Document jdzKM22Vjwa8nXabew44YRwZ

COPT PORK BOX HUMBER "' x Sr S SEGMENT NO. NOTES T, P;-/rt- rdj'_C /Qc^-yl- / , REQUESTING PARTY 7' '/0- PW' J MTC OO1247 8751 Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1977 V/* Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties Mineralogical Definitions and Identification-Characterization UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MTC 001249 t;* Information Circular 8751 Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties Mineralogical Definitions and Identification-Characterization By W. J. Campbell, R. L. Blake, L. L. Brown, E. E. Cather, and J. J. Sjoberg This current report on asbestos has been prepared by the Bureau of Mines, U-S. Department of the Interior to-- 1. Provide precise nomenclature and information on selected silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties. 2. Invite comment, revisions, or additional information on the subject. Please direct communications to the author-- William J. Campbell Bureau of Mines College Parle Metallurgy Research Center College Park, Md. 20740 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES MTC 001250 As the Notion's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water re* sources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing far the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major re sponsibility far American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration. V "VSf- v. * t- V. This publication has been cataloged as follows: Selected silicate minerals and their asbestifarm varieties : mineralogical definitions and identification-characterization / by W. J. Campbell ... [et alj [Washington] : U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1977. $6 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. (Information circular Bureau of Mines ; 8751) Bibliography: p. 54-56. 1. Silicate materials. 2. Asbestos. 3> Asbestos fibers. I. Campbell, William Joseph, 1926- ' . II. United States. Bureau of Mines. Ul. Series: United States. Bureau of Mines. Informa tion circular Bureau of Mines ; 8751. TN23.U71 no. 8751 622.06173 U.S. Dept, of the Int. Library MTC 001251 CONTENTS ~'s ! ! Abstract............................................................................................................................................... introduction...................................................................................................................................... The Particulate Mineralogy Unit................................................................................. Scope .of report.................. ..................... ......................................................................... Acknowledgments............................................... ............................................................................... Nomenclature of selected silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties...................................................................................................................................... Background............................................................................................. Definitions............................................................................................................................. Mineral terms............................................................................................................. Asbestos-related terms......................................................................................... Crystal terms................... Breaking of minerals.............................................................................................. Mineral identification andcharacterization................................................................. Macroscopic samples........................................................................................................... Microscopic samples................................. Applying mineral terminology to the identification and characterization of particulates........................................................................................................................... Applying morphological terminology.......................................................................... Particulates from a known asbestiform serpentine or amphibole source Particulates from a known nonasbestiform serpentine or aiq>hibole source.................................................................................................................................... Comparison of particulates from known serpentine and amphibole minerals and their asbestiform varieties........................................................ Aspect ratio............................................ ........................................................................ Particulates from unknown sources............................................................................ Applications................................ ............................................................................................ Ambient-air samples near serpentinite rock quarry........................................ Asbestos in celling and wall materials................................................................. Amphiboles and talc........................................................................................................... Research needs............................................................................................... References.......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 12 13 14 21 28 31 32 33 38 38 38 39 39 44 46 46 47 48 50 52 54 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Regions of the United States reported by the Environmental Protec tion Agency to contain asbestiform minerals in the bedrocks.............. 2 2. Macrophotographs of serpentine and chrysotile................................................. 6 3. Macrophotographs of tremolite and tremolite asbestos.................................. 7 4. Macrophotographs of anthophylllte and anthophyllite asbestos................ 8 5. Macrophotographs of actinolite and actlnolite asbestos............................. 9 6. Macrophotographs of cummingtonite and cumnlngtonite-grunerite asbestos............................................................................................................................... 10 7. Macrophotographs of riebecklte and crocidolite............................................... 11 8. Four varieties of gypsum................................. 14 9. Macrophotograph of tremolite asbestos................................................................... 15 10. Macrophotograph of anthophyllite asbestos.......................................................... 15 11. Macrophotographs of two fibrous amphiboles showing asbestiform habit. 16 MTC 001252 ii ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Page 12. Photomicrograph Illustrating the separation of a crocldolite fiber bundle into fibers.................... ....................................... ................................. .. 17 13. Four fibrous nonasbestlform mineral varieties............................. _................ 18 14. Light optical photomicrograph of fibers from tremolite asbestos.... 19 15. Fibers of epsomlte................. 19 16. Crysotile, showing individual fibrils, at two magnifications.............. 20 17. Crocldolite, showing a fiber bundle and fibers.......................................... 21 18. Chrysotile by polarized light................................................................................... 21 19. Chrysotile............................................................................................................................. 22 20. Chrysotile at two magnifications.............................................................................. 23 21. Various shapes of single crystals, and patterns or arrangements of crystal aggregates......................................................................................................... 24 22. Macrophotograph of spodumene showing prismatic shape.................................. 25 23. Macrophotograph of tremolite showing prismatic and aclcular crystal shapes......................................................... 25 24. Rlebeckite, showing prismatic shape........................................................................ 26 25. Actinolite, showing prismatic shape........................................................................ 26 26. Tremolite cleavage fragments, showing aclcular, fibrous, and prismatic shapes........................................................................................................... 27 27. Macrophotograph of columnar aggregates of coarse anthophyllite........... 28 28. Macrophotograph of radiating aggregates of aclcular pyrophyllite.... 29 29. Macrophotograph of calcite rhombohedral cleavage fragments.................... 29 30. Macrophotograph of pyroxene showing good cleavage Interrupted by uneven fracture............................................................................................................... 30 31. Tremolite, showing good prismatic cleavage........................................................ 30 32. Cleavage fragments of rlebeckite.............................................................................. 31 33. Quality of SAED pattern as a function of amphibole fiber diameter... 35 34. Intensity ratio of FeKar, MgKo, or CaR* relative to SlKor as a function of fiber diameter....................................................................................... 36 35. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra of chrysotile as a function of fiber diameter, BeO substrate................ .................................................. .. 37 36. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra of chrysotile as a function of fiber diameter, Be substrate............................ 38 37. Light optical photomicrographs of chrysotile and antlgorite- llzardite at three magnifications........................................................................ 40 38. Light optical photomicrographs of crocldolite and rlebeckite at three magnifications.................................................................................................... 41 39. Light optical photomicrographs of tremolite asbestos and tremolite at three magnifications........................................................................................ 42 40. SEM photomicrographs of crocldolite and rlebeckite at three magnifications.............................................................. 43 41. Frequency polygons for the aspect ratios of anthophyllite and anthophyllite asbestos....................................................................... 44 42. Frequency polygons for the aspect ratios of tremolite and tremolite asbestos........................... ................... ...............................................................*............... 44 43. Frequency polygons for the aspect ratio of hornblende............................... 45 44. Frequency polygons for the aspect ratios of commercial-grade chrysotile and chrysotile in ambient air........................................................ 45 MTC 001253 lit ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Page 45. Macrophotograph showing chrysotile-veins in serpentine rock.................. 47 46. Chrysotile bundle................................................................................................................ 47 47. Mixture of nonasbestiform serpentine and chrysotile at five magnifications................................................................................................................... 49 48. Differential thermal analysis of sample from school ceiling.................. 50 49. X-ray diffractometer scan of sample from school ceiling........................... 50 50. Sample from university building, showing a mixture of chrysotile and fiberglass.................................................................................................................. 51 51. Typical platy morphology of talc............................................................................... 51 52. Platy talc and tremollte cleavage fragment........................................................ 52 53. Platy talc, tremollte cleavage fragments, and a fibrous tremollte particle................................................................................................................................ 52 TABLES 1. Selected silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties..................... 4 2. Refractive indices for the serpentine group and selected amphibole minerals.................................................................................................................... 34 3. Frequency distribution of the width of chrysotile fibers for ambient-air samples........................................................................................................ 37 MTC 001254 tk .--ft r>- SELECTED SILICATE MINERALS AND THEIR ASBESTIFORM VARIETIES Mineralogical Definitions and Identificotion-Characterizotion by I W. J. Campbell, 1 R. L. Blake,2 L. L. Brown,3 E. E. Cather,4 and J. J. Sjoberg5 r ABSTRACT This report by the Federal Bureau of Mines Particulate Mineralogy Unit recommends mineralogical definitions and identification-characterization con cepts for selected silicate minerals and their asbestlform varieties. Precise definitions acceptable to mineral analysts, regulatory personnel, and medical scientists are essential because of the present lack of conformity in termi nology concerned with measuring and controlling asbestlform particulates and their related health effects. Because of the complexity and variability of crystal morphology in different mineral groups, the descriptive terms are gen erally explained by illustration rather than by numerical values. Applica tions and limitations of several analytical techniques for particulate identification and characterization are discussed. INTRODUCTION Concurrent vlth concerns within the Federal Government over future avail ability of minerals to meet our expanding needs is the requirement that miner als and mineral commodities be mined and processed vlth minimum environmental impact. Traditionally, matters related to "... inquiries and scientific and technologic investigations concerning mining, and the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances with a view to improving health condi tions and increasing safety...." have been within the province of the Bureau of Mines as authorized in the amended Organic Act of 1913 (Public Law 62-386). Since its establishment by Congress, the Bureau of Mines has long been deeply involved in investigating the explosive characteristics of dusts in the min eral industries in its mining and metallurgy research centers, and has estab lished analytical and mineralogical laboratories in seven metallurgy research centers. These laboratories are essential to solving the increasingly complex ^Program coordinator. Particulate Mineralogy Unit, College Park Metallurgy a Research Center, College Park, Md. Supervisory geologist. Twin Cities Metallurgy Research Center, Twin Cities, Minn. ^Geologist, Albany Metallurgy Research Center, Albany, Oreg. ^Geologist, Salt Lake City Metallurgy Research Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. Geologist, Reno Metallurgy Research Center, Reno, Nev. f '* -* 'rr MTC 001255 2 I safety, health, and environmental problems posed by dusts within the mineral system. I Various legislative actions and public concerns within the past decade have, had, and will continue to have, an impact upon the mineral industry. As a result, control of mineral particulates is becoming increasingly important, with much recent attention focused on asbestiform particulates in both air and water. Figure 1, from an Environmental Protection Agency report, shows the widespread occurrence of common amphibole and serpentine minerals that, accord ing to existing regulatory definitions, may be classified as asbestiform min erals (16).8 With such possibly overwhelming implications to both mineral producer and mineral consumer, it is essential that existing ambiguities regarding silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties be resolved. Until recently, adverse health effects associated with asbestos were focused on occupational exposure in asbestos-related industries. Now there is inter national concern regarding the effect on health from long-term low-level, or short-term high-level, exposure to mineral particulates by the general public (5, 28, 36). These particulates may include both the coinnon and the asbesti form varieties of certain silicate minerals. In many instances, cleavage fragments of common amphibole minerals have been mistakenly identified as6 t'. X- i. * FIGURE 1. - Regions of the United States (shaded area) reported by the Environmental Protec tion Agency to contain asbestiform minerals in the bedrocks (16). 6Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references at the end of this report. MTC 001256 3 microscopic fibers of the related asbestiform variety. Such lack of precision in identifying these particulates is a handicap to scientific decisionmaking by regulatory agencies and medical researchers. The Particulate Mineralogy Unit was created to work on problems such as this. The Particulate Mineralogy Unit The Bureau of Mines established the Particulate Mineralogy Unit in September 1976. The College Park Metallurgy Research Center in College Park, Md.,7 is the focal point for this unit, but substantial support will be sup plied by the other Bureau of Mines metallurgy and mining research centers, which are located throughout the United States. The unit is to assist local, State, and Federal agencies in establishing precise and workable mineral defi nitions and to improve or develop methods of particulate identification and quantitative measurement. The unit is also providing characterized serpentine and amphibole minerals for use by Federal health agencies in their asbestosrelated research programs. Scope of Report This Bureau of Mines report is intended to clarify some of the terminol ogy used in identification and characterization of asbestiform minerals, and to sharpen the distinction between common rock minerals and their asbestiform varieties. It defines certain mineral terms related to asbestiform minerals and discusses mineral-characterization techniques on a strictly mineralogical basis. The report then discusses the identification of silicate particulates and suggests how to apply this information to asbestos-related problems. Sug gested areas for further research are sunmarized at the end of this report. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following College Park Metallurgy Research Center personnel are acknowledged for their invaluable contributions. Photographic assistance was provided by Garrett Hyde, research physicist, and Lawrence Johnson, geologist (mineralogy). Application data were provided by Raymond Brown, physical science technician; Charles W. Huggins, research chemist; and Eric Steel and Robert Virta, geologists (mineralogy). 7The research center is scheduled for relocation to Avondale, Md., in June 1978. MTC 001257 ,"\rr NOMENCLATURE OF SELECTED SILICATE MINERALS AND THEIR ASBESTIFORM VARIETIES8 Background* In August 1976, a preliminary paper (1) was presented from which the Bureau of Mines hoped to elicit suggestions from the mineralogical community for critically defining silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties. Significant terms such as "asbestos," "asbestiform," and "fibers" have dif ferent meanings to the various concerned groups--mineralogists, regulatory agencies, medical scientists, and industry. This has resulted in situations where erroneous conclusions have been drawn. Thus, precise definitions are required that will be uniformly accepted and applied by all personnel involved with silicate minerals that have asbestiform varieties (A, 11. 24-25, 31, 39). Mineralogical nomenclature recognizes the historical origin of terms, and changes are made only when they are proven incorrect by new information (10, 32). The science of mineralogy is constantly being advanced with newly examined mineral occurrences and with new and improved instruments and tech niques that provide more details on chemical composition, crystal structure, and morphology. To prevent constant revision, nomenclature has to have a certain flexibility, yet must be definite enough to be scientifically useful. The objective of this part of the report is to summarize mineralogically acceptable terms that relate to asbestos. There is no "group" of asbestos minerals. "Asbestos" is a general term applied to certain minerals (that are themselves classified under crystalstructure -based groups) when these minerals crystallize as the asbestiform variety. Table 1 lists some cossnon silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties, together with their relationships and formulas. Although discus sion in this report is limited to these minerals, appropriate terms and state ments also apply to other silicate minerals that have rare fibrous varieties such as talc, some clay minerals such as attapulgite, and other amphlboles such as arfvedsonite, eckermannite, and richterite. TABLE 1. - Selected silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties Mineral Asbestiform variety AMPHIBOLE GROUP Anthophyllite: (Mg,Fe+2)7 Si^O^ (OH,F)2... Anthophyllite asbestos. Cummingtonite-grunerite: Cummingtonite-grunerite asbestos. (Mg,Fe+3)7 Sig022(0H)2. Tremolite-actindite: Tremollte-actinolite asbestos. Ca2(Mg,Fe+2)5 Sia022(0H,F)2. Riebeckite: Na2Fe*s Fe23 Sig022(0H,F)2.... Crocldollte. SERPENTINE GROUP ;> Serpentine: MgsSi40lo(0H)9 ......................... IChrysotlle. 8Tibor Zoltai, Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, made significant contributions to this section of the report. MTC 001258 5 Amphlbole minerals and, to a lesser degree, serpentine minerals occur widely distributed In the earth's crust In many Igneous or metamorphic rocks. In some rare Instances, the mlneraloglcal occurrences contain sufficient quantities of usable asbestiform minerals to be economically minable for commercial asbestos.9 The soft, silky fibers of asbestos (sometimes called mineral silk) are so flexible that they can be spun Into threads from which cloth can be woven. The resulting material Is fireproof, is a good thermal and electrical Insulator, and has moderate to good resistance to acids. It has been used from Roman times, and is most familiar in dally use In brake linings for automobiles and as the "asbestos" siding used In resi dential construction. Only a very small quantity of the amphlbole and serpentine minerals under par ticular geologic circumstances occur as the asbestiform variety of the mineral. The asbestiform varieties occur in veins or small veinlets within rock containing or com posed of the common (nonasbestlform) variety of the same mineral. Macrophotographs of the minerals of table 1, both asbestiform and nonasbestlform varieties, are shown in figures 2 through 7. The serpentine group of minerals is limited to serpentine as the common variety and to chrysotile as the asbestiform variety. Antigorite and llzardlte are not listed as separate varieties, but are understood to be Included in the term "serpentine" because they represent 2 frequently named polytypes of about 10 recognized polytypes of serpentine (20). The polytypes differ only in minor struc tural stacking of components and are not sufficiently different to have a separate mineral status. Chrysotile generally occurs segregated as parallel fibers in veins or veinlets, although a recent study (6) has shown fine chrysotile Intimately intergrown with the llzardlte polytype. The minerals and mineral series of the amphlbole group in table 1 have variable compositions with extensive elemental substitutions and are found in forms ranging from massive to blocky to very fibrous. Crocldolite is the varietal name given to the fibrous habit of the mineral rlebeckite (fig. 7), as shown by at least one study (35). It is retained here as a useful and correctly Identified term. Cummlngtonite-grunerite asbestos is the mineralogically proper terminology for the commercial material commonly known as "amosite." Amosite, implied to be a min eral variety, is really an acronym--Asbestos Mines of South Africa--for a fibrous mixture of minerals; namely, cummlngtonite-grunerite with variable tremoliteactlnollte. Amosite has been discredited as a mineral species (22), and its use as a mlneraloglcal term should be discontinued; however, it is still useful as a com mercial term. Mineral compositional series such as cusmingtonite-grunerite Involve replacing one cation for another in a crystal structure without significantly altering the structure. There may be a gradation in the structure in some series, and minor changes in physical characteristics may occur with elemental substitution. Usually a series involves two named compositional end members with intermediate substitu tional compounds being separately named (if the members were recognized by early mineralogists), given a varietal name (for similar reasons), or just qualified by being referred to as members of the series. Members of the tremollte-actlnoliteferroactinollte series are hydroxylated calcium-magnesium, magnesium-iron, and iron silicates, respectively. Their series is named in table 1 for two of its members, and when its composition is known, it should-be called by the specific name., such as 9Clifton, R. A. Asbestos. BuMines MCP-6, in preparation, 1977. -rr MTC 001259 } ji FIGURE 2. - Macrophotographs of serpentine (top, XI} and chrysotife (bottom, X 3). rr MTC 001260 y -- ----- -- 7 i r i mmmtr n >>, FIGURE 3; - Macrophotographs (X 3)of tremolite (top) and tremolite asbestos (bottom). MTC 001261 FIGURE 4> * Mocrophotogrophs (X 3) of onthophyllite (top) and onthophyllite osbestos (bottom); MTC 001262 (  9 FIGURE 5; * Macrophotographs of octinolite (top, X 1) and actinolite asbestos (bottom, X 3). MTC 001263 j i 1f \ 10 fi w FIGURE 6^ * Macrophotographs (X 3) of cummingtonite (top) and cummingtonite* grunerite asbestos (bottom). MTC 001264 11 FIGURE 7; - Mocrophotographs (X 3) of riebeckite (top) and crocidolite (bottom); MTC 001265 * 12 tremolite. The following nomenclature for this series (7) is based on the mole * Fe ratio (In parentheses) of peIn the formula Caa(Mg,Fe)6SI80a3(0H)a: tremolite (0 to 0.2), actlnollte (0.2 to 0.8), and ferroactlnollte (0.8 to 1.0). Definitions Many mineraloglcal definitions apply to the entire mineral field, but the defi nitions in this report are restricted to those necessary to characterize the fibers and cleavage fragments related to asbestos identification-characterization. The terms to be defined are outlined in the following list: ! i Mineral terms: Mineral Mineral groups Mineral series Mineral varieties Asbestos-related terms: Asbestos Fibrous Mineral fiber Fibril Fibril structure Breaking of minerals: Cleavage: Types: Pinacoldal Prismatic Rhombohedral Cubic Octahedral Quality: Perfect Good Fair Asbestiform Crystal terms: Crystal structure Crystalline Crystal .i Single crystal Twinned crystal Polycrystalline r % Polymorphs Polytypes Crystal form Crystal morphology: Single crystals: Equant i Prismatic Acicular -if rS Fiber Fibril Filiform Bladed Platy Lamellar Crystal aggregates: s: Asbestiform Inq>erfect Cleavage fragment Fracture: Types: Even Uneven Splintery Concholdal Hackly Parting Columnar Fibrous Lamellar Massive Radiating Reticulated MTc 01266 13 Mineral Terms Mineral.--A homogeneous, naturally occurring, usually inorganic and crys talline substance. Minerals with distinct crystal structure types (including lack of crystal structure) and limited variation in chemical composition are given individual names. The early concept of a mineral as a natural-history species was gradually abandoned and changed into a chemical and structural definition around the middle of the 19th century, long before crystal structures were understood. The term "species" persisted for a long time with this newer definition, but is now seldom used in mineralogy. Mineral Group.--Minerals that have essentially the same (or comparable) structures, but have different cations in secondary structural position (for example, pyrites, feldspars, and amphlboles). In silicates, most of the mineral groups have the same linkage patterns of the silica tetrahedra, like the characteristic double chains of amphlboles. However, the secondary atomic sites may be occupied by a relatively wide vari ety of cations or some may even be vacant in the actual structures of the mem bers. In some silicate-mineral groups, the identity of the silica-tetrahedral frame is less restricted and may be limited to the similarities of some basic characteristics. For example, the silica-tetrahedral frames of the zeolite minerals are variable, but they are all characterized by large open channels. All mineral groups have names. In some instances, this name is the uni versal name of a common or important member of the group (for exanqple, ser pentine group). Mineral Series.--Two or more members of a mineral group in which the cations in secondary structural position are similar in properties and can be present in variable, although frequently limited, ratios (for example, cummlngtonite-grunerite). Also known as an Isomorphic series. Some mineral series such as the plagloclases have unique names, but most are identified by the combined names of the end-member minerals, such as tremollte-actinollte. The current trend is to simplify long series names by using the mineral name of only one (end or intermediate) member. Individual minerals in the series are either identified by the names given to compositional ranges (for example, bytownite or ollgoclase in the plagloclases), or by the name of the series followed by a symbol expressing the mineral's position in the series or the ratios of the variable cations (Abj^A^QQ.,^ for plagloclases, where Ab and An designate the two end members, albite and anorthite). Mineral Variety.--Minerals that are conspicuously different from .those considered normal or common in crystallization habits, polytypes, and other structural variants, or other physical properties such as color. Varfetles are named by mineralogists, miners, gemologists, manufacturers of industrial products, and mineral collectors. 9 ,< $ < - #; MTC 001267 14 FIGURE 8. - Four varieties of gypsum: (A) Selenite; (B) satin spar, fine fibrous; (C) satin spar, coarse fibrous; and (D) olabaster. Although mineral names are controlled by national and inter national mineralogical organizations, variety names are not. In practice, any variety name that becomes suf ficiently popular is eventually recognized by these organizations as distinct enough to be used as a mineralvariety name. Typical of these are the vari ous varieties of gypsum shown in fig ure 6. Figures 2 through 7 illustrate the massive and asbestlform varieties of serpentine and amphiboles. Asbestos-Related Terms In the following discussion, asbestlform refers only to asbestos. The other terms, "fibrous," 'hdneral fiber," "fibril," and "fibril structure," apply to both asbestlform and nonasbestiform varieties. Asbestos--(1) A collective mineralogical term encompassing the asbestiform varieties of various minerals; (2) an industrial product obtained by min ing and processing primarily asbestlform minerals. The quality of asbestos depends on the mineralogy of the asbestlform variety, the degree of asbestlform development of the fibers, the ratio of asbestlform fibers to acicular crystals or other impurities, and the length and flexibility of the fibers. The major asbestlform varieties of minerals used for asbestos are chrysotile, tremolite-actinolite asbestos, cummingtonitegrunerlte asbestos, anthophylllte asbestos, and crocidolite. Asbestos may be marketed by its mineral name such as anthophylllte asbestos, its variety name such as chrysotile or crocidolite, or a trade name such as Amosite or Montasite. Two types of commercial asbestos are shown in figures 9 and 10. The term "asbestos" was first Introduced by Flinius Secundus in 77 A.D. The term "amiant" was previously used for the same mineral by Dloscorides in 50 A.D., and this term was the more common one until the middle of the 17th century. After that until the 20th century, "asbestos" was more common, and "amiant" was reserved for the more silky and flexible asbestos. In the 18th century, asbestos was classified into five different species. Currently, all MTC 001268 ' 'r, ***-' jaiaMtojaiffc -in i n 15 FIGURE 9i Macrophotograph of tremolite asbestos (X 3)i asbestos is recognized as varieties o sev eral Individual miner als. Thus, in mineralogy, "asbestos" became a collective term, somewhat like "clays" or "gems." During the 20th cen tury, asbestos devel oped Into an important industrial material. Some asbestos products contain nonasbestlform minerals (for example, asbestos-cement and asbestos-magnesia); consequently, the mineraloglcal and the industrial definitions of asbestos do not always coincide. Fibrous.--The occurrence of a min eral in bundles of fibers, resembling organic fibers in tex ture, from which the fibers can usually be separated (for example, satin-spar and chrysotlle). The term "fibrous" has been used during the last 200 years to describe all kinds of minerals that crystal lized in habits resembling organic fibers, including FIGURE 10. - Mocrophotogroph of onthophyllite asbestos (X 3)i asbestos minerals. However, the related term "asbestlform" was never used for fibrous mineral habits other than asbestos. Accordingly, "fibrous" is the more general term, and asbestlform is a specific type of fibrosity. Figures 11, 12, and 13 show various types of fibrous mineral habits. Examples of fibrous minerals , both silicates, and non- silicates, that are not classified as asbestlform are shown in figure 13. & ~ Ef $ % \ i T MTC 001269 FIGURE 11. - Macrophotographs (X 3) of two fibrous amphiboles showing asbestiform habit: Byssolite (top) and richterite (bottom); MTC 001270 17 Mineral Fiber. - -The smallest elongated crys talline unit that can be separated from a bundle or appears to have grown Individually In that 2 shape, and that exhibits a resemblance to organic *. fibers. (Examples: * fiber bundles, chryso_ tile and crocldolite; individual fibers, epsomite and millerite.) FIGURE 12. Photomicrogroph illustrating the separation of a crocidolite fiber bundle into fibers (X 600). organic fibers are illustrated in The Particle Atlas The term "fiber" is not limited to asbestos. However, it is distinct from "acicular" because it requires the resem blance to organic fibers. Figures 14 and 15 illus trate mineral fiber habits. Excellent photomicrographs of (18). Fibril.--A single fiber, which cannot be separated into smaller compo nents without losing its fibrous properties or appearances. Most fibers are single structural entities, such as millerite and nickel sulfide, and some may be called fibrils. However, some fibers are conqposed of two or more fibrils that are less readily separable from each other than fibers are from bundles (for example, chrysotlle and crocldolite). Figure 16 shows the high magnification necessary to resolve a fibril. Fibril Structure.--A systematically deformed and/or defective crystal structure of a fibril. A defect structure would involve various types of dis location. The fibril structure may be exhibited by a single crystal, a group of single crystals, or a twinned single crystal. wr MTC 001271 -WJ,Ugf 18 FIGURE 13. Four fibrous nonosbestiform mineral varieties: A, Fibrous talc (X 500); B, fibrous brucite (X 50); C, palygorskite (X 30,000); and D, attapulgite (X 30,000). jm- ,5-.` ** MTC 001272 19 The scroll-like fibril structure of chrysotile (38). the twinned single-crystal fibrils of chrysotile (6), and the incompletely resolved fibril structure of an amphibole (9) are all examples illustrated in the literature. Some acicular single crystals may have the appearance of fibers and fibrils, yet there is nothing unusual about their crystal structures. Other acicular single crystals may have signif icant structural devia tions in addition to appearance that result in the display of certain properties usually found in fibers such as high tensile strength along the fiber axis. Thus, fibril structure is not limited to asbestifonn structures, but may occur in a minor form in nonasbestiform structures. Asbestiform.--A specific type of mineral flbroslty in which the fibers and fibrils possess high tensile strength and flexibility. "Asbestiform" and "asbestos" are essentially synonymous in current usage. Some special properties of asbestiform vari FIGURE 15. Fibers of epsomite (magnesium sulfate hydrate) (X 13). eties, including optical extinc tion and surface charge, are either not fully understood or are not uniformly applicable to all asbestiform fibers; consequently, they cannot be considered fundamental characteristics at this time. The prototype of the expression "asbestiform" was introduced by Werner in 1774. He recognized three subspecies of actlno- lite and of tremolite. One of these subspecies had the prefix "asbestartiger." Thus, the restriction of "asbestiform" to certain mineral varieties appears to I F MTC 001273 t -t 20 FIGURE 16. Chrysotile, showing individual fibrils, at two magnifications: X 18,000 (top) and X 35,000 (bottom). The hollow-tube structure is visible at the higher magnification. (TEM micro photographs.) MTC 001274 21 be justified on a historical as veil as physical basis. Fig ures 17 to 20 show several asbestlform varieties of minerals. Crystal Terms Crystal Struc ture.--The pattern of the regular arrange ment of atoms and ions In space. Usually refers to the basic (or average) structure of solids (and the ordered portions of liquids) without ref erence to minor, local FIGURE 17. * Crocidolite, showing a fiber bundle and fibers ized deviations. (X 300). Crystalline. --A substance possessing a reasonably well devel oped and long-range ordered crystal i< structure. t \ Cryscal.--(1) Any ; single crystal; (2) a it single crystal termi nated by planar or nearly planar surfaces called crystal faces. t Single Crystal.-- A crystal containing an uninterrupted crystal structure in a single orientation. FIGURE 18.- Chrysotile by polarized light (X 100). Twinned Crystal.-- A crystal composed of two or more single crystals where adjacent crystals share a plane that is an integral part of both orientations of the crystal structure. Polycrystalline.--A substance composed of two or more single crystals. Polymorphs.--Two crystals with identical chemical composition but dif ferent crystal structures. p*m MTC 001275 22 Polytypes.--Polymorphs that contain essentially Identical structural components, like layers, which are arranged In various patterns, like stacking of layers. Crystal Form.--A set of sym metrically equivalent faces In a single crystal. A crystal may display several crystal forms. Crystal Habit.--The actual shape assumed by a crystal or group of crystals as a result of the growth of dominant crystal forms (faces). Also known as crystal morphology. Crystal Aggregate.--A cohe sive mass of Individual crystals or grains. FIGURE 19. - Chrysotile (X 300). Single crystals exhibit growth shapes, while crystal aggregates exhibit growth patterns or arrange ments (fig. 21). Some habits imply minor deviation of the crystal structure (deformation of the structure, presence of defects. Inclusions, or impurities). Most habits are limited to the appearance of single crystals (crystal forms, irregular terminations, dimensional development, texture) or the pattern of aggregation of single crystals (dimension, orientation of the crystals, and cohesion between them). Under the following heading of "Single Crystals," the growth shapes are arranged first as equant, followed by other shapes that can be thought of as being derived from equant by suppressing or extending one or two of the three space dimensions, thus conveying the gradational nature of various defined crystal shapes. Single Crystals Equant.