Document jNEy6Z2gxyoDNjyx34yK68xRR

AN INDUSTRIAL HYGOTX tglHVtl or ies BQTSSfoioir pl an t ...... or sat SHBurrs t o x iaib c o w ah t .ftOOO^0430 j OOO'I .svfp a IHDOSTRIAL HIGIEHE SUR7EI Or THE KEKSIHGTOH PLAIT Of THE SHERVEt WILLIAMS COMPART PARTICIPAHTS* Representing The Sherwin Willie** Company Cleveland, Ohio Mr. G. A. Martin, President Hr. H. 3. Hain, Vice President Hr. E. E. Ware, Executive Research Director Representing The Kensington Plant Representing ................. The Industrial Health Conservancy Laboratories V. S. Stevens, General Superintendent J. Errington, Assistant to General Superintendent G. R. Hess, Medical Director S. L. Winslow, Safety Director R. E. Parsons, Safety Engineer Carey P. McCord, M.D. Willies V. Witheridge, h.S. Ira Wilson, U.D. Willian Predriek, D. Se. Kuril.Hyler, Technician Herbert Walworth, Chen. Eng. Gordon Rarrold, PH. D. Lucille Richards, Secretary Marjorie Sister, Secretary Period of Investigation--September 15,- ^937 REPORT PREPARED BI THE INDUSTRIAL HEALTH COSSFRVAHCT LABORATORIES 10 Peterboro, Detroit, Michigan 0007-SWP-000030431 1 Typical Equipment Used in Industrial Hygiene Investigation Work. Inflammable Vapor Detec tor, Carbon Monoxide Detector, Hydrogen Sulfide Detector T 0007-SWP-000030432 I THIS IS VOLUME III OF A THREE VOLUME REPORT THIS ZS A CONTZDEHTZAL REPORT 0007-SWP-000030434 POTENTIAL AND PRACTICAL BCPOSURXS PROK SAW UATBBZALS tJSD ' Df S3 LACqDSR DSPARBflBIT . " ".... Ob* a ingle department baa been a*X*et*d for brief running comment on practically all tb* raw material* utilised* Within eartain limit*tIona, tb* majority of all of tb*a* aabatancea arm applied to aoD* axtrat in all other of tb* eblaf manufacturing department** Therefor*, to avoid endlasa repetition, no attempt baa been mad* to diacoaa tb*** aaa* raw material* a* manipulated la tbaa* other de partment** It la ohrioua that tb* same material* ar* everywhere harmful in proportion to the extent of ua* and in proportion to tb* preaene* of objectionable work condition* attending their use* Thla preeented material now follow* through aeveral page** 0007-SWP-000030435 LACCTBt PKPABTMBtt Code HO* Hane IwrilMl of IQxda Properties S SlllM " Slllee 1* the noat dangerous of flbroganatla duata* but danger la Halted to tha inhalation of Tory fiaa partialaa (bale* 10 Blerona la alsa) la high ooaeaatratloa {roughly aboTa 3 allllaa partlclea par eobla foot of al* rd orar long parloda of tlaa aueb aa far 5 yaara. Single expoeurea to alouda of olllea duet sued aa for 1 day tra quite unlaportant. Lose continued axpoaura laada to a direful dlaeaaa* ailiooaia, vhleh la Incurable and whieh la frequently aaaoelatad vltb tubarculoala. Saa additional aenoast la apablal aaatlona aueb aa Duat Count a. ' | ' : * 8 Tuaean Clay Tbla aubatanee and aoat otbar allleataa (aabaatoa eblaf exception) ara oenperatlvaly bamlaaa. Dongeroue in proportion to content . of fraa alllaa which ordinarily la bale* 8Jl. i Ho laaa, olalna ara being aide In many Induatrlaa : for alleged duaty lung dlaaaaaa following axpoaura to allleataa* Olein# ara and# for allagad dlaaaaaa tamed "allleatoala.* Inorganlo allleataa ara approximately only H aa harmful aa alllea* Ho laaa* tba lagal altuatlon say beoone troubleaome* 15 China Clay Saa praeadlng ltaa* > \ 19 Traneh Oebra Iron oxldaa in all eolora bare prorad to ba among tha laaat dangeroua of all duata following Inhala tion* Aaaoelatad with fraa alllea duat* Iron oxldaa probably serve a beneficent purpoaa and nay prevent tba oeeurrenee of alllaoala and avan taay tend to retard tha progress of an exlating allleoala* Soaa Traneh oebraa have an appraelabla _ content of load aa an ligrarlty. Tba aaall lead ` . content nay be aore algnlfleant In tarma of tozle propertlaa than Iron oxldaa theaaelvea* 20 Aabeatlne Pulp Aabaatoa and almilar bodlea rapraaant variable but alwaya complex allleataa* chiefly oagnaaluB allleata* Tbla silicate la one of tba few axeeptlona to tba established fact that allleata duata ara harmleaa. Magnaalun allleata duat, under eoodltlona of adequate axpoaura* may load to a definite duaty lung dlaeeee beat known aa "aabaatoala." Tbla dlaaaaa la dissimilar to allleoala, preaenta different x-ray character- latlea and la laaa likely to ba aaaoelatad vltb tubareuleala* 20L Tale 482 lioat talea ara eooplax magnesium allleataa, and aa aueb, under eondltlona of extenalve axpoaura, nay lead to aabaatoala* Tbla aubatanee la eblafly harmful in proportion to tba aaount of free alllea or nagnealua allleata praaant* 21 U S Haw Turkey Tbla aubatanee la baneful In proportion to Its Unbar content of nanganece dioxide and free alllea* liangeneae dioxide nay ba praaant to an extant of aa high aa Iff* Tbla la quite aufflelent to Induce nenganaee polaonlng If great duatlnaaa 0007-SWP-000030436 I! 1 1 i 1 ! i. i 21 ; . 22 25 Sasa_ U S Saw Turkey Umber . AcDraisal of Toxic Jjppij|tfle.s (Cont'd) is provided and If inhalation takes place by workaen. Content of free silica is ordinarily too low to be significant. .. v Burnt Turkey Caber See Itea # 21. IT L Saw Italian See Itea # 21 above. Sienna i 25 P 7 Burnt See Itea # 21 above. ii Italian Sienna 27 # 1S71 Van tyke Chiefly organic aaterlal. No sore toxic than ... Brown coal dust, that Is, practically harmless. I 12 EB Coaalc Black As here used, essentially hamless. Possible source of low grade skin disease through sensitization. i 101 ' High Tone Carbon This comr.ent is Intended to cover all carbon Black blacks. Some nay contain oil as an impurity ii . and occasionally a free silica content may be detected. Primarily, this substance is i Innocuous. !! \ 257 Zinc Bust On the assumption that this is metallic zinc i powder, this substance is rated as substantially | hamless. rsr Alum!nun Bronze Although a disease has been temed "alusinosis* j j this Is probably unwarranted. Metallic.... aluminum dust is essentially hamless. In fact, when associated with silica it nay j tend to prevent the occurrence of silicosis. 706 CP Baiytee This salt of barium is much used in medicine. Bone other salts of bexiun ere distinctly harmful, such as the carbonate and chloride. The manipulation of crude barlua such as in the manufacture of lithopone may be associated with dangers from impurities. ns Oftalid Acid Highly dangerous acid. Unimportant rs used because if trivial amounts involved. 402 Mahogany 011 Skin irritant. 405 illgrosin Skin irritant. 440 - 461 'Jegneilua Carbonate Albalith Almost entirely harmless. Used in medicine. % Lithopone. The making of lithopone may ha asasclated with divers exposures. See special section. Lithopone as here used, and as generally used, is rated as almost entire ly Innocuous. -- ^r 0007-SWP-00003043'7 Code No. 478 485 547 536 537 310 657 :087 1097 ills 1117 A 1128 1152 1206 ias Kane Appraisal of Toxic Properties Chrome Oxidea Chronic add, chromate a and various compounds of chrome are toxle, hut not all are toxle. Certain valences of chromium yield harmless compounds, typical action of chromium as produced hf chronates are `chrome holes* and hy ,iu.--1 septal perforations. Chief action is local, but bronchitis nay be produced. Sensitisation followed by systemic disease is possible. Zn general, chromium compounds are distinctly injurious. 1450 Graphite Fundamentally harmless, but nay be. troublesome because of free silica content. Rarely produce* skin disease. Alwintn Stearate Occasional source of skin disease. Whitinf This is calcium carbonate and therefore essentially harmless. Vac Dry Rhite Shellac If this represents bleached yellow shellac and is not buckwheat shellac, siey contain arsenic as an impurity and may be potentially dangerous. Shellac is a known skin irritant but is chiefly Important because of solvents in which it mey be dissolved. Ester Gun Low grade skin irritant and sensitizer. W W Rosin Low grade skin irritant. Gllsoaite Low grade skin irritant. Tltanox B Titanox dioxide is a very inert substance. Recent reports describing *titanosis* as a dusty lung disease probably not warranted. Here rated as innocuous. .Spirit Copal Gun Skin irritant and sensitizer.' T73 Antimosy Oxide Antimojy is a dangerous substance, particularly when inhaled as dust. It is more toxic then lead. Chief manifestations related to gastro Intestinal tract. ........ SB Tmed Litharge One of a great variety of lead compounds manipulated In this plant. These lead compounds constitute the most practical of all exposures. All lead compounds are toxic, particularly when taken into the body through inhalation. Ingested lead harmful in proportion to solubility. See special section devoted to lead poisoning. Hapieo fellow ' She Item# 19 . Lemon *; Slate Eldur Pelenite Mixture of free silica and silicate with other minerals. Content of free silica as high aa Z1%, Because of this fairly high content of free sillea a possible source of dusty lung diseases. See Item tf 8 0007-SWP-000030438 Cede Ho. 1224 1225 1226 1217 1246 1267 1400 1401 1409 1412 1414 1415 1418 1440 1441 1442 1445 1444 1448 1209 1275 Haae Jtppraltal of Toxic Properties Manilla Gun Skin irritant and sensitizer. (1286) Residue Skin Irritant and sensitizer. ' Sitrocellulose . In the absence of burning nltrocelluloses are hamless but as Manipulated may be wetted with denatured alcohol in which there aaj be a content of 8Jt wood alcohol* Dangerous material because of fires, possible explosion and wetting agents. Ah berol Skin irritant and sensitizer. ' Soapstone Mixture of conplex silicates with some free silica. Harmful in proportion to free silica content end extent of exposure* Batu Indian Bubs Natural resin rtich aqy constitute skin irritant and sensitizer. y Chinese Blue lOCSt ferric ferrocyanide. Hornless unless highly heated. Dangerous in the presence of fire. ' TJltra Blue Silicates with sone sulphur compound. See Item # 8. . Zinc Stearate Widely used as a baty powder although a few persons acculre skin disease fron its action. Honan Gold Finely powdered Vrass. workers handling this substance nay present greenish skin and even greenish hair. Relatively unimportant. Hottenstone Mixed silicates. See Item # 8. . Black Eadax Zinc Zinc oxide. Practically inert, but in the manufacture thereof, low grade skin diseases have been described, also sine chills. Re^l 12 Allyl type of resin. Possible skin irritant and sensitizer. Synthetic Resin Many synthetic resins are potentially skin irritants and sensitizers. ' Bentonite Colloidal silicates with some content of free silica. Lately has been reported as source of a dusty lung disease. ' Gun Tragacanth Although much used in medicine, has produced skin disease on account of'-.sensitization.' - Eg-Glo Jfeonerpin On the, assumption .that- this is ' sine tung oil comoound. this substance- may produce' skin disease. <>*, ' .Ky o> Many industrial soaps"produce sld.ii irritation or skin sensitization. White Star Tlmonox See #1117A * Snow Floss In Acme Plant, this item is reported aa zinc stearate. Here reported as frea silica. If latter, see item #5. If former, see (1409. Beckadte Gun AlJyd resin--see #1418. 0007-SWP-000030439 j Cod* Ho* 22! Ippreleal of Toil* Proparti** 1536 lro*lor Chlorinated *ynth*tl* realm. This g*a*ral typ* of shlorlnat*i waxes or resins, n**ly in troduced, la proTing to be highly dangerous. If thla aubatana* and other* similar resemble halowaxes", their u** should b* discouraged or at least oar*fally supervised until th* extent of dangtf la fully **tabU*h*d. 1538 Zl&o Sulphide Thla aubatana* la aaaantlally harnlaaa* Saa #461. 1558 Hl-Plow Super C*1 Believed to b* vary flu* free alliea. Sea Item #3. 1781 1768 Permanent Green Cadmium R*d, Lt. Chromium Oxide. Sa* #478. Thla cadmium aalanlun aulphlda 1* ballarad to b* highly toxle and possibly tan times aa toxle as lead. 1 agau inhaled In th* fora of dust par day say be regarded vtth apprehension. Chiefly Important because of cadmium content, although aelenlun iteelf nay b* harmful. . 1900 Slagle Bin* Sa* #1400. . 1904 Sucked Rubber Uay b* a skin Irritant If any rubber accelerator present. . 10109 Par* Toner Possible akin Irritant. 10109 Toluldlne Raw materials and intermediate* balloted to b* highly toxle. May produce aoute nephritic, cy anosis, dlzzlnaaa, bladder disturbances, bloody urlna, damage to the blood. 10618 Orang* Pulp lead Cbroaet* In oil. See Item /1128. 10641 Chrome Yellow Pulp In addition to probably containing lead chromates, oontalni xylol, mileh la toxle. Xylol la a homo logo* ef benzol and la leas toxle only because of leas araporabillty. ......... 10643 Orang* Pulp See #10648. ` 10680 through 0 2136 On 165 7 C*llt* Methyl Amyl Eaton* In this department, a great variety of chrome green, yellow, orange, lemon, etc., le used, along with various types of blues, reds, etc. Nearly all of these substance* cant* in lead or chromium, but are better discussed la connection with other department operation where such sub stances are made. Tbs praetloal danger Is mush lose la the Lacquer Department than In connection with the manufacture of these substance*. Ulxed ellxeetee with ibbb content of free silica. Harmful In proportion to cdnteht of fra* silica. Thla class of substance lately ha* attracted ' attention as toxle, loading to a condition some what reseafellng wood alcohol poisoning. I 0007-SWP-000030440 Code No. Name Appraisal of Toxic Properties.. CT 2614 ' Wood Filler Contains silica and asbestos. Sea items #5 and #20. . CB 133 through a variety of CS numbers, 8 numbers, SI numbers, C? numbers. A great number of theoretically harmful substances which are better discussed for other departments. In Lacquer Department, relatively unimportant. CP 456 Methyl Violet Ink This particular fye Is particularly irritating to eyes, leading to corneal ulceration. More Important than ordinary Inks or dyes. . CP 460 Naphthalene Ulnor irritant to eyes and respiratory tract tissues. Off 635 Golden Cadmollth See item #1762. C1T 749 Air Floated Nose Tripoli This substance is not mixed silicates, as stated in the Raw Material Seotion, but instead is approxi mately crypto-crystalline free silica. The electrostatic properties of this substance prevent highly dusty workrooms. Real danger to silicosis in proportion to dustiness and extent of exposures. CN 751 ICR 5180 Bakellte resins ere highly conducive to skin diseases from formaldehyde content. c* sro Cellulose Acetate This substance is even less harmful than cellulose nitrate. Combustion products less harmful. Impor tant chiefly because.of materials in which may be dissolved. CTT 3'5 Vlnsol This turpene resin is possible source of low grade skin irritation. C1T 334 Orange Cadmollth ' See #1762. {) Raw Linseed Oil Occasionally leads to minor skin disease. In connection with storage in enclosed areas and when coated on aurfaces oy give off carbon dlcbcide or other asphyxiant. Tank cars and other tanks lately empties of this oil should not he entered without due caution and protection. (J Boiled Linseed Oil See (2). (14) Steam Distilled Earlier the steam distilled turpentine was a definite Turpentine skin-irritant end more so than any other known tur pentine. Improved industrial processes for manufac ture apparently have eliminated some irritant properties of steam distilled turpentine, hut it is still regarded as a definite ,*kin irritant. Given aiy choice, a preference should he exercised for gum spirits turpentine. . - - (TO) Solo* If denatured with wood alcohol, this faet is important, because of possibility of wood alcohol poisoning. As here used, unimportant because of low quantity. ' 0007-SWP-000030441 rnri? tlo. AooraliJl of ?o."lc Properties (e-*) Vi 'I-phtha Naphtha, ll>e all light petroleum derivatives mey produce acute or chronic systemic disease or loeaiired s'dr. disease. Acute intoxication eonnon. Conronly termed "naphtha jag". Chronic Core rare and reteables aoltiple sclerosis. Associated with damage to liver and kidneys. For elaborate dircussion.see Hsyhurrt's e.'ticle, "In'.ustricl Medicine", 19J5 or 1916. (X-lDj China "ood Oil Thir widely used oil has long been regarded es not more harmful than as a minor shin Irritant. Lately considerable interest has been attracted to this substance as having greater toxic properties ana is raid to causo violent purging, skin ulceration, etc. These statements possibly are exaggerated or may apply to only one or two soeeies of trees giving rise to this oil. ` ;i I: (141) ST T.e.-osene fee (53). (143 ) 30? Bencol At the present time, the consumption of bensol in point manufacture is practically nil compared with the period ten or fifteen ye*rs ago. The \ reason for this diminution in use is.primarily the well know dangers to users of bensol coatings and to a lesser extent the manufacture of such articles. The toxicologic literature of this country is replete with articles on benzol poisoning. The present investigators have written a small hook presenting the outstanding features of benzol poisoning and the conditions under which it may arise. This coal tar hydrocarbon, when present in such concentrations as 100 parts per million of air mey in time cause chronic poisoning. Such a i concentration as 1000 parts per million almost inevitably rill affect the majority of workers long exposed. A very high concentration will lead to acute benrol poisoning which is entirely different to the better known chronic form. In the acute variety, the outstanding manifestation Is narcotism, with death occurring in a few hours or a few minuter. It the chronic variety, the chief point of action is upon the cells of the blood leading to marked diminution in both white and red eell counts. The ensuing condition is described as aplastic anemia. It is the intent of this extended comment to dis courage the use of benzol and to urge full protective apparatus and procedure connected with its every use in this plant." * ...... .. ` Cl2) Cobalt Crier Various cobalts, lead manganese driers,.; are - > theoretically rather than practically harmful. Also thesa substances are used in comparatively low quantities. No less, ell these metalliferous driers should be respected. See (<032). 0007-SWP-000030442 I Code Ho. (187) (188) (41) (295) (880) (848) (592) (425) (429) (454) (458) (834) Sant Appraisal of Toxic Properties Methyl Acetone Until recently acetone baa been regarded only aa a skin hasard. Recent work tends to attach some significance aa a source of aystenle disease. See the Journal of Industrial hygiene, Vol. 18, February, 1986, *The Relative Toxicity of Acetone, Methyl Alcohol and their Mixtures*. Heine Red Oil Oleic add in crude font is a definite skin Irritant. Shen pure, leas so. Toluol ' This widely used solvent is a honologue of benzol, and possesses toxic properties of very similar nature. It is less toxic only because its boiling point is higher. The clinical picture produced through the action of toluol Is identical or at least very similar'to that for benzol. . ' . . Fhlte Steam This distillation product connected with Distilled Pine Oil turpentine manufacture has both been a source of skin disease and recommended treatment for skin disease. . It has proved useful in the treat ment of athlete's foot and other ring worm infections. As here used, is fairly unimportant. Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl alcohol, much used for beverage purposes, may become an industrial Intoxicant if long exposures are provided to high concentrations of vapors or if long sustained skin contact is provided. In such operations as the making of nitrocellulose chips, enough ethyl alcohol may be present in the air to Impair the normal mental functioning of workmen ty producing ordinary drunkenness. Of greater importance is the B% wood alcohol used for denaturing purposes. Even this low percentage of methanol may lead to ill consequences, particularly when associated with the effects of the ethyl alcohol. Oleum Spirits See (68). Oil Drier Of minor Importance as a akin irritant and sensitizer. Blown Soya Bean Possible source of skin disease. Oil Grinding Vanish . CP Glycerine Such substances may contain a variety .of solvents. Including naphtha, toluol, etc. See items (241) and (65). * ' f. Concentrated glycerine (above S0)C) may produce skin disease. . ` .-:-t " ' Paraffin Oil Paraffin oil, although freely used in medicine, must be recognized as having low grade neoplastogenie properties. Paraffinomas are well known following the Introduction of solid paraffin in pseudo-cosmetic surgery. Continuous contact with paraffin oil is therefore undesirable. jylol This solvent is a higher homologue of benzol and along with toluol has been much substituted for benzol. Having aihigher boiling point, its vapors do not readily arise in connection with its use. It is a preferred substitute on this account for benzol. 0007-SWP-000030443 ^ Code No. (690) (864) (1157) (1153) (1170) (1257) (1620) .1821) (1656) v (1632) (1636) (1637) (1757) (1526) Name Aonrsisal of Toxic Prooerties Sulphuric Acid Usual exposures associated with mineral acids, for the most part accidental. Sulphuric acid, however, does not evaporate readily. Formaldehyde Properly speaking, formaldehyde is a gas and the liquid equivalent is formalin, which is a 40 solution of formaldehyde in water. Formaldelyde or formalin is a profound Irritant to skin, eyes, respiratory tissues, and is capable of damage to liver and kidneys. This substance has such definite warning properties that it is seldom improperly used. Butanol In low concentrations, beginning at 100 parts per million, may produce nephritis and even pulmonary hemorrhage, degeneration of the liver, etc. Ethyl Acetate Ethyl acetate is a low grade Irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Butyl Acetate Uore of an irritant than ethyl acetate, but is regarded as less injurious than synthetic aryl acetate, which, in turn, is believed to be more objectionable than the natural product. Hi-Flash Naphtha See (65) Dibutyl Phthalate Little information available. As observed in other industires by these investigators, quite innocuous. Coes not evaporate readily. Chronitex ' This substance is the source of the Famous Tricresyl Phosphate"Jake paralysis", epidemic during the prohibition era. It is therefore an outstanding toxic agent then taken internally. It is not known that aiy industrial cases have arisen or that they mty arise in ordinary pursuits. NO less, it should be ............... manipulated with caution. Cellosolve Probably ethylene glycol (monoethyl ether). Toxic properties are of low order unless concentrations are very high. Publications of the United States Public Health Service available on this topic. Butyl Cellosolve Slightly more toxic than ethyl cellosolve which is reported by the Federal Government aa possessing only limited toxicity. Chiefly a respiratory tract irritant. - L.D. Naphtha See (65). . Grinding Base - See (1621) '" Anti-Shining Agent. Acetone Guaiacol. Used medically in cough syrups. Indus trial intoxication not known. ' The Bursau of Nines, experimenting with animals, reports an acute narcotic effect, stronger than that of chloroform and death at 110 mgms. per liter of air. Industrial poisoning little known but possible. ride So. (294?) (2or) (2211) (2511) (25^) (2625) (2SJ5) (3?9) (650) (5028) (4021) (4037) (Cl? 230) Heme Ano.--.l'al of Toxic Prooerties Sutyl Lactate Lev: grad* respiratory traet Irritant. '`ipenti.-.e Prastiia fomr rood ''istillation constituent of turpentines. Chiefly skin irritant resembling turoentln: i.n its action. Methyl Cellosolve See (1682). Methyl cellosolve probably more injurious than either ethyl or butyl cellosolve. Isopropyl Acetate fame o.-ier of toxicity as ethyl acetate, which is kno<rs to produce lor grade respiratory irritation, and rarely headache. Methanol Tood alcohol. This extensive use of rood alcohol is to he associated with outstanding potential injury. Methyl alcohol ie one of the most ^aa^ercui substances used in industry. Is dangerous when absorbed through the skin, breathed a a vapor or Introduced orally. Produces injury psi-tioulcrly to the optic nerve, leading to permenent blindness, liver damage and nephritis, Should be used in Indus, only when not replaceable by other substances and then only under veil guarded conditions. Methyl Aryl Acetate Approximately the seme extent of toxicity as aryl acetate, but probably slightly increased. Secondary Amyl Acetate The synthetic variety is more active toxicological17 then Its natural counterpart. Both varieties lead to Irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and occasionally the skin. Comparatively harmless. Shingle Stain Oil This a eoel tar solvent, probably containing higher haaologues of benzol and is known to have caused severe skin disease. Methyl Ethyl Ketone Action akin to acetone or methyl acetone. Prob ably more injurious than earlier recognized. See Journal of Industrial Hygiene, 1956 or 1957 for extensive discussion. ' Diacetone Alcohol Approximately the same toxicity as methyl ethyl ketone. Apeo Thinner See (65) Solvesso See (65) Sollgen Drier Various sollgen driers contain laad, manganese, cobalt or other metallic constituents. Scarcely harmful because of liqtid state. Hexalin Is used in conjunction with various soaps to form solutions and emulsion* for cleaning type. U*y be used in conjunction with dangerous hydrocarbon solvents. If also hexalin is a trade name for a substance akin to tetralin, tetralin is a trade nsae for tetrobydronaphthalene, is a turpentine substitute Is a skin irritant. Leads to irritation of throat, headache, mental confusion,, green urine. Code Wo. (V 11029) Name Bakelite China Wood Oil Varnish Appraisal of Torlo Properties One of a series of varnishes containing bakelite all of which are well known skin irritants. All of the foregoing comment falls far short of ear-carking the seorces of substances used in connection with lacquer, which are known to be injurious if used under 1*$roper conditions. The intent of- the Halted naterlal here presented is to portray lacquer manufacturing as a dangerous trade, calling for intelligent supervision on the part of the managaae&bh.. Many of the substances appearing on the Lacquer list of Raw Materials are discussed in connection with other departments, making even greater use of such substances. j I ; ! I . ' pornmAL roosoras a s s o c ia t e w it h r an k it e ia l s (A DISCUSSION or SO 0UT3TANDIN0 ITBS) . Ia Volume II than baa baaa praaantad a listing of all kaon ra* material* entering into tba operation of thle plant by departments. Tbe'a* Hats of ra* natarlala bare baaa furnished by tb* various aoperlntanlaata la charge of dapartaaatal or aub-plant oparatlod*. Aaaoelated vltb tbaaa long 11 ata are figure* furniahlag approrlaata eonataptlon for on* raoant year and United data *a to tbe cbeoleal composition of eoeb ra* material Item. In the aeetloa Juat preeedlag, there baa bean presented soae highly oondensed oomemnt ralatlre to tbe toxic properties on numerous of tbeae ra* materials such a* are used In tbs Laoduer Department. It is believed to be undesirable bare to reoord by departments tbe Injurious properties of these same aubstanoas vhish are more or Isas abared by all departments. In this praaamt section, from the entire list of ra* materials, fifty Items have bean selected, embracing outstandingly toxic matarlals very extensively used. Zaob on* of thee* fifty Items have been made tbs object of enlarged but atlll limited eomtaant vltb reference to tbe nature of tb* diseases produced, together vltb a limited appraisal as to tb* probability of these occupational affections arising In this plant. N16651 0007-SWP-000030447 I:  The foliosing discussions are with reference to fifty sub- . stances or groups of substances regarded as of outstanding importor-e with regard to Industrial hygiene in this plant. These discussions are far froa comprehensive and are Intended only as leads or flags. In all instances, auch more extensive Information is available should the need arise. Also, in some instances, special sections of this report supply extended presentations. . 1. Silica Silica is silicon dioxide. It is found in maty forms, but In this plant quartz, trlpoll and amorphous silica atm of chief interest. Exposure to the dust of silica under suitable circumstances later set forth may lead to silicosis, a dusty lung disease haying specific char acteristics, chiefly demonstrable through x-ray examination or at autopsy. 021;' silica may produce silicosis. There is no such disease as silicosis from ouch dusts as iron, cole, coal, titanium, lead, zinc, stc. In order that this disease may he produced, exposure is necessary to particles ten cirrous or less in size. A micron is 1/'25,030 of an inch. Exposures must he provided ever an extended period of time, such as several years. The v.-enge years of exposure are above seven. Intermittent work, such as the handling of silica "for a few minutes each dey is ordinarily unimportant. Certain dusts associated with silica apparently retard the action of cilica in producing silicosis. Among other associated dusts having 1 helpful action are iron, aluminum, gypsum, tone clays, possibly alkalies. Then this disease is ones inaugurated, no repair takes place, cures ere impossible. The disease is progressive even in the absence of further exposures. At times the disease ney not appear until long after exposure to silica is provided. Protection against silicosis msy be obtained along the following lines: a) the wearing of respirators, b) introduction of exhaust systems, c)substitution of other materials for silica, d) manipulating silica under vet conditions. `: ' Some persons are more susceptible than others to the action of silica. This difference of susceptibility Is related to frequency and depth of breathing, shapes of nostrils, presence of vibrissa*, etc. long hours of work in silica dusty areas are highly conducive to silicosis, since a ten hour dey would lead to approximately double the quantity of silica Inhaled in a seven hour working dey. Silicosis may be diagnosed only by x-ray examination or at autopsy. The chief objective symptom . . of silicosis is shortness of breath, the chief objective sign diminished ' chest expansion. This disease cay exist in a well established form in the absence of all symptoms and signs. Silleoties frequently take on increased weight la the absence of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis very frequently follows' silicosis er.d an inactive tuberculosis-.may be stirred up by sllieofsls.. . - ' In this ant, free silica is used to a limited extent in the fclloring departments: Cry Color, Paint and Varnish and Lacquer. 