Document jmVjGVwe6MRJ0Va25dn6Z5avO

Q INTBRN ATICNAU LIAP ZINC R1BEARCH ORQANIZATION, INC. WAO'tON *V|ttVl. NBttf tO*1. H V TIv I^h O**! U|4 coot *' C*twt AOQMIM MW 0 * *' June 13, 1966 Tot All Heabere of the Lead Health and Safety Ccemlttea tel Proposal from Isotope*. Inc. J - Baring rtcilwS 4 favorable ni^BM froa you regarding the Preliminary Proposal prepared by Iolop**, loo., 4 group of us art with tbra to dlacusa the foraulatloo of 4 detailed proposal. [to?r*tentative* froa the Zthyl Corporation and du Foot, 44 vail *a froa th# American Petroleum Institute, rvipooW to K7 Invitation to at aod spent a noet Interest ing day *t the Isotope*, loc. office. All of the** preeeot were aoat Impressed with our dlecueelom. A you aay as# froa the attached proposal the measurement technique* aod facllltlea that thl* potential eootractor has should provide the baste for developing ln-vlcmbl# Information about the result* cf modern uses of lead ca cur envlrcnosct aod the anlaal life oo this placet. Sloes It eeeaa to ue that a great easy unfounded allegatlooa of lead ocotasloatloo are being given credence in government, medical aod public 1ifcreation c Ire lee, ve believe It le lay*retire that our Industry obtain the facte, for lneteoce, ve believe that auch of the lead found la our envlrocneat aod the human body la of natural origin aod should act be ascribed to coo* tamioatloo by nan, but *0 far we have teeo enable to dociaeat our belief. Please study this proposal carefully aod be prepared to vote Co provision of ftads La the near future. X will be able to eeod to you a ballot 00 a pacific amount erf none/ shortly, as *000 as X bare received froa the American Petroleum Institute an Indication of their financial Interest la this study. , S' Very truly youre, tor i* atim-haeot X? Dec 0. fouler ie^*-^dwwprB5rjjawip r LIA11776 -#v -' 5* -?*.`*L*&*P~-'\ t,, . ` ?*> ~L. ^Vcl'-T,^ `* ' *' v** /*< "` ' ~ i' a A PROPOSAL TO STUDY THE USE or LEAD ISOTOPE COMPOSITION AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL TRACER B I Technical ami Coat Propoaal B fl B Prepa red for International Lead Zinc Research Qrjinliatioo 292 Ht(itton Avenue B New York, Saw York and The African Petrolataa Inatituta 12'1 \vrr.tm of tiw Africa* B Saw Tork, Saw York B B *C KLA- Ttraaa D. Parka B Vica President - Technical art C. Butler Vice Preaidant - Treeeurer B leotopea, Inc. rroj*>el No. 6fr-ll duna I, (Mi B leotnj-, Inc. 12) Woodlat>4 Avenue Waatvood. Saw Jef*>y 0?6l| - &***>' >' ' bV' V , `. - k ,-------' '._ -At.'S.L'_'---,4. B^awgwmgg'-iiiaw^1wp ijprtwtyww'-*-' ar <wwia!ew? s jitcjii^ i <- mbu m N 391.01 : Xsotopo* Inc. rr... i P'' Bk' DISTRIBUTION i & * ': Internet tonal Lead Zinc R**arch Or|inliat ion i 292 Kadlaon Avenue ? Hew York, New York B fl The American fetroleun Inatltute 1771 Avenue of the Anerlca* B Nrw York, Now York F' ' e. f- A B Uvtofwi) Inc 123 Woodland Avenue B Weetwood, Now deraey 0767S BS,\ t- B fl * p Bj $ v : 11 SO coploo IS coploo 10 coplea 1 i H g i i i I I I I B i I f I CONTEXTS I. INTRODUCTION H n. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION II-l The Ceocheaistry of Lead and the Environmental Health of Han IX--X The Origin of Isotopic Variation* in Lead 11-4 Natural Variation* of Lead Iaotop* Composition II-10 ill. s c o p e or w o r k Phase I. Analytical Technique Development and Evaluation Phase II. Feasibility Study of Isotopic Characteriaation of Lead in Primary Sources, Environmental Media, and in Man Phase III. Extended Environmental Studies m-i 111-1 111-2 1II-4 IV. EfTORT AND COST IV-1 V. PROJECT PERSONNEL V-l VI. FACILITIES AT ISOTOPES, WC. ICR PHYSICAL AND RADIOTTRIC ANALYSIS Vl-1 -n-1*-1 .W !'.'.pe '*mu # M.-m'iin. I ' ?- V*-'*"'* ?teils?Iff:;. "' * ^v V\^ V: ,v-V * "' ^'' * .yiwv..---. .> .v;,;f.*v -*:x-*?7*'-''ovV-m*5v A *> v- -.=,?$, '114I1A111779 - A--V*v\ ' <- rtiV.v. .i .aw -*--- I Isotopas, Inc. - . *.. J,- ,. -ft.. ; l-'nnfe- 1-1 THE USE OF LEAD ISOTOPE COMPOSITION AS AN DiVIROKHLVTAL TRACE* I. INTRODUCTION 1 A recent report by P*tter*oi. concluded from basic msterUl belance end geochemical consideration* that sen a* en Industrial animal he* eeverely B contaminated his environment end le suffering Iced Insult one hundred tlees greater then that present during his blologicel evolution. The report further B concluded that this level of insult, because It was sustained lna period too v*-*'V B B P short for evolutionary adjustment, is a danger to the well-being of e large portion of our population. Such widespread environmental contamination uns regarded ee particularly serious because it is cumulative end cannot be eeelly reduced should e critical level be reached. The above conclusions are in contradiction to a considerable array - B of scientific opinion that has developed from extensive work in lead toxicology and pharmacology. In general, the *o*t prominent workers have concluded I 1) Br .- y" that prisltive can suffered lead insult no less than one-half that presently ' r experienced by industrial sen, 2) that there ie a well-defined threshold value V fl of lead insult below which nan can exist indefinitely without ham, end 3) that fl the present '"normal" body burden (aa measured by the lead content of blood) of about one-third the threshold value allows an adequate margin of safety. G' B Patterson's approach to evaluating the implications of lead con tamination in Mn'i environment was largely tchoretical, and becauaa there is not sufficient empirical evidence available to either confirm or refute his argument the controversy remains unresolved. Pie purpose of this proposal is to outline a research pragma for the development and application of modern maas pectrometrlc and radioisotope analysts techniques in order to Identify tha MUlijftg WBW.m'W.u UJ*. m, r.cmfWP^ JJ .,, I 9 9 9 9 B 9 fp 1| 9 - 9 9 I 9 1 Isotopes, Inc. 1*2 sources of lead in sum's environment, to compare the present environment with environments of tha pa at and to. elucidate tha mechanisms by vhich lead say become available for biological assimilation. By establishing tha feasibility of using tha Isotopic character of lead aa an environmental tracar it la hoped that the relative importance of various possible sources of available lead can be established and that a better understanding of the mechanisms of lead transfer will permit nore economical alteration of the environment if required. f r * . :y;wpgiwrww8! *t 9 igr* L i a a a a a ;i a a a a a a a II. TECHNICAL DISCISSION The Ceochenlatrv of Lead and the Environmental Health of Min Lead occurs In nature as a dispersed eleoent in various geological ertviroresents and, In addition, is coeesonly found highly concentrated in the font of ore deposits. Lead is well known for its toxicity, but as a dispersed element it la unlikely to be hamful because it is present only in very low concentrations to vdiich nan has adapted during the course of his biological evolution. When lead Is encountered in high concentration, however, it can be harmful and nan oust avoid rnvironaenta characterized by high lead concentrations whether such environments be natural or a product of Industrial coutaairvstion. Tlgure 1. shows sonc of the routes by Uilch lead nay becoae available to ban fro* the primary sources in bvdro. V and nines. bedrock breaks down to form soil. During the process, Soce of the lead of the parent rock rnu 1m in the soil and s o b* is dissolved in ground water which *ay eventually enter into streams. Tart of the lead results from the radioactive decay of radon gas. It, therefore, nay be expected to have a very different distribution fron dissolved lead inasmuch as part of it escapes into the atisosphere and later returns as natural fallout in rain. Lika several trace elements lead becomes concentrated in the organic material which forma coal. Thus when coal la mined and burned lead My become available to aan by a direct t ransfornot ton of the bedrock. That this nay be a potent source of lead Is Indicated l>y result* of Ih* "Trl City Lead Study" tiitrh Indicated Such higher sta>*phr|c lead ruwentrat Ions In the winter In Chicago than could be attributed to automobile r.'susts, lacking a positive beans of identifying lead frum different sources the author of this st>dy could only j. 1 'vat-- B 3 I I I 1 I ;| a I I I I B B 1 peculate that th lead originated In coal fly *h. Because geologic processes leading to the formation of coal are very different froa thoee leading to hydro thermal ore depoalts, Identification of lead froa theee different sources by lso- topic characterisation aay be poeelblt* . . Hoit of the lead In mo 's present environment comes froa nines. It enters the environment as various industrial products ranging froa storage batteries to insecticides and lead alkyla In gasoline*. If all of the lead In these various products were In fset available to sen there would no doubt be greet cause for concern. However, auch of the lead in lead products enter* the environment in inert fora*. It is known for example, that Much of the lead froa automobile exhausts Is found In relatively large particles which fall out rapidly and become part of the soil. As long as food Is ioported froa country areas the level of Iced In roadside toil* le not likely to be sn Important en vironmental health factor. On the other hand, Material In the subolcron range may stay In the air for extended periods, be breethed In and have a high probability of absorption in the body. Thus there sty be available and non-available fraction* of the sane Material, in general. Iced which persists in the atnosphere for some Tlae, or finds Its *y Into soil and water is most likely to be available to plants and to Mn. , Hot all teed which is available for entry Into nan Is hamful because It nay enter In a fra which la absorbed with low efficiency. This lad, al though available to Mn In a sense, te not available for entry Into Important biological processes. By laotoplc character Hat Ion of lead In biological aaaples It My be possible to Identify the sources of lead biologically available te Mn. for esanple, if the lead Ingested fron plant Material la largely unabsorb*! > vawtpe*i .mmm 'V* >-~ rr'vev*' '"^Vi ' ;k .