--The shape of a single crystal or grain with three approximately equal space dimensions. ....iUlmLjl.llWNLLlI I.-.IUMI I .WW'I'... mv MTC 001276 23 ? ! FIGURE 20. - Chrysotile at two magnifications: X 1,960 (top) and X 2,800 (bottom). I I MTC 001277 i 24 . SINGLE-CRYSTAL SHAPES CRYSTAL-AGGREGATE PATTERNS OR ARRANGEMENTS Equant Prismatic \/- Acicular Fiber ^0*3? Fibril Columnar above. Fibrous Lamellar 4 Sr t Massive Bladed P,aty Lamellar Radiating Reticulated FIGURE 21. - Various shapes of single crystals, and patterns or arrangements of crystal aggregates. MTC 001278 25 Prismatic.--The shape of a single crystal with one elongated dimension and two shorter, approximately equal, dimensions. Prismatic shapes of various single crystals are shown In figures 22 to 25. Acicular.--The shape shown by an extremely slender crystal with small cross-sectional dimen sions (a special case of prismatic form). Acicular crystals may be blunt-ended or FIGURE 22. - Mocrophotograph of spodumene (LiAISi206) pointed. The term showing prismatic shape (X 1). "needlellke" refers to an acicular crystal with pointed termina tion at one or both ends. Figures 23 and 26 show acicular crystals or crystal shapes. Fiber.--See definition under "Asbestos-Related Terms." Fibril.--See definition under "Asbestos-Related Terms." Filiform.--The shape of threadlike mineral fibers. FIGURE 23. - Macrophotograph of tremolite showing prismatic and acicular crystal shapes (X 10). Bladed.--The bladelike shape of a crystal with one longer dimension and two unequal, much shorter, dimensions. uijuiwmr '* L7T?. .v-V.. 1 MTC 001279 T fT l 26 FIGURE 24. - Riebeckite, showing prismatic shape (SEM photomicrograph at X 800). FIGURE 25. - Actinolite, showing prismatic shape (SEM photo micrograph at X 20,000). XT' 'Sr MTC 001280 27 Figure 25 shows the bladed prismatic habit of actinollte. Platy.--The shape of a crys tal with one short dimension and * two longer, approximately equal, dimensions. Chlorite, micas, and talc usually crystallize Into platy shapes. , FIGURE 26. - Tremolite cleavage fragments (X 130), showing ocicular (A), fibrous (F), and prismatic (P) shapes. Crystal Aggregates The serpentines, although possessing layered structure simi lar to micas and talc, rarely grow In platy shapes. Talc is of Interest here because some talc deposits have associated asbesti form and nonasbestlform minerals. Platy talc, when seen In thin sections or as fragments In oil, may occur in various orientations. Plates lying flat look like plates but, if standing on edge, could appear fibrous. Lamellar.--The shape of a very thin platy crystal. Asbestiform. --See definition under 'Asbestos -Related Terms." Columnar.--The arrangement of a group of approximately parallel, pris matic, acicular, or bladed crystals. Figure 27 shows columnar aggregates of coarse anthophyllite. Fibrous.--See definition under "Asbestos-Related Terms." I 1 wm MTC 001281 * 4b 28 Lamellar.--The pattern exhib ited by aggregates of very thin platy minerals. Massive.--Homogeneous struc ture without stratification, flow banding, foliation, or schistosity Also, crystals or crystalline grains that are tightly packed and scarcely distinguishable. Figure 2 (top) is a good example of massive serpentine. Radiating.--An arrangement of prismatic, acicular, or bladed crystals that appear to be diverg ing from a common center. Figure 28 shows radiating aggregates of pyrophyllite. FIGURE 27. Mocrophotogroph of columnar ag gregates of coarse anthophyllite (X 1). Reticulated.--The pattern of a crisscross network of acicular, prismatic, or bladed crystals. Breaking of Minerals When a mineral crystal or grain is strained beyond its elastic and plastic limit, it will break in one of several characteristic modes described as cleavage, fracture, or parting. Cleavage.--The tendency of a crystal to break in definite directions that are related to the crystal structure and are always parallel to possible crys tal faces. Cleavage Types Pinacoidal Cleavage.--A crystal with only one cleavage plane that yields platy or lamellar fragments (for example, talc and the mica minerals). Also called platy, basal, or lamellar cleavage. Prismatic Cleavage.--A crystal with two distinct cleavage planes that yield prismatic fragments (for example, the amphiboles and pyroxenes). N1TC 001282 29 Rhombohedral Cleavage.--A hexagonal crystal with three dis tinct cleavage planes that yield rhombohedral fragments (such as calclte). y. Figure 29 shows i the excellent rhombo hedral cleavage of calclte. Cubic Cleavage.-An Isometric crystal with three distinct cleavage planes that yield cubic fragments (for example, halite). FIGURE 28. * Mocrophotogroph of radiating aggregates of acicular pyrophy 11 ite (X 1). Octrahedral Cleavage.--An isometric crystal with four dis tinct cleavage planes that yield octahedral cleavage fragments (for example, magnetite and fluorite). Cleavage Quality The quality or persistence of a cleavage is described as follows: Perfect.--Diffi cult to break in any other direction; cleavage surfaces are extensive and smooth. The cleavage of calclte in figure 29 is perfect. Good.--Breaks readily along one direction, but can be broken in other direc tions; cleavage .UWJU ju ; ~ 2u.: MTC 001283 w| 30 surfaces are smooth but interrupted by other fractures. Figures 30 and 31 show good cleavage of pyroxene and tremolite. Fair.--Breaks most readily along cleavage but also fractures easily in other direc tions; cleavage sur faces are seldom large. Imperfect.--Breaks about as easily by fracture as by cleavage; cleavage surfaces tend to be small and fre quently interrupted. FIGURE 30. * Mocrophotograph of pyroxene showing good cleav age interrupted by uneven fracture (X 1). Cleavage Fragment Cleavage Frag ment. - -A fragment pro duced by the breaking of crystals in direc tions that are related to the crystal struc ture and are always parallel to possible crystal faces. FIGURE 31. - Tremolite, showing good prismatic cleavage (SEM photomicrograph at X 560). Minerals with per fect cleavage can pro duce perfect regular fragments. Amphiboles with prismatic cleavage will produce prismatic fragments (fig. 31). These fragments can be elongated and on super ficial observation may resemble fibers (figs. 26 and 32). However, because they did not grow as fibers, they cannot have the characteristics of fibers. Consequently. MTC 001284  I* 31 cleavage fragments can not be called fibers. Minerals do not always break Into the same shapes as their growth habits. For example, calcite has many growth habits, but usually breaks into rhombohedral cleavage fragments (fig. 29). Fracture.--The tendency of a crystal or grain to break in an irregular manner appar ently unrelated to crystallographic directions. FIGURE 32. - Cleovoge fragments of riebeckite (X 500). Particle F has a fibrous appearance. Fracture types are as follows: Even. --Breaking along relatively smooth planes. Uneven.--Breaking along Irregular planes. Splintery.--Breaking into irregular, elongated fragments. Conchoidal.--Breaking along spherical or conical surfaces. Hackly.--Breaking with a jagged irregular surface. Parting.--The tendency of a crystal or grain to break along crystallo graphic planes weakened by inclusions or structural defects. Different speci mens of the same mineral may or may not exhibit parting. Twinned crystals often part along composition planes, which are lattice planes and, therefore, potential crystal faces. Parting is similar to cleavage. MINERAL IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Until recently, emphasis in the United States was placed on occupational exposure of employees manufacturing or using asbestos products for Insulation and other applications (29, 33). Regulatory procedures were adopted from those used in Great Britain. The Industrial-hygiene identification procedures were acceptable to Industry, health, and regulatory organizations because the concern was restricted to several mineral products known collectively as asbestos. Although light optical microscopic procedures counted only the larger particles collected on the air filters, the procedure was adequate for MTC 001285 32 correlating health effects to the number of fibers observed. Exact defini tions for asbestos-related mineralogical terms were not essential since all three'groups (industry, health, and regulatory) clearly understood what was being counted and regulated. The light optical microscopic procedures used by industrial hygienists were designed for control of asbestos-processing operations in which the chrysotlle and asbestiform amphlboles are present as bundles of fibers as well as individual fibers (IS). These bundles may have an average diameter of 0.75 to 1.5 urn for chrysotlle and 1.5 to 4.0 um for the amphlbole asbestos (3). Particulates of these sizes can be readily observed at a magnification of X 450 to X 500. In contrast, samples from ambient air and personnel air moni tors may consist of individual fibrils or small bundles of chrysotlle 0.02 to 0.1 um in diameter, and/or amphlboles 0.1 to 0.2 um in diameter (3). Fibrils and small fibers in this size range are not visible using the conventional light optical microscopic procedures (13, 34). Therefore, the identification procedures currently used for regulating the U.S. mineral producing and con suming industries must be reexamined to insure that they are both mlneralogically correct and applicable to the size range of the particles being regulated. This discussion will be limited to the selected silicate minerals and their asbestiform varieties listed in table 1. The objective is to point out the particle size at which the minerals can be identified and characterized by various analytical techniques (17). Detailed descriptions of the various ana lytical and characterization techniques are available in numerous publications and textbooks and are therefore not included in this report. A crystalline mineral is defined primarily by its crystal structure and by its definite composition or range of compositions. Therefore, any system of mineral identification should be based principally on crystal structure and chemical criteria. Additional characteristics have to be determined to dis tinguish varieties. These varieties have similar basic crystal structures and composition, but are usually differentiated macroscopically by the character istic habits and/or other specific features of the varieties. The objective for this section of the report is to summarize the methodology for identifying the mineral first by mineral group (such as serpentine and amphlbole), then by mineral (actlnollte, anthophyllite, or chrysotlle), and finally by mineral variety. Macroscopic Samples At the macroscopic level (easily visible by the unaided eye), the obvious feature of the asbestiform varieties is the presence of fibers that can be easily separated, while the nonasbestiform varieties have a massive, blocky, bladed, or columnar appearance (figs. 2-7). Although chrysotlle does occur very rarely in a nonasbestiform habit, in general the distinction between chrysotlle and serpentine can be based on the presence or absence of separable fibers. In some serpentine samples where an obvious asbestos texture is not displayed, the distinction between serpentine varieties may require more specialized techniques (6, .19) The distinction between serpentine and 1 ' wop MTC 001286 33 1 amphibole minerals at the macroscopic level can be made by optical microscopy, elemental analysis, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction tech niques. For essentially pure samples, these techniques should also be suffi cient to identify the individual amphibole minerals based on the elemental composition corresponding to the various members of the solid solution series. Many macroscopic samples of interest to the occupational and environ mental health personnel may contain low percentages of asbestlform minerals (for example, chrysotlle in serpentine and tremollte asbestos in talc). As a supplement to optical microscopy, the presence or absence of serpentine or amphibole minerals can be determined in 10- to 100-mg samples by Instrumental techniques such as X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, or infra red spectrophotometry. In general, the sensitivity of these Instrumental methods is approximately 1.0 weight-percent. Sensitivity is significantly affected by the presence of other minerals that give a response at or near the response peak of the serpentine and amphibole minerals. It is important to note that these methods usually only distinguish between mineral groups; light optical or electron optical microscopy is required to obtain morphological characteristics necessary to identify varieties of the same material. Chemical characterization is generally necessary to assign a specific mineral name to an amphibole whose structure is known. The amphiboles have been described (8) using the structural formula W0_1X3YsZ80s2 (0H,0,F)2. Gen erally, W = Na, K; X * Na, Ca, Mg, Fe+a, Mn; Y " Al, Fe , It; and Z = Si, Al. In addition to the variation implied by the structural formula, a chemical analysis must take into account inclusions of other minerals that may be present. In contrast to the more formidable task of amphibole chemical char acterization, the serpentine minerals generally show little deviation from the formula Mg3Si206(0H)4. For either structural or chemical characterization of a macroscopic sample, sufficient time must be spent in sanyle preparation to insure that relatively pure minerals are being examined. Microscopic Samples The petrographic microscope provides a general method by which particles larger than 5 um can be characterized. By observing the optical properties characteristic of the structure and chemistry of a mineral, an experienced microscopist can distinguish asq>hiboles from serpentines and, in some cases, distinguish individual minerals within these groups (7). The refractive indices are sufficiently different for the serpentine and amphibole groups to make a distinction between groups by using the appropriate index oil (table 2). There is significant overlap in the range of the three refractive indices among the amphiboles, but a specific index (for example, at, 8, or y) can be determined to aid in identifying the amphibole species. Optical relationships can be confused, however, if the particle consists of fiber bundles or is some other form of crystalline aggregate. The well-known parallel extinction of the commercial asbestos known as Amosite can be used to distinguish that vari ety from the nonasbestlform varieties of cummlngtonite and actlnolite.. A method of using extinction angles and cleavage directions to distinguish spe cific asbestlform and nonasbestlform anphiboles has been described (37); how ever, this technique is limited to particles with diameters greater than about er~ MTC 001287 34 5 urn and cannot be universally applied to all amphiboles. There are many other optical parameters such as pleochroism, sign of the elongation, and color that are easy to obtain. Other parameters such as optic axial angle, optical orientation, and optic sign are relatively more difficult to obtain. TABLE 2. - Refractive indices for the serpentine group and selected amphibole minerals Chrysotile.................... ....................................... Refractive index or 3 Y Range of values 1.493-1.560 1.504-1.550 1.517-1.562 Antlgorlte-lizardlte...................................... or Y 1.538-1.564 1.546-1.573 Anthophylllte...................................................... or 8 Y 1.596-1.652 1.605-1.662 1.615-1.676 Actinolite-tremolite...................................... or 3 Y 1.599-1.668 1.612-1.680 1.622-1.688 Cummlngtonlte-grunerite................................ or 8 Y 1.635-1.696 1.644-1.709 1.655-1.729 Riebeckite............................................................. or 8 Y 1.654-1.701 1.662-1.711 1.668-1.717 Except for the asbestiform variety, serpentines are usually massive, while amphiboles range from fine-grained massive to columnar or radiating aggregates of prismatic or acicular crystals. Amphiboles in acicular habit may appear to grade into the asbestiform varieties. The characteristic fea tures of this habit may still be seen by electron microscopy. Terms such as "acicular" or "prismatic" may still be applied when seen, but the term "asbestiform" begins to lose its usefulness. For example, how may flexibility be demonstrated in a 2-um bundle of fibers? As particle size decreases, the inability to manipulate the mineral grains restricts the use of the term "asbestiform" without altering the original sense of the word. High magnifi cation necessitates the use of strictly dimensional terms such as size and aspect ratios to accurately describe the morphology of the amphiboles and serpentines. The degree of morphologic characterization possibly will depend on the magnification being used. An asbestos particle being described as a single fiber at low magnification may be seen to be a bundle of fibers at some high magnification. Therefore, the magnification must be stated in the description. Morphologic characterization using light microscopy can be accomplished on particles as small as a few micrometers. Electron optics can MTC 001288 35 be used to characterize a wide range of sizes extending down to a few angstroms. Morphologic characterization alone will not Identify a mineral without supplemental structural or chemical data. Structural Information on Individual particulates can be obtained by use of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) In the selective area electron diffraction mode (SAED). The Inclination of the single crystal fragments to the electron beam Is very critical since a slight tilt of the crystal may change a relatively simple reciprocal lattice pattern Into a very complex one. Consequently, a special goniometer or tilting stage Is necessary to obtain easily Interpretable diffraction patterns. For the identification of the min eral, a goniometer or tilting stage Is even more essential since dependable conclusions cannot be made from measurements on one reciprocal lattice plane. The quality of the SAED pattern is a function of fiber diameter (fig. 33). The larger diameter fibers (>0.5 urn) strongly absorb the 60- to 100-kev elec trons used In a conventional TEM, while the very small-diameter fibers (<0.2 urn) do not give sufficient electron-diffraction intensity. A second problem with small-diameter fibers is the degradation of the single-crystal pattern by diffraction lines from nearby particles. A higher energy TEM, with the resultant greater penetration of the electron beam, can be utilized for largej diameter particles. However, these costly instruments are not widely available. Although the magnitude of the characteristic C, the distance between the conspicuous layer lines for chrysotile and the amphiboles, is similar in direct space (d001 ~ 5.3A), the chrysotile pattern has very prominent streaks on these layer lines compared with the spot pattern for the amphiboles (27). i Researchers indicate the ability to distinguish between the fibrous and nonfibrous variety of amphiboles by SAED is still to be resolved. At the very high magnification available with a TEM, chryso tile 's hollow-tube (scroll-like) structure, approximately 50 A in diameter, is visible (fig. 16). This hollow- i !II tube structure, together with chemical and structural data regarding the sample, is sufficient to identify the mineral FIGURE 33. Quality of SAED pattern as a function of amphi- variety. However, the bole fiber diameter. The values indicated on the graph are the hollow-tube structure number of fibers examined at each diameter. (Reprinted with is only visible for individual fibrils; permission of D. R. Beaman and D. M. File from Analytical fibers (composed of Chemistry (2). Copyright by the American Chemical Society.) i MTC 001289 36 several fibrils) will not display this char acteristic because of stacking of the fibrils. The elemental com position of micro scopic grains is determined by either wavelength or energy- dispersive X-ray spectrography in con junction with scan ning or transmission electron microscopy. Extreme care must be taken in the calcu lation of elemental concentrations from X-ray spectral intensities because the spectral line intensities (FeKa, FIGURE 34. * Intensity ratio of FeKa, MgKa, or CaKa relative to SiKa os a function of fiber diameter. (Reprinted with permission of D. R. Beaman and D. M. File from Analytical Chemistry (2). Copyright by the American Chemical Society.) MgKa, CaKa, relative to SiKa) are depen dent on particle diameter for small fibers (2). The particle diameter becomes a significant variable in the spectral intensity- composition relationship below 0.2 um (fig. 34). Carbon contamination from diffusion punq> oils must also be considered when analyzing small particles because the longer measuring times required to count sufficient numbers of X-ray photons allows time to build up a contamination layer. This carbon layer preferentially absorbs the lower energy X-ray photons. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectral calibration data for each scanning or transmission electron microscope must be made using relatively pure standard minerals analyzed by accepted chemical-instrumental techniques. The analyst should be aware that other nearby grains may be contributing to the character istic X-ray lines because of either penetration of the electron beam through the particles or secondary excitation of nearby particles from primary X-rays generated in the particle being measured. Modern electron optical instruments have electron beams diameters of approximately 0.1 um; however, the sphere of excitation can be several micrometers in diameter as a result of scattered electrons and primary X-rays generated in this particle (26). Conversion of intensity into concentration using accepted computer programs such as 'MAGIC" is limited in accuracy because these programs are designed for use with grains or particles several micrometers in diameter or larger, whereas the average mineral fiber diameter is less than 0.5 um for amphlboles and less than 0.1 um for chrysotile. A good example is the diameter size distribution of > MTC 001290 37 chrysotlle fibers in ambient air samples (table 3). The important point to ^ note is that approximately 95 percent of these chrysotile fibers are 0.12 urn or less in diameter. Therefore, quantitative correction procedures applicable to large particles will be of limited value in mineral-fiber identification because the relative X-ray spectral intensities are dependent on fiber diam eter below 0.2 um. TABLE 3. - Frequency distribution of the width of chrysotile fibers in ambient-air samples,1 percent Diameter of chrysotile Sample fibers, um 1 234 5 6 0.02-C0.04 10 70 57 17 15 17 .04- <.06 47 24 28 29 33 49 .06- <.08 24 5 8 28 20 15 .08- <.10 14 1 2 12 26 6 .10- <.12 201736 .12- <.14 0023 1 1 .14- <.16 101211 .16- <.18 000 1 0 1 .18- <.20 00001 1 .20- <.22 10000 1 .22- .24 00100 1 >.24 100l01 1Samples were collected 1-2 miles from a ser pentine rock quarry. ENERGY --- FIGURE 35. - Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra of chryso tile as a function of fiber diameter, BeO substrate (21). Another problem with the elemental characteriza tion of very small particles is the poor signal-tobackground ratio. Longer counting times will help to Improve the reliability of the measurement, but the best approach is to minimize the continuum background resulting from the interac tion of the electron beam and the same substrate. Figures 35 and 36 show the energy-dispersive X-ray spectra from chrysotile fibers mounted on beryllium oxide (BeO) and beryllium (Be) substrates, respec tively. The lower effective atomic number of Be compared with that of BeO results in a reduced continuum, therefore WlTC 001291 38 JK giving an improved signalto-background ratio. 0.2 pin, 90 mc APPLYING MINERAL TERMINOLOGY TO THE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATES 200r This section addresses the practical considerations and limitations encountered when applying nomenclature and identificationcharacterization procedures to regulatory and environ mental samples. ENERGY Applying Morphological Terminology One of the obvious fea FIGURE 36i - Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra of chryso- tures of minerals and their tileasa function of fiber diameter, Be sub strate (21). particulates is their mor phology or shape. The need for precise definitions of terms such as "asbestiform," "fiber," "cleavage fragment," and "fibril" was explained earlier. These defi nitions were carefully structured to eliminate ambiguity and to be technically correct. Applying the definitions to samples requires careful thought as to what limits must be placed on interpretations resulting from the use of these terms and other mineralogical concepts. The underlying problem, recognized by both medical and regulatory personnel, is classifying the mineral particle as the asbestiform or nonasbestiform variety. The classification should with stand the test of mineralogical logic and proof. In a mineralogical sense, the source of the mineral particulates must be considered, as explained in the following discussion. Particulates From a Known Asbestiform Serpentine or Amphibole Source The definition of asbestiform minerals includes three aspects: morphology, structure, and chemistry. Morphologically, asbestiform mineral varieties separate into flexible fibers or flexible bundles of fibers. Flexible fibers bend readily and only break across the fibers into distinct pieces with some difficulty. Structurally, the asbestiform minerals are limited, in this report and in common practice, to the serpentine and amphibole mineral groups. Chemically, these minerals are all hydroxylated silicates; the term "hydroxylated" is preferred over "hydrated" because these minerals contain OH ions rather than water of crystallization. The serpentines contain approximately 13 weight-percent water; the asqjhiboles, approximately 2.5 weight-percent water. w MTC 001292 39 For the purpose of this discussion, assume that a hand specimen meeting these requirements is correctly identified as an asbestiform mineral. If this sample is crushed and its fragments examined at various magnifications, its fibrous nature would be apparent, as in figures 14 and 17 to 19. These elon gated fragments would be termed "fibers" and "bundles of fibers," and with the other available information would be called asbestiform. As these asbestiform particles are examined at increasing magnification, smaller particles become visible, while the image of large fibers and fiber bundles may exceed the field of the microscope.' At increasingly smaller sizes, while fibers or bundles of fibers are still the predominant shape, a few of the fibers are observed to have broken into shorter and shorter segments. (Several short fiber segments are visible in figures 14 and 16.) These very short fiber seg ments are no longer described as fibers, but would be classified as fragments of fibers, or cleavage fragments if one or more cleavage planes govern their shape. Therefore, a known asbestiform sample would show an Increase in the ratio of fiber fragments to fibers with a decrease in particle size. Particulates From a Known Nonasbestlform Serpentine or Amphibole Source If the hand specimen discussed previously does not separate into flexible fibers or bundles of fibers, the mineral would not be considered asbestiform. However, the specimen would be classified as serpentine or amphibole if the specific mineral is identified on the basis of optical properties, chemistry, and structure. If crushed fragments of this known nonasbestlform mineral are examined at various magnifications, the particles would be primarily cleavage fragments, or irregularly broken fragments if cleavage does not govern breakage. However, a few elongated particles may resemble a fiber in appearance to the degree that they may be indistinguishable morphologically from fibers derived from an asbestiform mineral sample. Figures 26 and 32 for tremolite and riebeckite, respectively, show cleavage fragments with fibrous shapes that could be incor rectly identified as fibers. What can be stated morphologically about particles derived from crushing a known nonasbestlform mineral is that most of the particles are cleavage fragments with nonasbestlform texture; a few are fibrous in appearance, par ticularly at low magnification; and all of the particles are known to be derived from a nonasbestlform source. Comparison of Particulates From Known Serpentine and Amphibole Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties The appearance of particles generated by milling known serpentine and amphibole minerals and their asbestiform varieties is shown in figures 37 to 40. The samples shown in figures 37 to 39 were photographed using light optical microscopy at three magnifications to show that, at decreasing' size (depicted by Increasing magnification), the original habit generally persists. For the nonasbestlform amphibole minerals, there were a few elongated par ticles from the riebeckite and tremolite. Elongated particles of this type r~,rr -T MTC 001293 40 FIGURE 37, * Light optical photomicrographs of chrysotile and antigorite-lizardite ot three magnifications, Chrysotile (left) at A, X 100; B, X 500; and C, X 950. Antigorite-lizardite(right)aU), X 100; E, X 500; and F, X 950, MTC 01294 41 FIGURE 38. * Light optical photomicrographs of crocido life and riebeckite at three magnifica tions; Crocidoiite (left) at A, X 100; B, X 500; and C, X 950. Riebeckite (right) at D, X 100; E, X 500; and F, X 950. MTC 001295 42 FIGURE 39. Light optical photomicrographs of tremolite asbestos and tremolite at three magnifications. Tremolite asbestos (left) at A, X 100; B, X 500; and C, X 950. Tremolite (right) at D, X 100; E, X 500; and F, X 950. .r MTC 001296  i*i* 1 I 43 I i FIGURE 40. - SEM photomicrogrophs of crocidolite ond riebeckite at three magnifications: Crocidolite (left) at A, X 500; B, X 2,500; and C, X 10,000. Riebeckite (right) at D, X 500; E, X 2,500; and F, X 10,000. Rectangles indicate the area shown at the next higher magnification. MTC 001297 44 are typical of the prismatic cleavage of amphiboles. To Increase optical con trast, the serpentine group samples were dispersed in an immersion oil consid erably below the refractive indices for the serpentine. Riebeckite and crocidolite particles are compared at higher magnifica tions in figure 40. The outlined areas in the scanning electron micrographs Indicate the area displayed at the next higher magnification. Again, note the presence of a few elongated cleavage fragments of riebeckite visible at the higher magnification. In contrast, the aspect ratio of the crocidolite will decrease with decreasing particle size because the Individual fibers cannot cleave further along the fiber axis; they can only break into shorter segments. Aspect Ratio Existing regulatory standards are based on counting specific mineral par ticulates with aspect ratios of 3 to 1 or greater. This report emphasizes that the aspect ratio has little mineraloglcal significance for individual particulates but is applicable to a large number of particles. A few rela tively long thin particles are produced as cleavage fragments from the crush ing and grinding of many nonasbestiform minerals. Conversely, similar milling treatment will result in a few short segments of true fibers from the asbestiform varieties. However, statistically, the length-to-width characteristics of the milled amphiboles and serpentine and their asbestiform varieties are significantly distinct, as shown by the data in figures 41-44. Figures 41, 42, and 43 show the frequency polygons of the aspect ratio distribution for milled samples of the normal nonasbestiform variety of three amphiboles--anthophyllite, tremolite, and hornblende, respectively. Note that in all three exasqtles, approximately 70 percent of the particles have an ASPECT RATIO FIGURE 41, - Frequency polygons for the aspect ratios of anthophyllite and anthophyllite asbestos. 1:1 3:1 5:1 10:1 20:1 50:1 100:1 200:1 ASPECT RATIO **"WJ"M OP FIGURE 42. * Frequency polygons for the aspect ratios of tremolite and tremolite asbestos. w X MTC 001298 45 aspect ratio of less than 3 to 1, and 95 percent of the particles have a lengthto-width ratio of less than 10 to 1. The frequency dis tribution maxirauras of the aspect ratios for milled anthophyllite asbestos and tremolite asbestos are sig nificantly higher than those for the normal, nonasbestiform variety. Thirty to forty percent of the asbestiform particulates are in the 10-to-1-or-longer class, with a significant number of particles having an aspect ratio greater than 20 to 1. FIGURE 43. - Frequency polygons for the aspect ratio of hornblende. Figure 44 shows the distribution frequencies for a milled commercial grade of chrysotile asbestos and for chrysotile particulates col lected on ambient air fil ters in the vicinity of a serpentine rock quarry. For the commercial-grade chryso tile, over 50 percent of the particles have an aspect ratio greater than 50 to 1, whereas the frequency dis tribution for the ambient air sample has a maximum between 10 to 1 and 20 to 1. These results are antici pated because the higher aspect ratios for the commercial-grade chrysotile are characteristic of the significantly longer start ing material. FIGURE 44. - Frequency polygons for the aspect ratios of commercial-grade chrysotile and chrysotile in ambient air. All of the aforemen tioned samples except the ambient air were milled, then dispersed in water for collection on a suitable substrate. The samples were then measured using electron microscopy at magnifications m rt MTC 001299 i f -5seFS--.i!j ^tr \ \ : t ira-r 46 of 5,Q00 to 10,000. The ambient air 6ample, collected near a serpentine rock quarry, was measured using a TEM with magnifications of X 5,000 to X 32,000. Based on these data, one test for distinguishing the presence or absence of the asbestiform variety of a mineral could be an examination of the fre quency distribution of the aspect ratio for that mineral. Assuming positive identification of the mineral type, then the designation of variety would be based both on particle surphology and the frequency maximum of the aspect ratio. Cleavage fragments will generally have a frequency maximum less than 3 to 1, whereas the asbestiform varieties will fall between 10 to 1 and 20 to 1 or higher, depending on the characteristics of the mineral and the history of the sample, particularly the type and degree of milling. If any shape or size limits are placed on characterizing mineral particulates, such limits should be based on medical evidence or on some limitation of the characteriz ing technique and so stated. Particulates From Unknown Sources Samples such as environmental airborne or waterborne mineral particulates collected at a considerable distance from a possible source are examples of particulates from an unknown source. The samples could have been collected at a location so distant from a known source that other mineral particulates originating from other sources compose most of the sanple. The source of the particulates in an environmental sample may be located by taking additional samples at selected Intervals in the direction of, and closer to, the suspected source. However, several factors must be considered: The direction of air and water currents with respect to the suspected source, and the proximity to and direction of other sources with regard to the sus pected source. One study found very low concentration of airborne chrysotile upwind from a source compared with a concentration two orders of magnitude greater downwind (14). Another important consideration is the level of natu ral or human disturbances of particulates; for example, strong versus weak winds, or heavy versus light vehicle traffic. In some instances, it may be possible to identify the source if the mineral particulates of interest have unique trace elements or combinations of elements that are specific to the probable mining or milling operation emitting the particulates. Detailed ele mental analysis using the X-ray spectral capabilities of an SEM or TEM is required on both the suspected source and the particulates. APPLICATIONS The following examples illustrate the application of mineral terminology and identification-characterization procedures to three types of problems: (1) chrysotile determination in ambient-air samples collected near a serpen tine rock quarry, (2) identification of asbestiform minerals in ceilings and walls of public buildings, and (3) characterization of a mineral product. These examples illustrate, in order, the need for higher magnification than available with the light optical microscope, the use of various characteriza tion techniques to screen and identify asbestiform minerals, and the judgment of the analyst in distinguishing cleavage fragments and asbestiform particles. MTC 001300 47 Ambient-Air Samples Collected Near Ser- pentlnite Rock Quarry The Bureau of Hines ia working with State and Federal officials to measure mineral par ticulates in ambient- air samples collected in the vicinity of a serpentine rock quarry. Optical microscopic procedures at about X 500 are limited to the identification of mineral particulates longer than 5 um with an aspect ratio of 3 to 1 or larger (criteria set by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration and the FIGURE 45^ Macrophotograph showing chrysotile veins in ser pentine rock (X 1); Occupational Safety and Health Administration). The mineralogist can further Identify the particles as belonging to the serpentine, amphlbole, or other mineral group with index oils (table 2). FIGURE 46: Chrysotile bundle (SEM photomicrograph at X 5,000); The serpentine rock in the quarry is Interlaced with small veins of chrysotile (fig. 45). Optical microscopic procedures used for industrial hygiene are adequate for the detection of large chrysotile fiber bundles. These fiber bundles of commercial-grade chrysotile can be several micrometers or larger in diameter (fig. 46).. In contrast, the mining and crushing operations in the quarry plus transport of par ticulates over a distance breaks bundles of fibers down to fibers or fibrils with diam eters of 250 to 1,000 A (table 3). MTC 001301 M l lt ii *a `jt & 48 Figure 47 is a series of SEM photomicrographs of a mixture of chrysotile and nonasbestiform serpentine handpicked from a small vein in the serpentine rock quarry. Note that at X 450 (corresponding to the optical microscope mag nification) , only one or two bundles of chrysotile are faintly visible; the predominant particles are the nonasbestiform serpentine. As the magnification is increased, the high concentration of chrysotile fibers becomes readily visible. The fiber diameter size data in table 3 Indicate that more than 95 percent of the chrysotile fibers in these ambient air samples are below the ~t: limit of resolution of the optical microscope. Although many other scientists. have pointed out the limitation of the optical procedures for chrysotile in ambient air, there is need for continuous emphasis that higher magnification techniques are necessary for environmental and regulatory samples. -- Asbestos in Celling and Wall Materials - s A possible environmental hazard is the release of asbestos from ceilings and walls in homes, churches, schools, and various other public and commercial buildings. Because of the very high number of potential samples to be exam- f ' ined by various State or Federal agencies, a rapid and reliable screening prov cedure is necessary to identify those sanq>les that warrant further tests. Three complementary analytical methods for screening, identification, and '.i semiquantitative estimate of the asbestiform mineral concentration are X-ray 1' dlffractometry, differential thermal analysis, and microscopy (light optical and scanning electron). __ -- The screening identification procedures can be relatively simple because chrysotile is the principal asbestos mineral used for building insulation mate rials, with Amoslte used to a much lesser extent. In 18 samples from a midwestern municipal health department, chrysotile was a major constituent (>50 weight-percent) in 2 sasples, a minor constituent (1 to 10 weight-percent) in 12 samples, and not detected in 4 samples. Other minerals present in various concentrations in these samples were calclte, quartz, gypsum, and mica. Amoslte was found as a major constituent in the ceiling of an older building located on a university campus. The presence of either serpentine or amphlbole minerals in the Insulation materials can be used as a probable indication of asbestos. Therefore, screen** ing tests are based on the presence or absence of characteristic differential thermal analysis or X-ray diffraction peaks of either serpentine or anphibole minerals. For the positive samples, confirmation of the presence of the asbestiform variety requires some type of microscopic examination because the i thermal and X-ray diffraction methods do not identify the mineral variety. Differential thermal analysis provides a detectable signal from chryso tile at 0.5 to 1.0 weight-percent, as Indicated by the curves shown in fig ure 48. Note the Increase in the endothermic (A) and exothermic peaks (B) upon addition of about 5 weight-percent chrysotile to a sample taken from a school ceiling. The sensitivity of differential thermal analysis for the amphlbole minerals is significantly poorer because the Ha0 content of amphiboles is approximately 2.5 percent compared with about 13 percent for chryso tile. The sensitivity of the X-ray diffraction method also ranges from 0.5 to 001302 NlTC ( 49 f. *'J8p* ^ViirVv\-4 f* -** *'A.. j'.i* '< * *,Tj r* * . la>. v *. * V ?Xr ..