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FILE NAME: ICI (ICI) DATE: 1942 DOC#: ICI047 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Carborundum Ad in Trade Magazine VoL 66 WITH WHICH is INCORPORATED THE IRON AND STEEL TRADES _______________________________________________ _______________-- Thursday, April 16, 1942 No. 1339 TH E FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL 49, W IIEn g tcn S t r a it , Laandan, W .C .2 . W A R T IM E A D D R E S S to w hich all com m unication! should b * ia n t u n til furth er netlra 3. A m irth im Road, H IGH W Y C O M B E, Bucks. Talaxrap h lc A d d ra u : " Z ia t e t u , H lfh W yco m b a." T alap h o n a : H IG H W Y C O M B E I7 M (3 lln a i) m PUBLISHED WEEKLY Subscription Tarm s (H am a and O v a r ia n ) - 2 It. par annum . A ll S u b ic rip tla n i ara payabla In advance OFFICIAL ORGAN OF T h e C o u n cil of Ironfoundry A aiaciatiam T h a in stitu te of British Found rym en T h e in stitu te of V itraous Enam ollers T h a W alsh Engineers' and Founders* A ssociation T h e Foundry T ra d e s' Equipm ent and Supplias A sso c ia tio n Imtltute of British Foundrymen P R E S ID E N T i 1941-41 Major R . M ile*, M .Eng., Head W ri*hto n & Com pany Lim ited Thorn*by-or-Tees. LIST O F S E C R E T A R IE S Ganeral Secretary : T. Makemson, Saint John Street CW m bers D eSfiigate, M anchester, 3. London Office ; 49. W ellingto n Street, W .C .2. BRANCHES Blrnunxham , C o ve n try and W est Midlands : A . A . Tim m ins, F,l C ,, 21-23, Sc. Paul's S qu are, Birm in g ham , 3. E u t M idlands! S, A . H o rto n , " T h re e ,'* Mostyn Avenue, L illie * ever. Derby Lancashire J A . floyoc. " R o se ville ,11 7 . R lrk s ta ll Road. D avyhlitm e, M anchester. Le n d e r : V . C . Faulkner, 3 , Amersham Road. High W ycom be. M ld d lasb ro u fh (pro tem .) : J . K- S m ic h ia n , N o rth -E aste rn Iro n Refining Com pany, Lim ited. Stillington, StocktDn-on-Tees. Newcastle-upon-Tyne : C . Lashly, S ir W . G . A rm strong, W hir- w orth & C o . (Ironfaunders), Led., Close W o rk s, Gateshead Scottish : J . Bell, 0, S t. Enoch Square, Glasgow. Sheffield : W . W eb b , B .Sc., 20, Brookfield Avenue, Swinton, Mesrborough, Y o rk s. W a le r end M onm outh : J . J . M cClelland , 12, C h ito n Place, N e w p o rt. W e it R id ing of Y o r k s h ir e : S. W . W it t , 110, Pullan A ven ue, Ecricsh ill, Bradford South A frica : F, C . W illiam s, Mutual Building, C o rn er of H arrison and Com m issioner Streets, Johannesburg SEC TIO N S B r iit o l : A . H ares, 167, Ridgew ay Road, Fishponds, B risto l. Burnley : H . Buckley. ElUm ere, N orfolk Avenue, Burnley, Lancs. East Anglian : J . L . F ra n c is, 12. G le n h u rit A ve n u e , C o lch e ste r Road. Ip sw ich . Falkirk : T . R. G o od w in. " V le w fie ld ," Falkirk Road. Bonnybrldge. Scotland. Lincoln : E. R. W a lte r, M .Sc., The Technical College, Lincoln. The Institute of Vitreous Enameliers President : Professor J . H . A nd rew , D .S c.. Departm ent of Applied Science, The U n iv e rsity, St. G e o rg e 's Square, Sheffield Chairm an : W . H . W h ittle , W . H . W h ittle . Lim ited, Ecdes, near M anchester. Hon, Secretary : D r. G . T . O . M artin, 21-23, St Paul's Square Birm ingham , 3. Foundry Trades* Equipm ent and Supplies Association P residen t : G , E. F ra n c e , A u g u st's, L im ite d . T h o rn T re e W o r k s . H a lifa x. A cting S e cre ta ry : Miss L . C o x . 52. S u rb iton H ill P a rk . S u rb iton Surrey. W elsh Engineers1 and Founders' Association President W . E . Clem ent. C .B .E .. M arfa Foundry, New Dock, Llanelly. Secretary : J . D- D . Davis, 9, Royal Metal Exchange, Swansea. BRITISH CAST IRON RESEARCH ASSOCIATION The R egistered Office a n d L aboratories o f th e B .G .l.B .1 . a n :-- 21-29, BT. P A U L 'S SQ U A R E , B IH M IN G H A U Telephone: Calmort 4274-4275 Telegram: CIR A T h e B .C .I.R .A . S co ttish l a b o r s tori a a r e !