Document jmEDzYaZ72Ez259MY5JNgpLqk

feature Intensified research is needed to minimize their dangers Car! Cu Gustafson, Federal Water Quality Administration, Athens, Go. B during the past three years, a special class of compounds, called polychlorinated biphenyls (pen's), has claimed the attention of ecologists and pesticide analysis in this country. These compounds were not discovered in the environment until 1966 in Swe den and 1967 in the U.S., despite the fact that they have been available com mercially for 40 years. Interest in pcb's has arisen because they arc frequently found in fish, bird, water, sediment, and other environmental samples when such samples arc examined for chlori nated pesticide residue-.. That a wide variety of samples containing pttn's has been collected from England, Scandi navia, The Netherlands, Antarctica, Central America, and many -different `parts of the U.S. makes them truly ubiquitous pollutants. Polychlorobiphcnyls arc made by substituting chlorine atoms for one or more of the hydrogen atoms at the 7hr Monsanto Co, stated recently in a letter to Congressman William F. Ryan of Neef York that as of August 30, it would no longer sell pen's to customers for use in g; tieral plasticizer operations where dispus,! of tin endproducts cant;.'1 V coni \ tiled. Ifter some lag period--the tune it takes to eventually dispose of the 'n/Jurts mtttle from pcb's and cu- realty in processor's inventories-- it r quantity of ten's getting into the env-ron-nent may he suhstun/ltiily reduced. It Monsanto's former customers / -ok for PCB substitutes, rather -hart pun nosing Pen's from ,i:.iiiuftictiu.n in ia -an and F.ttrvfte, the projet ted Jerri use could heeuttu a reality (tart Ci. Gustafson numbered positions of the biphenyl structure. Aroclor. pen's are also manufactured in Europe and Japan, under trade names such as Phenocblor and Qophen. The various Arodors are dif ferentiated by a four-digit number, with the last two digits indicating the . percentage of chlorine in the mixture. Properties In the process of replacing hydrogen moms, with chlorine atoms, a large number of substitution^. combinations arise. For example, three monochlorobiphenyl isomers are possible, 12 dichlorobiphenyl isomers,; 21 'trichlorobiphenyl isomers, and so on. Theoreti cally, 210 compounds can be prepared by this substitution process; a typical example would be 2,4,6,2'4'-pcntachlorobiphenyl. Whenever aromatic hydrocarbons such as biphenyls are chlorinated, the product is a mixture of compounds, in cluding isomers. It is quite difficult to synthesize single, specific chloro biphenyl compounds in the laboratory unless involved procedures are em ployed. Consequently few of the indi vidual compounds have -been prepared in the pure form for study. Id the commercial process for pcb manufacture, biphenyl is chlorinated with anhydrous chlorine.' in taJ! cy lindrical lowcts with either iron lilings or ferric chiun-e as (he eai.dYst The by-product it hydrogen chloride, the product it a mixture of several prtt's. The degree of chlorination deter mined by measuring the spccilic gravity of the mixture ot, when the product it more viscous, the bail-and-nui> soft ening-point test it used. The w`.-Me process takes from 12 to 36 hour,. In the U.S., the sole mtinufaciurer of Prn's is the Monsanto Ci>,, which markets them under the trade name The three most important physicai properties of the pcb's are low vapor pressures (they have high boiling .oints), Uw water solubility, and high , iliciectric constant!- They are mis* ciblc with most organic solvents and . = compatible with many types of .'poly mers. Although some individual :^4>'r . chlorobiphenyl compounds arc' crys-.- ; t'allinc, the Arodor mixtures arc either- , liquids or resins,. The chemical properties that make pcb's desirable iudu.urial materials are their excellent thermal stability, their strong resistance to both ucidic and basic hydrolysis, and their general in ertness. They arc quite resistant to oxidation. Monsanto reports, hs a tech nical bulletin on pen's, that they can be heated to 140 C. under 260 p.s.i. of oxygen pressure "without showing any evidence of oxidation as judged by de velopment of ai-.euy or fo: ration of sludge." . The pliysiolo.as ui properta- of the pcd's make their, potentially sis-.ificunt contaminants t-i .-nviror.i...!!. For any pollutant, i\v- f.aors are involved; acute toxicity, which it r.i,. ..otoly evident beeauai of n high de.ith or other maiming eii-oi. ,.nd ch-i. uv- icily, which is ihc -esolt of o 1 .u- cumulation uf ih.- >o.>on in the x>J> and is a- suWeth.