-.d. FIGURE 47. Mixture of nonasbestiform serpentine and chrysotile at five magnifications: A, X 450; B, 2,250; C, X 9,000; D, 1,800; and E, X 18,000. Rectangles in dicate the area shown in the next panel. MTC 001303 50 * CTEMPERATURE, 30t0 40i0 l500 l600 TOIO *0I0 *0I 0 ENDOTHERMIC FIGURE 48. * Differentiol thermal analysis of sampTeHrom school ceiling, showing endothermic (A) and exothermic (B) peaks of serpentine. Run 1 is the sample as received; run 2 is a mixture of 95 pet of the as-received sample and 5 pet chrysotile. M 1.0 weight-percent. An X-ray diffractometer scan of the 20 range for major ser pentine peaks is shown in figure 49. The magnitude of the characteristic peaks for chrysotile are a function of several factors, including degree of fiber orientation and the type of milling or crushing used to process the sample. Also, the sensitiv ity of both methods is affected by the presence of other minerals that have characteristic thermal or diffraction peaks in the same region as those of the minerals of interest. Some samples will be composed of a mixture of synthetic and natural fibers, such as the mixture of fiber glass and chrysotile shown in figure 50. Generally, it is not difficult to identify the synthetic fibers based on their larger diameter and the more uniform appearance. C M Amphiboles and Talc ii 30 25 20 15 10 S DEGREES, 20 it m"** FIGURE 49. - X-ray diffractometer scan of sample from school ceiling, showing the presence of calcite(C), mica (M), and serpentine (S). Asbestos-related health regulations are having a significant impact on the domestic talc industry from occupational exposure at the mines and mills and at vari ous manufacturing plants that use talcs in their operations. Certification that the talc does or does not contain asbestiform min erals is important because the occupational health requirements are much more restrictive if the talc is designated as containing asbestiform serpentine or amphibole minerals. -v MTC 001304 V 51 Talc Is both the name of a spe u cific mineral, Mg3Si4010 (0H)a, and a commercial term for a mixture of min erals ranging from essentially 100 f percent talc to blends where the min r eral talc is a minor constituent (12, 23). Semiquantitative estimation of the serpentine and/or amphibole mineral concentration, if present, can J ~ be obtained by X-ray diffraction and _ ; differential thermal analysis. Sev eral talc deposits contain a variable amount of tremollte. Therefore, the essential question faced by the ana lyst is whether or not the tremollte is fibrous. Figure 51 shows the typical platy morphology of talc; no tremollte (amphibole) was detected in this sample by X-ray diffraction. Figure 52 illustrates the type of particles obtained from a mixture of FIGURE 50. Sample from university building, tremollte and platy talc. The cleav -s, ar- showing a mixture of chrysotile age fragments of tremollte are typical and fiberglass (X 140). of the nonasbestiform variety. Better judgment is required of the analyst with the type of sample illustrated in figure 53. This sample consists of platy talc, cleavage fragments of tremolite, and minor to trace amounts of fibrous tremolite. For this latter sample, the 3-to-l aspect-ratio criteria rd would greatly overestimate the number of fibrous tremolite particles collected on air filters or other monitors. th e i- FIGURE 51. Typical platy mor phology of talc (X 600). y 00l35 nvtc V '<- 52 RESEARCH NEEDS There are several areas in particulate identificationcharacterization where further research is warranted. Areas of research that are immediately applicable to asbestos are briefly summarized. ||| Commercially available elec tron optical instruments are generally limited to morphologi i cal characterization for mineral particles with diameters less than 0.2 um. As pointed out in \ -,r .3-- the identificationcharacterization section, both ~`iff"Vihrt11y-V ^ the signal-to-background ratio i FIGURE 52. - Ploty talc (A) and tremolite cleavage fragment (6) (X 640). for energy dispersive X-ray spectra and the SAED pattern are significantly degraded for elon gated particles less than 0.2 um in diameter. Field emis sion electron optical micro scopes with their higher vacuums and smaller beam diameter may have some advantages over conventional SEM instruments. Also, other microprobe techniques, in !i particular ion microprobe mass spectrographs and laser j. Raman microprobes, should be * evaluated for particulate characterization. Although electron micro scopic methods can generally positively identify chryso- $ t tlle in air and water samples, the quantitative aspects of the measurements need sub I FIGURE 53. - Ploty talc, tremolite cleavage fragments, stantial lnq>rovement. Sample and a fibrous tremolite particle (A) treatment and measurement (X 400). errors need to be isolated from sampling variance. Because of the ambiguity of fiber counts, results should be reported both in mass equivalents and in fibers per unit volume. MTC 001306 m m m m m m m m m m m tm rrm m m im 53 Fundamental studies should be conducted to determine If there are unique chemical and physical characteristics of a mineral fiber as compared to elon gated cleavage fragments. For example, the surface properties of chrysotlle are similar to those of magnesium hydroxide, whereas the nonasbestiform vari eties of serpentine have the surface characteristics of a silicate (30). Variations in surface properties, if any, between asbestiform particles and cleavage fragments of amphiboles should be investigated. Surface characteri zation techniques to be considered should include Auger electron spectrography and low-energy X-ray spectrography. Research at the University of Minnesota indicates that asbestos fibers have an extensive surface charge over the whole surface, whereas cleavage fragments have a significantly lower surface charge (40). Extinction angle measurements are another possible approach to dis tinguishing asbestiform from the nonasbestiform varieties of amphiboles (37). There is a critical need to reexamine the 3-to-l aspect ratio as a cri terion for a mineral fiber. The aspect ratio for fibers from asbestiform min erals were as much as 200 to 1 or higher, whereas the ratio for cleavage frag ments is about 3 to 1, as Illustrated by the data in this report. The 3-to-l aspect ratio may be valid for the industrial hygiene control of asbestosprocessing plants; however, its applicability to existing nonasbestos mining and ore processing plants requires critical evaluation. There is also need to evaluate the restriction of the mineral particulate measurments to light opti cal microscopy because many particulates of interest, especially chrysotlle fibrils, are not visible by this technique. Low-cost scanning electron micro scopes are in the same price range as research-grade petrographic microscopes, and the skill requirements for the operator are comparable for both Instruments. Particulate measurements by microscopic procedures are time consuming and expensive. Two possible approaches to reducing the time and cost are (1) auto mation of the particulate identification-characterization measurements using computerized image analyzers and (2) development of chemical reagents that give a specific response with either chrysotlle or the various asbestiform amphlbole minerals. Using the chemical-reagent approach, mass-concentration values could be obtained by measurement of some response such as color, ultra violet fluorescence. X-ray spectral Intensity, etc. Health studies related to inhalation and ingestion of fibers have been essentially limited to well-defined commercial types of asbestos. The funda mental question to be resolved is the biological effects of cleavage fragments compared with those of true mineral fibers. If shape and size are the criti cal parameters, the analyst could establish and measure suitable analytical parameters to monitor the particulates of Interest. Likewise, if the health scientists find a correlation between health and the amount of trace metals, adsorbed organics, surface area, etc., the analyst can respond accordingly. Therefore, there is a primary need for an adequate quantity of wellcharacterized amphiboles and serpentine of both the normal and asbestiform varieties for use in health-related studies. MTC 001307 54 REFERENCES 1. Ampian, S. G. Asbestos Minerals and Their Nonasbestos Analogs. Proe. Electron Microscopy of Microfibers, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., Aug. 23-25, 1976, 11 pp.; available from S. Ampian, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. 2. Beaman, D. R., and D. M. File. Quantitative Determination of Asbestos Fiber Concentrations. Anal. Chem., v. 48, January 1976, pp. 101-110. 3. Berger, H. Asbestos Fundamentals. Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1963, .171 pp. 4. Champness, P. E., G. Cliff, and G. W. Lorlmer. The Identification of Asbestos. J. Microscopy, v. 108, December 1976, pp. 231-249. 5. Commission of the European Communities. Public Health Risks of Asbestos. Pergamon Press, New York, 1977, 149 pp. 6. Cressey, B. A., and J. Zussman. Electron Microscopic Studies of Serpentlnites. Canadian Mineralogist, v. 14, 1976, pp. 307-313. 7. Deer, W. A., H. A. Howie, and J. Zussman. Rock Forming Minerals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1963, 5 . 8. Ernst, W. G. Earth Materials. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1969, 149 pp. 9. Franco, M. A., J. L. Hutchison, D. A. Jefferson, and J. M. Thomas. Structural Imperfection and Morphology of Crocldollte (Blue Asbestos). Nature, v. 266, Apr. 7, 1977, pp. 520-521. 10. Gary, M., R. McAfee, Jr., and C. L. Wolf. Glossary of Geology and Related Sciences. American Geological Institute, Washington, D.C., 3d ed., 1972, 805 pp. 11. Goodwin, A. (comp.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Talc, Washington, D.C., May 8, 1973. BuMines IC 8639, 1974, 102 pp. 12. Hamer, D. H., F. R. Rolle, and J. P. Schelz. Characterization of Talc and Associated Minerals. J. American Industrial Hygiene Association, v. 37, May 1976, pp. 296-304. 13. Harwood, C. F., and G. Yamate. The Detection and Quantification of Asbestos Present in the Environment. Proc. 3d Internat. Conf. on the Physics and Chemistry of Asbestos Minerals, Aug. 17-21, 1975, Univer sity Laval, Quebec, 1975, 21 pp. 14. John, W., A. Berner, G. Smith, and J. J. Wesolowski. Experimental Deter mination of the Number and Size of Asbestos Fibers in Ambient Air. Calif. State Department of Health, Rept. AIHL/SP-1, January 1976, 36 pp. MTC 001308 "* T>- 55 15. Journal of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. Recommended Procedures for Sampling and Counting Asbestos Fibers. V. 36, February 1973, pp. 83-90. 16. Kuryvlal, R. J., R. A. Uood, and R. E. Barrett. Identification and Assessment of Asbestos Emissions From Incidental Sources of Asbestos. Environmental Protection Agency Rept. EPA-650/2-74-087, 1974, 286 pp. 17. Langer, A. M. Approaches and Constraints to Identification and Quanti fication of Asbestos Fibers. Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 9, 1974, pp. 133-136. 18. McCrone, W. C., and J. G. Delly. The Particle Atlas. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1973, 4 v. 19. Mumpton, F. A., and C. S. Thompson. Mineralogy and Origin of the Coallnga Asbestos Deposit. Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 23, 1975, pp. 131-143. 20. Page, N. J., and R. G. Coleman. Serpentine-Mineral Analyses and Physical Properties. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 575-B, 1967, pp. B103-B107. 21. Pattnaik, A., and J. D. Meakln. Development of Scanning Electron Micros copy for Measurment of Airborne Asbestos Concentrations. Environmental Protection Agency Rept. 650/2-75-029, January 1975, 84 pp. 22. Rabbitt, J. C. A New Study of the Anthophyllite Series. Am. Mineralo gist, v. 33, 1948, pp. 263-323. 23. Rohl, A. N., A. M. Langer, I. J. Sellkoff, A. Tordini, R. Kllmentidls, D. R. Bowes, and D. L. Skinner. Consumer Talcums and Powders--Mineral and Chemical Characterization. J. Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 2, 1976, pp. 255-284. 24. Ross, M. Geology, Asbestos, and Health. Environmental Health Perspec tives, v. 9, 1974, pp. 123-124. 25. ______ . The Problem of Defining and Characterizing "Asbestos." Paper pres, at Electron Microscopy of Microfibers Symp., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., Aug. 23-25, 1976; available from tf. J. Campbell, Bureau of Mines, College Park, Md. 26. Rubin, I. B., and C. J. Maggiore. Elemental Analysis of Asbestos Fibers by Means of Electron Probe Techniques. Environmental Health Perspec tives, v. 9, 1974, pp. 81-94. 27. Ruud, C. 0., C. S. Barrett, P. A. Rissell, and R. L. Clark. Selected Area Electron Diffraction and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analyses for the Identification of Asbestos Fibres, a Comparison. Micron, v. 7, .1976, pp. 115-132. ' T MTC 001309 i- t T J 1 j 56 28. Safflotti, U., and J. K. Wagoner, eds. Occupational Carcinogens. Annals .of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 271, 1976, 516 pp. 29. Shapiro, H. A. (ed.). Proceedings International Conference on Pneumoco niosis, Johannesburg, South Africa, April 24-May 2, 1969. Oxford Uni versity Press, Londoh, 1970, 652 pp. 30. Spell, S., and J. P. Leineveber. Asbestos Minerals in Modern Technology. Environmental Research, v. 2, 1969, pp. 166-208. 31. Thomson, C. S. Asbestos in Your Future. Min. Cong. J., December 1976, pp. 35-40. 32. Thrush, P. W. A Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms. BuMines Special Pub. 2-68, 1968, 1269 pp. 33. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Criteria for a Recommended Standard--Occupational Exposure to Asbestos. HSM72-10267, 1972, 130 pp. 34. Wesolowski, J. J. Asbestos in the California Environment. California State Department of Health, Rept. AIHL 164-A, June 1975, 24 pp. 35. Whittaker, E. J. W. The Structure of Bolivian Crocldollte. Acta Cryst., v. 2, 1949, pp. 312-317. 36. World Health Organization. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man: Asbestos. Albany, N.Y., v. 14, 1977, 106 pp. 37. Wylie, A. Optical Properties of Asbestiform Aiqphiboles and Their Nonas bestlform Analogs. Available from A. Wylie, Bureau of Mines, College Park, Md. 38. Yada, K. Study of Chrysotile Asbestos by a High Resolution Electron Microscope. Acta. Cryst., v. 23, 1967, pp. 704-707. 39. Zoltai, T., and J.H. Stout. Comments on Asbestiform and Mineral Frag ments Relative to Reserve Mining Company Taconite Deposits. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn., Mar. 24, 1976, 54 pp. 40. Zoltai, T., I. Veres, R. F. Hammer, and M. Y. Wagner. Surface Charges of Asbestiform Amphibole Fibers. 1977, 9 pp.; available from T. Zoltai, Bureau of Mines, College Park, Md. *.$. csraacn miim emai wn IT MTC 001310 SHE-sep July 21, 1924. Dr. B< R. Sayers, Chief Surgeon, U. S* Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Dear Dr. SayerBt SUBJECT! Paper, "Air dustiness determined with the sugar tube. Palmer apparatus and lmplnger, compared to deter minations with the konimeter. In aooordanoe with our reoent conversation, there is enclosed herewith two copies of the paper,- title above. Z would - Zs/(TCS ^ f 'o' y ~ your comments, and also the paper may be submitted to any others whom you desire, Including members of the Publlo Health Service who asked that this matter be deleted from the bulletin on Comparative tests of instrtanente for determining atmospheric dusts. Should there be objections to the paper in its present form, will you please ask that the comments and criticisms be written. I would like to present this matter at sdae future meeting of the American 9oclety of Heating and Ventilating En gineers, and possibly elsewhere if it oan be released for that purpose. Very truly yours. 2 enos. 3. H. Eats. > i MTC 001311 <x DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES \J $ ^ 1 l . ' VAsT^- ^\ Ur. S. H. Katz. UV >|* i D. S. Bureau of Uines. Pittsburgh, pa. WASHINGTON September 8, 1924. Dear Ur. Eats; Tour paper on "Air dustiness determined with the sugar tube, '.-.^Y' -y Palmer apparatus and impinger, compared to detezminations with the konimeter," has been submitted to the Public Health Service and then to the Editorial Division of the Bureau. c * <4 The public Health Service say that it is inpossible to submit it to Dr. weeks. Frost, as he is on leave and will be Of course, the Public Health Service away from duty for several have no objection to the . r Aj * Bureau of Uines publishing the paper, if it is thought best. However, \V the Public Health Service still feel that they do not care to publish the paper. The only possible criticism that Dr. Thompson had was V'V y_ A that on page 11 some of the data given would detract from the bulletin IQf \; now being published by the public Health Service if this should appear { at an earlier date. Other oritioisms were that oounts of the . ^^ konimeter were not practicable in high concentration and, therefore, ' .. sjL the :derivation of a mathematical relation with any other determination 'V. - .v was not justified. It is also believed that the double logarithmio scale is difficult to interpret, even by the average engineer. . ; j There were other minor suggestions, but after talking with the Editorial Division and others, it was deemed inadvisable to have the article published. I am very sorry that this is true, beoanse I know that you have worked hard on the article to get it in the shape that it is. .V Tours sincerely. & V' Chief Surgeon, U*S.B.of U. Surgeon, U.S.P.H.S. MTC 001312 March 13, 1926. shk/ld CHD5P SUBGEOS. Subjeot: Publication of Paper. Sear Dr. Sayerst Sow that the Publlo Health Serrioe Bulletin 144 has been Issued, It teens advisable to publish the paper fllr pastiness Determined with the Sugar Tube. Palmer Apparatus and Impinger Collared to Determinations with the Zonimeter". Tou will remember that Dr. Thompson preferred that it be held until the issue of the Bulletin. Sr. 8mlth, Sr. layers and myself think that the paper har valuable information, which should be given to other workers. Vhsn you are in Pittsburgh again. X would like to oonsnlt yon about it. I believe it Is now arranged to aoeord with all eritioisms and oosnents that have been reeelved. Tours very trnly. S. E. Eats. $ MTC 001313 March 16, 1926. shk/ld ASSISTAHT hZBSCTOB. Subject t "Air Pastiness Determined with the Sugar fpbe. Palmer Apparatus and Brolnger. Conpared to Determinations with the Bonlmster." Dear Sr. Lyonx Enclosed herewith are the original and one carbon copy of the above paper by Bats, Smith and Byers. Till yon please refer to Sr. Sayers, and if agreeable. It say be sent to the Journal of Industrial Hygiene for Issuing. In event the Journal of Industrial Bygiene does not publish the paper, please refer It to the Journal of the American Sooiety of Beating and Venti lating Engineers. Very truly yours. Enel. A. C. Fieldner. MTC 001314 Department of Commerce BUREAU OF MINES WASHINGTON March 29, 1925. Mr. A. C. Fieldner, U. 3. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Lear Mr. Fieldner: This will acknowledge receipt of the original and one copy of the paper on Air Lustiness Letermined with the Sugar Tube, Palmer Apparatus and Lnpinger, Compared to Be terminations with the Konimeter. This has been forwarded through the regular channels for publication and as soon as it has been passed upon you will be informed. Yours very truly. MTC 001315 Pr* 0* X* Printer, joubsal o? industrial HroiEts, 240 LongvoOd Areuua, Boston 17, gassacbaaette. Pear Dr# Printon 1 as loo losing an article on "Air Pastiness Determined witb tbs Sugar Tabs, Ralaer Apparatns and Baptngsr, coopered to Psterainatloas with tbs Eoaiaeter," by Xessrs, Sets, Saith, and Hyera. Bils is subaitted for possible publication In tbs J03BBAL OP INDUSTRIAL HTDISH3. j Yours sincerely, 4 ................................. Xnelesare# i/ Sr# fieldner S. 3. BAYERS Chief Surgeon, U.SB.of K, Surgeon, C.3.?#H.S. l MTC 001316 fhchuXa QGno 'fort' IN ANSWERING REFER TO No. i I United States Department of Commerce BUREAU OF MINES WASHINGTON April 6, 1926. i Hr. S. H. Katz,-----U. 3. Bureau of Mines, 5 i Pittsburgh, Pa. (Thru Superintendent) <" 1 ' ~,jh . T&orr' - -/t//rr&e4fS* e/e/^~ Bear Mr. Katz tr/vs evn/ *s?rO/*arjr- 0^770arsire/ er//0rrJ /V /ft7-wTO I have just received a letter from Dr. Drinker in which he says that both himself and his brother Philip think it an excellent piece of work. Apparently they will publish it in the Journal of Industrial Hygiene in the near future. Yours very truly. % Ii j i i NITC 001317 ABORtsJALL COMMUMCATIONS TO THE OIRECTOR. U. S. BUREAU OF MINES WASHINGTON, D. C. U'iJITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES WASHINGTON July 20, 1938. Mr. J. J. Forbes U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Dear Mr. Forbes: Herewith a paper of mine on du3t together with some discussions of it, the paper being merely a repetition of other papers on this subject. The main reason for trananitting the paper to you is for you to see the material in the discussions and I think you will find in them some rather Interesting in formation. A copy is being sent to several of the district engineers. Yours truly, Enel. - 1326993 Chief, Health and Safety Branch. \ MTC 001318 6/38 NSA FILE 92-25-G METHODS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST DUST HAZARDS AND WHEN THEY ARE JUSTIFIED j/ By: D Harrington $t While apparently the hysteria with regard to silicosis and other occupational diseases has largely subsided and this subject is being more carefully considered and soberly judged* it would be poor policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and revert to conditions as they were 5, 10* or more years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying occupational-disease compensation is now in its infancy and can bo expected to grow rapidly. At present* while all of the States of the Union* including the District of Columbia and excepting only Arkansas and Mississippi* have compensation acts* only the following make provision for occupational diseases to some extent or in one way Or another; California* Delaware* Connecticut* District of Columbia* Illinois* Indiana* Kentucky* Massachusetts* Michigan* Minnesota* Missouri* Nebraska* New Jersey* New York, North Carolina* North Dakota* Ohio, Pennsylvania* Rhode Island* Washington* lflfest Virginia* and Wisconsin. Silicosis is compensable in one way or another in California* Connecticut* District of Columbia* Illinois, Kentucky* Massachusetts* Missouri* New York, North Carolina* North Dakota, Ohio* Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Wisconsin* and possibly in other States. During the past few months* occupational-disease legisla tion (largely silicosis) has been considered in some form in Arkansas* California* Delaware* Idaho* Maryland* Kansas* Massachusetts* Michigan* Minnesota* Montana, Nebraska* New Jersey* Ohio* Pennsylvania* Tennessee* Utah and Washington. It will be surprising if comparatively comprehensive occupational-disease legislation is not on the statute books of nearly every State in the Union within the next 6 years. With this situation confronting him* the farsighted industrialist who has the interest of his organization at heart* if he has not already done so will immediately start to "put his house in order" by studying possible occupational disease hazards to his employees and promptly applying known remedial measures or attempting to devise such measures if none exist. Unquestionably, one of the most important of the surveys to be made relates to dust occurrence* as State laws on occupational disease are almost certain to contain provisions on silicosis and* with almost equal certainty* the provisions of ary State law are not likely to be particularly similar to those of other States. l/ Presented at Mid Year Meeting of Directors of the National Slag Association* Washington* D. C. June 3rd* 1938. Zj Chief* Health and Safety Branch, Bureau of Mines* Washington, D.C. 6128 MTC 001319 NSA FILE 92-25-G -2- In studying possible dust harmfulness to those employed in industry, the investigator naturally will try to ascertain from the experience of others, as embodied in available literature, or from other sources the features of dust occurrence that may endanger the health of or otherwise harm workers; in doing so the investigator is likely to find such confused and conflicting data that, irrespective of his investigative or operating ability or his good intentions, he is likely to have considerable diffi culty in ascertaining what it is all about and what is to be done about it, While the State dust laws and regulations apply primarily to silica dust and resultant silicosis insofar as the health hazard is concerned, those most familiar with dust occurrenoe and its possible hazards recognize not only that the breathing of large quantities of dust of free silica (Si02) is probably the greatest hazard to health likely to be found where dust is involved, but that not even silica dust is harmful to health unless it occurs in very finely divided form and is breathed in relatively large quantities more or less continuously for a considerable length of time. Moreover, many thoughtful experts on dust harmfulness are now becoming con vinced it is to be expected that health will be harmed when human beings are obliged to breathe high concentrations of any kind of dust more or less continuously. This conviction has been definitely expressed recently by so many of those who have made dust investigations their life study that it seems inevitable the law makers must soon take oognizanoe of it. Professor Philip Drinker, of Harvard, as chairman of the Preventive Engi neering Committee of the Air Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh, now engaged intensively on studies of air harmfulness, very concisely and definitely expressed the considered opinion of a body of outstanding dust experts as follows: There is no satisfactory medical answer at present to this question, but the engineer is making a bad mistake if he lets men breathe heavy dust concentrations of any material. If no other reason for dust control can be found, then one should read transcripts of some of the recent suits at common law in which fantastio damages for alleged silicosis were granted to men who breathed dust containing little or no silica. The courts and compensation boards are not impressed with subtle distinctions between dusts with 10- and 40-percent quartz, especially when medical experts are reluctant to make definite statements as to the comparative significance of such differ ences. It would be well to realize that men working in dusty trades suffer far more from respiratory troubles of all kinds than do men who work in clean air. The evidenoe that excessive dustiness of any kind is harmful is beyond argument. In connection with what is likely to confront'the employer in compensa tion obligations in the future with regard to dust, it should be remembered that the inhaling of dust is by no means its only hazard in industrial work MTC 001320 NSA FILE 92-25-G- -*3- 1 \ * that may require compensation payment; and even here the harmful effect of breathing dust is not necessarily confined to the lungs, as some kinds of dust are known to have detrimental health effect on the'nose, throat, and bronchial passages as well as (indirectly) on the heart, stomach, and possibly other internal organs. Externally, dust may cause injury to the eyes, ears, and skin; and some dusts, in contact with the perspiration, are absorbed, with definite harm to the health of the victim* Moreover, heavy concentrations of dust in the air reduce visibility materially; in some cases, as in the storms in the Dust Bowl in the Central West, the dust in the air reduced visibility virtually to zero in midday with the sun shining brightly. Obviously, in industrial occupations in which but limited amounts of natural light are available or in which artificial light is used entirely, any decrease in visibility due to air dustiness (and the decrease in visibility may, under same circumstanoes, amount to 75 percent or more) is likely to result in materially reducing efficiency and also in the more frequent occurrence of accidents acdompanied by an increase in compensation commitments. Some dusts (coal, zinc, aluminum, and scores of others, mineral and non-mineral) are explosive and many are subject to spontaneous combustion with consequent hazards to health, safety, and property. Many dusts have detrimental effects of various kinds on property as distinguished from persons* Machinery, growing vegetation, animals, dwelling houses, and other types of property are damaged by dusts, and compensation of some kind often is obtained from industrial ooncems through damage suits or otherwise. In view of these facts, it would appear that the industrial executive who is trying to protect his employees from harm and his organization from undue avoidable expenditures because of the hazards of various kinds from dust, would disregard technicalities and concentrate on reduction of dust in the air in and around his plant instead of splitting hairs as to the size of dust or the kind of dust or the quantity of dust or any of the scores of other uncertainties as to dust, as to many of which no reliable information is yet available and in many cases probably never will be available. Prevention of air dustiness where human beings must work and the elimi nation of dust or keeping it confined and under control most certainly should be an integral part of any industrial work of the future if those engaged in industry are to avoid heavy expenditures'for compensation and other damages. Having arrived at this conclusion, the forward-looking industrial executive who is trying to protect his employees as well as his company wants to know immediately what constitutes a harmful amount of dust and how to eliminate or reduce it; and here, again, the answers are not easilygiven nor are they as specific as might be desired. From the viewpoint of respiratory harmfulness, it is generally stated (though actually knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health adversely upon entering the lungs are those that are less than 10 microns in MTC 001321 NSA FILE 92-25-0 } -4- size, different persons having different ideas as to what the maximum may be - 10 microns or 8 or 6 - and some say that the harm really is done by particles less than 2 microns in size. As against this, it is stated that fibers'of asbestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found in the lungs of men, and that undoubtedly these long asbestos fibers exerted at least some detrimental effect. Since a micron is only about one twenty-five thousandth of an inch, or much smaller than the naked eye can see, it is usually assumed that the larger dust particles that can be seen floating in the air, and which settle out relatively fast are not harmful to health. Certainly, this is not so, as the larger particles that float in the air (some of them 100 or more microns in size), if present in considerable quantities, clog the air passages leading to the lungs, some of v&iich have agencies that under ordinary conditions intercept dust particles before they can reach the lungs, and this clogging then allows the smaller and probably most dangerous dust to enter the lungs unimpeded. A common-sense opinion as to what constitutes an atmosphere so dusty that dust-prevention action should be taken is that any atmosphere in which dhst can be seen by the naked eye is too dusty, not only for health but also, at least in many cases, for safety and efficiency. If the visible dust is eliminated, much of the invisible or probably most dangerous dust will unquestionably have been removed also and very likely the health as well as other hazards much minimized or even removed. After the visible dust ha3 been removed, it may be necessary, under same conditions or with some types of dust, to make more intricate investigations as to the occurrence of invisible dust, using the impingor, konimeter, or other instruments; but unless litigation is in effect or threatened, these intricate studies are relatively unimportant if the visible dust is eliminated from the air of working placos. Manifestly, if dust is not produced, it can't get into the air or be came harmful otherwise; and some relief from dust troubles in industry can be achieved by using construction, practices, processes, or equipment that tend to eliminate dust formation. In designing and equipping the places in which employees must work, the forward-looking industrialist will be wise to prevent the making of dust or to control it if it must be made, by using machinery, methods, processes, construction, etc., with dust-eliminating characteristics rather than those that produce or spread dust, even though some additional expense in construction or operation may attach to the dust-prevention features. The emphasis now being placed on dust in its various phases and the expense which dust may cause make it almost imperative that in the future much more thought be given to dust prevention and handling than has been given in the past. For instance, processes or practices that produce excessive dust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they should be isolated somehow, such as by housing them tightly in a separate part of the plant or using them at timos when the least number of persons would be exposed to them or when there is ample time to remove the dust from the atmosphere of the working places. Such installations or practices must be operated efficiently at all times, however. Common sense should be used MTC 001322 NSA FILE 92-25-2 -5 in handling a dust-control device or method; certainly it is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system to take the dust out of part of an estab lishment and then exhaust the dust-laden air at such point or in such manner that it will be taken into the same or some bther part of the establishment or into an adjacent one through doors, windows, eto. If dust must be formed, as is the case in many industries, several effective methods are available to prevent the dissemination of dust into the air or into places where it may cause trouble. In many Industrial operations the air in the plants is also impregnated with considerable Quantities of poisonous gases, such as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and other dangerous sulphurous fumes, in sufficient quantities and percentages under some circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who may breathe them or to oause serious illness, often of a more or less permanent character. Many persons who have studied the incident of dust diseases are of the opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of'ex traneous or harmful gases such as oarbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hy drogen sulphide, etc,, inflames or otherwise adversely affects the re spiratory organs, especially the lungs, and makes them much more easily end readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. Ventilation is probably the most effective dust-control practice available for many industries, though it ranks second to wet methods in others, Where ventilation can be applied effectively, dust can be removed from the air or its concentration can be kept so diluted as to render it practically harmless to workers; ventilation can minimize dust hazards of almost all kinds. Dust respirators of'various types are now available for use in exces sively dusty atmospheres, and while they are cumbersome and have numerous features that make them undesirable for constant wear throughout a working shift (though they can be worn readily for several minutes at a time), they do give adequate protection to wearers against dust but give essentially no protection against either poisonous or asphyxiating gases. Dust res pirators should be regarded as being temporarily useful for emergencies only, whereas protection for workers against dust should be more substantial. What might be designated "good housekeeping" has a definite place in dust prevention. Dusty materials should be stored in dust-tight containers or bins; dusty processes, including the handling of dusty material, should be carried on as far as feasible in dust-tight compartments or structures, the tightness of which should be maintained; ledges or surfaces on which dust may lodge and accumulate, to be thrown into the air by some shock of movement, should be changed to prevent opportunity for such accumulation, or, if this cannot be done, such surfaces should be cleaned periodically by vacuum prooess, by washing down, or by sweeping (the latter being a relatively poor method and should be employed only when as few of other MTC 001323 NSA FILE 92-25-G ' -6- V workers as possible are present); floors should be kept as free of'dust as possible, preferably by washing them with water; and, certainly, air for the working places should not came from dusty sources* Physical examinations should play an important part in the drive to minimize health harm from dust in industry, but so much controversy has been aroused because of them that their effectiveness has been largely nullified. Unquestionably, every person employed in an industry where considerable dust may be found in the air should be rigidly examined by a competent doctor previous to employment, and if the examination reveals the presence of respiratory trouble the person should not be employed; this is especially true if tuberculosis is indicated* At 6- or 12-month intervals every person in dusty industry should submit to a rigid physical examination; and if disease is shown to be developing the victim should be transferred to non dusty employment, if such is available* Handling physical examinations in a manner fair to the worker as well as to the employer should be worked out, and it must be admitted that to date this has not been done at all adequately. Prevention of dust disease is chiefly an employer responsibility he should shoulder willingly, not only to safeguard the health of persons in his employ but also to relieve his firm of the heavy financial burden likely to be thrust upon it by compensation or legal authorities should employees become afflicted with dust disease; and when one takes into account how little is known as to the cause of the disease and how to relieve it if it is incurred, it would seem to be the acme of common sense to do anything practicable to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work* This does not mean that the employee should not help himself* as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational disease as to avoid having acoidents* However, information as to occupational disease (including dust disease) is not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the employer should carry on an educational campaign to inform his safety and operating officials about occupational disease matters and to have them transmit the information to the workers so the latter can cooperate wholeheartedly in trying to eradicate these dread diseases tram, industry or at least control them to a far greater extent than has been done* MTC 001324 THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION ABEL WOLMAN, Dr.Eno. PRBRIDCNT ^ JOHN A. FERRELL. M.D. CHAIRMAN OP BXCCUTtVI BOARD LOUIS I. DUBLIN. PH.D. TREASURER EDWARD S. GODFREY. JR.. M.D. CARL E. BUCK. DR.P.H. Section Secretaries REGINALD M. ATWATER. MJ>. EXECUTIVE SECRETART OFFICE OF THE SECTION SECRETARY Metropolitan Life Ins. Cc 1 Madison Avenue New lork, N. I. JOSEPH W. MOUNTIN. M.D. HEALTH OFFICERS > GEORGE D. CUMMINGS. PH.I LABORATORY JOHN COLLINSON. M.D. VITAL STATISTICS JAMES LLOYD BARRON. C.l PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING Dr. H. H. Schrenk, Chief Chemist Health Division Pittsburgh Experiment Station U. a. Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Dear Dr. Schrenki W. J. MCCONNELL. M.D. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CARL R. FELLERS. PH.D. FOOD AND NUTRITION ESTELLA F. WARNER, M.D. CHILD HYGIENE I CARL WILZBACH. M.D. PUBLIC HEALTH BOUCATION RUTH HOULTON. R.N. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING FILIP C. FORSBECK. M.D. EPIDEMIOLOGY The American Public Health Association is planning to hold its 68th annual meeting in Pittsburgh from October 17th to 20th this year, and as Secretary of the Industrial Hygiene Section, I am writing to invite you to prepare a paper on dusts for presentation before the second session of the program. Vie have planned tentatively to have Mr. E. C. Barnes, Industrial Engineer of the V.estinghouse Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, write a discussion of this paper, which will be read immediately following the reading of the paper. About 15 minutes will be allotted to each speaker for delivery of his paper. Hoping that this is agreeable to you, and that you will find it convenient to be with us in Pittsburgh, I am Sincerely yours. W. J. McConnell, M.D. Secretary, Industrial Hygiene Section April 19, 1939 NlTC 001325 Program of the Industrial Hygiene Section of the American Public Health Association 1939 Second Session 1. Dusts. Speaker! Dr. H. H. Schrenk U. S. Bureau of Hines Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Discussort Hr. Barnes Tfestinghouse Manufacturing Co. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Hr. E. J, Urban Department of Health Burlington, Vermont 2. Vapors. Speaker! Professor P Drinker Discussort Hr. G. W, Jones U. S Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 3. Gases. Speaker! W. P. Yant Mine Safety Appliances Co. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Discussort Hr. B. Berger U. S. Bureau of Hines Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania About 15 minutes will be allowed for each paper MTC 001326 [ April 27, 1939. Dr. tf. 7. McConnell, Secretary, Industrial Hygiene Section, American Public Health Association, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1 Madison Avenue, New York, Hew York. HJ13/kb SUBJECT: Paper for American Public Health Association. Deer Doctor McConnell: Replying to your letter of April 19: I shall he glad to give every assistance I can in the preparation of a program for the Industrial Hygiene Seation of the American Public Health Association for its 1939 meeting et Pittsburgh. If you desire, I shall be gladd to speak on the subject of dust. However, I would appreciate having your ideas as to what information you would like presented--that is, do you wish a general talk on the subjeat which would naturally oontain material that is available and be more in the nature of review, or do you prefer a report of some speolal research work? In asking these questions I have In mind that you may be planning your program os a whole and have eertein rather definite Ideas as to how the discussion on dust would fit in with the general program. flinoerely yours H. H. Schrenk, Chief Chemist, Health Division. CC Mr Harrington MTC 001327 I THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION !\ ABEL WOLMAN. Dr.Ens. JOHN A. FERRELL. M.D. LOUIS I. DUBLIN. PH.D. FREBIOENT CHAIRMAN OP EXECUTIVE BOARD TREASURER EDWARD S. GODFREY. JR., M.D. RREBIDEMTELECT CARL E. BUCK. Dr.P.K. FIELD DIRECTOR REGINALD M. ATWATER. M.D. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ! I Section Secretaries OFFICE OF THE SECTION SECRETARY Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. 1 Madison Avenue New York, N. Y. JOSEPH W. MOUNTIN. M.D. HEALTH OFFICER* GEORGE D. CUMMINGS. PH.D. LABORATORY f JOHN COLLINSON. M.D. VITAL STATISTICS JAMES LLOYD BARRON. C.E. PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING W. J. MCCONNELL. M.D. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CARL R. FELLERS. PH.D. FOOD AND NUTRITION ESTELLA F. WARNER. M.D. CHILD HYGIENE CARL WILZBACH. M.D. PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION RUTH HOULTON. R.N. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING FILtP C. FORSBECK. M.D. EPIDEMIOLOGY Dr. E. H. Schrenk, Chief Chemist Health Division Central Experiment Station 4800 Forbes Street Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Dear Dr. Schrenk: Thank you very much for your letter of April 27th. We are very glad that you find it agreeable to present a paper during the next annual meeting of the Association at one of our sessions. We had in mind a symposium for the session on Field Methods for kapid Determination of Air Contaminants, and I think that a paper more in the nature of a review would be prefersDie. However, if you have something, new, of course, we shall be only too glad to have you present it. I am writing to Mr. oarnes of the Westinghouse Manufacturing Company to invite him to discuss your proposed paper. Very truly yours, W. J. McConnell, M.D. Secretary, Industrial Hygiene Section * April 28, 1939 MTC 001328 . ff I H r . A . June 30, 1939 Dr. W. 7. ItoConnoll, Seoretery, Industrial Hygiene Section, Amerioan Publio Health Assoc., Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 1 Uadieoa Avenue, Hew York, Hew York. mil/kb SUBJECT: Heating of the A. ?. H. A. Deer Doctor iioConnellj I have accepted membership on a committee of the national Safety Council dealing with respiratory protective equipment. Skis committee is to meet at Atlantia City during the meeting of the National Safoty Congress during the week of Ootober 16 to 0, which, ao you will note, conflicts with the meeting of the A. P. H. A. here in Pittsburgh. I hove suggested Monday as the date for this meeting since the A. P. H. A. does not start until Tuesday. There la a desire apparently to hold the meeting later in the week. Before making any definite commitments I would appreciate knowing, if the information is available, on what days the industrial hygiene sessions will be held during the Pittsburgh meeting. I would appreciate having this information at your earliest convenience so that plans oan be made for the meeting of the oooaittee reforred to above. Cordially yours. H. II. Sohrenk, Chief Chemist, Health Division. \P S. As Boon as I heur from Doctor McConnell, I shall let you know and also comment on the list of men whose names you included in your letter of March 6< IS* NlTC 001329 THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION Section Secretaries ABEL WOLMAN, DR.Enc. 1 JOHN A. FERRELL. M.D. CHAIRMAN OF EXECUTIVE BOARD LOUIS I. DUBLIN. PH.D. TREASURER EDWARD S. GODFREY. JR.. M.D. CARL C. BUCK. Or.P.H. nikp DIRECTOR REGINALD M.'ATWATER. M.D. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OFFICE OF THE SECTION SECRETARY Metropolitan Life Ins. Co 1 Madison Avenue Hew York, N. Y. JOSEPH W. MOUNTIN. M.D. HEALTH OFFICERS GEORGE D. CUMMINGS. PH.! LABORATORY JOHN COLLINSON. M.D. VITAL STATISTICS Dr. H. H. Schrenk, Chief Chemist Health Division Central Experiment Station Bureau of Mines 4800 Forbes Street Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania JAMES LLOYD BARRON. C.E PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING Dear Dr. Schrenk: W. J. MCCONNELL. M.D. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CARL R. FELLERS. PH.D. FOOD AND NUTRITION ESTELLA F. WARNER. M.D. CHILO HYGIENE CARL WILZBACH. M.D. PUBLIC HEALTH EOUCATION RUTH HOULTON. R.N. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING Upon receipt of your letter of June 30th, regarding the time schedule for the sessions of the Industrial Hygiene Section during the annual meeting, I got in touch with the A.P.H.A. office and found out that you are to speak on Thursday, October 19th, at 9:15 A.M. I hope that this will not conflict with the meetings you will attend during the National Safety Congress. Very truly yours, FILIP C. FORSBECK. EPIDEMIOLOGY K. J. McConnell, M.D. Secretary, Industrial Hygiene Section I July 6, 1939 MTC 001330 . . itL i. iL. AU: I .1 iL!. A_____ PhdaJjJlpkua. 10 x7)C ASORESS ACL COMfilinaCATONS TO THE DIRECTOR. U. S. BUREAU OF MINES Washington. O. C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES WASHINGTON October 7, 1939. Ur. E. H. Schrenk, U. S. Bureau of Mines. 4800 Porbes Street. Pittsburgh Pa* Bear Mr. Schrenk: ' Xjwr Tour manuscript entitled "Sapid Methods for the Estimation of Air Dustiness" has been approved for pres entation at the Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, at Pittsburgh, October 16, 1939, and has been forwarded to the Editorial Section. Very truly yours. Chief Engineer, Xnfoxmatlon Division. MTC 001331 Report No. 28l6-B:6l5 Dated September 17, 191*6 TESTING RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES by H. H. Schrenk and S. J. Pearce MTC 001332 1 TESTHKJ RESPIJUTCRX PROTECTIVE DEVICES H H. Schrenk and 8* J. Fearoe ABSTRACT Tfao Bureau of Ulnae, through its approval tywtm, serves as aa Impartial testing ageasy* Approval of a respiratory protec- i tive device la granted only after lt> baa ast tba Bureau's pnhll.shsrt Iniana perforwanoe requiraneate* Aba significance of approval do* panda on tba suitability *nd thoroughness of tba teate that ara applied* This paper discusses tba natera and severity of tba ap proval requlrwants and points out thalr slgDlflowoa* The baslo objsetivs of tba approval tasta la to dateialnai (1) If tba davloa gives adaquate protection for a aaitabla parlodj (2) If it la reasonably eeafortabla and oonvaulant to wear; and (3) If it la constructed of durable and suitable Materials* To attain thaaa objectives tba dsvloes ara subjected to a aids variety of testa ablch are doaorlbad and evplalnart In sob# detail* individual parte of tba derives ara tasted as wall as the complete assanbly* Ons of tbs nost significant teste Is that ablch pertains to actual wearing of tbs devices In tba aarinma oocosntration of contaninant for ahieb the devices will bo approved* This teat la evidanoo of the eonfldaneo that the Bureau placaa la davloaa that it approves* A knowledge of the approval requireuente and tba prescribed field of of the davloaa should enable the user to judge whether a davloa will afford satisfactory protection for a partipolar application* MTC 001333 (Contribution from the Central Sxperlmant Station, Bureau of Klnaa, Pittsburgh, Pa.) TESTB RESPIRATOKI PROTECTIVE lOTICEg/ *7 B. B. Schrenk?/ and S. J. Paaroe2/ Ob* phase of tba Bureau of tones uork la the fluid of health and safety la tha approval testing of a wide variety of equipant and axploaivaa. This equipment tnolndee auoh varied itaaa aa alna leeanotlvea, and suMroua other types of eleetileatty operated aachaniaia, flaw safety leaps, and respiratory protective davloaa uhlch era used widely la tba alnaral ladoatrlaa. lha Boraaa of Bines initlatad ita work on respiratory protective davloaa baeaoaa of tba need of aucb devieaa for protactico against harmful atmospheres In tba mineral industries. Before any equipsent caa be tested far approval or panada* alhility under Bureau of Blnaa procedures, a schedule giving tha eonditicna under uhieh the equipment will be touted nod the requirencmte to be net oust be formulated and published. In the preparation of a achodule for a respiratory protsctlva dsvioe, available Information on tba field of use, application, and parfornanea of tha device in question la rarvimd. This la 1/ Presented by paraiaaioo of the Director, Bureau of Blnaa, U. s. Department of tha Interior, at tba 3bth Xational Safety Congress, Chicago, Ulinoia, Ootobar p, 29li6. 2/ Chief, Health Division, Bureau of Blnaa, Pittsburgh, Fa. 2/ Chemist, Health Division, Bureau of Bines, Pittsburgh, Pa. MTC 001334 fir suppUnentcd by research work in the laboratory. Fran the Infaraati.cn obtained, a tentative achortnle la prepared, based on the following reqolrmantes (X) The device oast give adequate protection far a suitable period! (2) it mst be reasonably ooefortable and oocvenient to vearf ^ (3) it east be oonstraeted of durable and suitable mate** rials* The tentative draft of the proposed approval eehedole ie usually east to namfaetarsre, users, and others she have kncsladgs of the psrtlonlar device for their oosnents, criticises; sad suggtstlcns* A final draft for official publication ie then prepared, taking into consideration the lnfoaatlcn obtained* The schedule gives in detail the oonditlone under which the Bureau sill accept a device for approval testing and the test condi tions to uhloh the devioe sill be subjected and which it Must pee order to receive approval* Tbs device ie approved as a unlt| the prove! does not apply to individual parts* Xt is snphaeised that teste pertain chiefly to perforaance requirewnta and in gmeral are not of the nature of speolflcations for constructing the device* SUbadttal of a devioe ie voluntary on the pert of the eanofacturer* RESP2BAT0RI PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR TOICS SCHEDULES RAYS BESS ISSUED festerous types of respiratory protective devices here bean developed for various fields of use* These devices Mgr be classified as follaest 2 MTC 001335 X* Ccntmilnant-gmavlag (air-purlfolng) respiratory protective dsvioss* A* Cam masks and cheaieal cartridge respirator** S* Dispersold respirator# (dust, ftate, cod nist respirator*)* n. Atmosphere- supplying respiratory protective devioes. A* Self-contained type (oogrgsn or air breathing apparatus)* B* Hos# type (suppllsd-alr respirator*- -hoee naaks, alr-Un* respirator*, end abrasive blasting hslneta, hoods, and made*)* / Tbs following aohadolaa for approval tasting of all tha major types of respiratory protective davioaa hare bean laauedi Schedule Title 130 Procedure for Establishing a List of Permissible SelfContained Breathing Apparatus. lhs Procedure far Teetiag Qss Masks for Permissibility* 35A Procedure for Testing 8appll*d-Alr Respirators for Per missibility* SI Procedure for Testing Filter-fops Oust, Foma, and Hist Respirators for Permissibility. 2J Procedure for Tsstdng Bonsmergsnoy Oas Respirators (dnmical Cartridge SmplKfeora) for Permissibility* PRSTBST RKJDIREJOnB Before the Bureau of Vines will wdsrtake the motive in vestigation of aay respiratory protective device, the applicant must file an application that contains! (1) A description and complete draalnga of the devieei (2) a statement that the device is ocnpletaly developed and of the design sad materials vhlch the q>pllcant believes suitable for * finished narkstable product; (3) a atateaant that tha dsvioe has bean subjected to inspections and tests of the nature 1 MTC 001336 described 1a the schedule and that it haa net thaaa requirements when tastad by tha applicant or hia toeting agency] and (It) a statement describing tha nature, adequacy, and ooatinaity of control of the quality of tha respiratory protective device. A reasonable fee la re quired for tha testa. Tha aala purpose of tha pretest requireaonts is to assure that tha device is fully developed and that tha asnufacturer la equipped to toot satisfactorily at all tlaes tha perfemanos of hia device. XRSFZCTZOB AKD FERFORJfflJCB RKQOIRBffiKTS Before the start of tha Bureau performance testa, the davioa ia inspected carefully for ccnfcoraance to good Bechanlcal md physio logical principles and fur ite comfort, safety, durability, ease of Inspection, repair and disinfection, and general practicability. Tha pretest inspection not only peralta checking the device tar general oenforaance to the schedule, but also affords an opportu nity for Baking suggestions that would Bake the device aore comfortable or more efficient. The Banufaotnrer can than sake changes la the de vice before the laboratory and nan teats are oooducted by the Bureau of Ulnae. The aala teat requiresante tor the various types of respira tory protective devices, except calf-contained breathing apparatus, are given In the following sections. For couplets details, the pertinent schedule should be consulted. Oas Basks A gas sask is an air-purifying respiratory protective device consisting of a facepiece, flexible breathing tube, carrying harness, U MTC 001337 plspersold Respirators A dlapersold respirator la aa air-purifying respiratory protective device consisting of a half faocpiece to shlch la attached on* or more filter elements that remove dlspereolds (dusts, fumes, at alata) from tha inspired air of tha mearer by physical trapping m tha fibrous aatarlal of tha filter* Zt offars no protaotlon against gasea or vapors or ataoapharaa daflolant la oxygen* tha aala items to ba considered la tha ^proval testing of a dispsraold raapirator ara affleiancy and capacity of tha filter* facepiece fit* ad roslatanoa to Inhalation aad edtalstien* tha teats aada on tha various types of dispersodd respirators determine their ability to remove tha disparoolda affteiatly ibr a adequate period bafOra resistance to Inhalation booomaa excessive ad tha ability of tha faoepleee to fit a vide variety of facial dupes and alias* A ootrollad concentration of tha test dlaparsaid ia drama through tha respirator at a rata of 32 liters par slate* Any of the diapersold that tasks through tha filter is oollactsd by maos of aa alaotrio precipitator, and tha amount ia determined by matching or by chartcal analysis* The aartmua allowable leakage la bead on the safe or permissible limit for each test diapersold! that ia* tha leakage Shall not exceed the amount considered oafs to breathe* Far example, In tasting a rrsaioqcnloale-producing or nuisance dust respirator, allloa dust at a notInal concentration of $0 milligrams par cable mater (representing a high dot concentration) la through tha respirator at a rata of 32 litas par minute for 90 12 MTC 001338 I adnata*. Tha oaxlaua laakaga psruittad la aa average of 1 allllgma par cubioaeter of air* This value baa boon correlated with tha aoeeptsd permissible Halt for ailloa dust expressed aa sdlllone of psrtlblaa par cubic foot for an 8-boor noticing day. lb tha second taat a nca.tnal daat concentration of $ nUllgrena par oablo aatar (representing a aodarata daat ooncaatratlcc) la uaed, and tha taat la conducted until 10 oablo aatara of air (redone braatbad In an 8-boor necking day) hanra boon pallad through tha respirator* Tha laakaga pendtted la aa average of 1 milligram par eaULo aatar of air* Theae taata give laforaatian n tha affleaoy of the respirator against high and lea eenoantratlooa of daat for abort and long parloda* Tha onoiat of dost pollad through tba raaplrator la each ease la apptread* aataly 150 aUllgraaai with a daat load of thla magnitude tha ratio* tanoa at a flan of 8$ lltori per minute mat not exceed 2 laches at.' aatar* Tha raalatanoa for thaaa devleea la loaar than for gaa masks bacaaaa they ara oaad routinely and for long parloda of Una vbareaa gaa uda ara usually oaad for aaargenoy purposes or for abort parloda* In tha taata agalnat laad a nctinal ccncantratloa of 15 milligrams par eublo aatar la wad, and tha naarianm leakage pamlttad la 0*15 mUll* grae par eublo mater* which is tha naartmm alloaabla Halt for laad usually aoeepted for aa 84iour working day* Similar taata ara oo* duotad to chock efficiency against chromie sold and alllca nlata and agalnat fans produced by burning load* Tha faoapiaca of tha respirator la triad on nany persona haring a aids variety of facial ahapes and slsaa* If tha respirator U MTC 001339 seeas to fit the test subject*, it ! tested further by bloving sir containing a high concentration of ooal dost toward tbo respirator whan worn by thro# subjeet* representing lean, average, and full types of Hmmi If it fita properly, there is a sharp line of do* erection at the point of oonteot of the facepiece with the face* Aay leakage around the edge of the faeapieoe la Indicated by duet streaks add a deposit of dust In the nostrils* Bose-Type Sapplled-Alr Respirators A hose type supplled-elr respirator is an stnosphare* supplying device that provides the nearer with respirable dr iron a source that Is outside the oontaalnated region* These respirators the devices t--*^y referred to as hoso Basks, air--line respirators, and sfaradvo blasting hslnets and hoods* Typo A SuppHad-dlr Respirator (Boss Bask) A Iff A eqppllsd-dr respirator or hoso aaak consists of a tight-fitting full faoepleos, breathing tube or tubes, a harness, a comparatively large disaster noaoollepdble hoes line, and a handoperated blosar* Those devices are sturdily constructed as they are designed to ba eon la atmospheres iwnsdlately dangerous to life sad to afford protection against all types of ataocpherlo oontiinants end atmospheres dafident in oogrgaa* Bom* - The hose vast net oollspse or shoo permanent deforaatian whan a fore# of 200 pounds is applied between two planes 3 inches vids on opposite ddss of the hose* This test simulates a hasty man stepping on the hose* Tbs hose and couplings must not shea any separation or failure when tested elth a pull of 2$0 pounds* lit MTC 001340 P)iStoJj& 0^-0, fin chust& &G>no ocx Is Mr. D. Harrington, Chief Health and Safety Branch Washington 2j>, D. C. Dear Hr. Harrington: September 20, 19U6 hhs/rd SUBJECT: Manuscript changes made on this report. Enel. cc H. H. SCHRBHK C0 September 20, 19U6 Hr. V. Bean Keefer, General Chairman ASSB-Ehglneering Seotion Sational Safety Council 20 Morth lacker Drive Chicago 6, Illinois Dear Mr. Keefer: SUBJECT: hhs/rd Manuscript I am attaching hereto a copy of a manuscript which we plan to present at the National Safety Congress in Chioago on October 9* This manuscript gives the points which will be covered. However, in the actual presentation slides and movies will be used to cover the points rather than to give a simple description as is given in the manuscript. Vwir. wmi tml*. MTC 001341 April 1, I9li9 lbb/rd Hr* J. 3* Forbes, Chief Health and Safety Division Bureau of Hines . Washington 2$, D. 0. is' Dear ifr. Forbest I an enclosing herewith five copies of a paper prepared by Hr. Barnon on the subject of dust sampling and control far presenta tion before the Hew River District Safety Committee, Mount Hope, West Virginia, on April 13, 1?U9. As Hr. Harmon did not have suffi cient notice of this assignment, the requested four weeks for ap proval cannot be observed in this case, Zt will be appreciated, therefore, if special attention can be given to Hr. Harman's paper in order that it is approved prior to April 13. X have read this paper and discussed it with Hr. Harmon, and consider it an excellent presentation of many practical facts regarding the dust problem, especially' in consideration of the short tins that was available to Hr. Harman to prepare it* Zt is suggested that notice of the approval be sent to Hr. Harman at Haunt Hope* lours very truly. Bad* L. B. BERQSR oo Hr. Berger _____ j eo -Hiss Stenger u ` ~ 2) Files MTC 001342 Health Branch Report No. 3276-B:6ijl Problem No* PB-119 1 April 1, l?l> DOST SAMPLING AND CONTROL By John P* Hannon * MTC 001343 DU52 SJUtfLDO A2HJ C aZTHX BBT John Pm Itiaroan Abstract of * talk to bo given on April 13# to anfeors of th* Vow invar District Safety Ocnsslttoo, liount Repo# To* A historical bod^raaod of yowwoogalo^a i* given \tfdrfi Xa followed bgr a ascription of boo tte tentative naxinai alienable ooa* oontrotiam for various toads subotaooea twto boon aotabHatod* Various dost Mopllng Methods are daooaetrated and offeotivo# ff ficleat control netted* for no* in oool nines ora deseribotU Tbs offootlvanooa of wetting o;ent in wotting cool dost# with enter# ia iSanucvr&ratod* MTC 001344 (Contribution firm tte Central EKperianeit Station* Pittsburgh* ftesuyXvuaia) WES $u&um AMD COftftOL *r Ate P* Bam*!/ (A talk to to given m JyriX 11* ISkP* to ambarn of tte Hew River WLstrict Safety Ccodttaa* team tepo* Vast Virginia*) Oantlmmt X bom teen aetod to apeak to pm todty an tte trahjset of dost* 2 plan to describe tte early hlategy of lawwowonnloida* ifcldi literally aocee teat on tte lung* X will describe lo oartoia tenta tive noadnia allomblo osnoentrationa hove been established and tten describe a mater ef dust acspling netted** Thla lo praUidaary to tte ostnhll idling of oontrol neoauree* Prehistoric nan probably u tte first to anpcrianco eCfeete of breathing dost to tte point that produced polnenrtry trouble* PiLse of flint cfclpe have boon found at casp eltoe of proldatorlo ttattaw Indicating that arrow head# and tte llte mow wanfaotamd at ttaoeo points* Id all probability* oartain of those people ware particularly BfcUlsd In tholr aunuTactvw and spent noet of their Una producing than* Collla reports* aa late aa 191ti* that flint taappmra la Englmd tte still urn tools daily la atua>e to detsfeora pink* of ttedr anoeetore suffer a terrible Mortality firm phthisis induced by flint duet generated In their work* 1/ Mining Engineer* Health aratuh* Burma of klnon Centrsl teperlaeot itation* Wttoteridi* Pa* MTC 001345 One theory u3 that long dJj&a^o contracted above ground dopendod upon climtto oooiltlaas as lnfluonoed ly the rays of the stars* alnltarty* puiaontuy diesa&e of sdwrs underground ues caused by alanral rays* Bowvor* a Sides alcfcenist phUowyM^aldy minded ^i readers flint* ' n* head antala and* therefore* so oust ride Ufa and health for then* since evucywbgrs in nature Epod and evil 11a together* la tha croondlls distresses and kills sen by hit breath* Ithoidas also the sapors (fine dust?) of nudh aefeals kill us* o The organist oust be prorated trm oanLag In eontaet eith the natal aanuttwi) for if the orgiaiaa is ones injured there Is no sure** Pmno* in Ifilh* eae the first to disease in detail Inns diseases of eln-rs sai the asthaa of grain oeaearers* 2a 2h? Van rienorbroolc vos reported to have cede the first section of a stoneoutkr'0 long ditch* in a ease of fatal settee* revnalod 2nng voalolss ooeploUSy clogged idth fine duart^f ae quoted by tanadid* ha found such heaps of sand tied in nmaii*t the knife through the pnSnonary veoiolee be thought ha ana cutting sene swdy body* Trm the above references you are aaane that aea In the nLnerol industry hove fur a long tiae understood that a heaard did aadet due to breathing dust even though ttiey did not quits understood it* MTC 001346 Sis first investigation of sHlaoels in tbs sdnorhl industry in tbs Ifctltod State was state in 1912H5 bgr the u* S* Bureau of nines in cooperation with the u* 6* Public Health Service in the .toplln^ Missouri* MnAng district* other work of idjtflar nature wee dons taring euoowsUng years at various netol nines* She U* S* public Health Bor* vice investigated onttrsos<i III ovals aaong hard seal miners and pita* listed public Health Sendee MloMn 221 ifcich describee ttatr findings* Ibe U* 8* Public Health Service investigated soft eoal mast* health and working enviremont la ISll* Public Health Sarvlce Ballsttn TT> describes tteir findings* Control neasuree in octal nines wore started about 1?20 and are now generally accepted* Control in cool nines* howvtfcr* started about 20 years later and ia not so well understood nod leas progress toward control has boon node* A subhead of the Health and Safety Division of the Human of Kino* is loom as the Health Broach* the fvnotlon of the Sts&th jQranoh of the Bureau of Wnm is to study health renditions is the niaoral ladnatay and reocssaand aeetsure* for ebatooent <r ooftrel of ajhygicftio or unsafe ocodiUcne* A boater of Tslaablo publications how been aads cvailahls dealing with tho dwt problcn* Pertops the nest general publication an the subject is Bulletis 2|(X) entitled "Reviisi of Literature on BCfocta of Breathing Dust with Special Uafrrenee to Stllcnela*" Other publications are availume* eons of vfcich ere on ' VT doelr for ytrsr invpeotian later* the Reulth Branch Is further stta divldsi into the las ?nalysen Soctiao* ^tusre the gan eaciplao that are MTC 001347 taken by tho Coal kin# Inspection Brandi arc analysed* Tbo Kotplretcr Tootle Section teeta and plaoaa the BuNoa of Mine* apprtrvul on respirators that peso stringent reqpirenents* Sho Dust end Fuae Control Section Investigates the preacnoe and oanonntratlon of these goBtaiiiwnt* in tho tdasmi Jninotry and nates roooaBandatlona far their control #mn it Is felt that s hasard to health is Involved* Tho Kins Ventilation Section analyses ventilation and sir oonrtitl raring problem In sdnas for thu oonsfIt of the iaAwtry* Another aootion dstorrdnas tho chmloal owpartttw and danetariitloa of sdas drainage* Q?on Invitation a Bashar of the dust control usetlm dll visit Bluing plants to cssto aa analysis of the eenomtre&locis of tbo doot to thigh non sight bo exposed and *111 nods rooaceandfttlons for their ocxitrol* there necossary* naturally'* tho oparster ahoald bo interested In tin ooncontra- tim of dual to ddeh Ms ten my bo axpottad for aa Wwcr axposure* day is and day out* vdtfaout effecting their phyeioal condition* After octovlve eerie by physicians aid engineers esrtaln tmtotlve atandsids for the Bflprfjsn concentration hove bom ootobliahnd for nwy tesdc substances* 2d ooal Btosa share the silica content is Ian* tho latsjit incarnation net* thla tentative standard for wariss allomhla emoontrailano for an 8-hwr enposuro at 20*000*000 parttdns of dust par onbio foot of air and at as tins diould the eonoantrstlon cocoaid b0*QOO*OOO particle* per cubic foot of dr* For hlfjhly siliosons . aaterial tho overage oonomtration should not nceead $*000*000 particles MTC 001348 per 0hMo foot of dr for an frdwur opeaure* te are further Interested te the else of ties* particles end aro only interested la thooo ranging la dao frca X to 13 *1cross* Chile thooo Unit* hove not bom iWflw^-iily eotabllubadf It la bollard ttd ths psTtlolLfts la *dao rang# are the ones that oaa to Inhold and rotated bp tho lanes* Larger particles are oaught in tho upper respiratory tract vfclla tho bbrUop ciaoa its otaltd* i Loreso ** you ng teogtee* te o rf1*^ tarii of aaoais* ad 1a qol'vnleait to of to iadu fiuch partteXoa ore not visible to tho noted aye* Tte oopofwtrattea vnlxns that hone been edited above earn largo and it nap ooer to poo that o oaaplteg netted for detondjateg tteoo eaaomtratloaa sight te nay oocylex* Buaarouo aaiylteg dovloea have boen built and usd for dotorstnteg oanoeatratlcn of dust te tho dr* X have hero a tiling darrloo teoon ao o Konteatar* Xhla devloa la uaod eBCtondoolp te South African UlnM and cmadlm actul alnoa for <an&litg duH cenoontraticris vhsro tho ooneeatrutlon la rdatloolp loo* & staple la taton bp ooipxeasteg a spring that aocuatea a plunger ddAi ten ntedi droaa a auarad ooXuno of air through this mall orifloo end tte dost te the air lapteges against and la ooUoeted on this plate, the botten dda of shite la oouted oLth an adhenlvo* Thirty aaaplae an bo collected on ona plot* Later, tho plate la flr-n*md under a atoroooopo ond the dost portlolea that have boen ooL* laetd ore ootarted* Fron tho muter of partic&aa collected cn tha plat# ond tho votes of air to^lsi tho oonoootratlon of dui't per auhdo foot of dr nop bo detoralnd* MTC 001349 I( p*r 2a the CUM State* this divleoy team aa tto aldget lapinjar* la uaod for datandiilAg duet oonawtrattoiMu A* you will note* a lr dyUnder sacwai pur*) la operated ty a hand anal:* the iaetruneot la aa adjusted aa to draa 1/W of a outdo foot of air par aiauta tlseugt the orifice la thia antral tdba nd the dart and the (dr iaftinee * th* bofctca of tba flask tidLA la covered idth alanhal la title* the dost la enteegped* ttdJLo the sanpl* la being Ukdn aa accurate raoord of tha eOUpoed tlaa la aade aa that tba aedme of air that pamee throufh the flank ay be datanriaade 10 tha early <Uy of tho dewdapnmt of ike larlns*r tiw aeter aoa ooad In tha l*pln&ar flask It aa fasti that wry nail allies parttolas dart dissolved titan tho sample was **"t* to stand for aevsral days or soate* for that reason aa now aaa alcohol rather than water beaanes alUaa la not lolribla la alanhola After tho eaaple has been oollactod with the aldeot taptegtii It la returned to tho laboratory titere it la asaalnad radar a nlaro* soopa and tha particles la a asosured portion of tho lipoid are aerated* Proa tha dost that baa boaa eollsetod md tha solus* of air sampled the flenooRtratlon nay bo datearadnad* Approdjuta detentimtlona of tha allies awteot of th* air boms dust aoy ba detandnod trm tha saaa l^pln^er sample by craadalng tho diet partible* under a petrographic aJcroacopc* Ttda proeedtao 1* tedious and la laaa accurate then other Methods for the detaralnatlan of sUioa content but It la the only Method thet aa hove available at tho preeont tins far serin ooal alnee* MTC 001350 Pe 8 Jha masons that ve use the laplnger Method rather than sons sthar non portable device am that wtartaMtdr vniM stapling nethods cannot be correlated coo with the ether* and that booasas tb Puhl&a Health Service has oorralstad their jdgsislogloai findings with iapdngcr eaaploe, it sooaa desirable that m should aonUsas collect!** anqplos in thia sooner* Furthemore* tha iapdnjsr is an efficient dost saapW. Tha mesons for collecting dost maples ami (1) Ta datemine the dust coaowtratian* to sea sfcethar or net s baelth hasard adsta* XT s health bossrd does cadet control aeastres eon than ha rooenmnded* (2) After erntrol maavras ham been installed* thoir effect!vans*# can ba evaluated and a cheek oan i* node cn their cffldwagy* Air berna dost la wy dlJTtcult to control so it behooves us to prensnt dost fma bwoanlng air borne nfecwmr poedblo* Ventila tion Is effective la emtrolllag dost at a working place but the partiealato oatter that is oarried may by a ventilating ounrantia agreed to other working plaooo them othem am rqpoaod or it Mgr bo deposited along the kaulagaveys* doth of them am objsetimablo* Varlaus control Measures ham boon rnggcstedf them include hooda* dost traps* nd dectrto pwadpitetora* to Mention a fen* All of theeo am ofibetiwe than proparly installed but it wold sem to aa that in Many earns thoir Application la icyrsctical for tMtargmcnd operation* Zt has recently ocas to sy attention that cne nvtal edna is osperiaaRtiqg with on electrostatic precipitator for controlling dost indarground* Z do&t if the cost and potential gas-d&dtlm hasard involved tdth an MTC 001351 160 ievised January. 1948) UNITED STATES Place_I^*fc5Egh# J&U_______ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Date April 1, lfttp_________ 3 si. ></! MANUSCRIPT FOR APPROVAL EMORANDUM FROM:T*_B_B*Tg8r____________________ _________ AptlUg QxLet, B--1th BfBCh (Nose) (Title) 0: - ______ Forb*____________ _____________ (Naae) Cfrlgf Health anfl BaflftyOlYltlflP. (Title) Title of Manuscript___-OT(i Qflptlttl Authors _Joha. Eju-Hanon. Problem Number Suggested Form __P8rm Jb_glTen_42riltbi-toLSiTtC________ E^Btrlct^ S*fst Jjqmittfo* Jtaant Hope, West Virginia. Ms. Reviewed By Ms. 0. K. (Signature) (Date) ____________ ___________________________________________ __________AjrU. IjJLgli? (Signature of Branch^chief )L.BefirgW (Date) Publication Recommended for Presentation TO OFFICE OF MINERALS REPORTS: PUBLICATION APPROVED FOR PRESENTATION TSignature )"T Date_ DIVISION CHIEF _ (S Igna ture) CHIEF. OFFICE OF .MINERALS REPORTS Rec`d. Office of Minerals Reports To Editorial Section__________________ (Date ) (Date) Edited byTr. to Reviewed by_________ ___ _______ Ret'd to Editorial ToPublished, (Place and Date) (1) Miss S.ftaOgger (ty Files . 4j '^V'\ , rA 0 : _.,y. , iV for review. (Da te) (Date) (Date. Series Title and No.) MTC 001352 p^JttxcLJlohAa^ .$>10 &&7C f ( ^ confide) April S, 1949. JJF/EJS/ns Hr. John ?. Harooa, Bureau of Hines, ?. 0. Sox 112, Kt. Hope, 'rfesfe Virginia. Bear Hr. Hanson: TSRCUOiU fir. A. U. Miller. Attached is an approved copy of your papers, "Bast Stapling and Control" that yon propose to present before the 2Iev Hirer District Safety Connittee at Kt. line, ie3t Virginia cn April 13, 1949* If yon prepare similar sBanuscripta in the futures, it is ncoeaaary that you allow us aoro tine for review and processing than yon did in thi3 instance. Very truly youm, fcfcffiflgES J. J. 7022T.Z, Chief, Health and Safety Division. Enel. cc - Mr. Forbes - 4512- Mr. Berger i-'fittsburgh, ?a. Mr. Slonan - 4326 Files MTC 001353 P U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Stewart L. Udall, Secretary Earl T. Hayes, Acting Director Asbestos, Annual ASBESTOS Hi 1967 Reduced construction activity in 1767 resulted in a decrease in asbestos pro duction, according to the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of ti.. Interim. Output dropped 2 percent from the record high of 1966. California continued as the leading producing State but output was 6 percenc below the previous year. In Canada, the world leading producer, production registered a 7-percent decrease. Imports of amoslte and crocidolite from the Republic of South Africa, the principal supplier, was less than half the 1966 receipts. whereas exports of asbescos manufactured products rose 8 percenc. Three producers in Arizona contributed to output which was 14 percent less chan in 1966. Asbescos was produced by the Asbescos Manufacturing Co. at the Phillips mine; Jaquays Mining Corp. at the Chrysotile mine; and Metace Asbestos Corp. at Cha Lucky Seven mine, all in Gila County. Chrysotile asbestos production in California fell 6 percent and case frotc Atlas Minerals Corp. Santa Cruz mine In Fresno County; Coallnga .Asbestos Co. Coalinga mine in Fresno County; Pacific Asbescos Corp. Pacific Aabeatoa nine In Calaveras County; and Union Carbide Corp. Joe No. S mine in San Benltc County. Production of anthopi.711 ire at the Burnsville mine in Yancy County, North Carolina, owned by Powhatan Mining Co , declined 5 percenc. Vermont, where output came fro.i Che Lowell mine, near Hyde Park, was the only State to record increased produccion--6 percenc greater than in 1966. Prepared June i -5 7 '.-no:.:.. C. May, Phvs ical .Scientist, 703-5 S?-'l3'70 MTC 001354 United States: Production fsales'----Value-----------------------Exports ar.d reexports ---- ----- s.t.'tt tor.s----------- thousands----ranufac:ured> short tens-- Value------------------------ ------ ---thousand*--- Exports ar.d reexports of asbestos products- (valuel thousands------ Imports for consumption (unmanufactured! short tons-- Value------------------------------------------- thousands------ Consumption, apparent \I-----------short tons-- World: Production----------------------------------- do-- 125 .'`2? 