-3 ingredient ll i' uh'iI both as an ,ic- tiller, especially for extruding and hei batch. C.unaub.i wax i> <>'> / nv,-itm of acceleration in vulcanizing cowring stocks. The tolot of the t.lined as an exudation nmn leaxc ilie tubber and a- a white reinforcing natural matci nils is blown or biown- ol the lha/.ili.m wax pain, Its im i maudnm ll is ,i line while amor i.sli black. .Manx heated or blown does not piesent anv special ha/aid- phous powder. Taken internally, it i- slightly toxic, but with propel pre- asphaltic compounds arc also used in rubber compounding, and the lat Castor Oil millions for keeping (limn the dust ter may ho obtained in almost anv 105. A thjik yellowish ml ob iheie is no seiimis health hazard in degree of hardness. They are usually Ittined fiom (he castor bean Imed its handling llouever, many grades black and have a bright n act lire as a softener in rubber and m the ol zinc oxide contain lead salts which when broken. Asphalt handlers may production of ceitain uibbc: -ubsti increase their toxicitv. he troubled with irtilalion of the skin tutes or factice Zinc Sulphide because of the minetal oil in the asphalt. Therefore handling of as Ceresin 91. A line while powder with yel phalt with the bare hands should be lOh. A pmiued mineial earth wax lowish tinge used (or colorine rubber avoided where possible, having a meliing point ol apptoxi ll has ;;ieat colonne power but is not as good a romluicmg injiicclient as Balsam mutely 74 degrees Ceiuigiade. It comes in white cakes, Used in lub zane oxide. There is no especial haz 97. (See Canada balsam.) ber to render it mme impelsimi- to ard involved in its use. (Sec also zane oxide.) Beeswax 98. A yellowish-to-while (olmed water and ait. as a sofleiui, ,:nd ,o, extruded articles and covcung, i lei tiiial insulations and for acid-tesisi- Gmm, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes 02. The substances in this gmup wax obtained from the honey tomb nf bees. It is tough and has a faiily high melting point. It is used to render rubber impervious, as well ns ing rubbers. No hazaid is involved in its use. Coal-Tar Pitch are largely used as softeners and a softener in extruding, and as a mild 107. A broun-io-black animphtn,. plasticizers. picseivalive against the action ol body consisting of the residue u c ut "I his group contains materials whuli aie either licpiids oi semi solids, and thcrclore there is no dust hazard Also, all members of this gioup are practically non-volatile at temperatures encountered in rubber processing None of the substances mentioned is known to be toxic with the possible exception of some of the tins or pitches. They are not hazaidmis as used in the rubber indusliy bemuse of the relatively small amounts used and because they are neither in line particles nor sufficient ly hot to give off fumes. light. Bitumen 99 (See asphalt.) Brown Substitute 100. (See factice, brown ) Black Substitute 101. (See factice, black.) Burgundy Pitch 102. An opaque yellowish to reddish-brown resin obtained fiom Norway spruce. Softens under heat and is used in ((injunction with other in,lining after the coal-tar has bei u distilled. It vaiies irom a soft sticks to a hard brittle mass according to the degree to which distillation has been carried out Coal-tar pitcn is ii'Ctl as a softener and tack producer, and I'm extruded goods. It may con tain residues of coal-tm piudncis which are toxic, but the high Umini atures of distillation should te.nuu most of these, and the si.i,.h araimniused for most lubber work pieiha, any serious health hazard m it; u.-c provided a high standard ol personal hygiene is maintained oils, to give tack to rubber, cspeial Colophony lM The oils ate usually added directly to the rubbei on the mills and worked in. The solid resins and waxes are either melted or ground to nurse flakes before they are added in the rubbei; with icasonalile care mid ilcanbiH-ss ihere ' no health h.i/.ml m their use. Mi Oils and icsins known as or ganic accelerator-- aie not ini bided with this gioup but arc discussed in X 8 ('. pamphlet No. RU-1. Asphalt ly unvuleanized frictions, tapes, etr. ll is also Used in tacky cements. Pitch is a skin in hunt to many per sons, especially when a high standard of personal hygiene is not maintained. Canada Balsam 10.1. A icsinmis exudation (mm spruce. Used to give lack in rubber frictions and cements (See