-- Foundry Technically m ute, Hoad Falkirk (Phone: Council of Ironfoundry A iio e Sitio ru Chairm an : FitzH erbert W rig h t, The Butterley Company, R ipley, near Derby. Secretary: V. Delport, 2, Caxton Street,W eicmmiter, 5.W.I. Participating Associations : National Ironfounding Em ployers' Federation. British Ironfaunders1 Association, National Association of Malleable Ironfounderi Iran fou n d e' National Confederation. British Bath M anufacturers' Association. British Malleable Tube Fittings Association C u t Iron C h a ir Association. Greensand Pipe Founders A sso ciation of Scotlan d . Cast Iran Heating, B o ile r, and Radiator M anufacturers' Association Cast iron Segment Association. National Ingot Mould Association. C u t Iron A xieb o x Association. Institute of B ritish Foundrym en (affiliated). B ritish Case Iran Research Association (affiliated) British G rit Association (affiliated), A g ricu ltu ral Engineers' Association (affiliated). One More Committee? It appears to us that for the better prosecution of the war, there is need for the creation of still one more committee. This, superficially, does not have the appearance of adding to our popularity, but there is a serious gap in the organisation of the steel foundry industry, which requires filling. Through lack of foresight on the part of past Governments, the not incon siderable steel foundry industry of the last war was allowed to shrink during the slump to dangerously small proportions. Just before and during this war there has been a very consider able expansion; moreover, old-established firms are being required to tackle new types of jobs, and some make an immediate success of them, whilst others require more time than can be spared at the present for getting into produc tion. The weights of some castings vary in order to take care of machining allowances by more than 25 per cent. This, inter alia, causes much coming and going between foundries in specting each other's methods. A comparison with the iron foundry organisation reveals exactly where the steel foundry industry is weak. In ironfoundry, research work is earned on by the B.C.I.R.A., which additionally and probably preferentially is undertaking much development work. That is, it makes itself familiar with new jobs, and where difficulties in production arise, it sends its officers to the actual foundries to get things going. Then the Directors of Iron Cast ings have their own technical advisory com mittee, and so has the Council of Iron Foundry Associations. Moreover, a committee of the Institute of British Foundrymen has been ener getically employed in creating, what eventually turned out to be a group of steel foundries! , The steel foundry is well served for pure re search work, through the joint auspices of the British Iron and Steel Federation and the Iron and Steel Institute, supported by the General Steel Castings Association--but there is no de velopment and advisory work in progress such as there is with iron castings, and this is the very committee we suggest should be formed, Moreover, the committee we visualise would not be merely a periodic assembly of half-a-dozen or so of the better known foundry managers, but the reinforcement of such a body by a high grade competent official supported by a staff. The work of this permanent and perhaps someuhai curious committee would include questions of standardisation, of design, and ol methods of moulding, composition of metal, fuel economy, and technical help in achieving the production of high grade castings. It would advise the Director of Steel Castings and co-operate with the fighting services in the simplification of design. Wc leave the obvious utility of such an organisa tion for post-war development to the imagina tion of the leaders of the steel foundry industry The American counterpart of the General Steel Castings Association has provided all the neces sary pointers. Jt is obvious, that by the creation of such an organisation as we have outlined, thal the industry will gain in status, for it must be borne in mind that employers' associations (except those negotiating with the trade unions) exist for three purposes only. One is to ensure an economic return for their efforts; the second to provide a voice to speak for the industry in matters concerning Governmental orders and other influential bodies, and the third, which Wl* rate as of equal importance, the giving of service to its customers. At the moment, the allimportant customer is the Government through its various departments, and we have even reason to believe that the step we propose will be enthusiastically received by the clientele. We sincerely hope that our proposals will be equally well received in steel castings circles. Book Review New Methods for Sheet Metal Work, by W Cookson. Published by The