Document jm1nMEVwy7dpLv6LgBjrnQZvN

titviRCNMrnrAL lrvcls or pc*' Deris J. Kuopp Vincent J. DcCarlo D.S. Environneotal Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 ` AISTRACT Since . the 1966 discovery In Sweden that chlorinated biphenyl# win widely dispersed In the uvlronmtnt (heir environmental levels have Seen the subject ' of nsny studies with the results Indies!Inc that PCI's can hnve adverse ecological snd tealcologlcol effects. However, e veil planned national approach to environmental tscpllng has not hern attempted thus hindering making s fictional aeaeasuent of the PCI problem. This paper reviews the levels that are currently being found In. the environment. The dato from the national surveys chow that a treat deal of effort has been expended and continues to be expended but that the data are very Halted. On examination, all States are believed to shew tone level of PCI contamination. In Table 2 States which had significant level* In at least one nrdluia are listed with their reported PCI levels lor surface sod ground water, bottom sediments and fish. In Table 1, a number of localised studios ere listed along with th reported environmental data. In all these studies the most extensive measurement* have been In fish. - inintmucTioN Since the 1966 discovery in Sweden that chlorinated biphenyls were widely dleprrssd in the envltemeni, their levels have been the subject ef many atudfen both abroad and in the United States. Extensive laboratory and environmental measurement indicate that PCI's can have adverse ecological and toxicological effects, are very resistant to avlromirntnl degradation and ace being discharged by many different sources. . This paper will foeva on the current PCI data base in an effort to asaeee the PCI levels in the environment on a national basis. ' EKVIKPKmm PCI SOURCES Before the TCI data bast la examined, It would bo nf Interest to review how these chemicals gat Into the envlronscnt. The major sources contributing to - tha environmental levcla of PCB'e are Industrial affluents, manufacturing processes, consumer and industrial waste materials, savage treatment facilities end accidental spills. lacking extensive air and sell date from these sources, available water data are ahown in Tabic 1. The. 5 major PC* spills In- 1973-75 all involved transformers. Xn 4 of those incidents, tha PCE'e ware spilled on sell while In the fifth the transformer was dropped on a pier end the contents worn spilled Into the water. In the latter incident, 213 gallons ware spilled and ' it was estimated that only 70-90 gallons ware recovered. In all case# tha material that could bs recovered wee drunted up and entoebed ac a coat approaching 12.3 million. . REVIEW or TIT- PCD DATA BASE TO aeeece the scope and oatent ef PCI's In tha environment, all national surveys and national data bases maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EFA) were examined, including (TOUT, the national water quality storage and retrieval system, the national Sails Monitoring Program for Voatlcide Asa 1 dues and the Human Monitoring 'Program. In addition, data from special data bases maintained by the United States ecological Survey and the open literature were aloe examined along - with available unpublished reports. Using these data* maps warn constructed showing tha aaacontratione of PCI's in urban eolls and tha agnatic environment. TAILS 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES OF PCI'a SOURCE EFFLUENT MATER COUEfBTRATlONS (Pt.b) PAPER MILLS . Klicoutlir WASTE PAPER MILLS Wisconsin INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ~ 0.1 - 18.5 11.5 Wisconsin Ohio2 , Michigan . MlttlClPAL HASTE .WATER TREATMENT PLAITS . Nichiru*nJ. Wisconsin Ohio* . California7 CAPACITOR A23D TRANSFORMER FACILITIES , Moseechuse t to 0.04 - 0.1 - 76 0.25 17 7000 0.5 .03 - 10 O.ld - 17.0 17 74 2800 42.5 PCI MANUFACTURING FACILITY Eaat St. Louis5 ' .87 SPILLS Variable 1. Kleianrt, S. J., Environmental Status ef PCI in Wisconsin, May 8, 1975, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2. PCI'e sad the Environmental, Report of the Interdepartmental Task Force on PCI's, National Technical Information Service, 1972. 