4 f.-tUirf.Ul 0007-SWP-000030448 1 X-ray examinations hare been Bade of a few workers handling silica in this plant. None have shown the leaet signs of silicosis. It is believed that silicosis will never arise in this plant under work conditions now existing. . 2. Asbestos . Asbestos (asbestine, talc) Is a complex magnesium silicate of varying constituency. Unlike most silicates, the magnesium silicates or at least some of them are capable of producing definite dusty lung disease. This disease is termed asbestosls. Although akin to silicosis, the two conditions are distinctly dissimilar In nary respects. Much less is known about the nature of asbestosls than silicosis, or the conditions under which it arises. Apparently much larger particle slse of asbestos dust or asbestos fibres than is true for silica may contribute to the causation of asbestosls. In the x-ray picture, which is the prime method for making the diagnosis, no characteristic nodules appear, at least no great number, and Instead the x-ray picture Is characterized I by very fine beaded network or lacework of pulmonary markings. Asbestosls is not associated with tuberculosis to the same extent that is true for silicosis. This disease is progressive, but its rate of progression may be even lower than for silicosis. Altogether this disease is somewhat less Important than silicosis. In this plant, asbestos, asbestine, or tale are used in the following departments: Coal Tar, Dry Color, Paint' and Varnish and Lacquer. A small number of asbestos exposed workers were subjected to x-rey examination. The results appear in a special section. Two of these workers appear to present very minor evidences of asbestosls. The condition is so trivial that Justification for a diagnosis of asbestosls does not exist. Th-se two workmen should not be apprised of their borderline condition and r.ay be kept at their same work, provided the protective measures later recommended are carried out in this plant. It is the opinion of these Investigators that asbestos does not constitute an outstanding practical hazard. J. Silicates A variety of silicates find application in various departments in `.his plant. Chief of these is magnesium silicate, discussed in the preceding item. Apart from this one silicate, no others are known to produce a definitely characteristic dusty lung disease. However, the term "silicatosis* enjoys some use. Among other silicates used in this plant in appreciable quantities and in addition to magnesium silicate, are various clays, bentonite, slate floor. In addition, many of the mineral pigments, Including ochres, umbers, siennas, etc., are rich in silicates, although not entirely composed of them. Silicates have been associated with silicosis, but it is to be definitely pointed out that maty silicates ' are admixed with free silica. Ordinarily, free silica is responsible for the condition attributed to the silicates. In some measure, some silicates serve tc retard the action of silica and bring about silicosis. The nature of this mechanism is not known. Lately It has been contended that barirn ' silicate is a toxic agent. Additional work is required before any stand may be taken in this matter. ,. I In this plant,.the use of silicates, apart from asbestos, is such th'at it is unlikely that any harm may be expected. On the'other hand, It is undesirable that workmen' be continuously exposed to high concentrations of aty oust, even though it he well established that such dusts are non- ' toxic. '. r 0007-SWP-000030449 4. Lead . In this plant, the foremost practical hazard Is to lead poison ing. 'Jan? varieties of lead compounds are made In this plant, all ultimate ly starting with pig lead. As Is well known, the group of lead compounds Included as foremost are white lead, red lead, litharge, lead acetate, leaded -Inc, various lead pigments, usually produced as compounds with, chromium. Also lead Is found In the form of terns plate In the tin can factory, and Is manipulated in many fashions In many departments. Lead chiefly enters the body through the lungs, after the Inhalation of lead dust. Lead fumes are less Important than lead dust as a source of lead poisoning. Some lead is Ingested, being carried Into the south by fingers. In connection with consumption of food, smoking, chewing tobacco, etc. Ingested lead is only about 1/5 significant as inhaled lead. Inorganic lead compounds do not go through the skin In appreciable quantities. Some organic compounds do, such, for example, as tetraethyl lead used In the manufacture of ethyl gasoline. As elsewhere discussed In greater detail, lead is highly distributed throughout this plant. It may be detected in small quantities in offices. Some leau may be detected in the outside air in buildings, aanlpulatlng lead in large quantities. The minimum amount of lead that may eauae lead poisoning varies from person to person and for any given person depends in large measure upon his own individual body eeonoqr. There is, however, no such thing as complete tolerance to lead. Ordinari ly it is accepted as a fact that 1.5 milligrams of lead in ten cubic seters of air is sufficient to induce lead poisoning in some workers. This ten cubic meters of air is roughly the quantity of air inhaled by the average workman on an average work day. It is probably true that most workers will not acquire lead poisoning from this low threshold, but i instead ?dll require larger amounts before azy evidence of lead poison ing is evinced. In our experience, large numbers of workmen have been exposed to such quantities as eight millig.'&ms of metallic lead per day without acquiring lead poisoning. In view of the fact that an occasional worker may respond to very trivial amounts, this standard of 1.5 milligrams has been widely accepted as a standard governing protective measures. In the case of Ingested lead, some compounds are much more toxic than others. This depends upon the solubility of the lead. The more readily soluble preparations are conducive to lead poisoning and vice versa. In the ease of lead inhalation, leas significance is to he attached to solu bilities, as ultimately all'lead compounds are dissolved and all are toxic. The old idee that metallic lead Is non-toxic is probably not justified. At least in the form of fine dust, metallic lead la later oxidized so that the responses of the body are to lead oxide rather than to metallic lead. In this plant, very extensive use of lead, large numbers of workmen have been subjected to certain blood tests, suggestive of lead absorption. In addition, larga numbers of samples of atnosphere presumably containing lead have been analysed. The results of these procedures make special sections of this report. - Lead in one form or another ie used in the following departments of this plant: Tin Can, Pigment Products, Chemical Products, Dry Color,' Paint and Tarnish and Lacquer. %. .. _ . Tor the purposes of this report, lead is'accepted as the dominant exposure in. this plant,, which fact is well recognized. Much of the intire program of,. Industrial hygiene must necessarily,, center about the prevention of worker exposures to lead. At t'he time of tha writing of this report, a fair number ef workmen 're presenting borderline conditions suggestive of lead poisoning. -i 0007-SWP-000030450 "1 5. Chroaioa Chromiw, la the font of the chromates, oxides and compounds with lead, prowldea rarloua widespread exposures in this plant. With respect to injury to human beings, ehromiia is a peoullar substance, first, it is so Very slowly hydrolysed when in contact with tissue that its action may persist over periu.' of weeks. This la? responsible for . the well known term "chrome hole*, which is a burrowing ulcer more or less Jug shaped, with a small opening at the skin surface, but with undermined edges and enlarging area of damage. In the second place, not all of the chromium compounds are harmful. Certain valences yield toxic bodies while others do not. A third peculiarity resides in the fact that chromium, while able to attack the unbroken skin, is much less apt so . to do than to attack a skin which is chapped, cut, blistered or otherwise ' broken. Apart from "chrome holes* of the skin, the chief aitet of action of chromium is the nasal septum, which is often perforated and irreparably so. This leads to no disability, although septal perforation may lead to disturbing whistling through the nose and may pave the wey for sinus, and other nasal diseases. Chromium rarely leads to generalized disease. Some persons nay become sensitized to its action so that responses ere brought about on the slightest exposure to chromium and at sights other then those in direct contact. It is also true that chrome compounds in the form of dust or vapor may reach lung tissues through inhalation and may set up bronchitis or other inflammatory processes. This is, however, the exception and not the rule. Lately the claim has been made that chromium compounds mqy lead to cancer of the lung. This is recognized as a remote possibility and in aoy event the action of chromium will not'be more specific than other irritants reaching lung tissues. In this plant, chromium finds some application or manipulation in the following departments: Chemical Products, Dry Color, Paint and Tarnish and Lacquer. 6. Manganese: Comparatively small quantities of manganese in e variety of compounds find use in several departments in this plant. Manganese leads to a bizarre disease called manganese poisoning, which chiefly has arisen as a result of exposures to manganese oxides. At this time, there is no reason to believe that other compounds of manganese mqy not be similarly injurious. When the substance enters the body (chiefly through inhalation of dust), the disease state is brought about, in comparatively short time, such as three months and even less. Naturally, in some measure, this depends upon the concentration of the dust to which exposure is provided. Without a^r pain or sjy quick changes, workers exposed to manganese guy be noted to develop periods of excessive laughter or crying, unasaoclated with adequate cause. At about the same time, it msy be observed that their fades become mask-like, immobile, expressionless. At a littla......... later stage these workers, when walking or running, are unable to stop until they run into soma object or grasp soma projecting structure. They are apt to fall down, particularly when taking steps backward (retropulslon). They are unable to stop their movement a until they fall or bump into some object. During this process, these workers may have their mental faculties unimpaired, but are no less totally disabled. In time they become completely paralyzed in portions of the body,'such as the arms and legs and msy live long lives of total invalidism dt^out aiy prospect "of recovery. At- the time of the writing of- this' item, no suspicion has arisan that manganese polsoainj prevails in this plant. The circumstances of the use of these materials seems to preclude aiy practical extensive exposure. 0007-SWP-000030451 t ~v 7. Tripoli , la this_ plant, tripoli Is eomonly referred to as 'mixed silicates*. These statements probably are not true. Instead, trploli Is a ciypto-ciystallium--rlety of quarts and Is composed to an extent of about 99* of free silica. The mining of this material is limited, so far as known, to two areas in the United States, namely Southern Illinois and the Seneca area in Missouri, which extends over into Okla homa. In the latter district, the beautiful rose and cream colored trlpolis are found. Trioolis possess peculiar electrostatic properties so that fine materials thrown into the air glomerate into heavier balls and drop to floor levels. On this account, cases of silicosis from tripoll are - rare, although not unheard of. Since tripoli is in fact quartz, reference is made to item one; in this series, for discussion of the disease that m^ be produced by It. In this plant, tripoli is used in the following departments, in limited amounts: Lacquer only. Oust counts have been made in connection with its use and x-rays have been made of selected wortaaen longest exposed. The results obtained froa these procedures are set forth in other sections. 8. 2tn= Sulft?l,,. The raw material from which llthopor.s is made, as operations > start in this plant, is zinc sulfate, received from the Coffeyville Plant, in a dry lumpy state, which is conducive to dustiness. Although lithopone with its content of zinc sulfide is rated as non-toxic, its precursor, zinc sulfate, possesses properties conducive to harm the workmen. This is manifest chiefly in the form of perforation of the nasal septum and lowrade ulceration or at least inflammation of the nasal passages. Fork carried out about ten years ago with sine sulfate by these investigators revealed a fairly high frequency of gastric or duodenal ulcer, which was attributed to the action of zinc sulfate. Therefore, It Is regarded as within the realm of possibility that Increased frequency of gastro-intestlnal ulcere might arise among zinc sulfate workers la the lithopone industry. Thus far no evidences have arisen, although no real search has been made for this disease. Zine sulfate, so far as known, is only handled in the lithopone department in this plant. There workers are supplied with respirators and no substantial exposure is known to exist. Mo less, this matter is discussed in greater detail in another section devoted to the lithopone department. . Barium as a constituent of littiopone is elsewhere discussed. 9. ndiTMn Cadmiua is found in this plant in two dissimilar sets of circum stances. First, cadmium is removed froa the zinc sulfate as a preliminary to the manufacture of lithopone. This cadmium is reduced to the metallic state through recovery processes elsewhere described and discussed. ' The second aspect of cadmium present is in connection with Its use as a figment material in the Dry Color Department and to f. minor extent in Chemical Products and Lacquer Departments." \ / : - Wherever it ray be used, eadmiua is c. tracheroue substance. It is more toxic than lead, but perhaps not ten times as toils as lead, as is sometimes claimed. One milligram per day, taken into the body, is dangerous. Usually ths entry into the body is made through the portal of the respiratory tract, dust or fume entering in this fashion. However, swallowed cadmium may also lead to poisoning. In any event, the manifesta tions chiefly center about the gastro-intestinal tract, together with some involvement of the kidneys and'liver. 0007-SWP-000030452 I In view of the dangerous properties of this substance, various tests have been cade, the results of which are elsewhera set forth. 10. Carbon Maty varieties.of paint coatings contain carbon for black pigment purposes *!jle<: a great variety of names, such as lamp blac, bone black, cosmic black, etc., etc. Some of these substances at least are of such physical properties as to provoke great dustiness when they are handled. This dust is inhaled and later on the workman's attention nay be drawn to the fact that he is spitting up black tinged sputum. This nay persist for some weeks after the last exposure. Workers may become highly concerned and attribute all of their respiratory infirmities to an laagined action of this dust. The facts in the case are somewhat as followsi..rhile no dust........ ........ is entirely innocuous, carbon is one of the least haraful. Its entry into the body leads to the condition known as anthracosis, a minor abnor mality from which all of us suffer. At autopsy every adult will show seme signs of anthracosis. Urban dwellers are prone to present well blackened lungs at every autopsy. Apart from this black pigmentation, carbon produces no noteworthy disease. However, attention has been drawn to the fact that some carbon preparations contain oil and that others have been mixed with silica as an impurity. Under such circumstances, it is possible that these extraneous materials may bring about their own . diseases, which no less may he laid at the door of carbon. It is the intent of this discussion to rate carbon dust when inhaled as an innocuous . material, worthy of little hygienic consideration. 11. Asphalt Under this term, there are included, for the purposes of this report, many substances that are not natural Trinidad asphalt. These include petroleum end coal tar pitches or residues, Cilsonite, Tailings of various sorts, stearine pitch, etc. Chemically, all of these eubetances represent mixtures, the exact composition of which is little known, tfhen these substances ere in dzy state, they present little opportunity for injury from contact. Contrariwise, when they are naturally liquid, or when they have been cut back, or when in liquid state through heating, they are more likely to bring about injury on contact. These substances are sources of skis irritation for soma workmen. In contact with the skin, these materials are removed with difficulty. Satisfactory personal hygiene is not easily obtained and in the ebeenee of a real dermatitis, there may . slowly develop a condition characterised by numerous large blackheads (eome- dones), largely the result of ordinary dirtinese. This stage nay progress to one of furunculosis, characterised by multiple small boils, abscesses, etc. then such materials are used on roadwork, they are ordinarily heated to high temperatures and tha vapors thus arising are highly irritating to the respiratory tract. It is not known that paint manufacture leads to - similar operation, hut if so this operation should be carried out only in the open or else under hooded conditions. ' 12. nitrocellulose . * The pbblie entertains a fair amount of apprehension against the action cf nitrocellulose. This is unwarranted. At least the nitrocellulose* ' employed in coatings and in their natural state are free'from dangerous * potentialities. Hitrat ion has not .proceeded -*.o that percentage conducive ' to explosibillty. On the other h&id, when nitrocellulosa is burned, there j may be produced one or more of a series of the oxides of nitrogen, several : of which are exquisitely active in producing -pulmonary-1 edema and-edeme of the entire respiratory, tract. After breathing a few breaths of nitrogen oxide containing air, sufficient harm la wrought so that a few hours hence, such as 5-18, enormous edema sets in, occluding the passageefor air and leading to death of the victim through internal drowning. 0007-SWP-000030453 II Th* various grade* of nitrocellulose u**d la eoetlng preparation* ar* apt to be reoelved la th# wet atata, th* **ttlag b*lag brought about by th* aetloa of d*aatur*d aleohol. la praetlea, th* d*aataraat much u**d la wood alcohol, pr*a*at to th* *zt*nt of Sjt* la th* euttlag of nltroe*llulo#*a v-r lacquer purpo***, thla content of ethyl alcohol aad wood alcohol la of no great eoncara. How*T*r, la a f*w processes, aieh aa th* taanufaeture of lacquer chip*, dlaagreaabl* work condition* nay reault fro* awaporatlon of large quantltlaa of alcohol la closed area*. Dengeroua fir* hazard* may b* produced and on oceaalon condition* faworabl* to explosion nay aria*, 12. B*ta Haphthol On* large eaati^n of thla plant la d*wot*d to tha manufacture of beta aaphthol. Thla work.** carried out uadar faworabl* condition*, aad th* caaual wialtor at one* galaa aa uafaworabl* la?>r**alon of thla opera tion. Worker* la thla department oak* eo^lalnt* about th* dlaagr**abl*a*aa of th* work, but aa yet no on* baa b**a abl* to prow* that beta aaphthol produce* any aarloua dla*aa*. It 1* irritating to th* eyea aad moons mambraa*a, may lead to laeryaatloa and aaaeslag, oeeaalonally produce* com* akin dlaaaa*; oeeaalonally, eyatltla arla*a la bta aaphthol worker* 14. Paraphayln*dlaaila* * Zn th* eaa* of moat dyeatuffa, th* final produet la apt to be noainjurloua, while Intermediates may b* quit* to th* contrary. la tha eaa* of paraph*nyl*n*dlamlna, both th* Intermediates aad th* final pro duet ar* worthy of r**p*ct. In another aaction 1* pr*a*at*d dlaeuaalon of th* manufacture of thla dy*. It la boat kaowa aa a dye for hair, fur, f*ath*ra, woolen material*, *te. dll diamines ar* aald to poaa*a harmful prop*rtl*a, although eoaaldarabl* dlff*r*no*a nay *zlat between th* aetloaa produced by dlff*r*nt members of thla groap. Thla dye lead* to three different types of manifestation, a} asthma, b) *d*ma, e) skin eruptions, it Is not unusual for th* w*ar*r of a cheap fur, dy*d with this material, to develop extensive swelling* of tha face, lips, ears, ate. Fur workers la particular may suffer from asthma produced by tha dust from furs dyed with parapheaylanedlamlae The akin disease created has no special characteristics aad reaemblea many othar occupational dermatoa*a. While no large experience baa groan up rela tive to injuries producad to werkami la tha manufacture of thla dye. It la ac laaa labeled aa aa outatandlng example of dangerous dyeatuffa, 15. 21a* Oxide Thla wall been aubatmaa la blamad for mar* occupational diseases thaa it la capable of inducing, da used la th* paint Industry hare. It la almost wholly guiltless and aa laart agaat, la ointments, lotions, It la perhaps th# most widely uaad of all treatments for Win diseases. Elgh concentrations of its dusts will at most product nothing mar* than a harm less increase in tha fibrous tlasues of tha lung. Regardless of tbe concen tration of exposures and Its duration, xlna oxide will never lead to a dusty lung disease, analogous to alllooala. On tha other hand, zlno oxide, under certain oiroumstaneea, may' : lead to shat la variously loom aa zlno chills, spelter chills, braes workers* chills, zinc ague, natal fuss fever, ate* These conditions which, f.n fact, art but on*, ar* quit* genuine and are due toth# inhalation of recently ; produced tine oxide, mieh as arlsaa In connection with eplvenizlngj/breao founding, zinc founding, zinc smelting, ate. *Bar* the. zinc oxide l lte "1 recently formed state la In a peculiar physleal condition knows aa its ) dlaparaad* phase. In contrast to Its flooculent* state, which Is the ateto ' of the material feuad In tha paint Industry. Thus, tha toxic properties of zinc oxide arc limited to a few operations which do net Include tbs use of different warlatlea In paint manufacture. 0007-SWP-000030454 I I i Titanium, in one fora or another, is used in this plant in the following departments* Lacquer, Chemical Products, Paint and Varnish, Lithopone. 19. Aluminum . One of the common materials used in the paint industry is aluminum. These present statements do not apply to eliminum silicate or to other compounds of aluminum, tut instead to metallic aluminum. Tell known to the paint trade are the scale-like flakes of aluminum.which impart to a eoated surface a somewhat ideal coating. In view of the fact that soma year's ago sary controversies centered about the toxic properties of aluminum, maiy persons still regard an aluminum as dangerous. If this were true, the . millions of users of food cooked in aluminum vessels would suffer ill cor.secuenees. The widespread use of alum in a diversity of trades would have lead to the poisoning of hundreds of persons. The use of alum halting powder would practically have decimated the country. Least of all, should aluminum paints be regarded with concern because of ary toxic properties. It is true that aluminum powders possess peculiar properties favorable to fires and explosions. It is true that water is not a repellent to fires of aluminum powder. It is true that the liquids with which aluminum powders may be aimed to make paint may be somewhat irritating. It is true that aluminum powders lend themselves to greet dustiness. It is true that in the manufacture of aluminum powders and bronzing powders great noise and vibration of harmful nature is broi^ht about, but it is not true that powdered alumina# in any reasonable quantity will produce any disease analogous to those such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, manganese, etc. Paraffin Paraffins as used in the paint industry ney exist either as liquids s or solids, depending upon their melting points. Maturally the solid varieties may be reduced to liquid states through the application of heat. No real reason exists for classing paraffins as dangerous substances to all persons. Then heated, the emitted vepors are nausor-.tirg and disturbing. The unheated liquid varieties of paraffin are essentially odorless, tasteless end harm less. Very occasionally, a person brought in contact with paraffin oils will develop a skin disease and even less frequently skin cancer may arise. It is the intent of this discussion more to exculpate paraffin from injurious qualities than to Include it in aty group of dangerous substances common to the paint industry. 21. Caustics and foda Ash The term "caustic* is a loose one and Is sometimes applied to acii as rell as alkalies. Its use here is limited to such substances as sodium potassium hydroxide and other lyelike substances and Includes soda ach. The real caustics, such as the lyes from sodita and potassium readily cause severe burns, leading to the formation of eschars. These dense, core-like centers of caustic ulcers act as foreign bodies end deter all healing processes. Caustic bums of the eyes are especielly Intractable and call for specialized treatment. Such conditions clearly constitute accidents, but scarcely are to be considered in connection with occupational disease dis-- cussicns. Cn the other hand, caustic dusts breathed into the lungs may lead to _T somewhat extensive fibrous deposits of uniform nature* quitf,"similar .to l deposits from silicosis, foda ash in the form of a crystalline powder, l'a in contact with the dry akin, produces no more harm than so much sands rS Then, however, moisture is present end some of the soda ash is dissolved, -/ particularly in such areas as between the fingers, definite burnings may arise. Turing hot acr.ths or under certain other circumstances, when sweating takes - , piece, acute dermatitis from soda ash may be expected. 2* Phthalle Anhydride , This markedly irritant substance is used in the manufacture of glyptcl type synthetic varnishes. In the process of varnish cooking, vapor, of this substance prove to be distinctly irritating to the eyea 0007-SWP-000030456 anc respiratory tract. These vapors are changed over into enow-flake Hie deposits which settle about the varnish department. On occasion these vapors or their subsequent crystals travel several hundred yards in the direction of prevailing winds. So bs belief exists that phthalle anhydride's vapors or dusts are both taken into the lungs, paving the ray fa- asthmatic states. If so, this hes not been proved and at this time no blame may be laid on this substanee other than that as a highly ` disagreeable local irritant. ' 21. . Synthetic Begins - In this very brief presentation, it is manifestly Inpossible even to enuaerate the several thousand of possible synthetic resins or even to mention the various classes. Two points only are to be made at this time in connection with synthetic resins. The first is that nearly all are proving to possess some degree of activity in promoting skin affections. Some ere much worse then others, some through direct irritation, others through sensitisation. Eakelite resins may be taken as an example. This condensation produet appears to base its irritant action upon the presence if formaldehyde derivatives. At ary rate, bakelite, in ary of its forms, whether the powdered Hex" or the dissolved liquid used in fabric coating, constitutes an irritant, dameging most persons brought into contact with it. The second point to be made is that the eynthetlc resin field is changing so rapidly that as yet the toxicologist knows little about the entire group .nd only ebout speeisl examples. On this account, no attempt will be made to specify the more dangerous of the ^nthetic resin groups. 24. Vetural Gums or Resins . The fossil gums and the vegetable resins are relatively unimportant as pre.'ucers of skin diseases. However, every single one hes proved to be the rcuree of soae disturbance. Perhaps the most injurious of all is the limed pine resin type. Here the disturbing agent say of course be the . lime mother then the resin, but in ary event this combination is a trouble maker in some plants. On a comparative basis, the natural resins-are less dangerous than their synthetic substitutes. 25. Solid Pvestuffs end Intermediates In order to approach comprehensiveness in this listing of much used solid items in this plant, it is highly desirable that mention be aade of a very large group of solid intermediates and dyestuffs. It is manifest that not even their names may be mentioned nor may it be said that a full understanding of maty of their properties exist. However, emphasis may be placed upon one observation, nemely that finished dye stuffs are far less toxic than their intermediates and precursors. 