511, '3c 46, 5 96 $5 ,>'63 $21,963 726,459 $73,103 805,391 3,359.COO 12] 511 , IC2 4',718 56,025 523,767 645,112 $65,743 720,583 NA KA Mod available \j Measured by quantity produced, plus Imports, minus t-ports. the U.S. Department of Agriculture Icviced O.S. firms to submit barter offers to deliver chrysotile asbestos, valued at approximately S4.5 million, to India for the Agency for International Development. Successful offerors furnished asbestos to India and received payment in eligible agricultural coemodlties from Cocnodlty Corporation stock*. The agricultural conoditiee will be exported to eligible barter destinations. Proceeds from the sale of Che agricultural comrodities abroad were used to pay for the asbestos while AID dollars were paid to CCC, thus helping to reduce the outflow of O.S. dollars. General Services Administration disposed of 110.44 short tons of subspecification chrysotile from the Defense Production Act inventory in 1967. In addition, 300 tons of amostce and 150 tons of crocldollte obtained under the herter program were sold. Under Presidential action asbestos imports from Southern Rhodesia were barred after December 16. 1966. The decree also banned dealings abroad in these products by American and Rhodes.an subsidiaries of U.S. firms. The stockpile position for asbestos as of December 31, 1967, is shown in TabU 2. -2- MTC 001355 o TABLE 2.--SLockpile objective and Government inventories as o December 31, 1967 Stockpile ob iective Amosite------ ------------Chrysotile-*----------- Subspecification- Crocidolite------------- 40,000 13,700 None None (Short tons) National 11,705 6,073 152 1,565 Supple mental 54,100 4,383 3,193 46,696 Com modity Credit Corpora tion -- -- -- Defease Produc tion Act -- -- Total 6S,805 10,456 5,228 48,261 Apparent consumption of asbestos totaled 721,000 tons, 11 percent less than the record high of 1966. Chrysotile asbestos accounted for 96 percent of > IV-'-'- the total consumed, crocldolite 2 percent, and amosite 2 percent. U.S. mines supplied nearly 17 percent of total consumption. The principal markets for asbestos are in the building and construction industries; and the largest demand continued to be for use in the manufacture of asbestos cement products. Asbestos is also used in the manufacture of friction materlals, gaskets, textiles, plastics (Sr. paints, roof coating, caulking, and numerous miscellaneous items. ife {?.' Total imports for consumption of asbestos in 1967 was 11 percent less than ft'- - in 1966. Imports of amosite and crocldolite from Republic of South Africa decreased 48 and 45 percent, respectively. Exports of manufactured products in 1967 increased 8 percent over those of 1966. Canada accounted for 36 percent of the total. i '? Vf; * r.-.s -3- t MTC 001356 TABLE 3.--U.S. imports for consumption of asbestos (unnaoufaccurfc.J) , by classes and countries Year and country Crude (in cluding blue fiber Short j Value tons I (thou sands) 1966: Australia--------------------- 300 Bolivia------------------------ 3 Canada---------------------- 151 Finland------------------------ 98 India................................. 2 Italy------ --------------------- Moaaablque--------------- 308 Portugal----------------------- Ihodea la*--------------- -- 445 South Africa, Republic of 2/5>' 6,929 U.S.S.R. ................................... Yugoslavia---------------------------- 3,629 Zambia----- -------------- 1.324 $61 2 59 4 1 57 69 9,844 153 224 Total----- --------------------- 63,189 10,473 Textile f iber Short V a lue tons (thou- sands) 16,309 $6,132 25 21 530 131 813 35 17,677 6,319 All other Total snort tons Value (thou sands) Short tons Value. (thou sands) 300 3 637,648 $55,246 c54,106 2,465 139 2,563 2 44 122 25 455 10 135 5,111 98 A 10 580 801 62,570 20 98 4,442 1,324 654,593 56,308 726,459 $61 2 61,439 143 l 5 103 1 138 10,776 20 188 224 73,100 1967: Bolivia-------------------------- - Finland-------------------------France-------------- ------------- Italy..................................... 6,966 662 15 1 Moaaablque----------------- 250 Portugal---------------------------- Bhodasla----- ------------------- 420 Sooth Africa, Republic of 24229,318 Yttfoalavla--------------- -------- Total---------- ------------- 37,632 1,246 26 2 1 32 68 5,081 6,456 15,063 75 17 827 IS,982 5,745 26 3 30 5,804 3 579,953 2,585 59 4,956 1,280 2,656 591,498 33 52,174 601.982 166 3,247 15 7 250 6 39 775 5,451 255 30,613 97 3,481 53,483 645,112 3 39,165 192 2 8 32 6 869 .5,339 122 65,743 Laaa than 'j unit. Data raported by the Bureau of the Census heve been adjusted by the Bureau of Mines. -4. MTC 001357 w X !c aa qto> g-- GO to m ft > cfl r '< 13 25 n p * ft O *1 9 f.-.' 3 C * Ho na to -o- 3 ca b "tooi r* 3cf*ti 3t3o to a3 *c3e afiCt cce- oto H ft 5 *3 01 rfatr. ^ 1* Nfl to rr a to c 0 ft 0 3 a ft l to O 3 ft to i *- to to *o to l rr O' 3 1 A 1 ft ft 00 1 to H 1 to 1 ft c 1 O' 1 3 1 to 1 O. 1 1C 1 > to l ft ft 1 1w1 A i O P c. ft j H > 09 C ftt W K O' 1 1 1 1 X 1 C to 3 i-c f*tcIoItr 03t30o to ft TXJ 0 3ft" CD 1 1 ft l 1 1 1 to 1 1 1 1 to l 1 1 1 ft 1 (till 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 t * 11 C U5 * O' t ft I *1 to to 3& C*ftco1t 1 1 1 1 l till' 11*1 l 1t t l ft o 11 1 1 1 11111 ft3* 1 l 1 1 0X *3 3* ftO O* o \J1 W to j ft f> ft l ft a. x 0 O J? # 1 O' u to 9 ft to3 O 1 X* O Wft 00 1 1 00 >o to a* ft II II tCo i I 3to* f<t ftot 5 2. o ft* ft so*I zu toI to to Sj O H ft A Ul 1 I to 1 ao 1 1 w 1 * to to o 3 O I 1 wn 1 ui ft O' O' m an tNo H OU > O 5? 2 OP sj to O' to to nn ft K> O' V O' H- (A ^ o. O' \C VO to Wft O u> to to O 4> Ln to O O 2 82 ft to >< 0 . - to * to >sf3i UW> ^^ 8 tao tco 3a ft to tO 'O O' to oo o -- \C O H U> 'O O' H 4* . . -V> p ow -3 4> s NJ U O 3* Cctt3oo ptCC<o cs 3ft* O' O to O g o to 0 ^ ft s cnto 11 1 1 ui O' O' fOi. ft IO t 1 to to O' ft toc o ? 2 8. ft to & t8o 9ttttoooo to 1 1 n x> l 1 vt s N to to > 1 1 ft m O ft O' -4 to to NJ to to ^ 4S to 00 to n to 00 to * Ul QD *0 O '"O to > O ft* to to ft *1 *o to 04 C n 0 cr C to rt r-- 3* n otoo & 1 i i > i i <5 4 MTC 001358 7A - -J~ > Quebec: Crcie 1, 7, att 3tr.tr------------------- j Stilled 1 -------------------------------------- A (shincle'1 ------------- ----- --------------- 5 (paper' --------------- ------------------------ b --------------- --------------------! 7 (refuse)------------------------------------------ ! S (sand)-----------------------------------------i Sevioundland, Ontario, and British ] Columbia- - ---- -------- -------------------------1 te -- local all grades------------- -- , 1) -- 2 7 \ ** i?n,"5 crj.il: 512,030 B.70e 13S.2S3 1,479,21 1/ Included vitt group X Source: >ni~:x 3creau of Statistics. TABLE 7.--World prodacrijB of asbestos (Short toes) ______________ Country_______________________ Sank taeriu: | Cmih (sales) -- -------------------------i rtmtrA Senses (sold or used by yrniirfft)*......................... - .........-j 1466 1,479,20. 125,428 Italy--------- C.S.S.L /- isU: u-- Qrpna Africa: South Africa, lepabllc of' S--rfltwl------------------------ Oceania: 13,250 7.720 90,464 925,000 150,000 24,449 21.428 175,000 276,597 36,142 Otters-' 2f World total < estimate)-----available. 20.300 3,354,000 <'l) 25.391 336,558 155,450 244.021 490,0! 7 7,149 | 154.345 ! 1,443.011 1967 1,443,011 123,1*9 13,000 4. 110,900 170.M0 36,000 m '^ 270,000 42,000 5 *1 MTC 001359 wi Johns-Manville Corporation , Greenwood Plaza Oenver. Colorado 80217 (303)770-1000 December 19, 1972 , Director \ Bureau of tlines | Washington, D. C. 20240 Gentlemen: We are responding on behalf of Johns-Manville Corporation to the Department of the Interior's proposed Asbestos Dust . ^ Standard'as published in the Federal Register on Npvember 7',~ 1972 (hereinafter referred to as the "Proposal"). The Proposal indicates that interested parties may submit written comments, suggestions or objections to the Director regarding this Proposal. Various subsidiaries of JohnsManville Corporation are substantially engaged in the mining, and milling of asbestos and the manufacture of numerous products containing asbestos and are, therefore, vitally interested in the final outcome of this Proposal. It is the purpose of this letter to present our comments and objections to the Proposal. It is impossible for us to understand the justification for imposing a standard of exposure to asbestos dust in coal mining, on a time-weighted average basis, of two fibers per cubic centimeter of air, when such a standard is obviously not warranted on several grounds. To the best of our knowledge, little use, if any, is made of asbestos in coal mining operations and, therefore, coal miners obviously have an insignificant, if any, ex posure to asbestos dust. Coal industry sources have advised us that the only use of asbestos or products containing asbestos in the coal industry is the use of asbestos cloths Cor the lining of strip mining shovels during repair work. Only a limited number of maintenance personnel could be exposed to asbestos dust under these circumstances and then only on an intermittent basis. As the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare must be aware, the Secretary of Labor, on June 7, 1972, promulgated a permanent standard for PRODUCED JM-$3 MTC 001360 12-1834 /A-iAjySjL. SENDER: urt f follow tastricttoRs or other lift PLEASE FURNISH SERVICE(S) INDICATED BY CHECKED BLOCK(S) l MdRilfonat ekarott rrqnirtH for tkooo torvictr) Show to whom, date and address _____where delivered Deliver ONLY to addressee , Jt RECEIPT Receives tee asmbercd article deicribed below REGISTERED NO. SIGNATURE OR NAME OF ADORESSEE |ul aimer be filial in) CERTIFIED NO. BUREAU of MINES- S.O^Oln^ iticnarn ua OATE DELIVERED aK2YBrc SHOW INHERE DELIVERED (0^v'iE/reee<l<d. and iocbuti ZIP Code> Washington* . sp'SD**f M MTC 001361 +4 ' exposure to asbestos dust under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. That Act applies to virtually every work place in the country, although it does not apply to mining operations. A five-fiber standard has been promulgated under OSHA and covers operations throughout the country where employees are exposed to asbestos dust on a constant basis. Section 101(d) of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 states in part: "The Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare shall, in accordance with the procedures set forth in this section, develop and revise, as may be appropriate, improved mandatory health standards for the protection of life and the prevention of occupational diseases of miners." (Emphasis supplied). If the Department of Labor did not determine that it was necessary to immediately adopt a two-fiber standard under OSHA for the "protection of life" and the "prevention of occupational diseases" in work situations where employees may be exposed to asbestos dust on a constant basis and in significantly greater quantities, than in coal mining, how then can it be justified in coal mining where the exposure to asbestos is minimal and certainly not constant? Pursuant to Section 6(b) (5) of the Occupational, Safety and Health Act, the Secretary of Labor in promulgating a standard for exposure to asbestos dust is obligated to: " .... set the standard which most adequately ... assures, to the extent feasible, on the basis of the best available evidence, that no em ployee will suffer material impairment of health or functional capacity even if such employee has regular exposure to the hazard dealt with by such standard for the period of his working life." The statutory requirement with which the OSHA standard must comply is substantially more stringent than the statutory requirement governing the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare in the instant case, yet the Secretary of Labor determined that an immediate five-fiber standard MTC 001362 would meet this more stringent statutory requirement. How then can a lower standard be justified in an industry where the exposure and hazard are substantially less? Section 101(d) of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 requires all mandatory health standards to "be based upon research, demonstrations, experiments and such other information as may be appropriate." We can only assume that the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare is relying primarily, if not solely, on the NIOSH Criteria Package on asbestos, the recommendations of which were rejected by the Secretary of Labor. Section 101(d) further requires the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare to consider experience gained under this and other health statutes. Therefore, the rejection of a two-fiber standard by the Secretary of Labor as an immediate standard and the record therein should be carefully reviewed in the instant case. The Secretary of Labor was faced with a difficult task in view of the conflict in the medical evidence available. Scrutiny of the record of the OSHA hearings in March 1972 on this standard indicates that there was a head-on clash of medical expertise as to the most adequate standard for exposure to asbestos dust. However, there was substantial evidence in the record of those proceedings to support and justify a five-fiber standard. A five-fiber standard was recommended in the testimony of Dr. Stephen Holmes, Asbestosis Research Council, England; Dr. George Wright, head of the Division of Medical Research in the Department of Medicine of St. Luke's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. H. Corbett McDonald, Chairman of the Department of Epidemiology and Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and the statement submitted by Dr. Hans Weill, Professor of Medicine, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. Copies of this testimony are attached to our comments for careful review by the Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare. On the basis of this testimony, it is clear that the Secretary of Labor was on firm ground in promulgating a five-fiber standard. Although industry strongly urged the promulgation of a five-fiber standard, we were aware of the conflict in medical opinion as to the level below which no excess of disease will occur. However, the Secretary of Labor resolved this conflict in the favor of the health of employees by -3V PRODUCED JM - 83 MTC 001363 promulgating a five-fiber standard until July 1, 1976. The conflict was certainly a difficult one to resolve since due to the long lapse of time from the onset of exposure to the manifestations of disease, we are now only first harvesting disease resulting from exposure to asbestos dust twenty to forty years ago. Although we have no accurate records of the levels of exposures in those days, we do know now that they were greatly in excess of current levels. Medical authorities will agree that the health effects of asbestos inhalation are both dose and lapse - time related. It is very difficult to imagine that the relatively minute exposures by coal miners to asbestos can or will cause an excess incidence of disease. We are not aware of any evidence of excess disease occurring in the coal mining industry as a result of exposures to asbestos or even of the existence of any high or constant exposure to asbestos. The Secretary of Labor did indicate that "so long as the ceiling limit is complied with, no harm is reasonably expected to result from exposures during the transitional period." The ceiling concentration limit promulgated by OSHA states: "No employee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centi meter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section." 29 C.F.R. 1910.93a{b) (3). There are many in the medical profession who believe that the high peak exposures to asbestos dust are of substantial concern and should be lowered to ten fibers/cc. However, the time-weighted average exposure of five fibers/cc is adequate, based on the attached testimony, to protect employees. As Dr. Holmes pointed out in his testimony, the evidence seems to indicate that more importance should be given to peak exposures in evaluating disease potential than to time-weighted averages. In addition, any exposure to asbestos dust by coal miners in strip mining operations is quite different from the exposure of employees in manufacturing and fabricating operations covered by OSHA, where many exposures, over PRODUCED JM-83 MTC 001364 the years, have occurred in confined spaces without adequate ventilation. Exposures to asbestos in strip coal mining must be minimized to a great extent by its dilution with the ambient air. One must recognize the obvious differences in the exposure and working conditions in strip coal mining as compared with manufacturing and fabricating industries. Finally, it must be recognized that different industries, and the varying degrees of exposure to asbestos dust therein, may properly justify different standards of ex posure. What is appropriate in one setting may not be appropriate in another. There is no logical reason to impose restrictions, which may be necessary in manufacturing and fabricating operations covered under OSHA, on the coal mining industry where, due to the greatly reduced exposure and minimal hazard, if any, such restrictions are totally unwarranted. The asbestos industry, in general, and Johns-Memville in particular, have recognized for many years that there are occupational health hazards associated with excessive in halation of asbestos dust. As a company and as an industry, we recognize the necessity of protecting workers from exposure to potentially hazardous amounts of asbestos dust. In this respect, we support the intent of the Departments of Interior and Health, Education and Welfare in seeking to establish safe occupational health standards for asbestos. However, there appears to be no evidence demonstrating the necessity for an asbestos dust standard in coal mining, no less a standard below the present OSHA standard. Therefore, we must strongly disagree with the proposal for a two-fiber standard and urge the adoption of the current five-fiber OSHA time-weighted average standard and the OSHA ceiling concentration standard which were adopted after a very careful consideration of the available medical evidence. Since there is no scien tifically credible evidence demonstrating the necessity of a two-fiber standard, or a lower ceiling concentration standard, it is socially irresponsible to adopt such standards. It is expected that ongoing medical studies and future studies will provide more conclusive scientific evidence. At that time, asbestos standards can be re-evaluated as was indicated by the Secretary of Labor in the preface to the OSHA standard. But until such time, we must realize that there is presently no credible evidence demonstrating the necessity for a two-fiber standard or a ceiling PRODUCED JM-83 MTC 001365 concentration standard below the OSHA standard in any industry, no less coal mining. It is vital that we approach this problem with an open mind. Crucial decisions must not be made on the basis of incomplete or speculative evidence. Emotionalism or political pressure must not be allowed to interfere in the process of evaluation. The guiding philosophy of the Departments of Interior and Health, Education and Welfare in developing asbestos standards should be to adequately protect the worker to the extent that protection is necessary and to insure that the life-saving and other vital uses of asbestos will not be abandoned. Any other philosophy would be a mistake of the highest order. Therefore, in accordance with Section 101(e) of the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969, we respectfully request the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare to modify the Proposal and promulgate an asbestos standard of five fibers per cubic centimeter of air as an eight hour time-weighted average and a ceiling concentration standard of ten fibers without any time limitation. Very truly yours. Richard Carter Counsel RC/mvd bcc: W. L. Vanderbeek F. J. Solon - 1W E. M. Fenner - 4N W. B. Reitze - IS Dr. George Wright 2W PRODUCED JM - 83 MTC 001366 HAIGHT. DICKSON. BROWN fc BONESTEEL nJLTON HAIGHT ROBERT L. DICKSON HAROLO HANSEN BROWN MICHACL BONESTEEL. GEORGE C. MCCARTHY GARY C. OTTOSON ELLIOTT O. OLSON KIM H. COLLINS nONALO C. KLINE CHRISTOPHER ROLIN ROY O. WEATHERUP WILLIAM K. KOSKA PETER O. EZZELL OENNIS K. WHEELER STEVEN L. HOCM KENNETH M. OLSON JOHN W. SMELLER WILLIAM O. BAUMOACRTNER J. EARL ROGERS STEPHEN O. FLAHERTY JEFFERY J. CARLSON FORD R. SMITH RALPH A. CAMPILLO HALL R. MARSTON CARL J. KLUNDER JOHN J. FLYNN III EOWARO L. COMPTON. JR. DON LAKE. JR. MICHAEL J. LEAHY ANN C. MCCORMICK RONALD G. FUNG LORI R. BEHAR ROBERT L. LIU PETER A. OUBRAWSK! WILLIAM R. HART ROSERTL. KAUFMAN OAVIO F. PETERSON MICHAEL D. MCKAY BRUCE A. ARMSTRONG lawyers January 11, 1980 1/ i \' ft SIS MORAGA ORIVE LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 9004 9 I 213 I 474.6339 11440 SAN VICENTE BQULEVARO LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA S0049 I 213 ) 474-SS2S 640 NEWPORT CENTER ORIVE NEWPORT BEACH. CA 92640 I 714 I 73 9-04 31 SIONEY A. MOSS OF COUNSEL GEORGE CLARK LYON CHARLES B. SMITH WILLIAM M. PITZHUGH IN REPLY REFER TO. Mr. Hoch Los Angeles Mr. Jim Green JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION Ken-Caryl Ranch P. 0. Box 5723 Denver, Colorado 80217 Re; ASBESTOS LITIGATION Gentlemen: Enclosed please find the summary of the material we have received from the U. S. Bureau of Mines through one of our co-counsel. The indexing is self-explanatory and for our shipyard cases it is interesting but of little consequence. Some of our co-defendants believe that this material shows that the United States government approved respirators for use when working with asbestos as early as 1935 and that these should have been available at shipyards from that point on. I believe when you read the material itself it specifically centers itself around the mining and quarrying and milling activities until the 1971 information. We are trying to fill cc: Mr. Curtis M. Caton Mr. Jack Saunders MTC 001367 ,, -- V- - c, '0: >':' BUREAU '-OF MIKES MATERIAL' - ". LIST OF APPROVED RESPIRATORS, JANUARY 1941 This and all ensuing lists of approved respirators indicates that the Bureau of Mines has as one face of its work the "promotion of the .use of safe, satisfactory and reliable respiratory protective devices". Their material indicates that under schedule*21 respirators were approved for dispersoids (dust, fumes, and mists) The listing under Type A is for pneumoconiosis and nuisance dusts. The earliest approval given to a schedule on Type A device appears to be 1935. There are also numerous listings for self-contained apparatus. LIST OF APPROVED RESPIRATORS, 1943 Basically the same information as the 1941. - LIST OF APPROVED RESPIRATORS, 1948 Basically the same information as in the above. LIST OF APPROVED RESPIRATORS, 1952 . Basically the same information as listed above, however the Type A designation is no longer used. The schedule is broken down into various subparts and dust.respirators approved for asbestos are approved with the introductory paragraph as follows "They, are approved only for protection against the inhalation of dust that are not significantly more toxic than lead, such as arsenic, asbestos, cadmium,. . -and nuisance dusts." LIST OF APPROVED RESPIRATORS,.1958 Repeats much of the information in all the above. Notes that Mr. S. J. Pearce wrote the section on dispersoid respirators. He is Assistant Chief, Branch .of Health Research, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There is also a bibliography attached to this report which includes government and non-government publications which were used to develop the approvals. NEW APPROVALS, SEPTEMBER 1959 and NOVEMBER 1959 No changes. LIST OF APPROVED RESPIRATORS, FEBRUARY 1971 : 3 is a : cv: ' ; . . ' a i 1. L o: ' ." net hu\e). T c -ic no XL / : . ... the :lV.y t:o.; ' int3 or. at ills .r. :V\t do ! : jin th's apprc-.'al sci.ocule MTC 001368 :BUREXn^pF^3fINSSr- :MATERraiT Page Two .;: .- b^.y for a. respirator which can be used for asbestos since schedule 21 is broken down into categories and the only thing listed in this item is for dust with a TLV of less than 2.4 million particles per cubic foot. : NIOSH EQUIPMENT LIST, 1978 There are numerous notations for self-contained apparatus and under this dust section there is a separate category for respirators'which are available for asbestos use. There are several dozen. PROCEDURES FOR TESTING FILTERED TYPE DUST, FUME AND MIST RESPIRATORS FOR PERMISSIBILITY, 1934 Asbestos dust would come under Type A criteria which is "mechanically generated dust resulting principally from the disintegration of a solid, such as' the dust clouds produced in the various processes of mining, quarring,;'and tunneling the various industrial operations of grinding, crushing and general processing of minerals;." . - Set forth a manner which tests should be done and the necessities of having several different mass of the same type to run combined tests on. AMENDMENTS TO TESTING PROCEDURES, 1955 Basically that would not effect the above for this purpose. . AMENDMENTS TO TESTING PROCEDURES, 1965 "- : - Defines TLV as the "most recent threshold limit value adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Provides that certificates of approval will be issued for respirators in various categories, asbestos is listed in paragraph section 14.4(b)(I) as a respirator for dust with a TLV of not less than 2.4 million particles per cubic foot (asbestos specifically listed, as follows: 'including but not limited to aluminum, asbestos, coal, flour, iron ore and free silica, resulting principally from the disintegration of a solid,' such as the dust clouds produced from various processes of mining, quarring and tunneling, and in various industrial operations such as grinding, crushing and general processing of minerals and other materials". RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES; TESTS FOR PERMISSIBILITY, 1972 Lust rospirto rs are found in sul _u:ru U . Definition-, grope containing a toxic ;r duseas <_-g r of. uj pas, MTC 001369 fuKie, mist or pesticide either immediately; or mot immediately daiigerous to -life or health.;/ . There is a separate designation in Section 11.130(f) which states: "respirators, with replaceable filters, designed as respiratory protection against asbestos containing dust and mists". In the same section paragraph(h) there is a designation for single use dust respirators designed as 'tespiratory protection against pneumoconiosis and fibrosis producing dusts, or dusts and mists including but not limited to aluminum, asbestos, coal, flour, iron ore and free silica." INFORMATION CIRCULAR, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF MINES Physiological Facts in Mine Ventilation 1931 written by R. R. Sayers, Chief Surgeon, Health and Safety Branch, U.pS. 3ureau of Mines, U. S. Public Health Service. The basic framework of this article is an attack on the failure of the United States to compensate men for silicosis. Citations are'made on pages 8 through 13 to pulmonary asbestosis problems and findings in other countries. The case studies are noted including Cooke's in the Journal of State Medicine, London "Asbestos Dust and Asbestosis Bodies from the Lung of an Asbestos Worker", Volume 39, No. 9, September 1931 pages 244 through 248b The author believes there is some worthwhile investigation to be done in the area of iron-free asbestos which apparently showed no case studies of asbestosis. Sayer's report goes on to cite an article appearing in the Lancelot, London "Woman's Death from Asbestosis", Volume 221, Nos. 5640 October 3, 1931 page 775 in w-hich the parliament did . an investigation of the asbestos industry due to the fact' that'7"' the workers compensation scheme did not permit compensation for an asbestos worker once they left the employ of the asbestos manufacturer. The records indicate that out of 582 workers examined only 3 were found to have asbestosis with 77 yet pending completion of x-ray examination. .' Sayers' report discusses findings in Germany; the first was in 1914 wherein a discovery of pneumoconiosis in an asbestos worker was observed; in 1931 there were 9 cases in two asbestos factories in Italy a report was done by Lovisetto "Pulmonary Asbestosis" "Record Internationale Conference" Johannasberg . ; .. August 13-27, 1930, pages 506 to page 509. This survey' started in_1902 and ended in 1912. The core 1 _sior.s were that inhalation of asbestos dust in the long run causes pneumoconiosis and the b required period for manisfestation of a pathological state is at least five years. The results were a direct ratio between quantity of dust inhaled and pneumoconiosis, the higher the dust concentration the less time that is necessary for manisfestation of fibrosis. It dealt with the functional injuries caused by inhalation of ashes ins with sono detail. The report cit'.-s the Gardner and Tv.. : r ns (Journal oc rr dr."': rial Tygienie Volume i 3 No. 3 March, 1131, /ere 111). The h also cites to various c.i t idee writ ter. by both Semens r.d Merriwether on the issue of silicosis. MTC 001370 - (VOLUME TWO) ' " BUREAU OF MINES APPROVED DEVICES FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Authored by W. P. Yant, supervising engineer, U. S. Bureau of _Mines, Pennsylvania, as published in the Journal of Industrial -. Hygiene, Volume 15, 1933. It lists the reasons for the Bureau of Mines investigation into respirators as needed in "dangerous mine atmospheres". ... , \ > 'nonor... fanog ft fCinf. p;..: PULMONARY ASBESTOSOS: ITS CLINICAL, RADIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND ASSOCIATED RISK OF TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION., ; - By Dr. Ellman as published in the Journal of Industrial Hygiene Volume 15, July 1933 #4. He is the physician in charge of the tuberculosis chest clinic, London, England. It discusses . clinical, radiological and pathological findings of asbestosis.' : It deals with factory workersand especially one worker/who while employed in a factory, was not apparently employed in ..the p - direct manufacture of product but. was rather a "cararoom ip superintendent".,' i . ..' ' . V:: i CBRTSOTILE ASBESTOS DEPOSITS IN ARIZONA ' -m Information circular 7706 by the U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, was written by L. A. Stewart. It describes most of the chiysotile asbestos deposits in Arizona and discusses , briefly mining methods and asbestos milling. The manuscript was.. completed in June of 1954 and published in January, 1955. The. ' author was quoted as follows: "Arizona asbestos mines are the only', sources on the American continent of naturally iron-free chiysotile spinning fiber that is so urgently needed for electric cable./alya:r:a coverings, especially on washers." The report indicates there'--;./- are some 22 original sites owned by Johns-Manvi lie now knowhras^i^ the "Western Chemical Company". - - In December of 1952 the GSA acted for the Defense Minerals -ip :>> i > Procurement Agency authorized the establishment-of an asbestos*5 i:/5: ' purchasing depot at Globe, Arizona for the procuring of strategic .: grades of fiber. This program was extended to 1958. The Western g Chemical Company of Phoenix, Arizona purchased the 22 claims?from. Johns-Manville in.December, 1951. -.. The propery became the largest': producer of asbestos in the district and then developed into the largest asbestos mine in the United States, "/"/mm -vv THE ASBESTOS INDUSTRY Bolton 552 Bureau of Mines. Written by Oliver Boals. Essentially this report answers anything you ever wanted to know about asbestos up io 1955. It lists principal mining companies for each state (pc as 17 through 22) and ; : - a v/or1 ` production maps showing U. S. I redaction at about 2.32 of tutal. Published in 1955. MTC 001371 . 3ureau of-.Mines. - yolumeuTwo 'Page .Twov;-. ' " The"asbestos product. manufacturing historv .i-s given.:.. It no-tes . that spinning and weaving of asbestos for textile"'manufacturers began in the 1890's. It cites the disasterous theatre fires which lead to the use of asbestos curtain in the advent of automobile require ments asbestos fabrics which include brake linings. First insulating uses appear to have occurred in 1871. Asbestos papers was first manufactured in the United States in 1878. MINING AND MILLING METHODS AND' COSTS, VERMONT ASBESTOS MINES, THE RUBEROID COMPANY . Authored by Harry Burmeister in 1967. -; Vermont is one of the two major producers in the United States. The article talks about safety and fire prevention [page 42), number of people employed by the company and dust control measures. It does not talk about health problems or personal protection. MINERAL FACTS AND PROBLEMS Bureau of Mines bulletin 667, 1975 edition. Updates U. S. production. There were only 380 people actually in the industry in the United States. The author notes that EPA was the first federal agency to recognize an asbestos problem. The history of the mines in the United States and notes that J-M Corp. is the largest asbestos producer in Canada and is considered to be the price leader. It further notes that the EPA says there is no acceptable way to measure asbestos in the ambient air despite OSHA requirements. INFORMATION CIRCULAR UNITED STATES BUREAU OF MINES Asbestos-domestic and foreign deposits by Oliver Bowl, June, 1934. Gives a good review of all mining in the U.S. up to 1934 (pages 2 - 7). Arizona and Vermont were the only major producers. Page 4 gives names of Vermont mining operations. INSPECTED SILICATE MATERIAL AND THEIR ASBESTIFORM VARITIES Bureau of Mines information circular 8751. It tends to clarify some of the terminology used in identification and characterization of asbestiform in minerals. MTC 001372 MTC 001373 !/3i Johns-Manville Sales Corporation Ken-Caryl Ranch Denver, Colorado 80217 (303) 979-1000 June 20, 1980 Steven L. Hoch, Esq. Haight, Dickson, Brown & Bonesteel 2800 28th Street, 3rd Floor Santa Monica, CA 90405 > RE: ASBESTOS LITIGATION Dear Mr. Hoch: As I was going through stacks of papers, I came across a letter from you dated, October 25, 1979, addressed to Jim Green and copied to Curt Caton and Jack Saunders. In your letter you requested a copy of: the Bureau of Mine Materials. I am enclosing a copy of the referenced material. I feel terrible about this oversight and apologize for the inconvenience it must have caused you. JP Enel. cc: Mr. Curt Caton Mr. Jack Saunders MTC ool374 Johns-Manville Ken-Caryl Ranch Denver, Colorado 80217 (303)979-1000 Steven L. Hoch, Esq. Haight, Dickson, Brown & Bonesteel 2800 Twenty-Eighth Street Santa Monica, CA 90405 RE: Asbestos Litigation Strategic National Stockpile Dear Steve: In our usual prompt fashion, I am writing concerning your letter to Rick Evans, dated July 1, 1980 (copy is enclosed), in which you seek further information regarding the Minerals -Yearbook and stockpiling of asbestos by the government. Before I attempt to follow up on your request, I thought it best to write and see if you still require this information or if you have already located any of the documents. Please advise. If you have located any further information, would you be so kind as to forward same to me for our files. Thanks, Steve. Sincerely, Anita L. Christen Senior Litigation Assistant ale end. MTC 001375 HAIGHT, DICKSON. BROWN <fc BONESTEEL FULTON HAIGHT ROaCOTL, DICKSON HAROLD HANtIN MOWN MICHACL J. tONISTHL OCOROC C. MCCARTHY OARY C. OTTOSON ELLIOTT D. OLSON K. HARRISON COLL'NS RONALD C. KLINC CHRISTORMIR ROLIN ROY O. WEATHERUR WILLIAM K. KOSKA RETER Q. EZZELL DENNIS K. WHIILKR STEVEN L. HOCM KfNNCTH M. OLSON JOHN W. SHELLER WILLIAM G. tAUMOACRTNIR STCRHIN O. FLAHERTY JEFFERY J. CARLSON FORD R. SMITH RALRH A. CAMRILLO HALL R. MARSTON CARL J. KLUNOER JOHN J. FLYNN III CDWARO L. COMRTON. JR. DON LAKE. JR. MICHAEL J. LKAMY ANN C. MCCORMICK RONALD O. FUNG LORI R. KHAR ROBSRT L. LIU RETER A. DUSRAWSKI WILLIAM R. HART ROBERT L. KAUFMAN DAVID F. RCTCRSON O. MICHAEL BROWN MICHACL O. MCKAY BRUCS A. ARMSTRONG JOHN J. CHEAF. JR. JOHN OONCRTY WILLIAM S. HARRIS RCBCCCA 8. MOCCIARO JERRY M. CUSTIB ORCGORY A. BASTIAN BARBARA B. NARMTAL LAWYERS July 1, 1980 RECEIVED JUL 71980 LEGAL QEFAKT&SENT Mr. Rick Evans JOHNS-MANVILLE CORPORATION Ken-Caryl Ranch P. 0. Box 5723 Denver, Colorado 80217 BIS MORAOA DRIVE LOB AHOCLCS. CALIFORNIA *0049 ISIS) 479-891B SBOO TWENTY-EIGHTH STREET SANTA MONICA. CALIFORNIA BOROS I SIS > ASO-SOOI SO NEWPORT CENTER ORIVE NEWPORT BEACH, CA BS0 I 71A ) 799-04*1 SIONCY A MOSS < 1SSS-ISSS I OF COUNSEL GEORGE CLARK LYON CHARLES S. SMITH WILLIAM M. FITXMUOH Mr. Hoch Los Angeles Re: ASBESTOS LITIGATION STRATEGIC NATIONAL STOCKPILE C tv* .5 "tt"*# f 'V't> Gentlemen: On June 20, 1980, Joie Peters of your office was kind enough to forward to me iome material from a book entitled the "Mineral Yearbook". That book has references to asbestos stockpiling tor worTd War II and later. According to a memo attached to the letter dated July 17, 1979, to Jim Green from C. P. Skelly, there is apparently a listing of asbestos stock pile cites with amounts and storage methods which are still available. This may prove to be interesting information to us and of assistance in the Federal suit and it may also place the government role of a supplier which could have some interesting side effects perhaps in the other litigation. I would appreciate it if you could have Mr. Skelly follow-up to obtain whatever information he can providing us with the name and source so that we may proceed via F0IA if necessary. Also, if you can locate a copy of the "Mineral Yearbook" for the years subsequent to 1951, that would be extremely helpful, we will try to do the same from our end as well. Thank you. Very truly yours, SLH:lkh cc: Mr. Mr. Ms. Chuck Paul J. Philip Martin Joie Peters Steven L. Hoch HAIGHT,' DICKSON, BROWN & BONESTEEL MTC 001376 Johns-Manvi!Je - V3(#0 Internal Corresoondencs To: J. Green 2-18 Date: July 17, 1979 From: C. P. Skelly CMS/WDC p - r* - ' 'J 7 D Copies: See Below i;- - -. :x.. 7: 0j Subject: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOrLEGAL. i.' BUREAU OF MINES " ' vr-'TJMT1 Bob Clifton of the Bureau of Mines was kind enough to furnish me with pages from the Mineral Year Book referencing asbestos stock pile for World War II and later. He also told me that a listing of asbestos stock pile sites with amounts and storage methods is available. He indicated that some of the stock pile is in the same jute bags in the same bins as it was received 30 years ago. Should I pursue this further? CPS:pdr Attachment > cc L. D. Sorrentino 1-06 D. J. Stinson CMS/WDC R. C. Manahan CMS/WDC T. P. Williams 3*-03 J. S. Autry PAO/WDC File/Chrono J-M MTC 001377 Manville To- R. O. Batson Internal Correspondence Date 1-20-87 From Lois Gaul Copies D. H. Markusson, R. Meunier, File/Chrono Subiect ANNUAL REPORT, U.S. BUREAU OF MINES, 1935-1945 The annual report of the U.S. Bureau of Mines was first issued in 1911. All the reports are available in the Government Documents section of the Denver Public Library. This memo focuses on a review of the reports from 1935 to 1945, vhen they were part of the published annual reports of the Secretary of the Interior. Other memos will be prepared on the periods 1911-1924 and 1925-1934 as my notes are transcribed. The attached pages contain excerpts frcm the reports, which can be summarized as follows: 1. Hie Health Division of the Bureau was "recessed" in July 1933 because of lack of funds, but a Congressional appropriation, largely for dust-disease investigations, permitted the program to resume in late 1935. 2. The Bureau's research on dust disease was primarily in the area of developing equipment and procedures for determining particle-size distribution in dust, for sartpling and counting concentrations of dust in the air, and for ascertaining the specific composition of air-borne dust. There are references to more general studies of working conditions and to surveys of specific industries but these are either in coal-mining or in areas where exposure to silica is of concern. 3. The respirator approval program is described rather briefly in each report, usually listing the number of new approvals granted and that interest in it continues. 