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rf>/r VOLUME TWENTY-THREE *.'. ' > v ,\ ^ V - * . . *. Fv^^^^A'g^i^v?'s* v --r- - ; Ek SL *..: '4^ Jft ^-y-i-'u '? *t: .i ;y> 3r*.' .' -.'*< . .<; .. W&/-J&V *\'+VjV`.; - ' ` 1959 NUMBER ONE l pipe and lay`t induB;d drawings & Catalog," \LS THE 2) with special j . Reprinted ' December, ed lead Red High- RED86a [Deluding ed apPli* me on President Eisenhower (January 16, 1959) inspecting a small atomic device for production of electricity utilizing lead tellurid thermoelectric elements --a development hailed as a major achievement by Atomic Energy Commission officials. W'ith the Pres, dem are Major General Donald J. Keirn J mustache, next to PresidentA the AECs Chief of Aircraft Reactors, and A EC Chairmai John A. Met.one (next to Keirn). The 5db. device generates 5 watts of electricity. See story Page 2. r. "^jOvv *** * ,U:mic Generator Developed SEESECK THERMOELECTRIC ELEMENT Classified as a significant break through bv the ACC. an atomic gen erator based on the Seebeck thermo electric principle has been developed. Combining a heat source and two dis similar conductors to achieve hot and cold junctions, it incorporates for heat the radioactive isotope, polonium 210, an almost pure alpha emitter with at tributes of compactness and safety, and for dissimilar conductors, p and n-type lead telluride as satisfying four material requirements -- high thermo electric power i ''Lead." Vol. 22. No. I I. high electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity, and resistance to deterioration. "Snap III" -- the code name for the generator derived from "System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power" -- was developed as an auxiliary power source for space vehicles. The gener ator cost the A EC. exclusive of iso tope. 815.000 delivered, but quantity production costs are figured at close to 82()0 per unit. It has a rated capacity of 5 watts for 140 days at 8-10 per cent efficiency and then. 3 watts-at 5-6 per cent efficiency. Two-thirds of a gram of polonium 210. half life 136 days, representing 3.000 curies, generates a 720 deg. F. hot junction at the center of the radi ating spoke-like arrangement which involves 20 pairs of double layered lindricallv concentric I elements, ilse of cerium 144, half life 290 days, is anticipated since its total cost approximates 8600 which con trasts with .310.000 per curie or 830,000,000 for the polonium prototype.) The double layers are constructed of p and n-type lead telluride, made so by virtue of bismuth and manganese donor-acceptor doping. This character izes the elements as either having a surplus or deficit of electrons. As electrons flow from surplus conduc tors to deficit conductors under the influence of a heat gradient, electric current is generated and tapped at the rim by a central outlet. The efficiency of the best thermo electric elements stands presently at about 10 per cent which compares V Wide World N-type lead telluride at left, connected by conductor to p-type at right, heat flow from top to bottom, current flow counter-clockwise, '-^Ti\l\plus to minus, yield- ,-^VYYYVY^--- [ng tteenntthhss 0ojf a volt across load at bot- In a demonstration, the above atomic unit produced enough electricity to turn the pro peller and light the bulb on the stand at center. A similar unit, uncovered, is shown at upper left. The device, developed by The Martin Co., in cooperation with .Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., generates heat, using a radioisotope polonium, has no moving parts and a lifetime power equivalent to a ;:i ton dry cell. with the best steam and combustion motor generator efficiencies of 30 and 40 per cent respectively. For small power requirements, i.e.. a few elec trical kilowatts, thermoelectric gen erators are competitive with motor generators which for the purpose av erage 10 per cent efficiency. For very low power requirements encountered in radio, telephone, and telegraph communications, thermoelectricity of fers the best engineering solution. However, high power applications might be considered because of the series additive electrical principle and capital cost considerations. One thermoelectrical element is analogous in function to one inductive turn in an electromagnetic generator. It might be attractive from the cost-of-installation and maintenance standpoints, to consider