- -r?,,.4>' ^.sra ^ -,^rt. r! ' Vl*- /' V , IA11784^,vV# V;- -s - ^fc>r * gte^" 'j ** \ *lttF** -*ype^ I I I I 8 8 a 8 p 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Isotopes, Inc. II-4 and la eliminated In the facet It may be l*otopically distinct from airborne laad tdilch is absorbed through tbs lungs and shove up in the urine or la accum ulated In the bones or teetb. The use of lead Isotopic characterisation la a scans of Identifying the geochemical and biochemical pathways followed by lead to and through an, depends on the existence of natural Isotopic variations. The extent to which useful isotopic distinctions exist end the principles thich explain their origin ere discussed In the following section. The Oris In of Iaotoolc Varlatlona In Lead , Variations In Isotopic sbundancea occur widely in nature and In general stem froa two distinct mechanisms. The first concerns the thcrBodynamical properties of isotopic com pounds in chemical, physlochemlcal or biochemical process. Since the reaction kinetics are mess dependent, s lighter Isotope will react sore favorably than a heavier one In the sase reaction. The differences are sore marked In the lighter elements, in particular in hydrogen, capbon, nitrogen and oxygen, th biological tissue building elements. The second source of isotopic abundance variation occur* where an existing isotope Is sited with a daughter product of a radioactive decay aeries. ft>taslu*r-40, for Instance, decays to argon-40 and changes the argon J6i3i40 ratio with tine. Of particular Interest to the present discussion is the contribution to the world's lead Inventory by the decay of the unstable elements uranium aix) thorium. Common lead la found to comprise a mlsture of four stable Isotopes, r - - ^ 'A.V1.V;; "->w.f\cx3^tVis"-J".-' ` 't'`-:M'ri` ,. PMgPilPPPlig ss&rviSj&J *7 * &>- . , V-,' '1s>. "-' *v a iv^ (h,y^**J a * _ ? w ./d,T*--?'1r Ks' <':'->;, 2*. ,?. ';* LIA1178 5 sc?Kizs5ri?E^ 1 I Isotopes, Inc* II-S I IV204, FV206, IV207, and Pb-203. There are also as many as sixteen different a radioactive lead Isotopes known, but the principal one pertinent to thla dle- cuaalon la Pb-210, also knovn as Radius D. l Lead-204 is not knovn to have been foraed by any natural decay or any a other nuclear reaction. It, thus, constitutes a aeaaure of the original lead which was foraed d>en the elaaenta were formed, eoaetlaee known at oriaeval lead. a The laotopic ratio of Coaron Usd mined today results fro# the addition to primeval lead of radiogenic lead, FV204, Pb-207, and FV20R, forced froa tha decay a of uranium and thorlua. figure (2), (3), and (4) shov the decay schemes for tha a three radioactive families resulting In the stable isotopes of lead. The half* Uvea of the parents, 0-214, L-235, and Th-232, being the longest in each aeries, determine the ultimate retea ob fulldup of the radiogenic isotopes. In the earth's crust ss a tdwole, PV20* and th-204 are bsing produced at about tha same rata at a tha present time, while IV2u7 is being produced at a much slower rate because of the low abundance of 17-233. In early geological time, however, when 17-235 ms a auch core abundant, IV207 wsa being formed mors rapidly than IV204. a The differences in the laotopic ratios of common lead ore My be, therefore, attributable to the manner of the addition of the radiogenic lead to a the primeval lead. 1. The ore* My have been separated fro* their tourer* at,different a tieee* Recently separated ores can be expected to contain greater ip-ant It lea of radiogenic lead than ores separated earlier. 2. The abundance of each radioactive parent My have been variable. a 3. The Intermediate daughter true tides preceding lead In the three decay acheae* My have been differently dispersed prior t* becoming lead. | *? tftggBl * iUl.flWR.-WfJi.- W! seem, wmsr.ssie.me.m wgeeMMUieMwim'mu.'1.gy1 " r^wts > ' At **! "i'n f*,& :: , r . - '"^-' * %* , . 92 U 91 Po URANIUM FAMILY Z 90Th 89Ac 88Ro 4i] . . -* ~ R >21 87 Fr 86Rn ft* HI ff /* IU (22 8SAI 84 Po H HO P' /o At XiI XR* *i jr p' / R til P` /o0381 /o 1 >0 *. fr 4 A08 ZPb f 10* 2R* 10 p- /a 8ITI Tl Kt Tl tiO /3` R* N riant >. / Pu >M * u A5.e^ A R* in P /o n Tk l0 ' t4 - -- rZg&rji T--,'i-x" Si < . h g-Mw .sy &3-,Bsa ES3 *33 ssa sa LIA11787 aVti. Isotopes, Inc. 92 U U 111. A t.!*!.'}') 1" 91 Po z 90Th 89Ac m 88Ro 87 Fr ACTINIUM FAMILY 4s 3 731 tTt*r /r /o A Sc ttr XAs ttl ft m /9` /q r.or rn m 10 r 86Rn ft* ttl 85AI *t lift 0' /o X X8ftPo 838 i til 0' /o i tn 0' N lift A82Pb tfot*r n tl 1 8ITI T1 tor 124 12ft 12 130 <32 134 13ft 13ft 140 142 144 14ft i N s$fjp ri^wr 3. < 11-7 auj <Jo)oi` . '0 13 3 $2SJ 8S3 tea . y ESI f ' LIA11788 92 U 91 Po THORIUM FAMILY Z 90Th 89Ac '~ .9 . -- ' " ---- 4 Tli !2 0- Tl> m ---- * -- " * % *e Ztt /o ut 88Ro 87 Ft R 224 A < 22t - 86Rn 85Af 84 Po U *20 AAt 2( 0' At. Ill P~ p* tit 630 i 82Pb /= I / Xh tot 0` zu 0' * m 8ITI U4 Tt tot 124 124 130 132 134 134 134 140 142 -------------p -- N ricm 4. / > * 144 144 j Ss j ****1 ~~ ' ' "II t Isotopes, Inc* II-9 4. Th foregoing causes nay becooe combined, In any proportion, to sake new ora bodies in a variety of geological processes. . The existence of th isotopic abundance ratloa haa bean widely ueed to determine the history of lead ore depoalta, mostly galenaa, and such has been published discussing the possible interpretation of the considerable number of measurements in the literature. It la, however, the fact, and the characteristics of, these variations In major industrial lead ore areas that are pertinent to the present discussion. One of the prise objectives of the proposed study Is to differentiate in nan and his environment between leed derived froa local natural sources and that from distant areas via Industrial sources and pathways. To achieve this, it must first be demonstrated that tha Isotopic ratios of lead In local soils and ground voters can be distinguished fro* lead derived froa the major industrial areas. This would appear to be clearly possible In certain areas. In others the range froa the separate sources asy overlap such that definitive results are Impossible. It is the prleoiy purpose of the Initial investigation under this project to define the extent to which the Identification of specific sources Is possible in the present urban scene. An additional parameter which My prove to be a valuable tool to characterise lead in an and his environment is the specific activity of tha radioactive Jb-210. leads associated with little residual 0*231, euch at Industrial load, would contain little IV210. Soils end groundwaters on the other hand should contain considerable quantities derived froa th* 0-23S in the weathered bedrock. This could be a useful indicator of whether or not tha lead in plants is soil or atmosphere derived. hllW IM'M-'fS -ini.w.SM.) s iiiu m sw Natural Variation* of lead Iaotoot Cosoosltlon Aa a reault of tha factor* discussed above, significant variation la lead- isotope abundance* are observed in load source# from different geocheoical s backgrounds* Table 1 abow* a aelacted Hat of lead aaaplaa froa varlou* Mining B districts to eMphasiit tha great range In coBpotltlon. Alao (Ivan la tha value for "prlacvaV* lead a* derived froo a ursniuM-free Metallic Meteorite. The I lead in tha Manganese nodula froa tha ocean floor probably represent* the average coapoaitlon of aolubla load that entered the Pacific Ocean over the g peat few hundred year*. In each geographical area the geology of the aurface i will detcmlne the lead laotopa composition in the drinking water and in food grown in the roll. Tha Iaotoplc variation* in toll* over the world will vary aa widely a* that in ssaples of lead Hated In Table X. The indicated experimental error ahowa that tha natural variationa are large coaparcd with the analytical capability. Sow nine* or atlnlng diatrlcta have rather unifora iaotoplc composition. Ixaaplea are Broken Hill, Cotur d'Alene and helnat. On the other hand, wide variation* are observed in the i Niaaiaaippi Valley type ore* aucb aa thoae of Sou threat Kiaaouri District and the Tri-State Diatrlct in western Kiaaouri. nevertheless, the average lead isotope i composition from these areas is reasonably unifora *d>en integrated over week* of ttining. i Variationa In the isotopic cospoilt Ion of lead produced by'the lead i alkyl manufacturers would relate to the original eources of lead in th# pool, changes In the ratio# of these source* and the **thod of warehousing tha raw ! k i ratcriol. Sue estimate of th** variations can b *ode fro the records of procurement and handling, but better values can probably be obtained by analyses of production on s periodic basis. T ,:a - fr'.'Jwv ? Iotop**, Inc 11-11 In the New York City area, for exaople, an Initial survey should B include the isotopic composition of lead lnt drinking water, average diet (perhaps froa routine A. E. C. Sr eanples), lead in gasoline (ssaple major B depots), lead in Consolidated Edison coal, and average lead in city air. It would appear fro* Table I that identification of these sources in the huaan 8 lead burden way be feasible* > . B fl B i B B B B B B B i B 'JAJ-tf 8*r-r'JLe W-fflflUMmj.lHWJUI ` ` f V- Va a a a a 1 a a a a I I I 1 I Iotopea, Inc. 11-12 TABU I laotoplc Coepoaltlon of Selected LI at of Lead Seaplea Canon DUblo (laetaorite) So. Africa (Boeetta Hina) North We at Tarr. (Con Hina) Cobalt, Ontario Broken Hill, X. SW. Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (Sullivan Hloa, B.C.) Balaat, X.Y. Franklin, X.J. Hon tana (Bouldar Bathollth Hlnaa) Ccrro da Paeco, Peru Kaacot, Terai. 5.C. Hlaaourl (Av.) Trl State (Joplin) (Av.) Hanganeae Nodule (Ocean Tloor) Cxparlaantal Crror PbI06/PbIO< 9.5 13.6 14.1 14.9 16.3 16.S 16.9 17.4 l.l lt.l 1'.6 30.5 32.2 11.9 > .05 Pb507/Pb2* 10.5 14.1 15.1 15.3 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.4 16.0 16.1 15.7 l .05 Pb708/PbJ0 29.4 52.5 33.9 34.5 35.9 36.4 36.9 37.7 31.5 39.0 39.7 39.0 41.9 34.7 >0.1 I 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 L 8* The proposed study of the use of lead Isotopic composition so as environmental tracer will be carried out In three phases. Hies* Z will be concerned with the development and evaluation of analytical techniques. In Phase 11 the feasibility of using Isotopic coeposltlon to characterise the . Iced In primary sources, environmental media, and In man will be established, and the use of tree rings as (ml eo-environmental Indicators will be Inveatlgated, ffcase 111 will extend the techniques and principles established in previous phases to several different geographical locations in order to prove the gener ality of their application Fhase I.__Analytical Tcchcicuf Development and Zvaluatlon The unique aspect of the proposed approach to the study of environ mental lead la the use of stable and radioactive Isotopes to characterise the lead fro* various environmental sources. Although such experience has been gained, (to a large extent by Isotopes, Inc. personnel) in measuring lead isotope rstloa, in measuring low concent rat ion of lead by isotope dilution, and In neasurlrg low levels of 1VJ10 radioactivity, the problems associated with the ultrs-*icroanalysls required fur environmental ssrplrs sust be approached with care and thoroughness not rocmonly exercised In routine trace analysis. The first six nonths of vorfc, these I, will, therefore, be concerned with construction of a 1 eo4*free laboratory, production and testing of leSji-fre* reagents, preparation of sterxlards, and establishing the limits of detection of the methods used. The precision and accuracy vbtaliaM. fur both the abundance and ieutopic measurement s will be defined, interralibret ton will be conducted between the lead abundance eceeurtacnts done at Isotopes, Inc. by the isotope dilution-east epee- troseter method and those done by laboratories using the dilhlsorve'colorimetrie technique. .so.' *3* 1 I B I i i :I 8 I I I I I Procedure* for measurement of IV210 in low level saaplcs will be eetsblished and evaluated and the uae of PV210 for yield determination in chmical concentration procedure* will be developed with particular regard to the aaaple matrices. Study of typical environmental aaaple* will be done to check the procedure*. Xaotoplc analyela of lead alloy* froa tetraethyl-lead manufac turer* will be undertaken to establlah the range of isotopic variability to be expected in leaded gasolines. Throughout Fhaae 1 a continuing effort will be devoted to atudylng the problea of environmental lead In broad perspective and tosmrd the end of thi* tine attention will be directed toward delgn of critical experloent* to be performed In Phaae II. Phase II. Feasibility Study of Isotopic CharacterlsatIon of Lead in Primary Sources. Icvlrcirwrital Media, and In Han____________________ Following the thorough development and evaluation of lead isotope measurement techniques for environmental samples in Phase 1, pilot studies will b conducted to tcet the feasibility of using Isotopic characterisation as a nean* of distinguishing various sources of environmental lead. Aa a reeult of experimental design studies undertaken in Phase I, at least two sreas in th* Sew York City area will be chosen for environmental sampling. An etteapt will be made to identify and characterise primary source* of lead such as bedrock and soli*, coal and Fly-ash, lead alkyls In gasoline, and tobacco. SacVground information on the *4-*ple* analysed will be studied In order to understand the origin of the leutoplc c^eposltloh observed. la general th* lead In primary aourcet is not available to man. It aust firet enter Into environmental cedis such as air, water, ard food plants to become a biological contaalnant of man. The sources of eovirunaantal lead i t f r; r t . awji)fflWM|jgitpug* mtwmw1 *4 I 1 I -< i I 1 5 I ' 1I I I 1 Ii I available to m will, therefore, be sampled and cospared with the primary sources in the use ere* to determine which primary source* are responsible for the available environmental lead. A third aspect of the pilot studies will Include Isotopic charac ter!lat Ion of human saaples Including bone, teeth, blood, and urine to determine the relation between available environmental lead and that actually found In sen himself. In both the selection of sample type and procurement of saaples of human material guidance and cooperation will be sought from experts In lead biochemistry and toxlcologr. To place the results of the environmental sampling program in historical perspective It Is Important to establish the feasibility of using tree rings, soil" pro flies, snd sedimentary layers as records of changing levels of environ mental lead. Lead Isotope studies of tree rings are particularly important because relatively hit* lead concentration in outer tree rir^s has been used as prlna facie evidence of severe environmental contamination. The validity of these conclusions cannot be accepted unless It can be shown that the lead in the tone* of high concentration I* isotoplcally different froo the leed in the bedrock and soli and the seme as that in the atmosphere. Our meaeursmentt will be capable of establishing these important relationships. It is anticipated that correlative environmental studies will be underway during the tie period of these 11. Lccherge of in format ion with these programs and Isotopic analysis of significant sacples will enhance the value of the whole research project, because the isotopic tracer technique may be especially valuable In Investigations of lead metabolls* In blojegicet system* close attention will be given to the development of cooperative research programs. ! i j. " Sit */  f: ;'~v Ones the analytical ethod for lesd isotopic characterisation ard i the feasibility of their application are well established, study of different B geographical locatlona will be undertaken, Area* with different geology. i I ' Meteorology and Industrial activity will be studied using the Kev York City pilot studies as Models. i During this phase continued and Increased participation and coopera tion with other groups and agencies la anticipated. The specific scope of work 5 i to be undertaken In ITtase 111 cannot be defined at this tine because V-. it Is strongly dependent on the results of the feasibility study In Riaaell end the extent end nature of the coorelative study progross of other groups. in' i t i i i r pr sr- c 5ft -1 jWfejJJSiJSi'- a i i ;n,V3~i B I .1 B-vi B B B I*otop**, Inc. retard* the proposed program a b**lc research effort which will require the utillist Ion of uniquely qualified personnel* The program euet *l*o have too* expensive and special facilities at its disposal* Isotopes, Inc. will provide both of these requirements within the basic cost of the project scientists. The project scientists will have office space, clean chemical laboratory with special hoods, solid source ms s spectrometer, emit*loo spectrotrsph, electron diffraction and electron micrograph at their disposal. They will have all necessary secretarial, drafting and technical support, la the technical are* this will include electronic support, data processing, machine shop effort end chemical technician labor. The besic coats also include the continuity advisory support of Drs. Kulp, Villi,, friend and Bat* at described above. .. The work is divided into three phases, each of alx months duration, funding My thdrefor* be dons in six, twelve or eighteen month increments. It is understood that quarterly technical review* and six months technical reporta will be pert of Isotope*, Inc. commitment, further, It Is agreed that tinea the customer is primarily buying "a level of effort" that the scop* of work m/ be modified a* a result of the Quarterly hvlrn. fart Icuierly, if is sxpectsd that redefinition end elaboration of the scope of work for Phases 11 end 111 tll occur prior to the Initiation of Phase ii. In Phase I no direct charge* are Involved e*cpt travel and sub* sUtenc* attuning two tripe to the Midwest. In Phase II, en tllowenca is Mde for additions! travel involved In local sampling. In Phase III, it ia or * rt\.