25. Bsnsol Of all fluids used in peist manufacture, benzol has attracted most attention as a toxic substance and perhapa has been the source of a greater number of severe cases. Benool is a coal tar hydrocarbon, is in excellent solvent for a variety of substances little soluble in ordineiy materials. Chief among these is rubber. In fact, most of the eases of - benzol poisoning in the early days srbse from rubber using factories. So ,r;at was the complaint against benzol about ten years ago that its use almost entirely disappeared in the paint industry, except in fhe manufacture of pair.t and varnish removers, nothing seemed to take the place of benzol in this particular preparation. More recent times have seen an increasing use of benzol in the coating industry, as is reflected by the feet that at this very plant a benzol producing department is being built with a capacity of about 1S00 gallons per day. One reason for the return of benzol is the shortness cf memory of man for his troublesome experiences of all types. The'second is a willingness on. the part of the manufacturer to install protective equipment to carry out supervised laboratory procedures. It is in truth much safer to make use of bensol at the present time than was true Igbtwwn jeer* Ago* It xh.9 proM&t tip* it la poaalbla to otrry oat a urine teat, known aa tbe urine aulfate* teat for benaoX aid fros the re i j sults obtained to detest those workers who are absorbing appreciable quantities of this substance* Benzol b it act aa an aeuta poisoning, operating aa an sneathetie or asphyxiant and may bring about death within a taw mlnutea or a taw - houra' exposure. Mara often hansel poisoning la efcronle, leading to a dlaeaaa characterized by lautopenla, diminished attl-bodlaa of tba blood, peculiar auaeaptlblllty to aU Infections, tendency to hemorrhage, profound weakness, ete. The condition produced la direful, there being littla tendency for the blood to regenerate, leading to what la Imown aa an *aplaatla anemia*. A few persona develop hemorrhages Into the ayw and suffer complete blindnaaa. A greater number die from inter-current infection. Women eeea to be somewhat more eerloualy affected than mao. ............. ...... ..... It la the Intact of this dlaeuaalon to aapbaalza but not exaggerate the importance of benzol aa a eourwe of aarloua occupational dlaeaaa, Teeta made of the urine of aewaral workera handling benzol at thla plant lndloate that a few are abaorhlng benzol, the appearance of a aarloua eaee of benzol polaonlng at any time would not bo phenomenal far this plant. Benzol la used In considerable quantItlaa In the following departmental Coal far, Chemical Products, Paint and Yarniah, and Leoquer. i Other soot lone of thla report furnish additional Information on benzol poisoning, ' 27, Toluol (Toluene) ' Toluol la a bomologua of benzol, but poaaaaaaa a higher boiling point, la thus less evaporable and la leaa likely to produce Vapors which may be Inhaled by workers. Some oonfualon exl ata relative to the clinical stats produced by toluol. Some observers maintain that toluol vapors if present in quantities the same as benzol will produee a disease similar to benzol polaonlng and la only laaa poisonous than benzol beeauao of Its ... higher boiling point. On another aide, some observers point out with accuracy that there have baas vary few eases of toluol polaonlng and that really no one knows just what disease state mi git be produced. Thee# observers note that toluol appears to be capable of producing an acuta asphyxiation more readily than benzol, but la lacking In properties to produce leukopenia or other blood disturbances. Granting tba absence of adequate Information, the stand la taken by these Investigators that toluol la a much preferred euhatanee over benzol because of Its higher boiling point, but that toluol Itself le a highly dangerous aaftatanee and produces a condition at least similar to benzol polaonlng, if sot Identical In Its features. 28. xylol (Xylene) Xylol la another homologua of benzol la the same earlas with toluol. Its boiling point la even higher than that of toluol and to that extent la less toxic. All that has bean said of toluol may proportionately be said of xylol. Vary little la lsioan about lta toxic properties and vary few cases haws bean wall studied. Ita physical properties do not make It a parfact substitute for benzol, but no less It finds extensive application in many Industries. The urine sulfate test mentioned under benzol Is not known ! to apply to toluol or to xylol. Kowerar, it la believed that leukopenia so readily demonstrated through blood eousta, probably may be shown for xylol - . poisoning aa well as benzol poisoning, which finding may tend to confirm a tentative dlagioala of xylol poisoning. 0007-SWP-000030458 3, feliaiLflaghtlis . Solvent naphtha, unlike naphtha, is derived from coal tar in contrast to petroleum oil. Earlier solvent naphtha was chiefly * . mixture of benzol-, approximately SOJC with lesser amounts of toluol . and xylol. Nowadays the specifications for solvent naphtha are so - altered as to provide practically no content of benzol and higher '' percentages of toluol and xylol along with other related substances. Solvent naphtha is therefore much less toxic than formerly and is less likely to resemble benzol poisoning, which it formerly resembled, then toluol and jgrlol poisoning. The chief point to be made in this present discussion Is to point out that solvent naphtha is not analogous and comparable to ordinary naphthas, but is a much more dangerous coal tar derivative akin to toluol. 10. Naphtha In the discussion of this petroleum derivative, there is a desire to include all other petroleua derivatives of similar nature, such as the misnamed "benzine", gasoline, kerosene, hi-flash naphthas, etc. Tor a long .chile these substance: were regarded only as capable of bringing about an occasional case of shin disease through defatting . of the shin and an equally occasional "naphtha Jag", which i an acuts cental state resembling alooholio intoxication. More recently increased information has led to the concept that both acute and chronic conditions xcy be produced by these solvents, both of which are of fairly serious nature; althou0h less direful than tear.ol poisoning, the poisoning from naphtha acy be wholly disabling. The acute condition is relatively unir.po.-tsnt and ts chiefly nanifest by gastro-intestir.al disturbances, nsusaa and vomiting, together with headache. In the chronic state, a bizarre lot of changes mey take place in the central nervous system, giving rise to a disease more or less like multiple sclerosis. In fact, it is orobatle that in this disease some sclerosis of the brain takes place. Afflicted workmen develop various paralyses, unusual gaits, lose their fc.milit.rlt7 with the!" surroundings, at times may suffer from uncontrollable sleepiness. The Import of this comment is to include naphthas in connection .rith those work places where consideration should be gi-sn to the possi bility ;f hormful vapors. * fl. Acetates A wide variety of acetates are used for solvent purposes in this plant. There agents are all comparatively innocuous, but none are entirely harmless. There is seme reason to believe that the more,haiif^,"'ieita:ki* ere aethyl, butyl and isopropyl. Synthetic acetates are apparently more torie than their natural counterparts. The irritant properties of these acetates are chiefly limited to minor inflammation of the eyes, mucous uenbrer.es, less frequently of the skin, etc. Cellosolves A typical oellosolve is ethylene glycol menoethyl ether. All experience t ands to indicate that none of the cellosolves are toxic except in high concentrations and that their actions are about on a per with " there of neetotes, like most other substances, apparently ethyl oellosolve is the mildest with the aetVyl, butyl and propyl being of somewhat higher order. T?. '.'ethanol . '` Methanol, the modem counterpart of wood alcohol, possesses all of the injurious properties of the traditionally dangerous wood alcohol. I i I 0007-SWP*000030459 This substance la ao dangerous that the swallowing of on* tasspoonful haa product! daath. Unlike ethyl aloohol vhlah easily hrtaka do** lato non-toxle components, methyl aleohol data not readily deeovose nor la there any known physiologic mechanism through which tba body nay fraaly - allnlnata tbla aubataaoa and without Injury* Apparently natura.la ?ta economy eonts^lated the coning of ethyl alcohol, hut neglected to Bake any proTlelone for the management of wood alcohol, it my rata, wood alcohol remlna In tha body to a eonalderable extant, being only alowly excreted by the kldnaya. Injury nay ba dona to the optic nerve leading to bllndneaa, to the central nervous aystan, nay Involve the kldneya, liver, lunge and other tlaauaa. In addition, methyl aleohol la thoroughly eapable of bring ing about diaturblng akin loalona. Moreover, methyl aleohol paaaea through the akin with fair freedom ao that ayatenle dleeaaa nay be produced Barely by akin contact with tbla agent. To the full extent poaalble, methyl alco hol abo old be kept out of paint, paint removara and all. other eoatlnga, both for the aake of the workman manufacturing the producta and tha ultimate appller of the coating material, ............. Si, Butyl Alcohol (Butanol) Tbla alcohol la more toxic than lta ethyl counterpart, lose toxic than methyl. In concentrations above 100 parte of Its vapors per million of air, aome ill effects nay ba brought about If exposure la prolonged* In general lta affects arc about midway between ethyl and methyl aleohol, but apparently It lacks the capacity to produeo bllndneaa. S3, Crasola I V These coal tar derivatives are similar to phenol In their action. They are readily absorbed by the akin and on the akin produeo tho aama sort of devastating action leading to gangrene, Tba boiling point of eresols la ao high that they do not appreciably evaporate at roan tesperature, Thus direct contact la almost requisite to damage. Taken internally, crwaoln quickly produeo death, hut this has little or nothing to do with Industrial toxicology. In a number of aubstanoas, aueh as water gas tar, possibly asphalt and a variety of related aubstanoas, at least ona of tho constituents la cresola, Tha presence of ereools appreciably add* to tho toxlo properties of those complex mixtures, 36, Creosote Oil fortunately, little necessity exists for any direst contest between tha paraon of tho worker and o great variety of his ehamleala. In tba ease of dusts In tba atmosphere, tha workman, in tha abaanea of a worn respirator, la unable to oseapo some oonteet. This la squally true of genes la tha Inhaled air, but In tha ease of liquids, particularly those which do not readily evaporate, o fair degree of safety is provided through little nsessslty of contact, Tbla applies, for example, to creosote oils, wbleh are aubstanoas of varying eonposltion, but whloh at least contain torn* arssols, tarry acids and other phenolic bodies, ' 37, Sulphur Dioxide , * This gas la not a raw material, but la tha rssultoof tha manipula tion of other raw materials and may ba present In tho Chwleal Produets Plant, tha Dry Color Plant, llthopons manufacture end In a few other places to a minor extent, Tbla is one of tho most Irritating of gaoas, slnoe tarn parto par million la about tba upper limit of safety, 100 ports per million being exceedingly dangerous. This sulphur gas sets on the tissues of tba respiratory tract, leading to Intense inflammation and' elaeration, moat of which la acuta, but eventually a ohronle state any be brought out. Hoot 0007-SWP-000030460 1 worker* exposed to sulphur dioxide appear to aequlra toleranee so that they no longer cough Incessantly Ilka tbo visitor* or new workmen. Th# ox* plenation la to ho found in tbo faet that tho Inflaaad respiratory tissue* seek to protest themselves by secreting a muoous protective coating, ohloh Is unroaponalto to tbo aetlon of thla gu. However, halo* thla artificial barrlar, tlaauaa remain which are jaat aa sensitive or jff*r. Thla its* la bars lntrodnead, along with a few otbare, for tho I purpoaaa of lBdlsatlng that now always are exposures to ha found In tho raw materials being fabricated. Unexpected waste products are sometimes store dangerous than the subataaeea being wanlpulatod. 38. Hydrogen Sulfide ' Of all gases present about thla plant and not except lag cyanide gases or vapors, the most dangerous la sulphuretted hydrogen. This gaa In any quantity that nay be measured la toxic, although the aero detection of thla gaa as an odor la no proof of its toxicity. When quantities are sufficiently high as to be toxic, ordinarily the sense of small la so deadened ea to eaoapo the odors for other than short periods. It the time of writing thla ftsas, testa wars being sad# throughout tbs plant, looking for lte presence. One place showing considerable concentration appears to be in the barium kiln mom and In connection with the blaok cah. Workers in these areas cosplaln of this gas and by actual tests objectionable quantities have been established as present. In another aeetlon of thla report, reeoMsndatlona will be cmde looking forward to the dispersion of thla gea so that dangerous oonoantratlons are nowhere present. 39. formaldehyde In various reports plaoed at otr disposal, reference la made to the extensive use of formaldehyde In some Instances end to formalin in others. Sines formalin is e 40 watery solution of tbo gaseous formelde- hydo, aid alneo formaldehyde rather readily leaves this watery solution, no attempt Is here made to distinguish between the action of formaldehyde I and formalin, except to point out that formalin la a definite akin Irritant* formaldehyde la a highly dangerous gaa, exarelsing injurious action In j low concentrations, such as 90 parts par million. It la distlnotly lrresplrabls, leading to profound damage to tho respiratory tract, later to the liver and kidneys. The action of formaldehyde la akin to that of wood alcohol--in feet It lo Into formaldehyde that wood alcohol do* composes men within the body. It la the Intent of thla dissuasion to Include formaldehyde as a raw weterlel used In this plant In appreciable i j quantities, as an egant worthy of respect. ..... *0. Nitrogen Oxides The oxides of nitrogen are of course not raw aetsrlals used la thla plant, but may arise as extraneous gases from the nanlpulatlon of other raw materials or In the presence of unexpected happenings, such ae fires. Thera are perhaps as many a a seven oxides of nitrogen, all of vhlah arc toxic, except nitrous oxide, which le the wall known laughing gee anesthetic. Whan these gases enter the lungs, thv may cause no immediate disturbance, hut after a few hours lead to very profound swelling of * lung tissues, along with^tissues of bronehial passage# until tho entire respiratory troot Is water logged; normal breathing-function la lost; death takes place. In'thla plant, several of tt*-operation* connected .with dry color production, choaleal* product manufacture, do lead to those vapors, whleh on occasion art vlalbla. da noted In oonaaetlon with . nltroealluloso, the burning at thla agent lecic to the giving off ofoxide* ot nitrogen. Furthermore, whenever nitric aeld ecmee in contact with orgcnle material, thee* vapors are likely to be evolved. 007-S WP.o o 0030461 1 41. . Mineral Acids In this category, for the purpose* of this discussion, >111 fall sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric aelda. Of thaaa, all, in themselves, ard the ceases of ae aidant a rather than occupational dlaaaaaa. Of the entire lot, hydrofluoric acid la F"-* 4angaroua; far practical pur poses, the nitric acid, Bora so, alnca hydrofluoric acid la wry little uaad. The propartlaa of mineral aelda arc such that thf do not readily evaporate so that the presence of acid vapors are not of frequent occurrence. However, in the moat fortuitous circumstances, thaaa vapors do arise. For aiample. If milpborle a aid la watery dilution la highly heated, the cold laavea the solution along with water vapors. The water evaporates, leaving the acid vapor la the air. All mineral acid vaporailn more than traces are Irritants, leading, under the mildest of injurious elreumstanoea, to Irritation of the eyes and nasal passages, under more severe clrmiBatanesa to erosion of.... the teeth, severe bronchitis, pulasnary edema, and occasionally to gastric ulcers cr at least gastro-iataatlnal dyafunctlon. 42..... Organic Adds It la quite impractical hero to list the numerous organic acids used in this plant. Acetlo acid say be taken as an oxaepla. Concentrated solutions in direct contact with the flcln promptly eause chemical hums . with rapid destruction of tissues. Inhaled as a vapor, proapt action IS brought about on the raaplratory tract, characterised chiefly by bronchitis and pulmonary edema. 43. Turpentines All turpentines are tozle, be they gum spirit, Kraft distillate, ateam distilled or destructively distilled. Of all varieties, it seems established that the steam distilled la generally the most Irritating. This statement certainly was true a few years ago, but lately such Improve menta have bean snde In the tmnufaeturing processes of steam distilled turpentine that the statement Bay net apply. All turpentinae arc atin irritants; all turpentines arc potential sourest of acuta nephritis. A peculiar feature in aonneetloe with turpentine action la the pleasant'odor of violate Imparted to urine whenever turpentine la being secreted. 44. Anllln One of the outstanding dangerous materials In this plant, parti cularly In the Chamleal Products Plant, la anllln or as sometimes called, anllln oil. The damaging properties of this subatanoe nay persist through many chemical manipulations until ultimata dyes era produced, wharcupem the flnlehod dyoa are more likely than act to be free from toxic potentialities. With some exception, onllla dyoa are innocuous, but anllln and many of Its elose derivatives and compounds are disturbingly so* Physically this agent la a thick, brownish fluid, arising whan nltrobenxol la treated with hydro chloric acid In the presence of a metallic catalyst. The ell may enter the body through the skin or may give rise to poison through the Inhalation of Its vapors, may be Inhaled In asms of Its oompounds In the form of dust and under sons circutrtances flay be swallowed. In vary mild acuta cases, workers may complain of cr present some of the following manifestations! Pallor, with or without eyanoala, wetknees, dizziness,* unsteady gait, eonfused speech, mental Irritability, rapid pulse and varying types of mental disturbances.- In some, the die seas leads to a condition resembling alcoholic intoxication with loud, eonfueed speech. Others demonstrate loquaaity with feaperfeet orientation, ate. In more serious eaaas of acuta nature, cyanosis may ha profound, pule* rapid, bounding, high rato of respiration, with oxygen starvation, vomiting and generally lowered mental end nervous res ponses. During this stage, blood may appear In tha urine. In the most serious oaaas, auch manifestations pass over to uneonselousness, with or without convulsions, and death within a few hours. - s. v 0007-SWP-000030462 nay be scne.diat. different. The following have been observed* nnenia, slow pulse, gastro-intestlaal disturbances, Including loss of appetite, vp-itlng, diarrhea, skin eruption, headache, Ir.ibllltv to sleep, nuseulir pains, altered disposition, general lore-ins :f aentel capacities-- . . 45. Phenol (Ccrballs Acid, iy^rorybencene) This agent is a corrosive poison, leading to gangrene after local contact and also produces degenerative changes in the blood with narked destruction to liver end kidney tissues. It further produces the general constitutional symptoms shared with the nitro derivatives of the osnreie group. Id. Ultrobencol or Mltrobencene Miircbencol or nitrobensene Is obtained by the action of nitric r.T* sulphuric acids upon benrol. This, much used cheaicsl readily enters the ho-*y through the skin as well as through the respiratory tract. The polsonias produced has as its chi*f objective sign profound, cyanosis. Other ainifestatlons are nausea, voniti-.g, dicciness, hsedache, weakness, burning sensation of the skin, ill of which occur in the mildest of eases. In ssr.e cerious eases, in addition to the foregoing, there sty be a marked restlessness, formication, ringing in the ears, loss of coordination, infused speech, drunken type of gait, convulsions, etc. In the more chronic cases, there cay appear Jaundice, blindness or partial loss of vision, blood change:, etc. fhen death arises, a long period of unconsciousness nay be preceded by active convulsive periods. *.7. OHS In sa.py paint plants, the blowing of kenhaden oil or other ir.lnsl oils, gives rise to offensive odors, rather than to any intoxicating products. Iven in the absence of blowing operations, some oils say be offensive, "hen animal oils are heated to high temperatures, acrolein oy be produced, which aldehyde is exquisitely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. . 9. Chlorine Chlorine g?.s Is rported as only in limited use in manufacturing procscues it this tine. Mo argument Is required to maintain that the i.-.h'litien of this gas even in low concentrations is undesirable. TTar experience teught the nedieal profeasion a great deal about the nature of chlorine injuiy. It is fairly well agreed thet chlorine chiefly attacks the respiratory tract, leading to inflammation in proportion to the rtnt of concentration of the gas. In very dilute quantities, this gas msy lead to minor irritation of the eyes, nasal passages and rsspiritcry tissues. Increased amount* may produce pulmonary edema with hemorrhage sr.J ulceration. Under ordinary circumstances, recovery is prompt and after recovry no chronic effects persist. However, repeated . low-grace exposures aey lead to chronic bronchitis associated with eapty- ssma. Per* workers so afflicted become eo fatigued on minor exertion that no longer are they able to carry out sustained physical work. 49. fvsnldeg , t. ; - ** i ' '% .! . In the manufacture of Prussian blues, and certain other products, c**t-in constituents represent cyanides. Ordinarily, no difficulty is en- cru-nt'-ed in terms of health exposures, but under fortuitous circumstances cyer.ide cases aey be produced. Por example, spontaneous fires sometimes arise in connection with blue pigment manufacture, leading to the evolution of wch cyanide gne. This gas, like hydrogen sulfide, is toxie la moat any concentration that may be detected. The follovlng table indict tee the order of toxlcltys Part* of Hydrogen Cyanide per Million Parte of air Slight symptoms after aaTaral hour* sxpoaurs.... 20 to 40 Maximum amount that can be labaled for 1 hour ................ without aerloua dlaturbanca............... .................. 50 to 60 Dangeroua la SO alautee to 1 hour....................... 120 to 150 Rapidly fatal........................................... . 3.000 Cyanide gaa laada to aaphyxlatloa of a type Just oppoalte to that prodaead by earboa monoxide. In the latter, tha ooablnatloa between hemoglobin aad earboa waoxlde deprives tbs blood of Ita mechanism for the transportation of oxygen to all portloaa of the body. In tha eaaa of eyaalde, the oxygen carrying vadium may be Intaet, but the receiving and of the ayatw may be disrupted aad thaae cellular tissues are unable to make uae of the oxygen delivered by the blood. The enaulng reeulta are known aa Internal asphyxiation, whleh action la characteristic of a number of ebesleals, Including cyanidee. 50. Skin Irritants In liquid, solid and gaseous materials there may be found scores of agents that readily produce akin diseases of divers aorta. It la possible that In this plant a list of no less than 500 substances might be cade up which In the published literature on Industrial toxicology have been recorded as true sources of skin diseases. Actually, in this plant, very few instances of akin diseases are known he have arisen over a period represented by the pest several years. In splto of this fact, It la necesaary to rate skin exposures as tha outstanding hazard on a numerical basis In all portions of this plant. Ibis situation has led to a special section of this report devoted to skin diseases. Ho less, this minor cement is Introduced Into this present series of fifty noteworthy items as an Introduction to more extensive discussions found elsewhere. 51. Barium Sulfide . for good measure, barium sulfide Is here Included because la any list of fifty practical Items In this plant this chemical stands out aa exceedingly troublesome. Although barlas In llthopene starts and finlshes aa a sulfate, the lntamedlate stage represents the sulfide probably together with earns barium oxide. This ehangs Is produced In the blaek ash kiln, as Is well known. The barytes aa received may contain weh lead as an lipurity. However, this lead la lost In the reflning processes, being either evaporated due to kiln action or removed during the leaehlng pro cesses. The temporarily produced barium sulfide together with the possible barium oxide admixture is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mueous membranes. It readily leads to' dip HatIon. Theoretically, barlumposseaaea soma radio aetlve properties which might lead to lung cancers. Also,! the Irritant action of the sulfide e:-ncclyably migljt stand la relation tot the csusatlon of serious lung diseases, chiefly of the lnflahmctory type.5 Slae- where In this report further discussion Is presented about barium sulfide end definite lecowendatlons have been made for battering work conditions. In connection with the manufacture of barium sulfide, there exist in addition to its own exposure, exposure to hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, exeeselve heat, and, as mentioned above, lead. ................ OUTSTAHDIB& 2CPOSIB2S H THIS pun BZ DEPiamORS Tin Cap Lead fume, lead oxids fro* tsros Plata, noiss, sine ehlerids, hydrochloric add flat vapors, minor skin Irritant*. ` Plgrrt ftrodsctt Kbits load dust, rad load dust, litharf# dust, sine sulfats dust, metallic laad fuaa, carbarn dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, cadmium vapor*, leaded aiac dust, acetic acid vapors and direct contact, soda ash dust and solution, heat, aulfuric acid, phthalic anhydride, minaral j i spirits (naphtha), numerous skim irritants, barium sulfide. i Coal Tar Asbestos, caustics, asphalt, bensol, various tars and pitches, i naphtha, light oil, creaols, including tar acids. Chemical Products Anllin, anhydro-formaldehyd* anilin API, methyl anilin, formaldehyde, chlorine (in fuchsia and product of chlartolnidln* aulphonie acid in Tobias Plant), dlaainss (chiefly parapheuylanedlamina in Tobias Plant), nitranillnss, beta naphthol, acid in alkalies, xylidlhss (in Aso aanufaetura), nitric acids (in Axo Plant), arseniuratted hydrogen, acetanllid, toluol and its derivatives, xylol, bensol and its derivatives, such as nitrobemsol--, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, manganese, strontium, barium, beta oxy naphthoic acid, lead compounds, various chromate compounds, soda aah, aulfitem, quebracho, triaodium phompbats, all \ chlorinated compounds, all nltro compounds, all phenolic coqpouads, noise, intangible expoeuree associated with crowding, poor arrangement, poor ventilation, makeshift structures, inadequate exhaust systems. host important of all are 'mixed exposure*', potentially leading to mixed intoxications without clear-cut diagnostic features and generally troublesome. CTT.-C,9\9K . Lead (many varieties ineluding sulfate, carbonate, chromate, acetate, nitrate, lead oxides, ate.), chromium compounds (including chromates, oxidee), barium eoqsounds, cadmium compounds, silica, asbestos, methanol, butanol, toluol, xylol, naphtha (several varieties), molybdates, tungstates, ultranllines, bets naphthol, toluldlnes, acetanllid and its alkalies, xylldlnss, organic acids (such as oxalic), soda aah, all cyanide compounds, sodium phosphates, dry ice, all manganese compound* that give rise to dust, all cadmium compounds that give rls# to dust, solvent naphtha, noa-epeclfle exposures related to over-crowding, pear arrangement, ancient structures, unnecessary hand work, poor Illumination, etc. . ... .................... Mixed exposure*, potentially leading to 'nixed* intoxication, no two of which are apt to ba identical. % ,,* Above lists for Chemical Products and. Dry Color are but representa tive and are far from exhaustive. A much longer list might bo made up .presenting possible sources of skin injury. - faint nd VfnUh - i Silica, lead compounds, asbestos, talc, chromium compounds, manganese compounds, caustics, arsenic compounds, oxalic acid, asphalt, pitches, tars, gllsouite, antimony compounds, cadmits compounds, fluorine compounds, synthetic resins, phthalic anhydride. Nl 6651.02 0007-SWP-000030465 formaldehyde, dry lea, all compound! containing fra* anilin, all ' nitro compounds, toluidines, turpentine, benzol, toluol, xylol, aethyl acetone, ammonia, butanol, naphtha and all petroleum derived solvents, all phenolic oils and cospounds, Including creosote oil. Another list might be made of what might be termed second class exposures and still further a veiy long list might be compiled indicating substances capable of inducing occupational dermatitis. At least half the substances used in this deoartment have on occasion produced derma titis. * ' lClje Silica, asbestos, including asbestine and talc, all lead compounds, all chromium compounds, all asphaltic bodies, pitch, tars, all antimony compounds, benzol, wood alcohol, synthetic resins, fish oil, all toluidines, manganese compounds, cadmium compounds, ail ketones, acetones, all chlorinated compounds, mood alcohol, tripoll, turpentine, naphtha, including all petroleum solvents, benzol, toluol, jqrlol, solvent naphtha, all mineral adds, all organic acids, formaldehyde, butanol,* trlcresyl phosphate, ell synthetic resins, cellosolvee. Specimen Formulae for Rnnt.^fr compounds. Thlncers. Bases^Etc.. together with a Discussion of the Toxlcltr Resulting froa Compley ' Foreaoetly, the preceding discussion deals with individual - chemical substances and fairly simple mixtures. thus, comment has been made upon such basic substances as benzol, toluol, ethanol, butanol, silica, naphtha, manganese, chromium, lead, cadmium, etc. In paint work, it is inevitable that much activity will center about the use of mixtures of various types of solvents, thinners, bases, etc. On this account, there is now preeented a series of formulae showing the ' composition of a variety of compounds utilized in the making of still more complex products. After the listing of these formulae, brief discussion is provided concerning the toxicity of these compounds. Representative Formulae . 1. Lacsuer Base #225 Beep Para Red 25# 10109 Para Toner, Beep 12# (115) Raw Castor Oil 28# (1620) Bibutyl Phthalate 24# (1651) Ester Cum Solution 15# (1519) Bamar Gum Solution . Of these five ingredients, three still represent compounded articles, namely (10109), (1651) and (1519). Thus (10109) Para Toner, Beep, is I made up of an organic color and calcium carbonate. The Ester Gum Solution consists of 650# of ester gum and SSQ% of (584) xylol and further Bamar Goa Solution consists of 474# of 1259, Bamar Gum, plus 185# of (584) xylol plus 541# of (550), which is 95$ ethyl alcohol. Thus is comes about that under the somewhat innocuous term "Deep Para Red" there lurks the possibility that in the successive stages of manufacture there conceivably might be brought about distinct exposure to two substances definitely known to be toxic, namely toluol end xylol, together with e number of minor exposures. 