substituting a generator combining a heater and cooler with no moving parts, for a steam gener ator with furnace l atomic perhaps l. condenser, boiler and dynamo. Development of the atomic genera tor augurs the revival of thermoelec tricity for simplicity and convenience in meeting economical electric power requirements of the future, involving to a great extent use of semiconduc tors -- lead telluride. lead selenide. or their complexes. Lead in Plumbing Remodeling Projects In plumbing remodeling projects, one of the major problems is locat ing a greater number of fixtures than previously needed or required in space not entirely suitable to such facilities. Occasionally these new toilet facilities must of necessity be placed over areas wherein even the slightest seepage can cause serious mainte nance problems as well as create un sanitary conditions. For this reason it is important in such instances to provide for an impervious mem brane, such as sheet lead, under bath room floors. The sheet lead membrane will con tain any seepage, directing it to the waste outlet, and serve to isolate the bathroom from the rest of the struc ture. How this type of waterproofing can be accomplished is graphically illus trated in the accompanying photo graph of the remodeling of one of the existing bathrooms in a girls' dormitory in the Menaul School in nit ro ot Kn he ota in L'ht l ji lts, tor ith ler- >- i. ralecnce wer ing lucide. ath con- f The sheet lead pan in a shower and lava tory room ^of a girl's school, and at right, plumbing inspector Hall and plumbing contractors Loy and Campbell inspect the prefabricated lead plumbing connections in stalled in the same school. Uhuquerque. New Mexico. What had :e\ ioush been the location of two water closets was changed and ex tended to two showers and three lav atories. Vi aterproofing the entire floor w a- accomplished with 4-lb. sheet lead. The area, being too large for a -ingle sheet of lead, was lined with ~r\eral sections joined together with Ira I burned joints. The shower area is isolated from the rest of the room by a lead covered step. Each of the areas drain to a sump in which weep holes have been provided. Prior to the placing of the tile floor, the sheet lead will be coated with asphaltum to protect the lead until the free lime in the mortar has carbonated. In addition to the room just de scribed, the remodeling of this build ing erected in 1903 involved a number of other toilet rooms wherein lead pipe and fittings were used to con nect all fixtures to the plumbing system. Lead because of its flexibility and its minimum space requirements is generally favored for remodeling work by plumbing contractors. As Otis Campbell, of Campbell-Jones Corp.. Albuquerque, New Mexico, plumbing contractor for the remodel ing of the girls' dormitory in the Menaul School in Albuquerque, stated "Lead has helped me through the years to make seemingly impossible installations where other materials could not be used for lack of space and adaptability." ' Tw Fuel Elements Part II -- In The Laboratory I iii- part concerns itself with the M.ilijio of lead s contribution to the Hb ' !i\e conduct of radiation experi ment- within the laboratory, making 11-' <>l -pent elements and radioac- (m i-..ti.pcs. v|" nl fuel elements were chosen as a radiation source for the following 1. I licir high gamma radiation dose ami i heir at ailabilitv. - 1 he MTR I or ETRI elements hate plnsical dimensions which make d"aii cmnenient for use with stand.ml laln.ratorv process equipment. '> I lid element radiation repre-'111- lairh well the spectral energy dial will l.e available from reactors Fig. ]. The floor plan oi Sinclair Oil Com pany's radiation labor atory reveals a compact, workable arrangement. FLOOR PLAN OF SINCLAIR'S RADIATION LABORATORY s \ i\-mch leaded glass window for manipulation of experimental Fig. 3. Absorber discs and lead shielded Geiger counter on table with lead shielded container (on floor) for sodium iodide scintillation counting. Fig. i. Lead shielded Tri-Carb liquid scintillation spectrometer with cover open. Fig. 6. Lead shielded storage container tor radioactive catting tool tips. Fig. 5. Lead brick assembly in a special hood tor protection in remote handling of radioactive materials. designed specifically for radiation processing -- the ultimate outgrowth of research into the commercial as pects of radiation chemistry or chem ical processing. 