Document jQdJO7mwzOEExYDm52XGYRN9

V X 2-121 rHT^pnPHFNOLS DEPARTMENT 237 T v m .iS T R IA L HV G IENE--MANIJAL DECEMBER, I9 7_9 *004 i I C13189 Health Hazards - Specifier" Hazard* far phenol, chlorine and specific chlorophenols are described in Appendix E. Chlorophenols may c o ntain a minute quantity of impurities known as chlorinated di-benzo dioxins ("dioxins"). Special mention is made of these substances as there has been much concern by environmentalists and government officials over their potential health ha z a r d s To date, very little is known concerning the potential toxicity of dioxins although it is known that exposure to dioxins may result ina^skin condition called chloracne. Some reversible liver effects have also been reported. Thus a l l operators- are urged to follow good industrial hygiene practices as outlined in this manutal. Attached also are the result* of the Nitro P l a n t mortality 'study related to dioxin*. .(1) References: Dow Find* S u p p o r t, D oubt f o r Dioxin ideas, Rebecca L. Rawls, Feb. 12, 1979, C&E N e w s. C1319 r tABLE 8. REPORTED OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN CHLORINATED PHENOLS RESULTING IN HUMAN ILLNESSa Year,Place,and chemical(s) Type of exposure and no. of cases 1936 Michigan Production Tet rachlorophenol 21 2- (2-chlorophenyl) phenol Effects on the akin Chloracne, hyperkeratosis Neurological effects Effects on the liver and serum lipids Other effects Fatigue, weight loss 1936 Mississippi, Wood treatTetrachlorophenol ment 300-400 Chloracne,fac in1 erythema, veaicul;ation, ulceration, hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation Fatigue, colored urine, urinary problems, venous thrombosis 1949 West Virginia Tr Ichlo rophenol 2.4.5-T Explosion 117 Produc tion 111 1949 Germany Trichlorophenol Tetrachlorophenol Pen tachlorophenol Production, Industrial Labora tory 17 Chloracne, facial erythema, hyperpigmentation, melanosis Nervousness, Hepatomegaly, ab- Fatigue, weight irritability, normal liver loss, weakness, insomnia, function, toxic decreased libido, personality hepatitis, elevat impotence, intol change,de ed triglycerides erance to cold, pression , and cholesterol increased sus headache, ceptibility to vertigo, pain infection (es and weakness pecially respir lower extrem- atory) etiea, paresis, peripheral neurci- pathy, abnormal nerve biopsy (loss of myelin) Chloracne, hyperpigmentation, scarring Lower extremity Abnormal liver pain and weak- function, ness, paresis cirrhosis without atrophy, paresthesia, polyneuritis Fatigue, severe bronchitis, decreased libido, impotence, bursi tis, myocardial damage References Butler, 19 Anonymous, 1936: Stinj 1940 Ashe and Suokind, 1< 1950; Suak: 1953; Suek: 1977 Bnader and Bauer, 1951 1952 Ce m a n y Trichlorophenol Production 31 Chloracne, hyperpigmen tation 1953 Cermany Trichlorophenol Explosion 55 Chloracne 1956 France Trichlorophenol 1966 France Tr Ichlorophenol 1956 New Jersey Tr ichlorophenol Product ion 17 Explos ion 21 Production 29 1963 Ilolland Trichlorophenol 2,'O-T Explos ion 106 Chloracne Chloracne, hyperpigmen tation, hy pertrichosis, acquired porphy ria cutanea tarda Chioracne, facial erythema Lower extremity Toxic hepatitis, pain and weak- abnormal liver ness,paresthesia, biopsy memory and con centration defi cits . sleep disturbances, hy per somnolence, abnormal psycho logical tests (apathy, dulled emotional response) Fatigue, chron Ic bronchitis, per sistent blepharoconjunctivit is, myocardial dam age, intolerance to alcohol' Suskind, ] SefiBory impair- Toxic hepatitis ment of smell.taste, hearing; tendency to orthostatic collapse, limited paresis, peripheral neuropn thy, read ing difficulties Fatigue, drousinesa, bronchitis, lnryngltis, blepharoconjunctivitis, hemorrhagic pleu ritis, myocardlaL damage, increaued Buaceptibility to infection Goldman, Peripheral neuropathy Toxic hepatitis, elevated tryglycerides and choles terol Dugols et 1956; Dugc et al, 19f Clinical exam ination normal No information Abnormal liver Right upper function, abnor- quadrant pain mal liver biopsies (parenchymal cell degeneration, fluorescence) Liver function normal Fatigue Bleiberg c 1966 Vos et al 1964 USSR Tr