2. Thinner 04516 (1628) 110 gals. (140) Benzol 50 gals. (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 10 gals. (1167) Butyl Alcohol 50 gals. (1170) Butyl Acetate Under this term "thinner", use is made of four solvent materials, all of which are known toxic agents and two of which are distinctly dangerous. Bowever, it is noted that the very formula carried reference to "caution* . as required in connection with the use of benzol. . Since this formula may not be taken as reprisentstive, the' formula for a second and more widely used thinner is here shown in .the following item* - 5. B" Grade Thinner Acme 207.5 lbs. (1170) Butyl Acetate . Use, (1616) 49 lbs. (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 81.5 * ' (1686) Special Xaphtha Brioleme 109 (584) jylol 241 (241) Toluol 27 (1167) Butyl Alchhol *16651. 03 0007-SWP-000030467 I 1 i ------1 Again It appears that In the more or less standard thinner*, liquid substances capable of fairly ready evaporation widely are used. This consent stands distinctly in relation to the conplaints being node by these investigators about the undesirable work conditions in the Lacquer Cepartnent. 4. (1696) l/z Sec. Base Lacquer (Cotton Solution) . 415 lbs. 1226 1/2 sec. nitrocellulose 106 * (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 166 (1170) Butyl Acetate 28 " (1167) Butyl Alcohol IS (550) Crain Alcohol 22S (241) Toluol " 45 (584) 3^1ol. Again the consent nade be made that 6uch a cotton solution potentially involves exposure to dangerous solvent naterial. 5. (2619) T-245 Gun Solution V-8652 174 lbs. T-245 P.esyl Cun 95.5 (1170). Butyl Acetate 95.5 * (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 80 (241) Toluol 6. Lacquer Tint E07, Canary Tellow 142 lbs. L.E. 207 14 " (1651) Ester Gum Solution 59 " (1519) Comer Gum Solution 615 (1807) Cotton Solution 52 (1616) Solvent Base B Of the foregoing five ingredients, themselves representing com plex compounds, all require still further analysis in order to reach the individual constituents. In this case, further analysis is not here listed to save space, but the point remains obvious, that in all instances wide spread use is being made of substances, the toxicity of which is well es- tablisbed. . 7. synthetic Base 507, Beep Green .5 lb. 547 Aluminum Stearate . 16? * 11024 Milori Green 19? 11025 Chrome Green (light) 6 1195 Bone Black 9.5 1558 Zinc Sulphide 47.5 (2142) Synthetic Oil Mixed Tarnish (142) is (1257) high flash naphtha and (5085) para thinner. In turn, certain of these ingredients m^y further be broken down. Here again, under terminology that disclose* no hint as to possible dangerous material, we are dealing with lead compounds, chromium- compounds, high flash naphtha and other substances of potentially harmful properties. .* The objective in mind in presenting this discussion of the make-up of compounds is to point out that with practically every rami fication of paint, varnish, lacquer and other coating manufacture, theoreti cal opportunities for exposure almost regularly exist. It Is not argued that sctual and practical exposures prevail, but Instead it la maintained that these toxic compounds, being so widely spread, might, on occasion give rise to cases of occupational diseases at almost ary point in the plant. 0007-SWP-000030468 I The Toxicity_of Mixtures of Harmful Substance* In the world of industrial toxicology, much i known about the dangerous properties of a great variety of individual substance*, including liquids, solids, dusts, vapors, gases, mists, etc. Ways and means have been devised for measuring the concentration of these various agents under divers circumstances. When, however, these substances are found as mixtures in the atmosphere and particularly as mixed gases or mixed vapors, an enormous lack of information exists. It is well nigh impossible, with aty of the equipment and pro cedures now available, readily to measure on a percentage basis the presence of such vapors as those from benzol, toluol, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol. Isopropyl acetate, glycol, when these substances, or any similar grouping, co-exist. With reasonable certainty, the extent that various constituents of a vaporous mixture msj be estimated from a knowledge of the respective chemical and physical properties. However, in complex mixtures, this accuracy may still provide for a thirty or fifty per cent error. Equal difficulty is encountered in delineating the effects of indi vidual members of a group of mixed vapors or gases. To some extent, the action of one particular constituent may mask the manifestations of harmful action of some other constituent. In Industrial hygiene work, this situation gives rise to a well recognized but little known field of mixed - Intoxication. Such a situation exists in the Lacquer Department of this Plant. Here it Is known that a very high concentration of mixed vapors Is widely present, but it is not known that this vapor concentration la paramountly made up of azy one vaporous material present, such as toluol, jylol, butanol, ethanol, naphtha, acetates, or others. By common consent, under such circumstances, much significance Is atteched to the most toxic body p* resent in a mixture % and to assume that at least a portion of the vapors present arise from this outstanding agent. In the eaae of the Lacquer Department, such significance is to be attached to toluol and butanol. Eecause of the Inability precisely to measure quantitatively the presence of harmful vapors in mixtures of vapors, it becomes necessary to stress the importance of providing preventive appliances and practices such as will largely eliminate the entire lot of disturbing vapors or eev, <* dust* I-RJCr EXAMINATIONS Because silica, asbestos, asbestine, talc and tripoli, various sllieatea^and other silicious materials are used in this plant under conditions conducive to dustiness and in fact under conditions of known dustiness, it was deemed desirable to make x-ray examinations of the chest of a snail number of men longest exposed. Accordingly, 19 men were sent to the Roseland Community . Hospital and were examined by Dr. H. A. Petersen. The names of these men now follow, together with minor history items reflecting the nature and extent of exposures! Bar.,-* Ho. Name Operation 12 44 119 219 1723 1345 1717 6 3 ct q 642 1735 1739 2469 2490 2453 2498 2504 2520 222 REDACTED Mill Dressing, Paint and Varnish . Lithopone bagging II Unloading zinc sulfate Asbestos filling; coal tar plant Barium Department e Tripoli filling. Lacquer n Silica filling, Lacquer " FormerMill Dresser . The x-ray films were interpreted by Dr. Petersen, Dr. Hess and Dr. McCord. One typical report is here appended, indicative of the .nature of the examination end findings. Similarreports ars in Dr. Hess's possession on all of these examinees. The corresponding films are retained by the Hoseland Hospital, but are available should the need arise. These films were made through the use of new, veiy modem x-ray equipment, at six feet distance,OJ. second time, with an amperage up to 300 as required, and were made in stereo. Dr. McCord's Comment on the Pustv Lira? Disease Situation! 1) From all these examinees for silicosis, not one suggestive finding has been made. It is possible to state that there is no proof 0007-SWP-000030470 that the silleioua materials used In this plant are bringing about ary known injury to any norloaan In terms of silicosis. If a case of silicosis should be detected among the workers of this plant, it . ...... ' ' v' nay be anticipated that this disease state was produced by exposures in other industries or possibly under other conditions that may hare obtained In this plant in bygone years. 2) Anong the examinations obtained from those workers ex posed to asbestosia (magnesium silicate), two men were found who bare ly suggest a possibility of asbestosia. It is possible that no warrant exists for taking ary notice of these theoretical conditions. Certainly these two workmen should not be told that they suffer from asbestosia, as undoubtedly they would be alarmed, when no alarm is in order. On this account, the names of these workmen are not even recorded, as it Is expectable that they wy live full lives without aiy disability and with out a:y knowledge of their possible trivial impairment. No less, this observation prompts certain recommendations made with reference to addi tional protection against dustiness wherever asbestos is used in large quantities In this plant. 5) The reason for the absence of silicosis among workers handling silica Is probably to be found In the Intermittency and Irregu larity of exposures. If dust counts were made and certain dust counts were made, at the iamedhte time of emptying bags of silica into sixers, grinding eo.uipment, etc, high dust counts would be and were found. However, it must be remembered that this work may be carried out only two or three times per week and only for an hour or two at a time. This is the saving factor in connection with the absence of sili cosis in the paint industry as observed by us in several plants. The work Is too irregular and the exposure is too limited to serve as sufficient causa to bring about silicosia. . 4) In spite of the genuine absence of ary disabling dusty lung disease, the management must recognize the possibility of certain legal compensation hazards. Almost ary one of the examinees above dis cussed, should he so desire, could present a claim'alleging a dusty lung disease and could in truth show on his x-ray film considerable -uantitles of sear or fibrous tissue. Such eases as these, if tried before juries, are almost invariably awarded money. Here In Illinois, where such claims would be presented before compensation boards operat ing under the Occupational Disease laws, it is unlikely that considera tion would be given to these meritlesa claims. Ho less, considerable expense might be involved in defeating these spurious conditions. This leads up to ths point that even though no silleosie is present and none is in prospect, it is desirable that an effort he made to eliminate all possible silieloiis dusts throughout this plenty when equally useful substitutes t.y be applied eaditoipahipulabe.indispensable silicious material with due precaution as to exhausts and the wearing of respirators. rn i 5K--14 ' '* .* ;: .; : ' *,* .* V ." '' i>: . * " ***" . ,"r .V-*w.Av/..,* '*'" V,"t '.*.* * - * . ;^rA, ; /:.; V &.r^Nik^v . v;: :...;\; ?'-!;';.^v.f ].\i /, .'^vj";%'-.? Rosebud Community Kvsyitofe'-.^jVnV'' ROENTGEN DEPARTMENT * Out, D6* 10-15-5T'- ..V MeCord Dt*v t' a..* N*me: REDACTED Ck. #2498 Stierria WillIans Co'.'" ' r, --.v 22 years .' .:-' Exaoined lor:: (Oceupetlen as' Silica filling, Lacquer Department .. (Lunge- stereo--radiographic and fluoroscopic Roentgen finding!: .. . Is there Z&ay evidence oft . ; Aotive tuberculosis? Ho Earlv,. healed or qulesoent tuberoulosiet Pneuaoooaloeie in anv fora? Ho Ho - Extensive linear fibrosis?-- Ho Hodular fibrosis t Ho More than normal amount of fibrosist Ho Marked accentuation of tbs brochit Ho . H M Anv departure from noraal reepiratical Ho Anv lung disease* including nae-tuboroular pathologvt Ho Pleural adhesions,, eapveaa, aapbvfaae, or pneumothorax?. Ho Give in detail the oonditiaa of lunga at shown by Irayt This la a rather long cheat, reasonably symmetrical. The heart and ' ' aortic arch are within noraal linite. There is a alight upward angulation of the outer portion of the left aids of the diaphragm which reseables that doe to' a pleural adhesion. Otherwise the dlaphragn is regular and both costophrenie sinuses are deer. The excursions of the diaphragm are equal and-good." , The root-shadows and lung ssarkiags are withih normal limits,' Iu the- hilums there ere a few' calcified areas, neither lung field contains- ' ' ,, toy definite evidence of paewwebniosis or active tuberculosis. *- v- .. -/h':.; . V T'-\ : A. J. Petersen, E.Bi^. .'.' Vi, x * m?: 'l* ; . r-V-- *. f V N16651.04 0001-SNVP-000030413 r I d u s t conns In a plant of thin character no Bead arise* for the --Icing of largo numbers of teat cowta. Several reasons far this statement exist. The . --- more dangerous dusts batter may be appraised through chemical analyse*! ' c n some instances dust clouds are so dense that it is unnecessary to oaks dust counts in crdar to prove the presence of excessive duet concentrations) a number of duets, particularly in the Chemical Products division, are eater soluble and thus do not lend themselves to ordinary dust count procedures. On the other haul, a number of dust counts will be helpful in order to provide evidence of exceedingly high concentrations. Accordingly, samples have been taken at a few work points where lithopone, silica, black ash and aabestoa are used. The reeults obtained appear in tabular farm at the end of this section. Also there is there preaented one > specimen dust count sheet Indicative of the steps utilised. In general the method of dust collecting and mimpltng is that.................... described in many publications of the United States Public Health reports. The collecting apparatus as shovn in an aecompaiqrlng photograph, chiefly consists of a motor driven rotor type pf pump connected with various ! manometers which permit of calibration la order to record precisely measured quantities of air containing dusts, and lastly an lmplnger submerged in water or other collecting medium. Za practice, measured quantities of air containing duats from 10 to SO feet are drew through the apparatus at the approximate rate of 1 cubic foot per minute. '. At the end of the sample collecting period, the fluid containing the : dust is carefully diluted in standard proportions and eventually a email portion is placed in a microscopic cell under the microscope and the j actual number-of duet partlcler-Lr**'minute fraction' of the sample ..jg 1 counted. Counting may be carried out either by the light field or dark ' field method, each having certain advantages and disadvantages. Zn our own work we invariably use the dark field method ae this yAAlds from 5 to 0 times the number of particles visible through the light field method. j | **<>651.05 0007-SWP-000030474 Equipment Used for Collecting of Dust Eaaples To Be Tailored by Dust Particle Enumeration fro* the duit counts nade a muter of conclusions my be drum and now appeart 1. irregularity and interuittency of axtch. dust work about this plant deprives dust t a*' -values of uch practical significance la o*e inatancaa. For example, a doit const mdo while a warlraan la duuping a doian or wore begs of trlpoll into a hopper nay reveal an enornona hot temporary dustinaaa. This sane operation nay not he repeated.for a weak, jj.though sona fine dusts My remain suspended In the ataosphere for naiy hours , it My not he ' ithat the dust count rereala or prores a practical dust exposure. ' 2. In truth, there are no standards for narking, through dust count raluea, threshold dangers for any given dust. Further, there Is no fixed relationship between raluas obtained respectively through the dark and light field Mthods. S. Regardless of the nature of a dust, It is undesirable that worlapen ........ be exposed to any extraordinarily high dust concentrations. Zn certain places in the plant, dusts of aomwhat harnleaa nature are present in excessively high concentrations. Ewan though those dusts bo rated as incapable of bringing about either poisonings or pulmonary fibrosis, no warrant exists for the perpetuation of these high concentrations. Two such locations are now Motioned by way of. examples, but these two examples are the chief offenders. NaMly, they are llthopone bagging and ato dye finishing and packing. 4. In connection with certain dusts, chiefly in the Cbsulcal Products division, which do not lend thanselves to ordinary dust counts, an apparatus was prepared which puaped aaasured quantities of air through filter papers. The objective was to procure the deposition of colored dusts on these filter papers and thus serve as a Mature of the quantity of dust taken . '* ' * ' up by workers who do not wear respirators. ~Thls brief study was casual and the results are far from couplets or conclusive. At the end of this section the procedure and results, such as were obtained, are presented. 0007-SWP-000030476 Stone Dressing. This Operation Involves The Creation of Silica rust. The tlaheshift Protective Equipment Here Shorn is I.ialevcsta. Potential Danger Associated with this Operation Depends Opor. the lunntity of Silioa Duct Produced and the Frequency cith Which This Operation is Carried Out. Dec; Dust At Tines 'lay be Created. .00003047"? OOOT-S^ 4 i DOST COPHT RB3C1T3 Date of Sailing! 11-1-3? Sasple # 81 Ullllona of duat partlelea leas than 10 mlerons In size per euble foot of air 40.7 Saatpllag point Paint Dapt. TB"--mixing floori filling mixers #12 A end #12 B with #20 dry* Sailing parlod IS minutes. 82 20.1 Coal tar plant; dialing asbestos fibre #1531 for production of Tar 200* Sailing period 6 minutes. 83 2,250 lltbopone Dept.--bagging #2979 dry; (or 2 billion) aaaple taken 8 feet from bag-filling ebute. Stapling period 4 minutes. 84 181 Bleak Ash Plant; filling boat from Popper at end of kiln* Duet oollaeted In aleohol (approx. 90 etnyl, 10i methyl) 86 27 Llthopone Dept. 2nd floor general at mosphere 10 mlnutaa after filling hopper for Raymond mill; sampling period 8 mlnutaa; two mlnutaa later hopper filling we a resumed 87 2,770 Llthopone Dept* 2nd floor. One foot (or 2.7? billion) from hopper above Raymond mill while filling with #2979 dry. All dust partlelea aa counted were below 10 microns in size, and usually below S mlerons* frnmm. 0007-SWP-000030478 1 1 Place DUST COUNT SHEET Mixer 12 A k B........................................... . ... Date....... ?i3L>. Department or Site .... "B Department - Paint . Exact Operation or Condition .**^"8.?? 20. 4r7. Current and Voltage . ................................................. DUST SAMPLING Aneroid Reading.. ..758......................................... Mercury Barometer . Before Test.................... Temperature .................... L188....CC?...... ................... During Test............ Orifice Pressure. Inches..... Duration of Run: Minutes.....15................. Time Start..........1Qi 59.............. Time Finish........iltl.................. Medium...........HgO................................................................................................................ ..... .--............... ...... ....................... Number in series of tests made at this operation _l_ 2 3 4 5 Type of Dust .... ................................................................................................................................................ Remarks on Dust Sampling Quit* dusty; paper bags .4uspe4;....opexn.t.or,,..w.aexi.ag..ma3]c........................... Initials of Sampler-..?--............................................<..... DUST COUNTING ........ lapsed Hours after Collection....JO................................ .......... Dilution.....!!?.*............................ ........................... Average No. of Particles in J cmm.------- $?.?................... .--............... ........ ................................ ........... ....................... m Average Number of Particles in Blank.................................... .......--......... ............ ......................................................... Number of Particles to be Extended........ ?.................... Number of Chambers Counted........ Estimate of Sire of Particles-........ ... ....... ........... ;..................................................................................... Method of Counting: DF.........5.*.*.S*.L.*.M...............................LF..................................................... Value of........................... .....P._ ...E. ...Theta.______ 756 _ 575 - 15 * 1.0S5 X TBty * wr 14,9 Number of Cu. Ft. of Air in Sample. eis x 4 x ao x loop............... _ Dust Particles per Cu. Ft. of Air of Sample............ ............................ ........ Average of any Several Counts at Same TimeRemarks on Dust Counting.................................... Initials of Enumerator. W.N.f. 5lated Information. Calibration of Whipple = 1010 an. 1.01 x 1.01 x 1 : 1.0X cuble am. Mr rmaf pltt A convenient Method tor demonstrating the exctsaiv* dust created hr certain operationa ia the simple procedure of filtering the duet? air through atandard S inch diameter chemical filter paper aupported at the end of a 5 inch diameter glaaa funnel. The auction required to draw the air through the paper ia produced by the aaae apparatua aa ia used for the collection of duet aaaplee in water. The anouat of air filtered ia eaaaured by a dry gas neter placed in the suction line. Several of theae filter platea have been Made, and the reaulta are diaeuaaed below. . Plate 1 . General ataosphare sample in the dry color packing *ooa. S.S cubic feet of air were filtered during a aaapllng period of 12 aihutea. Although during this period only chrome yellow pigment was being packed, a definitely visible depotit waa obtained on the teat filter paper. Plate 11 Dry color packing room. Sample taken near Bill # 1 while filling a barrel with # D-2268 dry, about 5 feet from barrel. . S cubic feet of air were drawn through the filter paper during a period of 1? minute*j the deposit obtained on this plate ia not significantly greater than that found on Plate 1. If thla teat had been made on the platform directly over the magnetic separator, a inch denser deposit would have been found on the teat paper. \ Moat of the duat created by this nlll ia exhausted through the wall by a propeller fan, causing a general nuisance, and at times producing a high lead axposure for anyone walking along tha adjacent platform. (See leed sample # 78) Plata 111 Dry color packing room. This plate waa not made by the filtering technic deacribed above, but ia included in thia serlea aa viaible evidence of high duat concentrations in the air of the packing room over a period of several hours. The duat aettling on 50 square Inchea of the polished metal cover of the duat sampling apparatua during a period of 2} hours waa care fully removed, placed on a clean filter paper, and spread around as a thin deposit about S Inchea in diameter. The horizontal surface frou which this duat was removed was about 15 feat from Kill # 1. The mill had been operating on a chrome green pigment for about one hour prior to the discovery of the duat deposit on the duat sampling apparatua. Plate IT Plate T Aao Dept. 2nd floor. The very heavy deposit on thia plat* Occurred while filtering 2 cubic feet of air over a period of 7 minutes. This test demonstratesthe excessive dustiness created by the operation of filling blendar # 5 with pigment # CP-579. The filter paper was mounted 5 feat from the . enclosure built over the blendar opening, but judging from the heavy cloud of duat which eventually filled the entire room, substantially the earns deposit would have ,boon obtained 10 or 15 feet fron the blender opening. ' Azo Dept. 2nd floor. General atmosphere 5 minute* after filling^blender # 5. The sampling period end amount of air filtered were the same aa for Flat* IT. Only a very light deposit wea obtained on this plate, indicating that moat m . the dust bed settled to the floor in a few minute* after being suspended in the air. OOO'I -yoee .00001' 30*0 ATMOSPHERIC ASAII5ES POR LEAD Wherever lead is known to ba la use, tha possibility exists that aoaa may eater tha atmosphere la tha fore of dart or fvae or both, depending upon the nature of the operation involved. In this plant, the pradoniaant potential exposures to lead is dust. Under a great variety of circumstances, lead is produced and in the absence of protection it is well known that sufficient lead is present to induce lead poisoning. These known lead work places are not so important in connection with this investigation as the borderline work places or the places unsuspected of harboring lead when in fact lead is present. With this idea in mind, carefully measured air samples have been collected under appropriate circumstances, later briefly to be mentioned, and the content of these collected samples have been carefully analyzed for lead, using the new method of Harrold, lleek and Holden. A printed copy of the original work on this method is enclosed herewith as a portion of this report. These reprints hare bean furnished by Dr- Harrold, who has been associated with Dr. McCord during the period that this new method was developed. Applied under proper circumstances, there is no reason to believe that this method Is other than precisely accurate down to a small fraction of a milligram of lead. Prior to the analyses of these lead samples, the method used for collecting the leaded air was primarily that used for collecting air samples for making of dust counts. This method is described in nary ' publications, including *Constructlon and Use of Impinger Dust Apparatus*, United States Public Health Reports, Yol. 47, Ho. 12, March 18, 19S2. In brief, it may be stated that this method primarily consists of a motor which operates a rotor type of pump which ptatp is associated with one or more manometers, which when properly calibrated indicate ' * the passage of shown quantity of air per unit of time, such as 1 foot of air per minute. This apparatus appears in a photograph accompanying anothqr section. This equipment has been transported from place to place and samples of leaded air have been collected ordinarily at the rate of one foot per minute. Whan the concentration of lead was known to be . high, the number of cubic feet of air eolleeted for the sample to be | | i j ] | . ' . j ' , : ; ; ' i I 0007-SWP-000030481 j Ii 1 tested tu low. Conversely, when no tam lend existed, the volwe of the sample was appreciably increased. Using this method, Mrr samples hare been collected and utilised. These shortly are shown In tabular ' form. In considering the significance of these results, It is to be remembered that l.S milligrams of lead par 10 eubie meters of air Is tha threshold upon ehlch It may ba `expected that aoae lead poisoning night............ arise among exposed workman, thus In a sample yielding the result of 150 milligrams, It Is to ba recognized that 100 times tha threshold of danger point exists. Tha accumulated data are now showns H<?s Mr. lead Sampling Point i i IV j ' , 1 1 1.9 Tin Can Dept., soldering ears. 2 11.5 Tin Can Dept., for automatic seam soldering. 5 0.8 Tin Can Dept., hand soldering 4 5.0 Tin Can Dept;, automatic seam soldering 5 0.2 Tin Can Dept., nossle sweating........... 6 .55 Calcium Reclaiming Plant--2nd floor--In front of calcium smelter. **, m. ,* -- 7 .25 Calcium Reclaiming Plant--2nd floor-- ' general atmosphere near calcium pre cipitating tubs. 8 l.S Pront of tan bark furnaces 9 2.7 Tan bark furnace room 10 15.8 Tan bark furnace room near hopper filling 11 2.2 Lead buckle casting machine 15 524 Within lead stack while drawing 14 15.7 Dumping corroded lead Into hopper 15 6.1 Tan bark burner room; lead ash cooling 16 15.4 Litharge grinder--mechanical feeder leak 17 1.4 White lead office 18 218 Willing drums with litharge 20 4.8 White lead grinding--not operating 21 2.5 White lead filter bag room 22 265 White lead grinding--operating--wery dusty*. 25 142 Loading quick process drw 24 264 Drawing llthrsge from furnace> lower doors open 25 98 Same as #24j lower door closed 26 220 Between operators shoveling metallic lead Into fureaee 28 21.8 Dry color packing--#J2082 (orange) 29 202 Dry color packing--#11077 L (green). On platform above belt conveyor 30 470 Dry color packing--#12007 (yellow) 32 27.2 Paint dept. *Bk--adding #20 dry to mixer #6 A S3 164 Paint dept. B*--loading hopper for primer mill (using pigment containing S5* lead--#U2D) 34 145 Paint dept. B*--loading small batch Rx#CX 6595 (using #11077 green) 35 5.4 Paint dept. *B*--general atmosphere 37 35.8 Quick process--water sprinkling cylinders 58 1.59 38 98.5 Quick process--on nmwey over cylinder #47 during pounding process 0007-SWP-000030482 I II | Dutch Process Dhite Lea.l Manufacture. Emptying of Containers of Dhite Lead fron Tenbarl: Stacks. Lead Dust Inevi tably Present.- Possibility of Exten sive Dusntitiss of Carbon Dioxide. i1 i 0007-SWP-000030483 Sample Wo. 59 45 44 45 47 43 49 SO ' 51 52 55 54 56 56 62 65 64 65 66 68 69 70 72 75 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 69 90 lit. Ld SeMpllag Point per 10 ca. getere 25.5 2.1 2.2 5.1 24.6 28.... 280 26 6.5 9.5 5.1 2.7 17.7 4.6 1.4 1.4 2.9 a.7 2.8 4.0 5.8 4.8 2.6 2.0 .75 51.6 2.5 107 8.7 207 16.5 1.6 170 White lead laboratory--sifting litharge for "gram weight teat1 . Beta Haphthol dept.--near chipper Asa lye--loading ne^'iw-^e blender with OP 594, lot 45 ' A*o Ejre--filling druse--sane naterlal aa in #44 Quick proceaa--general nomlng atmosphere-- cylinder* opened during last nlnute of run Write lead packing Blowing 'blue lead*, outside hopper roon Packing red lead In druna Bed lead furnace roon--general atnosphere during blue lead blowing In adjacent room Pigment products--outer office--window open to Bast ...................... White lead department--tally desk--*pulpers* White lead department--wet screening-- pulpera Red lead filter bag room . Tin Can Department--terns plate slitter . Outdoor sample at east side of llthopone building, 15 feet from the wall " ............ Llthopone plant--1st floor--general at mosphere sample--25 feet from Raymond mill Llthopone plant--2nd floor--general atmos phere during filling of Raymond mill hopper. Sample taken 25 feet from hopper Llthopone plant--1st floor near bagging scale ............... " Llthopone plant-filling grinder hopper, northwest corner, 5rd floor Black ash plant--grinding ore and coal Bag salvage, baling bags Lead departments locker roon adjoining white lead plant--4|10 to 4s SO P.M. Superintendent's office. White lead building. Outdoor sample, between buildings 220 (White Lead) and 265. Wind blowing from Write lead stacks toward sampling point. Outdoor sample northeast of white lead building, 25 feet from wall of Stain House (H Department). Dry Color factory, 2nd floor, filling Ho. 3 blender with Ho. 11024 dry Dry Color Factory, 2nd floor, filling Ho. 7 blender with Ho. 11215 dry Dry Color Factory--filling blender So. 4 with Ho. 12074 dry Dry Color Factory--outdoor sample on platform 12 feet from well fan exhausting mill Ho. 1 grinding Ho. 11024 dry Dry Color Factory--packing floor. Filling dnmis with Ho. 11215 dry from blender #7. Exhaust not operating. Same as Ho. 79, ejdraust operating Dry Color Factory--Srd floor (mixing) General atmosphere. Dry Color Factory--mixing floor. Loading mixing tub Ho. 4 with white lead (1100 ibe.) 0007-swr-oo0030484 I Sample a. 40 41 Kg. Lu4 gaP,Utt.SjJ>l ESJi-iff-gaj-jti.tre 100 Lithopone Department--bagging 29 Lithopon# Department--loading grinder hopper . Hagk.flo 12 19 51 42 46 57 67 71 91 nt wnV* on Water ttsed.-7.. Tad Sample! Total mg. Fb la 250 ml. g=0 Equivalent i Pb/lo cm. m. air .006 - .ca ;ca .006 .008 .19-.. .25 .25 .14 .19 . Double distilled enter stored In prrex bottle (samples 47 to 56) .006 .14 Triple distilled water stored In soft glass bottle (samples 62 to 90) .006 .14 .006 .14 .01 .25 \ ! i I i i. i i t 0007-SWP-000030485 Thite Lead filling. Twisty Operation Csllin.- for 7c."'.:er Protection and Cleanliness of P.-er.ises I 0007-SWP-000030486 Count on jir Analyses for Lead ! 1) The saving (t ih In this plant with respect to protoetioa ; against lead la the faithful Tearing of respirators. Many plants complain * that It Is well nigh lmpoe-' * to enforce the wearing of respirators. . In this plant, to the contrary, on no occasion hare these investigators ....................... . ..................... observed Ben regularly employed In known lead exposures working without . 'I | i ; respirators. If this were not so, it is believable that at. all tines there would be large nuabers of lead poisoning cases under observation aaong the . total group of workmen. In short, this statement means that very obviously . lead in aary varieties is present in nary places throughout this plant - in quantities constituting a practical threat to the unprotected workman. j l ' 2) Hot only is lead present in the atmosphere in places where it is expectable, but as a result of years of tracking about, almost the entire ' plant nay be shown to contain soae lead, far exaaple, in the office of the Superintendent of the Pigment Products Department, it is possible to show that during the course of every day work, these officers of the coapaiy perhaps breathe as such as ?> milligrams of lead. As a result, it is known that one or aore of the managerial group in this department present soae evidence of lead absorption. It is the intent of this consent to maintain i | that on a qualitative basis lead exposure is universal to this plant and . that lead poisoning conceivably might arise in any work place outside of . such departments as office, medical, etc. 3) In going over the results above tabulated, it mey be observed ' that certain of the results are amazingly highs la comparison with the thresh '' ' ' old of beginning danger. In addition to providing an Immediate local potential ! exposure, it is possible that this lead may be carried out in air streams i into other departments making no use of lead and conceivably at least . into different buildings. This section is written up at a time when complete ,* returns from all analyses are not yet in, but even so there is the suggestion j : ; that eir-borna laad may play some part in the results obtsinsd in lead analyse*. ! 4) It is noteworthy that harmful quantities of lead in th* form j of fume may be demonstrated in the Tin Can Pleat, chiefly associated with : ________________ ___ --^B(---__ _______ -wmmmmmmm 0001-SWP-000030487 automatic soldering operations. The difficult? that exists leading to this undesirable situation is not enough air is being pulled through the exhaust system. Moreover, as we have pointed out in special die- cusslons, the hoods over the operations are in naqr instances located too high to be truly effective. . 5) Another section of this report is devoted to blood findings, constituting some evidence of lead absorption. A fair correlation exists between these air analyses for lead and the otherwise reported blood analyses. This correlation cannot be perfect or complete, owing to the fact that large nrnbers of workers wear respirators, thus upsetting the blood pictures that would arise in the absence of this laudable protection. S) The widespread and high quantities of lead give rise to the thought that aore attention Bust be paid to the fitting and servicing of respirators in this plant. By and large, there are some 76-100 men in this plant who are near the threshold of lead poisoning. An acute respiratory disease, alcoholic bout, a gaatro-Intestinal upset night readily precipitate disabling lead poisoning in try one of these workmen. It is highly desirable that exposures be kept as low as possible through the use of not only respirators but respirators that adequately fit and which are adequately cleaned and otherwise serviced at frequent intervals. Moreover, it seen* necessary to recoamend the aore extansive use of respirators than has existed heretofore. By this la meant that in evsty department where nost of the workers are now faithfully wearing respirators, there ore, in addition, probably three or four worisen who feel themselves insuffielsntly exposed to war -ant respirator wearing. Evidence seeas to be to the contrary. 7) The legal emotion of this report found In Yolnme I discute#a our finding of a distribution of lead In many non-lead using buildings through out the plant, for example, it may be acted that the attendant la the nail building maaufaeturlng earboa dioxide gae whloh la Just cutalde the Quick Pro cess building la showing some trivial signs of lead absorption. If in fast he has lead absorption, this probably is due to leod in the general atmosphere swept in under his bo Here but originating in the Qnlek Proeeea room or saw othar noaxbjr Load sparatios. To troll rapotltlon, additional ooaaont eoeatet on tbit aubjoet It troliad, but raftraaoa la salt to tbo Local otstloB for t continuation of thla nattopt. 8) Za ganoral, It la tbo latoat of tbla dlaouaalaa to phaalzo that loti lo blgb auaatltloa la proaatt alasat oromrbaro la tbo ttasapboro la tad out of bulldlnga ooaaaotod with tbit plant. Tbo altuatloa la as aarloua at to warrant tbo esaeozm botb of tbo Looal tad ganaral offloo aanagoooat. 0007-SWP-000030489 Xrpniud Iron Tic Jocrnuv or t**rtr*ut Btcttae aw To i*t Vot. il. X 10. Dmter. IM A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD WHEN FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE* G. C. Hutaou>, S. F. Muz an d F. R. Ho l d en from At likiuttritl fftft'liu Dtptrtmtnl, Ckrytltr Cerpersltm, Dttrtil, UiM/t* HE determination of lead in that too many of the methods require T mall amounts found in air equipment not available to the average hat been carried out in the worker in industrial sanitation, we past by some modification of Fparior-pose in this method to limit the ball's chromate method (1,2). These use of expensive or special equipment. modifications include those using the The details of the sampling ap S-diphenylcarbaxide developed by Ca- paratus can be obtained from papers seneuve (3) as an indicator for hex* written by Greenburg el al. (18) and avalent chromium. Kehoe (4, S) and Bloomfield (19). Ordinary items of others found this method inferior to a Pyrex laboratory glassware will be the spectroscopic determination (6, 7) only other items of equipment neces especially when used for biological sary. material. Electrolytic methods have Sampling procedure /or lead.--Using also been proposed (8) as have various a modified Greenburg-Smith impinger colorimetric procedures (9, 10). Re* and air sampler, one collects ordinary cently a number of investigators (11, lead dust composed of lead oxides, 12, 13, 14, 15) have developed modifi etc., in 250 cc. of lead-free distilled cations of Fischer (16) and Leopoldi's water. For some lead compounds and (17) dithiaone method for the quanti lead fumes where it is best to collect tative determination of lead for use in the sample in a dilute nitric acid solu various types of investigations. We tion, one uses 10 ce. of concentrated have for some time used a modification nitric acid (C.P., Sp. G. 1.42-1.43) of this method for the determination in the 250 ce. of distilled water. Inas of lead in air. much as we, for the sake of conveni Inasmuch as we know of no other ence and accuracy, in evaporation, method which permits one to collect ordinarily use 500 cc. Pyrex wide- and analyse so many samples of air mouth Erlenmeyer flasks with 250 cc. that may be lead-contaminated, we of distilled water, the quantities of describe here the sampling and analys acid and subsequent reagents are ing procedure in the hope of contribut based on that procedure. Should one ing to the development of rapid and use other collection bottles, containing accurate methods for the determina less distilled water (75-150 cc.) as in tion of toxic substances in the field of some types recently described (20), industrial hygiene. Since it is felt modified reagent amounts should be `Received for publication May 20,1238. used. 724 N16651. 0007-SWP-000030490 1i vol. It, no. 101 DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 725 The sampling time (or quantities of Ch e mic a l An a l y s is lead which will approximate 1.5 or less mg. per 10 cu. m. of air should be from 30 to 40 minutes. In areas where the amounts of lead are greater than 1.5 mg. per 10 eu. m. of air, the time of sampling should be reduced according to the concentration as the amounts of lead analysed by this Preparation of Solution*.--Prepare (1) a 5 per cent ammonium citrate solution from dtric add by the addi tion of ammonium hydroxide until just alkaline to litmus paper. (2) 10 per cent solution of potassium cyanide. (3) Load extractive solution.--Mix method are. in the neighborhood of thousandths of a milligram, and should not exceed 0.1 mg. The sample is collected either with the 10 cc. of concentrated nitric acid added or in pure distilled water. If collected in pure distilled water, add the same quantity (exactly 10 cc.) concentrated nitric acid after collec tion. The sample is boiled in the original sampling Bask until the quan tity is slightly less than 90 cc. After cooling, place in 100 cc. volumetric flasks. Wash the sampling flask with two 5 cc. portions of distilled water and add this wash water to the volu metric flask. Then dilute to the mark with distilled water. Remove an aliquot portion of 5 cc. which quan tity will contain approximately 0.5 cc. of concentrated nitric add. It is important to add exactly 10 cc. of nitric acid and no more. Too little add will cause destruction of the dithisone reagent. Too great an amount will lower the pH below 9.7 which la the alkalinity to which the lead extractive solution has been adjusted. This has been shown to be the optimum pH by Clifford and Wichmxnn (21). The reagents have 15 cc. of 10 per cent potassium cyanide solution and 20 cc. of ammonium dtrate solution with S3 cc. of concen trated ammonium hydroxide (Sp. G. 0.9), and then add 450 cc. of water. (This solution is used to neutralise the excess nitric . acid, and provide the proper pH of from 9.5-10.) (4) Dithiton* extradite ulution.--5 cc. potassium cyanide 10 per cent, 15 cc. concentrated ammonium hy droxide to 500 cc. of water. (5) Dithiuno solution.--25 mg. dltbitone per liter of pure chloroform. Standard load solution.--1.398 gr. lead nitrate (recrystallised) in 1000 cc. of 0.1 per cent nitric add solution. 1 cc. of this solution - .001 gr. lead - 1 mg. lead. 10 cc. of above is diluted to 1000 cc. Whence 1 ec. of the dilution solution .01 mg. lead. All reagents should be of the highest purity obtainable. Detailed procedure.--15 ec. of the lead extractive solution is placed in each of the Squibb separatory fun nels. Exactly 5 cc. of the unknown sample contained in the 100 cc. volu metric flask is added. Then add the dithisone solution from a burette in been adjusted to care for all commonly 0.3 cc. portions, shaking the separatory interfering metallic ions, but this will funnel after each addition until a not be true unless the described condi slight purple tinge is noticed in the tions are followed precisely. chloroform layer. The dithisone in 0007-SWP-000030491 I 726 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY (Off.. IMS chloroform layer turns a bright cherry red when shaken with lead-containing solutions. Alter alt the lead has been extracted, any excess dithirone changes the color from cherry red to purple. Then add pure chloroform from a burette in sufficient amount so that the total of dithirone solution and chloroform are equal to exactly 10 cc. Shake again for not over 10 seconds (14). Allow the layers to separate. Drain the chloroform layer into an other Squibb separatory funnel con taining 20 cc. of the dithirone extractive solution. The chloroform layer is shaken with the 20 ec. of dithirone extractive solution and treated with a second portion of 20 cc. of dithirone extractive solution if too great an excess of dithirone has been added. The color of the result ing chloroform solution is a bright, clear cherry red. It has been shown (14) that two extractions are usually sufficient. After the chloroform layer has set tled, place the stopper in the separa tory funnel. The drop at the top of the aqueous layer is brought to the bottom by repeating the tapping and shaking with a slight rocking motion, and one draws the chloroform layer into a test tube or comparator tube, first wiping the inside of the stem of the separatory funnel with a cotton swab or pipe cleaner to remove mois ture. These test tubes or comparator tubes are then stoppered and kept tightly closed. Three (3) standard solutions con taining 0.005 mg., 0.01 and 0.015 mg. of lead respectively are made at the same time that the unknowns are prepared for analysis. These stand ards are made as follows: For the 0.005 milligram Uandari.-- 5 cc. of the dilute lead nitrate standard is added to 40 cc. of water and 5 cc. of concentrated nitric acid added; then, after this solution has been thoroughly mixed, a 5 ec. portion is taken and treated exactly as described for the unknowns. Use proportionately larger amounts of the dilute lead nitrate standard for the other standards. To make up' standards containing 0.045 mg. or more of lead, use the concentrated lead standard containing 1.0 mg. lead per cc. Thus, for making an 0.07 mg. standard, add 0.7 cc. of the concentrated lead standard to 5 cc. of nitric acid and dilute to 56 cc. with distilled water. Take 5 cc. of this quantity for analysis. The re sultant pH is 9.5-10 under conditions as stated. ' These standards, after the lead extraction and the removal of excess dithisone, are placed in tubes similar to those used for the unknown samples. By placing the unknown sample between the two standards that are nearest the unknown in shade and holding up in front of a standard source of white light, one is able to determine the lead content within 0.001 mg. This does not hold when more than 0.1 mg. of lead is present in the sample taken for analysis. Best results are obtained when the portion taken for analysis contains less than 0.04 mg. of lead. Dis c u s s io n These lead standards, on which analyses are based, must be made fresh every day. We have found that there is a slight but measurable fading of color on exposure to light. How- rot. it, no. 10| DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 727 ever, this fading is negligible during the unknown is compared to a standard the course of s working d*y, especially sensibly inferior to it in strength if the standards are protected from as when the unknown is approximately - light during the time not in actual use. equal to or less concentrated than the While we found some samples which standard. did not fade, the only way to be It is obvious that, when one is certain of accurate results is to prepare collecting samples that may have a the standard each day. We We lead content greater than those for further found that if pure reagents which the foregoing has been designed, and Pyrex glassware funnels and one may use a smaller portion of the comparing tubes are used no blank total sample, provided one adds suffi determination is necessary. It is, cient nitric acid to bring the solution however, advisable to test all solutions up to the proper acidity. It is, how and glassware for lead. Should any ever, recommended in the analysis of materials or solutions prove to have air that, when the operator collecting enough lead to give a pronounced red the sample has reason to suspect larger color when 1 cc. of the dithisone quantities of lead in the air, be should reagent is used, the entire quantity of reduce the sample from 30 or 40 cu. ft. this material should be treated to to IS cu. ft. or less. remove lead. All glassware should be rinsed with dilute nitric acid and tested with the dithisone reagent Moomcanow t o In s u r e Gr e a t e r Ac c u r ac y * before use. We have found that, due Clifford and Wichmann (21) have to distinguishability of the shades developed a further refinement of the produced at these concentrations, ob general method of analysis of lead by servers are able to state the coneen- dithisone reagent. This modification s trationa of the unknown solutions to is what they call a "mixed color" within 0.001 mg. Furthermore, we method. have found that solutions compared A slight change in the previously in this way when analysed by means discussed procedure based on their of the colorimeter agreed in all cases work will enable one to determine lead within 0.001 mg. amounts with increased accuracy, and Due to evaporation of chloroform under certain conditions more ex when in the open colorimeter cup, peditiously. we have found that this method is as The only change in reagent or ap accurate as that in which the color paratus is the making up of additional imeter is used unless special, time solutions of dithisone. consuming and laborious precautions General.--Dissolve respectively 4 are taken. It is recommended that mg. and 10 mg. of dithisone in 1 liter the unknown being compared to a of chloroform (store in brown bottles). standard be referred to a standard All the former discussion is relevant which is stronger than itself. A great until one adds the dithisone when the number of tests checked with a following changes in procedure become colorimeter have shown that the necessary. comparisons are not as accurate when In plaice of adding dithisone to the 0007-SWP-000030493 ! 728 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY- IDe.; IMS lead extractive eotution containing the lead, until a slight purple tinge Appears, one adds a known volume of known concentration of the dithisone reagent. These concentrations are so adjusted as to give colors ranging from green through blue-green to purple shades, and finally a cherry red. We have found it advantageous to use small known amounts of the weak est dithisone reagent for the unknown sample and the same solution for the standards nearest the unknown in lead concentration. Then by adding a definite-volume of the stronger solution, the unknowns having larger lead content may be determined. Other standards will then be made up containing larger known quantities of lead and the dithisone will be added in two portions, one, the known amount of weak dithisone as added to the weak stand ards, and the second portion of stronger dithisone as added to the unknown sample. By following this method of adding the dithisone reagent, an unknown containing up to 0.2 mg. of lead may be accurately determined. Most rou tine work demands no more than four to six standards. DeLailtd procedure.--Collect sample as previously mentioned. Add S cc. of the unknown sample contained in 100 cc. volumetric flasks to 15 cc. of lead extractive solution. Shake thor oughly and add 5 cc. of the dithisone solution containingi mg. per L. Shake vigorously. This amount and concen tration it very sensitive for from 0 to 0.005 mg. of load. If the dithisone solution turns a cherry red indicating that the unknown contains larger amounts of lead, one then adds .5 cc. of the 10 mg. per L. dithisone reagent which will be sensitive with the di- thixone already added, up to about 0.015 mg. of lead. Should the color still be cherry red, it is recommended that 5 cc. of the 25 mg. per L. solution be used. This will increase the lead which can be determined up to about 0.05 mg. If still larger quantities of lead are present, one may add the successive increments of the 25 mg. per L. dithisone up to about 25 cc. when the sensitive limit will be reached. This procedure will allow a top limit of about 0.25 mg. to be determined. It is recommended, how ever, that a smaller aliquot portion of the total lead sample be used, should one have over 0.15 mg. in the sample, e Draw off the chloroform layer contain ing the lead dithisone complex into the comparator tubes and compare with the standards. 'The greatest sensitivity is found when using the deeper purple shades. The standard lead solutions made a as previously described are the tame volume as the unknown sample. They must be treated exactly as the un known sample. It is cautioned that the analyst should never compare unknown samples which approach to near cherry-red color. It is further recommended that when greater accu racy is desired the number of stand ards be increased so that the range in lead content is never more than 0.002 mg. between any two standards. Discussion.--'This procedure has, in addition to a greater accuracy, the advantage that larger samples can be analysed with no sacrifice in accuracy.' Using this modification with an aliquot of 1 cc. of the 100 cc. sample, it would be possible to analyse air accurately 0007-SWP-000030494 !. /*, M. m DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 729 containing up to 700 ag. of lead per 10 cu. m. of air. Using smaller aliquots, the limits could be raised much higher, though the need for such a procedure can not be foreseen at this time. Conversely it should be possible to analyse air containing even less than 0.001 mg. of lead in 10 cu. m. of air. excellent discussion of the various modifications of the dithisone analysis for lead. Su r v s t or Ad e q u a c y or t h e Me t h o d The following analytical data pic ture the accuracy of thS procedure under various conditions. The error involved in this method im list A*M 0 005 0.006 0 01 0 015 0.02 0 025 0.03 0 035 0 04 0 05 0 06 0.1 0 IS AneevTfocm* Mt coioai KltM 91 *4. 0 0053 0.0078 0.0104 0 0158 0.0202 0 0261 0 0314 0.0346 0 0411 0 0489 0 0782 0.1024 0 1528 1 M- 0 0048 0.0062 0 0104 0 0148 0 0209 0 026 0.0306 0.0341 0 0406 0 0506 0 079 0.1031 0 1538 TABLE 1 BUM a mb c w t nm mnr* c o mt a b iw v m tv MBTVVB VBX (TttU VBBBBTtBB) % +6.0 (1) +2.5 +4.0 +5 2 +4.5 +4 4 +4 7 -2.6 +2 8 -2.2 -2.3 +2.4 +2.4 *#. 0.005 0.008 0.011 0 015 0 021 0 026 o cot 0.033 0.04 0.046 0 061 0.101 0 153 - ** 0 005 0.007 0.000 0.014 0.02 0.028 0 030 0.035 0.041 0 052 0.064 0.103 0 146 0.005 0.006 0 009 0.015 0 02 0.024 0.030 0 034 0 038 0 052 0.062 0.006 0 140 TABLE I !.* 5MU 0 005 0 006 0 01 0025 0 04 0 05 0 06 0.1 anevTB vvv a u . ammo** m timntofk rcn (t v v o mu v im) y. 0.005 0 007 0 009 0 034 0 042 0 051 0.062 0.104 0.004 0.006 0.011 0.024 0.039 0.05 0.077 0.007 At. 0 0045 0 0075 0.01 0.024 0.0405 0 0505 0.0795 0.1005 tucin vm votmtB vmo c bbv -- PkNm 0.005 0.006 0.011 0.025 0.040 0 030 0.061 0 100 0.005 0 006 0.01 0:025 0.040 0.051 0.061 0.100 At. 0.005 0006 0.0105 0.025 0.040 0.0505 0.081 0.100 Should photometric apparatus be available, this procedure can be made more rapid than the details as outlined. Clifford and Wichmann (21) give a complete description of the technic to be used in this ease as well as ah compares very favorably with those results obtained with the colorimeter. Greater practice in distinguishing shades of color on the analyst's part leads to closer approximations to the actual lead concentration. 0007-SWP-000030495 730 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE TOXICOLOGY |De., mi Result* obtained using the modified method compered to results obtained by the method when all excess ditbiione is removed are shown in table 2. These figures indicate that an analyst familiar with the variations in tints produced by addition of excesses of dithisone can obtain results accu rate to less than 3 per cent of the lead present. The error is of course greater when very small quantities are an alysed. For this reason, the analyst should so choose his sample aliquot that it contains between 0.005 and 0.15 mg. of lead. This is not difficult after a short familiarity with the method. The speed of the method is not appreciably affected inasmuch as the extractions with dithisone extrac tive solution are eliminated. iNTEnratiNct or Me t a l Io n s The only interference which occurs with diphenylthiocarbasone in the solutions used is that due to stannous tin, bismuth and thallium. We have neglected thallium because of the small amounts of this material used in industry. Bismuth and tin do not interfere due to the txetu ammonium hydroxide and ammonium citrate which remove these metals while in . combination with dithisone. It is not known how completely this pro cedure removes the interferences. It may be that compensatory errori cause the removal to appear complete. However, it has been observed that, in the analysis of air containing solder particles with a composition of approx imately SO per cent tin and 50 per cent lead, no appreciable error is evident. The following experiment was made. Air samples containing the unknown material were divided into two equal parts after the addition of nitric acid. One portion was treated as suggested by Clifford and Wichmann (21) for removal of tin and the lead then determined by the "mixed color" method. The other portion was treated by the "one color" method described in this article. Ho appre ciable error was evident. The results are shown in table 3. TABLE S (UuAuIt <* (nil inofii] #. *. 1 0.093 0.099 2 0.03 0.023 3 0.04 0.040 4 0.012 0.011 TABLES Lx a b Fo c k d in Pu is n c s or iNTXarsaiNO Eu k s n t s US* SMtt tsis* tTstruom Us* tw sliii icemti N- 0 02 0.01 0.021 0.02 0.01 0.019 0.04 0.01 0 041 0.04 0.01 0.04 0 02 0.01 0 01 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0 041 It may prove advantageous if a problem involving bismuth and lead should arise to remove the bismuth by Willoughby's procedure (22), al though it appears that reasonable results for routine work can be ob tained without such preliminary re moval if quantities for analysis are above 0.01 mg. This stand is taken in view of the errors of air sampling but cannot be condoned should ex treme accuracy be desired. - 0007-SWP-000030496 K>l. It, M. Ml DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 731 These results shown in tsble 4 were standards that are used in the analysis obtained by using the method as given of the unknown sample. We have in the general procedure, using the used the method for other determina dithixone extractive solution to remove tions than air analysis and, in such excess dithixone. In actual practice, cases, it is of course necessary to where it is used with lead, the inter determine an accurate blank. This, ference is found to be negligible even however, we find in most cases to be when the shortened routine method 0.001 mg. or less. This is not true is used. for various organic materials requiring Companion ofthree methodi.--It wss digestions and other manipulations. found that, when using a modified In conclusion, it should be explained indirect chromate method, results that the value of this procedure is felt were invariably higher than they to lie in the rapid sampling and analy should have been. As used by us, the sis of lead in air to the end that control excess of standard hexavalent chro of industrial hazards may be accom mium was determined colorimetrically plished. Much difficulty in studying using diphenylearbaside as the indica complex industrial problems arises be- tor, aer lead chromate had been separated by filtration. Our results seem consistent with the spectroscopic results obtained by TABLE5 Across Ssurus w it s Iirrsarzaiira 8caSTXWCSS PaXSSXT another laboratory, and about the same order of accuracy as other results tttSlTIM1 CUOHATI rrao'k** mnnr filTtitWI Mmoi.UAi gwa<powc 4HMTM.UAI previously presented. Dimatien of error in otr analyeii.-- The accuracy of this method when a 0.01 mg. sample or more is taken for analysis is certainly greater than *#. 0 025 0.035 0.033 0.034 0.017 0 024 0.0IS 0.021 f. 0.0152 0.0245 o.oiet 0.0227 \ needed when the errors of sampling technic are considered. Inasmuch a* cause not enough determinations can I there is no point in having a method be made in the time allotted for such 1 much more sensitive than the whole study. process of collection of sample and analysis, it is felt that, because of the SmausT speed in analysis and the smaller We have presented a means of sampling time that is directly related collecting and analyzing lead in any to the smaller quantities of lead which form using a minimum of expensive can be accurately analysed, this equipment. No colorimeter need be method is much superior to the used if this procedure is followed, and methods previously used in lead analy the only special equipment needed is sis of air samples. the air sampler and impinger. It is It is further to be noted that no recognised that by making blank blank has been found necessary be determinations Fyrex separatory fun cause the same solutions and amounts nels and high purity chemicals are not of chemicals are used in malting up the required. 