4. The emitted gamma radiation is suitable for use with heavy process \essels that are required for highpressure experiments. Inside the cave, the fuel element geometry is such as to allow special purpose process vessels to be sur rounded bv the four elements. The vessel and source holder are arranged so that the vessel can be connected to experimental apparatus in the lab oratory by means of pipes, tubes, and w ires passing through the pipe laby rinth. In arranging experiments and for subsequent raising of the element sources from the well for positioning, the optical and shielding qualities of 60 in. of leaded glass permit observa tion of necessary manipulation. Fig ure 1 gives the layout of Sinclair's facility -- a compact, workable ar rangement. The variety of supporting equipment dispersed throughout the laboratory may be gaged from the illustrations. In planning radiation experiments and in determining re sults of a given run. the ready nature of such equipment constitutes a neces sity. In like manner, effective func tioning of such equipment is depend ent upon the various shapes, sizes and conformities of lead radiation shields. In the counting room of the tracer laboratory, figure 3. a box shown to the left on the table contains cali brated absorbers used to help identify radiation by measuring their energies or penetrating power through discs of known thicknesses. Several of these absorber discs are made of lead and are used for measurements on the more penetrating radiations. To the right of the absorber discs is a win dowless flow counter similar to a windowless Geiger counter in that the sample is located inside. It is used to identify weak beta rav emitters in the solid state and contains a lead shield to lower the cosmic rav background. The tanks on the floor supply special counting gas for use w ith the counter. The Ultrascaler shown is a device for indicating the number of ravs being measured and. to the immediate right is a single channel spectrometer used to identify gamma ray emitting sub stances bv measuring ray energies. In front of the Ultrascaler on the floor is a lead shield container with a large sodium iodide scintillation crystal used to detect gamma rav emitters in very small concentrations. The shield around the counter involves at least 2 in. of lead to cut down cosmic raybackground. For work at low concen trations such shielding from cosmic ray interference is essential. Figure 4 shows the lead shielded Tri-Carb liquid scintillation spectrom eter with the lead cover in open posi tion. which is used to detect minute concentrations of materials emitting weak beta rays such as carbon-14. sulphur-35, and tritium. The 2-in. lead shield is again used to reduce the background count due to cosmic rays. A lead brick assembly, figure 5, acts to protect the tracer chemist perform ing manipulations in a special hood designed for handling radioactive ma terials. The hood has been designed to carrv 1.300 lb. of lead bricks, each 2 in. thick, of the interlocking type which prevents leakage of radiation at the joints. A remote pipetting de vice can be seen which enables the Fig. 7. Milling machine with lead shielded radioactive cutting too! arrangement at top center. chemist to work from behind the lead brick shield with the aid of a mirror. Figure 7 shows a milling machine equipped with a shielded radioactive cutting tool used in the evaluation of experimental cutting fluids under de velopment to prolong tool life. The shield on the milling machine pro tects operators from gamma radiation and is a composite of 4 in. of iron and 1 in. of lead at the front with sides of 1 in. each of iron and of lead. Chips collected during cutting operations are subsequently removed via a mesh basket incorporated in the shield box and counted using the sodium iodide scintillation detector as an accurate measure of cutting tool wear. Finally, figure 6. is a view of the storage con tainer used for radioactive cutting tool tips which was designed and built at Sinclair Research Laboratories. The container has a 3-in. lead shield to protect personnel and can hold six radioactive cutting tool tips at one time in a turret-like arrangement per mitting the selection of any tool at will. Provision has been made for rotating the tool tips while they are shielded in the container. \^hen