* - J/..- , ... T-y&& anticipated that there will be aoae Increased travel and a requirement for a<me apeclal Mapling gear. In all caaee the diract chargea will be bill ad aa i actual plua an adalnlatratlve charge of 10X. i r,V' ' X- - " -i- . --v . -vr i4*v.. Ii f: B ,I B I"V I I I B B a ::a i a i1 B -g BSI B B B B B B B Phase I - July 1, 1966 - December 31, 1966 (six Booths) .'' y` .. :-' : -v Technical Effort Project Coat , Hitt p*r Month Inci. All Support Total Scientist-Project Director (6 MM.) A*toelate Sc lintiat (5 Boa. ) Chealat (3 mm.) . Direct Charfea Travel and Subaiatence 2 Trip* to Hid Veit, total days $5030. 3720. 2200. $30,430 11,600 6.600 . 65,630 ? ' -. Eat. 500 Total $56,130 Phaie 11 - January 1, 19611 - June 34, 1967 (six Mootha) 1 Technical Effort Protect Coat Rate per Month )ncl. All Support Total Sclentlat-Project Director (6 mm.) Aaaociate Sc lent lit (6 mm. ) Cheatt (6 k m.) 5030. 3720. 2200. 30,430 22,520 13,200 66,000 Direct Ouriti Travel and Subaiatence - ' > Total tit. 1.000 $67,000 Phaae 111 - July 1. 1997 - December 31,, 1967 (aix Booths) Technlral Iffort Projrct Coit Hit* frf Himtli WIi Il) Jupfmft Sc lent lit-Project Director (a mm.) Aaioclite Sclent (it (6 mm. ) Cbeelit (9 mm.) Field Seep lei (4 M> ) 50*0. 3720. 2200. 2200. Total * S' 30,480 22,320 13,200 74,800 Plrect Chariei Travel and Subelitenre Special Seeptlr* Co*r Fatal Eat. 2,000 3,000 $11,100 WM^.l 4-Ui wam^-1-1 f gajSaqfiBgfeifc - '^- -s-rs >5*: . JT--. Mn=>'-. - I . '* i "' >- I i aI " .AA I I -.5 I I 3I I The propoaed analytical method# research project will b* conducted by a special project (roup established within tht tachnlcal organization. Or. Donald I*. 5chut* will aervt aa tbo Project Director and principal Investigator. Dr. Schutt la a geochenlst on tha Research Department ataff and la currently responsible for tha Jfuclear Operations Section of that Departaant. Ha la hl(hly qualified to direct the proposed lead laotoplc analytle research by virtue of hla extensive experience In tha development of a variety of analytical methods for determining trace elessent concentrat Iona In seawater. Aa Project Director, Dr. Schuta will be reaponalble for the acientific direction and manage ment aspect* of the research studies. In this position he will report to fir. C. C. Croutham*1, Director of Research of Isotopes, Inc. Several senior scientist* in Isotopes, Inc. who have unique backgrounds from which to contribute to this program will advise Dr. Schut x in the direction of this project, these include! Dr. J. Laurence Kulp who haa directed aajor research prograna in lead isotope geochaaistry, net* spectroaatric development, worldwide radioactive fallout and the aoveaant of atrontlue-90 In the huomn food ' chain; Dr. Janes P. friend, a physical chemist with -extensive experience in the field of atssospherlc aerosols and particle studies! Dr. George L. Cate who haa conducted numerous research studies involving isotopic lead deter*inatIona and lead (sochrocwmwtryj and Dr. trie H. blllit who Is experienced in research work based on east tpeetr>ler seasurnnents of stable Isotope ratios and lcn. level radiological deter*Inal ions of carton-li and other radioisotope#. Mr. Roland gologrlvuv, head of the Stable Isotopes Analysis lection of the Sclent If 1c Services Department, will serve Ss the physical analyst for i` _ '!*' ~< m a*'* , ' aVWf^C- ! igizS*-, Xsotopas, Inc* .ki-tfXKr.,.-..: 1 this project* He will b primarily responsible for the performance of mm ,spectronetric analyses and the developoent of aultabla nw analyaia techniques. i Dr. J. Harlon Waapler of the Georgia Institute of Technology Earth Sc laneta Department, who has dona significant work In laotoplc analyaia of load B In vary low concentration, will participata in tha prograa in'tha auaoar of 1966 and will continua aa an advisor in analytical techniques. B Ona qualified technician will ba assigned to tha project group to pK' .1 B aaaiat in saepla preparation and analyaia and to perform initial data reduction I calculations* Detailed resists of tha professional qualifications and erperience of tha scientists assigned to tha proposed project group are included at tha and of B this section. Publication Hats are also included and have bean annotated with & m asterisks (* ) to Indicate those papers which are especially relevant to the lead iaotope analysis studies. B.rrl r'- B* ? B B B B tV^- : i \ t1?, y: i /wrawfi me 8 I I I I I I P I I $ I I 8 8 CCORCC L. BATE, Ph. D. Scientist \ Dr. Bat* serves on the Res** reh Staff at Isotopes, Inc. aa a specialist in nuclear physics. A* Aaaoctate Project Director of Project PINOCQIIO, he ha* over-all acipntific and sdclniatratio* reaponaihillty for the coordination of the reaearch atudlea for the project and partici pate* in apecific phases of the reaearch when necessary. Project atudiea are in the area* of nuclear parameters, geology, meteoro1ogy, gas analyaia technique!, and local air analyte*. Kc i* alao conducting theoretical atudiea of the potential usefulness of radionuclide* forced by faat neutron spallation reaction* and heavy particle reaction* which accompany the detona tion of nuclear device* in variou* geologic aedia. Dr. Bate previou*ly directed a project to eatabliah and evaluate erthod* for the detection of ultra-low-level radioactive gaseous effluent* fro* nuclear operation*. He ha* additional roaponatbilitie* on the Patrnt*, Radiation Safety, and Technical Studiea Committees of the company. Before cooing to Isotope*, Inc. in l'HS, Dr. Bate taught advanced phyaic* course* a* a Profeasor of Phyaica at Wheaton College and was reaponible for the inatallation of a radlolaotope laboratory there. Trurt to 10*S Dr. Bate served a* a part-tie-- Research Consultant and Associate at the Argonne National Laboratory. Hit work there produced the first definitive assay of thorlu* in both atone and iron *>teorlte* and led to further definition of the abundance* of certain other elroent* in cosaic and terrestrial source*. Later research perstlted further development of model* of nuclear fission by evaluation of etcltatlon function* and angular distribution of fragment* of nuclear fission induced by charged particl* bom bardment . _. A* a Research Assistant at the Laoont Ceological Observatory of Columbia University from 1*>51 to 17M, Dr. Bate performed research which 1*4 to a determination of the age of the earth. Dr. Bate received a ft.A. In Phyaica fro# Princeton University In lbgi and an N.S. In Phyaic# from the California Institute of Technology in Inia, Me was awarded a Ph. D. In Vj-'lcar Ce>ophy|c# fpe% ColuwM# University in Dr, Pate I# a ec-*''r of Phi iwta Kap;>* #nd Stgvj XI, Me holds ee*berhlp* in the American Association of Physic* Teacher#, the American Association for the Advaocrswnt of Science, sod the (Vmhemlcal Society, gimmes, me. B B B B< B B :-s B B B B B CEORGE L. BATE J. L. Kulp, C. L. Bate, W. 0. Ault and H. W. reely, "Lead and Sulfur Isotopic Abundances In Mississippi Valley Catenas", Bull. Ceol. Soc, Aa. 67, 123-124, January 1956 '** J. Laurence Kulp, Ceorge L. Bate and Bruno J. Cilrttl, "New Age Determinations by the Lead Method", Proc. Ceol. Aaaoc. Can. 7, 15-24, Kay 1955 *** J. Laurence Kulp, Ceorg* L. Bate and Wallace S, Broeker, "Presvnt Statua of the Lead Method of Age Determination", Am. Jour. Science, 252, 345-365, June 1954 Ceorge L. Bate, J. R. Hulienga and Herbert A. Pot rati, Thorium Content of Stone Meteorltea", Science 126, 612-613, September 27, 1957 *** C. L. Bate, D. S. Miller, and J. L. Kulp, Tsotopic Analyst# of Tetraaettyl Lead", Analytical Chrm. 29, >4-44, January 1957 Ceorge L. Bate and J. R. Hulienga, "Abundances of tathenlua, Oslum and Uranium In Some Conte and Terrratrlal Sources", Ceochlmlca at Cosmochlmlca Acta 27, 345-360, April 1963 C. L. Bate, H. A. Petrsti and J. R. Hulienga, "Scandium, Ch reel us and Europlus In Stone Meteorites by Simultaneous Xeutron Activation Analyals", Ceochlmlca st Cosnochimica Acta 14, 101-1Q7, I960 C. L. Bate, H. A. Pot rati and J. R. Hulienga, Thorium In Iron Meteorites! A Preliminary Investigation", Ceochlmlca et Coemochlatca Acta 4, 114-125, 1954 . C. L. Bate, J; R. Hulienga and H. A. Pot rati, "Thorium In Stone foteoritem by Keutroo Activation Analysis", Ceochlmlca et Cosmochlmlca Acta 15, 44-100, 1959 Vorge L. Bate, R. Chaudhry and J. R. Mtillenga, "Tlsslon fragment Angular Distributions and Cross Sections for Deuteron-Induced ITsslon", Phys. Rev. 131, 722-734, July 15, 1963 Ceorge L. Bate and J. R. Hulienga, "fission and Reaction Cross Sections In the Uranium Region vlth 4- to 12- MeV Protons", Phys. Rev. 133, B 147l-14"76, March 23, 1964 J. f. C|oiler, C, L. Bate and J. R. Hulienga, "fission Sk f * nt Angular Distributions In Charged-Pei3 Ic le-lrelieved I'lsslon of Ra`" ", Phys. Rev. JJ6, B 1333-1344, December 7, 10*4 _ * "-IV ... ' ,v . a B I si I 1 I I CARL C. CROUTHAHEL C. C. Crouthaael, Editor, "Regenerative Calvanlc Systws", Monograph in Aa. Chav* Soc. Advances in Cheolstry Series, 1966 (in press) C. C. Crouthaoel, D. C. Stunegla, C. M. Stevens and P. Kafalas, "Cjpture-torission Ratios of U23J, IJ23&, and Pu239 in EBR-l, Mark III", Kucl. Sci. Eng. 21, 179-185, February 1965 C. E. Cruolhael and D. C. Stupegia, Review of "TecJmique of Inorganic Cheslstry", Nuclear Chea. 2, M. F. Johnson et al., Nucl. Sci. Eng. 19, 258, June 1964 C. E. Crouthancl, Editor, "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Chea. Ill, Parts 5-7, 1965 C. E. Crouthaael, Editor, "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Qws. Ill, Part 4, 1963 C. C. Cruuthoael, Editor, "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Chen. Ill, Parts 1-3, 1962 C. Catrousla, R- Heinrich, and C.C. Crouthaarl, "Recent Advances in Ctwntlng Technlifie", Chapt. 