0007-SWP-000030497 4 i 732 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY |De,, ItX BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. FilUiU., L. T.: Lead studies. Esti mation of miaou amount* of lead in biolofical material. Tilt Joan., 4,4 (1922-33). 2. Faruali,L.T.: Lead studies. A rapid method of analysint urine for lead. J. Biol. Cbem., 40,483 (1924). 3. Caiman, P.: Bur la dipbenylcarba- cide, reaetif trie eenaible de quslques compotes meulliquea (cuirre, mer- cure, fer au maximum, aeide ebro- miquc). J. de pbarm. et de ehim., It, 150 (1900). 4. Knot, R. A., Tiattarnr, F., am Clonal, J.: On the normal absorption and eterttion of lead. Tilt Joct., IS, 237 (1933). ......... 3. Knot, R. A., Tiaiamr, F., am Ciotai, J.: Normal absorption and eieretion of lead. J. A. M. A., 104, 90-92 (1933). 8. Clout, J.: The quaatiutive spectro- fraphic determination of lead in urine. J. Am. Cbem. Soc., 47, 104 (1935). 7. Cuotai, J.: Quantitative spectro- fraphic determination of lead in bio logical material!. J. Ind. En*. Cbem,, Anal. Ed., 7,287 (1933). 8. Currou, P. A., am Wieuanv, H. 8.: Metbode for deunniaation of lead in foods. V. Electrolytic method. J. Assoc. Official A|r. Cham., 17, 123 04). 9. WicaxaJnr, H. S., am Vouia, F. A., Ja.: Methods for determination of lead is foods. VI. Colorimetric dithitone method. Ibid., 17, 130 (1934). 10. Vouia, F. A., J*., am Currou, P. A.: Methods (or determination of lead in foods. IV. Colorimetric sul fide method. Ibid., 17, 119 (1934). 11. Atironr, N. L., am Biu k u iu , G. H.t A new method for the determination of Ittd in orfsaic material with special reference to dysttufla. Analyst, 47,440 (1932). 12. Rota, J. R., am Lacan, C. C.t A new method for the determination of minuu amounts of lead in urine. Canadian Med. Assn. J., tf, 449 (1933). 13. WicuaKD, H. 8., Mannar, C. W,, Hauls, M., Currou, P. A., Loren- IT, J. H., am Vouia, F. A., Ja.: Methods for determination of lead in foods. J. Assn. Official Air. Cham., 17, 108 (1934). 14. Wid t h , 0. B., Ro iik io k , H. M., Lam, F. W., am Miuxn, E. J.: Determination of lead. J. Ind. Enf. Cbem., Anal. Ed., 7,363 (1933). 15. Wiu u h s , E. 8., Ja., Wtunoonar, C. E.. Kaaxma, E. O., am Bum, F. L.: Dstermination of minute amounts of lead in biolofical material. Ibid., 7, (1935). 14. Fitcmia, H.t Uber den Nachweie von Sehwcrmetallen mil Hilfe von "Dithiton'1 (Dipbenylthiocarbaron). Anfew. Cbem., 44, 1023 (1929). Mikrocbemie, 1,319 (1930). 17. Fiscaii, H,, am Ltorout, G.: Colorimetrisebe Bettimmunf von Blei und Xupfer mit Dithison. Antes. Cbem., 47,90 (1934). 18. Kan, 8. H.. 8u it i, G. W,, Mt iis , W. M., Tnoartn, L. J., Ik o il s , M., am Gutxscao, L.: Comparative teste of instruments for determinint atmospheric dusts, etc. U. 8. *ub. Health Bull. no. 144 (1923). 19. BtMinits, J. J.: The samplinf and analysis of industrial dusts. Am. Pub. Health Assn. Year Book, 1835 1934, p. 84. 20. Hares, T., Wauu, H.. am Dainica, P.t Modified form of the GreenburfSmith tmpinfer for field use, with a study of its operatinf characteristics. Tin Joca., >4,8 (1932). 21. Currou, P. A., am Wicntaxw, H. 8.: Dithisone method for the determina tion of lead. J, Assoc. Official Afr. Cbem., It, 130 (1934). 22. WiuonomtT, C. E., Wiuiaws, E. 8., am Knarura, E. 0.: Determination of lead. J. Ind. Enf. Cbem., Anal. Ed., 7, 283 (1935). * 0007-SWP-000030498 BLOOD EXAMINATIONS OF TOBKERS PRESOUABIi EXPOSED TO LEAD In the desire to protect corkers against the action of lead, it would be most valuable to have available some test which would serve as an indication of the Intake of lead at a time prior to acy clinical manifestations of lead poisoning or any discomfort or impairment on the part of the worker. Since lead poisoning is an accumulative disease, it is apparent that always there is a period during which lead is being taken into the body in the absence of any readily demonstrable ill effects. A test of this character does exist and apparently yields re sults of high fidelity. While not utterly free from possibility of error, this test when applied to groups of wortaen exposed to lead or who may be exposed to lead will ordinarily yield findings marking those persons who are absorbing lead and who are being affected by lead, but are not in a tone attracting attention because of discomfort, disability, weakness or medical signs. This test is called the basophilic aggregation test, the full nature of which is set forth in an accompaiying printed bulletin. In brief, this test is based upon the proved fact that whenever lead is being absorbed into the body, its action is to stimulate the appearancel in the blood stream of large numbers of immature red blood cells. These immature red cells possess certain chemical constituents that separate them from ordinary red blood cells found in all blood in large numbers. Among normal persons, these immature red cells are present only in trivial numbers, usually in such range as ,4)t or .8?. A few normal persons may show per centages as high as l.S and any figure below 2JC may not be .regarded with concern. When, on the other hand, percentages exceed 2, in persons exposed to lead who are otherwise normal, the strong inference may be drawn that lead absorption is taking place. A fair number of other conditions and other materials may give rise to positive results from this test. Persons with any anemia, and particu- 0007-SWP-000030499 l I j i Le'-.'1 Chrour.ts Operition. The "stint of "roosure In Sane `leisure Te.oen.is 3poa the "rinoinj bp end Tr totals of Material AlloreJ to Aaaunulate on Floors. 0007-SWP-000030500 laxly pernicious anemia are prone to hare high percentages of instore cells. It is believed that the results of benzol, toluol and similar cheaicals may occasion a poaitire test. It has been reported that in silicosis this test is poaitire, but this awaits real proof through additional work. All in all, this test, as described in the printed material, furnishes a fair index of those work areas in this plant where lead is being manipulated or at least where lead in some form or other is reach ing workmen. In this plant, 1057 tests hare been carried out. Large numbers of these tests were carried out in 'non*, lead using areas for control purposes. In certain instances, series of tests were carried out because of the suspicion that although lead was not manipulated therein, lead was being transported through air currents, trackage, or otherwise. The distribution of the total number is as follows* Mechanical 147, Lithopone 127, Chemical Products Beta 29, Chemical Products 71, Safety 28, D17 Color 96, Receiving and Stores 57, White Lead 41, "C" Department, 4, *D* Department 5, Lacquer 51, General Office (controls) 14, Power Department 2, Service Department 2, Azo lye 1, Employment Department (control) 1, Red Lead 18, Quick Process White Lead 27, White Lead Stacks SO, Chemical Products Laboratory 19, Tobias Department 15, "? Department 6, "H* Department 16, Varnish 16, Puchsina 20, Coal Tar 25, 104th St. Warehouse 15, "B* Department 22, Tin Can Plant 165, Allied Research 1, "A* Department 7, Aeetanilid 5. ' Prom the entire list of examinees, there are here presented a listing by departments of those persons whose B.A. tests are in excess of 2. Also for purposes of comparison, an unselected list of thirty-five controls are here shown to indicate the definitely lower range for those persons * unexposed to lead. Tin Can Department Same Badge Bo. Occupation B.A. REDACTED 5065 5081 5085 Packer 2.1 Tin slitter 2.4 Solderer 5.1 0007-SWP-000030501 "3" Department toe Coal Tar REDACTED Fuchsine Varnish "H" Department "Fn Deoartaent White Lead Stacks ' . Cuick Process Whjtf |^ad Fed Lead Chemical Product s Beta : Lacauer White Lead pept. _ . . Radze No. Occuoation 42 Mixer 57 Mixer Sal- 2.S 3.0 642 Operator 2.7 676 Ml11aan 2.1. 1651 Manufacturer 3.0 358 7 2.4 384 Cooker 2.4 231 Mixing 2.2 861 Dryer 4.0 864 Setting 2.0 873 Setter S.l 874 Scaleaan 2.1 894 Drawing 3.6 8S2 Drawer 3.5 768 772 . 779 786 793 799 684 758 676 694 706 709 723 722 855 1338 1391 1407 2503 802 809 822 Uo. Mo* 826 836 Uo. 840 Washing 2.9 Fireman 3.9 Fireman 2.1 Washer 2.4 Blowing lead 2.9 7 2.1 Pounder 3.0 Sprinkler 2.4 Mlllaan Assistant Foreman Fireman Fireman Assistant Foreman Fireman Laborer 2.1 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.1 4.0 2.1 Neutralizer 2.3 Filling 2.3 Pressman 2.4 Uillm&n 2.0 Pulper Operator Laborer Filing and shipping Chemist Sup't Laborer Laborer Chemist Millwright 2.5 2.7 2.0 2.6 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 0007.,Styp -000030502 Receiving and Stores Dry Color Name REDACTED Chemical Product a Llthooone Mechanical Controls Badge Ho. Occupation B.A. 2183 219s 2202 asi Coalman Trucking 7 Trucking 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.1 2050 1999 2011 1962 1984 1981 1982 Pulper Pressman Preaa Supervisor un ^ Striker Labor Pressman 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.4 4.2 1455 1451 1460 1479 1491 1496 Striker Cooper Blending Janitor Janitor Acid Blower 2.5 2.1 2.5 4.2 2.1 2.3 1855 1811 1825 1710 1719 1728 1742 1758 1776 1782 Laborer Laborer Laborer Foreman Oiler Packer Dryer Mills)an Laborer Laborer 2.5 2.6 2.0 2.3 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.5 2857 2891 Blacksmith 2.1 Electrician 2.3 Mo. <i r R R R R R R R R R R R R ". R R R R 2554 2574 Monthly 1429 1416 1459 Stenographer 0.5 ft 0.8 Clerk 0.7 Stenographer 1.2 Secretary 0.6 R 1.0 Sales 0.8 Clerk 0.5 Secretary 0.6 Buyer 0.3 Sales 0.7 Stenographer 0.8 Sales 0.5 Clerk 1.0 Chemist (Lith.) 6.5 R 0.4 R 0.7 Clerk 0.9 Chemist (Lith.) 0.5 R 0.5 Engineer 0.7 Fireman 0.5 Clerk 0.4 CP L&b n 1.2 0.9 R 0.7 0007-SWP-000030503 Control* (con't) Kama Badge ?To. Occupation B.A. REDACTED 1455 1464 1480 1497 tto. C. P. Lab * * * " * " 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.5 From tbs above Hating rff poaltite teats, it may not be maintained that these persona are suffering from lead poisoning. It is maintained that tbe majority of these persons ere absorbing some lead or some other chemical provocative of this test and tbat in the event of the appearance of actual lead poisoning cases, such probably would arise in persons on this list, at least during the next few weeks or months. ' From this type of investigative procedure, it seems possible to draw a number of casual conclusions, aa follows: 1) Those persons habitually exposed to lead and who habitually wear respirators appear to be less frequently involved than other classes of persons who only irregularly but frequently enter lead using areas. rheae persons apparently believe that because they are exposed only for short periods, such as an hour or two per day, they are unlikely to acquire lead poisoning. It la noteworthy is this phase of the examination that chemists, foremen, office workers in lead using departments are by no neans free from the possibility of lead absorption. In fact, during the period of this investigation one chemist in a lead using department quit because of his own awareness that he oas suffering from mild lead poison ing. 2) The results from this pnese -if the investigation, which Inescapably is linked up with other procedures yielding the same findings, lsdicate that lead is almost universal in its distribution in the atmosphere of this plant, for example, in the offices connected with the Pi^nent linufacturing Department, at least .. as much lead is present in the atmosphere as Is necessary to produce lead poisoning and at least on* person t/.ere shows so highly positive t B. A. test as to make actual leud poisoning a reasonable expectancy. Other areea have yielded 0007-SWP -000030504 similar results f) Owing to the fact that some workers have been transferred for one reason or another, such as from the abandonment of the Insecticide Plant, some positive 8.A.'s have been found in areas where lead is not knot.n to be in use. At this time, it is not precisely known how long a person will retain a high percentage of B.A.'s after having once developed this deviation fron the normal blood picture. On this account, it is possible that a person whs may have worked in the Insecticide Plant, IS months ago, may harbor abnormal numbers of immature cells even at this very time. 4) Some few workers who faithfully wear respirators throughout their periods of exposure to lead no less present high B. A. findings. Naturally, the o.uestion arises as to how this msy come about. Several answers are adeo.uate and amply explain the observations made. By no means do all respirators well fit the face of the workmen and completely occlude the entry of lead dust or fume. Furthermore, no respirator, even though it well fits the face completely retards the passage of all lead dust. A 95$ degree of efficiency may be regarded as well nigh perfect, but the 5$ of ineffectiveness is often ample to provide exposures. Thus, in one point of the plant 500 milligrams of lead were found in an atmospheric sample. Thus if a 5$ inefficiency of the respirator existed in the course of a work day period, 25 mgms. of lead might have been taken into the workman's body. This is more than IS times as much lead as is required to bring about lead poisoning in some instances. In this plant there are many concentrations of lead where a 5$ respirator inefficiency would still permit of practical exposures to lead. 0007-SWP-000030505 Reprinted from Ak u u c a* Jo u iv a i or Puiuc Hs a l t s , Vot. 25, No. 10, October, 1955 ftblubcd by the Aacricu Public Health Auociatioo, SO W**t 50th Stmt, New York, N. Y. Basophilic Aggregation Test in the Lead Poisoning Epidemic of 1934-1935* CAREY P. MeCORD, M.D., F.A.P.H.A, P. R. HOLDEN. Ph D., a n d JAN JOHNSTON REBWIHTEO tv BURCAU OB IHOUtTBIAL MTOlSMt OCTBOIT OCBABTHEHT OB HEALTH TfiE automobile production year amount of air approximate the quan1934-1935 mark) the outstanding tity of air breathed by the avenge epidemic of lead poisoning in this workman during the usual work day. country for at least the past decade. However, the usual amount of lead in This epidemic appeared in the auto- this quantity of air has ranged from mobile industry, which industry has 10 to 40 mg. been substantially free from lead This type of lead exposure has poisoning since the abandonment of brought about a high incidence of lead the dry-sanding of wooden bodies poisoning, together with the much punted with lead-containing paints, larger groups of workers in whom proof This preceding epidemic was described of lead absorption has been estab- by Dean in 1924.1 The present ept- listed but who have not suffered sub tonic has prevailed among the several jective injury and have hot loot time thousand workers engaged in automo- (com employment. It is not possible bile body manufacture. to state the extent of lead poisoning Recent trends in body design have during the past 12 months in the entire led to one-piece, all-metal bodies with automobile industry. If the figures ton-air-rmisting contours. The manu- obtained from studies in a limited num- touring processes entailed call for the her of plants may be extended to the Suing in of all welding depressions and industry as a whole, it is possible that other indentations with a lead-tin - as many as 4,000 workmen have been >Uoy. This leads to the use of molten injured to some extent during the 1934- lead pots and torch work, which in 193S automobile production season. At turn are followed by various processes beat this figure is an approximation, and lor the smoothing down of the leaded further it is emphasised that by no "daces, including power grinding, means does this number represent only bud filing, sanding, etc. As a result actual clinical casts of lead poisoning, the atmosphere of these workrooms is During the put 10 years there have polluted by harmful quantities of lead been many affirmations that industrial tost and lead fume. Occasionally u lead poisoning is a waning disease. Bud u 1,100 mg. of lead hive been While in some measure this has been ocountered in to cu. m. of air, which true up until 1934, the outstanding (act fis. ,thLa.tt Iitt 2is-- the sever'i,t,yi mo(f the taffffteec. tion that is waning, rather than the frequency. Very strikingly this has " w I. |fia been borne out by the present epidemic. U0S9J ^16651.og 1090 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l o p Pu b l ic He a l t h As Ur as is known among tbe Urge process of preparation and suining, we ' number of cases, there have been no prefer to use the term " Basophilic proved deaths, little profound en- Aggregations," which term uniformly cephalitis, very few instances of wrist appears in the subsequent discussion ; drop or foot drop, etc. With certainty of this test and our experience with it, | it may be believed that there have been which now follow. | milder degrees of neuromuscular in- ) juries, encephalitis, etc. The outstand- *a s ic rxarciPLis ing and almost uniform manifestations In normal adult human life, the con- have centered about involvement of the tent of erythrocytes in the blood stream gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by is maintained on a fairly uniform level ; excessive fatigability and blood changes, by the orderly entry of new cells from Already the work conditions that the bone marrow replacing those that produced this recent epidemic of lead have been destroyed, poisoning have been modified in many These new cells are essentially plants to the extent that Urge numbers mature, only about 1 per cent ex- of additional cases of lead poisoning are bibiting any of the several known unlikely. In some plants elaborate characteristics of immaturity. In bom protective devices and procedures have marrow, during the formative period of i been introduced. As yet no practical erythrocytes, an entirely different i substitute has been found for the lead- cytology takes place varying with the tin alloy, inasmuch as certain other stage of development of the red cells. alloys that otherwise might be used Readily there may be demonstrated may not be used due to prohibitive nuclei, protoplasm, and basophilic costs, undue shrinkage, etc. All in all, substance. In due time a change not it may be stated that at least in tome known for any other cells of the body automobile plants the lead hazards occurs; a chemical (hemoglobin) it- have been brought under control. places the protoplasm and the nucleus This recent epidemic has provided is extruded. The erythrocyte is tha us a long sought opportunity for the ready for its chief function in the extended investigation of a diagnostic circulatory blood. These phenomena procedure first utilized by us in 1924.* are set forth admirably in Key's1 ' Already a publication * has been made fundamental paper on erythrocytic . on this recent experience up to the cytology. The mechanism which liber- time that 1,600 tests had been carried ales cells when mature and conversely out At this time the results of nearly retains undeveloped cells is not knows. 8,000 tests are available tor the ap- However, the functioning of such a . praiaal of the method. This test is mechanism is well established. based upon the enumeration of the Under conditions in which toxic ; total number of basophilic containing agents exert an action on bone marrow, j cells in the blood, in distinction to the and under other conditions in which ! widely used procedure of enumerating physiologic demands are made, is- j preformed stipple cells, the value of created numbers of erythrocytes, ester j which method is now somewhat ques- the blood stream. As examples of the I tiooed. The method as carried out is former may be cited . lead, benzol similar to that lately used by Jones and toluol, xylol, possibly arsenic ash j his associates.* Since the basophilic chlorinated hydrocarbons, such u i formations as seen in the microscope do carbon tetrachloride; of the Utter the ' not exist as such in the blood stream effects of high altitudes constitute as and are artifactually produced in the obvious instance. The chief ebarse- j Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r e g a t io n Te s t 1091 (eristic of these liberated immature cells is the presence of basophilic substance. Polychromasia (polycbromatophilia), punctate stippling, and reticulation are but different manifestations of one phenomenon--the presence of basophilic substance. The exact form of this basophilic substance existing in the un altered blood is little known. Probably the picture observed as polychromasia after staining is nearest to the natural state of this material. The impression furnished by all available evidence is that of thousands of ultramicraecopic particles in acid suspension, or possibly in their innate form in acid solution. Reticulated cells probably are produced only as a result of laboratory manipu lation and thus while not being true artifacts are laboratory creations. With suitable laboratory facilities one is able to observe through the microscope the actual formation of reticular processes in cells not previously exhibiting such reticulation. Through variations in laboratory technic, the experimenter may produce at will in a single blood smear all the well known varieties of reticulation, as fragmented, anasto mosing, wreaths, mossy forms, etc If the artificiality of reticulatioo be ac cepted as fact, then such terms as " reticulocytosis" conceivably may be regarded as anomalous, in so far as these terms betoken the existence of reticular forms in the circulating blood. However, stippled cells are believed to test as such in the unaltered blood. Through unknown processes, the ultramicroscopic particles observed as polydromasia or the basophilic materials ia add solutions, are caused to arrange themselves into masses characteristic of stippling. From the literature these concepts are well bone out ia sub stantial publications, brief excerpts tram which are now recorded. Key* notes: j t( u Individual rtilculeud exit be wutdbed artfully durteg the pro-- at uxiniag, the act caa b< urn to grow under the ejm o( the observer u though it were beiog formed by precipitation of the substance from the surrounding medium. It is difficult to conceive that fixatives cause a definite network to break up into ultnmicroscopic particles and become uni formly distributed through the cell (Le, polycbromatophilia). Fixatives tend to fix intracellular products ia ala. It is caaaoqucntly felt that the conclusion ia winutad that the reticular network as sees ia suprsvitally stained etytbroytet is formed only during the pm-- of staining and that no such structure exists ia the unaltered erythrocyte. My observations lead to the belief that the granules of punctate basophilia are formed of the same basophilic substance which in simple anemias gives pictures of polyebromatopbilia and that because of the pathologic pro-- the substance ia aggre gated into small granules in the ccS [punctate stippling!. With Wright's stein allowed to dry on n slide to which salt sotutioo and blood ia added, no polycbromatophilia it teen but a definite basophilic reticulation slowly appears in the basophilic erythrocytes. Basophilic substance fix. as a term) is preferable to " reticular subetaoco" tines reticulations are artifacts due to the aetion of a stain oo a substance distributed uni formly through the cdL In Hawes's work no distinction was made between polycbromatophilia and stippling, but when total percentages of the two were added the restilts cor responded with fair constancy with the total percentage of reticulated cells enumerated by other means oo the same blood. Such differences as were encountered were attributed to dif ferences in the delicacy of the methods used and not to any true excess of reticulated cells. Jones* observes: "This (basophilic) substance is demonstrated either in the form of polycbromatophilia, punctate basophilia, or reticular designs, depend ing upon the staining method used." Basophilic substance long baa been regarded as the foremost blood finding in lead poisoning, but to an over whelming extent reliance hat been 1092 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l or Pu b l ic He a l t h placed upon the determination of chromalophilic cells and are more stippled cells. Recognition that poly- numerous than stippled cells. ' chromatophiiia, punctate stippling and In our first work a thick, even blood : reticulation are but different aspects of smear was entirely laked. The number j the same material, should prompt the oi basophilic aggregations in an average | placement oi greater diagnostic de of many uniform microscopic fields was 1 pendence upon examinations for the interpreted in relation to our clinical ; totality of erythrocytes containing observations of the persons examined ; basophilic material. Of the three forms either as controls or as leaded patients. of basophilic substance, stippled cells This procedure justly has been criticized are the least common. The positive zs not readily transferable to others for diagnostic significance widely attached quantitative work, since the making oi to the qualitative finding of stippled uniformly thick smears by divers per cells in suspected lead poisoning is be sons is most unlikely. Under rigid coming more and more questionable; research conditions this earlier method conversely less uncertainty is believed will yield quantitative results but now to attend the quantitative determination is not the preferred procedure. The of all basophilic erythrocytes. technic now employed is here pre sented: TECHNICAL raociouxt The Sussmann-Weindel stain ad ' The blood of normal human adults vocated by Jones is quite satisfactory rarely contains more than 1 per cent when its several ingredients are pure. of basophilic erythrocytes. The aver The formula is as follows: age in our experience lies between 0.4 and 0.8 per cent. With workers ab Toluidine blue................................... O.S (a. Borax .....................................0.0S pa sorbing lead without clinical manifesta Methylene blue solution (Loeffler's) 5 ex tions and in early lead poisoning, the Cisttiled water..................................... 100 cx percentage commonly ranges from 1. S to 4.0 per cent, with occasional findings up to 20.0 per cent. The zone between 1.0 and l.S per cent represents the threshold, findings within which being open to doubt. In the absence of other pathology, any finding in lead exposed workers of, or in excess of, l.S per cent at once suggests the probability of lead absorption. Findings in excess of 2.0 or 3.0 per cent are to be associated with an increased imminence of clinical lead poisoning. Search for these basophilic forms is best made in liked cells. When taking Our experience with this stain has been that it is not uniform from one batch to the next. Most of the trouble may be traced to the toluidine blue. Of six samples of this dye recently pur chased by us from various supply houses, only one was found to be satis factory. A modified Manson's methylene blue yields more consistent results. The formula is as follows: Borax ........................................... Methylene blue............................ Distilled water (boilin|)........... 1.0 pa J .0 fla 100 ex takes place some of the basophilic sub The borax is dissolved in the boiling stance probably leaves the cell with distilled water and to this is added the the hemoglobin. The remainder, being methylene blue. After filtering, this insoluble in water, salines, and some stain is ready for use and provides s stains, collects in masses, strands, and stable, satisfactory, and uniform suit reticula, as laboratory artifacts. Such for at least 2 weeks. If used for long forms are far more visible than poly- periods, a progressive formation of 0007-SWP-000030509 I Ba s o p h il ic Ac c u s a t io n Te s t 1093 Fic v m l. Sc Wmu c WTUfiMtt ladkatiaa &u4 it. i) *ad ua&aH (jr. y) partioaa m Uda. (piker iU (Mut| praetditia aa aaiiana ttida. precipitate may appear. However, due io the low coat and ease with which '.his stain is prepared, we consider this i small handicap. This stain is teas stable than the Suaamann-Weindei, but in our experience gives more trust* orthy results. Thin, even blood smears are made on slides and allowed to dry. The proper drying of these smears becomes im portant. If permitted to become ex cessively dry, that is, longer than 12 hours, some of the basophilic containinf! cells will not lend themselves to aggregation of their basophilic material. On the other hand, insufficient drying facilitates removal of cells during the staining period. Ordinarily the opti mum time lies between 1 and 3 hours. I'nder peculiar industrial conditions, involving' high temperatures and low Ficuaa til. Typical niemaeapic SrM tiw SacS poriioB of mo w alida aa la Fisuca It. praaraiiaf uolakaA itaiocW rr. binoi calla. Liaaa at Wbippia trW o m4 aa guMa ia cosariag nay bo woo. humidity, or coaversely high humidity, special consideration (or the drying period may be required. After drying, one-haif of the slide is overlaid by a strip of filter paper, as set forth by Jones, and cautiously there is applied with a pipette or dropper the minimum amount of methyl alcohol C. P. (methanol, wood alcohol) re quired to moisten the filter paper until it clings to the slide. This is allowed 't It. Tspol mknttw* iaM Iran UM parens of cl*4a pmcauaf oo--row Saoo. {AtUc aartptiooo. Ficcue tV. Sceu-tctaMlk drawiaf ti a baaaphilic Mgrtfi'iM ia Ukarf tad Mood call Kimm itaia. MigaituuM ia ari|iaal diaaiaf: 17.000. r 0007-SWP-000030510 I 1094 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l or Pu b l ic He a l t h to dry until the filter piper become* loose. The slide is now submersed in a Coplin staining jar, containing the Manson stain, for approximately 10 minutes. The time is of minor im portance since a readable stain may be had in 2 minutes, and on the other extreme it is impossible to overstain. After staining, it is necessary to wash the slides through 3 or 4 rinses of dis tilled water. In some cities tap water may be safely used for this purpose. Air drying of the slides is recommended. The microscopic arrangements as used by us provide an oil immersion ob jective and a 10X ocular, which is fitted with a Whipple grid. The outer lines of this grid determine our microscopic field (Figure III). The average field in a good preparation contains approxi mately ISO red blood cells. Before counting, the slide should be examined for an area showing suitable distribu tion of the red cells. In the unfixed portion of the slide, customarily 10 consecutive fields in two parallel rows are counted, making a total of 20 fields, but in the more evenly distributed slide 20 consecutive fields. Then moving to the fixed portion of the slide, S ap propriately corresponding fields are counted (Figure I). The basophilic aggregations are then expressed as a percentage of the latter. Thus, if in the 20 fields counted in the unfixed portion of the slide there were found 76 B.A.S (Basophilic Ag gregations), and if in the S fields of the fixed portion 1,000 red blood cells (or 4,000 in 20 fields), the obvious percentage is 1.9. The physical features of the BAs are best presented in the accompanying photographs and photomicrographs (Figures II, IV). The color of the cells varies with the stain employed. A clear, brilliant blue is obtained with the Mansea stain. A hand tally is used in the enumeration of the cells. 