Technica Press, Limited, " Piceancot," Glouceslci Road, Kingston Hill, Surrey. Price 7s.Gd. The reviewer often wonders whether or no un engineer's patternmaker could derive advan tage from a study of the methods used b\ sheet metal workers in setting out their jobs The main difference, ot course, is that metallic sheets can be bent, and wood cannot, yet when one examines the patternmaking for a propellei. consisting, as it does, mainly of sweeps, one sees that there can be a connection. This book appeals to the reviewer as being much more practical than the average treatise on the sub ject; the illustrations, which are so very im portant in this type of book, are particularly clear. Added interest is given by the fact thai entirely new methods are disclosed. Contents PAG) One More Commit tee)1 23'.* Book Review . 23"j Old M etal and New 24u Notes irom Hie Branches , 240 Random Shots ... . .............................. .. 243 Foundry Production Problems with Special Reference to H igh Duty-Alloy Oaafc Iro n ... 24i W orld Directory of the E nam elling1 In d u stry 244 Tin Smelting in South Africa 244 M etallurgical Literature . . . . . 24E The Foundry Industry and. Air W arfare 247 Protection Against Industrial Lust Air-Conditioned Blast A M inistry of F uh] 24'i ............ zsi 25U Magnesium Dust E xtraction ....................... 251 The New P aten ts and Design.-; Act 25 Cathodic Protection ot Pipe Lints 251 Organisation of Production. . . . 252 Wholesale Price Changes in 1930-1941 25' South African Iron and Steel 26- W inng of Foundries 251 P atent Specifications Accepted 9.:' Clothing Coupons for Industrial W orkers 2SL American Ferroelirome . The W eek's News jh Brjof 25 H igher Prices for High-Speed Steel Scrap .. 25- Haw M aterial M arkets 25< Protection Against Industrial Dust BY KENNETH L. GOODALL, M.Sc.. F.lnst.P f Inuustiul ituM presents two mam hazaids to *hir workers in factory and mine: (1) nsks to health. .2 risks 10 life and limb through [lie and explosion Uiom eer.ain types of dust. Many factory opera tions give rise to dust, the chief including crushing, breaking, disi meg rating, grinding, abiadmg. diilling. sawing, turning, mixing sieving, rumbling, sund er shoi-blasting. and ulimnl any operation invohing material which is ii>elf a dust or contains -a percentage of dust The risks to health Irom indusiiial duals arise from the damage ihcy can cause to the lespiraton system, and from the action of cm lain dusts as :generai systemic poisons oi skin irritants Thus the inhalation of silica oi asbestos dusK, which i* cumulative in effect, can cause the incurable lung diseases of silicosis and ushestosis respectively, in which the lung tissue is gradually destroyed, with the result that blood aeration diminishes; the inhalation of animal oi vegetable dusts, and ol isome mineral dusts such as limestone, glass, cement, marble, and emery may affect the respiratory S is and give rise to bronchitis, asthma, oi The breathing of certain metallic oxide fumes such as zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, man ganese dioxide, and copper oxide, can give rise to metal fume fevers, while the inhalation or swallow- ling of certain toxic dusts such as load, arsenic, cadmium, or manganese, and then compounds, deads to poisoning. Of these dangers to health the hnost serious are undoubtedly those due to silica iand asbestos dusts and to the poisonous dusts such as lead. Physical principles are involved at many stages in the estimation and control of dusty conditions in the working atmosphere. P r o t e c t i o n Again si Industrial D ust By a suitable combination of the physical and physical-chemical methods which are described in the Paper, a fair assessment of the amount and nature of the dust clouds being brealhed by workers in any particulai case can be made. Methods of protection to suit can then be devised. JThis is the ideal approach to the problem which [Can only be adopted at present in a limited number of cases on account of the time involved in such [surveys. In practice a selective survey of dusty conditions associated with typical processes in an industry offers valuable guidance for more general application of protective measures to generally similar conditions in a whole industry In the normal individual the human nose, throat, and lungs in themselves provide a defensive mechanism for arresting fine dust