Document jmvvb0y49Rz8OOJqYbeyZ1aEZ

Thomas G. Grumbles V1S1A T r\\; \ttof\ fr\<^-Ata \ dtCR-O iriaVoits Do,e k|~7 (^ \\ gloV'-s^ ^ ^ V\ccxxVTee^^S&s V V^Vb^Ma^o r\ C5L r\ev-0 Cbrv^o4ta ~IX^oa^ato^ c. <r <S"W We- l=0'1 oM.-i.J 'ik ^ I j tVt - VVV 000014720 m) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460 .... 9F0E1VED / yf ^ JUN:6'88 R04*m>. OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Cowr APR 15 15:3 Dear flffrsk ^'itm vuiV pleased to announce the availahility of the U.5. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System {IRIS). IRIS is an on-line database of chemical-specific risk information on the relationship between chemical exposure and estimated human health effects. IRIS was developed for EPA staff and contractors to serve as a guide for EPA risk assessments, but because many other parties have indicated how useful IRIS information would be to them, EPA is making the database available outside the Agency. IRIS provides chemical-specific risk data that represents an EPA scientific consensus. The database presents a summary of information on chemical hazard identification and dose-response assessment, thus, IRIS is not an exhaustive toxicological database. IRIS translates chemical health effects data into a form which is useful in taking action to protect public health. Thus, IRIS bridges a significant gap in the transmission of information needed to reduce risks to human health. The database provides quantitative risk values and necessary qualitative health effects information which can act as guidance for deciding what action is necessary to protect the public health. Without this combined quantitative and qualitative information, it is often difficult for a risk manager to make decisions on how to best protect human health. The information in IRIS is an authoritative interpretation of chemical health effects data. The quantitative risk values and supporting explanation has been reviewed and agreed upon by scientists from across the Agency using available studies on a substance. Thus, the information in IRIS represents an expert Agency consensus. This Agency-wide agreement on risk information is one of the most valuable aspects of IRIS. VVV 00001A721 2- - Currently, there are risk summaries in IRIS for 260 chemicals. IRIS is regularly updated -- new chemicals are added, and existing information on the chemicals is updated as new scientific data is reviewed. Additional risk information will be included on the chemicals to best meet the needs of EPA users. Thus, to ensure use of the most up-to-date chemical information, IRIS is only available on-line. There are several ways to establish on-line access to IRIS. An enclosure explains how to access the IRIS database and who to contact for IRIS training. We at EPA are encouraged by the demand for IRIS and hope that you find the database useful as you perform risk assessments. Sincerely William H. Farland, Ph.D. Acting Director Office of Health and Environmental Assessment Wv OOOOI4722 ACCESSING IRIS IRIS is now available on DIALCOM, Inc.'s electronic mail network, the Public Health Foundation's Public Health Network (PHN), and will soon be on the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system. IRIS is housed on the network of DIALCOM Inc., a private telecommunications company. In order to access IRIS, you must obtain an account with DIALCOM, Inc., unless you are eligible to use the Public Health Network (PHN). The account is with DIALCOM, Inc. and not EPA. To obtain a DIALCOM Inc. account, contact Mike McLaughlin at (202) 488-0550 or write to: Mike McLaughlin, DIALCOM Inc., 600 Maryland Avenue SW, Suite 