3. Statement of Concerns of the Luke Michigan Toxic Substances Committee (tainted to Poly chlorinated Biphenyls, June 1975. Prepared by Karl P. Kroner, USETA, Chicago, 111. 4. Unpublished Data - Royal J. Nadeau snd Robert P. Davis, Investigation of Polychlorinated Diphenyls In the Hudson River, Hudson FallsPt. Edward Area, August 1974. 5. Field Sampling and Analysis of Toxic Pollutant1* Interim Report, Battalia, raclfic Northwest Laboratories, August 1974, ` HONS 048793 t KATffi ' On . th* 'basis of the national aquatic onvfrondmoul dot* eollccced in 1971-1972 rmd in )pyg, continuing widespread aeettnularlen of PCR't In viler, sediment and (1th appears to he occurring. Hamviri no trend analysis la possible with the available naaaurenents. For example, whole water nsaaurswvnta have been taken througliout cost of the enumtry but- tltoe* states reporting non tore pending* are few in relation to the nueber of states Shoving cere concentrations. This Is due both to the low solubility of PCS' * end to the usual analytical procedure that limits detectability to the 0.1 ppb loval. Mote meaningful water concentrolions were obtained in the Lake Ontario1 and Orange County, California2 studies vhers concentrations In water at fhl ppt (ng/1) lawol were cieasured. At these levels, changes In PCI concentrations could be fowl with distance end tine and could bo related to other Btecourahi* parameter* ouch as PCI concentrations in eadleant, flora and fauna. MPWintTS . Since PCI's arc relatively Inaoluble, it is vet surprising that bottoa deposits hove shown li|el!itm concentration*. Although 30 staeee eoUvcttd saaplss in the 1974 study, 13 had less than 4 Vtatlons reporting end showed core readings. Of the remaining IS, with at Isaac 4 reporting Stations, ]) showed detectable concentrations, lived the 13 states Involved were not necessarily the la both studies, only a vary broad comparison M| be tele, i.r., five states had lower caeaantrations, four atacoa were higher and /our did not oaaple again.J Vs nay conclude, then, that In these states with an? ssenitorJns rffore In the 1974 etedgr, FCB's are preeenc in botenn deposits and the lavole ate not any lower than in the 1971-72 study. Considering the persistence of PCll's, a significant proportion of the nation's waters are now effected and will cootf bus to bs. . BEL Vie Notional toils Monitoring Frogran is a onnll eatpling effort studying only 3 urban areas each peer. However, TCI'a wore detected In three of the live cities snsgilad in each of the years for vhtCh data are available, 1971-73. Of tha 22 positive rsodings 17 of than warn below 1 ppa. Of gbs cities uspltl in 1973, Flttoficld, Meat., van of particular Internet bccauos it has a large tranoforner and sandanaec plant using large quantities of* PCI's, tin different senpllng sites within one alia of tbs plant show no detectable PCI- residues. la aenrrotf. tbs soil surrounding anothur facility in lllivslo using PCI's In the Manufacture of investment eoallsg wanes was recently meaaursd for. PCD contone. Isrplna token In an Area one-quarter nils radius ateuvd tbs plant ranged