4. Asbestos was among the commodities routinely surveyed by the Bureau and there are several references to special surveys cn asbestos supply and availability undertaken during the war. 5. In addition to advising the Army and Navy Munitions Board and the National Resources Planning Board, the Bureau of Mines conducted oonfidential studies (unspecified) for the Army and Navy with respect to military equipment and certain Navy operations, analyzed air sanples . for harmful gases and dusts for the armed forces and the Maritime Conmissicn regarding respirators. 1 MTC 001378 Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1935. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (John W. Finch, Director), pp. 341-380, include: The Health Division of the Health and Safety Branch was "recessed due to lack of funds... some of the activities of the Health Division will be revived as funds permit" (p. 341). "Routine questions on health were handled within the branch, although the Health Division has been recessed for 2 years" (p. 344). "The Nonmetallic Minerals Experiment Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., conducts inquiries into the treatment and utilization of nonmetallic minerals and their products" (p. 357). "Six respirators (type A) were approved for protection against pneumoconiosis-producing or nuisance dusts" (p. 359) . "In the fiscal year commodity studies were published on arsenic, asbestos, clay, minor mineral-fertilizer materials, sodium sulphate, titanium and vermiculite" (p. 366) . "The need for all major industrial nations for strategic and deficiency mineral raw materials, coupled with the fact that few countries are self-sufficient in their domestic reserves of such minerals, indicates the desirability of periodic studies of international flow of these commodities.... Recommendations have been made by the National Resources Board, the Science Advisory Board, the War Department, and the Navy Department that the Bureau of Mines make periodic presentation in chart form of the international flow of the principal minerals of commerce" (p. 370). "Although the Health Division was recessed in July 1933 because of drastic curtailment of funds, hundreds of inquiries on health in connection with the mining industry have been received and answered annually, and in addition publications have been prepared for issuance both by the Bureau and the technical press on health subjects, particularly dust diseases. These publications have been so popular that the normal number of copies could not supply the demand" (p. 371). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1936. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (John W. Finch, Director), pp. 347-385, include: "The most 2 MTC 001379 important work of the reconstituted Health Division was an investigation of dust disease. This included field examina tion of health conditions at mines in several states and laboratory determinations of particle-size distribution and number concentration of dust" (p. 350). "The present interest in occupational diseases, especially those associated with the mining industry, calls attention to the facilities possessed by the Bureau's Health and Safety Branch for studying them. Procedure and apparatus already devised by the Health Division could be utilized with a minimum of delay for the investigation of such a live subject as occurrence of dust disease in the entire mining industry if enabling funds were provided" (p. 353). "A microprojector arrangement and procedure were developed for determining particle-size distribution and number concentration of dust in the air of mines and tunnels. The comparative efficiency of the various avail able procedures and apparatus for determining dust in the air breathed by workmen has been studied to obtain data that will serve as a basis for correlating the results obtained by the various methods now in use" (p. 365). "To show the position of the United States with respect to strategic materials, flow charts depicting world trade in 50 commodities were completed" (p. 371). "More comprehensive commodity studies were published as information circulars on alum and aluminum sulphate, asbestos, jade, lime, and the rare earths" (p. 371). "The Congressional appropriation under which health work was resumed was given largely for dust-disease investigations; therefore most of the Health Division program, both in the field and in the laboratory, has been focused upon dust diseases. One engineer spent several months studying health conditions at mines in Ontario and Quebec, as well as in California, Arizona, and other states, and submitted several reports on ventilation, wash houses, dust prevention, sampling and air analysis" (p. 376). "Four papers on dust disease or other respiratory affections were published by the Bureau and four others read before technical gatherings" (p. 376). "The work of the Health Division, both in the field and in the laboratory, is so much in demand that allotments for it should be doubled; there is at present much hysteria concerning occupational diseases (especially dust disease) in mining, and the Bureau of Mines is by all odds the best-equipped organization to study this particular prob lem" (pp. 376-377). 3 NlTC 001380 Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 50, 1937. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (John W. Finch, Director), pp. 114-150, include the publication of "a comprehensive bulletin describing all phases of the asbestos industry, with particular emphasis on foreign supplies and international trade" (p. 140). "The activities of the Health Division were concerned largely with means of controlling occupational-disease hazards from dust or gas, and consisted of studies of factors governing the formation of atmospheric contaminants and development of simple devices and procedures for determining and preventing them. A midget impinger dust sampling apparatus has been developed that is light, compact, and hand-operated and yields essentially the same results as the standard instrument.... Instructions were given to 57 persons in the technique of dust sampling and counting" (p. 144). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 50, 1938. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (John W. Finch, Director), pp. 173-208, include the notation that "significant progress was made in developing and improving methods for calculating air dustiness. Six papers were published giving the results of this work, which especially emphasized application of the Bureau's midget impinger for dust sampling. The information thus made available should be of great practical importance in evaluating health hazards in dusty occupations. Consider able progress was made in developing procedures for determining the composition of air-borne dust. Studies were made of the applicability of petrographic, spectrographic, and x-ray procedures to this problem. This information is of fundamental importance in ascertaining the health hazards of various types of dust" (p. 200). "Much interest was shown in the Bureau's approval of respiratory protective devices, as evidenced by the fact that 12 new approvals were granted and 6 additional approvals virtually completed. This work of the Bureau helps to assure safe, satisfactory, and reliable respira tory protective devices for use in nearly all kinds of atmospheric contaminants" (p. 200). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1939. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (John W. Finch, Director), pp. 232-263, include: "In the 4 MTC 001381 field of economics, much attention has been focused upon mineral self-sufficiency as a result of the present interest in national defense.... The values of maintaining cumulative historical data on production, consumption, sources, prices and stocks of strategic minerals seldom has been justified more completely than when the Army and Navy Munitions Board called upon the Bureau for detailed information of this nature covering metals and nonmetallic minerals on its 'critical' and 'essential' lists" (p. 232). "The manufacture of mineral wool was studied and a report on this subject published" (p. 240). "Cooperation with the Navy Department was extended further by training an assigned Navy metallurgist in the use of an explosion gallery for studying the possible ignition of gasoline vapors and of 'dope' solvents by abrasive sparks from various metals" (p. 241). "Most of the reported deposits of diatomite in the State of Washington were sampled, and tests run on them to develop filter aids gave encouraging results" (p. 248). "After making comprehensive preliminary reports on abrasives, asbestos, graphite, iodine, magnesite, phos phates, potash, quartz crystals, refractories, titanium, zirconium, and sundry other mineral commodities of potential military importance, specialists of the [Nonmetal Economics] division served as members of the Mineral Advisory Committee to the Army and Navy Munitions Board and assisted in the preparation of confidential reports on abrasive diamonds, graphite, and mica" (p. 254). "Work has been continued on investigations of the characteristics of various methods used for determining concentration, composition, and size properties of dusts. Notable progress has been made in utilization of x-ray, spectrographic, and petrographic methods in determining the composition of air-borne dust. Data obtained during approval testing of respirators have been of value in understanding the fundamental characteristics of air-borne dust" (p. 256). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1940. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (R. R. Sayers, Director), pp. 1-38, include: "Statistical information supplied by the Bureau also aided the Army and Navy Munitions Board in its stock-piling program; other data were most valuable to the National Resources Planning Board.... Data were compiled for defense agencies on abrasive diamonds, asbestos, graphite, quartz, mica, iodine, and other nonmetallic commodities essential to a military program" (p. 1). 5 MTC 001382 "Research on the properties and methods for utilizing Pacific Northwest diatomites was continued, and information on methods for treating Maryland diatomites was published. Reasonable assurance of the ultimate development of commercial production of high-grade diatomaceous earth from these eastern clay-diatomite deposits is indicated" (pp. 20-21). "Stocks on hand, current and estimated future require ments, and other data necessary to perfect military procurement plans were ascertained in respect to industrial diamonds, asbestos, graphite, mica, and quartz crystals" (p. 28). "The x-ray and spectrographic procedures for analyzing samples of dust from the air were improved further. An x-ray method for determining free silica was developed that has advantages over existing methods. More information was obtained on operating characteristics of the impinger and the electric precipitator, devices for collecting dust from the air" (p. 31). "The national defense program necessitates rapid expansion of industrial activities, which will increase existing hazards and introduce many new ones in the mineral industries as well as in many other types of work. Safe, hygienic working conditions must be provided if inefficiency and delays are to be avoided.... The Health Division of the Bureau of Mines comprises 18 persons.... The personnel of this group should therefore be increased severalfold with the numerous problems certain to arise when the national defense program gets definitely under way" (p. 31). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1941. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (R. R. Sayers, Director), pp. 129-176, include: "Although well-supplied with most industrial minerals, the United States has depended largely on foreign sources for graphite, special varieties of mica, quartz crystals, industrial diamonds, asbestos, and certain other vitally essential materials" (p. 162). Fully one-fourth of the time of the [Nonmetal Economics] division's commodity specialists was consumed in direct services to national defense agencies and British and Canadian specialists.... The chief of the division was appointed by the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council to the Advisory Committee on Metals and Minerals to serve as secretary to the Nonmetallic Minerals Group" (p. 163). 6 MTC 001383 "Assistance was given to manufacturers in the develop ment of improved respirators, and information on the use, limitations, and maintenance of respirators was given to the users to enable them to obtain maximum protection" (p. 165) . "Improvements were made in x-ray and petrographic procedures for determining quartz and other minerals present in air-borne dusts that produce silicosis and pneumoconiosis" (p. 166). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Condensed War Edition, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1942. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (R. R. Sayers, Director), pp. 69-99, include: "A new unit composed of doctors, engineers and chemists was established to investigate occupational disease in the mineral indus tries and to perform other important duties in the Bureau's program of improving health in this field of employment" (p. 72). "The Bureau issued more than a dozen publications on air contamination or contaminants" (p. 89). "At the request of, and in cooperation with, the Army and the Navy, confidential studies were made with respect to health factors in some military equipment" (p. 89). "In addition to the regular, periodic compilation of data on nonmetallic minerals...the Bureau made monthly canvasses of mica, graphite, asbestos, barium oxide, and natural solium compounds; a semimonthly canvass of cement; and special canvasses of quartz crystal, mineral pigments, and industrial diamonds" (p. 91). "The Bureau decided that some of the material published previously might be of aid and comfort to the enemy.... Other current reports dealing with demand, supply, and consumption of strategic and critical minerals also were placed on a confidential basis and their distribution was restricted to a limited list of Federal officials" (p. 93). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1943. Highlights of the section on the Bureau of Mines (R. R. Sayers, Director), pp. 1-31, include: "The Bureau received from the Congress approval for the most extensive exploratory program ever attempted -- a nation-wide search for coking coal, quartz crystals, copper, asbestos, zinc, mercury, tungsten, vanadium, beryllium and other pegmatite minerals, corundum, molybdenum, manganese, tin, iron, 7 N\TC 00^38A chromium, bismuth, and nickel and other minerals for which a critical need may arise" (p. 5). "Inspections were made of the hygienic aspects of working conditions in anthracite mines and zinc, manganese, and ordnance plants, and suggestions were made for eliminating or controlling hazards. Several investigations were made at the request of the Navy Department regarding health and safety aspects connected with certain of its operations" (p. 21). "The protection of workers against noxious gases, fumes, and dust grew increasingly important as a wartime health measure, and demands for Bureau-approved respirators increased along with requests for suggestions regarding their correct use and care. Such requests came from various mines, labor organizations, ordnance plants, the Maritime Commission, and others concerned with war protection. Special tests also were made by the Bureau for the armed forces and the Maritime Commission to obtain certain information regarding respirators" (p. 22). "The Bureau of Mines conducted 18 surveys in the nonmetallic industries during 1943, many of them undertaken at the specific request of officials in other agencies of the Government. Typical of these were facts regarding the availability of mica for airplane spark plugs, asbestos for fireproof wire coverings, magnesia for refractories...." (p. 24). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1944, Post-War Frontiers Edition. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (R. R. Sayers, Director), pp. 67-100, include: "Special research studies were made on air contaminants, and thousands of air samples containing harmful gases and dusts were analyzed for the Army, Navy, and industry" (p. 70). "Other advancements of the fiscal year included the development of a new dust-sampling device, improvements in a microprojector to facilitate the collection and deter mination of the amount of harmful dust in the air, and progress in the application of the x-ray and petrographic methods in analyzing dusts and ores from a health standpoint" (p. 89). Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1945, Victory Edition. Highlights from the section on the Bureau of Mines (R. R. Sayers, Director), pp. 71-103, include: "To help meet 8 MTC 001385 the needs for minerals from domestic sources, the Bureau conducted 150 exploratory projects and examined 850 additional ore deposits in 36 states and Alaska. The critical and essential minerals, such as tungsten, vanadium, chromium, zircon, coking coal, flourspar, mica, asbestos, optical calcite, and crystalline quartz received special attention" (p. 71). "Field trips were made to areas where supply problems demanded attention with respect to such war minerals as asbestos, barite, graphite and magnesite" (p. 95). 9 NlfC 00138 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS Questions from the bench regarding the state of^medical knowledge on asbestos injury was prompted by Nightengale's argumerjt-^hat the court below--the Eastern District of Pennsylvania--entered its c^yefage theory without benefit of any medical testimony whatever. He said^sudh a finding, without hearing evidence, was contrary to the Federal Rules of^x5ivil Procedure. Nightengale argued that the policy intended manifestatiojHro be the trigger for coverage, and said, "We define manifestation as a know^Mecondition. There must be loss, damage, distress..." on the part of victims. Schlesinggp'said that there is no evidence that continuous injury occurs to victims during'"exposure in residence" of asbestos. EAGLE-PICHER WARNED BY GOVERNMENT OF ASBESTOS DANGERS IN 1932 The U.S. Bureau of Mines, following an inspection of Eagle-Picher Company's Rock Wool plant in Joplin Missouri, warned in 1932 that harmful conditions existed at the plant, and called asbestos dust "one of the most dangerous dusts to which mein is exposed" (Text from Page 4374). The report, which was forwarded by the bureau as confidential information to Eagle-Picher on March 24 1932, was found in government documents in Washington, DC, according to plaintiff attorney Gary Galiher of Honolulu. Galiher, who circulated the report to the plaintiff community earlier this month, says he cannot reveal the source of the document, which he hopes to introduce in two cancer death trials currently in their second week before Hawaii Federal Judge Harold M. Fong. He calls the report "the strongest piece of punitive damage evidence we have against Eagle-Picher." The inspection was carried out in September, 1931 by Dr. F.V. Meriwether, surgeon in charge of the Commerce Department's Bureau of Mines Co-Operative Clinic, and involved dust analysis as well as a physical examination of four men at the plant, which produced Rock Wool from slag that was broken into fine, hairlike particles and combined with asbestos. In his report, Meriwether said, "Based on the chemical analysis, quantity of dust, and evidence of such peribronchial thickening in the men who have been exposed, according to the histories, only a relatively short period of time to the dust, it is very likely that the dust is harmful if breathed over a relatively long period of time. This is particularly true in the mixing room where it is stated by the employees that rock wool is mixed with asbestos in various mixtures ranging from 10 to 75 per cent. This is a particularly dusty place, and it is now known definitely that asbestos dust is one of the most dangerous dusts to which man is exposed. With the combination of asbestos and a fused silica dust, known to be irritating to the lungs, it is reasonable to conclude that the men will get extensive fibrotic changes in a relatively short period of time. This is particularly true where the rock wool is mixed with asbestos. A study of the X-ray pictures of these men fails to reveal any silicosis at the present time, but to produce a decidedly more fibrosis than normal condition in the mines in the Picher field, the group shows an average working time -- Si904 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,330 MTC 001387 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS Aetna argued that its coverage was triggered by manifestation of asbestos disease, while Travelers contended that its policies clearly specified that, exposure triggered coverage to the insured. Attorneys for both insurers,' however, emphatically denied that their clients owed any duty to defend the asbestos manufacturer after their policy limits were expended. "The concept of the court below that ACandS can pick one company for indemnity and one for defense is abhorrent," said Peter Schlesinger of Simpson, Thatcher ic Bartlett, representing Travelers. "The insurer who has no obligation to indemnify cannot be saddled" with the duty to defend, Schlesinger said. Aetna, contending that manifestation of asbestos disease triggered its coverage, argued that the duty to defend arises only with respect to liability limits, and that both were subject to limitations. Attorney Stephen Nightengale of Miller, Cassidy, Larroca & Lewin, representing the insurer, said when policy limits have been exhausted, leaving no obligation for insurers to pay a tort case, there was no obligation to defend. ACandS, represented by Frank H. Griffin, III, of Dechert, Price & Rhoades, said there were two questions concerning triggers of his client's policies: what causes an insurance company to respond, and what constitutes an occurrence. He said the answer to the first was an injury during the policy period, and that an occurrence was an accident or continuous exposure to conditions which result in bodily injury. He said, "bodily injury, sickness or disease" triggered coverage-meaning that the trigger begins with exposure and continues through the period of manifestation. He said that under Pennsylvania law, the insurers also have a continuing duty to defend because the law says that each duty is treated separately. When asked by Judge Arlin M. Adams if he believed testimony should be heard by the lower court to determine the intent of the insurers and insureds regarding ambiguous policy language, Griffin said it was unneccessary. "It was form language," he said, common industry-wide. Judge Adams also asked about scientific tests to determine when injury actually occurs from asbestos disease, and was told by Griffith that the various circuit courts to previously rule on the insurance coverage issue had reached their various conclusions on medical facts. Chief Judge Collins J. Seitz earlier in the hour-long hearing asked whether the court was not being asked to give a legal opinion based on medical opinions that lacked unanimity, and was told by Nightengale that was the case. The court also questioned whether the lower court was briefed on the question of continuing duty to defend, or whether that duty was discussed in the opinion. Griffin said he did not recall if the issue was addressed in the pleadings to the lower court, but told the court that it was not discussed in the opinion. Rather, he said, the issue was raised in ACandS' motion for summary judgment. Schlesinger argued that Armstrong, the one-time parent corporation of ACandS, is arguing in California litigation that upon exhaustion of primary policies, excess carriers have the duty to defend. He told the court, "That theory is a necessary, natural outgrowth of the exposure period. As indemnification eats into policy limits, it also eats into limits of a duty to defend," prompting insureds to face the decision of whether to purchase excess coverage. -- a 1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,329 MTC 001388 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS ol six years; in other words, apparently these men have contacted the same amount of fibrosis in 12 months or less that occurs in the mines of the Picher field in approximately six years. Assuming this to be correct, the evidence, while not complete, would lead to the conclusion that the dust encountered by these men is more dangerous and will produce lung involvement in a very much shorter period of time than the dust which is encountered in the Picher mines." The report was sent to rbon Mabon, safety engineer at Eagle-Picher by Scott Turner, apparently a director of the bureau. A transmittal letter said it was submitted "for your confidential information." Turner said he would appreciate any suggestions or comments, or his attention called to any errors or mistatements. Meriwether made his inspection at the request of a safety engineer at Eagle-Picher, and airborne dust samples were analyzed in a laboratory, where W.A. Selvig reported that "as mineral wool is a slag and has been thoroughly fused it may be quite irritating if breathed into the throat and lungs in the form of dust." Three out of four workers from the plant to undergo medical tests suffered fibrosis, with negative results on the fourth, a foreman, according to Meriwether's report. The men who suffered fibrosis had worked from nine to 18 months. Meriwether recommended that dust control machines be introduced at the plant, and for mixing machines to be utilized for mixing, sacking and other possible steps in the process. NEW INTERIM FUNDING ORDER ENTERED FO YMARK Cook County, Illinois*,Circuit Court Judgp^ames C. Murray last week signed a new interim funding ordek for Raybestos^Manhattan settihg down a complicated formula for various insurer to post' indemnity and defense costs for the manufacturer as primary insurers exhaust their policy limits (Zurich insurance Co. and Northbrook Excess and Surphjs'Tnsurance Co. v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., et al., Text from Page 1,377. Also, Sefc^/28/84, Page 1,206). The latest order revises a funding\scheme outlined by Judge Murray last July 30,>, after he was notified that primary indemnity limits for Raymark were being exhausted by Federal Insurance Co., Glqbe Indemnity Co., Commercial Union Insurance Co., and'' Zurich. The order applies to all U.S. asbestos-related cases pending against. Raymark, or commenced duringsthe duration of the order. Undery{he Oct. 16 order, the four primary insurers will continue to provide coverage' provided under earlier direction by the court until they exhaust their primary liability limits. When primary coverage is exhausted, first-level excess insyi'ers shall be responsible for further indemnity payments, with American Centennial Insurance Company paying 14 per cent; Americsm Home Assurance Co. ^paying 34 per cent; First State Insurance Co. paying 2 percent; Globe (as excess carrier) 10 per cent and Northbrook Excess and Surplus Insurance Co. 40 per cent. -- / ) 1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,331 MTC 001389 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REFORTS ASBESTOS Defense costs incurred by Raymark in California through the last day of the month in which both CU and Globe--as a primary carrier--have given notice shall be paid by the two. After that, defense costs will be divided, with CU paying 36.4 per cent; Globe (as primary) 13.6 per cent; American Centennial 7.15 per cent; American Home 17.35 per cent; Northbrook 20.4 per cent; and Globe (as excess) 5.1 per cent. Defense costs incurred in all other cases will likewise be paid' by Federal until the last day of the month in which it exhausts coverage, and thereafter, shared as follows: Federal 50 per cent; American Centennial 7.15 per cent'; American Home 17.35 per cent; Northbrook 20.4 per cent and Globe (as excess) 5.1 per cent. Payments made by excess carriers for defense costs shall constitute payments under the Ultimate Net Loss provisions of the applicable policies. CU and Globe (as primary) will be responsible under the order for the defense of Raymark in California, including decisions "as to the incurrence, commitment for and payment of defense and indemnity costs, except that any decision to expand for indemnity more than $15,000 per claimant or $100,000 per multiple claimant settlement, shall require the joint approval" of both CU (on behalf of itself and Globe) and Northbrook (on behalf of first-level excess insurers). If CU and Northbrook are unable to agree, representatives of Raymark shall make the decision. For cases outside of California, Federal and Northbrook will decide when payments beyond the $15,000 and $100,000 ceilings are necessary. CU and Globe (as primary) shall conduct the actual defense of Raymark in California, and Federal will have that same responsibility in the rest of the nation, invoicing other carriers under the outlines of the order. Zurich, which the court says is no longer required for administration of the cases , will cooperate with other parties and will make claims records available on request. Warehousing costs for documents, currently running $35,000 per month, will be assigned 30 per cent to the California litigation and 70 per cent to cases in ail other states. When first-level excess carriers expend 80 per cent of their liability limits, they are to inform ail other parties so that appropriate application for further relief may be made. 1904 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,332 MTC 001390 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS _______ 1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,374 MTC 001391 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS S1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,373 MTC 001392 i* i MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS 1 ASBESTOS 1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,375 MTC 001393 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS [ u t o ta d . b o n to b* li> iu t|g < I t tlw lu |> . U 1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,376 NlTC 001394 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS 1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,377 MTC 001395 MEALEY'S LITIGATION REPORTS ASBESTOS 1984 MEALEY PUBLICATIONS 1,378 MTC 001396 (^Icr&tA &y'hjjo "ASBESTOS IN THE UNITED STATES--SUPPLY AND DEMAND" Remarks by Robert A. Clifton, U.S. Bureau of Mines before the Third International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Asbestos Laval University, Quebec, Canada I August 17-21, 1975 MTC 001397 INTRODUCTION It is easy to understand an asbestos-supply interest in the United States, which has, at least historically if not at the moment, led the world in asbestos consumption. Appraisal of the present and future ability of the United States to supply the demands of its Industrial users of asbestos is the subject of this paper. UNITED STATES DOMESTIC SUPPLY The first recorded transaction dealing with asbestos in the United States took place more than 100 years ago when $18 worth of asbestos was Imported from somewhere In 1873. The United States has been Importing asbestos ever since, and by far the majority of the asbestos supply needed to meet the U.S. demand has and will come from abroad. Since the turn of the century, for example, there have been only 2 years In which the imports have represented less than 901 of the apparent consumption. production soon, and there is a chrysotile discovery on Tanana Indian land in the Eagle quadrant of Alaska. The Tanana and Cassiar situations seem to have complementary features. One possibly has a viable ore body, and the other has a fully equipped mine and mill at a nearly depleted ore body a few miles away. A II.S. Bureau of Mines study summarized in Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8672 indicates considerably higher mining costs in Alaska due, principally, to wages, but the continuing demand for asbestos may soon require that presently subeconomic resources be reevaluated. I have deliberately refrained, so far, from discussing the asbestos deposits of the Joaquin Ridge near Coal Inga, Calif. Two companies are operating mines there now and a third closed last year. This deposit Is so vast that one of the operators told me that he had 800 years of reserves at present production rates. That deposit just could hold a key to the future as the world's reserves of longer asbestos fiber become depleted. These admittedly short fibers are reported to have exceeded the critical length and have been able to reinforce every matrix in which tested. Asbestos Is still the best substitute for asbestos, and perhaps this Innovative Industry will find means by which the short fibers can be made to act long. MTC 001399 I was gratified that a 2-year study by the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council agreed with some of my hypotheses. This study, entitled "Mineral Resources and the Environment," was released in February of this year and a few quotes from the Chemical and Engineering News review of it seem appropriate: "The first true shortages are perhaps only a matter of a few years away." * * * "Asbestos. . . [is]among other mineral resources that may soon be in short supply, particularly in the U.S." * * * "The committee recommends that the government maintain stockpiles of threatened materials." * * * "Substitutes must be found for . . . asbestos. . ." DEMAND Figure 1 is taken from the asbestos chapter of the soon to be published 1975 edition of Mineral Facts and Problems. It should serve as a good bridge between the portions of this presentation covering supply and those covering demand. It shows how our major areas of supply feed the total demand and then breaks down to final major end-use areas, which we will cover later. Note that nearly 975 of the imports came from Canada and that a little over 975-of total Imports was chrysotile. MTC 001400 IS. BUREAU OF MINIS i < o <r o J WlTC 001401 I wish that I could talk about demand in other than statistical terms. One definition describes a statistic* as "a man who can draw a mathematically precise line from an unwarranted assumption to a foregone conclusion." Having said that, I will now have to admit that 5 years on this job have made a statistician of me and that some of their tools (particularly regression analysis and treni projection} are valuable means of describing sets of data. My previous reports describing U.S. asbestos demand as "remarkably stable" were based on several 20 year analyses within the 1950-73 span, which showed very little change in the average annual growth rate and stayed well below 12. As I became more of a statistician, though, I found that by careful selection of the span of historical data, I could influence the outcome. For example, for the 50-year span 1925-74, the average annual growth rate was 1.432, which projected to the year 2000 would call for a demand of 1.9 million short tons. I think that the data shown in figure 2 (also from the forthcoming Mineral Facts and Problems) illustrate what I think the U.S. demand would be in the year 2000 ima buyer's market. Note that the growth rates, of the 20 year trend and the 10 year trend both project large demand in the year 2000. MTC 001402 IHOUSAND SHORT TONS US. ASBESTOS DEMAND 1,000 2000 MTC 001403 The world market and the United States' place in It are changing a great deal. In the early fifties, the United States consumed about 502 of the world production, and now, only about 202. Figure 3 from the 1972 Minerals Yearbook Illustrates this point rather well. If each of the major consuming countries kept a near-constant share of an expanding market, the result would be a straight line as shown by Canada. The U.S.S.R. and Japan typify those countries whose rate of consumption has grown faster than the world production rate. The United States and United Kingdom have gone the other way. Note that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. trend lines cross. This Indicates that If the U.S.S.R. has not already done so, It soon will surpass the United States as the number one consumer of asbestos fiber. .There are some trends to be seen In asbestos end-use patterns. In the process of Improving the data collection system, the continuity necessary to observe these trends has suffered. My mailing list of questionnaires has Increased from about 40 to about 700, and the questionnaire itself has been drastically revised and needs further revision now. I think that the 1973 data as shown In table 1 are fairly valid. The chrysotile data have been adjusted to agree MTC 001404 MTC 001405 with the U.S. apparent consumption figure. These same data have been grouped into BM I (Quebec 1, 2, and 3), BM I! (Ouebec a and 5), and 8M III (Quebec 6, 7, and 8). Note that by far the majority of end uses are tied to the construction industry. This fact accounts for both the record high year of 1973 and the decline in 1974. In 1972 I predicted, from a position of much less knowledge, that the asbestos industry would find itself able to meet the regulatory agency criteria at about the same time it was found that the stringent criteria were not needed. This is turning out to be the case, but don't look for rule relaxation. It's much harder to get something off the books once on, and the highly vocal voices that equate asbestos and doom are still around. The regulations, so far, appear to have done little real damage to the manufacturing side of the asbestos Industry but have Inhibited the producing side. The asbestos Industry has been able to create new markets when other materials such as glass fiber made major onslaughts on the old. I think, however, that this creativeness must take new directions in the face of a MTC 001406 tl I 6 MTC 001407 H O fO* H0 9ft rX+ i *9 > 1 50 > 13 * fnt*t+r O0ffttB *4 fr+t m0o efttotrt fono~ 9w 3 ** 00 O O 50 O 3 ft 9 ft 00 9 ft ^ mua sf<t ea_ *1 ae. oiff"tt t*>4 o a e cb rt n 0 ip ft ft ft fIt 9ft ft II I 1 i i i i i so III O III MOO MO III 9O 1II II| s ft M ^ N ft ^ 0sk I s>d fst fst sWsfst OsI: sJUIKftNOOlft fsti:HsfstftsftsHs^soeii ffttHftH^MMMftfPt<UfBtfUtf*tfHt ss:S M O 1 >fot0O0f0t oo000oe 0p > 9 ^ ft nft 9O Ii Ii {i Ii t** !i !i w* !i *f1* 'fMt a M* 9 fftt* <--* 9 9On ffntt r* O i> * nooft e ^9 O 9 III Uk1fjt III kMrf IIi 1NOft fpt+ III it ffitb ft *0 ft MI W I t ft I 09k Wft fMt Htt II ffttOCO II II ft* <I4 ft ^ Q. ft quite possible worldwide depletion of this valuable resource. The asbestos industry must answer such questions as the following: How can this end product be made with less asbestos to be as good as it now is? How can every last fiber be extracted from this ore? If no adequate substitute exists, can one be synthesized? The outlook includes greatly expanded exploration efforts worldwide. Absolutely clean asbestos mills and manufacturing plants are also foreseeable, both for worker protection and for preservation of a valuable product. Every asbestos outcropping ever recorded will be reevaluated as will every abandoned mine. In these circumstances, fiber prices probably will continue to climb. Stockpiling asbestos may reach an unprecedented level, and substitute synthesis research Is likely to be revived and carried much further Into the applications field than ever before. MTC 001408 ,r I . EXHIBIT LIST UNR r+a,,.fl>+ /k^ A* MS') `fte' -- (j) Letter from A.J. Lanza, M.D., to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, U.S. Bureau of Mines Clinic, February 12, 1932 (5) Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Dr. A.J. Lanza, February 16, 1932 {S) Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Dr. H.H. Fellows, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., February 16, 1932 /^Letter from H.H. Fellows, M.D. , to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, February 18, 1932 MiT- (?) Letter from R.R. Sayers, Surgeon, U.S. Public Health Service to, the Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service, February'20, 1932 n?f- <Q Letter from H.S. Cumings, U.S. Surgeon General to R.R. Sayers, February 24, 1932 MSS'- (j) Letter from S.A. Williams, Vice President, Johns-Manvilie Corp. to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, February 26, 1932 iur-(i) Letter from R.R. Sayers to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, February 27, 1932 Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Mr. S.A. Williams, March 1, 1932 iVS- Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Dr. R.R. Sayers. March 1, 1932 (Tp Letter from A.J. Lanza, Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, March 24, 1932 () March 25, 1932 letter from A. MacD. Hughes, Mgr., Personnel Department, Johns-Manvilie Corp. to Dr. F.V. Meriwether. /tfT) Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Dr. A.J. Lanza, April 1, ^ 1932 /9ST- /^Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Mr. A. MacD. Hughes, Johns-Manvilie, April 1, 1932 IfST-- @ Letter from Vandiver Brown, Johns-Manvilie to Dr. A.J. Lanza, April 4, 1932 If tf = MakJU Ki USA An a* MfS" MTC 001409 I1?r-//p Letter from A.J. Lanza, M.D. , to Dr. R.R. Sayers, April 6, 1932 ny Telegram from R.R. Sayers to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, April 11, 1932 ,qo$-_ (t\y Letter from R.R. Sayers to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, ^ April 11, 1932 '<jj Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Mr. A. MacD. Hughes, April 19, 1932 Letter from A. MacD. Hughes to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, ^ April 19, 1932 (5$ Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Mr. A. MacD. Hughes, April 22, 1932 Letter from A. MacD. Hughes to Dr. F.V. Meriwether. April 26, 1932 (^Letter from F. V. Meriwether to Mr. A MacD. Hughes, May 2, 1932 +o /w Letter from A. MacD. Hughes to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, ' ^ May 17, 1932 Letter from' A. MacD. Hughes to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, May 23. 