1 of "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Che*. It, 1961 C. E. Crcuthmel, Editor, "Progress in Nuclear Energy", Series IX, Anal. Cheat. II, W it -. lfl C. E. Crw,tH**-l, Editor, "Applied Coma-Ray Spect rotortry", lnternat`1. Series g of Monographs II, ,440 pp., I960 C. E. Cruuthaael, "Intrinsic Variables", Chapt. I of "Applied Cottna Ray Spectroortry", Intemat'l. Scries of M.-nographs, 1-24, I960 8 W. Hanagon and C. E. Crouthanel, "Eitrinsic Variables", Chapt. II of "Applied CosM-liy Spect ro<*et ry", lntrrnat'1. Series of Monographs, 25-93, I960 t C. E. Crtnithoocl, "Calibration of the Detectors", Chapt. Ill of "Applied Cow-fUy Spect rwetry", lntrmat'1. Series of Monographs, 94-109, I960 1C. Catruusl* and C. E. Crcotham-1, "Specific Applications", Chapt. of "Aj-plle-l Cama-Kay Spec! net ry", Intemat'l. Series of Holographs, I10-1SS, I960 C. E. CrtMithane), R. Heinrich and C. Catroosls, "Tie Quant Hal |ve Detensirvat Ion 1of Fission an.] Nuclear React |i*i Pndurt*", talanta (4), 3^?>-4,)7, 195S 8CM.etClv. aClsn",uRtbeacetloriOlpeEr.atTiounrka,l "Dctertainat toi of Pile Constants PrMr* 2, 192-PS, 195? by Cleslcal fC, E. Cn-uthaa--l and C. Turk, "tvtcnsinat Ion of Nuetrar Reactor Constant* by l*-a|rai Mrt)h m!%", Feaceful Use* of At>*>tr Energy I l'n<. Internal'l, fonf,, Cenrva, l`<55 C-.^E. Cr>it!>.* 1 and H. Diehl, "C-i* Analysis Apparatus foploylng the Velocity of Sraind", A.al. Chs. 20, 515, June l'4i IMgWMAl S: S;;i i .i B A * \i B 1 I C& ;I B 8 B B s B ' . ..' -E * Ctrl C. Croutham. 1, Pb. 0. Director of Rc.*rch At tb* Director of tha Rctearch Department at faotep.*, Inc., Dr. CroutK*c 1 direct* the contract and lrt-hou*. research actlvitlea of the company. HI* ataff Include* expert* In a variety of acirntific discipline* Including nuclear and radlocbmitt ry, geochcal*try, geology, oceanography, biochemistry and nuclear phytic*. Dr. Crouthasel wa* employed at the Argonne Rational Laboratory a* a Senior Chrmltt froo 1950 to I9t>5. Hr Initially developed net hod* for the analytl* of reactor fuel and wa* repon*lble fur the organisation and aupervltion of the radiochemical program In the Chemical Engineering Div I*ion. Tor twelve ye. r* he wa* tl>e Croup Leader of the Reactor Chenltry Croup, with rrtponilbl11ty for the deterainatIon of reactor material* cro* *ectlona, dcv.loj.swnt of activation method* associated with fact breeder reactor*, and development and application of *uch sophisticated counting technique* as ga* proportional,scintillation, and solid *tate pectroeetrr*. He is well-known for hi* pioneering work on the development and application of sodlu* iodide* t ha 11 loo activated scintillation apect rune ter* and aultl-channel analyser systems. During tS* five year* ha* prl^rily in of fused **1 T-1 Itj-wid fwt.il system and their application to the direct COO* v#nlui of heat to electricity* Them activities included ritmiv* basic research in fused salt and Intecsrtsll Ic system with particular fsphsiil on tie solubility of the lithluft halldrs and i(dlus halide* in lcs#*dlelectHe ctAdlmt u!vmti sich as fused lithium hydride and anhydrous acetic acid* In add It tm h^has ImrittgAttd the thrfsd)tid3lr properties of Mnrtalllc tyjttm, fused, salt binary and ternary system* and stxcd Intrrsetilllc fused salt system# Ho also designed an Inert iellms stsoupfers bo* i a basic research unit vMrh has been widely copied md reproduced at Arfontit as well as aany other laboratories* Dr* Crrttbsel received a ft.5. In Chr|try a.*4 H4tSr-utlfl In 3942 fro* Eastern fcasarenr College a?d hi* H.A. In Analytical Chemistry In 194ft fno University. th*cf*ral research was don** at !<*** State University and 1*# obtain'd Ms fb-D. tr? Inorganic Oesslst ry in l^yo. Me has Uffi author of fMr Hon 4? tr. Ms fields of Invest igat |*> and has edited and substanilally to f<*r Dr. Cn*th.**vr| Is a esbef of th# American Chr**|cal Sm'lrty* t he \wfir.ti V. clear Stalely, | lie ft*r**arrh Society of Artrrl* A, iNe ftew York Academy of Sr|ei.\e* *d the Aver l ran Ass*** 1st Ion for t^Su.iH*eot of Si lence. mom me RESUME ' '` ` ' . : JAH3 P. miDfO, Ph. 0. Senior Sciantiat '' ', Dr. Friend is a physical chemistry specialist on tha Research Department staff and alao acta aa th* Senior Scientific Adviaor for tha Department. He la presently conducting detection probability atudiea and field experlaenta under Project P1.N0CCH10 for tire VELA On-Site Inspection Program. He ia alao engaged in reaearch in tha field of atmospheric chemistry. Th1a work Include* atudiea of the composition and character!#tic* of stratospheric aerosols and tha relatlonahip of radioactivity to particulate natter in the atmosphere. In addition. Dr. Trient* la directing a study of the mechanisms of transport in the stratosphere and deposition on the ground of radioactive fallout. Dr. Trlend served a* Director of Project STAR OUST for Isotope*, Inc. In this capacity he coordinated th* effort* of meteorologists, inter pretive scientist* and analysta. Under th* High Altitude Sampling Program, he studied fluid flew In air stapling devices and worked on tb* calibration of the WU-2 sampling duct*. Other eiperienc* at Isotopes, Inc. ha* included studies of tha physical and chewiest properties of envIrotwentsl particulate material* a*i-J aerosols, establ ist.li, procedure* for *a-piln of particulate ratter in the atmosphere and in sollst and preparation of procedure* for plutonium analyses and interpretation of these analyses. He we* also co-author of tha AtC report "Study of the Ceneral feasibility of Radioisotopes Mrtboda in th* Natural Ca Industry". He ha* supervised tb* analytical effort* In tha (a* counting laboratory where c*rbon-14. hydrogen-3, rsdluo-226 and radon measure ments are mad*. . Prior to Me employment at Isotopes,Inc., Dr. Trlend was employed a* a Physical Cheelst at the Perkln-tlaer Corporation where he performed gas chromatographic investigations. taring his military service. Dr. Friend was assigned to the Army Cheslcsl Center where Ms writ Involved the drvslojeent of infrared Instru mentation and the detection of rhemlral warfare agent* In the atoospheVa, Dr. rrlend received both hi* M.A. (lOfJ) and Fh. D. (10`6) in Physical Chemistry fftm CotmMa University. HI* tlmsls subject was micro wave spectroscopy. He received a H.5. In Chemistry frees Hs ssachusel t * Institute of Technology and I* a soler of the ft.lluwlrg professional toe let lest Aster Ir so Physical Society, toerlcan Assoc la t ion fur the Advance ment of Sciatica, and Sign* It. B -< g i i I := 1 p 1I I 1 i i xI JAMtS P. ntIDtP It. C. Lemer, B. P. Dailey and J. P. Triend, "Microwave Spectrua and Structure of Tonic Acid", J. Chen. Thy*. 