l!n value iron 0.77-5.2 ppm. lha PCI's identified were mixtures of Areclor 1210 and dsnvdilsfoblphanyl. levels up to 1.1 ppa Areclor 1119 were found at 1-1/4 nllee iron the plane. iMplat were collected .from this facility as part of a study being conducted for the Office of Toxic labscantes at sites . suspected to have PCI tSMvvtrotlons. Other sites savplad in March of 1975 mm in tho vicinity of on investment casting CMpasiy In Michigan aqd the Kb manufacturer In Xltlcmia. Surface soil samples wgre collected st - oath alia up to a dieLance of approximately one mlla from Che plant boundary* st 1/4 mils intervals la all direction*. Pen's were detected In sell* at both sampling location*. Concrntr.itiom ranged fioa the detection lieit of 0.001 ppn to over 20 p?n. The distribution of all PCB's analyred appear* higher nm the plnt >lt and generally decreases with distance from the site.*1 Details of the i^PUn| tec* and the concentration levels measured are shown in Figure 1. TAILS 2 . SELECTED STATE DATA ON nNVIRONMEVTAL LEVELS OF FCI's *. State Surface and Ground Veter1 Mg/1 Bottom Sediment1 Mg/kg pish2 ppm AL AX CA CO CT FL CA XL . XA * ts KA MX KN K8 Ml Ml Kf OH Oft FA FR SC TX VT FA Iff . VI 0.1 0.3 0.1-0.2 0.1-2.1 0.1 0.2 0.1-0.3 0.1 0.1-4.0 0.2 0.1 0.1-3.0 0.1 20-2,400 20-190 5-350* 5-3,200 10-1,300 10-1.200 1.53-5.41 1.99-3.81 2.16-5.34 0.10-1.25 0.52-1.11 1.21-11.3 0.35-1.41 0.54-1.31 50-170 3-100* 3-13,000* 1-5-140 9-700* t 30-200 7.9-290 5-10 10 4.00-11.7 0.44-1.09 0.47-4.58 0.10-4.00 2.61-9.30 1.73-9.07 0.71-3.62 1.94-2.48 0.10-7.3 0.10- .22 0.15-2.14 0.311.20 1.24-14.1 1. All data in tills column taken from Nana J. * Crump-WlcMncr, Hrrsan R. Feltx and Harvin L. YstSS, A Study of tho Distribution of Poly chlorinated Biphenyls in the Aquotle Environ ment Jour. Research U.S. Gcol. Survey 1, ' 903 (1972. unlea* ochervlsa weed. 2. USCS Sediment data, 1974. 3. All data in chi* column taken from Croswell Ueudorson, Anthony Inglis and Vuiidall L. Johnson, Organochlorinc Insecticide Reaiduoa in -Fish Fall 39C9 National Pesticide Monitoring frogran. Pesticide Monitoring Journal . 1(1971). MOMS 040794 2 TAILS 3 ' SELECTED PCI STUDIES LAKE* Lake Ontario?* 2 Uki til*3. 4 Uk Superior* Lake Huron6 Uki Michigan6* 6 C*yu|i LskeM) Uki St. Clair16 sivcns ,,Iowa Hlsaleolppi River11 Itiiti Merw Vtati Crtea Rlvir11 lav York Hudson11 Michigan Saginaw Elver6*16 KalatMtee River7*15 Portage Creak7 Wisconsin Milwaukee 9 HARIRI RKVIROKKECT Atlantic Ocean-1 Say of Fundy19 Call of Mexlco/Carib- bean See2. 21 Southern California22 . PI eh (poo) .0.14 - 9.17 0.2 - 7.0 0.3 - 5.6 0.10 - u.o 0.1 - 165.3 3.4 - 9.7 tr - 3.8 Voter (up.m 0.035 - 0.097 Sedinent (ucAk) 43 - 245 0.1 - 0.2 3.72 - 436 Plankton too*) 3.4 - 11. 0.9 - 3.5 . O.i ' - 0.5 7 - 350 6.9 - 165.3 <0.01 - 164.56 0.030 D.07 - 0.032 0.04 - 0.190 1.34 0.059 6.6 0.1 1.0 - 2800 0.1 - 0.21 0.1 - 0.45 0.1 - 0.40 .02 - 2.17 0.0009 - 0.0036 0.0015 - 0.019 6.6 - 6,700,000 100 - 560 10 - 475,400 *- 0.137 - 1.053 Clarence L. Halle, Gilman Voith, C. Fred Lee nnd Vfllian C. Beyle, Chlorinated Hydrocnrbona in the Lake Ontario Ecoeytten, FJ*A-660/3-75-002, Juno 1975, II.S. E.P.A., Corvallis* Oregon. Elaua L. Raiser, ?tircx, An I'nrecorni'C* Contarslwt of Fishes from Lake Ontario, Science 18, >23 (1974). Richard L. Carr, Charleo C. Flnetcrvaldar and Michael J. fchlbl, Paacleldec Houieorlbg Jour nal 4t23 (1972). John I. M. Xalao and Richard Frank, Orgenochlorlne Residues, Mercury, Ccpper and Cadnlus In Tallow Porch, White Baca and Snallnouth Sana, Long Point Bay, Lake Erla, Tran*. Anar. rich. See., 103(577 (1974). Unpublished data. Cllnan P. Veich and G. E. Claee, PCS'a and DDT la