and preventing its reaching the ultimate air sacs in the lungs. The nose trope large particles in the nostrils and finer particles in the maze of passages above the nostrils in which dust is deposited from edcly current action, [particle aggregation, and from impingement on the sticky secretion of mucus which lines all the air passages from the nose downwards. The wind pipe and air tubes of the lungs are also lined with minutt whip-like processes known as cilia, whose function is constantly to sweep upwards to the ;windpipe for expectoration the mucus and the dust particles it has trapped, the process being aided [by the rhythmic contraction of the smaller musllcular air tubes. Fine particles which succeed in preaching the. air sacs of the lung are attacked and ingested by phagocytic cells, some of which manage j to carry the dust back into the air tubes where they can be expelled. The importance of nose breathing in dusiy atmospheres, in order that all ' the natural defer ces of the respiratory system maj be Drought into full play, will be appreciated. \though individuals differ widely in the power oi [these defences. * The main methods of protection against indus trial dust take a wide variety of forms. The purpose of general ventilation is to dilute with .fresh air the dust laden air liable to be breathed, so that the resulting dust concentration is below the toxic or otherwise harmful limit. Such Ven tilation can take two forms, the extraction system ^with wall fans removing the contaminated woikroonn air. which is replaced by warmed fresh air. i entering through suitably disposed openings in KMmct,-. tiu u i jiP d f jr r m 11k- *" Jimrnjil if Siseithfli Iii-.fiu- meiiH,*' March. lDl'J. * H.M Hngliieeriiiu; IrKpwtor of t^U'toriCi. othei pa I* ol the 100m. oi the plenum system in which clean, warmed and possibly humidified an is blown into the worhioom under slight positive piessure thiough a ducting system, the air finding it\ way out vut doors, windows or other openings These methods of dealing with dust in uotkroums. or a combination of them both, aie of strict!} limited application and are only successfully applied wheie the dust concentrations are generally dis seminated m the workrooms Even then, the use of genera! mechanical ventilation is often a con fession of failure to provide what is moie effective, namely, adequate localised exhaust ventilation Localised Exhaust Veniilatiuu Localised exhaust ventilation is the commonest and most usually effective way oi protecting workers against local dust concentrations, The hasic idea is to capture the dust or fume as near as possible to its point of origin by means of concentrated air currents flowing into suitable ex haust hoods, which need to be designed on sound physical principles to sun each individual case The collected material is sucked away through ducting by a fan and passes to filtration plant. It is found that most industrial dusts can be captured by exhaust hoods designed to produce a linear aii speed of from 100 ft. to 500 ft. per min. at the point of origin of the dust. Ducting resistance is an important item contri buting to" running costs, and propel application of the laws governing the flow of dust-laden air in pipes will enable resistance to be reduced to a minimum by securing a symmetrical layout of adequate sectioned piping, fed by branch ducts at small angles in the direction of air flow and pro vided with gradual bends, tapered connections to fans, cleaning panels suitably sited, smooth joints and the like. The type of fan used for dust exhaust systems is the paddle type, receiving the dusty air approximately radially and discharging tt tangentially against resistances which may reach as high as 14 in. w.g. In many cases the funs are placed downstream from the air cleaning plant which is thereby kept under suction, an advantage where fillers arc. against the best practice, some times located in workrooms. The fan itself also thereby handles practically clean air. The main types of dust collecting apparatus are all based or physical principles and include gravi tational and cenirifugal settling chambers, inertial separators, viscous type filters, wet scrubber filters, bag filters and electrostatic precipitators Considerable use is also made of the welting of materials to prevent dust creation, but Watson has pointed out that in certain cases this