307, Washington DC 20024. The user must pay only for the cost of accessing IRIS. The user will be billed by DIALCOM, Inc. There is a $25.00 monthly minimum which is applied against a usage fee of $25.00 per hour. In addition to the usage fee, there is a $.05 charge per computer screen accessed. There is no EPA charge for using IRIS. If you are a state or local health department, it may be possible for you to access IRIS through the Public Health Network (PHN) of the Public Health Foundation. Those choosing to access , IRIS via the Public Health Network will be charged at the PHN rate, contact Paul Johnson at the Public Health Foundation, (202) 898-5600, for information on PHN. Efforts were recently started to make IRIS available through the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system. IRIS should become part of TOXNET sometime this summer. On-line messages will be posted on IRIS and TOXNET to announce this availability. HOW TO GET IRIS TRAINING Training in using IRIS is being arranged through the ten EPA Regions. This training is for both EPA staff and the public. The Regions are scheduling IRIS training to fit the risk assessment training needs of each particular Region. Thus, IRIS training schedules will vary among the Regions. The following EPA Regional^ fftaff are coordinating IRIS training at their Regional offices: EPA REGION IRIS CONTACTS I Boston Tom D'Avanzo (617) 565-3222 FTS 835-3222 II New York Marian Olson (212) 264-5682 FTS 264-5682 VVV 000014723 Ill Philadelphia Roy Smith (215) 597-9857 FTS 597-9857 IV Atlanta Gayle Alston (404) 347-4216 FTS 257-4216 V Chicago David Dolan (312) 886-6195 FTS 886-6195 VI Dallas Fred Reitman (214) 655-2235 FTS 255-2235 Jill Lyons (214) 655-7208 FTS 255-7208 VII Kansas City Bob Fenemore (913) 236-2970 FTS 757-2970 VIII Denver Jim Baker (303) 293-1524 FTS 564-1524 IX San Francisco Arnold Den (415) 974-0906 FTS 454-0906 X Seattle Dave Tetta (206) 442-2138 FTS 399-2138 Dana Davoli (206) 442-2135 FTS 399-2135 If you have any questions about IRIS, call IRIS User Support at (513) 569-7254 or FTS 684-7254. VVV 000014724 mm INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF IRIS The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), prepared and maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is an electronic data base containing health risk and EPA regulatory information on specific chemicals. IRIS was developed for EPA staff in response to a growing demand for consistent risk information on chemical substances for use in decision-making and regulatory activities. Although IRIS is designed for EPA staff, it is also accessible to state and local environmental health agencies. IRIS is available to libraries, private citizens, and other organizations by means of Dialcom. Inc.'s Electronic Mail telecommunications system. The information in IRIS is intended for EPA staff without extensive training in toxicology, but with some knowledge of health sciences. The heart of the IRIS system is its collection of computer files covering individual chemicals. These chemical files contain descriptive and quantitative information in the following categories: o Oral and inhalation reference doses (RfDs) for chronic noncarcinogenic health effects o Oral and inhalation slope factors and unit risks for chronic exposures to carcinogens o Drinking water health advisories from EPA's Office of Drinking. Water o EPA regulatory action summaries o Supplementary data on acute health hazards and physical/chemical properties To aid users in accessing and understanding the data in the IRIS chemical files, the following supportive documentation is provided: WV 