riah from Western Lka Superior, D.S. K.P.A.. Duluth, Hlnnoaotn. Onpubliahed Data * John L. lleaaa. Bureau at Voter Management, Klchlgaa Department ot Xetursl Ra- oewrcea, June 1973, . Dapwhllehcd data - State of Michigan Voter Re ' oourcaa Connie ale*, Polychlorinated Biphenyl Sur vey of the Kelaaoaoo River end Portage Crook In the Vlelnity of the City of Kalamnseo, 1972. . Cllaon D. Voith end Fred G. Loo, Chlorohlphonyle in the Milwaukee River, Uatar Research, 1971, Unpublished data - Ichaeht 1974, ETA 400/3-74-002. Carl A. Baehe, James V. Serum, VlUicm D. Youngs ood Donald J. Lluk, rolycitlorinatod Biphenyl. Rmsiduea: Acetauleclon itt Cayuga Lake Trout Vltb Age, Science 177:1191 (1971). Lauren G. Jeheton aad Robert L. Morria, Chlorin- otad Insecticide* Residue* in the &st* tone Traahuoter Flah, Bulletin of Environoental Comtenlnatlon and Toxicology 11:503 (1974). Jooo A. Schulte, Douglas B. Hanlgold and Fraanan ' L Andrews, Pesticides in Selaeted Western Stroame 196B-1971, peatieidua Monitoring Jour nal 7(73 (1973). Unpublished data - Royal J. Kedeau and Robert F. Davie, Investigation of Polychlorinated Bi phenyls in the Hudson River (Hudson Falls - Ft. Sdward Aron, August 1974. Unpublished dare - Joho I.. Kesse, Monitoring for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Aquatic teviroaaenc. May 2973. Unpublished data - Michigan V'ater Resources Corniaaion. Evaluation of the Aquatic Envlronoenc, of the Kalaatatoo River Vaterthed, Kay 1972. Kichlg&n Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Consumer Protection, 1973 Croat Lakas Environ mental Coetoaineota Study. T. P. Bidluman ond C. E. Olney, Chlorinated Hyrdecarbon* In the Sergssao Sq Atmosphere end Sur face Voter, Seieaco 163:516, 1973. Coorgo R. Harvey, Helen P. Klklai, Vaughan T. Seven nnd tftllfcn C. Stolnhauer, Observations on the Distribution of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Atlantic Ocean Organises, Journal of Marine Ra.aaarch 32:103 (1973). , V. Ittko, 0. Hdtsingcr and P.M.K. Choi, Concaclaetleo of the Bay of Fundy - Cult of Heine Atoe with Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorlnatsd Tarphonyla. Chlorinated Dlbenrodioxina and Di honsofurana, Envltonmeacal Health Perspectives, 1:47 (1972). . C. S. Clam, A. R. Ilenka, R. L. Richardson. U. X. Sackatt and If. K. A'ong, DDT, DDE, and PolychlorImated Blphunyla In Biota from the Culf of Mex ico aad Caribbean Sea - 1971. Pesticides Kcolteelng Journal 6:139 (1972). . C. I. Clam, K. K. Uong, A. R. lUnks, V. >1. Sackatt and R. L. Richardson, Chlgrlnated Hydrocarbons lm Plankton from the Culf of Mexico and Northern California. Bulletin of Environmental Contam ination and Toxicology 9:376 (1973). . The Ecology of the Southern California Bight: Implications for Water Quality Haaagonent, Bouchers California Coastal Hater Research Pro ject, 1500 Heat Imperial Highway, K1 Seguudo, 1973. MGNS 040795 Figure 1 Concentration of rCB's In Sell vllh Distance (pp> Investment Cactlng Coopany Aroclor 1260 lavestwae Casting Vex Manufacturer Aeeaeltioraklphenyl Imitsist Casting Wax Manufacturer <4 tfecaehlorobiphenyl KB Manufacturer HONS 048796 ,< ' ) - ASK fgl araiuteMnt* In tit along with tha rrlatod transport studies are practically Ilarvoy and Scolnhswor* hava reported ranting from 3.9 - 5.3 ng/m3. Air by Didlemon and Olney for Rltodc Island rsncH Iron 1.1-?.* ng/3 and froa 0.21 - 0.65 ng/m3 at germed*.* Snow molt water data from Wisconsin ranged frsn xevo to 0.2* ppb. The suggestion has teen salt that atmosphcvlc fallout any he tha most significant source of PCS discharge to tha waters of tha atata of Wisconsin. 