also bur gundy pitch.) Carnauha Wax104. I tmm1 quite e\(ensi\ely in Hiliber compoundm" In pinduu* a 10,8. Common pine rc'in which iobtained .is a re-idue alter tin dis tillation ol tmpentine oil irom nude Impenline \'arie, in rolm nmn light-amber to dark reddish hi own It is used in rubber compounds im prodin mg lack and in i u h ii e i cements, ll usually comes in lumps and is icedilv pulverized oi melts down when .aided to Ihr ruLm batch on the mill. There is no know i hazard in its u-e Corn Oil 0(, \lso called bitumen and mill dense, impervious product I'm lubber 109. A pale yellow ml i blamed l et ,d pitch U is a natural deposit of coatings, flooring, ctr. It is a very fiom the germ of com !'. is i n i ' ir 1>-^ bituminous nuxlme. either solid or haul. ye!lowish-lo-buff-coloicd wax rubber as a soiieiKr, in reii.m -i mi -olid, readily softened b\ heat, of high melting point; it usually is old rubber, ar.d in the matiut.a, , i ami is med as a softener and cheap melted before it is added to the rub- ol factice or rubber substitute // ( tuionvced Oil ((AI//'(.7('.ViVi.V^/ .1/ , 1/ AA/, J/<) /. i 11i * /\ i />t)i,is lit i / 1 .m jvj with sulphur rliloride. Rapeseed in (nun Tiagaeamli I lii \ pale vollow - in - rcddi'hl.iuun nil n)>i.tiiwl worn 'cab oi ihc mikiii plant. It is used in hiIiIkt .i' :i soltcner. for reclaiming old rub ber. and in conjunction with resins to pinducc tack. soya bean oils me ofim u-ed for making while fadin'. 'I lie faeticc is addi d iliredlv to the rublier batch on (lie mill. It is used in druggists' sundries, tubing, extruded articles, rolls, pads ami moulded aiti des. It gives a smooth, velvety 171 Ilull while uauslm cut lutlu in yellowish powder, !l i - a i'",,cu bic gum u-ed lor cements and a- ,i thickcm i- fin- latex sollUions It inon-toxic. Gotta Percba " * (.nmar finish and facilitates lalcndciiie;, 172. I be coagulated milk juice of 111. \ synthetic resin consi-ting tubing and other processing opeia- various tropical trees. It comes in ol polymers of coumarone, indent', and homologous compounds. It can tinns. There is no hazard aside from that of dust, yellowish or grayish hard leathery slick'. It is u-ed with rubber to I>o obtained in several states, varying 11tun a liquid to hard, high-melting ir-uv- The color varies from lightInitl to brown. It is used (|uile ex tensively in vai luus rubber ttmipoumb such as those for sides, fluor ine, Iriclion tapes and cements. I umni is also used in acid-resisting and alkali-iesislmg slocks. It is nontoxic. Dcgras 112. \lso known as soil oil and uimi pease. It is a dark-brown eit.i-i obtained from the washings of -beep's wool. It is used as a sollener ami lor aiding in the processing of i.iu lubber, such as in calendering ami eMitiding. It is non-toxic. Gil.xonite 1lii. A very pure natural bitumen found in the United States only. It is a blark mass breaking with ennchoidal fracture and showing bright luslie It is used in floorings, me chanical goods, coalings, varnishes, insulation, gaskets and cements Glucose 117. A tluik, viscous, syrupy li quid made trom torn. It is used in a few rubber compounds a n d cements, and lor latex i(impounding Glue and Gelatin IRS. A nitrogenous colloidal sub stance of the piotfin class winch is derived f i o m animal unmet live imparl certain leathery ptopcilie.and in golf hall manufacture and cements, (me large use has been in the coaling and impregnation ot fabric foi driving belts, clutch lininganil wire coverings, it u, non-toxic Hardwood Pitch 125. A brown bituminou- inaicnai consi.siing of the residue uom the distillation of hard wood It is used as an accelerator activatoi, and for giving tackiness to rulibei stock's ll is added diristly to the rubbei on tile mill. Only comparatively small pen outages are u-ed, and no he.dill hazard is involved except that of pos sible skin irritation-, I lydiolene l,utiie, Black I I > A black gummy cake re sembling lubber but easily disinte grated by crushing. It is made by vulcanizing vegetable oils with 'ulphiii and adding mineral rubber, black lactice is added directly to the mhber on the mill and is used as a suit Idler It lias the property of ab-orbing other tillers and thus bulk ing up the rubber It is also used lot producing a smooth fini-h on (alendeied and extruded goods. There is no health hazard in the use of tactile tissues and bones obtained from slaughter house and tanneiy waste. It conics in sheets, chips or ground granules, usually of a light-amber color, and always contains some water. It is added directly to the rubber on the mill or dispersed in water. Glue is used in mbbci as a reinforcing ingredient ot low giavitv. It gives strength, stiffness and good processing qualities. ft is used in tubing, rollers, coatings and latex compounding. Gunyule 110. A icsinous rubber native to 12 1. A black bituminou-, m uresembling asphalt, obtained from the rc.