an operator inserts a tool tip holder at the end of a 5-ft. handle into the door, the cutting tool tip is automati cally and remotely removed from storage -- accurately locked in place on the holder. This remote automatic loading feature allows for safe rou tine operation. While no attempt has been made in this article to treat the whys and wherefors for the selection of lead over other materials for shielding of such devices, the very presence of lead speaks for itself. --4-- LlA26167 a > rii'iiyu'iViVVA't!. ^ t r. le \e of telie < >< >n ml of 1'" m* *h <>\ i < le ate ir on ing ui It icld six one per- 1 at for are an i at the latirom dace tatic rou- nade and lead ig of lead Lead Paints on New Fort Pitt Bridge The first of its kind, the new Fort i'itt highwav bridge across the Mommgahela River at Pittsburgh, has through its utilitarian design achieved an aesthetic appeal that fits in well with the master plan to beautify Pitts burgh's famed Golden Triangle. As with all such ''firsts.-' lead pigmented paints have been selected to protect and heautih the structure. Designed bv Richardson. Gordon and Associates. Pittsburgh, for the IV:ins\|\ania Department of High !>'. K. H. Jensen. Bridge Engineer, tlw Fort Pitt Bridge is the world's iii'i double-decked bridge using box sei in n- as arch ribs and with the tied aieh using trusses instead of girders .i- tin-. Four lanes of one-wav traffic will be carried at each level. High strength steel was specified for all portal members including end floor beams, all chords, and most di agonals and verticals and wherever the stress ratio of high-strength steels over structural carbon steels was higher than the price ratio. In fabri cating and erecting the Fort Pitt Bridge, the American Bridge Com pany used L SS-Man-Ten Steel com ponents in more than two-thirds of the 750 ft. spans. The total weight of fabricated steel is 8.500 tons. As is general practice on all of the steel highway structures in Pennsyl vania. a shop coat of rust-inhibiting red lead paint was applied to all of the steel used on the Fort Pitt Bridge. In addition, a lead pigmented paint that will add further protection for The steel work of Pittsburgh's new Fort Pitt Bridge is protected against corrosion by lead pigmented paints. the steel against the ravages of wind and weather was used for the inter mediate coat. The lead pigmented paint formulations above, are excerpts from the Pennsvlvania Department of Highwav Specifications for Paints. Pearlescent Lead Pigments I lie appearance of pearls or mnther< f-1" ,ii i has been achieved with svndietii nacreous l pearlv I pigments, "idelv u-ed bv makers of costume jcweliv. motion picture screens, svndietii leather, and other products, as ~uI"tnute- for more costlv guanine 1 ii u! ii mi I pearl essence i. an organic !111 'din l from fish scales. Yerv thin, parallel, plate-like crystals of high index of refraction of such com pounds as basic lead carbonate and lead monohydrogen phosphate impart the lustrous aura due to an optical effect dependent upon multiple reflec tions. The development of plate-like crystals in both pigments is related to crystal structure: the orientation of the plates is analogous to flaking in aluminum or graphite. Necessary orientation in a vehicle is derived bv virtue of mold flow or movement of the platelets during the molding of pearl plastics or in application of pearl lacquers. In nitrocellulose, poly styrene. methvl methacrylate, and casein plastics and lacquers thev are strikingly decorative and contribute strong sales appeal. Take the automo bile industry, for example. Automo tive manufacturers pearlize a num ber of the custom models and "Cars of the Future'' which are included in "Motoramas." "Cavalcades" and Colorful products enhanced by pearl pig ments include buttons, costume jewelry, artificial flowers, fishing lures, packaging, and other items. Courtesy The Mearl C.orp., \ew )ork, .V. )'. and Francis Earle Labora tories. Inc.. Peekskilt. .V. }*. LI A26168 Thr p'-nrUzrd upper portion of this screen surface has the highest uimill reHrctance and the most uniform degree ot reflection over u it/p i ip wing angles when compared with, its aluminized counter* part he/ou. see plot. Courtesy Hurley Screen CoCorona, N. Y. Heart coatings provide the maximum gain to the maxi mum number of seats in the average theater and in such show places as Sew