000014725 1. Hazard identification, 2. Dose-response assessment, 3. Exposure assessment, and 4. Risk characterization, with risk characterization being the transitional step to risk management. The following discussion of the four steps of risk assessment was excerpted from "Principles of Risk Assessment: A Nontechnical Review" (U.S. EPA, 1985). Hazard identification involves gathering and evaluating data on the types of health injury or disease that may be produced by a chemical and on the conditions of exposure under which injury or disease is produced. It may also involve chararacterizatlon of the behavior of a chemical within the body and the interactions it undergoes with organs, cells, or even part of cells. Data of the latter types may be of value in answering the ultimate question of whether the forms of toxicity known to be produced by a substance in one population group or in experimental settings are also likely to be produced in humans. Hazard identification is not risk assessment: we are simply determining whether it is scientifically correct to infer that toxic effects observed in one setting will occur in other settings (e.g., whether substances found to be carcinogenic or teratogenic in experimental animals are likely to have the same results in humans). Dose-response assessment involves describing the quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a substance and the extent of toxic injury or disease. Data are derived from animal studies, or less frequently, from studies in exposed populations. There may be many different toxic effects under different conditions of exposure. The risks of a substance cannot be ascertained with any degree of confidence unless dose-response relationships are quantified, even if the substance is known to be toxic. Exposure assessment involves describing the nature and size of the population exposed to a substance and the magnitude and duration of their exposure. The evaluation could concern past or current exposures, or exposures anticipated in the future. Risk characterization generally involves the integration of the 3 VVV 000014726 LIMITATIONS OF IRIS INFORMATION The information in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is most useful if applied in the larger context of risk assessment as outlined by the National Academy of Sciences. IRIS supports the first two steps of the risk assessment process [as summarized in Service Code (menu option) 4|; namely, the hazard identification and dose-response assesssment steps. The primary qualitative and quantitative risk data in IRIS, the reference doses (RfDs) and carcinogen assessments, can serve as guides in evaluating potential health hazards and selecting a response to alleviate a potential risk to human health. The reference dose (RfD) can be used to estimate a level of environmental exposure at or below which no adverse effect is expected to occur. The RfD is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. RfDs are based on an assumption of lifetime exposure and may not be appropriately applied to less-than-lifetime exposure situations. RfDs are also derived for the noncarcinogenic effects of chemicals that are carcinogenic. The carcinogen assessments in IRIS begin with a qualitative weight-of-evidence judgment in the form of a classification as to the likelihood that a chemical may be a carcinogen for humans. This judgment is made independent of consideration of the agent's potency. A quantitative assessment. Including slope factor and unit risk, is then presented. The slope factor is an upper-bound estimate ofthe human cancer risk per mg of agent/kg body weight/day. The unit