- eifect. V/hcw' acute toxicuv is ,,. a. pollutant w.I1 be readily rccogni. od .ind -i-prc**'"---* remedial actions wi.I Iv introduced. If. on the other hand, acute toxicity is low, TOWOLDMONOQ46363 M O N -M T -003186 ;hi- phyNii'iCftijnl effects will go tm- .nV.-'-'-t until chronic effects make '-..-/.'.Ives cviJc-.il. When this happen, ... ^ problem may have advanced bo- i yond immediate or easy correction. Acute toxicity All suidies of Pen's in animals indi cate that acme toxicity iv not a signifi cant factor. Their acute toxicities are on the order of ihose or other chlori nated aromatic compounds. Monsanto has sponsored two investigations of the acme toxicitics of Aroclor mix tures. In the first, at the Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cin cinnati, Dr. J. F, Treon and his co workers investigated the toxicity of Aroclor vapors for guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, and rats. All animals survived a 24-day exposure to 0.S3 p.p.m, of Aroclor 1242 for 7 hours per day on 17 of those days. Even after more pro longed tests, there were no severe ef fects from Aroclor 1242. In the second investigation, still in process, three groups of beagles are fed Aroclor 1242, 1254. and 1260, respectively, at a rate of 100 p.p.m. in their diets. After three -..i,ili:. no significant abnormalities ------(;-->-e been noted. -------------- ------------- -- Similar studies on fish have been perj-V'.'v-'-ifonned in several laboratories. Dr. - Richard Schoettger of the Sport Fish eries and Wildlife Fish-Pesticide Re search Laboratory in Columbia, Mo., reports that 96 hour-n.M toxicitics of die Aroclors to trout range from 1.17 lo 60 p.p.m. Compared to dot, whose 96 bour-TL'su toxicity is 0.002 lo 0.009 p.p.m. for trout, the pcb's have a rela tively low acute toxicity. With the more sensitive biucgill, the 96 hour-TLan for Aroclor 1248 is 0.278 p.p.m., while that ofntvr is 0.008 p.p.m. Aroclor toxicities appear to be inversely propor tional to the chlorine content of the mixture. Shellfish, oyslcrs, and shrimp arc more sensitive to pen's. Dr. Tom Duke, at the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Pesticide Field Station, re ports 100'' moruiiiy of juvenile pink shrimp exposed to 0.10 p.prei. of Aro clor 1254 iu water for 48 hours. This conccntr-iium of Arnelor 1254 will iuse a I (111'.'.. dycrc.i.sc in shell growth ' < uysieis after ')h hours. To achieve the saiui. eil'ecix with mrr in these ex periments, only 0.0006 p.p.m. ami 0.01 P.p.m., respectively, were required. There is very little evidence that " reus are loxic to insects. Studies ui dale Unity Hut they nto less nixie than ilicJdrin or dpt, As with fish, their tox icity appears to be inversely propor tional lo the chlorine content of the mixture. Based on the above data, it is un derstandable why the polyehlorobi- phcnyls, commercially available for 40 years, have only recently attracted retention as toxic environmental con taminants.. - Chronic toxicity The chronic toxicitics of rat's pre sent a more disturbing situation; several chronic effects have been observed. It was discovered, quite by accident, that pen's have a toxic effect on chickens. Professor R L McCune and his co workers, at the University of Missouri found their chickens dying after they were placed in a feeding house, parts of which had been freshly painted with an epoxy paint. Careful investigation revealed that the toxic factor was Aro clor 1242, a binder in the paint. When Aroclor 1242 was fed to the chicks it produced the same characteristic effects as chick edema factor. McCunc re ported: "Gross pathology included hy dropericardium. hydroperilonium, en. larged heart, liver, and kidneys, and hemorrhage of internal organs. Mi r~ croscopically the kidneys showed marked tubular dilation and numerous casts." Another chronic effect of pen's is related in wildfowl. The accumulation of high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds resulted in dis ruption of normal breeding behavior and in the formation of thin-shcllcd eggs. A dramatic example of this effect has been observed in the case of the brown pelican. On the Anacapa Islands off the California coast, no young were hatched last year from 300 pairs of nesting birds. The shells of most eggs laid .were so thin that a dent occurred when the-egg was picked up. There are two possible causes for the laying of thin-shcllcd eggs by wild fowl. One is a low calcium reserve in the bird; the other is the inability of the bird to deliver the needed calcium to its oviduct, where the eggshell is forming. The calcium level in the avian biosystem and the calcium reserve in the secondary bone structure or medul lary bone, found only in female birds when they are breeding, are controlled by the hormone estrogen. A high es trogen level is associated with the for mation of this