practice may be more dangerous than dry working. In some cases safe material may be substituted for dan gerous dusty material, for example in the classic cases of the substitution of steel shot for sand in the operation of sandblasting iron castings, and of alumina for powdered flint in the process of china bedding in the pottery industry. All dusty' processes should, of couise, be separated from other processes so as to limit the number of workers exposed to any particular dust risk. By what is called "*good housekeeping" a great deal can be done to prolect workers from dust; for example by widely spacing dust producing machines, by storing dusty materials not in imme diate use outside workrooms, and by keeping plant and workrooms as clean as possible, preferably with the aid of vacuum methods of cleaning. The periodic:*] medical examination of workers now required statutorily in a number of dusty industries is of great value, whilst much may also be achieved by the education of workers in the risks they run. and in their personal responsibility for preventing and suppressing dust clouds. A respirator of good design and with high filleting efficiency for low breathing resistance is useful as a secondary line of defence against dusty conditions. Fire and Explosion Risks The extern to which protection is needed against the risk of fire and explosion from many industrial dusts under ceitain conditions', is not generally realised, yet such dust fires and explosions fre quently involve serious loss of life and injury to workers, and extensive damage to factory premises and plant Examples of dust liable to burn or explode undei appropriate conditions are pulverised coal sugai. dcuiinc. io l o u various cereal dusts cork, shoddy and urns, sidphui, wood flow, unions resms and dyes and plastics, malt. tea. magnesium anti aluminium, to name bill a few Oxidation ol combustible niatem l is a suiLicc phenomenon, and so is most rapid and capable ol' causing explosion with material in the finely divided slate. i.*,, with dusts, and particularly when these art* in suspension in an ns dust clouds 1he in crease nf surface dicy with declease in constituent panicle size, fm a given weight of dust, is striking T h u s Bcrgei. on the basis of ceitain assumptions, shows that the surface of a cube of aluminium weighing 1 giro, is approximately 3 sq cm . whereas 1 the cube is comminuted until the thickness of the resulting lamella? is 20 > {coar.se stamped powder), the surface increases to 429 sq. cm. If the piucess is continued until the thickness ot the lamella* is reduced 10 {).< (fine stamped powder), the surface of the I gmi of metal becomes 14,290 sq. cm., while t'oi the finest powder (prepared in dustrially in huge qLiammes) with lamellai thick ness 0 3 , the surface of a gramme becomes 28.570 sq. cm. The mciease in intensity of explosion ol dust clouds with decrease in consulueni particle size is also of interest m this connection. Gliwit/ky obtained the following figures from expeimieninl explosions of three types of commercial aluminium pigment powder m a bomb of 53.000 c.e capacity, for two powder concentrations P a rtic le size. P 1 1J u ra tio n oi 1 E x p lo s io n i explosion ; (*t*<*.> fo i 700 mg. i 7 0 0 m g . |*i ] per 1 pre.-situi* (a tm , .380 m g. p e r 1- 1-2 <MJB i 7 7 7 0-U 0 03 K.(i 0-2 0-3 0 012 UMi no The maximum pressure of ll.fi atmospheres foi a powder concentration ot 58C mg.'I is higher than the maximum pi essmes recorded foi the explosion of gas-air mixtures, including the hydiogen,oxygen mixture with which 9.7 atmospheres has been obtained. Pressures up to 18 atmospheres have been recorded foi coal diisi and flour explosions at certain concentrations and finenesses Much greatei values still have heen measured for starch dust. The dangerous potentialities of the finely divided carbonaceous and metallic dusts for fne and explosion are manifest, since factory buildings, un like mines, aTe not capable ol withstanding such high pressures and rates of pressure rise. For each combustible material theie is an upper and a low'cr limit of concentration and beyond these limits the material will not burn. Within these limits there is also a minimum temperature or " ignition tem perature." below which the material will not ignite. Safety measures against dnst cloud tires and ex plosions therefore aim fundamentally at keeping concentrations