risk, which is calculated from the slope factor, is an estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water, or risk per ug/cu.m air concentration. In general, risk values, such as those in IRIS, cannot be validly used to predict the incidence of human disease or the type of effects that chemical exposures may have on humans. This is due to the numerous uncertainties involved in risk assessment, including those associated with extrapolations from animal data to humans and from high experimental doses to lower environmental exposures. The organs affected and the type of adverse effect resulting from chemical exposure may differ between study animals and humans. In addition, many factors besides exposure to a chemical influence the occurrence and extent of human disease. Any change to an RfD. slope factor or unit risk as they appear in IRIS (for example, the use of more or fewer uncertainty factors than were applied to arrive at an RfD) invalidates and distorts their application in estimating the potential health risk posed by chemical exposure. Each reference dose and carcinogen assessment is derived by an interdisciplinary work group of EPA scientists using consistent chemical hazard Identification and dose-response assessment methods. These methods are outlined In Background Documents 1 and 2 (Service Code 5). It is important to note that the risk information in IRIS will be revised by these work groups when additional health effects data become available and new developments in risk assessment methods arise. Chemicals on the - Integrated Risk information System (April 15, 1988) Sections Available: RfD = Chronic noncarcinogenic assessment CAR = Chronic carcinogenicity assessment HA = Drinking Water Health Advisories (Reference Dose) Acetone; 67-64-1 ____ RfD Acetonitrile; 75-05-8 ....RfD Acrylic Acid; 79-10-7 ____ RfD Acrylonitrile; 107-13-1 ....CAR Alachlor; 15972-60-8 ____ RfD, HA Aldicarb; 116-06-3 ....RfD, HA Aldrin; 309-00-2 ____ RfD, CAR Allyl Alcohol; 107-18-6 ------- RfD Aluminum Phosphide; 20859-73-8 ....RfD Amdro; 67485-29-4 RfD Ametryn; 834-12-8 ....RfD Ammonium Sulfamate; 7773-06-0 ....RfD Antimony; 7440-36-0 ....RfD Apollo; 74115-24-5 ____ RfD Arsenic, inorganic; 7440-38-2 ....CAR razine; 1912-24-9 ....RfD Barium; 7440-39-3 ....RfD Barium Cyanide; 542-62-1 ....RfD Baygon; 114-26-1 ....RfD Bayleton; 43121-43-3 ____ RfD Baythroid; 68359-37-5 ....RfD Benefin; 1861-40-1 ____ RfD Benomyl; 17804-35-2 ....RfD Bentazon; 25057-89-0 ....RfD Benzene; 71-43-2 ....CAR, HA Benzidine; 92-87-5 ....CAR Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP); 50-32-8 ....CAR Beryllium; 7440-41-7 ____ RfD Bidrin; 141-66-2 ....RfD 1,1-Biphenyl; 92-52-4 ____ RfD Bis(2-ethylhexyl)piithalate (BEHP); 117-81-7 ....RfD Bis(chloroethyl)ether (BCEE); 111-44-4 ....CAR Bromodichloromethane; 75-27-4 ....RfD Bromoform; 75-25-2 ....RfD Bromomethane; 74-83-9 ....RfD Bromoxynil Octanoate; 1689-99-2 ....RfD 1,3-Butadiene; 106-99-0 ....CAR n-Butanol; 71-36-3 ....RfD Butylate; 2008-41-5 ____ RfD tylphthalyl Butylglycolate (BPBG); 85-70-1 ....RfD Cadmium; 7440-43-9 ....CAR Calcium Cyanide; 592-01-8 ....RfD VVV 000014728 iptafol; 2425-06-1 . . . .RfD ^aptan; 133-06-2 ....RfD Carbaryl; 63-25-2 ....RfD Carbofuran; 1563-66-2 ....RfD, HA Carbon Disulfide-;- 75-15-0 ... .RfD Carbon Tetrachloride; 56-23-5 ....RfD, CAR, HA Carbosulfan; 55285-14-8 ....RfD Carboxin; 5234-68-4 ....RfD Chloramben; 133-90-4 ....RfD Chlordane; 57-74-9 ____ RfD, CAR, HA Chlorine Cyanide; 506-77-4 ....RfD Chloroform; 67-66-3 ....RfD Chloromethyl Methyl Ether (GMME) ; 107-30-2............CAR Chlorothalonil; 1897-45-6 ....RfD Chlorpyrifos; 2921-88-2 ____ RfD Chlorsulfuron; 64902-72-3 ____ RfD Chromium(III) ; 16065-83-1 ------- RfD, HA Chromium(VI); 7440-47-3 ....RfD, CAR, HA Copper Cyanide; 544-92-3 ....RfD Cyanazine; 21725-46-2 ....RfD Cyanide, free; 57-12-5 ....RfD, HA Cyanogen; 460-19-5 ....RfD Cyclohexanone; 108-94-1 ....RfD Cyromazine; 66215-27-8 ....RfD lapon; 75-99-0 ....RfD uanitol; 39515-41-8 ....RfD Decabromodiphenyl Ether (DBDPE); 1163-19-5 ....RfD Demeton; 8065-48-3 ...