York's Radio City Music Half. The distribution pattern is elliptical and the relative bright ness readings are indicated along the major or horizontal axis, and the vertical or minor axis ot the ellipse. other 'imilar occasions. Pearl finishes tern! to accentuate sweeping curves. There is also the trend toward pearlizins -ome of the leather and vinyl fabrics, particularly the pastels. In addition to decorative virtues, nacreous lead pigments afford out standing optical qualities in the scien tific vein as well. The average theater patron or home projectionist may not be aware that lenticular screens coated with pearl pigments minimize the disadvantages of conventional alumi nized screens, which produce fade away at angles to the normal and variations in brightness, as indicated by the typical lenticular screen distribution curves, and with beaded screens, "peaky" reflectance, i.e., most of the light is reflected back toward the projector. (Lenticular screens have tiny depressions or lenticules embossed into the screen material which enhance the light distribution characteristics of the coating.) Pearlized screens give the highest integrated reflectance and the most uniform degree of reflection over wide viewing angles. Even plain non-lenticular pearl screens provide greater brilliance than the best diffuse white matte screens to make the picture more vivid and lifelike. Throughout the country pearl lenticular screens are receiving wide acceptance as the very best, by amateur and profes sional alike. Editor's Note: Those interested in nacreous lead pigments from the standpoint of optics may obtain more detailed information by referring to the following: Hurd, Y. G., Journal of the Society of Mo tion Picture and Television Engineers, 66, 340-346 (June 1957). Mitchell. R. V. International Projectinni-t. 32, No. 10. 7-10. 26-28 i October 19.57'. The pearly effect is due to proper crystalli zation and therefore responsive to both crys tal structure and habit. Some connecting lines are drawn between atoms to show positions with respect to the plane of the paper; the thick part of the connecting line is above, the thin part below. The basic lead carbonate composite is bonded top and bottom by* planes of carbonate ions and be tween them is sandwiched a "puckered" layer of hydroxyl ions. Two layers of lead atoms (l and III) in hexagonal array lie between, the carbonate planes and the hy droxyl layer but closer to the carbonate. The other layer of lead atoms <11/ lies at the center of the composite and is sur rounded by the hydroxyl ions. The structure of lead monohydrogen phos phate, although not determined, is deduced from that of lead monohvdrogen arsenate with which it is isomorphous. -fs a rule, each pigment is used separately but under some circumstances, mixtures might be em ployed. ATOMISTIC VIEWS OF NACREOUS PIGMENTS BASIC LEAD CARBONATE LEAD MONOHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE Pb C OO OH Arrangement of atoms i y= 0 plane Arrangement of atoms in z0 plane m .. Sas&S*' - Basle Load CiAemM PfeilOHMCOiH W5F3&4- *v>'i *- ' Electronic Components Made of Leaded Ceramics Increasingly, the superior electrical properties of leaded ceramics are find ing new and exciting applications in Lead-borosilicate porcelain capacitors and a cutaway, in foreground, showing the silver electrodes. These capacitors are used in guidance systems, fire control systems, all critical areas of our burgeoning elec airborne missiles and other applications tronics industry. Electronic compo where reliability is paramount. nents in this age of missile and extent in critical circuitry and mili electronic brains, are being subjected tary applications where reliability is to operating conditions of great sever paramount, e.g., guidance systems, ity while at the same time, industry fire control systems, high speed com is demanding not only high electrical puters, communication gear, telemetry :/ aI properties, but more reliable and re components, fuse systems, well log producible performance. Vitramon, ging tools and, in general, all Inc., is manufacturing a series of high borne missiles and many conventional performance porcelain capacitors for aircraft. The temperature coefficient bv the electronics industry to fill thisneed. (change of capacity with tempera These capacitors use lead boro-silicate ture) and temperature stability (per \ itreous enamel as the dielectric mate manent change of capacity after rial. They are monolithic bodies with temperature cycling) shown in Curve the silver electrodes integrally fused la and Table I demonstrate the high within the dense porcelain. predictability of performance and the Some of the high performance great stability of the capacitors. characteristics of these capacitors are Of great significance in many ap + 50 +100 +150 Up . at li-tcd in table 1. As these capacitors plications is the dielectric loss of the an- made in values below 6.800 micro component. The loss in capacitors is TEMPERATURE . *c 11 - TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC ANO INSULATION RESISTANCE microfarads, they are used in higher related to the low loss characteristic ins- Pfi UltP frci|uency applications such as: of the dielectric material as well as to I i Tank, coupling, and by-pass cir the design and construction of the ule. iirr PHI' cuit- i where low loss is required): component. The very low loss shown ' tank capacitors in high stability in the intermediate frequency range heating oscillators: 31 low-drift R-C "-lillators: 4) ultra high frequency ciicuits requiring minimum indue- (refer to Curve 21 is principally asso ciated with the dielectric. The pres ence of lead ions in the porcelain is lame: 51 where minimum noise and ' ir 200 deg. C. ambient temperalure- are specified. in great part responsible for the low loss character of this material. At higher frequencies, even though the P line product is used to the greatest losses due to the dielectric continue to decrease, other losses become sig lOfcc lOOfcc Imc FREOUENCY Cam 1 - LOSS w FREQUENCY AT 25`C b nificant. However, the use of lead I hud hearing porcelain capacitor of re- silicate with its excellent self-glazing ''in ,/ .,vn. The leads as well as the porce"in, and silver electrodes are fused together properties has allowed a well de min a ,olid. vitrified, monolithic block. signed, compact, monolithic construc P tion, which, in conjunction with the use of low resistance silver electrodes, serve to keep losses below 1 per cent even at very high frequencies. Curve 3 compares the loss characteristics of monolithic lead silicate capacitors to mica and glass. In this curve, Q is inversely proportional to the dissipa tion factor. 100 IOOO CAPACITANCE MMF S - LOSS n. CAPACITY Curve 4 shows the relationship be tween dielectric loss and temperature taken at 1 kc. The 1 per cent dissipa tion factor at 200 deg. C. shown is as good as is commercially available todav. i. rmI LIA26170 -SO 0 +50 +100 t 150 + 2uu TEMPERATURE *C Cam 4 - LOSS n. TEMPERATURE 1. Capacity -- in)-- 4.I0& 2. T*mp*rafwr* 25ppm/a C from -54* C. Mk- 3. Tumpofotur* stability--0.tt 4. Maintain* it* inwM*a sion ar oparalio*. h 4h .1 condition*. - 5. Ov*r 10,000 hour Bfe at ig 125 C; 350V*, 200vdt v 1 .6 Low intomal noiw charactd*ificv; 7. Rugged -- highly roiirtant to high G loading. , V.-. t , .^r The low dielectric loss and high resistivity of this dielectric material is due in great part to the presence of lead ions in the glass network. The high fluxing power of lead -- promot ing self-glazing -- tightly cements the body so that dielectric loss due to elastic factors is kept to a minimum. In addition, the presence of lead ions yields an ultra low dielectric loss in the glass phase. This is related to the greater tendency of lead ions to form covalent bonds in the boro-silica glass than other positive ions fe.g., so dium I. Due to the great strength of the covalent b md th' lead ions can be considered to exist in deep poten tial wells in their lattice positions in the Pb-Si-0 network. The dielectric losses in a glass are directly related to the time lag of the positive and negative polarization of the ions. Polarization under an applied field occurs bv two processes, ion diffusion, and by shifts of the ions from equi librium position in the potential wells. The presence of deep potential wells restricts ionic movements and conse quently losses are low. Moreover, conduction in a glass is strongly influ enced by ionic mobility. Here again, deep potential wells restricting this movement result in glasses of high resistivity. Some examples of the dielectric losses of various glasses showing the superiority of the lead-bearing glasses and their relation to the low loss of pure silica are given in Tahle II. THE /^LIBRARY of Technical Information The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others interested. They are available free of charge except where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 60 East 42nd STREET, NEW YORK IT, N. Y. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION ANNUAL RE VIEWS--LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS Lead and lead alloys in design and construction including research progress, engineering applica tions, and technological advancements. With bib liography, 1958, 1957 and 1956 reviews (editions are not cumulative) are available. Reprinted from "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." September, 1958, September, 1957 and Septem ber, 1956. USE LEAD TO CONTROL REFINERY CORRO SION Latest practices in lead construction for the petro leum refining industry are described. How to avoid the difficulties sometimes experienced with leadlined equipment is also outlined in detail. Re printed from "Petroleum Refiner." April, 1958. RADIATION PROTECTION The place of lead in shielding against radiation in X-ray and atomic energy applications. Principles of lead shielding construction. Reprinted from "Lead In Modeyi Industry." PORTABLE RADIATION. SHIELDING MATERIALS A special report on commercially available shield ing forms that can be used to build readily as-embled. band stacked shielding walls. Prepared by the editors of "Nucleonics." May, 1955. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING S1.50 Postpaid, Si.00 per eopy ia quanti ties of 10 or more Profusely illustrated with over 140 photographs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedure* and the methods required for lead work. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY 41.00 Postpaid A fully illustrated, 230 page, cloth bound book describing all phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. LEAD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BULLETINS A series of specifications for the use of lead in building construction. (Available separately.) BULLETIN NO. 1 Specification for Lead Waste Connections for Plumbing Fixtures with Integral Traps (Water Closets-Pedestal Urinals-Service Sinks). BULLETIN NO. 2 Specification for Lead Shower and Safe Pans BULLETIN NO. 3 Specification for Lead Chemical Laboratory Drainage Systems. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-p.325 For Pipe, Benda and Traps: Lead Dimensions and weights of lead products used in the plumbing and water works fields are given. Published by the Government Printing Office. LEAD WELDING Aq informative as well as practical guide to lead welding. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook. Third Edition" published by the American Welding Society. LEAD FLASHINGS IN MODERN CONSTRUCTION Lead flashings as used in an ultramodern house in Randolph, Vt. Reprinted from "National Roofer," October, 1954. SHEET LEAD FOR ROOFING AND FLASHING Preferred installation methods for the new an.I 3-lb. hard lead are given along with detailed draw ings. Reprinted trout "Sweet's Catalog." 1958. LEAD FOR MODERN PLUMBING Preferred installation methods for lead pipe and fittings in the plumbing -ystems of today's indus trial and residential structures. Detailed drawings are included. Reprinted from "Sweet's Catalog," 1958. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTER No. 13 L.I.A. Formula 9-2. A single Red Lead Primer for Rusted, Weathered or New Galvanized Steel. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PAINT: REDLEAD-BASE, READY-MIXED TT-P-86a Covers four types of red-lead-base paints including two fast drying formulations. Many intended appli cations listed. >KVT LlTERATl'RK THE MATERIALS YOU BUY-LEAD Descriptive information about lead from mine to finished products. Reprinted from "New York Pur chasing Review," January. 1959. LEAD GUTTERS RUN W ATER OFF DUKE'S BACK A description of the installation of hard lead gut ters on a new dormitory at Duke University. Re printed from "American Artisan," October, 1958. FLASHING WITH HARD LEAD A complete "How-to-do-it" article on the use of hard lead in roofing and dashing. Reprinted from "American Roofer 4 Siding Contractor," December. 1958. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS, LIA26171 ris ttn IN V. v a. 1-.AAC COLDMAV DIVISION PCBLlstfERS PRINTING--ROGERS KELLOGG LONG ISLAND CITY 1. V. Y. C'iRP.