caiciam reserve. _Ch!orinated hydrocarbons, such as dot. : MON-MT-003187 I i l i \ } \ II l )t I ) i TOWOLDMONOQ46364 uiKtwi.nu'. i-u'Wuu. .uul iH'U'fc. activate enzymes ill the Uver winch transform llV' ' IlHiW WaUT-sohlMe compound lh.il i< readily eliminated Lorn the bird's KhU . This means that when estrogen level- arc low, calcium reserves will also h- low, and there fore very Jiule ealemm will he avail able tor rony og.tshdl proiluetion. Diel.irin and t*cn\ arc more effective than hot in this type of civcymc-imiuc- tion activity. Aroelor 1262 has an es tradiol degrading potential four to five times that of de or technical grade nor. The ability of the female bird to deliver calcium -to her oviduct during the last 20 hours, when the eggshell is being formed, is related to the func tioning of the enzyme carbonic aii- hydrasc. When birds that have ex hibited the ability to lay normal eggs are injected with n metabolite of dot (DDE) just prior to the formation of the eggshell, they will lay thin-shelied eggs. This indicates that dot also in hibits the activity of carbonic anhy- draso. the enzyme that controls the flow of calcium from the blood stream of the bird into its oviduct. Since dicldiin seems to have no effect on carbonic /iishydrasc. we may assume that neither do the {* ever, these compounds delay breeding time significantly. Many ornithologists feel that late breeding has a stronger influence on the reduction of bird populations than docs the laying of ihin-sheilcd- eggs. If this is true, rat's arc a more potent threat than dot to our declining bird populations, es pecially for predatory birds that ac cumulate fairly high levels of een's be cause they eat smaller animals that al ready have concentrated pcb's in (heir own tissues. Other investigators have pruduted evidence to show that pen's arc simi lar to dot in their activity. Dr. Joseph Street at Utah Slate University has shown that when pen's accumulate in the liver, they induce microsomal en zyme activity by bringing about more rapid metabolism of drugs, insecticides, and other foreign compounds. He fed rats a diet containing p.p.m. of Aroelor 1254 or Aroelur 1260. After 10 day. on this diet, the test animals were administered hexobarbitol at a dose of j()0 p.p.m. lo induce sleep. In comparison with a control group, the sleeping time for these rats was reduced by 65 to 809;., Street also found that Aroelor, when fed at ttic *6 JsntiriawnmUU Scirncr & TrtlmoUer . same level, will reduce dieldrin stor point of bringing about malfunctions age in adipose tissue by 90 to 95 %; in-, in the system. For example. Street be crease aniline oxidation by 200 to lieves that the rat's bring about steroid 300%; and increase epn detoxication degradation, which can lead to altered by 430 to 470%. In addition, the pen's endocrine relationships. cause activation of organothiophos- The chronic toxicity to man is as phatc compounds, which adversely af follows; fect the system. This latter effect coun terbalances the detoxification of did- drin. Normally, when-a substrate activates an enzyme, it is converted to a watersoluble form that will he eliminated from the system; however, this is not the case with pen's. Because they re main in the system for prolonged pe riods of time, their enzyme induction activity is always present. In this way the normal concentration of important body chemicals may be lowered to the Like the chlorinated naphthalenes, the chlorinated diphenyls have two distinct actions on the body, namely, a skin effect and a toxic action on the liver. The. lesion produced'in the liver is an acute yellow atrophy. This hepaio-ioxic actiop of' the chlorinated di phenyls, appears to be increased if there\i.s exposure to carbon tetrachloride at the same lime. The higher the chlorine content of the diphenyl compound, the more toxic it is liable to he. Oxides of chlorinated diphenyls are more MON-MT-003188 TOWOLDMONOQ46365 iow iH.m ihe unoxidized innli nil> Ini- 'Kin liMon is known as c)i.Oi..e>tc. .iml coiimiIn of small p.r.ipU's .mil it.uk pigmentation of the exposed arc.in. imi i.illy. 1-ulor, comedones .mil pustules develop. In persons who have stirtered ss>icmic intoxication. the usual signs anil symptom* are nausea, vomiting, loss of weight, jaundice, edema, anil abdominal pain. Where iho liver d,1111.130 has been severe, the patient may pass into coma and die. .Tu.r, ,V. h "Danfjerotu Prop erties of Industrial Materials," 3rd eJ: Von Sostniiid-Rcinhold, New York. 196R, The ubupnn of rca's is related to ihe wide spectrum of applications that have been found for them. The largest single use of uca's is related to their electrical properties--as coolant-insu lation fluids in transformers. For this