-RfD 1.4- Dibromobenzene; 106-37-6 ....RfD. - Dibromochloromethane; 124-48-1 ....RfD Dibutyl Phthalate; 84-74-2 ....RfD Dicamba; 1918-00-9 ....RfD Dichlorodifluoromethane; 75-71-8 ....RfD pjp'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); 50-29-3 ... .RfD 1.2- Dichloroethane; 107-06-2 ....CAR, HA 1.1- Dichloroethylene; 75-35-4 ....RfD, CAR Dichloromethane; 75-09-2 ....RfD, CAR, HA 2.4- Dichlorophenol; 120-83-2 ....RfD 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB); 94-82-6 . ...RfD 2.4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 94-75-7 ....RfD 1.3- Dichloropropene (Telone II); 542-75-6 ....RfD Dichlorvos; 62-73-7 ....RfD Diethyl Phthalate; 84-66-2 ....RfD Diflubenzuron; 35367-38-5 ....RfD Dimethipin; 55290-64-7 ....RfD Dimethoate; 60-51-5 ....RfD Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT); 120-61-6 ....RfD N-N-Dimethylaniline; 121-69-7 ....RfD 0 4-Dinitrophenol; 51-28-5 ....RfD noseb; 88-85-7 ....RfD VVV 000014729 Diphenamid; 957-51-7 ....RfD Diphenylamine; 122-39-4 ....RfD 1.2- Diphenylhydrazine; 122-66-7 ....CAR \quat; 85-00-7 ....RfD xsulfoton; 298-04-4 ....RfD Diuron; 330-54-1 ------- RfD Dodine; 2439-10-3 ....RfD Endosulfan; 115-^9-7 ....RfD Endothall; 145-73-3 ....RfD Epichlorohydrin; 106-89-8 ....RfD, CAR, HA Ethion; 563-12-2 ....RfD Ethyl Acetate; 141-78-6 ------- RfD S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC); 759-94-4 ....RfD Ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate (EPN); 2104-64-5 Ethylbenzene; 100-41-4 ....RfD, HA Ethylene Glycol; 107-21-1 ____ RfD Ethyiphthalyi Ethylgiycolate (EPEG); 84-72-0 ....RfD ....RfD Fenamiphos; 22224-92-6 ....RfD Fluometuron; 2164-17-2 ....RfD Fluorine (soluble fluoride); 7782-41-4 Fluridone; 59756-60-4 ____ RfD Folpet; 133-07-3 ....RfD Fonofos; 944-22-9 ------- RfD Formic Acid; 64-18-6 ....RfD Fosetyl-al; 39148-24-8 ____ RfD Furan; 110-00-9 ....RfD ....RfD wxufosinate-aimnonium; 77182-82-2 . .. .RfD Glyphosate; 1071-83-6 ....RfD Heptachlor; 76-44-8 ____ RfD, CAR, HA _ Heptachlor Epoxide; 1024-57-3 ....RfD, CAR, HA Hexabromobenzene; 87-82-1 ....RfD Hexachlorobutadiene; 87-68-3 ....RfD, CAR alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH); 319-84-6 ....CAR beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH); 319-85-7 ... .CAR delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH); 319-86-8 ....CAR epsilon-Hexachlorocyclohexane (epsilon-HC); 6108-10-7 ... .CAR gamma-Hexach1orocyc 1ohexane (gamma-HCH) ; 58-89-9 ....RfD, HA technical Hexachlorocyciohexane (t-HCH); 00-01-0 ....CAR Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD); 77-47-4 ....RfD Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, mixture (HxCDD); 19408-74-3 ....CAR Hexachloroethane; 7-72-1 ....RfD, CAR Hexazinone; 51235-04-2 ....RfD Hydrogen Cyanide; 74-90-8 ....RfD, HA Hydrogen Sulfide; 7783-06-4 ....RfD Imazalil; 35554-44-0 ____ RfD Imazaquin; 81335-37-7 ....RfD Isobutyl Alcohol; 78-83-1 ....RfD Isophorone; 78-5 9-1 ____ RfD opropalin; 33820-53-0 ....RfD rno014730 vvv u Lead; 7439-92-1 ____ RfD Linuron; 330-55-2 ....RfD jndax; 83055-99-6 . . . .RfD Malathion ; 121-75-5 . . . . RfD Maleic Hydrazide; 123-33-1 ....RfD Metalaxyl; 5 7837.