-klue remaining after the de structive distillation of petroleum Used as a filler and softenei in mum the same manner as asphalt. (S-e asphalt ) i.inseed Oil 12v An amber-colored (Irving ml obtained from the .-eeds of the dux plant It is w-ed in roller.- and cements in prepaiing rubbei .-ub.-!.tutos in the foi in of lattice In vul canizing the ml with sulplun i li oricle. ll is non-toxic I aiiice, Brown 1! I \bn called brown substitute. Mexico mid southern United Slates, having about twenty-five per cent of resin. It is used hugely f<n soil Mineral Oils 176. Xunicroiis grades of mux ml II i- a vulcanized oil usually made 11.m- .u n i ni similar oil b\ heating - 1 I . , ' !:' I ' g.i- m m e - c i . t" tm propel -t.'ge it - a dark-brown cake, ea-iiy crumbled - .. , ' \ to live r i o h e r on ,>.c n...i It I- u-ed a- a son idling nialeiial in moulded goods, iliuggi-tsuniliies, proofing and tubing. l'aUKe, Vv'hite 115. ,\ white gianular powder pie- pared In vulcanizing vegetable oils rubbers such as friction stocks Be ing ot a -ol l ie-inoiis n.it ore 0 dm ir i ' a- sniokv (I -in et . and .-laaii amount are olten added lo the hankr rub ber- to -petd up ihe breaking down lime OuTU.\rM A 120 (iuinkaiava is a bas-ora tvpe of gum similar to gum ti.igacanth. It i' used for tbukrning latex solutions and is non-toxic oil, ranging fiom the light par.ulin ml In pi 11is,it him a. e ;i d n ; , a ll, - ,,1 , , ' a. , . v. . U ihe.-e are tr.<_ he hi paramo on- I m ml- are am o 1 - s'*, or, . ' - - - null arid me r-.pide. d"-ortn i n ' ltibbei. There s no health ni/.i <i except |>o--UU, tl-.it t-i -km ii mam ai Minmal Uubbi r 127 A u rm apphid to r e i asphaltic deposit? such as gu- m.o wS IS 'iH 'S T lilM . SANITY SERIES NO. R U -3 mu iNu (o blown a.sphait>. Mown asphalts may bo obtained in varving degrees of hardness and arc sold ac- undiMfi (o (heir respective moiling points. 'i'hcv are often called "M. K." by rubber compounders. Minora I rubber k used in many lines of rubber manufacture both as a che,,p bulking Idler ami to aid in processing raw rubber. It is used in iriuions, spread goods, cements and many types of mechanical rubber Moods Mineral rubber comes as a solid mass in sheet metal drums or it may be obtained in a granular form. It is added directly to the rubber on du' mill There is no health hazard i ` .. i , .V K. s . < ' I y o , i lushing, and the liberation m h\du>geu sulpbide which should he re moved by adequate ventilation. Montan Wax 12S. A mineral wax exit acted bum lignites. In the n ude state it is dat). brown When refined, it is a white semi-soft wax. The crude wax is used (or soling, flooring, special simks, insulatin'; compounds and ex truded stocks. 1'his wax imparts excellent processing qualities without Ihesoltcning effect insulting from the use of softer waxes such as paiaftin. Xo hazard in its use. Naphthalene 120. White crystalline flaky com pound, used to a limited extent in certain rubber floods as an odorant and processing aid. The material low a camphor odor characteristic of moth balls. It may contain, as im purities, coal-tar products which are slightly toxic. However, such small quantities ate u-cd in rubber com pounding that the health hazard is slight. Oil Substitutes HO (See lattice.) O/okciite 1,U. A mineral fossil wax occur- rnifl native, and yellowish-blown-to- 1,1. k <> m rotor Used its it rubber filler and softener, especially in stub floods as electrical insulations, frictions, extruded and mechanical stocks. Usually added duectly to the rubber on the mill, either as broken lumps or in molten stale. (See also corein which is preparer.1 from ozok erite.) There is no health hazard Palm Oil 132, An oranflo-ycllow fatty oil or pease of buffer consistency. It is obtained from the fruit of a tropical palm. It consists chiefly of palmitic acid and the glyrerides of palmitic, oleic and stearic acids. It is used