1932 (I*? Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Mr. A. MacD. Hughes, June 1, 1932 sy X-ray results on third group of Johns-Manvi 11 e Corp. x-rays, June 7, 1932 Letter from A.J. Lanza, M.D., to Dr. F.V. Meriwether, February 12, 1932 Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Mr. A. MacD. Hughes, Manager, Personnel Dept., Johns-Manville Corp., April 19, 1932 Letter from F.V. Meriwether to Mr. A. MacD. Hughes, June 1, 1932 Pretrial Brief of the;1Wi ted States, Johns-Manville Corp. v. United State .S. Claims Court No. 465-83C , 2- - MTC 001410 COPT \ zirjLii woccas ccapcairior SS73CIT, UlZP.l'jtS Sr. f. 7. Meriwether, 7.3. Bure-- of-Hines Cllnle'i ?lcher, CQda, PwruAT> 12, 1532, Star fir. Uarlwethers Tit Joh&f-UanTllla Corporation hart a plant at Uasrllle, N. J, which employe about 1200 people. Thay art going to sake a ourvey of their tsployeae to determine the amount of aabaatoeie la the plant. To dovthla they art going to taka ona-half of thalr an^lograaa and have thao fluoroacopad. Thay ill than ha examined and x-rayed. Tha phyticlan who loot tba fluoroaeoplc work will have ao eonnaotlon with tha x-ray work, tha Idea ha lag to aaka tha dlagnoaii with tha x-ray and; hoax determine to what axtant tha riuorotuopw la correct. Sr. fallow* la of tha opinion that it will probably ba difficult, if not ....., impoaalblo, to pick,up atbeatoala with a fluoroacope, although ha thl&ka there would ba ao trouble In detecting ailleoala by tnla matnod. . I hare racoaaandad to tha Johna-Uanvllle Corporation, aa haa fir. Pallowa, that they depend upon you for tha interpretation of tha x-ray filaa, 600 In mnber, kni they will ba glad to pay you a faa of $200.00 for tkia work. They foal, aa doea Or. Pllowa, tnat tnay have no more right to aak thla aerrlca from you without proper recoopenae than they would any othar phaaa of tha atudy. If thla la agreeable t'. you, will you plaaaa lat aa taow ao that 1 can coomunlcata with Ur. Vandiver Brown, tha Oeneral Couneel of tha Johna-Uanville Corporation. I hope tnat you can do thla aa thla la raally a vary Important experiment on thla whole queatlon of phyaleal axaclaatlon In lnduatry and nay rave far reaching affects. I aa hoping to vielt you with fir. Sayere about Uarch lat but would Ilka an anewer to thla latter aa aoon aa poaelble. With beat regarda, 1 aa Sincerely youra. (fl'^MFdv'/.-i'lahaa^ P.S. fir. Pallowa would like to know what type of film would ba daalred for thla work, that la, a fairly brilliant film with a good deal of contract, or a aodoratoly light fH-whlch would enow tha earlier changao. Ha believe a that a film atrlctly conoarable with that cone In tha Metropolitan Office would probably be aatlofactory.I I would appreciate if on reoolpt of thlo you would write directly to fir-.,B Erfwllowo, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., lMniiacs Avenue, How fork City y* and adwlao him ao to tha technique, remembering that thaoa aebeetoele caaee. do not enow up aa clearly ao-do the alltccele-- A. J. L. MTC 001411 m iiu o u w iw m o i iv n im i iv m ^n n n > i r February 16, 1932 Sr . E. H.' Fellows', Metropolitan L|f Insurance Co. 1 Modi ton Avenue, Few fork. F.T. Dear Dr. Fellows: I have a letter fro Dr. Lenta with refaronco to saving eose films for tLe Johns-Manvllle Corporation at Manville, R.J., and be desired that I not if/ /on as to the type of fils that would be suitable. I eonld suggest a fairly hard fils, with as much ooctrast as possible. 2 li; e this type of film such better in reading for any fibrotlc changer than the softer film, as I believe that it gives fever errors between the interpretations and clinical findings than in the eofter fils. Yours respectfully. > F~ 1. Meriwether, * Surgeon in .Cla.rge. NlTC 001A12 (copr) I Tstruary 16, 1932.' Dr. Lansa,* &oca 15-159 Owneral Uotors Bldg., Detroit. Uldhlgan. Door fir. Lanxai la reply to your letter la reference to Interpreting X-ray ploturws for ths Jatne-lianvllla Corporation, of employee* vosklat: el the Corporation'e plant at llanvlllw, X. J.t A* you know, regulatlone agalnet any of tbe Futile Health nan aoaaptlng any reouaaratloa for work dona without the penaleelon of tha furgwon Oaaeral exlet. 1 ac therefore eendlng Or. layers a oepy of your letter tor hie notion. If it la agreeable with hla, I would oertalnly he glad to reeelTo tha $200.00, aa I don't know of anything that would cobs In such handler at the preeent moment, aa 1 here apent eoneldarahla in hoapltal oxpanaaa. However, If It la net porBiealble, you oay notify the people to eend the picture* down and 1 aa rare that It would be agreeable to Sr. Sayere for aa to read than without charge. I would certainly ha glad to road tha picture* for you in any event. X as writing fir. Tallow* as suggested In your letter with rwfaranoa to tha oharaoter of film* desired* : have been In the hoeiltr.l with lotsstlr.nl lnfluanie (not vy diagnosis) for s wash or ton days. I as up today, but ac leaving for Oklahoma City this aftarnoon to cava a oca cardiograph* run, aa It eeeae to have affected ay heart to soce extent. However, tha attending phyelclans tell ce it la a tenporary affair but I oust ssy that It gives a vary dleagrae&bla eenaatlon. I hope to be back on sy faet and able to work within a abort tic*. With beet wlahea, I an Tours rsspwotfully, Ksrlwsthar, ij^**S' urgeon in Charge.) r i MTC 001413 ivw m i v m iu i iv n n n n /n u Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Frederick H.Ecker . President New York City HAYNES HAROLD FELLOWS.M.D. vA4ci/aM/w4tryca/ 'Dir* c lor r ii February 18, 1952.? Dr. F. V. Meriwether, Surgeon-in-Charge,DnitedStates Department of Commerce; Bureau of Mines Co-operative Clinic, Picher, Oklahoma. Dear Dr. Meriwether: I have your letter of February IS and as sending a copy direct to the Johns-Uanville Corporation. I believe that they will show this letter to the 1-ray technician and that the type of film will be such as you suggest. With very best personal regards, I am, Sincerely yours. H . H. Fellows, M.D. 'i O'., s-... FT: ` ' bUF.u/'U 0-r:"N-ES COOPERATIVE . , ' f I MTC 001414 Hrrt-- Nfcrnary 30, IMft.KKi % Ian ti>* tatur to ImIim toMltt mm mt a 1MMV turn 3r. i, J. Uw to ar. 7. T. artwttor art a, itMtw>i Mr* |b a, Mhattto'i fyU a lUtoi a U MrtUg ft r a* WtM to n (kr mum. tku 1* mmimmmi t* m Mr imlMrtlw U imHum ittt hnMk Hi mt ttiwr* a, ms. B. I. UOM, Mpa, 0,1,7.1.3? au# awfMA, s^*s. m,* 'R /'>) MTC 001415 TREASURY DEPARTMENT MM** uhcau or7 j'l \3` OUOUC HEALTH MAVICC ' ?3 WASHINGTON 7ebniary U) 1931 #ur*eaa 8. 8. Seyere, ? kens of maos, Depart* at of Cennt, Veablaftca, S. 0* Bln Beotdpt It ackaovledgod of poor letter of 7ebruary BOtb, eneleel a eoplee of latter* trm Dr. a,. 2. Lum aad Dr. 7. . Htrlnthu, rofardlac tbe Interpretation of X-ray pleturea for tba Johao- Meavllle Cexporatln of nployeee eerklac at tbo eorporatloa'o pint la It* fereey. J I do sot approve et Dr. Merleethor'o under A toklS4 tbo latrpr*tatloa of fllae la thlo Instance, oltbsr with moat ration a elthont, elaoe tblo sortappears to b* only for tbs beat fit of oat eoapeny e aad .*a not b* ooaolderod as reoearob vortex Z believe, too, that tha^uadortablaf of such work eeold be uafbtnnete frea the standpoint of the Public Bealtb feerTloe ae tbe results obtained ai*ht, be latrodnood u evldnee la oourt, or tbe officer;, no aade tbe laterprotatloaa Bight be subpoenaed as a witness." Bwp^otmiy, -------------- 7 X* S. Ctaniag urgooa 0eaeral MTC 001416 t COPT jcras-iurviux ccrporaiioi 292 Uadi eon Ave., Hew Tori:. B. T. february 26. 1932.5 Dr. f; i". Meriwether? Surgwer. Is Charts. Bureau of Klnat, Cocpwrative Clinic, Pichar, Oklahoma. Saar Sir: Tr. A. J. Lcr.re of tha Urtropolitar. life Ir.s-rar.ce Co^may bat aiviied u* that ha would taaV- the favcr of pour tarvlcet is tha real lag and Interpreting of X-ray filaa which will be made in connection with the physical examination* of ti.i employee* of John*Maneilla Corporation at its Manvllle, Baa Jertap Plant. , _/ Te have not heard further from Dr. Lanta. hut have racetrad a oopp of pour latter of February l6tb to Dr. K.E. Pallowai in which pou raquait that a fairlp hard tppa of flic ha need in ta'-lng tha X-rapa and wa assume, therefore, that pou hare teen fit to under take thle work. te would be pleated, however, tolav# pou communicate diractlp with ua and advlee ua of pour acceptance of tha alignment ' and wa would Ilka to be further advlaed if the faa of $200.00 teatatlvalp euggeeted bp Dr. Dacca for making thaae reading! will ba aatltfactorp to pou. I do r.ot know whether Dr. lar.ra Info road pou of the facta, hat we her* had several suits brought againetur bp former employee*--> alleging pul'^nary dlaordar* induced hp duetycqnditione at tha Factory. I tare la a possibility that' other eults may be Instituted bp the same *. attornap who rapraaanta tha plaintiff! la the pending suites Such baling the cate, pou will raadilp appreciate that wa detlre^the result* ,of pour reading* to be bald in atrletaat eonfldanea and:that, no un-% 'necessary publicity ba given to tba fact that you are making theao:. readlngafor us* Va a^e making an honaat effort to aaeartaln Juet what the condition* arc among o\ir amplnpees and Intend to uaa all reasonable efforts to improve the health of our employees and the conditions under which the* work, hut wo with, if poeolhlo, to prove aW tho results of our efforts being used against us wither la the pending1'" yruita or in any suite which may ba brought against ne> * X am advlead that tha first set of platea will be sent you during tha early days of March. (Signed) Toura vary truly, S. AT IXIUAMS, ?iee-Pre*lder.t. MTC 001417 I te. F. Vi Barlrathar. A. krw tf Hate, Plater, Okie. February W 1MI> Iter Br. arlaatbor* The lorof Uaes haa teas rec.uted to carry on a study at teelM^ Fteaoaiii. X aa asking It. *.eoll tc do this and bare nqSiMUa to visit the Plehar flilale and dlsouse tbs various ' phases of ailleoels, rlth you la ardor that any differences of oplaloa ay te aliainated, should ttera ba My. I vary Meh doubt that tbate All ba aay differaaaa af ayIn tea bataaan Or. Basetll and yoa regarding Dr. teiall alll probably arrive a fa* day* before Or. lease Md X ate X m vary aura that ha rill appreciate any suggestions that yen aay have. X avoid also suggest that you obtain such Infemetine aa ha aay have available sa the subject out to hie experlacea la-tald?**' Md granite* Bo *111 bo very glad to loam ehat ha can on the teafeaie of spsraUsg an X-aray aaahtna. Xt probably will ba anil to give hia the privilege af eating a far X>r*ya. lours sincerely. -4 kr *rbaxos Qhlof Bergson, S.S.B.of I. <5-- r^J MTC 001418 a HMD l. lS5>.i mt, . a* huum, ;iuaTtUi Ouvmliiat i *> TW%. V. T. X will MkllX Br. 4yl T Sr. krm> Tour* rMHHflllr, T. T. MrUttkav* mn* la Qkor*. WITC 001419 1 i] 0r MNES UNITED STATCS DoAITTMENT OF COMM^-^1 ,;G,^T00tWt..br.C* UMAU Of MHO OO-OfOATTVI CUNIC Pjchih, Oklahoma W 12* 0& March 1, 193*.' Sr* 1. 1. term* Cfclaf tar#MM, g>oa 9t Vtna, Wil<>w, 0* C. Dwtr Sr. Saforai X RolMta< Mfgr at * IMttr fra tte JdaHfiBrlUi Oarparatloa and p Mjr if F nflf * it.-' * ' - . v- -' ^ - Tim nmitfillri t. i. mriiitfett^M. Saffian la Cha^a. i y~ MTC 001420 M tH K O U U L tU A I I h t N M I U N A L A A n i i ul. a.j.onza.m.o. assistant mcoical disccto* ^fTxbsxick J5 iZckcr, ^t*+&*t* ^frlrr ^oxL CCic March 24, 1932 Personal Dr. F. V, Merriweather% United States Bureau of Mines Clinic Picher, Oklahoma Dear Doctor Merriweather: On Tuesday Doctor Thompson, Doctor Sayers, and I had anr interview: with; the Surgeon-General-, and upon explaining the situa tion to Him he was thoroughly agreeable to hav ing you read the Johns Manville X-ray films. I so informed Mr. Vaadiveer Erown, the General Counsel, yesterday and he is going to start shipping the films to you. To make the record straight, Mr. Brown will write a letter to the Surgeon-General, on receipt of which the SurgeonGeneral will write another letter to Doctor Sayers and everything will be in order. Tiith best regards. Sincerely, Assistant Medical Director nvtc MTC 001422 Johns -Manville Manville. New Jersey 1 March 25th, 1932.^ e th er * Surgeon in Charge, Bureau of Mines, Cooperative Clinic, Picher, Oklahoma* Dear Siri There is being sent you via express prepaid a ease containing 330 X-flayTfilme : for.reading and"interpretation* These films have been sent you at the request of Dr. Lanza of the Metropol itan Life Insurance Company. You *ill find attached to each fils a card bearing a number corresponding to the number appearing on the film, and e would be pleased to have you write your findings on this card, and after this has been done, return the cards and films marked for the attention of the writer via express collect. Attached hereto, you will find a list of the numbers appearing on the X-Rays, which you may use in cheeking. Pacts in connection with these films are explained in letter of February 26th, 1932 written to you by our Mr. S. A. Millions, Vice President. We expeet to* havrappTOXimateljp600r:films when Txaminations arw -completed*, and the shipment just sent you is the first installment. Our. program^calls-for-the taking of about' 100 films per week, . and we will send you weekly installments until the survey is finished. Tould appreciate your kindly advising us when we may expect the return of these 330 films* Tours very truly, SHiCXV nsl. MTC 001423 X-RJ7 FJlfBZRS 166 no 328 760 1331 120 331 563 646 647 1236 649 645 329 49 320 321 1709 1739 1621 51 315 330 1507 2 1054 528 1490 5 508 1296 1467 492- 12 1301 1802 10 1101 1103 22 100 127 1294 311 1665 113 1342 126 498 735 180 1501 581 1697 39 244 656 2110 1116 636 n43 1498 1474 638 1325 651 652 1600 1666 1133 1346 1733 29 1477 1462 398 141 128 1439 1140 496 792 80 133 1119 1329 1727 1110 1350 1298 36 1107 499 1240 639 650 1465 654 1517 668 1492 534 19 524 77 59 122 56 145 1302 108 1602 155 0148 4 109 551 153 1234 1128 in 1347 132 n34 302 1137 309 33 1087 562 1232 1229 1270 341 303 162 64 1225 34 112 1887 1243 44 1186 79 336 105 1889 1879 306 1971 175 324 1 1297 653 1142 756 104 IS 1285 655 130 17 124 757 726 304 413 660 176 334 1646 484 333 107 493 3 131. 332 1121 52 106 41 316 178 114 134 335 177 552 858 775 365 179 2123 50 695 57 662 1290 1237 66 531 4* 103 116 149 45 117 705 801 249 699 544 788 iZfl 1433 342 1281 379 519 233 597 357 266 242 293 192 213 86 201 322 184 346 221 383 205 347 235 374 352 216 241 1432 345 193 465 409 288 1280 635 15 615 643 1310 642 42 466 1276 202 1279 1276 516 203 525 663 351 595 517 1422 208 555 353 222 212 535 354 217 215 2038 406 234 713 700 701 70 e 238 2007 656 655 ?n 223 458 537 369 1691 630 779 656 1479 659 2062 715 754 6 63 16 9 0151 n 0137 1165 224 226 231 367 1282 366 229 360 1860 67 169 1309 124D 68 1299 1100 MTC 001424 L C K U U U ttU A I IM t N A I lU N Ill A A C iX i v u n 1i w u T i l l i v n i ^ n n o v i i i m April 1, 1932. % Dr. A. Iasi* , GeneralFlIotors Bldg4* Detroit, Michigan. Deer Dr. ZAnta: Daring ny absence at Aaarillo, the 33 Johoe-ManTill# pictures ease in, at wall at pour latttr sayin* that tha Surgeon General had given hit contant to reeding thtM pictures. Z as cow reading tbtae pictures, and at toon at Z receive peraietion direct free the Surgeon General, Z shall forward ay report to the Johna-Manville Conpany. I as very intereited in seeing bo* tha X-ray reading* will check with tha fluorceoope readings. With best regarde, I as Tours respectfully, , T.~.y^Meri**ther,v, Surgeon in Charge. MTC 001425 (COPI) April 1, 1082 r. A* dughaa; C/o Johna-temTilla, ImlUt, I. J. tear 81n * ara 1b raealpt of a box of MO X-ray fllaa' froa your organisation and alao a coaaanleatlon fraa W. Laasa stating that paralaalon froa tha Swgaon-Ganaral to raad thaaa fllaa baa baaa grantad. Aa aoon aa paralaalon la raealxad dlraat froa tba Burgaon-Ganaral I will raad and ratura thaaa fllaa to you In aocordaaca with your dlractlona. loura raapaetfully. KBBRIIKTHSB Surgaon la Cbarga MTC 001426 Johns-Manville 292 Madi&om Avenue New York City April 4, 1932' Dr.A.J. Lacs*. Medical Consultant, General Motors Corporation), Detroit, Michigan. Dear Dr. Lanza: 1 am enclosing herewith a copy of a , letter which Mr. Hughes has received from Dr. Meri wether under date of April 1, 1932 and from which you will note on this date Dr. Meriwether had not yet received permission from the Surgeon-General to ` read the fllns. The letter suggested by you w*. sent to the 8urgeon-General on March 23rd over the signa ture of Mr, Voorheea. 1 suppose in a matter of this sort we must expect a certain amount of bureaucratic delay. We hope, however, that the notice to Dr. Meriwether that he may do this extra work will not be unduly delayed and ifcssoceurredto- me that you mights possibly: be: ahler to- speed up the machinery by- a lettel* addressed to one of your good:, friends lir the Sur geon^ General1s Department a I greatly enjoyed seeing you on your recent visit to the City and we are all very grateful to you for your very valuable assistance. Sincerely yours, VBiT Enclosure Vandiver Brown Attorney MTC 001427 J GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION DhTKOIT, MICHIGAN C April , lose. f Dr; 1, B, 8ayrat Ohlif JurgiOBii tJ. 8. Duratu of Mlfiaa, VitULfteii, D.O. Bur Dootor Bayarat AttiiM ia wmipoalnM raaalrad today from ID( Bron of tha Jplna Manrilla Oorpotetloa* Oaa you kalpthl&taaloac?* Slnotraly, ---v- Kadieal Oocauiteat* jCKy* MTC 001428 IaJ' Or. f. . khmi if KU riiW, Okla. I* ftt Vjtn Chitf SurgMB VMfaiacioa, D. C. April 11, 16BS. imvACioex to vuuo mw ano xoo iuxi ampusATiai MTC 001^29 ipiii n, list, * :i*/z ji Wr* ti t. lieriedther,, 0* * Bureau oi' Uinff7 Pioher, Okie* Bnr Dr* Merlt<ethsri \ \ Dr* Luut Lr. f)nepanr, and X oalled an the Surgeon tiencre! la revere to you reedln, U.e X-r*y ne^-vlve* for cyiswUou Itb fluoro- uopie interpretation of ui* oae ! . ' . Loom ,a.i to rite a littor to (ho Surgeon Peneral outing the oonaltlans* is X under-/ stead it, this lettor has been sent and received* The burgeon Central/' Vr. Thonpssn/ and X thought It eoolu be entirely proper lor you to reed the nagativMr for the Uivdtl^-t,lvc .vuroose, it or>lntunderatood tint Mi* ' interpr*tstl<m <""<* by -^gj re y-'r )*otentiri^ pM'7"'`s ""?* **:* ?*&*? . tivea baiag identified by uueU> Jid not by the lnelvldual*? < -. 1 Sr* Thjupeon anvlsed ae thta r.omiag that you anoulu proceed to *eke the interpretations Tor the above >urpoae* Xoura very truly, m - Br. Uaan. RTrT SaYlhS * Chief Burgeon, U*8*B*of ^* fcir. eon, U*fP*hS* MTe 001430 1 in t N M IW I nm-n i ' r 7*T CC C rC C > April 19, 19'?- Mr. A. MaeD.'Sughes, Kfr/, Fereonnel D*partsnt, Johne-fcenvllie Ccrp., Kaavllle, lew Jrrtv. Deer Sir: Upon reoelpt of orders free the Surgeon Generel, I coepleled ' the reeding of 330 X-r*/ pictures sent r* by year coKfajsy a larch 2$. At requested ly you, Z wrote tho findings on the mbc.11 card sttacbed to etch film, nod I an roturning tho films to yon today a* sLlpped. In accordance with reed !ngvY7 find that?l?ofthe pictures* war# essentially negctlve. #. number of these nee had far aore thicken ing thaa'nnmal with considerable eottllftrybut r 'did"Boterafcrd, thla - _ as Wl_B_nffycfAnt^teFrdla^?aa''at-''MV>tcelWri9*sa!l^fei%^j-i^i5^ 'that`in a nnjebernf instances theee.jren rlll^dewelop aaheetoalt la a^" 'relatively abort ties. Thli appHof "to'ali'oarde Barbed decidedly"?re^ fibrosis thor normal V'of which there ^ere 9 - orio of wLlch had euepeotefr tuberculosis. From a purely toehe!cal point of view the** case* are estenttally negative at the present tire. Aceerdin/r te readinew, 89 had firtde-re<Fee'bettcsic, lb Uul ^eeeond etage aebestosis, and one had third stage asbostoslw. ...There were" three cases of asbeetosle with suspected tuberculosis, tre in first * degree esbestoaie sod one la third degree asbeetosle.< There was one flla that was questionable hut suggested eebestoele 1 (picture was thin). This was an especially good lot of filas; the technic used was excellent. There were one or two cases, as noted on tbs oards attach ed to the files, that would be very interesting tc follow up to eoo If they do net bar# ooao sporlllt Infection of the lunge.' Zf it Is oonrenlont, Z would appreciate learning the findings on thoso latter eases. Upon receipt of the balance of tho flint, Z will be In position to oxpodlto tho return of findings to you. Tours respectfully, CC -- Dr. Dr. Fellows Surgeon in Charge, U. S. Bu. of Mlaoe, F.A. Burgeon, C.S.F.V.S. MTC 001431 n ^ nnr\ wjtwi United States Department of Commerce BUREAU OF MINES CO-OPERATIVE CLINIC PlCHER, OKLAHOMA April IS, 1932. * 9 JOHK - MA>;SVILLI X-EAT DIAGNOSIS. (Total jrays 330. )*. Decidedly more fibrosis than normal, bordering on Asbestosis 1Decidedly more fibrosis than normal with suspected T.B.----------- Asbestosis l(Eeginning)--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 K Asbestosis 1 with suspected T 3--------------- --------------- ----------------Late Asbestosis 1--------------------------------------- --------- ------- ----- ------- ------ ------Late Asbestosis 1 with inflammatory process in left base ----- -- Some asbestosis with Tubercular or Apirrilli Abscess-----------------Late Asbestosis 1, bordering on Asbestosis 2, ------------------------------- Late Asbestosis 2.----- ------------------------ -------- -------------------------Late Asbestosis 2 with probable basal pleurisy -----------------------------Beginning Asbestosis 3 ------------------------------------------------------ ----------Beginning Asbestosis 3 with suspected T. B. -------- --------------------- -- I* 2 r IS 4*^ Questionable, but suggest Asbestosis 1---------------------- ------------------------- -------- ------ 1 5 boxes contained 2" n 1 Box " 40 x-ray pic tunes-- 200 43 " -- 86 46 - B B -- 44 TotalF330e> -118 ' - 212--Ssseh tial ly he gat ivex- rays t MTC 001432 MOUULt U A I 3 Johns-Marvville Manville. New Jersey ^ April ' DrT FT Vi Meriwether, Surgeon in Charge, Bureau of Mines, Cooperative Clinic, Ficher, Oklahoma. Dear Siri Supplementing my letter to you of Uarch 25th and your reply of April let, I underetand from Dr. Lanza that you now have official permiesion to read the filme, which e shipped you. We have approximately 400 more films ready for shipment, and would appreciate an expression from you as to just how you deeire to have these films sent you in the futurej that is, the size of the allotments* Yours very truly. AHtCIW Personnel Dept* \ r T r 7 > C 7> 53c rt MTC 001433 i\ z n n i 1w m *au 1 t v m ^ n n o w j u i / I April 22, 1932. * ' Mr. liiicS. Hobai,.Mfr., Porooaaol Popartaoat, Johao-KacTillo Corp., Manrillo, I** Joroop. Boar Slrj la aacvor to 70ox lottor of April 19, wish to Mj that wo roturaod tho 330 fllato to 70a aa ohippod on April 19, tocothor with a lottor ranaarltlac tho finding* of tho X-ray roadlaco. Tou nay ship tho romaindor of tho fllaa at your onTniesic0 la 007 olio allotaanto aoltablo to 70a. Iouri roapoctfully. 7. T. Morivothor, Surfooa la Charfo, O. S. Bnrooa of Mlnoo, P. A. Sorcooa, ttSPES. MTC OOI434 /, Johns -Manville Manville. New Jersey r"l 3 C C c nc c > I h t N A I IU N A L n n \y n April 26th, 1932* vDrv F. V. Meriwether', Surgeon in Charge, Bureau of Mines, Cooperative Clinic, Pieher, Oklahoma* Dear Sirt This will acknowledge receipt of your letter of April 19th, also box containing 330 films which were received yesterday. -We note in your4 findings on positive cases, you use the term "Aabestosis?*" Unfortunately, we did not tell you the complete story as to the past history of the a employees, whose pictures' you interpreted* The greater majority of'these"e cases have their past history complicated by other dust occupations, principally coal' mining. The box of films which ve are sending you today by express prepaid, eontaihihg"464 films, has on the reverse side of each-card the past history of the employee. If the past history- is. insignificant,-there is-no * notation'on the reverse side-of the card* Ve hope that this additional information will help you in your interpretations, and possibly^ may-ai^ you in trying to-find' some' difference between"Asbestosis and the other v forms of Pneumoconiosis. Ve are attaching hereto a list of these 464 films being shipped today, which you may use for checking. In our examinations at the plant of fluoroscopy, etc.y Drv Sabatelle * hasbeen callingcases with no significant past history aAsbestosis% and cases with a history of previous dust occupations have been called---* "Pneumoconiosis"pbecause: of the impossibility-of deciding where $he rdust infection occurred,. Ifeispbasrbeen done because passing an opinion -. -of Asbestosis~onrarpatient who previously worked in dust brings up a > medical; legal-problem before us.? For this reason, we would like to have something similar to this in your opinions* Unfortunately, : you have already completed the first 330 films. Ve-Jbel. th&t the. same ^ should-be? done with those. Ve can either return the cards alone, with the past history on the back, or if you wish and it is necessary, we can again return the films. Ve also note on the X-Ray cards that you did not sign them. In order that these records may be of any value to us, it is felt the signature of the interpreter should be on the findings* Possibly, you did not sign these cards for a good reason, but we would appreciate an expression from you in this regard. Very truly yours. AHtClY MTC 001435 422 0259 620 261 125 1246 248 122 2006 272 20? 671 75Q 220 0214 605 240 242 527 1868 1870 029 246 1855 252 1662 255 277 142 1582 598 20QQ * 266 295 265 286 405 1991 482 526 1228 1096 0165 20 1221 1615 502 1724 664 512 665 1129 667 675 1468 1105 1292 1121 1208 549 552 1141 1220 1725 1672 1161 682 1178 506 682 670 494 684 128 1108 60 65 210 148 1125 206 24 1089 58 269 1896 857 2047 8u10 422 402 424 282 287 156 160 165 510 626 512 126 69 71 487 101 2048 2044 2027 2002 285 X-RAY ymCEERS 292 445 294 422 154 1183 1473 18 1638 1150 1254 1292 1138 1149 289 2022 2022 291 212 296 266 252 1999 416 26 329 140 1256 0255 7 1244 22 1252 227 541 661 686 761 1080 1629 688 816 0141 730 783 765 1093 78 1288 609 1202 1760 1220 602 1172 727 690 26 1252 76? 529 21 692 772 696 514 1470 40 48 1504 1471 572 142 2029 1272 186 1302 2082 741 1220 796 151 428 1206 1257 182 419 . 1007 168 238 1610 426 797 325 748 604 163 14 605 777 170 697 718 674 698 27 1211 327 190 181 1362 1681 1688 35 164 73 1077 191 169 1249 1462 230 1707 1464 62 1994 1702 1692 1426 1594 129 1475 1592 1460 1406 1461 1402 1408 54? 1466 376 1078 1062 1598 1715 1409 1206 1711 1552 625 1204 967 1979 1752 1469 1053 1210 1066 1726 465 1217 1476 456 1606 722 720 1761 1407 1718 173 172 84 952 421 1221 305 1262 1500 1273 2 92 1152 1224 1565 1111 344 1322 422 400 404 152 1258 411 1405 727 1592 629 1114 734 723 1120 1207 1641 415 758 724 421 762 1158 436 1170 1590 1208 1539 1159 619 1213 451 1167 1484 . 1425 785 1410 1691 611 615 1264 1558 1122 1145 1226 459 2028 1226 1260 1160 790 1478 774 1486 1472 948 1736 738 520 495 1705 1481 1853 743 1090 1219 2097 1512 771 1589 1494 1209 1449 1094 786 482 1419 475 739 1623 1216 1079 1740 507 1680 2040 2015 1275 9T6 MTC 001436 ! IIU -H U U U 1 .1 U k i I lit N A ilu n n t 1649 1212. 751 1261 1701 LS27 1215 1268 1295 1159 491 1265 1154 956 460 1291 1567 1854 1102 486 1404 1127 1555 1855 1552 1274 1667 1416 505 1245 142 1414 1054 915 1010 1619 1266 1446 1569 1584 1444 511 558 651 1265 617 1716 455 1487 1583 622 1615 1005 1765 461 1555 1556 575 1465 1599 1766 522 1587 1571 625 764 766 472 745 1669 1405 600 1620 1502 27C 517 87 1495 I-EA3T STTUBERS MTC 001437 n M in n u u iw m a iiw m l u i iw n v ^ n n A M .j May 2, 1932- Mr. A. NSeD.. *Uhos, Foroonaol fetnafar, /ohf o-^knyillo OorF-, KuHllti Vtf 7<rHir. roar si# i "In roriy'to>var of April 2t,tfc* lin *A#botosio' m nood at lndioatinf fibrosis, on# lops not Tatar to tho typo of fibrosis or pnooaooofciosis ptosont. Is roadlse thess piotnrss, It thoncfet that` too toonld harp boot tcrnod doflnltt Silicosis with tea# asbostepl* ,: and oeoojrprs rotrdod possibly no antbraoosis* or bltnaoDOals. I rocall can cnoo' wbltb .X pfelntod out to tho roanswr- officers at a tTFlealadal pietnro, bcV.lnfpgb ap it "bas lAelndod? in this stndy of is aiWiteila eeatltfiiyit at regardodao aobootosit.i If I had known at the ilw I.tN^iig t&t>IAiri that- yon dosiiad ovs'tfforpatioa pa tba nhatfeter pft$p dust or:fibrosis? . Z oald hato teoftygtad te'.jbaws had* a notation Sf^hlion tfcs cards." If yon ears 4o return'the fUa , X will -ohiertahp V road %bn vittrat tbo histories, fad yillsoggost thetypo of 0nst lavolwod, and yov pan fhidt tLn^liifit tho. histories. I Scold a^ct jUratar in aaking * these readings'that 'tho pistare* tbsateirei bo returned/a* ooaoP ot %hm ondonbt edlyafcowed tho''effect" of bethdaet t, and 17 opinion , would depend nponthe dominating change* notOdT. Xn-regard to tho aidipiefal plotnrfi 700 aro sand lag I will try te oenfora to tho headings Of Br; #pbat ill*. T ' I * . :" - ' , ./ 4 * In a shabsr of Instances in reeding tbift pletnrot Tooted* that hpre ftr* LnTla^aetotp.cfcefigee that 1*wragt^refcfcrdod ns atooelatod ? with dnsf. no eats l partienlafly interesting. It is ay opinion that thoto eatot'aaro tho reealt of Infection, probably associated with Snot , hit <not 'd i'ypetly. canae^ hf it., for 0000 tins wo hors boon orrying on an ifrest lotion .laid .this subject, and for this roaton Z fool that the .history ef the phyoical Aahlaaties1 noli bo of considerable walao ln^arrit|eg ittitno.l4aoiii| perticalafrly if there has boon a ..fhfisrnanh ttot' iado; >lfyon bars, mot booji caking d fhseetppon tost, JJnonld eorialjil/:,scbt ihat this bo don| Is tho balance of-the ajcpaioet.irap/ A^pattrf toot shoAld bo ede whanoTor Obtainable, not only for tnborooffitll, bhtbfreft hoi tors to bo aboant 4a nest of tho taoeo, bat perilcplarly for iplrilll and spireabates. MTC 001438 Hr. A. VacD. Hughes, Johne-ManTilla Corp. 2- 5-2-52 Z noted a plaee for elgaing the oarda, but inasBuch as I understood tha record vara for readings only, and tba interpretations vara not to be used in any other Banner, I decided it would probably be better not to sign thaa. Tours respectfully. f^vTiilfafisither, Surgeon in Charge, V. S. Bn. of Mines, P. A. Surgeon, U.S.P.fl.5. WTC 001439 i United States Department of Commerce BUREAU OF MINES CO-OPERATIVE CUNIC PiCHER, OKLAHOMA June 7, 1932. ------ Third Group---- Joha-Uansville Co. X-rays (8 boxes) Total pictures-346. Hegative-------------------------------- ----------------- ---------- 125 Lore fibrosis than normal------------- -- ----------45 Decidedly more fibrosis than normal-- ------------9a Sligitly more fibrosis than normal-- - - -- . ---------------.- 13 Decidedly mors fibrosis t an normal, bordering on Asbesioels 1------------ 3 Decidedly more fibrosis than normal, bordering on Pne\xaonoconiosis 1 -- 6 Beginning Silicosis 1--------------------- -------------------------------- --------- --- 2 Silicosis 1------------------------------ -------- - 1 Late Silicosis 1 becoming Silicosis 2-- 1 Beginning Pneumonoconiosis 1 ---- ------- ----------------- ---- ---------- 8 Pneumonoconlosis 1 --- -------------------------------- ------------------------------ 16 Late Pneumonoconiosis 1---------------------------------- -------------------- --------------- 6 Beginning Pneumonoconlosis 2------------- ------ 2 Pneisoonoconiosis 2 ------------------ 2 Beginning Pneumonoconiosis 3 --------------------------- 2 Beginning Asbestosis 1 8 Asbestosis 1 ------------------ 5 Late Asbestosis 1 ------------------ --------------- ----------- 0 3 Sarly Suspected T B. ---------------- -------------------- ----- -------------- 1 Old Healed T.B. -------------- ------ ---------------- -------------- ------------------------------- - 2 Pneumonoconiosis 2 with suspected T^S.------- --------------- ------------------- 1 Pneumonoconlosis 1 with suspected TIB: -------- -- ,------------ 1 Acute inflammatory condition----------------------------- --------------------- ------------- 1 Milliary Calcinosis-------------- --------------------------- ------- 2 Believed to be fibrotio T*B. -diag. should be made from Phy. exam, and Laboratory find. 1 346 O ou(.cU A l f H N A T IO N A L A R C H lY L i NITC 001440 Symposium Held May 8th, 1973 Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines Washington, D.C. The welcoming speech was made by Mr. Schlick, deputy director of the Bureau of Mines, who opened the remarks by stating that their goal was to establish a T.L.V. for treiuolitic talc. He indicated that the symposium would be open to submission of written statements until June the 1st., 1973. Mr. Arthur Nelson then spoke indicating that the Association of American Hygienists standards were not good and that new standards must be established for tne talc mining and milling industry. The meeting was then turned over to Dr. Goodman who is the head of tile medical 3taff ori environmental safety to the Bureau of Mines who introduced br. Kleinfeld. Dr. Kleinfelds* remarks were a review of his report on pneumonocosis which ha had originally reported on from the 194Q1960. His updated report was on two hundred and sixty workers for the periods 1942-1973. he indicated that there were one hundred and eight deaths involved with two hundred and sixty workers, five of them had died from lung cancer at an average age of 60.3 years after a mean exposure of 24.1 years to the talc of New York. This would be four times the expected mortality rate from lunger cancer. However, extrapolating the years from 1960 to 1973 with the associate lower T.L.V. and a mean exposure of 30.9 years there were twentynine deaths from various causes, but that the mortality rate due to lung cancer was now at/or very close to the norm for nonexpoaed groups. As an aside he also indicated that the cardiac mortality MTC 001441 (2) in talc workers is lower then would be normally expected in the mortality tables. The next speaker was Mr. Richard Lamar, research manager of the Celite Division of Johns Mansville. tie spoke on the analytical technique for determining trace minerals in talc. The results of his research indicated that for petrographic analysis the electron probe by xray defraction was considered to be the superior method, tie felt that chemical analysis did not yeild any good results, tie flit that partical shapes would be best analyzed by scaning electron microscopy and that particals size could best be determined by the Andreasen pipette sedimentation method. The next speaker was Mr. Joseph Mulfyan, president of the United Sierra Division, who spoke on the talcs of New York state, California, and Montana, tiis point was that some of the talcs of California and that the tiew York state talcs were highly tremolltlc but the Montana talc mas free of any asbestos form minerals, tie also reported on seven workers with more than tsenty-fiva years in the talc mining and milling industry wno were currently employed by United Sierra and that all were now free of any signssof carcinomas. The next speaker was Dr. tiumphrey of the R.T. Vanderbilt Company who spoke on the chrystalography of talo and tremollte and made the point that a three to one aspect ratio for crystal structure to define a fiberous partical was a wrong approach and that elongated particals per say are not necessarily fiberous. tie had slides which indicated that the tremolitic type of partical MTC 001442 (3) was crystaline in nature and in no way fibrous. The next speaker was Dr. Smith. He reported on his animal studies by aritifical insemination of chrysotile asbestos and tremoiitic talc in hamsters. The final conclusions he drew were that low levels of chrysotile asbestos exposure were not carcinogenic and that even hign levels, or massive dosages, of tremoiitic talc did not produce carcinomas in animals. The next speaker was Dr. Schepers who reported on extensive pathological studies ha conducted on animals by the insemination of talc and also chrysotile asbestos and showed many slides indicating that while chrysotile asbestos was adsorbed into the lung tissue of the animals, in no case was tremoiitic talc adsorbed into the lungs. His conclusion was that talc in the lungs has little or no physiological effect upon the animals but that chrysotile asbestos, because of its ferruginous and fibrous nature is highly carcinogenic. He therefore concludes that there is a storage effect of talc which is not injurious but that this is not the case with forms of fibrous asbestos. He further stated that talc dust i the lungs accounted for only approximately 5% reduction in lung capacity and in the case Af chrysotile asbestos there was any where from 60% to 100% reduction of lung capacity. It was his opinion that in view of the fact that the lung can function with reasonable normality with only 40% capacity, talc would have little or no effect as a lung inhibitor. The next speaker was Mr. Harold D. Stanley of Phizer, Inc. who spoke on the identification of talc and asbestos. It was his MTC 001443 (4) conclusions that xray defraction together with transmission electron microsoopy would be the best methods to identify contaminates in pure talc. The next speakers were Mr. Arthur Langer and fir.William J. Nickerson of the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine in New York, who reported on the earlier reports of Dr. Kleinfeld and also on soma studies which were done on other workers who had been exposed for long periods of time to talc duet. Their conclusions were that the present restrictions on the T.L.V.'s of talc of the New York state region were a minimum and should not be changed at this time. They concluded from the data now available all asbestos is bad and none is better than others. This would include the so called tremolitic varieties. They indicated that animal studies, while useful as a research technique, were not completely reliable and that its effects on man were largely unknown at this time because of lack of long histories of medical records on workers exposed to talc dust. They felt that the count of fibers by an inspector could not be readily done differenciating between various types of fibers and that the mean norm of a lenth to width of three to one would be sufficient evidence of fibers in talc. The last speaker of the afternoon was Dr. Sykes of the Kalph Nadur Associates who spoke of his Y.D.A. orientation in as far as talc use in cosmetics and therefore only raising questions and did not have any real answers, however he felt that as the exposure rate to average humans is not known to date and that soma talc apparently is the cause of pneumoconiosis, it would therefore MTC 001444 (5) be advisable for the industry to do much research work in this area to prove its relative safety for use by human beings both in manufacturing and consumer areas, he quoted various isolated cases of extrema exposure to talc dust and also the report of one ovarian tumor in which a talc partical was found at the center, as evidence of possiLle correlation between talc and cancer in man. While he freely admitted that the test to date were inconclusive he felt that the various agencies id the govern ment should err on the sight of caution rather than on the side of the talc producers. He indicated that he had in his possession a "read out" from the Oakridge, Tennessee Computer Bank of all of the complaints registered by various consumers and other medical records concerning the adverse effects of the use of the use of talc by human beings. He expected to have this report ready for filing with the F.D.A. in the near future. Oonclusionsj I believe that the major thrust of the arguments for and against the use of talcs was primarily geared toward the use of tremolitic talcs as found in the Hew York state regions and that is primarily the Bureau of Mines intention of trying to establish a T.L.V. for this area and that as far as talc uses in other Asdustries from other sources, there were not commenting at this time. The remarks of Mr. Mulyan, and sever&l others during the questions and answer periods, seemed to indicate that most of the talc producers wish to disassociate themselves with the Hew York state tremolite problem and that they wish to have talc specified as to whether or not it was free of any asbesti-fora minerals including those of the tremolite variety. _ MTC 001445 \ MTC 001446 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 19 10 .................... ' ............. " .................. .. .................................... -------------------------------- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5T7 --\ PB-222 611 AIRBORNE ASBESTOS FIBER CONCENTRATIONS IN ASBESTOS MINES AND MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES Bureau of Mines July 1973 V DISTRIBUTED BY: National Technical Information Service U. S. DEPARTMENT QF COMMERCE MTC 001447 / ;. 