1ECENT XESULTS During 1934 and the first two-thirds of 1935, approximately B,000 exami nations were made, using the technic just described. The examinees repre sent employees in 16 plants and 6 dif ferent industries. Included in the 8,000 tests made are several hundred controls usually obtained from office groups. The lead exposed workers were dis tributed over the following industries: lead pigment manufacture, paint and other coatings manufacture, soldering, lead casting, lead oxide manufacture and application, and lead smelting. Ia some plants, but not all, concurrent determinations were made as to the amount of lead in the atmosphere ex pressed in terms of mgs. of lead per 10 cu. m. of air. In the aggregate, 416 quantitative lead determinations were made. The results from the baso philic aggregation tests have been cor related with the findings of the quan tity of lead in the atmosphere breathed by exposed workers. During 1934, basophilic aggregation tests were carried out simultaneously with stipple cell determinations, and in some instances with hemoglobin mea surements and total red cell counts. Very early it was established that no consistent correlation was present. In many persons wholly unexposed to lead an occasional stipple cell was en countered and among lead workers ap proximately 90 per cent presented large numbers of stipple cells in the absence of clinical lead poisoning, and often after 3 months of no exposure to lead. The number of stipple cells in lead using workers without clinical lead poisoning ordinarily was lower than 3,000 per million. The qualitative demonstration of stipple cells proved of no value in the diagnosis of clinical lead poisoning or in the making of decisions as to acceptability of men for continued work. Many workers regularly exhibiting stipple cells is 0007-SWP-000030511 Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r e g at io n Te s t 1095 their blood smears passed through the TASU n entire automobile production season without illness and without any lost Iwititil ftt Cfi ***fkHi* CtUt *(*4 / Tim* m fru**S I*h time. In similar fashion it was found that no significant diagnostic values resided in the routine determination of hemoglobin percentages or in total red cell counts. Over and over high per* centages of basophilic aggregations were detected with no significant changes either in the hemoglobin or in C. 5. V. o. J. M. T. It. J. R. C. F. A. S. D. T. c. s. <5. R. T. M. K. W. 41 14 years SI i.i 1 yurt t 1.4 4 ytan J4 J.S t ytan 44 1.1 7 yean 41 S.l 1 year iT 4 iwatka SS 2.5 t yean 57 0.4 t yean so l.t 10 aoaUM tSS s.s I noatka S9 .4 .1 year* the erythrocyte counts. For this F.. C. S. Y. reason all blood work other than the V..T. SS 0.7 *1 yean. so i.o S yean St 1.4 4 onaika basophilic aggregation tests was A. C. F. S'. abandoned as routine procedure in plant >. H. St 1.5 1 noeik 4$ 1 yean 11 1.4 1 ytan surveys, although complete blood work JJ.. Gc.. \s M * yean si 0.5 2 yean was carried out in the management of C. C. it 1.4 S yean clinical cases of lead poisoning. F. 1. 1 s. 40 14 4 yean 5J S.S 4 yean % The trend of findings from S,000 L K. C. K. basophilic aggregation tests are now *1 l.t 4 yean H) 1.1 21 ytan shown in three specimen tables. Table I comprises the results from 25 representative controls. In estab lishing normal ranges of basophilic cells only such persons were utilised as were known to be essentially unexposed to lead and definitely unexposed in industrial pursuits. Almost without exception control examinees present less than t per cent of basophilic contain ing cells. TABIC I In Table II may be found the re Initials R. T. E. T. /1. JH.. C. 0. S. M. K. F. R. H. H. D. M. C. C. C. 0. 1. IV. F. J- B. F. W. K. K. W. B. J. R. HW.. FK.. E.S. C. W. R. B. L K. C. V. Ptr C<nl Basophilic CtUt 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 ' 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 o.s 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 sults of 25 workers in an atmosphere containing lead to the extent of 14 mgs. per 10 cu. m. of air. In contrast to the control table just preceding, a fair number of these examinees present findings above 1.5 per cent. It is among workers having such findings as these that clinical cases of lead poison ing may be expected to arise. Almost uniformly it has been noted that the higher the lead content of the atmos phere the higher the percentage of ex posed workers showing positive baso philic aggregation findings. On the other hand it has not been found that the percentage of basophilic cells in creases with any uniformity in keep ing with increases in the lead content of the atmosphere. An occasional worker may yield as high a figure as 10 or t5 per cent of B.Aj but this is not the rule and the majority of affected wr 0007-SWP-000030512 1096 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l o f Pu b l ic He a l t h workers regardless of the amount of the exposure will present positive findings in the range af from 2 to 6 per cent. With the procurement of better work conditions, as reflected by lowered quantities of lead in the atmosphere, there occurs a corresponding diminu tion in the number of persons showing positive tests, although there is a lag of from 1 to 2 weeks before this drop may be demonstrated. This correla tion between lead in the atmosphere and positive blood smears is reflected in Table III. . rmt m Acc*t*T*a Tu t Rnuim w Wmi* KStt A(TORI'. N Amt TNt CONCtXTtA* now W*$ KtMrcta rtow 7J me. ru 10 co. m. w *>t i te. * io u. . or Att. tuna Tim: 2S D*v*. M. V. T. S. Ai . 1. A. W. H. C H. J. T. c&.. S. s. C. M. V. K. M. S. C C. c. t. 11. D. 0. 0. T. V. w. J. \L G. A. fl. C. J. P A. A. tp.. Lr-. ttt Ctni 1, /. C*UI WUn 19 <. m. $1 Air CWmmA IS t l Utd 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2 20 ) 2.1 2.7 J 2.4 2, JO 2.0 2.0 1.0 IS . 2.2 l.l 22 20 20 21 2.0 -V.l l.l tm Ct*t $. A. Ctttt WUm 19 <p. m. / AW CtmlmmtA 4 mt tl U*d 0.1 0.7 1.0 4.* o.t 1.4 0.* 2.0 2.4 1.4 O.S 0.* 0.1 1.0 1.7 l.l 12 40 I.J 0.1 OS 1.4 0.1 2.4 S.2 This specimen material is charac teristic of the entire investigation, with one exception. In one plant, manu facturing a great variety of pigment materials, lead poisoning was known to be present but the basophilic aggre gation tests were not found to be in keeping with our general experience. The assumption is that because of the multiplicity of chemicals manipulated some biological antagonistic factor in terfered with the usual reaction of the embryonic red cell to lead. The chief application of this test has been in the routine examination of large groups of lead exposed workers. The results of such tests have been utiliaed as a guide for the transfer of workers to less hazardous departments, in the appraisal of the degree of ex posure in different departments, in de termining the effect of preventive measures, and in the differential diag nosis between lead poisoning and con ditions simulating this disease, but in routine work its greatest single value has been associated with the detection of malingerers. During this epidemic in some plants, as high as 90 per cent of all exposed workers have simulated lead poisoning presumably in order to be eligible for insurance and sick bene fits during the nonproductive season in the automobile industry. In some in stances this basophilic aggregation test has been accepted as a sufficient cri terion for the weeding out of these malingerers. GENUAL COMMENT In persons exposed to lead, other wise free from disease, the detection of basophilic containing red cells in per centages in excess of 1.5, and par ticularly in excess of 2 per cent, sug gests lead absorption and the possi bility of approaching clinical lead poisoning. Inconclusive proof is available that this test may be positive after exposure to other substances such as benxot, toluol, xylol, arsenic, etc. Occasionally in infectious diseases numbers of baso philic aggregations above the usual may be found. Manifestly in anemias and other types of diseases involving the red blood cells, normal ranges may be exceeded. The length of exposure to lead ap- 0007-SWP-000030513 It Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r e g at io n Te s t 1097 pears to have no significant bearing upon the basophilic aggregation find' mgs. Two weeks' exposure is ample to bring about increased numbers of basophilic containing red cells. Mew workers employed alongside of workers employed for a longer period are prone to show a greater frequency of response than the older workers. In prolonged chronic lead poisoning the test described appears to be of limited value. The recession in the number of basophilic aggregations may be definite in long existing lead poison ing even in the presence of frank manifestations. Under such conditions punctate stippling may persist. In many publications the minimum amount of lead that may lead to lead poisoning is specified as from 1 to 2 mg. as a daily intake. While this figure may represent a primary threshold at which an occasional case of lead poisoning may arise, it is our experience that many hundreds of workers continue at employment in concentrations much higher without demonstrable impairment. Without denying the possibility that a daily in take of l.S mg. of lead may produce lead poisoning, the belief is expressed that the practical threshold may be considerably higher and in the general range of from 4 to 8 mg. At least, years of exposure to such concentra tions have not led to a single recognised case of plumbism in several plants included in this investigation. One of the practical advantages served by this test as described lies in the fact that large numbers of persoes may be examined daily. In our ex perience, a single worker has been able to collect as many as 300 specimens per day. taking, staining, and cell counting, subsequently carried out, necessarily must be at a slower rate, but on a single day, as many as 70 counts have been made by one ex perienced technician. This rate of work stands in contrast to stipple cell enumeration, which if properly carried uut ordinarily yields not more than 20 determinations daily. SUUUA1Y In the 1934-1935 epidemic of lead poisoning in the automobile industry, 6,900 basophilic aggregation examina tions of the blood were made. In ad dition during this period 1,100 tests were made in other industries, thereby totalling 8,000 tests during the investi gation. This number includes approxi mately 500 control examinations made upon workers unexposed to lead. Positive basophilic aggregation tests, the method for which is described in detail, have served as an index for lead absorption prior to the appearance of clinical manifestations of lead poison ing. This test has proved to be of value in the diagnosis of early cases of lead poisoning. An approach to this test was described by us in 1924. Through technical improvements, made by others and by us, this procedure is now suited to application by any physician or laboratory carrying out any blood examinations. The basic principle in the basophilic aggregation test is the enumeration of red blood celts containing basophilic substance, in contrut to the customary procedure of qualitative or quantitative examination for stipple or polychromatophilic cells. The native state of basophilic ma terial in unaltered red blood ceils is not known, but in the process of liking and staining red ceils this substance may be artificially aggregated into readily visible masses. In normal human adults, these aggregates rarely exceed 1 per cent of the total numbs of erythrocytes, but in lead exposed individuals the percentages ordinarily lie above this normal maximum, when considerable lead Is being absorbed or when clinical lead poisoning is im* 0007-SWP-000030514  1098 Au z k ic a n Jo u r n a l or Pu b l ic He a l t h minent. Findings oi percentages above 1 to l .5 per cent and especially above 2 per cent in persons exposed to lead at once suggest lead absorption and tbe possibility of approaching lead poison ing, or tbe actuality of early lead poisoning. In chronic lead poisoning this test usually is not, but may be, positive. As lead poisoning progresses to extended cbrooidty, tbe reliability of tbe pro cedure diminishes. This test has been utilized in lead-using industries to de termine the number of .exposed workers absorbing lead, as some proof of ex isting lead hazards, as a guide for tbe transfer of lead absorbing workers to lead-free departments, as a measure of tbe efficacy of preventive devices and practices, and as a means for tbe de tection of malingerers. There are varied types of diseases leading to positive basophilic aggrega tion tests, but in groups of workers in lead industries, presumably normal czcept for tbe possible effects of lead ex posures, tbe positive basophiUc aggrega tion test stands in some relation to lead absorption and its subsequent action. atnaiNces 1. Data, A- A* fpidtai at Laad Painaiw Gtucd by t*a Sud'Hparlif at Ataao6ila fed**. A i*m*. an-. vt. *:*<$ (Ocu. i*:. 2. McCoriL C. P.. MlaMff. Dwatby l., im Raba. Mathilda. TVa tawpfcHk Agr<r(iua Tot Ui Uad PdirniH- Ad-lf-d.. MilTSt (May Jl), XU*. 1. McCord. C P.. HaUta. P. R.. aid Jakaiaa. Jaa. TW Baaapbllte AorafMiaa Tm (or Lad Ataarptiaa aad Laad Piaaalag. T Yaan Altai tI9uIJ.Pint Uaa. it*.. 4, :ttt {Aat.), . !W, A. R. TW Litiantiaa at taaaptaic Calh tait (fUAnak.alaPcaydta. ai)**btky IfU-arpa,,iaUat:k1a0llat(AO^dr.ilmII)r.r S. Ray. /. A. Stadki m I/yiMacyia, vnh *P*ekl lUImaca ta laiicalaa. PolytAraatepbilia **d Mitachaadria. Artk /star*. Mad* 2t:Stl (Ho*.). 1921. . Havaa. I- t. A Stady at tte laticiikfcd Rad ItMd Carpaada by Maaaa at VU*I $aida Kathode lu Raiatiaa ta PalyafciaaMlaphflk aad $m*m M. & S. K Wl:dtt Cfapd> W If * 0007.,SXVp. 000030s, IS i TOXIC TJS02S la this plant, as is true for all paint manufacturing plants, one of the forsnoEt'trouble makers in terms of toxic substances is to bs found in the vr.pors arising from various solvents, thinnors, etc. K In this plant, then* are scores of individual substances and an even '? i..rger luuabcr of aisturas of urinary substances. Thssc include: ' bsnaol, toluol, aylol, solvent naphtha, naphtha, nine ml spirits, kerosene, ethanol, butanol, itthaaol, a variety cf acetates, ccUcsol"::, v-.ruirb.ee, thiune.s, paint remover:, *eetor.'s, krtonss, turpentines, pl.. ails, chlorinated compounds. These classes of fluids pive off vspors, some of ..hlch are c::;eudinsl7 toxic. At the top of the list In t'-is particular plant, nssenp substances in extensive use, are ban:ol, toluol, solvent naphtha, ...rthar.ol, butanol, anonp others. It is most difficult to measure- the grcatc-r number of these ruiatsr.ees svon ?s chenicsl entities and vuctly no.-re difficult then ia fora of mixtures. It ir v-r/ rsldo.o in this plant that any vapor eui'ts in pure form. Thus ir. `he Lac'.uer Vepartaar.t, o.here vapors 're frequently present in "i'turbir.p concentration:, no Iss? than 'iu or .'.fht vcl'.tilr arterisls have contributed to th" vaper mixture. Vr-Siv.r, this uinturs probably varies ia constituency from hour to hour tr.d cert'inly from week to v.eek. Ca this account, determinations such as shortly are to be r.p;-t:d ore at best approximations. Various types of oquipnent . ni.ht be utilised, ranging from lnterferoseters to thermal-conductivity i-uip-neot. Ia this plant, there vac employ i a cermet pas ratio appara tus, designed eipacially for use in connection -ith gases or vapors '.h: t nay explode, or .ifciuh at least are combustible. This Ciaehir.e '..ae taken to several portions of the pi:-it v.here combustible vapors eight be preoent. The result: obtained are expressed in t*ras of pvooeteges of the explosion point. 0007-SWp 000030S16 I The threshold of toxicity for these combustible vapors is naturally very much; lower than the explosion concentration. Thus, for .i example, bensol'vapors are explosive in the general concentrations rep ** reseated by 2OOO0perts per million, while the threshold of toxicity - ' * i is only 100 parts phr million. This limit of course does not ap^y . to all members of the combustible group, but always the toxicity thresh . .t old is lower than the explosion threshold. The results from nary testa ".re now shown* * Points for measurements were selected nherever evolution of vsoors of combustible nature wee suspected. Tor example, in the Lacquer * '. . * V- Department, a good deal of such is found arising from the various solvents used. Attempt was made to reproduce winter work conditions, hut this is hot fully possible in slid weather. 1) Pareaimt of thinner room in tankage yard* 71 th njitator shut off 'ith a0itator running F? ) 12?) -oors c^osi r.) *!ain floor, thinner room, :'.oors open, -rith pood treese while filling "rums with sylol, 4" from nosale 10? T) Sullying 546, Lacquer Storage, during pumping over of toluol, doors closed Tloor 6? Top of Tank 15? ") Building 546, Lacquer Cleaning drum Tork Position At Portable Mixer, w.o, (Rx CU752) ' Centrifuge ooerating Stirring kettle 100? (in drum) 26? 14? 6? 24? 5) Pullding 544 _ Emptying lacquer base(#2617) 20? ' Over Mixing Tubs 4? Tilling Sitroeellulose 1? Mixing tub during addition of thinner by pipe 8? Tilling room after application of cleaner-remover mixture to floor 10? s) Building 517, Drum Cleaning 7orh Positions 10?, 23?, 3?, 4? Dsing the standard, cleaner-remover in use at this plant. It 13 claimed that volatile fumes are worse when #241 and #234 (gum solvents) a.-s used. . 7) Pullding 515, dissolving nitrocellulose: *-ftar miring acetone and nitrocellulose through manhole "'orh Position 40? Bensol is used here in some formulae at some times. Ventilation is poor. filter Press Cleaning (W..) 10? 0007-SWP-000030517 The Outside Storage of Inflammable and Toxic Liquids Is Often Desirable and ftiere Practical Is Commendable 0007-SWP-000030518 l 1 8) Building 570 C; ' Panel Cleaning, at rat 6$ In winter the worker slair.a it is "very close" and the cold cones up through the floor so he cannot properly ventilate the roon which is vei7 snail. He claias no worker has stayed on this job because of unpleasant synptons arising. He states that he has "ston&ch trouble", anorexia, headache, vertigo, soanolence, etc. in win".*-^ hut in suaaer he is free because of the ventilation. He has been on the present Job for four years. 3) Varnish Thinning Room Naphtha being used, ^or>. position E$, 10$ 10) Varnish filling Naphtha used Benzine 4S5S 8? V-) "Toxite" filling (contains benzol) 4$ IS) "To rite" airing Taal: "alk Cover open % ro$ 11) Thl ta Shellac filtering 10$ 14) Etn -ol storage without fan with fan, 5 ain. 10$ 5% IS) "Ibonol" airing, at tank (Ctrl Tar Plant--open air process) eo$ . It is necessary to conclude that in nary portions of the plant, undesirable concentrations of vapors are present and that in _zry instances the type o' vapors are such as to ache dangerous intorlcation possible. These findings leed to reconreniations for lmprov-saent in zoae instances, but these reecaaendatlons appear in other sections of this report, ievoted to such purposes. ' J i ! | ! ( ' ; j 0007-SWP-000030519 CAKECH MOSOXIDE ESTIMATIONS Estimations were made of carton xcr.or.ide at points where there was suspicion of Incomplete combustion with consequent carbon monoxide evolution. Search was made for instances such as evaporat ing lir.seed oil on floors. Tests were made under circumstances most 111'?!;' to favor evolution of carton monoxide; for example, shortly after e flame in a furnace Is limited. Ho significant concentrations of csrten monoxide were found at ary point. Several readings fell . te tkauMni around .5 to 1 parts per wtlliaw, but it is to be emphasised that the instrument used (Mines Safety Appliance Company Carbon Monoxide Tetsctor) is quite unstable over the range of stout the first three tan tkeiittltd units (parts per wklliea). Care was exercised to get actual work points and approximately fair conditions, with outside influences such as breeze, eliminated or compensated for. Of course, estimations made in sinter, when doors and windows are closed for long periods, may give "iffcrsr.t results, since it is difficult to reproduce these conditions in autumn. Ths readings now follow: Tic Con .Slant "o-V Maker, Hue fl S" outside hood 5" inside hood . ?od/ Maker, Vine fi At work position .5 p.o.t.t. Coating Henries ''srk position 0 Handle Soldering Tort pc siticn Hozcle Machine, Line 7 Month Soldering Station, hand Machine Shoo Muffle Furnace (1 ft. In front) ' at 5S09 ? at iCCC0? Cvsn Furr.sca, (1 ft. in front) . at 1%0F at 1SC00? Open rurnr.ee, (17 in. in front) Hstween 0 large furr.?:'" 5^' from floor . 0 0 0 t <3 N16651.ll 0007-SWP-000030520 | i Cadmium Plant Meltinj Kettle vrorlc position Dver sold rith Tire 0 0 ?lash Ash Over rotary ilia rith suffocating fuses 1.0 p.o.fc.t. Ilthoooae Poturr rilns At gas .tuges At gas gouges 0 0 burner. "cors <*loe"d Tori poll1. Ion "i-"bon ''lorlde C-neratln? ^lar.t 0 Toil.*.- rora, firs door ootltion 'lulling olrlcd up P -iln.) 0 T V - v "C.1 To t "o . 5 fumar* Tup "o. : Turn:09 o 0 a : Po-.-or ''lent MiJ,lc at v.ori position WT.r... i.-.t.-----*-, f9l_T.*_*>. .At .*rv position (breeoe) " -.* * ? ' to-.. -.te Plant 3 . At Tire Position, *-orb point 3 It ir cover poorlvI to crouiont* ajy plant fron the possibilities of snub:.: .tonoside gas vpourss. Con-lit loco r.ey vary from uonth to nonth ioe*u.s of :ef"oti in .yiipti'-i.i csv* r.v otty from season to cewin bec."i* oi.rbor _o.v~I-*o .as is mere s-ope-ciollp assooiot 1 Tlth soil ' anther. In this pi'll it is i.otsi that r.o substantial is sards exist, but in two pisses, namely at on* poi.it In the Tin Can factory and another connected v-ith Sins': Ash .:orb, appreciable quantities of carbon monoxide have been detected. Around. the bl.ac'e ash" biln room, complaints h-ve arisen that gas is prroont, but more attention should be paid to hydrogen sulfide gas thsre prrrer.t thm-the carbon monoxide, although both are important. ,io.~.-'snJ'.tions covering these gases app*ar In special sections devoted i' tV-i* respective departments. 0007-SWP-000030521 CAEKXUII ETPOStJBES Za the preparation of zinc for use la lithopone, It is necessary and profitable to remove tbe eadmlua content. Thla la done at tbia plant rather *hsr as one of tbe preliminary atepa carried oat at Coffsyville. Also, at tbia plant, a fair amount of cadmium find* application in con nection with dry color and other pigment work. Because cadmium la t decidedly toxic substance, a fair amount of attention baa been paid to its uae here, since its toxic properties are much leas known than is true for such metals as lead. Thera shortly follows a series of excerpts, summarizing tbe present day knowledge of cadmium poisoning. These items are derived from tbe publications prepared by Or. UcCopd, which in turn are in part derived from other publications. i review of tbe literature on cadadum poisoning shows that up to tbe present time most of the work has had to do with tbe physiologic and pharmacologic action of tbe metal. Tbe pathologic changes reported, with the exception of the changes in the kidneys, are only suppositions with no confirmatory evidence. Many valuable data on feeding experiments are given, but only one experiment on exposure through the respiratory system was found, and this was very incomplete, from the standpoint of indus trial hygiene, the experiments on the respiratory system are of capital importance because of tbe greater possibilities of exposure through this System and the far more damaging consequences. From the published observations on experimental cadmium poisoning the following conclusions nay be drawnt 1. Cadmium in relatively small doses is lethal for different experimental animals (dogs, eats, rabbits, frogs, etc.) 2. Cadmium has a direct paralysing action on the central nervous system and also on the vasomotor system. S. Cadadum lnduees vomiting when given orally and also when introduced into the general circulation, and produces, a general toxic effect. 4. When Introduced into the organism (whether orally or injections) cadaiim has a tendency to be stored 19, mainly In the liver and the kidneys. 5. The elimination of cadmium from the orgatda is very alow and is effected through the kidneys and the gartro-intestinal tract,. At autopsy, animals fed or injected with cadmium show a fatty condition of the liver and nephritis. 6. Cadmium taken through the respiratory system gives a generalized pneusonia and sometimes pleural effusion. 7. The feeding experiments show a decrease in the hemoglobin content of the blood, and exposure through the respiratory system an increase. In both cases a relative increase in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes takes place. N16651..12 0007-SWP-000030522 8. Cadmiua has no practical importance as a therapeutic and bactericidal agent. The greatest health hazards for humans are found in the menufacture of cadmiua and in the handling of the compounds. The following list shows where the most hazardous exposures have been encountered! 1. Vapor or fume from the retorts or condensers of the blue powder furnaces, in making both cadmiua and cadaiisa oxide. 2. Fume from and near the collecting bags in making cadmium oxide. The particles which constitute this fume are so small that a large percentage of them are not caught in the bags. * 5. Dust in handling cadmium oxide, as such, especially in ' emptying the bags and packing. 4. Fumes from working up the blue powder furnace residues, at the furnace and in the bag room. 5. Shaking the bags in the bag room (blue powder) of the zinc smelting kiln. 6. Emptying the blue powder from the bags of the zinc smelting kiln, storing it, and transferring it to the blue powder furnace or for the wet treatment. 7. Korking up the blue powder by the wet method--that is, handling the blue powder and the solutions with high concentrations of cadmium. 8. Handling the metal residues stored for drying. 9. Manufacturing and handling llthopone and working up the residues from this process. 10. Manufacturing and handling cadmium sulphide. 11. Spraying calmium sulphide (as a paint). 12. Welding alloys containing cadmium or dadmiimi- coated articles. IS. Melting metallic eadaiun or its compounds without adequate ventilation. 14. Handling ary cadmium compounds which may be inhaled or Ingested. - 15. Using cadmium coated or plated articles for any purpose where they come in contact with food or drink. It may be mentioned here that the oxide is sometimes used as a source of cadmium in cadmium llthopone manufacturing, in cadmium plating, and in the manufacture of cadmiua sulphide. It is not yet known how great a health hazard there may be in the proceaa of cadmium plating after the cadmium is in aolution. The only observation which has been made up to this time is that the solution coming in-contact with the skin causes it to turn black. The presence of arsine in the manufacture of cadmium constitutes a further health hazard; and the fire hazard in connection with the blue powder and the cadmium sulphide should also be noted. Summary and Conclusions! A thorough review of the literature showed that the work done on cadmium was considerable varied, but unsatisfactory from the standpoint of the industrial hygienist. Although Industrial cadmiua poisoning occurs practically entirely through the respiratory system, the least work was done in this direction. Even in feeding experiments the pathologic changes were not precisely determined since they were not verified by microscopic examination. Uuch has been achieved, therefore, in the present study which presents valuable information for the industrial hygienist. Following are some of the general manifestations known to arise in human beings as a result of cadmium poisoning: Various investigators have held that cadmium givea a definite inflammation of the mucous membranes of the gestro-intestlnal tract, emaciation and loss of weight and fatty degeneration of the heart and kidneys. A modification of the blood picture which Includes diminuatlon of the hemoglobin, of the number of red cells, of the polymorphonuclear and an Increase of the lymphocytes, irritation of the conjunctivitis and the mucous of the respiratory passages. Some investigators have also noted an irritation of the conjunctiva of the eye. In the various cases of cadmiua poisoning reported in the litera ture, the following symptoms have been noticed: dryness of the throat, headache, rapid pulse, nausea, brown color of the urine, weakness, lack of appetite and shivering. Autopsy in some of these cases showed signs of congestion of the larynx, the trachea and bronchial tubes, acute inflammation of the stomach and Intestines, fatty degeneration of the heart and liver, hemorrhag ic inflammation of the apleen and inflammation of the kidneys. Various investigators have reported that the symptoms of cadmium poisoning resemble those of lead poisoning, except that the characteristic . colic in lead poisoning has not been noted. Cadmiua taken through the respiratory system has been reported as giving pneumonia and sometimes pleural effusion. Cadmium haa a direct paralyzing action on the central 0007-SVVP-000030524 nervous system and also on the vasomotor system. . Up to this time It is almost impossible to state with certainty just what concentration of cadmium constitutes the threshold of danger for human beings. Various experimental studies have yielded results Indicating that a very few milligrams of cadmium or its compounds per kilo of body weight of test animals leads to demonstrable ill effects. It is not justifiable to apply.these same figures to human beings. But it is known that as littleas II milligrams (approximating one-half grain) will produce prompt vomiting in man. Manifestly, the threshold is well below this point, and is perhaps near ten milligrams. Cadmium is to be accepted' as of the same order of toxicity as lead, arsenic, and mereuiy when the portal of entry is by way of inhalation or subcutaneous or intravenous injection. However, when the route of entry is the alimentary tract, the order of toxicity is lower and is more nearly comparable to zinc. - The entire situation as to the toxicity of cadmium for human beings is considerably confused. Too much emphasis may have been placed on the results of animal experiments and too few actual cases of human intoxication have developed upon which to predicate definite appraisals. It is possible that the entire matter insofar as involving human beings is somewhat exaggerated. Cadmium Analyses ' Because of apprehension over the cadmium recovery work at this plant, three semples were collected in order to determine the content of cadmiUB in the air, such as might be breathed by workmen in the course of the day's work. No precisely accurate method for cadmium determination is well knows or widely used. At this time, a method is being studied in our laboratories in Detroit and this method has been applied. The results obtained now follow: Sample No. Vg. Cadmium ' per 10 cu. meters air Sampling Point S3 .91 , Cadmium reclaiming--2nd floor, Building #209--10 feet from smelter, near precipitatlon tubs. Strong wind from west carried smoke and fumes toward sampling point. 