in rubber to aid processing, e-pecia'Iv for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded goods. AKo used to reduce the tack in u:ry sticky compounds. There is no health hazard in its use, Para ftin Oils is usually added (Inertly to the mb her batch on the mill Pine Tar Oil 137. A reddish-brown oily sub stance obtained from the destructive distillation oj pme wood, ft is a lighter distillate 'than line lar It has a stjong tarry odoi and ta-te I he material is somewhat toxic and should be handled caivlullv. It is Used lor the same purposes as pine far in rubber, but the lightei Oil is preferable for certain compounds. Rapeseecl Oil l 3.X, \ dark-brown-(i.-'v.lo-' cl[<.u \ t I'at.illm \ \ a \ 134. A while, transfix cut, waxy, tasteless and odorless solid obtained from petroleum. It consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons chielly of the methane series. It varies in color front (be light-yellocv crude to a haul white refined wax. Wax is used in tuhber as a softener, as an aid to processing, ns an anti-scorch mate rial, and as an anti-oxideni and light resistor. It is also used foi rendering rubber less peuneable to water solu tions. Petrolatum 135, Also called va-elme and mineral fat. A light-ycllow-tn-ambn colored, oily, semi-solid mateiial con sisting chiefly of hydrocailams of the methane and olefine series It is ob tained by distillation of the still resi dues obtained in steam distillation of paraffin base petroleum. It is Used in rubber as a softener, in reclaiming old rubber, as an anliscorcb material for active accelerators, and to aid in smooth calendering and extruding operations. There is no h e a l t h hazard. I.IMU *i ti>.M , . making lattice oi so-i,uled lunUt substitute. (See factice ) Rosin 139. (See colophony ) Rosin Oil 140. An amber-colored oily liq uid, with a pleasant odor but a strong, peculiar taste It is obtained by fractional distillation of tosin. It is used for producing tack in nihT-r adhesives, tapes, mechanicals, and m reclaiming lubber 'fm re is no health hazard. Shellac 141. A iCsinou.s exudation 'tom the twigs of a species of IviM lum m tice, it is caused to exude In Mu bite of an insect. It is obtained aorange-to-light-buff brittle flakes or as a ground pcovder. It is used to a limited extent in rubber as a st,ff, m i and in bard rubber to give litmusand finish. It is non-to.wc Sod Oil 1 12. (See degtxis j Pine Tar 136, A very vistid, lilac ki-hIwowu liquid with a thaiac teiisiie odor and taste. It is obtained bom the destructive distillation nl pine wood. It is used in rubber goods as a softener, lack producer, dispersing agent, and at releiulm for sxniheii rubber. It finds a large cm in tread slocks, dictions, tape, letl.iimmg of rubber and cements. h contains phenolic bodies, but as used m rub ber it should not lie ha/ardou-. ft Stearic Acid 14! A coloilcss. odoUcs- wax like material h.tndhd in bUck m flakes. It is hum id `non. leghgradr beef tallow- bv -apomncafnn or distillat.'in and pros-iiie at in al-o bv hydrogenation ol oleic acid i 1- u-i <1 m inn t typi1- nl ruhbei floodas a stabilizer of vulcanization, a-.an activator of certain aneleruloi-, and as a dispersing agent ami -'iwm It is used up to -ewrai [ e. " i the rubber and added diuctl.. o - ! COMI'OU.XMXU MATERIALS LX Filli RTFHER I XDUSTRY FART 11 o nihl), i. in which il lonelily dispenses. {( (' iv>n-U>\ic, Liquids ami Gases H-t In this "ioii)i arc included the u-ital liquid solvents and gases ti-in) in rubber mamiiiiUtiH' with the . xerptiun of the liquid acceleralo)s loch .ire listed under organic acidelator', in X.S C pamphlet No. Itl'-l. and softening oils, which are h'led above. Ids 1'liN roup contains some of (he most hazardous chemicals used in the industry anti should be given i.in ml study by the safety engineer to sot' that they are properly handled. Liquids Atene Alici 1 lo Aeeite aetd is noi used gener.tllv throughout 1he uibbct indti'u\ oulv in special parts of it. It I', hov.eiei. used in large quantities on certain purposes It is used tur co.ieiil.itmy rubber latex, in certain latex preparations, and in sponge nibbio production In coagulatici and latex u n it, the temperai tires are low oi normal, comparatively small ptopotlions on the batch are used, ami handling is simple. When used :or .poltre rubber, the temperatures air higher, and disagreeable fumes aie' pneit oft which should be con ducted away In proper ventilation and exhaust equipment. 