26, 6B0, 1W7 J. P. rrlend and B. P. Dailey, "Microwave Studio* of the Structur* of Cyclopropyl Derivative*", J. Chen. Phy*. W, 557, 1955 J. P. Trlend, C. >. Barnett and B. L. Critide*, "Study of the Ceneral feasibility of Radioisotope* Methods la the Natural Caa Industry", U. S. Atonic Energy Coessission Report RYO-27J3, 1964 J. P. rrlend, "The Behavior of Kuclear Debris fron the Upper Ataospher# Rochet Detonations a* Datereined in the High Altitude Saapllnf Pro^raa", Proceeding* of the Upper Ataospher* Sampling Syoposluo, Part I, J. D. Shreve, Jr., Cd. SCR-420, 1961 J. P. Trlend, H. V. Teely, et. at-, "The High Altitude Sampling Progrse", Voliae* 1 - 5, J. P. Trlend, editor, U. S. Departaent of Defense Report MSA-1300, 1961 Co-authored nine quarterly progress report* in Project STAR DUST, 0. S. Departaent of Defense Reports MSA 1371-il'i, 1961 - 1964 H. V. Teely and J. P. Trlend, "tv 1 dene* on Stratospheric Circulation froa Measure ments of Radioactive Bnb Debris Injected above 20 la", paper* presented at Xlll Ceneral Assembly, 1UGC, Berkeley, California, 1963 J. P. Trlend, "Stndie* of Xuclear Debrl* ia Precipitation", ATC-JffO 2415-12, Xoveaher 1964 J. P. Triend and D.M.C. Thcwas, The Deternlnatton of the Particle Sire Dlatribw t ion of the Particulate Material Collected during the Double Track* and Clean Slat# 1 tvents of Operation ROUAR CHASTER", AwXE Report 0-20/65, 1965 B Davidson, J. P. Trlend and K. Setts, "V-oerlcal Models of Diffusion and Hairs* out of Stratospheric Radioactive Materials", Tellus 1966 (In Pr#*s)a~ J. P. Triend, "Properties of the Stratospheric Aerosol", Tellus 1966 (In Press) M.uiireiiyi'iijay-ajuM.;*. - la ! I I 31 I I I I :s I 'i I I I I I l I isonpis , iss StCSUHC ROtAKD KOLOCItIVOV, B.S. Senior Associate Scientist Mr. Kologrivov ha* had tlx year* experience in MU spec trometry particularly related to the Isotope dilution aea*ur*aent of rubldtu*, strontlu*, potassium, argon, uranlua, thorlua and lead. At Isotope*, Inc. he has supervised the installation of the Reynolds type ms s spectroeeter used for gas measurement* and the Shields type (CCC-11-703) instrument used for solid source measurement*. He designed and supervised the construction of the high vacuo* futloo system used to prepare staple* and calibrate the isotopic tracer* used in the isotope dilution arthod. These systems utilise the most recent development* In the state-of-the-art of ultra high vacuum technique* oriented to geochemical age determination*. His present work Includes supervision of the *as* spectnxwtry laboratories. Mr. Kologrivov was previously employed at the Lamest Geologi cal Observatory of Columbia 1'nlverstty where he was In charge of the pot a* I tarn-argon dating laboratory. These analytical techniques also utilise.! h gh sensitivity gav -j h pectrocetry and ultra high vacuu* techniques. Other work at Columbia University Included 1c m level detection of redlut In human bone and developmental work on 1c m level nuclear detectors and counting techniques, - Mr. Kologrivov received a B.S. In Chemistry from City College of Mew York and l* a member of the American Vacuus Society, the Mew York Acadeoy of Science*, the American Nuclear Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. pfslf'' ' "'Sit l;r ., - *, li.-y r; rri^C 11 - I 1 I 1 Xi AI i . t*. 'J iBomss, me. R. KOLOCRIVOV A. Walton, A. Koiogrlvov and J. 1. Kulp, "The Concentration and Distribution of Radius in the tarsal Human Skeleton", Health Physic* 1_, 409-416, 19S9 J. 1. Kulp, R. Koiogrlvov, J. Haller and L. Koch, "K-AR Age* on Rocka froai Eeatern Creenland", Nature 194 . 95J-9SS, 1962 ** J. L. Kulp, R. Koiogrlvov, J. Bailer and L. Koch, Turther laotoplc Age Measurement* on Rocka frtxa North-Eastern Creenland", Nature 196. 160, 1962 J. L. Kulp, R. Koiogrlvov, J. Engels and C. J. Catanxaro, "Age of the Tordal, Norway Pegmatite - A Correction", Ceochle. et Cosaochln. Act* 27, 647-84*, 1963 J. L. Kulp, R. Koiogrlvov and W. M. Haableton, "K-Ar Age Measurement** on th* Kansas Basement", Pull. C.S.A., 1963 t-e~a.or '.eri-=a;3a--' -5 . -r-- - * ` V' 4a^hk .'Wd rfVifrijjTiit-rtlTi'iit' TVfriiiffrV^i tfiirtn* rrr ISOTOPES, IOC, RESUME J. LAURENCE KUEP, th.D, a President a Dr. Kulp ha* directs vide variety of research project* In th* general are** of geochemistry and radlochcmiatry; These have included various aspect* of th* dlsscatnation of radioactive debri* into the geosphere and biosphere. Major project* have been Project* HASP and STAR DUST (world a wide radioactive fallout in the atmosphere), blogeocheelitry of Sr90 and C*1^7, bo wisent of bcb-produced C'^ in the atmosphere, biosphere and oceans, mathematical model for the prediction of fission products in post-attack diets, a dccontaalnation of aircraft froa fission debris, plutoniua hazards fro* non nuclear accidental destruction of device* and Project Vela Cloud Cap. a Geochronology has also been * focus of study. Investigation* hav been made on the develojevent of the method of radiocarbon dating and its application to archeological and geological problem* In such diverse area* as the constancy of cosmic ray flu*, the origin of petroleum and the development a of the human culture in South America. The K-Ar, Rb-Sr and U-Pb isethod* of dating rock* have been developed in Dr. ICulp't laboratory and applied to tv.mwrous geological problem*. In 1962 a definitive geological time scale was produced. Other fundamental investigJt ion# haw been in the field of isotopa geochemistry at applied to the origin of the Mississippi Valley lead ore*, of a the porphyry r~p'>er t/;vv of the e-yTbvrsT, of n_v 11 dome sulfur deposits, the uranium deposits of the Colorado Plateau and the age of the gold urv* of bead, S.D. Stvuiles utilising lead and strontium isotope variations have a helped shed light'on certain problems of th* evolution of the continents and ocean basins. a In space science. Dr. tulp has been concerned with the geologic mopping of the moon by gam* spectrtwwtry, the age of meteorites, the probable sources of water on the lu-or surface and the radiation background to be a e*pccted in cis-lunar space. Trost 1947 u< til loti. Dr. Kulp was on the faculty of Columbia University, a* Professor of Go 1st ry. Trom 1954 until 1**6$ he urns Director a of the Ocoi hem i s t ry la`>rat or/ at the t,vw.nt rwol/>gJcal Observatory* Me I* presently associated with Colc'Ms as sn Adjunct Professor, He has served as a consultant to industrial fin's, liit>ry groups, and other <Viver'*w>nt agencies, l,e, Esso j!ad>rd Oil, Ihesble Oil, Kennecoit Cop;<er, Gulf Research arxi D>vclnpewnt , RaM fojp-.rat t n, l .J.A.r,, Arwy Ordnance Corps, U.S.A.E.C. , federal Covcr'svent of West Ceirw-y, Dr, Kulp wss a foundl'g Director of Isotopes, In*, and served tn a C<vtislt|ng rapacity as Wnlnr Scientific Advisor until fVcrmlver, 1964 when h* be i see President of the rejji.y. He- Is a rved-rr or fellow o f the following scientific *>-, let lest Aav r I r i n Chemical Society, American Ihyalcal Society, Geologic* 1 Society of Vxftra, <V-,t,cei,al Society, Mlneralog (cS 1 Society of America, Aas-cett.n of petrol..-* ne-.i-.g | t s, Anerl>un Gcoj>hy*lcal Union, Society of Sigma II, American Assn-let ion for the Advancement of Science, B 1 a i a :! p ^8 i B B I 1 3 J.L. Kulp, ''Origin of the Hydroaphere", Geol. Soc, Aner. Bull. 67. 326-329, 1951 J.L. Kulp and D.R. Carr, "Surface At m of Dcep-ae Sedlreent*", Jour. Ool. 60, 146-159, 1452 J.L. Kulp, H, Volchok, M.D. Holland and D.B. Lrlcaon, "Thick Source Alpha Activity of $o* North Atlantic Corta", Jour. Mar. Rea. 11. 19-26, 1952 D.R. Carr and J.L. Kulp, "Age of a Mid-Atlantic Ridge Baaalt Boulder", Ool, Soc. Aner. Bull. 64, 253-254, 1953 J.L. Kulp, "Carbon-14 Mraurrmta on Ceologic Suspire", Atoatca 4, 1953 J.L. Kulp, "Clliwtlc Chaise and Radlolaotoplc Dating", Proc. A. Acad. Art* and Sol., S>apotlua on dinette Change, Cll*atic Change, edt. by Harlow Shapclry, Chop. 16, 201-201, 1953 J.L. Kulp and H.L. Volchok, "Comtancy of Coanlc-Ray Tlux (her the Pa it 30,000 Yeara", fhye. Rev. 90, 713-714, 1953 M.D. tl.lland and J.L. Kulp, "Tranpurt and CV-j,lt Inn of I'ranlun, lonlua and Rudlm In llwri, Ocean and Ocean Scdlsrnt Ceoch loirs et Coiuanchlaice Acta 147.213, 1954 H.D. Holland and J.L. Kulp, "Ihe J**chunlia of kraovil i f luitlca aud Rudlia frue* the Ckian", Oochlalca et Coioochtnlca Acta 5, 214-244, 1954 A.V. Croene, A.D. 1 IrcVi'u'a, J.L, Kulp and W.S. Broeckrr, "The Natural Trltlia Content of At>*phcrlc Hydrogen", Itiye. Rev. 93, 250, 1954 C. L. Bate and J.L. Kulp, "lwitople Composition of Common trad froe So. Africa", Scl. H2, 970-471, 1955 D. R. Carr ami J.L. Kulp, "I've of to Deter*In* Argon Behavior In Varum Syatm*", Rev, of Scl, Imtr. 26, 379-311, 1955 D.R. Carr, P.t. tv>:*in, V.J, drunker and J.L. Kulp, "P>t4*#lu-argon Age Method", Proc, of Sub,-Coe*, on Nuclear C*cph/*lc* Cinf. at =Pettn Stale, Sep I > fi{>rr 19JJ d.J, c.llettl a>*l J.L. K'llp. "Raton Leakage fr-a* Radlosctlw Mineral*", An, Mliw-ral. 40, 4*l-4>f., 1955 J.L, Kulp, "l .topic tkill'g and the Geologic Tine Beale", Ipe*. Pa(>er 62, I4r.f.70, h fig*,, 14J5 Soc, Anar,, v--'. -ir :*c- f- f & & X V'.: fr >; eftd-. - /; 8 8 8 8 ;b r 8 8 8 8 8 J.L. KULP, (Publications. Page 2) K.K. Tureklan and J.L. Kulp, "Ceochemlatry of Strontiucf*, Ceochlalca at Coanochluic* Acta 10, 245-296, 1956 D.B. Erlcaon, W.S. Broecker, J.L. Kulp and C. Wollln, "lata Pleistocene Climates arid Deep-sea Sediments", Set. 124. 385-3*9, 1956 K.K. Tureklan and J.L. Kulp, "The Strontium Content of Human Bones", Scl. 124. 405-407, 1956 W.S. Broecker and J.L. Kulp, "The Radiocarbon Method of Aga Determination", American Antiquity 22, 1-11 1956 D.R. Carr and J.L. Kulp, "Potassium-argon Method of Ceochronometry", Bull. Ceol. Soc. Aarr. 68, 763-7*4, 1957 C.l. Bate, D.S. Miller and J.L. Kulp, "Isotopic Analysis of Tetraaethyleaa", Analytical Chess. 29. 64, 1957 K.K. Tureklan, P.V. Cast and J.L. Kulp, "Emission Spectrogrmphlc Method for the Determination of Strontium in Silicate Materials", Speclrochlm. Acta 9, 40, 1957 W.S. Broe.kcr and J.L. Kulp, "Laaont Radiocarbon Measurements IV*, Scl. 126, 1324-1334, 1957 P.C. Dunon and J.L. Kulp, "l'ert Case* and the Evolution of the Atmosphere", Ceochlricj ct Cws>ch!aica Acta LJ, 2.*'">-?9;, PM B.J, Clletti, J.L. Kulp and T. Basan, "Geochemistry of TrltlimV, Trans. Aarr, Ceophys. Union 39. I07.S16, P5J B.J. Clletti and J.L. Kulp, "Tritium Tracer In Arctic Problems", Scl. 129. 