purpose the Aroclors arc also sold under such trade names as Chlorcxtol (AUis-Chalmcrs Mfp. Co.), Dykanol (Federal Pacific Electric Co.), Iner- teen (Wesiinghouse Electric Co.), No- flamol (Wagner Electric Co.), Pyranol (General Electric Co.), and Thcrmi- nol (Monsanto Co.). Other uses of irn`i reirpit11-1- iion into hallasis (or fluorescent fix tures; impregnation of cotton and as bestos for braided insulation of elec trical wiring; a plasticizer in wire and cable coatings; capacitors and nskarcl- type transformers; and plasticizers of vinyl ch'oride polymer films. Because of their thermal stability ami fire re sistance, ihe pen's also find application in high-pressure hydraulic fluids, spe cialized lubricants and gasket scalers, beat transfer agents, and machine tool cutting oils. Miscellaneous uses in clude: formulation into some epoxy paints; protective coatings for wood, metal, and concrete; adhesives; and in carbonless reproducing paper. One of the primary manufacturers of carbon less reproducing paper also sells Aro- clors, in an encapsulated form. Generally ihe kinds of applications described above mean that the rot's will be in many types of products Ihat eventually find their way to the domes tic market. When used in manufacture of ballasts lor fluorescent fixtures they If be found iit kitchens, bathmoms, Uu.-es. and offices throughout the coun try. Wherever office forms are used that do not use carbon paper, one may find pen's formulated into the micro capsules of dye that comprise the re 1 Gas chromatogram A is of a standard pesticide mixture, B is typical of Aroelor 1254. and A + B is the chromatogram of a 50; 50 mixture of both. The concentration of Aroelor 1254 is approximately 10 times those of the pesticides in A, hence It is un derstandable why PCB's were not readily recognized in pesticide chromatograms. Gas chromatograph (Packard.7620) conditions: gas flow 80 ml./min. nitrogen; tem- ' peratures--oven, 210* C,, inlet, 230' C., detector, 218' C.; Ni" electron capture detector; 5' x Vi" glass column packed with 8% SE-30 on Chromosorb Q 80-90 mesh. . MON-MT-003189 producing layer of the business form, ra's have also been found on ihe transparent receipts used in credit card charge forms. As plasticizers they can be expected to appear in many con sumer plastics. Since the chronic toxicides arc so significant, it becomes important to know just how extensively the pea's are distributed in the ecosystem, and just how they find their way into the environment. Rainwater in En gland, brown seals oil the coast of Scotland, while-tailed eagles in Swe den, cod in the Bailie Sea, mussels in The Netherlands, adeiie penguin eggs in the Aniarcfibit. brown pelican eggs in Panama, Arctic terns, shrimp in Florida, river water in Japan, waters in the Great-Lakes, human hair, and human adipose tissue--samples' of all these have been found to contain rca's. 9 faai_ Volume 4. Numlwr .u, October 1V70 17 t .I t 1 i TOWOLDMONOQ46366 uni\ m.iMiip iik-iii a ciass 01 wiucty dispersed pollutants. Readily absorbed The properties of pen's llui make them industrially useCut are the same properties lh.it cause (hem to persist in the environment. These in clude thermal stability, resistance to oxidation and hyd roll sis, solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, water insolubility, high dielectric constant, .and compatibility with many types of nucromalccules. Thv.r resistance to oxidation and hydrolysis also makes pea's more stable ami persistent than dpt. Consequently, they could even tually accumulate to a higher concen tration than dot, especially if the use of dot is sharply curtailed in the U.S. The solubility of pen's in nonpolar solvents explains why they arc readily absorbed into fatty tissue and into the liver. Their resistance lo oxidation or other types of chemical degradation explains their persistence in the en vironment and accumulation in animal tissue. The latter effect is enhanced both by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents. Their chemical inertness and resistance to metabolism account for their low acute toxicity, Bui as they slowly build up in a living -yoTM th*ir centration approaches toxicity levels, at which point chronic effects make themselves evident. It has been established that fish-eat ing birds will accumulate large conccntutions of pen's, as in (he case of the white-tailed eagle, which has been found to have as much as 14,000 p.p.m. of pen's. Peregrine falcons, taken off the coast of California, were found to have as much' as 2000 p.p.m. in their lipid tissue. When shrimp were exposed to 10 p.p.b. of Aroclor 1254 for 48 hours, they accumulated 3300 p.p.b. of rot's, which represents' a 130-fold con centration