1-t7 Acetic acid is a clear, color ii -s liquid at ordinaiy temperatures It mines in a number oi difieicnt stieiiptlis, larvili Irum the pure conci'iitiatcd adii, known as glacial ace tic acid, down to dilutions as low as 2' per cent. It has a sttong, pungent odot t Jiarac/erislic of vinegar and is \ m cotuisive. especially in the high er concentrations. It is very irritatili hands anil nasal passa!- ltt .mall quantities it is not toxic, but i.t'e should lie taken to keep it iu.ii it,an the baie skin, mil ;mv fume' -n.mid In conducted away from the M,Il be's Alcohol t>tx Umliol is Usually u-cd in UK .t. mu m0.1 stele lls Use k not u ltiM ir m the rubber indtistiy. beat" confined to ret lain types of .entelli' as a means of introducili i ei lam tesinoli' compounds into rubbet. and as a cleaning solution for raw and finished rubber whine it is aldic' liquid o! chat at let 'lie odor, itece'sary in avoid solvmt action on driived from the d e 'iu ia n e distil the rubber The eh.unctci'Hics of alcohol are well known: it is not necessatv to duel! here upon its telative toxicity. Various types of denatUH'd alcohol tie available, and lation of coal. It is very volatile at room temperatures and should never lie allowed to stand in open contain ers. 'Die vapois are \ety flammable and very toxic, benzol is used largely all arc toxic if taken intern.tllv: but for making cements and unhe-ivcs lor as used for rubber work there should be no hazard if not actually taken internally. All praties of alcohol ire flammable. assembling rubber parts during ptoecss of manufacture. It was formeily used in large quantities as a wash for law rubber, hem applied by hand Ammonia swabs. It was here that many of the most severe poisoning c.tsis were ox- 149. Ammonia is a colorless as, pietencetl, 'fhe vapois spread rapid but as usually used It is dissolved in ly and should he removed by exhaust nater and known as ammonia water systems to decrease both the lire or ammonium hydroxide It is sold hazard and the health h.u.ud The on its ammonia content design.tied by workeis should not be allowed to decrees Haumr. !'hr isii.il giade breathe any tnnsielei.iblo quantity ol used is 2(> Haumr, oi a satin,ited benzol vapors, nor should they be solution, ll is ,t cleat, water-like liquid pot mil led to get the solvent on their with a strong, irritating odor In the clothing, hands, or other parts of concentrated lorm 1 is sti imply r.nistic and should be Kept auav Imm (he skin. Rubber loves and non-ven(ilated popples should be used in handling it. It pivr.s oil' powetful, their bodies. '1 he solvent can be absorbed through the skin as well as through inhalation, producing lasting serious complications (see .V S C pamphlet No. H P. 14, " benzol pungent fumes when exposed to the air, causing bronchial disunions if in haled in considerable quantities '1 he fumes arc toxic, but usually do not leave any serious lasting effeils Where used, a good ventilating oi benzene 152, Same as benzol. Mti'l not be confused with benzine, which b a petiole-uni puiduct and not a coal-tar product. exhaust system should be installed. benzine Ill the mote dilute forms of ammonia liquid, the water retains the pas in solution, and only slight fumes me given off. I'nder ceitain conditions ammonia mixed with air is explosive 15.1 A distillation produc bum pelioleimi, being a clear solvent simi lar in properties to ordinary rle.utc' naphtha but very light and volatile AKo called peiiolcton edict U i- 150. Dilute ammonia is used vety genet ally to piC'Cive raw latex, in manufacturing latex compounds, and throughout the liquid latex industry. 1'he concentrations here seldom run higher than a few per cent, and there is practically tin hazard other than where the ammonia solutions air pie- U'cd as a cleaning solvent tor -wanbing raw rubber and is much sater to use than benzene, irom the toxicity standpoint However, it is veiv flammable. It should be u-ed m safety dispenser-, (u eliminate the lire hazard Ibetuhing benzine vapois will cause dizziness pared. Ammonia is also used in the Carbon bisulphide spread-goods indtistiy as a neutral izer lor acid irlrnsrd during the vttl- 154 \ dear, colorle. , veri fl.tmm.ible liquid When pure i* is a,- tuniznlion operation where1 'tilpltut chloiide cure' ate Used 'the h.t/ait! here is also uioll