ichlorophcnol 2,'O-T Product Ion 128 Chloracne 1968 England Exploa ion Tr Ichlorophenol * 79 Cloracne, facial erythema 1965-1968 Czec hoslovakia TrIchlorophenol Pcntachlorophenol 2.4,5,-T Production 80 Chloracne, hyperpigmenta tion, hyper trichosis , scarring, ac quired porphyria cutanea tarda 1969 New Jersey Tr Ichlorophenol -\4,5-T 2,4-D 1978 England Tr Ichlorophenol no longer tn product Ion Production 73 Followup of plant studied by Bleiberg (above) Followup of 41 workers in 1968 explosion (above) 41 Chloracne in 48, hypertrichosis in 16, hyperpig mentation in 30, no overt por phyria cutanea tarda Chloracne Headache, loss of memory, somnolence, sleeplessness, increased swentlug Fatigue, Joint pain, stomach pa in Teleg ina a Bikbula tov 1970 Abnormal 1lver funct Ion Transient glyco suria, mild conjunct ivitis Hay, 1973; Jensen and Walker, 19' Jensen ec . 1972 Lower extremity Hepatomegaly, ab- Fatigue, weight weakneos and ' normal liver func- loss, abnormal pain,somnolence, tion, abnormal blucose tolerance, headache, insom- liver biopsies no evidence of nia, emotional (mild ateatosis, myocardial or and psychiatric periportal fibro- renal damage or disorders, peri- sis, fluorescence) . of increased eye pheral neuro- Elevated triglyc- inflammation or pathy (confirmed erides, phospho- respiratory in by abnormal EMG) lipids, and fection cholesterol Jlraakek ei 1964; Pazd Vejlupkova al, 1980; PazderovaVeJlupkova 1981 Lower extremity No significant weakness, corre- abnormalities lation between chloracne and hypomania scale on MMPI Eye irritation, mild uroporphyrinuria in one worker Poland et t 1971 (see Bleiberg et 1964) Elevated CCT, elevated tri glycerides , elevated urinary D-glucaric acid >- Hay, 1982 1 1949 West V Irg lnia Trlnhlorophenol 2.3.5-T 226 Followup of plant studied by Ashe and Suskind (above) 1949 West V irg in ia Tr ichlorophenol 2.4.S-T ' 204 Followup of plant studied by ABhe and Suskind and Moses et al (above) Chloracne 70-residual 47-by his tory Abnormal sensory findings in those with chloracne Chloracne in 107 Actinic Elastooia 1978 Seveso Tr Ichlorophenol No. not given ICMESA workers follow-up five years after explos iqp a Source: Moses et al, 1984 Elevated CCT In those with chloracne Decreased libido, Moses et c sexual dysfunction 1984 History of Cl ulcer Lower pulmonary function In exposed BmokerB Suaklnd ar Hertzberg, 1984 Elevated Aik. Phos. Elevated urinary porphyrins Chez zi e al, 1984 35 .aTable 10. Clinical Symptomology of Yusho Cases, 1969-1972 Effects Percent Skin Acneform eruptions, distinctive hair follicles, red plaques on limbs, dark brown pigmentation of nail, skin and mucous membranes, Itching, sweating of palms. Ocular manifestation Increased eye discharge, swelling of the upper eyelids, hyperemia o con junctives, transient visual disturb ance. Jaunidce No abnormalities of liver functions in the majority of cases. Numbness of the limbs, feeling of weak ness, spasm of the muscles Reduced sensory and motor nerve conduc tion velocity in few cases Hearing difficulties Headaches, vomiting, diarrhea Chronic Bronchitis Lower serum Ig A and Ig M. FCB in the sputum Irregular menstrual cycles Dark brown skin pigmentation of newborn, which gradually faded away, retarded growth and abnormal teeth number and shape. ^Source: >Reggiani, 1960 82-87% 83-88 10 32-39 9 18 17-39 AO 60 -- 28 Table 7. Toxic Effects of 2,3,7,8-TetrachlorodIbenzo-p-dioxin in Man.a Effects_______________________________________________ - -- DERMATOLOGICAL Chloracne Porphyria cutanea tarda Hyperpigmentation and hirsutism INTERNAL Liver damage^ Elevated serum hepatic enzyme levels Disorders of fat metabolism Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism Cardiovascular disorders Urinary tract disorders Respiratory disorders Pancreatic disorders NEUROLOGICAL Polyneuropathies (perpheral neuritis) Lower extremity weakness Sensory impairments (sight, hearing, smell, taste) CO N FID EN TIAL SUBJECT. TO PROTECTIVE ORDER. PSYCHIATRIC Neurasthenic or depressive _____ syndromes_______________ ^Source: Huff, Moore, Saracci, and Tomatls, 1980 ^Mild fibrosis, fatty changes, hemofuscin deposition and parenchymal-cell degeneration were observed in a few cases.