in a very short time. Oysters, exposed to an identical concentration of Aroclor 1254 for i>6 hours and then placed in pen-free water for four days, still had a concentration of 33,000 p.p.b. of pen's, which constitute* a 3300-fold concentration. This means that even though the concentrations of res'* arc in the parts-pcr-billion range in the environment, their high lipid solubility causes them to collect in fatly tissues of lower animals and marine life. Therefore, species at the top of a food chain will also .leeumulatc I'ai'u in Ihcir biulie.s, p.'iii.ciilarly in their lipid iiwiiiu ami liver, m much the same way * they aewunolute out and other' chlorinated pesticides. Because of the low solubility of pen's in water, when a solution or dispersion of them is discharged into a river or lake, they will accumulate on the sedi ment in relatively high concentrations. Subsequently, they will rcdissolve very slowly in the water as conditions change. Therefore, it will usually take a long time to Hush out a contaminated area. Accidental occurrence The reason that pen's have not been found in the ecosystem as extensively as dot, and are not present in environ mental samples at as high a concen tration as ddt, is that pen's find their way into the environment accidentally. dot it deliberately spread because this ii the only way its insecticidal proper ties can be utilized, pen's arc not in tended lo get into the environment, but they do because their unique chemical properties prevent them from being de stroyed by our usual waste disposal methods. Thu*, they inadvertently es cape and become widely dispersed. In Sweden, wltero lite use of opt luw Iteen luumed, and where the main power source is hydroelectric, invoxii- gnion flnd~riiai ibe conccmrattc pea's in the environment is as hi| that of ddt. There are several ways by v Pea's get into the ecosystem. Or these is by incineration. Products taining pea's, such as carbonic* producing paper in business It plastics (especially polymer film sheeting that contain pcb's as p cizcrs), spent ballasts from fluore light fixtures, and objects coated pcs-formuiated coatings, all find way to the city dump or ineinc for burning. The rca's do not bun arc vaporized. They arc then ca into the atmosphere, where they cc on paniculate matter and are si qucntly returned to the surface o: earth, into the rivers, lakes, and oci In this way they become widely tributed throughout the global envi ment. Another source is proltab'v - run-off from industrial wastes dump*. A.third source is the pom manufacture and the plants w ttb's arc processed into other proJi They can escape through the plan: rdation and exhaust systems into atmosphere and through its w a>te ti ment system into seven, or diuvily waterway*. . Ill liarirunmcMui Seiruvr A `JVrliuiiiSity " ' _____________________ Aftp- l V MON-MT-003190 5 TOWOLDMON0046367 ' , ", i i\`mlL`rosl;iig to noIc thiil the inci'*'!'iwt of ivn's in environmental sam ' ni.-s is hiphot in m.iujlii:i!i/j.`il nml ttr- ocas Htlds whose prima.y hjliital is the San Fi.ii.ebco Hay ;>rea f a larger coiVL'itt.ntion of pen's f jwr unit of body weigtu limn those locited in Baja, Calif., which is com pletely rural. Aquatic life in the Archi pelago of Stockholm, the most indus trialized area of Sweden, were found to have a higher concentration of pen's than fish samples taken from the west-. cm coast of Sweden, a less develop'd area. Sediment samples taken from touthern portions of l_akc Michigan have a higher concentration of pen's than those from other pans of the lake. Monsanto states that until a ream change in marketing policy (see inset, page 814), sales of Aroclors were in creasing at the rate of 8% per year. While this increase does not seem sig nificant, it may be important if the in creased consumption was in consumer products and thus would find their way into our normal solid waste disposal systems. Such an occurrence would mean a definite increase of pcs residues in the environment, and therefore a marked increase in their chronic tox-ity effects. - _ ctcetlon i- :, pen's were not discovered i.i envirunmental samples until very recently for Severn! reasons. First, ux indicated above, they have not been deliberately distributed about (he ecosystem. Socondly, because of their relatively low ' acute tonicities, (heir presence was not immediately evident. Finally, (hey are difficult to detect analytically. The pen's were-first detected ns in terfering peaks in the gas chromato graphic analysis (gc) of environmental samples being analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues. When pen's arc pres ent in a sample they give a pattern of several cc peaks, whose retention limes are similar to those