since mn-l of the cold ruling chambeis att of mussity equipped with .idcquatc cent nip svsiems. (See also N.SC. pamphlet No. 25, "Acid' and Caustic's.'') mo-1 odmlcss, Imi ihe eiimmetci.il guide Usually u-ed ha - a -bong ois- agieeable odor 11 i . exit, 11:n;;\ volatile at loom lempei.mires li,,vmg ;t flash point at minus 2x flegtei' Centigiade, ll may ignite Mom a spark or Ham,' manv leal away ll is benzol vety poisonous to ljuathe (fo r Util lie'! detail- as to its toxuuy, -eo 151. Hen/.ol. oi benzine, as it is X X.f lndiistn.il Data' shed iichemically defined, is a clear, \\,Her f.hem J, "( ';ii!urn bisulphide ixnrynu.u. s\irrv .sa/c/m no. nu-i f i Carbon bisulphide ' used ,,,r lemovin" sulphur bloom on mbhi'i "outb, in rubber adhesives, ami ;i- a diluent (or sulphur chloride in told vulcanization and vapor cure, departments usin'; t h i s solvent should be adequately equipped with foe extinguishers and exhaust sys tems. Keep solvent off the hands. 150, Within u-cent years the use of carbon bisulphide has been very limited as, in the majuritv of cases, less dangerous materials have been substituted. There are, however, a leu places where it finds a use in lubber mniuilAclure. and the safety engineer should study each situation and see that the material is handled in a safe manner, Caibon Dioxide 1X7 Carbon dioxide is an ineit nas used iu the rubber imlustn for inHann" air b a ^ and tubes ami for vulcani/im; purposes. It is non-toxic, but i- highly simulatin'; since it is devoid of active oxynen and dots not support lite. Us danger lies in the fact that it is a heavy >;as and likely to collect in "dead pockets" whcie ventilation is pout Considerable quantities may be liberated through leaks, or discharge from ba^s or vtilcauizcrs at the conclusion of vulcan ization operations. Adequate ventil ation will remove any danger. Caibon Tetrachloride 158 A liidu. colorless liquid with a peculiai cliarac teiislic odor. It has a low buillnu point and is very vola tile at loom tcmpctalure, ttivui" off heavy vapors. The vapors are not ll.nmnable but are toxic. They aie heavy and sink to low parts of the loom, often collectin'; in corners and pool It ventilated places, makinj; a ical ha/.aid to workers unless iomovrd by pioper ventilation or oxli.uisi equipment 'I his solvent finds an cMensivc use in rubliei manulac11iiin" ou account of its freedom fiom loe h.i/.ud and iis excellent solvent pmperties lor rubber. It has re placed many other solvents (See \ s.C. Industrial Data Sheet D<lu-m 25, "C.obon Tel rarhlm ido ") Chloroform 150 5 clear, colorless, highly volatile liquid with a peculiai charac teristic odor ll is toxic, but it will not imite readily. ll is an cmcIIciu solvent for mbbri and is u-ril for cements ami clcansim; solvent I lowever, it has been almost enliiely toplaced hv carbon tetrachloride which has pmperties very similai to chloioforni where used in rubber manufac1uriny;, ll should he hamlh <1 with the same cate as carbon tetrachloride Coal-Tar Naphtha 160. Udined coal-tar naphtha is a clear, water-while liquid havin'; a heavy, assy odor. It is 11,mumble and should lie kepi in appiovul dis pensers, There is also a mule mate rial which is straw eolmod, bul Ihis oiade is not used to the same evlenl as the ielined "lade. Co,tl-t.u mipliilia consists o| a mix|vilt- of ben/enr, toluene, xvlene and other hiphei homologa (t is toxic, bul les, vola tile than benzol. It is used to a con siderable exlrnt lor lubber cements, rubber doughs, and as a t leaning solvent. The same precautions should be taken as bn benzol. Ethylene Dichloiide 101. \ (uloiloss liquid having' a strone (hloiolorm-like odor It is an excellent solvent for lubber and is used for t ubher cements and doughs on account ol its low tire lu/.aid. It is toxic and in many expects a< t.s like carbon tetrachloiide. It should be hamlh d in a similai manner to caibon teliachloride. Its vapors aie very heavy. Gasoline 162. 