901-903, 1939 A, Walton, R, Kologrlvov and J.L. Kulp, "The Concrnt rat Ion and Distribution of Radius* In the Normal Huewn Skeleton", Health Physics 409-416, l'#S9 A.R. Schulert, t, t. Lrnhoff and J.L. Kulp.^Sr"^ Distribution In tho HuMti SKeletm/*, Health Physics 7^, 62-6S, 19$9 ** J.L. Kulp, J.C. Cobb, L.t. lr><4 and 0.5, Miller, "Geologic*) Time feale", Mature M4. fl.A. 62-RA. 63, l'59 J.L, Kulp, "The Cei> tug lea 1 Tine Stale", presetted at Jnt erna t lot* 1 Ceul, Congress in Copc'Jujgctt, Atqiust Poo J.L. Kulp and J.L. Dtik, "Radiation Hasard fro* Contaeinaled Aircraft", Jour, of Health Physics, I960 >Hjl>gpyiwiing!gspi i -C-fe*.-- * ' ** ` v * *" iLf-aU** ^ -- ~*s-**C - ISOTOPES. IBC. B I I J* I I P J.L. KULP. (Publication*, Page 3) J.L. Culp, "Radionuclide* In Han froa Nuclear Te*t", Agrlc, and Food Che*. 9, 127, X961 J.L. Kulp, "Geologic Ttaa Seal*-, Set. 133, UOS-1114, 1961 J.L. Kulp, A.R. Schulert, E.J. Hodge*, E.C. Ander*on and W.H. Langhas, *Sr90 aoa cl37 In North Aaerlcan Mil**, Scl. 133, 1768-1770, 1961 J.t. Kulp, "Prediction of tha Sr90 Concentration In the World Imputation", rollout Conference, U.S. Atonic energy Cc*olton, November 1961 J.L. Kulp and J. Cngel*, "Dltcordance in K-Ar and Rb-Sr laotoplc Agee", Radioactive Outing, Intern. Atoslc Energy Agency, Z19-23S, 1963 I I B B B rfiS# 5 * .-:\ -n*vzt%:*y', ijt-iiiMtS&ifo ^L.t.^,,J..,-ii-ii]6f'i'-.'., a it o lil Y in . , . . , . . . ,--u.., Jmm* i+m* >-- iU gpwpp -WU-lia 4!(U.l!. *4jW nun. ri&aMBMHtsfW .Vgjjn^RfMVfW!*!' I 1 i B I B B P 9 B B B B DOSALD r. SCHUTZ, Fb. D. Sclent lit Dr. Schut* li wssber of the iclentlflc itiff In the Research Department at I*otop#, Inc. In thl position he provide* extentive experience end capability to the research itaff In the field* of geochemistry and oceanography. Me ha* recently Wen assigned a Manager of the huclear Operation* Section of the Research Departaent to exercise over-all technical and administrative responsibility for project* lnvolvlrg reaearch and development of nuclear teat detection and oo-altt Inspection technique*. Dr. Schut* la uniquely qualified for thla coordinating responsibility becauae of hla prevloua experience a* the Director of Project P1K0CCH10 where he aupervlaed the development of radiological technique* for the detection of clandestine nuclear weapon* teat*. He alao bring* a valuable geo logical and oceanographic background to thl* position which require* a broad know ledge of envlro:wr.t*l factor* and their Influence on nuclear operation* project*. Hla earlier work at Uotope*, Inc. Included the developeent of Improved technique* for extracting inert ga- from air *arple, and the evaluation of internal ga* proport (oral counting method* for rad Icoetrlc a*ay of aeparated gaaea. In addition to hla laboratory itudlea on these problems, Dr. Schut* alao participated In and directed field operation* In connection with several contract r*earvh programs. he for* coalig to Isotope*. Ire., Dr. Schut* was a Research Staff Geologist In the tVjart--nt of Ceology t Yale CulversIty. HH work there waa primarily concerned with the d*.c!...p=nt of analytical techniques for the deter minations of trace e!e*-nta In seawater by r-eutroo activation and X-ray fluores cence analysis. In a, study of the geochemical problem* of serine trace element ecooesy and distribution* the*# method* were applied to a world-lde sampling of a*awat*r. The samples incited those collected by Dr. Schut* in the Antarctic during the winter of le6J-<>4 or the oceanographic research vessel LTA'1!I. He ha* also studied the distribution of silver In Connect leut strraa* and the Lorvg Island Sound by emission spedrtxgrsphlc *ra!>sls in an Investigation of the effect of industrial proc#*se on the trace slewed concentration of river water. At Rice University Dr. Schut* completed a stat tat leal study of regional variation* In the chemlr*! tiepnltlui of tacaltlc rock*. Wring the smstera of 1VSS end 1U6 he work*"! for Rear Cre-k Mining Company on geochemical prospect log projects In the states of htelne *d Arlione. *' Dr* SrS'it* rrr*fv#<f hfi fh. D, |n C#nlo<y tn l<>64 fr Yal# Cfttvtr*fty* Hi* nrfM Rfrhc-J nUh g*`<r#pMcftl *n*J \rrtlc*l di*t 1 |bvt lo*i of ovf tilMeon tr#r in IU* rp*WJ an X.A. In frt* Mr# Un|yvrMy In l*>>* #1*1 A ft.S* In ijr In fri* Yai# t`nlvcr%Hy* IW ti # w**sir*f of Aljfn* Alp ?J*# Cedncbric#l ocJ*t/ #n4 IUnion* 1 L h,, ' ' ' v.*: v . B '*5it a I a a aa a a p i a a a a a isonpcs. nc. PUBLICATIONS DONALD f. SCHUTZ Dor*Id IV. Schutz, "A Method for the Determination of Several Trace Element* In Se* Water by Neutron Activation", (Abatr.) Paper preaented at Tran*. Am. Ceophyaical Un. 44, 632, June 1963 D. T. Schutx and K. K. Turekian, "Determination of Some Trace Element* In Seawater by Neutron Activation", (Abatr.) Paper preaented *t XIII General Assembly, Inter. Union of Ceodcay *nd Ceophy*. 9, 33, Berkeley, Cal.,. August 1963 Donald T. Schutz, Karl K. Turekian and Err.at Bolter, "Neutron Activation Determination of Several Trace Elmenta In Sea Water by Cae of an Internal flux Monitor Technique", (Abatr.) Paper preaented at Second National Meeting, The Society for Applied Spectroscopy, 34, San Diego, Cal., October 1963 D. T. Schutz and K. K. Turekian, "The Distribution of Seleniin, Antieooy, Silver, Cohalt, and Nickel in Sea Water", (Abatr.) Paper preaented at Trans. Aa. Ceophy*. Un. 4S, 118, Mirch 1964 K. K. Turekian and Donald T. Schutr, "The Trace Element Economy in the Ocrar.a", Piper preaented at the Symposium on Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, October 1964 (to be puhl islwrd) Ernst Bolter, Karl K. Turekian and Donald T. Schutz, "The Distribution of Rubidium, Cetiua and Bariun in the Oceana", Ceochielca at Coemochialca Acta 2a, 1439-1466, 1964., Donald T. Schutz and Karl K. Turekian, "The Invest igat Ion of the Geo graphical and Vertical Distribution of Several Trace Eleeetit* in Sea Water Using Seut ron Act ivat ion Analysis", Ceochielca et Coeaochisica Acta 20, 239-313, 1963 Doctoral Dissertation, Tale University, 1964, "The Geographical and Vertical Distribution of Several Trace El retent a in Sea Water" Donald T. Srhuta and K. X. Turekian, "The Distribution of Coialt, Nickel, and Silver in Ocean Water Profilrs Around Pacific Antarctica", .lour. Ceephya. Research 7# 3319-3328, 1963 1 I I i i B I p I 1 B i B I B B ' . -VC'-.I-V . EKIC H. WILLIS, Hi. D. Senior Research Sc lent! at Dr. VILIla It Nana ft r of the Scientific Service* Department at Isotopes, Inc. He ha responsibility for the Has* Spectroectry, Ca Analyala, Radiochemistry, Kadioassay and Solid Phase Analysis activities of the company. A significant portion of the analytical re wareh and routine tarple analyila work under hia direction it conducted in support of Projects HOCCASIN and PIWCCHIO of the VEtA ONSITE Inspection Program. In addition, Dr. Willi* personally participated in Project Pre-bKlCCIA sampling and analysis in con nection with Operation LOSC SHOT at Aachltka Island, Alaska. Prior to Joining Isotopes, Inc., Dr. Willis was an Assistant Director of Research in the University of Cambridge, England. He established the Dost advanced radiocarbon dating laboratory in the United Klngdoxs with wide applica tions in Quaternary Research, Soil Science and Archaeology. His geological In vestigations also include the study of palaeotenperature* in fotaalnlferal deposits using the relative abundance of the stable oxygen isotope* in a double collector isotope ratio oats spectroneter. The existence of artificial radio carbon in the atmosphere due to therwnucle*r weapon tests led hia to study the activity level* at ground level and the lower stratosphere using high-flying aircraft of the R.A.T. in conjunction with A.V.R.E. Alderneston. being the Rut prolific of gaseous fallo.t products, the distr ibuli.n of radiocarbon in the at^>phere with tine yields cons Iderable Information concerning tropospherestratosphere mixing tiers, the radioactive carbon dioxide was collected on r^lcc-lar sieves In special wlrg-tlp ducts and recovered by vacuum furoaclng. The c-urcexT.t* were initiated shortly after the violation of the nuclear test moratorium in October, lor.i and are still continuing. Dr. Willis Introduced teaching course* In Isotopic Ceochrmlstry at Cambridge University and lectured irr Quaternary Strat igraphy. He wss President of the Coc*vl*sioi on the Absolute Age of Quaternary Deposits which convened a* part of the Internetturval Quaternary Association in Denver, Colorado in 176S. At Cambridge he wn* a umber of the cceealttee directing neteorologtcsi studies of th tnl'-erslty as well ss supervising the control *rvj housing of radioactive substance*. Earlier in his career Dr. Willis wo* employed hy Sucleoolc and Radiological Developnm.t Lahnrator l* in chemical dosiJ-etry under the auspices of l!u* ihiltcd tlngdx*^ Atxwvic Energy Authority. He received Ms Ph D. In Rad lorhe*>| t ry fro* Cambridge University in lTxj *nd * H. Je. In I'M? in Physics at King* College, London. I, I a B 8 B '8 '% B i ;B B I 8 H. Godwin, D. Walker and C. H. Willis, "Radiocarbon Dating and Postglacial Vegetatlonal Hlatoryt Scaleby