of dioklrin, dot, doe, aldrin, and hcptachlor oxide. Be cause the peaks were not large or sharp, investigators tended to ignore them until S. Jensen, in Sweden, and R. Risebrough, at the University of California at Berkeley, identified them as corresponding to common conslituents of en''ironmental samples being \ atdyzcd for persistent pesticides. The problem of the interferences of Pea's with the analysis of other chlori nated pesticides has been largely over come by prior treatment of the sam ' pie. Several investigators have used column el.roni.nogrnphy to separate pen's from chlorinated pesticides. At a recent nneting, sponsored by the i-woa's Isi.hoiKil Water Quality 1-nbor.uory, D.iluth, Minn., a general pro cedure was recommended for separa tion of pen's from pesticides. In this procedure for biosamples, the sample is extracted with hexane as in regular pesticide analysis. It is then partitioned with acetonitrile to remove fats, the cicaned-up extract is passed through a' Fluorisit column and then through a silicic acid column. Finally, the sample is analyzed by gas chromatography, with a chloride-specific detector. In this way the pesticides arc retained on the silicic add column for later elution and identification. Research needs To assess fully the significance of Pen's as environmental pollutants, ad ditional research is seeded. No one really knows the extent of the chronic effects of these chlorinated hydrocar bons. Some problems that need to be considered are: Although pen's arc known to ac cumulate in human organs we do not know at what concentration they will -begin n> exhibit toxic uHucm. Will these chronic effects be similar to (hose shown in animals--microsomal en zyme activity, calcium metabolism in hibition, and so on7 What ore other possible chronic effects? Which of the many pm com pounds in the commercially available mixtures arc responsible for their tox icity? Can commercial pen.mixtures be modified to eliminate the toxic com ponents? Pure samples are required to answer these questions. At the present time work is continuing at the fwqa's Southeast Water Laboratory to sep arate gpch of the Arodor mixtures into its many components, and to identify each component. We need to know ail the uses fur ' the pen's. What is the annual produc tion of pen's? Our knowledge of these facts is limited and needs to be ex panded. These facts should be known if we arc to accurately determine how (hey get into the environment, and take steps to prevent further environmental contamination by them. In view of the complexity of the isolation and accurate quantitative analysis of pen's in chlorinated resi dues, a straightforward, unambiguous measurement of them needs to be de veloped. What is the fate of Pen's in nat ural waters? More needs to be known of their partition coefficients between bottom sediments and water. This is vital if we arc to estimate bow long it will lake for a river bed to dean itself of contamination. It will also be useful when assessing the effects of Pea's on murine life that feed on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and estuaries. We should also learn more about pen solubility-in water of various ionic strengths. Arc present waste treatment systerns adequate to handle PCB's7 Da spedal measures need to be taken when pen's are pan of the waste effluent be ing treated? By trying to get some of these an swers now, we may find that we arc in a position to control the escape of pen's into the environment before ad ditional damage is done. So frequently, action is taken only after it is evident that massive damage has resulted from a particular pollutant. In the case of the pcb's we may have an opportunity to resolve the situation before that happens. Additional Reading Hubbard. H. L. "Chlorinated Biphenyl and Related Compounds," Encyclo pedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd --ML, S_ lntnrsgicnr.t. PubL. New York. N.Y.. 1964, pp. 2S9-298. Reynolds. L M., Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxieoi. 4,12S (1909). RisebrouGh, R. N., et. al- Nature 220 (1968). f'\ r"V K 1i is -------------------------- i Carl G. Gustafson, chairman of the Department of Chemistry of King's College, BriarcUff Manor, S.Y., re ceived a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Delaware in 1957. During the 1969-70 academic year, he was on leave at the pwqa Southeast Water Laboratory in Athens, Ga., where studied trace organic analysis in waste, effluents. As a mem ber of the National Water Contami nants Clutructerizution Research Pro gram, he worked with vet's and pulp and paper mill effluents. MON-MT-003191 9A?yp Volume 4, Number ID, October 1970 119 Id 1 1 f f i I } I !* \ j 4i TOWOLDMONOQ46368