outside (and in practice usually be low) the inflammable concentration limits, and avoiding sources of ignition: and if this should noi be successfully achieved and a fire or explosion should result, one should aim at so designing the plant concerned and arranging the manner of woiktng the process that theie is a minimum of damage to workers and plant Electrostatic Charges It is of interest, in connection with souices ol ignition, to mention that electrostatic chaiges are known to he formed when powder issues from nozzles, or is blown iniu a dust cloud, or rubs frietionally against machine sutfaces. Belts running over pulleys also accumulate charge*. Discharges of such accumulations may ignite dust clouds, and although very little is known about this danger, it needs to be taken into account Safety measures take the form of keeping the air as humid as pos sible. or in special cases ionised, using electrically conducting belting oi suitably earthed collectors, and of bonding all plant to earth to pi event accu mulation of charges, li has also been claimed by Wolf that, where a l umi ni um foil o r poudiir is pro duced. it can be ignited flof only by fire and spark*, but also by the efteci of light. In the case of grinding particularly dangeiou* dusts, such as magnesium, the only safe practice is to prevent any worker being in the mill 100m whilst grinding is in progress, to which end the grinding mill doui should be so inter locked with the elec trical control to the grinding mill motor that, unless the door is shut, the gnnding plant cannot be set in motion, and the dour cannot be opened until ihe current has been switched oft' and the mill lias tome to lest. CONVERTOR STEEL CASTINGS The quality of convertor steel castings depends on the skill of the steelmaker and the grade of raw material at his disposal. The regular application of the Sodium Carbonate Process to cast iron before blowing ensures a low sulphur content and freedom from objectional non-metallic inclusions so that the finished product possesses a high degree of ductility and shock resistance. Skill is thus enabled to build on a sound foundation. For further information apply to IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED LONDON, S.W.l j\ n e w r e - c ir c u ia t in g FAN for HEAT TREATMEP FURNACES A very strongly made pro peller type fan for internal circulation of high tempera ture gases and air in various types of heat treat ment furnaces. K eiih FURNACI (P atented) She KEITH BLACKMAN LTD., M ILL MEAD ROAD, LONDON, N .17 In sheet or cast metals. Expressly designed for handling extrem ely high temperature gases, W RITE for PARTICULARS. T N : TOTTENHAM 4522. T A : KEITHBLAC PHONE LON PAGE Adaptable Maulding Mach Ine Co., M il., The ,. -- A. E. B. Products, L td . Ar< Rfsph f!o. L td. . AHilon i ManHeid), Rand Co Aiktuyft rf Ontoos. Ltd. Allen, Edgar A Co., Ltd. .. Allen, T . Fearmey '& Son .. Arnlemon-flnce Co,, L td , .. Anglardla, L td........................ Armatronn. Wfallworth, Sir W A Co. ( Ironfounders). l.td. 20 _ 1 I m* -- -- G Armntrong, Whitworth (Pneumatic Tool), Lid. 28 A ih . Win A Cn. ltd - -- Atlas Preservative Co., Ltd, *- -- August's, Ltd. 1C Ballard. F. J., * Co.. L t d ... -- Brak tiene, Ltd., Henry Blluto11 Stove A Steel Truck Co., Ltd ......................... . 20 Birmingham Electric Furnaces. Ltd. _ Blythe Colour Work* Ltd.. _ Bradlev A Fouler Ltd. 4 Bradley, Thomas * Isaac. Ltd, -- ItraiMTt H A . A Co., l.td. -- British 1nsnlaled Cables Ltd. 9 British Moulding Machine Co., L td ........................................ 1 BrlU*h Oxvgcn Co., Ltd. . . -- Brlrlih Plglrwi Ltd. 3 British Renta Manufacturing CO., L td........................................ Brlitnn Steelmaker The 21 British Thomson Houston Co,, Md ....................................... Brotkhouae Casting-. Ltd .. Ruttprwnrih Bros. Ltd..................... Carborundum C'o,, I id.. The Climax Rock Drill A Eng. Works, Ltd.................................................... C*Mign Foundry Equipment. L td ... Cohen Hons & Co., Ltd., George .. 20 Coleman Foundry Equipment Co Ltd . . 22 dr Id C<ixntii*rcl*i Structures Ltd. -- Conceit Iron Co.. Ltd. Conrurtioual' Engineering Co.. Ltd., T h e ......................... Copper Development Association .. 22 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS PAGE Cow Ol's, Ltd...........................................