Hosa", Pro. Roy. Soc. B. 147, 352, 1957 H. Godwin, R. P. Suggate and E. H. Willis, "Radiocarbon Dating of th Eustatlc Rise In Ocean Level*, Nature HI. 1518, 1958 H. Godwin and E. H. Will la, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Late Glacial Period In Britain", Pro. Roy, Soc. B. _1S0, 199, 1959 H. Godwin and C. H. Villla, "Cambridge University Natural Radiocarbon Heaaurencnt l", 1959 H. Godwin and E. H. Willis, "Caafcrldg* University Natural Radiocarbon Hcasurenrnt II*, 1960 H. Codw'n and E. H. VLU.it, "Canbrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Measurement 111", 1961 H. Codwln and E. H. Willie, "Caabrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Measurement IV", 1961 H. Codwln and E. H. Wlllia, "Ceafcrldge University Natural Radiocarbon Measur*m>nt V", 1962 H. Godwin and E. H. Willis, "Casfcridge University Natural Radiocarbon Mcasurenrnt VI", 1963 H. Godwin rd E. H. Willis, "Cambridge University Natural Radiocarbon Measurement VII", 1965 H. Codwln and C. H. Willis, "Radiocarbon Dating of Prehistoric Wooden Trackways", Nature H4, 490, 1959 C. H. Willis, "Atmospheric Radiocarbon Activity In 1959", Jtaturv 1*5, 552, i960 C. M. Willie, M. Tauber srd K. 0. Munntch, "Variation* in the Atmospheric Radio carbon Concent ratlin ovr the Past 1500 Years", Radiocarbon 11., I, I960 E. M. Willis, "Post Claclsl Eustatlc Rise In Sea Level", Inter. Ronf, Mr Voru t h I frlPigeschlchte V, 2*4, i960 E. M. Willis and A. C. MaiMock, "Atnospher lc Activities and Dating Procedures", Advance* Inorganic and Rsdlocheelstry 3, Acadeaic Press, New York 1961 L. H. Willis, "The Validity of Radiocarbon Luting", Tlrws Science Rev. g, 1H1 E, H. Willis, "Marine Transgression Sequences In the English Tenlan-ls", Annals N.Y. Acad, of Sciences 9S, 36*, 1961 ; r- lissfe!w||w ' iuj^j.jjaeivaTOe;"-aasetaa.iuj,jr,isBijauw . ` ........................' "' . . . ..... : - j *v -t- C--'1'^ J4'-"'1 ;ri '""" tijnisomie, me. ......................................... ......... I 1 8 8 I I P 1.1 1 ; .- 8 I 8 8 E. H. WILLIS (Publication* cont'd) A. G. Smith and E. H. Willi*, "The Landnaa phase at Fallahogy, X. Ireland", Ulster J. Arch. (In press), 1962 E. H. Willi*, "Radiocarbon Dating", Science in Archaeology, Than** A Hudaon, London, 1969 E. H. Willie and A. C. Haddock, "Stratoapheric Radiocarbon Concentrations at S4 X. during 1962", J. Ceophyt. Rea. (In preaa), 1963 R. H. S. Perrin, E. H. WiU.lt and C. A. A. Hodge, "The Dating of Huaua Podzol* by Radiocarbon", Nature, April 1964 E. H. VlUla, A. C. Haddock and I*. Alonao, "Radiocarbon fro Nuclear Testa 1962-1964" (In preparation) E. H. Will la and H. Godwin, "Antiquity of Xeluasiun Seed*", Hew Fhytologlat, (In preaa), 196S v*-S:_ ' ' - };/:+#/, -t :?* . ""i"` -.,v*-t*- *" ! 8 *5r*- I A$UHE I ?I 8 '} B 8 B B B 5B B B B B J. MARION WAMPLER, Ph. 0. Consultant Dr. Vaapler U currently an Assistant Professor In the Erth Sciences Department of the Ceorgla Institute of Technology. Tron 1963 to 1963 he bee a Research Associate at Brookhaven Vat Iona 1 Laboratory and In 1963 served as a 5uan-r Research Participant at the Cbk Ridge Rational Laboratory. Mis research endeavors Include isotopic studies of lead in sedimentary and ortaorphlc elnerals, in tcktlte and related rock samples, and in archaeological objects and related lead ores. He has done uraniua-lead age deter*tnations and Mossbauer spectrooetry of iron in clay einersls. Dr. Wacpler is co author of a number of articles dealing with isotopic composition and concentration of lead in some carbonate rocks. Isotopic studies of lead in sedlssrnlary pyrlte, use of lead isotope analysis to determine the provenance of archa.olog leal sasples, and isotopic comparison of lrsd Eras Ivory Coast tektites and Bos^tvl Crater materials. Dr* V^pltr r*<<>fird hi* P*w D# In Iitvlop* I*-i t ry fren Coluabl* Cnivraity In PM; M* P*A. in 0*i!ry frw Prlri^rvjtrr Coil rtf0 in 1957. K* 1# m Brasher of thr African Cophy>ica2 tnlon, Xhe Geoclxa*ica 1 $oci!y the African Aaaoclatlon for thr AdvBnrmnt of Sclnncr and Slfai Xi. hiblIcatlory J* Me WpUr and J. L. Kulp, "lioloplc Cwapoalt Ion and Coocentrat ion of Ud In Carbonate Mock*", !Vtrolctc StixiUat A volume to honor A* T* ftuddlrtf toct. Cool - Soc. Africa, 105-114, Vovte&er 1962 el* M. W*nplrr f>d ! Le Kulpf "An Itotoplc Study of Ud In SedfaentJiry Fyrlt*, C*Ochi. ot Coww<Ma. Acta, C*, 9, 141%I4$B, Splbff 1964 *le M. Wanplar and Robert H. drill, *%*r of t*-ad 1 act op# A^alyaia to 0trralfv# tho Provenance of Archaeological JU**jleaM, (In Preparation) sis M. D. Ms Ivory C c*a a t Trktitea and arv) A.E. "Jaotopic laon of Lead freo frator >tatrfi4l*w, (lr> fref^arat loo) pqMwieiiwwBe* pwwiwBw y y ^ w i B i l 3,_ W*** I I Isotopes, Inc. hu^.tL*^L - -. -:-.L~.;.i. VI-1 VI. FACILITIES AT ISOTOPES, D>C. FOR PHYSICAL 8 AMD RADIOMETRIC ASALYSIS 8 A. Mtti Spectrometry a The cuts spectrometric capability comprises three modern hi(h precision Instruments which cover a vide range of sppllcstions. 8 A Reynolds Css Analysis inetrusent with s 4.S" radius tube and 60* sector focussing Is equipped with ultra high vacuus techniques such that the 8 ultimate detection sensitivity is S x 10 * cc of argon. 8 A Shields type solid source sees spectrometer manufactured by Consolidated Electrodynamics has a 12" radius tube with 60* sector focussing. This is the principal ins?neurit for lead abundance and Isotopic ratio deter minations. The over-all sensitivity of this machine for lead assay is 8 SiaaaarUed be lev I ' 8' Sena it jvlty Measurement Precision As total lead ppm solid ppe* liquid < 8 Lead isotope High aarples soft tisaua * ratloa 20*720?, 20 m< 8 206/20* to 0.2% definite 0.2 ppm 206/204 to 0.4X S ug probably 1 0.05 pfm with a 1 Ittle 8 development *^ * L'** 206/207, 8 206/201 to O.SX 206/21>4 to U 0.1 Mg 0.1 0.001 p{* Lead abundance U1 . ly iftvtry* dJlut Ion ^fj>nu. 11 of value) 0.002 wg Aaauelng no 0.4* blank liW 2oX ot O.OOOJ Mg 0.1* vilwt) Aaaumlhg no 8 blank t'ould be lowered if very lev reagent blank Is achieved 0.004 ppm 0.001 ppm WPI.'JPU'I VU'}V i ^ ' TV*-' . V5*-< - ' ',ZT >4&" ' ^ ilWIM ir- >/",fer-; ' . -JzT .f-'i'. rfttn ifnrruirr rfatomfiti r^r-mr tiirr.VkirifrnfiaiW-ji} Isotopes, Inc. '.-.[C-V- i'5^r?' VI-2 I a a a a a p B a a a a a The third instrument which complete* the wide coverage of Isotope*, Inc. capability 1* Nuclide Corporation RMS-15 spectrometer with 6" radlu* end 60*aector focussing with double bean collection. Isotopic difference* of on* pert In ten thousand cen be eessured routinely. B< Solid Particle Analysis A filtered air clean room facility Is equipped with two modern electron microscopes, a Hitachi HU-11B with resolution of S X and a Philip* EM 75 FXM with ' a 30 A resolution. In addition an optical laboratory 1* equipped with a Emit* Ortholux Pol microscope and an Aaerican Optical Phase Contrast microscope. C. Emission Spectrograph Elemental analysis Is performed on a dsrrell-Ath 3.5 meter Ebert-sount, research grating spectrograph. 0. JUdloessey Isotopes, Inc. offers a ccmprehensiv* rang* of Instrumental Ion for the measurement of high, medium low end ultra low levels of radiosetlvity, details of which are given below. Beta counter* (40) low level - beckground 0.2 - 0.4 cpm range - up to 500 epe (12) fedlen level background 1.5 2.5 cpm range - up to 1000 cpm (5) High level - background 5 - A cpm range - 100 - 2000 cpm (2) Ant i*Mt Ic A#*p|e . background 5 rfm range - up to 2000 cpm 2 Alpha.Bet* Counters - background 1 cpm alpha, 40 cpm beta i>i ijee. e.. Mu mhfifj.v.exj. jwwyp> *rr**'*-'r -- ?***rv '.ii iyiy m * y,ViM;ifBfW ry*iui i pyip 1 i i J I B 8 1 I a B B a 'j i' * (2) 3 x 3 Nal (Tl) Cry*til*, SO Kav - 4 Mav (MM eoarglea, raaolut-ion 7.SX "Well" Nil (Tl) Crystal, SO Bav - 4.0 Mav, taaolution 11.5* (2) X-ray Spactroaatcra, S Kcv - 25 Kv, background - 1 cpa Bcta-C*ana Coincldtnca Spactroeatar t energy - 10 Bav to 4.0 Mav P energy - 0.3 Mav to 3.0 Mav Background* - 0.1 - 0.2 cpm Liquid tcintillation apectrooeter (Autcaatlc) - Packard Trl-Carb () Solid Stat* Alpha Spectrometer* Background* Beaolutton* Hang* .005 - .01 20-60 K*v *r.tir# alpha energy rang* ' Total gaa&a counter Background - 133 cpa All (tm energies (2) X-ray proportional counter* Background - 1 cpa iUnga - up to 1000 cpa (3) Alpha Scintillation Countr* Background - 1* than 0.4 Cpa Bang* - up to 6.0 Mav alpha part lcl* 4 Ah*olut* Calibration Countar Background - ?S cp (7) Ce(li) - largo volinia gama* datactor* Beaolution 4 I Bov l*rgy raig* - 30 Bov . I Mav C. lad-fr# laboratory Facility A n*w laboratory facility wilt ba davotad to tbo project and will fumtahad with lead-free aurfacs* and flit I 'd#. Taflon container* will b* - - ' - [*; ;t V qpRSPBPW^'.^o .. . . - -- -... HMWBWI m `^sfe* ` *' j^S ; <*<.; ; ' , t rtt* r:. ,,',-r&n5& p ^-5^s.t ? :*l\ v, *T4 * ~ ** *- % v v #.*1 J! * < fcv ^ ' / Ja . ^VT ' '-'"*72^^'' * ^ ", **- ;' * * ~i\ >---Sft#frV-*-ir*9rjul`i!' a^'-iih>iirtiB<^^V writi .d ^r-- i^' i LIA11823 lootope a, Inc. - uaed where poaelble to ovoid contamination of reagente. Critical work will b conducted In bench top hood* provided with duet-free elr auppllee. Sr { iVc: < jr .i a ? a> ai : ak F ggor iZ .:_ F- 5= ffr. $ aLr- :8 B a a i ,4 a* MP4WP