'I he name "ven to a scries of solvent distillates dciivcd from ]vetioleum and bavin," a ram;e in piavity 11om 50 do<;ieos to 60 devices Itavinie. I'lie ninpe fiom So demurs to 70 decrees is the usual tan^e of rubber solvents. They are tlrir, water-white, oily liquids of charac teristic not unpleasant odor I lie "Asolinrs aie the most umvri-allv used solvents in nibbei manulai line, pmtly because of their low u n i. They are all toxic and dammable and should be handled with iaie Vnpois should be removed, ('i.i-'ilinc dis solves the natural oil- and 1,0-- <>f the skm caluma dry and , happed skin This can be prevented in a "ie.il extent bv liisl coaiiiv; the hands with a neutral u k 'd in o soap prepm;ition, which tepek the "a-o- iine. loi. Gasoline is u-ed as a clean up; and -wabldna solution in tin manufacture of many lubber aiticlm, in all types ot lublier cements n, preparin'; coat no a n d -pieadim; doughs, and as a diluent tor other solvents. * Glycerine 1(14. Also called glycerol it i- a clear, colories, or pale-yellow, heave, syrupy anrl odmle-, liquid bavin a sweet taste. It is non-llammable and mm toxic ami presents no hazatd from the health .standpoint. Il i' used in rubber manutaciunu" as a pi e-ci vai ive t o.it im; oi dressing mi finished uiliber und-, to pi event mb her fimn stid.inj; Kijictlu'i while m tin* law stale and m licpiul labs prepaialions When Used as a dr,--in-;, it is either snubbed, spiauc, m painted on. Kerosene 165. A clear, wjtci - while to straw-colored, oily liquid ll i- oh lained ;is a disiillate iroea piiioleum and refined to remove iow |l,i-h i.mstituenls. It is tomparativelv ,,uto use, allium)) the skin ot soin woikcis is sensitive to keio,ene ad It is used to a limited extent in tab hor manulactuic, but veiv eMeiisivi)v as a wash for rubber maclur.uy. rubber rolls, etc In rubber T,anu fuel'll ill il is i.sed Im soilenuv; <,.m! blowing sponge o id- Kcio-im' presents a Arc haz.ud. but n i- not as hazardous as gasoline Naplub.v 166. V n ou "iv r1 iu bmh petioleiim and coal-tar -olvents 'i hi t \ ,o of naphtha should lie span,a,, ol hoi wise it i, very mi 'leading (1 m petioleum naphtha, sec ben/, a petroleum ether, and asubne. 1m coal-tar naphtha see coal-tar naph tha.) Petroleum 1,(her 167. (See benzine / Solvent Naphtha 16,8 (.see coal-tar naphtna ) Sulphur Chloride 160 1h, subtliliiime ol suliihm It is an audit i-in-yeliowi'li-n n. oe, lumin lir|U'ii with vuv pm, tia. me odor, used m vuh .mi/imc I'.oi.c the sn-ialled (old pioie-- and '.. >or pvocess I u -.w- a- -uch naoiiiio / c(),ui'(HW>!X(; ini'll to sheet. .pieacl and dipped good- ii s also used in ihc manu- i.uinic ol rubber substitutes and oil i,ninr Wln-n used for sheet and -piead goods, the sulphur chloride iii.i) lie applied in liquid form by dis- iriluitor roll, or the goods nitiy he luni" m chambers where the sulphur i him ub' i* vnpoii/.cd by heat. The Milphui thloiide is extremely active (lieumally and is usually dduled with -miie solvent such as carbon bisul phide or benzol. in vulcanizing dipped goods, the latter arc usually immersed for a veiv short time in a dduled solution of the sulphur chlor ide I/O Sulphur chloride is readily deuimpnsed m a damp atmosphere and should he Sept well bottled when not m me It is extremely curto-ive, due to liberation of hydmchlnric and m presente of moisture. It is eMiettieh in titling to the eyes, tune' a n d mucous membranes. Wmlteis should be protected from its mines I),-, adequate ventilation and warned to keep it away from their hands Solpluiiu Add 171 ,\ stumjdy coirosivc, dense, mb liquid, colot less to dark blown, di pending upon its purity. I `sod lor irmoini'', tullon tiliei m reclaiming old rubher In a diluted form it is Used as a coagulant for latex mixtuii It is also used in attaching mbber m mettils and in pioducing stiipbonated itibbei resin piudutls It ( ausfs teiy sexeie burns and will ( li.11 almo't any organic matter Wmkers u-mg sulphuric arid should in pi oi ecleil Irum having the maleii.il IK into their eyes or onto their skin in even their clothing. The .uid will i.tpidly eat its way thimigh i tolhing to the tie'll (Sec X ST, pamphlet No. Z5, " \u d s and C'ausik s." fm details ) I oliiol ot 'I olucnc 7_' \ colorless ilammablc liquid (In.uni il In' Pactional distillation ol mat l.ii oil II leseinbles hen/ine in mint .on main ol Us piopcrlics, al though it i- le" volatile at loom li mpeiatiiM's II is an excellent mli1>('i Milient. Used lot iuliber i emenls, (loughs and as a cleansing solution It is toxii and should he treated ill the -.line mamii'i as ben/.ol Poisoning elici ts out be vei l set lulls. Workers ix nr. rritnr.r i.x w s r / i v /m at a should be ptolcctnl from its inputs and should keep il irmn their hands. Its vapors tiro heavy and (ling to the tutor mil in pooily ventilated tur ners. (See