~ Cnrn Products, l t d ................................. -- dimming. \\ m,, A Co. Ltd. .. -- Dair'idBon A Co., l.td...............................-- I)letington Hematite Iron Co.. Ltd. The ............................................-- Dletrlrt Chemical Co., Ltd.. -- Durratie, Janie A Hone, Ltd. 9,14 A Durrarn. John A C .. .2 0 Easton A Johunion, Ltd. Fleetrle Furnace ('n . Ltd. KIcrtramnonets, ] id. Ether. Ltd. . Every. H*.. A Co.. Ltd.......................... 24 Eyre Sntnltlng Co.. Ltd. -- F A M. Supplies ltd . -- Findlay, A .J C b . Ltd. -- Fordntti Fngliieeitna Co., Ltd Fouiidrv A Engineering Co. (West Bromwich). I td. a"*> Foundry Plant a Machinery, L td ... 8 Foundry Services. Ltd. -- Fullers* Earth Union, Ltd., The 21 Gadd. Thou............................ -- General Etrrtrlr Co.. 1 td.. The -- ririirial C ihatilren lt d . .. -- General R^frariorle* Ltd. . S55 Olllmm Bros. L td ... __ Cray, The* K , A Co., Ltd. -- Green George. A Co -- Guest, Kenn Baldwins Iron A Steal Co., L t d ....................................... Hammond, Alex. 20 Haqirr, Vim., Son <6 Co. (TWlllen- hall), L i d ....................................... 21 Ban kin*, Vi T.. A Co. -- Hen*!! Rani Co., Ltd., The 20 Herbert, Attveii. lt d -- Heyuood, S. B , A Co., Ltd. -- HU! Jones. Ttvw., Ltd 22 Hill* Patent Glannit Co., ltd . -- Holmes, W. C. A Co., Ltd -- Jachman. J. W., A Co., T.td. J .ik v William. A Co.. Ltd. PAGE 2 19 Keith BlarltinsD. lt d . u King firm (fitourbrldgn), Ltd. Luferg* Aluminous Cement Co 1 hi ......................... LbIdlaw Drew A Co., Ltd. , . Langley Alloy L td ... 2& LaviIif. t London). ltd . 2l ] Invi, F H.aA Co., Ltd. .. lord, K. B. Ltd..................... _ Luke A Spencer Ltd., _ Naennti and Company Limited Major. Robitinon < Co., 1 td. MniiafivUI Standard Hand Co , Ltd Marco Convesor A Engineerlog Co I td Metropoli ten -Vickera Electrical Co Ltd. 22 Midland Monolithic Furnace Lining C o. Lid Tim . . 1 <5 27 Mirrici*, ll`rke**u(i A Day, 1td. Mirr1res Watson Cu-Ltd..The Modern Fumate* and Stores Ltd. 17 Uoline*ux huutidty Equipment, Ltd.. W J. Mond Nickel On.. Ltd,, The Moms. Berl*ert, Ltd. 11 Nel Id. G. Noteutt Walter P , Ltd. 0 Norton Grinding Wharf C o.,Ltd.. Parish J . A Of Parker, Frederick Ltd. PutersuD Hiijzhes hugincerine Co.. Ltd ... Pearson. . J. A J,, Ltd Phillip*. J. W. A r. j ., I td, P Irkford, Hulland A Co., Ltd l'neuiec, I td. Pori way C., A Sona Precision Priwworh Co., Ltd. P*toa 3. T., A Co., Ltd. Ilford Ltd. 26 Imperial Chemical Indurtr'w, lt d & Innandescent Heat Co.. Ltd. -- Internatlunal Alloy* Ltd. . . 10 InterimH<>mil Furnace Equipment Co., Ltd............................................ -- Rapid Magneti lag Machine C o , Ltd. U favcll A On. 1 td Rh hardun, R. J A Son, Ltd. Ridadale A Co , Ltd. Blley Stobpi Co., Ltd. RoUuiu Retractorlea, Ltd. .. Roper, E. A., & Co. Rowland, F. ., A Co., Ltd, Rustless Iron Co. McL.-Tlie Max 21 . -- . 22 St. George'* Engineer. L td. 21 Sofft V Hrodiletu, Ltd. E>te*iiiirliipe Coal A Iron Co., Ltd. -- Smith. Albert. A Co. Sineeton. John A. Ltd. -- , .-- Smooth-On Mia. Co, Sonni1erlioui. H (..L td. . . ,, -- Spencer & Balitead, Ltd. -- Kpenuolln, Ltd Stanino Itonwork Co., Ltd., T h.. -- Sr,3 fttavelry Coal A IfOO Co., Ltd. Steel, John Steele A Cowiluhaw .. Stein A Atkinson, Ltd Stein. J G, A Co., Ltd. Sterling Foundry Specialties. Ltd Sterno!. Ltd. Stewarts and Lloyds, Ltd. .. Surrey Industries, The Taigen, Th. . .1 Thermie Equipment A Bogg. C o, Ltd .. -- TlIaliman`a Air Compressor Co. -- Tllghmao'a Patent Sand Blast Co., Md. ..................................................2u Trtunian? Ltd. .. -- Tuiiguin Sales Co., Ltd. 26 United Steel Companies. Ltd., The. . -- Vaughan Jone A Co. Vu tor X-Ray Corporation Ltd -- .. -- Walker. ] A I..........................................an Walsall Sandblasting Co.. Ltd., Tim 0 Ward, Tliw. W., Ltd. i A2H Wiring Bros. ............................... -- Warner A O , Ttd , . - Wataon'p (Metal luridats), Ltd V rt'H a A Ou (Sheeldi. Ltd . -- B sugna. Ltd .. .. -- Wed Midland Reflnifis Co , Ltd, . -- WilkInumi, Thun. A Co , Ltd . -- Woodward Bros A Copeim. Ltd -- Workington iron A steel Co. (Branch ot The United irai Companies, Ltd.) .. -- NOTICE. The fact that goods made of raw materials in short supply owing to war conditions are advertised in this paper should not be taken as an indication that they are necessarily available for export.