7 im fish havo Veen studied on a nationwide basis by tha Departnent of tha Interior since 1967. la tha |f|f study, PCI! levels wore Identified In fish |regi JJ states.* Data fTtm the natlonvlda sampling programs, 1970-1973, ara currently being prepared bat vara net available for thle report. Conaaquently, nationwide fish data ara not available any more currently than 1969, with tlie exception of the isolated atudlaa listed in Table 3. gs 1961 Mllenal study showed PCS levels generally within tha FDA 3 ppa guideline. In the Crest Lakes area, PCB levels in fish froa Lake Michigan were so high, 7.6-10.9 ppn, that FDA satsed ablpnsnta of coho aalaon la May 1973.9 Although transport mechanism ara not well known and would vary through different ecoayeteas, it Is interesting to consider the Lake Ontario Icooyekso Study eueaavlsvd in Tabic *. Froa this study an ostinate of bioner.nlficatlon la peaalblo giving a sedlsant to fish ratio of 1:120. The FDA guideline :>r 5 ppa in the edible portion of fish cfTTeapends to a asdlaent concentration of *1 ppb - a figure exceeded in all 13 states reporting through OSCS la 197*. mm With PCI's as videapread acrees various media as they are. It la expected that levels would bo Identified In humans as vail. Tha Human Monitoring Program, la 1972, found that 3035 out af *102 samples (ram 31 Stales allowed levels ranging from lass than 1 Ppa ta aero than 3 ppa. In 1973, 96* out af 1277 eaaplet from 28 States agnln allowed levels in tha seme raaga. In hath yeara approxlnataly 732 of tha. adlpaaa tissue analysed contained some pelychlorlnetrd biphaeylo. Unfortunately ue do aoc kn*f age, oeeupatlon or residential histories of tha cases Involved ae It la difficult ta trace tlie levels bach ta tha potential sources. COWCUISIOKS Although there ara many national and etatp groups collecting environaental PCB data, limitations in tha currant data beta prevent ana from **klng a unifora national assessment af PCS anvlraamaatsl levels. 1c appears that If a wall planned national approach ta sampling ware ttnytil, tha data base could ba Improved la a vary -chert period of lima. TABLE 4 LAKE ONTARIO EC0SYSTO11 FISH, vs/g Alcuife Smelt Slimy Sculpln .1* - *.36 l.0 - 3.*9 2.56 - 9.17 HATER, ng/1 3B - 97 SED17XKT, ng/g *3 - 2*5 KET PU.'TKTOH, yg/g 3.4 - 11.8 1. Kalla, C. L., Velth, C. D., Lee, C. F., Boyle, W. C., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in tha Lake Ontario Ccotyscea (IFYCL) Jus*. 1975, REFERENCES 1. Halle, C.L., Velth, C.D., Lee, C.F., layla, V.C., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario Eeeaysteo (XFYCL), June 1973. 2. McDermott, D.J., snd Hansen, T.C., Inputs of DDT, PCB sad Trace KattU froa Harbors, Coastal Ustor Research Project Annual Report, 1973. 3. U.S. Geological Survey. *, Environmental Polychlorinated Biphenyl Contenlnetloa near Sites of Manufacture snd Use, environmental tcleoce and Engineering, lac., 1973. 5. Harvey, C.R. and Stelnhauer, V'.G., Atooapherle Transport of Polychlorinatad Biphenyls to the Korth Atlantic, AtcosphcriA Eaviiimntnt, Vol. I, 1974. 6. BldlCDan. T.F., and Clney, C.F., Chlorinated Hydro carbons In tha Sargasso Saa Atmosphere end Sur face Water, Science, Vol. 1S3, February 197*. 7. Klelncrt, S.J., Environmental Status of PCB'a In Wisconsin. May B, 1975, Vlseonaln Departeent of Natural Resources. S. Henderson, C., Inglls, A., Johnson, W.L., Orgaooehlorlr.e Insecticide Residues In Fish - Pall 1969 Rational Pesticide Monitoring Pregtsn, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 3, Ko. 1, June 1971. t. Brtmcr, Earl E., Draft copy of "Statemnt of Concorns of tho Lako Michigan Toxic Substances Com mittee related to FCB'e," Juno 1973. M0NS 048 79 7 >5