-19-1 ____ RfD Methamidophos; 10265-92-6 ....RfD Methorny1; 16752-77-5 ____ RfD Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK); 78-93-3 ____ RfD Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK); 108-10-1 ....RfD Methyl Mercury; 22967-92-6 ....RfD Methyl Parathion; 298-00-0 ....RfD 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA) ; 94-74-6 ....RfD 2-<2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (MCPF) ; 93-65-2 ....RfD Metolachlor; 51218-45-2 ------- RfD Metribuzin; 21087-64-9 ....RfD Mirex; 2385-85-5 ------- RfD Naled; 300-76-5 ....RfD Nickel Carbonyl; 13463-39-3 ....CAR Nickel Refinery Dust; 00-02-0 ....CAR Nickel Subsulfide; 12035-72-2 ....CAR Nickel, soluble salts; 7440-02-0 ....RfD Nitrapyrin; 1929-82-4 ....RfD Nitrate; 14797-55-8 ------- RfD, HA trie Oxide; 10102-43-9 ....RfD ...trite; 14797-65-0 ------- RfD, HA Nitrobenzene; 98-95-3 ....RfD Nitrogen Dioxide; 10102-44-0 ....RfD N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine; 924-16-3 . .CAR N-Nitroso-N-methylethylamine; 10595-95-6 ....CAR N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine; 621-64-7 ....CAR N-Nitrosodiethanoiamine; 1116-54-7 ... .CAR N-Nitrosodiethylamine; 55-18-5 ... .CAR N-Nitrosodimethylamine; 62-75-9 ....CAR N-Nitrosodiphenylamine; 86-30-6 ....CAR N-Nitrosopyrrolidine; 930-55-2 ....CAR Norflurazon; 27314-13-2 ....RfD Octabromodiphenyl ether; 32536-52-0 Oryzalin; 19044-88-3 ------- RfD Oxadiazon; 19666-30-9 ....RfD Oxamyl; 23135-22-0-____ RfD, HA Qxyfluorfen; 42874-03-3 ........ RfD ....RfD Paclobutrazol; 76738-62-0 ....RfD Paraquat; 1910-42-5 ....RfD Pentabromodiphenyl ether; 32534-81-9 ....RfD Pentachlorobenzene; 608-93-5 ....RfD Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB); 82-68-8 ....RfD ltachlorophenol; 87-86-5 ....RfD, HA termethrin; 52645-53-1 ....RfD Phenol; 108-95-2 ....RfD m-Phenylenediamine; 108-45-2 ....RfD Phenylmercuric Acetate; 62-38-4 ....RfD VVV 000014731 losmet; 732-11-6 . . . .RfD Phosphine; 7803-51-2 ....RfD Picloram; 1918-02-1 ....RfD Pirimiphos-methyl; 29232-93-7 ....RfD Potassium Cyanide; 151-50-8 ....RfD, HA Potassium Silver Cyanide; 506-61-6 ....RfD Prometon; 1610-18-0 ....RfD Prometryn; 7287-19-6 ....RfD Pronamide; 23950-58-5 ....RfD Propaclilor; 1918-16-7 ....RfD Propanil; 709-98-8 ....RfD Propazine; 139-40-2 ....RfD Propham; 122-42-9 ....RfD Pydrin; 51630-58-1 ____ RfD Pyridine; 110-86-1 ....RfD Quinalphos; 13593-03-8 ....RfD Radon 222; 14859-67-7 ____ CAR Selenious Acid; 7783-00-8 ....RfD Selenourea; 630-10-4 _____ RfD Sethoxydim; 74051-80-2 ....RfD Silver; 7440-22-4 ____ RfD Silver Cyanide; 506-64-9 ....RfD .mazine; 122-34-9 ....RfD Sodium Acifluorfen; 62476-59-9 ....RfD Sodium Azide; 26628-22-8 ....RfD Sodium Cyanide; 143-33-9 ....RfD, HA Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate (Dithioearb); Strychnine; 57-24-9 ....RfD Styrene; 100-42-5 ....RfD 148-18-5 ....RfD Tebuthiuron; 34014-18-1 ....RfD Terbacil; 5902-51-2 ....RfD 1.2.4.5- Tetrachiorobenzene; 95-94-3 ....RfD 1,1f1,2-Tetrachloroethane; 630-20-6 ....RfD 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane; 79-34-5 ....CAR Tetrachloroethylene; 127-18-4 ....RfD, HA 2.3.4.6- Tetrachlorophenol; 58-90-2 ....RfD Tetrachlorovinphos; 961-11-5 ....RfD Tetraethyl Lead; 78-00-2 ....RfD Thallic Oxide; 1314-32-5 ____ RfD Thallium Acetate; 563-68-8 ....RfD Thallium Carbonate; 6533-73-9 ....RfD Thallium Chloride; 7791-12-0 ....RfD Thallium Nitrate; 10102-45-1 ....RfD Thallium Selenite; 12039-52-0 ....RfD Thallium(I) Sulfate; 7446-18-6 ....RfD '''hiobencarb; 28249-77-6 ____ RfD .iiophanate-methyl; 23564-05-8 ....RfD Thiram; 137-26-8 ------- RfD Toluene; 108-88-3 ____ RfD Triallate; 2303-17-5 ____ RfD vv 000014732 *