0058695 . o 0-0 ) 0 'i ) J 9 I \ liuMlnes TPR 72 lone 1973 TPR 72 Health and Safety Pregram PB 222 611 BUREAD OF MINES TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT "?7-W*V`1W{IX'JXXJ* J-ln CONCENTRATIONS IN ASBESTOS CAINES AND BULLS IN THE UNITED STATES El P*Pv*d hf NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFUOSRC$fPMN'.<fAig>lTr.InldO| oVN4* JSJlEuRVICE i \v*. >. 4/ *. / WTC 001448 0058696 /- 19 120 0 0.) 0 3 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA le Report No. SHEET BuMines TPR 72 4. 1 ale and Subtalc 7 Airborne Asbestos Fiber Concentrations in Asbestos Mines and Mills in the United States 3. Recipient'* Accession No. Pr. - :u c // 5. Report Date July 1973 6. Performing Organization Code 7* Authut(s) Leonard Schutz, Walter Bank, and George Weems 8. Performing Organization Kept. No. 9* Performing Organization Name and Adcress Denver Technical Support Center 10. Project/Task/V'ork Unit No. Bureau of Mines, USDI 11. Ccatract/Crant No. Building 20, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Office of Assistant Director--Health and Safety 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Bureau of Mines Progress report U.S. Department of the Interior 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington. DC 20240 IS. Supplement ary Notes Summary of health hazard studies of the principal asbestos mines and mills in the United States, requested by the sponsoring organization. 16. Abstracts personae^ Gf the Bureau of Mines have conducted investigations in the prin cipal asbestos mines and mills in the United States to determine the concentration of airborne asbestos fibers in the work place, and to establish the exposure of workers to such fibers. The surveys were conducted using the sampling and evalua tion methoi recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The method consists of collecting the airborne sample on filters and, after appropriate sample preparation, counting the fibers utilizing phase contrast microscopy. The results of the investigation show that fiber concentrations are low in the asbestos mines but high in the asbestos mills, ranging well above 5 fibers/ml of air based on a count of fibers greater thun Sum in length. 17. key and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors Mining asbestos Milling asbestos Industrial health Airborne fibers Asbestos fibers Asbestiform fibers Threshold limit values 17b. Idenrifiers/Open-Ended Terms Fiber sampling procedure Fiber counting procedure Phase contrast microscope Personal sampler pump Personal sample filter, filter holder and cyclone 17c. COSATI Fieli/Group Q6J, Industrial Medicine; 81, Mining Engineering IS. Distribution Statement Release unlimited by NTIS. 13FORM NTIS-JS' - ;o 14/ 19. Security Class (This Repo-t> L'NC1.SSIFIFD 20* Security Class (This Page) UNCLASSIFIED 21* No. oj Pages yf /f 22. 1 .ice 4032 7u$ COMM-O C S-P I MTC 001449 0058697 0 0 :) .) 0 i S 19 13 * ' BuMines TPR 72 AIRBORNE ASBESTOS FIBER CONCENTRATIONS IN ASBESTOS MINES AND MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES by L. A. Schutz, Walter Bank, and George Weems Denver Technical Support Center, Denver, Colo. Bureau of Mines Health and Safety Program Technical Progress Report 72 June 1973 D.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR li> ""s* ! }' ./ \ . 0058698 MTC 001450 doj-u 056191 4 CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................... I ntroduc tion................................................................................................... Description of survey.............................................................. Discussion of survey results................................ Conclusions............................................................................................................................................. Appendix A.--Occurrence of asbestos with associated basic rock formations in the United States.......................................................................................... Appendix B.--Sampling methods and evaluation procedures........................................ 1 1 3 5 7 9 11 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Asbestos fiber exposures (daily weighted averages) in mills..................... 2. Asbestos fiber exposures (daily weighted averages) in mines..................... 6 7 TABLES 1. Asbestos mines and mills surveyed, with listing of employment and sampling data................................................................................................................. 2. Average of asbestos fiber exposures (daily weighted averages) in mills and mines............................................................................................................... 4 3 M \ .* \ I 0058699 mtc 001451 0.0 J .) 0 > ^ i 9 I 5 AIRBORNE ASBESTOS FIBER CONCENTRATIONS IN ASBESTOS MINES AND MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES by L. A. Schutz,1 Walter Bank,1 and George Weems * ABSTRACT Personnel of the Bureau of Mines have conducted investigations in the principal asbestos mines and mills in the United States, to determine the con centration of airborne asbestos fibers in the workplace, and to establish the exposure of workers to such fibers. The surveys were conducted using the sampling and evaluation method recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The method consists of collecting the air borne sample on filters and, after appropriate sample preparation, counting the fibers utilizing phase contrast microscopy. The results of the investiga tion show that fiber concentrations are low in the asbestos mines but high in the asbestos mills, ranging well above 5 fibers/ml of air based on a count of fibers greater than 5 um in length. INTRODUCTION Asbestos is a generic term that applies to a number of naturally occur ring, hydrated mineral silicates incombustible in air and separable into fila ments. The most widely used in industry in the United States is chrysotile (3MgO 2SiOs 2HsO),._a fibrous form of serpentine. The other principal mineralogic type, amphibole, includes amosite [(FeMg)SiOa]; crocidolite [NaFe(Si03)s FeSiO- Ha0]; tremolite [Ca3MgsSi902s(0H)2]; anthophyllite C(MgFe)7Sis023(0H)Sj; and actinolite [CaO 3(MgFe)0 4Si03j. Chrysotile asbestos occurs chiefly in serpentinized peridotite and is distributed in the United States in two principal belts; the eastern belt extends from Maine to Alabama, and the western belt extends from Washington to California, where numerous masses of ultramafic rocks were intruded in Paleozoic and Mesozoic time, respectively. The principal mine in the United States is located at Belvidere Mountain in Vermont. Mindr amounts of asbestos have been produced from other deposits in these belts and from scattered occur rences of chrysotile elsewhere. Recently, increased activity toward develop ment for short-fiber chrysotile has occurred in California. 1Mining engineer. aSupervisory chemist. 0058700 \< U' \ 'vi MTc 001452 0 0 Q iJ 0 5 b 1 9 1 6 2 Chryjotile also occurs in bedded limestone, metamorphosed close to intru sions of diabase. The principal occurrences of this type are in Arizona, where small quantities of long-fiber, low-iron chrysotile have been mined from numerous small deposits. Several species of amphibole occur in fibrous forms; in the United States only anthophyllite and tremolite are known to have commercial importance. As both the anthophyllite and tremolite occur in ultramafic rocks, associated greenstone, and amphibolite, the overall distribution of amphibole asbestos in the United States is like that of chrysotile. The deposits are generally small and erratic in distribution; a list of States identifying known asbestos deposits with associated basic rock formations is presented in appendix A. The occurrence of asbestos and/or asbestiform fibers is relatively widespread throughout the United States and, while the asbestos is not recovered for com mercial purposes, the fibers can be present in the mine or mill atmosphere and may constitute a potential health hazard to miners and mill workmen. The fact that asbestos or asbestiform fibers may be associated with the mining of other minerals complicates the problem of evaluating the health hazard of dusts. Almost 1 million tons of asbestos is used in the United States each year. Analysis of production data indicates that approximately 74 percenc of the asbestos produced (532,300 tons) was used in the construction industry, while 26 percent (187,400 tons) was used in the nonconstruction industries. Approx imately 92 percent of the 532,300 tons used in the construction industry is firmly bonded, in such products as floor tiles, asbestos cements, roofing felts, and shingles; the remaining 8 percent is friable or in powder form present in insulation materials, asbestos cement powders, and acoustical prod ucts.3 The 187,400 cons of asbestos used in noneonstruction industries in 1965 was utilized in such products as textiles, friction material Including brake linings and clutch facings, paper, paints, plastics, roof coatings, floor tiles, and other miscellaneous products. Mining and milling of asbestos in the United States is a small industry, employing fewer than 1,000 workers, and produces 125,300 short tons of asbestos, or approximately 17 percent of the total asbestos used In the United States. Based on the results of asbestos surveys completed, the principal health hazards occur in the milling process with only minor problems existing in the mines. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSh) has developed criteria for a recommended standard for occupational exposure to asbestos. The criteria include consideration of the following factors: environmental, medical, labeling, personal protective equipment And clothing, apprisal of employees of hazards from asbestos work practices, and monitoring and recordkeeping requirements. -- --" .................. -- i.i- . ,i i ii - i- Hendry, N. W. The Geology, Occurrences, and Major Uses of Asbestos. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., v. 132, Art. 1, 1965, pp. 1-766. i IY 0058701 MTC 001453 Is 0 0 U ;j 0 3 6 1 9 1 7 3 The occupational safety and health aspects of the mining and milling of asbestos ores are covered by provisions of the Federal Metal and Noniretallic Mine Safety Act (30 U.S.C. 725 et seq.)> under which provisions the Bureau of Mines has promulgated applicable regulations. In 1967, the published Threshold Limit Value4 was 5 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf) for dusts containing asbestos when collected conventionally with the impinger or midget impinger and counted with the standard light-field counting method. The number concentration represented the visible fragments (small) of asbestos fibers, plus the many associated mineral dust particles. In 1968, the published 'Notice of Intended Changes" proposed that (1) the mppcf be reduced to 2 mppcf and (2) an alternative figure of 12 fibers per milliliter of air (fibers/ml) based on a count of fibers greater than 5 (micrometers) in length be adopted. This figure was based on the membrane filter method at 430X magnification phase contrast illumination. The aforementioned intended changes were retained in 1969; in 1970, the published proposed changes (1) eliminated entirely the midget impinger sam pling method and its number concentration figure and (2) recommended that the alternative value be changed from 12 fibers/ml greater than 5 microns in length to 5 fibers/ml greater than 5 microns in length. In 1971 and 1972, the 'Notice of Intended Changes1' retained the 1970 pro posal and specified the membrane filter method with 4G0-450X magnification phase contrast illumination. To evaluate the degree of the health hazard, the sample results included in this report were compared with the value of 5 fibers per milliliter (fibers/ml) as defined by NIOSH in the document '^Criteria for a Recommended Standard . . . Occupational Exposure to Asbestos." It appears that control practices in current mining and milling opera tions can be modified to meet the "5 fibers/ml greater than 5 um in length" standard. However, in order to meet a standard of "2 fibers/ml greater than 5 um in length," the asbestos industry will probably have to develop new pro cesses, or drastically modify present dust control measures. Meeting the lat ter standard will be more difficult for mills and processing plants than for mines. DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY During the latter part of 1971, a program was instituted to conduct investigations in all the ai.tive asbestos mines and mills in the United States. Three of the four known active mills and rwo of the six open-pit mines in California were surveyed. ."ota! employment at the four active mills and the six open-pit mines was referred to be 2S4. American Conference of Gcv'^-.jenCal Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for 1967, Recommended and Intended Changes. 1967. 0058702 MTC 001454 0 0 0 -J 0 5 6 I 9 | 8 4 In Arizona, two of Che three known active underground mines and one of the three active mills were surveyed. Total employment at the three mines and three mills was reported to be 25. The single active epen-pit mine and mill in Vermont wa; surveyed. Total employment in the asbestos mine and mill was 201. The only known active asbestos open pit in North Carolina was surveyed. Total employment was four. In Maryland, the one known asbestos mill was surveyed. Total employment was eight. Total employment for all known active asbestos mines and mills was 541. Of this total, 488 were employed at the mines and mills surveyed. A total of 656 samples was collected and evaluated in these surveys. Table 1 lists asbestos mines and mills surveyed in the United States, their location by city and State, employees at each, ar.d samples collected during the survey at each location. Table 2 lists the average asbestos fiber exposures for the job classifications that were found at the mines and mills. TABLE 1. - Asbestos mines and mills surveyed, with listing of employment and sampline data Number of mines Number Number of samples collected Location Open pit Under- of Employees Breaching General Total eround mills 2one atmosphere Mines: Burnsville, N.C........................ 1 4 17 0 17 Hyde Park, Vt.. 1 - - 58 10 - 10 Coalinga, Calif................... 1 . 7 41 0 41 Copperopolis, Calif............... l 36 55 0 55 Total, open pits.............. 4 105 123 0 123 Globe, Ariz.... - 1 - 11 15 Do........................ - 1 2 2 0 15 02 Total, underground 2 13 17 0 17 Total, nines 4 2 - 118 140 0 140 Mills: Baltimore, Md.. .i 8 59 1 60 Hyde Park, Vt. -- i 143 55 2 57 King City, Calif................... i 50 50 9 59 . .Coalinga, Calif................... i 31 47 10 57 Copperopolis, Calif................... . i 135 205 57 262 Globe, Ariz.... - - i 3 20 1 21 Total, mills - - 6 370 436 80 516 Grand total, mines and mills. 4 2 6 488 576 80 656 0058703 V I' ' /'MYCi v. .i .i MTC OOI455 0 D I) ,1 0 5 i 19 19 5 XALLE 2. - Averaee of asbestos fiber exposures (dally weighted averages) tn mills and mines Occupation Total samples Mill: Blender, bagger, and packer... Palletizer and car loader.......... ' Crusher and dryer operator.... Foreman................................................... Laboratory technician................... Laborer.................................................... Maintenance man................................. Mill operator...................................... Other........................................................ Mine: Driller................................................... Explosives men........................................... Heavy equipment operator............ Maintenance man................................. Truck driver........................................ Other........................................................ 132 31 32 32 33 37 50 50 39 31 6 55 7 20 21 Asbestos fibers/ml (>5 jm in length) Highest exposure Lowest exposure Aver* ;;o exposure 24.8 18.1 20.3 15.8 17.4 17.3 16.9 17.9 10.5 2.7 1.2 7.1 4.3 4.5 8.2 3.8 4.7 2.3 11.3 10.0 11.0 8.3 8.8 12.1 8.4 11.5 6.0 7.8 1.0 .6 , l 1.7 .5 .5 .1 .8 .2 .8 .04 2.8 3 i.i .3 .5 .5 Sampling methods and evaluation procedures employed in the surveys of asbestos mines and mills are described in appendix B. DISCUSSION OF SURVEY RESULTS A summary of the surveys of asbestos mines and mills is presented in figures 1 and 2. Only daily weighted average exposures are listed in these tables. An analysis of figure 1 indicates the "Laborer" occupation has the highest average exposure with 12.1 fibers/ml. (This is due in part to the cleanup work being done by sweeping.) Following closely in order are mill operators at 11.5 fibers/ml, blenders, baggers, and packers at 11.3 fibers/ml, crusher and dryer operators with 11.0 fibers/ml, palletizers and car loaders with 10.0 fibers/ml, labora tory technicians with 8.8 fibers/ml, maintenance men with 8.4 fibers/ml, foremen with 8.3 fibers/ml, and the lowest average exposure of 6.0 fibers/ml, including the miscellaneous category. Averages for all the occupational classifications were above 5 fibers/ml. Figure 2 lists exposures of the various occupations in open-pit and underground mines. None of the averages were above 5 fibers/ml. While a few of the individual samples in some mills were extremely high (to more than 550 fibers/ml), the average of the highest were recorded at the blending, bagging, and packing operations where controls were not veil MTC 001456 0058704 I 0 0 0 ;) 0 5 6 I 9 2 0 6 0 5 10 15 20 25 ASBESTOS FIBERS PER MILLILITER (>5tifl< in LENGTH) Highest emosure Average eoosure III! I I I I I I I Lowest eiposure LS.\\\\vo FIGURE I. Asbestos fiber exposures (daily weighted averages) in mills. designed and maintained. Crushing and drying operations were second, with palletizer and car loader operations running third; mill operators, fourth; laboratory technicians, fifth; laborers, sixth; maintenance workers, seventh; foremen, eighth; and miscellaneous operations, ninth. All were well above the value of 5 fibers/ml. In the mines, dry-drilling, without dust collection, resulted in one high average exposure of 7.8 fibers/ml. 0058705 MTC 001457 0 Q ) > 0 5 -> l 9 2 1 ^T 31 7I j M.qhnt e.posure 11 Average exposure 1 t 1 1 i i 1 I I I I 1 Lowest eiposuM IVwsNV^I FIGURE 2. - Asbestos fiber exposures (doily weighted overcges) in mines. CONCLUSIONS 1. Some operators are adequately controlling the amount of asbestos fibers in the breathing zone of workmen; however, many are using inadequate control measures and practices which result in workmen being exposed to asbestos fiber concentrations above 5 fibers/ml. 2. The fact that asbestos or asbestiform fibers may be associated with the mining of other minerals complicates the problem of evaluating the health hazards of dusts in mines and mills throughout the United Scates. (Dust sur veys are now routinely including .sapling procedures to determine whether this hazard exists.) 3. It is believed that operators of most mills and mines should be able to meet a "5 fibers/ml of fibers greater than 5 um in length" standard by fol lowing practices such as, but not limited to, those listed below: a. Installing and using effective and efficient control systems and collectors to prevent dust from becoming airborne. b. Establishing a rigid maintenance program for process and dust control equipment. MTC 001458 i i* ; * ' 3 j I 0058706 0 000053 I 922 7 v/ *, / A \ / / ;/ \s >1 \\ ' 8 c. Packaging chc finished produce in airtight containers. d. Modifying processing machinery or replacing it with equipment designed to achieve adequate dust control. e. Enclosing all conveyor belts, screens, crushers, and other opera tions, and using exhaust ventilation and collectors to minimize airborne dust. f. Using vacuum cleaning systems for cleanup work to eliminate air borne dust from sweeping. g. Following established recommended practices for the use of respiratory protective equipment. h. Using accepted permissible methods for controlling dust when drilling in pits and mines. i. Implementing methods for keeping dust at stockpiles, roads, millyards, and plant areas from becoming airborne. * Providing enclosed cabs with filtered air systems for operators of mobile equipment used in mill and mine surface areas. A. New techniques such as !>> wet-milling process presently being inves tigated by some operators should be evaluated as a possible aid in complying witn lower standards being considered. It ! i */ /t /'r: MTC 001459 0058707 0. 0 ) i!. o. 5 .5 19 2 3 9 APPENDIX A.--OCCURRENCE OF ASBESTOS WITH ASSOCIATED BASIC ROCK FORMATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES The following liscing of States indicates known asbestos deposits, with associated basic rock formations:1 Alabama.--Short-fiber amphibole asbestos; associated basic intrusive rocks. Arizona.--Chrvsotile in serpentine. California.--Chrvsotile in serpentine and in peridotite; tremolite and amphibole and anthophyllite asbestos in serpentine, greenstone, and schist. Some short-fiber and unknown varieties of asbestos in serpentine. Cross-fiber chrysotile in ultrabasic intrusion, in serpentinized saxonite, serpentinized limestone, and chloritized shale. Slip-fiber tremolite and amphibole and actinolite in quartz schists, in serpentine, and in limestone and dolomite. Connecticut.--Slip- and cross-fiber chrysotile and some pyrophylllre asbestos associated with serpentine. Georgia.--Long-fiber anthophyllite asbestos associated with peridotite, with talcose and chloritic schist, with pyroxenite, and with bintite-granite gneiss. Cross-, slip-, and mass-fiber amphibole asbestos with biotite granite and hornblende gneiss, and talcose rock associated with granite. Anthophyl lite asbestos associated with harzburgite. Idaho.--Slip-fiber and brittle mass-fiber anthophyllite asbestos in altered hatzburgite and in altered dunite. Maine.--Slip- and cross-fiber chrysotile in serpentine. Maryland.--Slip-fiber.tremolite associated with basic igneous rocks; also anthophyllite and low-quality amphibole asbestos. Massachusetts.--Chrysotile asbestos in ultramafic rock; amphibole asbes tos; fibrous anthophyllite in blocks of saxonite, enclosed in granite; also amphibole asbestos. Montana.--Brittle tremolite asbestos associated with vermiculite in dike like masses of pyroxenite; woodlike-fiber anthophyllite in altered peridotite dikes in Procambrian schist and gneiss; chrysotile asbestos in limestone simi lar to Arizona deposits. New York.--Chrvsotile asbestos veins in serpentinized zones in dolomite; slip- and ctoss-f'^her chrysotile in serpentine. 1Chidester, A. H., and A. F. Shride. Asbestos in the United States (Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii)^ U.S. Geol. Survey, 1962, 11 pp., with accompanying map MR-17. 0058708 MTC 001460 0 0 0 0 0 54 I 9 2 4 10 North Carolina.--Chrysotile asbestos associated with ultramafic Igneous rocks and with dunite and with a large mass of enstatite and in peridotite; anthophy1lite asbestos and mass-fiber anthophyllite asbestos associated with altered dunite, with serpentinized dunite, and with chlorite in an amphibolite. Oregon.--Chrysotile asbestos veins in serpentine; short cross-fiber chrysotile asbestos in serpentine; anthophyllite and weak slip- and cross fiber anthophyllite asbestos along shear zones in schists and greenstones; slip-fiber and iron-free tremolitc asbestos in dunite. Pennsylvania.--Unknown variety of asbestos associated with ultramafic igneous rocks. Rhode Island.--Crocidolite asbestos. South Carolina.--Asbestos of unknown variety associated with dikes of pyroxenite altered to amphibolite, in magnesian rocks, in basic igneous rocks, in partly metamorphosed amphibolite, in aphanitic hornblende slates. Texas.--Tremolite and long brittle tremolite asbestos fibers in the shear zone between hornblendite and mica-quartz schist, in serpentine; small veinlets of chrysotile and small deposits of amphibole asbestos. Vermont.--Cross- and slip-fiber chrysotile asbestos in serpentine and in unserpentinized dunite and peridotite. Virginia.--Asbestos of unknown variety associated with ultramafic rocks; asbestiform anthophyllite occurring with tremolite; amphibole asbestos and slip-fiber amphibole asbestos; slip-fiber anthophyllite asbestos associated with hornblende and olivine. Washington.--Cross-fiber chrysotile asbestos in serpentine and in ciopside and serpentine; cross-fiber and slip-fiber asbestos of unknown vari ety in serpentine and in peridotite; silky fibers of amphibole asbestos, fibrous soapstone with amphibole asbestos in shear zones cutting greenstone, short fibers of amphibole asbestos; talcose asbestos in serpentine dike; anthophyllite asbestos in biotite gneiss; tremolite asbestos in dolomite. Wisconsin.--Cross-fiber chrysotile asbestos veins in peridotite. Wyoming.--Slip-fiber chrysotile and amphibole asbestos in veins associ ated with serpentine cut by metadiabase dikes and surrounded by granite gneiss; brittle-fiber amphibole asbestos and talc in a sequence of netamorphic rocks and amphibole asbestos in serpentine. 0058709 0 0 ;'J ) Q rj , I 9 2 5 11 APPENDIX B.--SAMPLING METHODS AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES1 Air Sampling Methods In Che study of asbestosis conducted by Dreessen, midget impinger count data were used as an estimate of dust exposure. All of the dust particles seen, both grains and fibers, were counted since too few fibers were seen to give an accurate measurement. The resulting count concentration was a measure of overall dust levels rather than a specific measurement of the asbestos con centration. This method was satisfactory at that time since exposures were massive and the control vwasures .nstalled to reduce overall dust levels also reduced the asbestos dust levels. As dust levels were reduced, it became necessary to measure the biologi cally appropriate attribute of the dust cloud. At eqlal levels of overall - dustiness, Che concentration of asbestos could vary considerably from textile manufacture (75-85 percent) to insulation (5-15 percent). Furthermore, If the limit were lowered below the 5 mppcf used previously and dust counts were taken by the impinger technique, it would be necessary to consider Che effect of background dust, which could be as high as 1 mppcf. A number of methods for measurement of asbestos dust concentrations have been used in the NIOSH epidemiological study of the asbestos product industry. Based on these data, the preferred index of asbestos exposure is the concen tration of fibers longer than 5 um counted on membrane filters at 430X magnifi cation with phase contrast illumination. This index is utilized in the method adopted as the standard field sampling method by the Public Health Service. Fibers longer than 5 um are counted in preference to counting all fibers seen in order to minimize observer and/or microscope resolving power variability. Furthermore, the British define a "fibre" as a particle, "of length between 5 um and 100 um and having a length-to-breadth ratio of at least 3:1, observed by transmitted light by means of a microscope at a magnification of approxi mately 500X." Although the British have refrained from standardizing on a single method of measurement, recent measurements have been performed by a method essen tially identical to the fiber-count method described in detail below, and the British hygiene standards for use with their asbestos regulations are stated in these terms. Principles of Sampling A dust sampling procedure must be designed so that samples of actual dust concentrations are collected accurately and consistently. The results of the analysis of these samples will reflect, realistically, t.ic concentrations of dust at the place and time of sampling. 1U^S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Criteria for Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Asbestos. Publication HSM 72-10267, sec. VIII, appendix I, 1972, pp. V11I-1 through VIII-8. 0058710 MTC 001462 0.0 0 U 0 t> i> I 9 2 6 12 To collect: a sample representative of airborne dust that is likely to eater the subject's respiratory system, it is necessary to position a collec tion apparatus near the nose and mouth of the subject or in his "breathing The concentration of dus1- in the air to which a worker is exposed will vary, depending upon the nature of the ope-arion and upon t'ne type of work performed by the operator and the position of the operator relative to the source of the dust. The amount of dust inhaled by a worker can vary daily, seasonally, and with the weather. To obtain representative samples of workers' exposures, it is necessary to collect samples under varying condi tions of weather, on different days, and at different times during a shift. The percentage of working time spent on different tasks will affect the concentration of dust the worker inhales since the different tasks usually result in exposure to different concentrations. The percentage can be deter mined from work schedules and by observation of work routines. The daily average weighted exposure can be determined by using the fol lowing formula: (Hours X cone, task A) + (Hours * cone, task B> * etc. 8 hours (or actual hours worked; The concentiation of any air contaminant resulting from an industrial operation also varies with time. Therefore, a longer sampling time will bet ter approximate the actual average. With the following recommended sampling procedure, it is possible to col lect samples at the workers' brearhing zones for periods from 4 to 8 hours, thus permitting the evaluation of average exposures for a half or full 8-hour shift--a desirable and recommended procedure. Furthermore, dust exposures of a more normal work pattern result from the use of personal samplers. In evalu ating daily exposures, samples should be collected as near as possible to workers' breathing zones. Collecting Sample The method recommended in this report for taking samples and counting fibers is based on a modification of the membrane filter method described by Edwards and Lynch. The sample should be collected on a 37-mm Millipore type AAa filter mounted in an open-face filter holder. The holder should be fastened to the worker's lapel. Air is drawn through the filter by means of a battery-powered personal sampler pump similar to those approved by NIOSH under the provisions of 30 CFR 74. The filters are contained in plastic filter holders and are sMention of commercial products docs not constitute endorsement by the Public Health Service, the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, or the Bureau of Mines. MTe 001463 / / 0058711 0 0 a i 0 b* ) 19 2 7 13 supported on pads which also aid In controlling the distribution of air through the filter. To yield a more uniform sample deposit, the filter-holder face caps should be removed. Sampling flow rates from 1.0 liter per minute (lpm) up to the maximum flow race of the personal sampler pump (usually not over 2.3 1pm) and sampling times from 15 minutes to 8 hours are acceptable provided the following restraints are considered: l. In order to obtain an accurate estimate of the number of fibers, the statistical error resulting from the random distribution of the fibers must be kept to an acceptably low level. Since fiber counts follow a Poisson distri bution, a count of 100 fibers in a sample would have a standard deviation of /100,or 10 fibers,or 10 percent. Thus, the 95-percent confidence limits would be approximately 2 standard deviations, or 20 percent. Since the 37-mm filter has an effective collecting area of 855 mma and the projected field area of the Porton reticle is 0.005 nm^ , each field represents 1/171000 of the sample. Based on this ratio, the following number of fields must be counted to measure the various limits in various sampling times: - Sampling time, minutes 10 15 30 90 90 240 240 480 Flow rate, Inm 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 Number of fields for 100 fibers 0.2 fiber/ml 2.0 fibers/ml 10 fibers/ml 4,350 435 91 2,860 286 . 58 1,430 143 29 1,000 100 20 500 50 10 260 26 7 180 18 4 180 18 4 2. Do not count a field containing over 20 fibers because, in addition to the fibers boing counted, there are also present a number of grains, which interfere with the accuracy of the count. Based on these restrain*-s--that is, number of fields to be counted and maximum number of fibers per field--acceptable sampling parameters for the various limits are underlined in the above table. The following conclusions may be drawn from this analysis: 1. The short-term limit should be for a period of at least 15 minutes and preferably 30 minutes. 2. The 2.0-fiber/ml limit may be evaluated over periods of from 90 to 480 minutes. As many fields as required to yield at least 100 fibers should be counted. In general, the minimum number of fields should be 20 and the maxi mum! 100. MTC 001464 * / * \. , - i 0058712 0 0 J :) 0 5 6 I 9 2 8 14 Mounting Sample The mounting medium used in this method is prepared by dissolving 0.0S g of membrane filter per ml of 1:1 solution of dimethyl phthalate and diethyl oxalate. The index of refraction of the medium thus prepared is ND *> 1.47. To prepare a sample for microscopic examination, a drop cf the mounting medium is placed on a freshly cleaned, standard (25 mm X 75"mm) microscopic slide. A wedge-shaped piece with arc length of about 1 cm is excised from the filter with a scalpel and forceps and placed dust-side-up on the drop of mounting solution. A No. 1-1/2 coverslip, carefully cleaned with lens tissue, is placed over the filter wedge. Slight pressure on the coverslip achieves contact between it and the mounting medium. The sample may be examined as soon as the mount is transparent. The optical homogeneity of the resulting mount is nearly perfect, with only a slight background granularity under phase contrast, which disappears within 1 day. The sample should be counted within 2 days after mounting. Evaluation The filter samples mounted in the manner previously described are evalu ated in terms of the concentration of asbestos fibers greater than 5 urn in length. A microscope equipped with phase-contrast optics and a 4-mm "high-dry" achromatic objective is suitable for this determination. 10X eyepieces, one of which contains a Porton or other suitable reticle at the level of the field- limiting diaphragm, should be used. The left half of the Porton reticle field serves to define the counting area of the field. Twenty fields located at random on the sample are counted, and total asbestos fibers longer than 5 urn are recorded. Any particle having an aspect ratio of three or greater is con sidered a fiber. The following formulae are used to determine the number of fibers per. milliliter: Filter area fan^) _ ,, Field area (mn^) -------- Average net_count,.x K = ftbers/Bi (flow rate ml/min) (min sampled) (2) For example, assume the following: Area of the filter used was 855 mo?, counting area of one field under the Porton reticle was 0.005 nnfl3 , average net count per field of 20 fields was 10 fibers, and sample was collected at 2 liters per minute for 90 minutes. Then, 855 mn? 0.005 mnl3 171,000 <D 10 fibers X 171.000 2,000 ml/min X 90 min 9.5 fibers/ml (2) 0058713 MIC 001465 V 0 o 3 u 0 .'{> 1 9 2 9. 15 Calibration of Personal Sampler. The accuracy of an analysis can be no greater tlian the accuracy of the volume of air which is measured. Therefore, the accurate calibration of a sampling device, is essential to-the correct interpretation of an instrument's indication. The frequency of calibration is somewhat dependent on the use, care, and handling to which the pump-is subjected. Pumps should be cali brated if they have been subjected to misuse or if they have just been repaired or received from a manufacturer. If hard usage is .given .the instru- ment, more frequent calibration may be necessary. Ordinarily, pumps should be calibrated in the laboratory both before they are used in the field and after they have been used to collect a large number of field samples. The accuracy of calibration is dependent on the type of instrument used as a reference. The choice of calibration instrument will depend largely upon where the calibration is to be performed. For laboratory testing, a 1-liter burette or wet-test meter should be used. In the field, a rotameter is the most convenient instrument used. The actual setup will be the same for all of these instruments. The calibration instrument will be con nected in sequence to the filter unit which will be followed by the personal sampler pump. In this way, the calibration instrument will be at atmospheric pressure. Connections between units can be made using'the.same type of tubing used in the personal sampling unit. Each pump must be calibrated separately for each type of filter used, if, for example, it has been decided to use a filter with a different pore size. The burette should be set up so that the flow is toward the narrow end of the unit. Care must be exercised in the assembly procedure to insure adequate seals at the joints and that the length of connecting tubing be kept at a minimum. Calibration should be done under the same conditions of pressure, temperature, and density as will be encountered. The rotameter should be used only in the field as a check if the diaphragm or piscon pumps are not equipped with pulsa tion dampeners. The pulsating flow resulting from these type pumps causes the rotameter to give results which are not as accurate as that obtained with a burette or wet-test meter. Calibration car. be accomplished with any of the other standard calibrating instruments, such as spirometer, Marriott's bottle, or dry-gas meter. The burette and wet-test meter were selected because of their accuracy, availability, and ease cf operation. >I INT.-BU.OF MINES.PGH..PA. 1863ft MTC 001466 0058714 *