ben/.ol for handling.) Turpentine 17 5. Also calhd spirits ot tur pentine \ clear, llammahlc, <olmless liquid with a ( haracletistic rosinlike odor, obtained by distillation from tuipcntmc rosin. Tuipentine is a pouetftil suKcnt for rubbci and was iotmcily used in making mbber cements. Hut its me in rttbbet wmk has become very limited, and it is no longer an important factoi in rub her iiianufadtiling. Il is toxic anti iritlaling to the skin, eyes and lespiratory otgans (See N'.S.r, In dustrial Data Sheet D-Chem 1?, "Turpentine" for details.) Xylene or Xylol 174 Xylene is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a (haiuclciislic penetinting odor. It is one ol the constituents of loal-tm naphtha and is obtained fiom the latlei smtue by distill;Hum II iy ;t good solvent lor rubber and is u-cd in mbber i emenls, doughs foi the spieadiug ttade, and as a swabbing solution in the man ufacture of ruhbri goods It s toxic, luil nut to mi great an extent is ben zol and toluene, piobahlv because il is less volatile. It is a Inc ha/.nd, and the same precautions should he taken both for fire and toxicity as those noted lot benzol. (axes 175 Coinp.mulvcly tew gu-es nr used in mbber manufariuie, and in nearly eveiy (use tlicv are used lor vulcanization in some hum ('.uses are handled m closed chamheis Con sequently, leakage or inadequate ex haust systems are the usual (auscs of double or diseomfoit to the wmkeis Ammonia (as 17 ( A (olnrless gas with a powerful, penetiatmg and it mating odor It aflcils the eyes and ic-pna lory oigans. It is used for neutraliz ing any acid alter sulphui i blonde mpui tuns, It is pioduud b) hint ing lonccutiati d liquid ammonia water m 1ho (tiling chambci and tin.illy is exhau.led by stuiinn oi toned ait (Cot full details see N.S.C. pamphlets No. 25, "Acids and ( `'it .tics," and No. 9 i , 'Safe Han dling of Compressed Gases "j Chlorine G.e> 177. A heavy, greenish-yeiinw gas, highly in titling and toxic Il iused only' in speciahzul industries, foi instance, in protlucing i hlorinaii d mbber, It must he rigidly (oniiucil in suitable chambers and kept aw ty limn wotkets It is extremely conosiw, therefore hazardous, es; ecially in the pn-senie ol moisture. ;hui tmthei d.it:i on chlorine see N S C pamphlet No 71, "Safe Handling ol Chlorine.'') Hydrogen (.blonde 17S. Also known as h\diochloi ic acid gas; i* colorless and exiecdinglx pungent It Is highly irritating and toxic it has a strong affinity tm water and should be kept in uo-tn systems. It is used only in sjv< ial-, i/ed industries where rubber is con verted into (crtain resinous produitIt requires special handling llydtogcn Sulphide 170. \ (olorlc's, ll.uun'aiili gas with a wrv ofleitsivc ndm and ,i 'in elish taste. It is ti'Cil only to a limited extent for specialized work in vulcanization of sheet or spiced goods in conjunction with other ic active gii'c- It is highly ioxic and n.tmmahle and must lie haunted with great cair Tin goods aie exposed in closed chamheis and the gas blown in and later expelled ( I'm iiet.i'1nn its health hazards see A s C In dustrial Data Sheet No Hi 'Hydro gen Mllphidc " ) Sulphur Chloride l.Sn (See stilphui ch'oiide emk , liquids.) Wlioic the gas is u-ed it imetely the liquid sulphui chiuinlc vaporized bv heal in the not eming i hiimhei's tor vapor curing of .bed aed s p ira d ..... I- ( su.dlx die good .lie lesloniH'd III Luge room- ill chambers, and a c111,in1itv ol nqun, sulphur chloiide is cvapoiated on a hot plate, cm ulation being at com plished by u n r neecs-ap Con ((ntialions am u-utllv .-mad and T m fori ,-( rioxis hac.aid i- a`,",iui' with adccutale ventilation Sulphur Dioxide I SI A poi-onoi;-, (ol, , ,e-s g , with a suffmating .aim It i- j ,, WH!-- t x i w s r u m . s.u k t v s e k i k s n o . u u -j ,diiA m 'pccial m ilitino lui producfur -Jx*t ml type* of vulcam/.od prudus Thi* viikanuuuon musi lu> i.iriu'd mil m closed chumbis, ami winkers, should be adeciuatcly prouxled from ihe yus. ^ .HA \<>ll I.EDCUEX'I Tim pamphlet h IntsCtl nII a pnpn picu'itlal brime lite Kitbi > Set limi if the Nnlimntl Siijily Conili it bv I. J I), IJetilv, i >ni.\ntliiif timoni, Mihvttukte, II /.umhin. Tin: Ntthmutt Snjcly Conni it n nuh h: d 'n \l 11cut V mid the E\, t itti.', (.mi. ni, <>j the Kllhtifi Sci timi, ,Hilt i ,,I... (Inet timt Ilit jntiitphh`1 i.m pn/d: on. 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