0007-SWP.000030S2S Sample Ho. 59 60 Mg. Caumlvai per IQ cu, meters air .a ? feet west of cadmium smelter .10 Approximately 2 feet in front of workman during pouring of cadmium pigs; about S feet northwest of smelter. (.2 Is threshold of danger) v t o b the foregoing, it is established within the limits of accuracy of khe method employed that an unusual amount of cadmium is thrown into the atmosphere in the cadmium recovery plant. This quantity is well above the minimum believed to cause cadmium poisoning. The absence of poisoning is probably due only to the fact that this work is intermittent and somewhat irregular. No less, in connection with recommendations for the Lithopone Department, definite suggestions have been made seeking the amelioration of what is believed to be an undesirable set of work condi tions. One worker in this department complains of severe dryness of the throat which is usually associated with cadmium poisoning. 0007.,Swp.,00030S26 I HTDROGhN SDLFICE This gas is a very dangerous one, falling into the sane toxicity range as hydrocyanic acid gaa. Hydrogen sulfide was suspected in several places, chiefly because of the odors present. Tests were Bade in three of these locations with the Mines Safety Appliance Hydrogen Sulfide Detector. 1) Lithopone striker tubs, during addition of acid at manhole ..................................... below .001 (10 p.p.a.) (A strong draft up the stack exists here and while the odor of hydrogen sulfide was detected once over the manhole during the addition of this :<cid, the detector failed to reveal the pres ence of significant concentration at the work position.) Z) Before lithopone driers where strong hydrogen sulfide odor exists ....................................... below .001 (10 p.p.a.) 3) ' Black Ash, atop rotary kiln in presence of suffocating odors, but not definite hydrogen sulfide odor. .............................. .. below .001 (10 p.p.m.) 4) Black Ash, general atmosphere, raining outside. ....................................... below .001 (10 p.p.m.) Although the quantities of gas detected are slight, and limited to a few places, it is believed that enough danger exists to warrant preventive measures. These are discussed in that section of this report devoted to conditions in these departments. In this connection see special section devoted to warehouses at 104th and 108th Streets. N16651.13 URINE SULFATE DETERMINATIONS ON BENZOL POR2CERS The use of benzol appears to be on the Increase In the paint industi7 at this time. For a number of years benzol was largely elimi nated, with the exception of its use in paint and Tarnish removers. In spite of many statements around this plant that benzol is practically unused, the total annual consumption indicates a comparatively high use. Further evidence, of increased use is found in the fact that a benzol producing plant is being built here during the period of this investi gation and this plant will have a daily output of approximately 1500 gallons of benzol. . Any increased use of benzol is regretted by the industrial hy gienists, but at no time should the attitude be taken that dangerous substances should not be used. Instead, ways and means should be found to make the use of dangerous substances compatible with complete safety. If it be true that benzol use is on the upgrade, it may be observed that circumstances for protecting workers are now better than years ago, owing to the recent development of a peculiar te6t which apparently indicates whether a benzol worker is absorbing benzol. This test was devised by governmental officials, working in the Bureau of Mines in Pittsburgh, by using funds provided by private agencies, chief ly the Barrett Company. This test has been described in many publications, one of which is here citeds Urine Sulfate Determinations As A Measure of Beniene Exposure, by W. P. Tant, H.H. Schrenk, R.R. Sayers, A.A. Horvath and W.H. Reinhart, J. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. IS, No. 1, January, 1956, pg. 69. The following materials, dealing with the urine sulfate test, are excerpted from a publication of the Barrett Company. URINE SULFATE TEST AS A MEASURE OF BENZOL EXPOSURE Urine sulfate ratio is the amount of inorganic sulfates in the urine, divided by the amount of total sulfates. The urine sulfate ratio is a measure of the amount of benzol vapors Inhaled by the individual tested. It gives a definite warning signal of danger to exposure before the health of the individual is in any way affected. r 0007-SWP-000030528 I N16651.14 Paint and Varnish ^enover Filling. Since Benzol is Used as a Constituent, Definite Exposures aay Exist in the Absence of Carefully Designed Protection r ! 0007-SWP-000030529 Urine Sulfate Ratios Benzol Hazard Precautions Indicated Above 75$ Below 50$ No exposure Unsafe Normal range of sulfates Additional ventilation 1. necessary Eelow 25$ Dangerous Stop exposure until ventilation is improved The test has no diagnostic riue, that is, it tells nothing about the health of the individual at the time the test is made, hence the test can be made by the factory chemist. The urine specimen should be taken after the individual has been working three to four days. Dtf not make test on Monday if the employee is off on Sunday. . Take the specimen at the end of the working shift--not at the be ginning of the working shift. MDIHOD OF ANALYSIS Of SPINS SPECIMENS Inorganic Sulfates--Twenty-five cc. of urine, 100 cc. of water and 10 cc. of dilute hydrochloric acid (1 part concentrated HC1 and 4 parts water by volume) are measured into a 00-250 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. If the urine.is dilute (a dilute specimen may be recognized by its weak color or by specific gravity test less than 1.005) 100 cc. of urine is taken and 4 cc. of concen trated HC1 is added, 25 cc. of water may be added. Ten cc. of a 5$ barium chloride solution is added slowly, drop by drop. The urine solution should not be shaken, stirred, or otherwise disturbed while the barium chloride is being added. The solution is allowed to stand an hour or longer, according to convenience, then shaken up and filtered through a Gooch crucible. (No. 42 Whatman filter paper may be substituted for Gooch crucible). The precipitate is washed with shout 250 cc. of cold water, dried, ignited and weighed. Specimen for above test should be placed on ice immediately after voiding unless test is made at once. Barium chloride should be added within 24 hours. ............. 1..... Total Sulfates. Twenty-five cc. of urine and 20 cc. of dilute hydrochloric acid (1 to 4), or 100 cc. of dilute urine and 3 cc. of concentrated H&, are boiled gently in an Erlenmeyer flask (200-250 ec) for 20-50 minutes. The mouth of the flask should he covered with a small watch glass to retard loss of steam during the boiling. The .flask is cooled in running water for 2-3 minutes and the contents diluted to about 150 cc. with cold water. To this cold solution 10 ec. of 5 per cent barium chloride is added and the procedure continued as described under "Inorganic Sulfates." This test has been applied to 14 *-orke-.-s who are here exposed to benzol or to similar materials. The results are now shownt Check No. Name Occuoatlon "6 Inorganic Sulfates 502 2451 457 2464 2462 2470 477 509 513 2516 460 2437 Mo. 2452 REDACTED .......... H Dept., Texite, P 4 V remover Panel Cleaner Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Base Laccuer Base Lacquer Base Lacquer Lacquer Dept, Mixer 80 97 94 91 92 88 - 90 36 90 35 92 24 0007-SWP-000030530 It is noted that one person only falls Into the highly dangerous zone, this being a lacquer mixer. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that some division of the general chemical works in this plant be charged with the responsibility to carry out at least monthly tests on all workers considerably exposed to benzol. The rssponsibility for procuring these tests and appraising the rzsults should be made the responsibility of the Medical Department. Whenever tests indicate a percentage lower than 50, the attitude should be taken that additional safeguards are in order. Also, such a finding should lead to the physical examination of workers and to the making of differ ential blood counts to determine the presence of a leukopenia. It is the opinion of these investigators that the benzol situa tion in this plant so far as worker protection is concerned is not good. Additional comment is made In various other sections 0007-SWP-000030531 ILLCUINATION In presenting extensive material on the lighting of this plant, it must be emphasised that the observations made and conclusions drawn are purely- suggestive. Certain readings were made on bright, sunshiny days, others on cloudy days, some few at night, etc. These variations in conditions under which tests were made open up mary loopholes as to accuracy. As a result, only two categoric conclusions may be drawn as to the lighting here. The first is that a great deal of electricity is wasted and a great deal of poor lighting is produced because of the lack of servicing of electric fixtures. The second ccnclusion is that in many large areas of the plant the artificial lighting facilities furnished definitely are lower than is desirable in connection with the work performed. =T 0007. sWp i 30S3 2 i N16651.15 siinmuszcs susm The advantages of good inihistrial lUiaiinat Ion ere many, the meet important of which are reduction of accidents and the conservation of era eight among workers* Because of the nature of this report, it is impossible to present a complete discussion of the causes and effects of poor illumine* tion or the advantages of good illumination. However, for the sake of dearness, seas of the mors eemion defects of illumination are vsry briefly discussed below in order that a better understanding aay be had of the reasons surrounding the reeomamidatlons which will fdlov later in this section* these common defects are: quantity, quality (color), distribution, steadiness, diffusion and direction of light. (a) then a worker is exposed to insufficient light, his working efficiency is reduced and his ayes are subjected to unnecessary strain, which, if coat inusd over long periods of time, may result in permanent eye injury. Conversely too such light may result in glare whleh also may eause injury to workers eye. (b) Frcm the standpoint of quality (oolor), artificial illumination should approach daylight. In many industrial installations the artificial light is too yellow, which condition esusss eyestrain. In sway types of work, an adjustment of the color value of the light la desirable and in work place* where color value judgements are to he made this baeosme essential. (e) Poer distribution of light la the result of uneven illumination throughout a werk room. Vhen thla situatlorn arise# the workmen experience ocular fatigue Alsh produces eyestrain and seta the stage for an aecldaat. (d) The harmful affects of unsteady illumination are obvious. Unsteady ll&t produoas eye fatigue because of the incessant dmsands upon the eye far readjustment. Other than frem. defective currant, this condition my else bo produced by smoke, dusts and mists from manufacturing processes. (a) Diffusion end distribution of light ere related, although good distribution can be attained without having good diffusion. Cood distribu tion of light is tbs result of evenly spaced outlets carrying the emie  attain whleh eliminates daxk mu fro* the work room. Hut it i* niuiun for the worker to lock frcm lighted tru to a dark area tar in* tha eouraa of woifc, a dafinita period of time ! required for *70 adjustment before ho 1* able to im. X condition oaeh 00 this goto stage for o b accident. (f) Diffused light doea not caet sharp, deep shadows which are the prolific cease of tripping accidents. Diffused illumination max be accomplished by having the light at a given point ccae frcm several sources. Reflections fra* ceiling, walls and manufacturing aqulpment are beneficial la obtaining this ccndltlon. (g) The direction of light become important and sons tine a dangerous under two ccndltloas: (1) Whan reflection of light is directed into the 070 and (S) when the concentrated source lies la tha field of vialan. Both of these conditions profece glare and are objectionable because thex Interfere with-clear vision and increase the risk of aecldent; eause discomfort and #70 fatigue; reduce effieieuex; and if continued over long periods of tine, max result in inpaisaent of vision* In order to laprose any industrial lighting installation, tha comma defects mentioned above scut be given careful consideration. It wan with these defects in mind that the reeomnndatlons which follow later in this section for the improvement of the Illumination in this plant were aada. ' The unit of qualtltx of illumination is the foot-candle end it is in this texn that all measurassets and requirements are specified. The instrument used in collecting this data was tha Weston Toot-Candle Hater. In general all foot-candle naaeurnnsnts were made at the level of aerk and with the operator in position. Readings were not taken at all working place a la the plants but wherever possible thex turn taken at various points to indicate the general condition la each workroom. Measure ments were not onlx unde at nanufaeturing processes, hut also in offices, tors roon, packing departments, etc. ' In addition to the foot-candle measurements, infosoation such it evidence of glare, condition of present lighting equlpaant, coler and condition of wal^a and oeiliaga and types of illumination equipment were Sr- I i i * 1 i t. f I 1 alto noted. This information ni used alone with the foot-candle Maauraaatt la making the reecamndatloas. The foot-candle masuro- ments nr* compared with the standards Mt ap bp th* Illminatlng Engineering Society which appear aa a booklet entitled "Code of Light ing." Th*ae standards were uaed aa a beala for the raeomaadatione, bat due regard was given to the particular probleaa encountered In the plant. The results of the survey Indicate that In certain parta of the plant adequate Illumination la being furnished. Oils la due In part to the sore modem construction of the buildings and more recant iastslla- tion of Illumination equipment. On the other hand, many of the depart ments are found to have far from adequate lighting. The reasons for thla Involves a great many factors and may easily be referred back to the common defeete of Illumination which are Hated above, la thla connect Ion It hae been found that In ns placet the flxturee were of antiquated types end have outlived their usefullaess. In other cates very little attempt has bean mads to maintain the lighting. Installation. In still other cases windows are dirty which prevent to a large extent the light from entering and walls, celling* and equipment era a dark color which absorbs rather than reflects light. Good reflecting surfaces are vary Important In any lighting Installation aa e source dt reflected light which aids In providing good distribution and diffusion. In s o m Instances it has been found that electrical outlets are plentiful but only a small numbar are equipped with lamps or reflectors. Also in certain Instances lamp* are being used without reflectors which la a waste of energy since the light is allomd to travel In all directions aid a large percentage Is absorbed by equipment and other dark surfaces. This practice has been found more especially In tbs storage and stock departments. Aside from the waste involved, this practice of using bar* lamp* results in glare, the hamful sffsets of which htvs boon discussed above. ___., . ,. The proper and adequate maintenance of illumination aquipmnt for both natural and artificial lighting Is essential. Systsau which were adequate wbea first installed soon deteriorate unless properly maintained. A definite schedule should be followed in cleaning all window*, Imp* and 0007-SWP-000030535 ! accessories aad hasping the Installations la proper adjustment and repair. Ia ordar that the highest efficiency may be obtained, wall* and ceilings bould ba rapalatad light color* at regultr latarral*. Thar* dirt 1* allowd to collect oa lamp* and light lag fixture*, a coaaldarabla loaa la Ulumlastlon results. It ha* been prow** repeetsdly that laadequste maintenance of llghtlag fixtures will radaa* the efficiency 90 par caat or nor*. Slaca there 1* always tha possibility that thla pleat will operate night*, aad alao* a largo percent of tha day* are cloudy, which aid* vtry little la effordlag natural light, tha llghtlag installation should ba adequate to giro required amounts of Illumination at all time*. At the time* whan illumination 1* sufficient without artificial light, thay need not ba operated. It was with thla la mind that the reeomeedatlons were made. It will bo found that in aass ca*e* re earnsndstlone were made to increase lllwlaatlon area though tha present light with tha aid of natural light was sufficient. This was dona la erdar to male* tha artificial illumination adequate without tha aid of natural light. Aside from the specific recommendations which are included under the "Wield Data aad Besulta" section, certain general reeoamdatloaa now follow* (1) Wash walla and celling* or paiat wall* aad celling* wherever feasible aad repeat process at periodic Intervals thereafter. (2) Wash all llghtlag fixtures in all offices aad wash ones each month thereafter. (3) Wash all other lighting fixtures aad wash every three months there after. (4) install approved reflectors or fixtures on all outlets which are not so equipped at present* (3) Replace those lamps which have had 1000 or more hours of service with new leaps aad replace every 1000 hours of service thereafter. (6) Wash all windows aad skyllgit* and imsh periodically thereafter. (7) Install new lamps in all unused outlets* . TJXW DATA. AND HES0LT3 Position F. C Boadln*_________ Standard________ it of Mai. Std. % of Min. 3td. Bld. *44 - Tin Can Dopt. Sad Floor - liaohlna Shop Banok lathss Shapor Crlndar Brill Press Mill In* Mashlaa Grlndar Screw Press Brill Press Pyroester Gau*es Iwrnaee Orlndsr (tool) Brawls* Board Bosk 1 Bsrdnesa Tester Bookers Ttool Cupboard Sink Cupboard Gaa*e Box Lap Out Plato Tin Can Bspt. Store Boon Beak 40 60 BO 40 60 SO e 20 8 'S 10 4 18 80 80 88 8 IS 3 60/ 80/ IS 10 10 4 1 8 80/ 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 16-10 16-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 16-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 8-4 18-10 10-6 18-10 18-10 15-10 867 333 333 867 333 333 40 133 83 80 67 86.7 180 133 133 167 63 60 80 333 333 100 167 67 40 6.7 33 333 400 800 800 400 800 800 60 BOO 80 30 100 40 189 800 800 880 80 180 30 800 800 180 880 100 67 10 80 800 inst on a leve pror gace 30jt Inst for 0007-SWP-000030537 J r?- ~~rwr WH-W--i-twnw im'Tn Poaition ' Qoalae Bolder BU Bp. Or. Maas. Crook Cupboard A Cupboard B Cupboard Laolac Maohine . Steel Book * A Bla teat A Bla Seat B BU Baa* B Bla Baa* C BU Baa* C BU Beat D BU Baa* D BU Xaa* X BU Baa* ' TU Caa Dept. Manufaoturlaf Punch Pruftt t Puaob Praaa Curling Maoblaa F. C. Reading 6 10 8 IX 9 IX X 10 . 80/ 0 13 1 8 1 1 1 1 80 3 80/ Standard 18-10 3-2 18-10 8-3 8-3 6-3 18-10 3-8 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 18-10 18-10 10-8 < of Max. Std. 33 333 33 240 180 240 13.3 333 1000 0 60 20 160 SO 20 20 SO . % Of MU. Std. R 60 800 80 400 300 400 20 800 166? 0 433 33 26? 33 33 33 33 Iaatall and appr for all Iaatall for all laoraaaa and Iaa refleeto laapa. Iaatall for all Saai aa Baaa aa Iaatall Uareaae Iaatall for all Iaatall for all ) Iaatall ) illumina ) atarafe ) approved ) bare laa ) 333 SO 800/ 600 30 833/ ---a.-- Iaatall local ill SltlOB Doping llnchlno Doping Mchina Handlo (Xarllng Machln* Autoratlo Proaooa (north) (orator) (orator) Slitting HathIn* (eontor) (oeator) (ooot) (ooot) Proas popt. Doak Ponoh Pros* (mat) (raat) (dost) (oonttfr) (north) (north) (north) (orator) Doping Haohln* Doping Haohln* (hand) Doping Haohln* (north) (north) (north) Ewing Hachina Squooxor Haohln* Soarar Body Hakar ' y. C. Bonding 30 to 7 30 30 20 3 90/ 80/ 90/ 10 a 8 0 38 8 38 38 BO 90/ CO/ 7 8 60/ 80/ 30 18 38 7 1 1 3 * Standard 10-6 10-6 10-6 18-10 18-10 19-10 18-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 18-10 10-8 10-8 10-8 10-8 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 18-10 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 -* )t of Uax; Std. 300 290 70 200 00 133 20 333 333 333 67 BO 20 BO 390 33 33 33 133 333/ 333/ 47 33 900/ 900/ 300 190 390 70 10 10 30 . * of Min. BOO 416 116 300 300 00 30 900 BOO 900 100 133 416 83 983 80 390 390 00 800/ 900/ 70 90 833/ 833/ 800 90 883 116 16 16 90 Hi oana Incroaao n bitiU pr local lllan Incroaao Ineroaaa w IicrtiM n Inoroa** g lOOjf. ) laenui | ) mr tkuvio ) > ) 0007-SWP-000030539 1 f' f f t 'T--'isr"''r" - !?r ;***. ' JWi*WWP::T' j iHfcijT'rfr'S'Tr?" 1 Position Slds Stan (south) (south) (south) Koula Sasatsr (south) (sast) (south) (south) Xar Watnr (south) (south) Xar Sanatar lhatar (south) (north) (north) (north) Sartiag Kars (south) 811ttsr (north - 1st opar.) Sllttsr (north-End opor.) Body Makar . Stanr (osntar) (north) X. C. Rsadlac 12 9 60/ 16 6 6 26 60/ 00/ 20 30 20 30 60/ 10 12 00/ 12 3 43 15 80 10 20 IS 18 3 16 8 10 20 20 Standard 10-6 10.6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 of Mtf. Std. 120 20 600/ 160 60 60 280 600/ 600/ BOO 900 200 300 600/ 100 120 600/ 120 30 460 160 600 100 200 160 150 30 150 60 100 200 200 H of Mln 8td, 200 39 633/ 260 83 69 416 633/ 833/ 333 600 333 600 633/ 166 200 833/ 200 50 780 290 633 186 333 300 50 50 250 83 166 333 333 Btccm Install inoraan ) Xnsraaa ) Inoraan Install Inersaso Insrsas Position 'T. C. Reading Hanger (oantsr) rirat Aid Boon Looker Boca Wash Boon (nen) Wash Boo* (wonen) 15 5 10 5 50 50 50 50 Tin Can Department - 1st floor Eaeking Cana Lina 1 - Lina 2 Lina 3 Lina 4 Lina 5 Lina 6 ForMoan's Offloo Carton Repairing Warahousa 50 5 5 7 3 0 50/ 50/ 3 Tin Can Department - Basaaent Alsla ^ Corner * Alsla Stalrax Boll Maahlna (north) Clark's Doak (north) Shop (H. X. earner) 0 7 0 2 10 7 4 Lunchroom Woman's Rest Boom 50/ 50/ Tin Can Department - Office lAiltlgraph Mtmsograph Desk REDACTED D,,lt ' 12 10 10 3 Standard 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-2 3-2 10-6 10-6 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 of Max. Std. 150 50 100 50 333 333 333 333 H of Uln. Std. 250 83 166 83 600 500 500 500 B Increa Increa Increa ---a-- --- --- "'Jlr 500 50 50 70 30 0 600/ 500/ 100 833 83 83 116 50 0 833/ 833/ ISO Insta ) ) Inore ) Insta ) ) --- 0 0 ) Insta 23 35 ) refle 0 0 ) outle 67 100 Incre 100 166 ) Incre 70 116 ) 40 66 ) 333 600 333 500 80 120 ) 67 100 ) Incre 67 100 ) 76)C. 20 30 ) a wh color Position Kail Sorting StampIn Kail Soalea Stock: Shelves Files Sorting Table Work Table ' f. C. Reading 3 0 9 2 4 9 10 ' standard 19-10 19-10 19-10 8-9 19-10 19-10 19-10 Jt of Mai. Std. 20 33 33 25 27 33 67 - % of Min. Std. : Reconm 30 ) Increase g 90 ) 75jt. Pain SO ) oelllng a 40 ) off white 40 ) 50 ) 100 ) Taotorj Offloa REDACTED Vault ' Stair Landing I Information Window Addresaograph Ditto Machine Vestibule 12 7 19 7 6 8 10 8 18 10 9 10 9 9 11 7 7 IS 19 10 29 90/ 2 1 0 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 15-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 15-10 3-2 19-10 15-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 15-10 15-10 19-10 15-10 3-2 80 47 100 47 40 53 67 53 100 67 33 67 60 60 370 47 47 100 100 67 167 333 13 7 0 120 70 Ineroaae w 190 --------------- 70 moresse w 60 Increase w 80 Increase w 100 -------------- 80 Ineroaae w 150 ---------- ---100 ------- .-- ---50 Inorease w 100 ---- ---- -----90 Increase w 90 Install a approved f 990 70 ) 70 ) Install a 190 ) obtain eq 150 j of light. 100 ) blinds to 260 ) natural sc 600 ) 20 10 ) 0 Install a inorease w i 0007-SWP-000030542 j -~t .... fr T;?''f Position General Office REDACTED 111* Cloaet astern Dlatrlot Salaa Offlo# C. Hatdliii 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 3 12 10 16 5 46 10 7 5 7 e 6 6 6 2 3 18 60/ 50/ 36 10 60/ 10 40 10 18 Standard 16-10 15-10 16-10 16-10 15-10 16-10 16-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 16-10 16-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 it of Max. Std _ jt of Min- Std-___________Becon 8 3 S 3 |h S || g E S !8 S $ 3 l 3 ls g g S 3 3 J 3 8 30 30 40 lucre*** 40 >T 100* 40 40 60 30 100 100 160 50 460 100 70 60 70 80 60 60 60 0 30 180 600/ 600/ 350 100 600/ 100 400 100 180 Increase 10O/. position REDACTED Mala Entranoe Main Stair fault Table fault Jllee Bill Inc Dent. Order ltntrv Machine Order Entry Haehlne Medical Dent. Dr. Bees' Desk Murae'e Deek Ex. Bo o m Inployment Dept. Deek , Deal Counter Reception Ro o m Desk Reception Ro o m Ita* Allied RtiMreh Laboratories 3rd floor Cent. Bocae Baadon Positions over floor f. C. Reading 10 20 15 0 4 3 Standard 15-10 15-10 6-3 3-2 15-10 16-10 25 15-10 10 16-10 6 16-10 T 15-10 4 16-10 4 15-10 10 15-10 6 16-10 BO/ 15-10 9 16-10 46 16-10 5 15-10 6 16-10 12 15-10 60/ 19-10 50/ 10-8 60/ 10-0 B 10-8 * of MaX. Std. 67 133 300 0 26 20 * of Min, Std, 100 200 600 0 40 30 H Increase w ) Install ad ) end lncrea/. 167 50 67 100 Increase w 40 60 Increase w 47 70 Increase w 26 40 ) Install ad 26 40 ) and Increas 67 40 333/ 100 60 600/ Inorease w Install app desk lanp. 167 300 33 33 60 333/ 250 450 50 60 120 500/ ............. . Inorease w Increase w MW.n,^. 600/ 600/ 80 625/ 625/ 100 Increase g 85* to CO* Position End floor Lay Out Tabla ' Lab. Benoh Balance Corner Dry Back Bench Hood Desk Beach (asst) Balance Boll Mill Bash tube Shelves Director's Desk Luaoh Roost Tables Kitchen 1st floor Thus Cards Tins Clocks Iafonset Ion Booth Bulletin Board . , Basaaent AB Bldg. (531) Paint Boost Work Boos Bench Centrifuge Oaugaa fOraalatloa Lab. Bench Oven Tnap. Table Boll Mill Batch Table Washing Table Scales f. C. Resiling 15 6 6 IS 10 IB 5 10 60/ 10 0 80/ 4 80/ t t BO/ IB 15 IB 8 1 IB 1 3 6 6 1 Standard 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 18-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-8 10-5 10-5 10-6 10-5 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 10-5 10-6 10-6 15-10 of Max. Std. 100 33 40 100 67 80 33 67 333/ 67 0 333/ 6 416 SO BO 500/ ISO 100 100 13 7 100 7 30 60 60 7 j of Min. Std, Rsoocmend ISO SO 60 160 100 ISO 50 100 500/ 100 0 500/ 40 6S5 ) ) ) ) Install fr ) and Increa ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 33 33 833/ 850 ) Install o ) 150 ) Rtplaes c 160 ) frested Im 0 ) Increase 10 ) md add o ISO ) clear lea BO Install o reflector 50 Install o reflector 100 100 10 Install o rsflsstors Position Files laktr Room Floor > F. C. Readlitt 7 1 Standard 13-10 6-4 Bldg. 110 - Coal Tar Labs. Bench Desk Balanaa , Burettes Bldg. UO - Pulp Lata. Deck Color Block (at window) Analytical Balanaa Balance sink Malature Balance Bldg. 110 - Dry Color Office Daak - Scaretary Daak Cbenlst Analytical Balnsee Mblag Slabs (at window) (1st row) Analytical Balance Rubbing stones (2nd row) Analytical Balance Mixing Beach Sink Desk ' 6 3 5 B S B B 80/ B 7 B 3 80/ 20 30 60/ 40 80/ 20 10 6. 7 8 2 4 7 10 6-4 15-10 18-10 15-10 18-10 18-10 15*10 18-10 15-10 18-10 10-6 15-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 18-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 10-6 15-10 15-10 . * of Max. Std. 47 17 100 20 33 33 20 % of Min. Std. Recomm 70 25 ISO Increase wa Install out wattage and lamps. Install fros 30 ) SO ) Install add SO ) and Increase 30 ) 33 33 333/ 33 47 50 20 60 SO 800/ 80 70 62 30 ) ) ) Increase ge ) trioo* ) ) ) 333/ 133 200 333/ 260 333/ 133 67 40 47 33 12 40 47 67 . 800/ 200 300 800/ 400 800/ 200 100 70 70 80 20 67 70 100 ) ) It Is under ) office Is to ) new quarter ) reason no s ) reeonaendat ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0007-SWP-000030546 J Position Sink Oeufe In N. E. Corner F. C. Readies * 4 Standard 10-6 10-10 j, of Max. Std. BO 27 % of llln. Std, Reocam 33 ) It la unde 40 ) is to ha mo eoon. For speolflo re ads. Bide. 80 - Spray Boo* Oaufea 10 18-10 67 100 Increase e Blade A*h Plant Rotary Rummy 2 8-3 66 100 ) Battling - Hopper 0 8-3 0 0 ) Xqulp all Leeohsr Ladders 0 3*2 0 0 . J hick aatta Filter Press 8 6-4 133 200 ) fixturea f Ora Cruahar 3-2 0 0 j obtain equ Feeder 80 3-2 667 1000 ) Illuminatio Ore Hamline - 2 3-2 66*7 100 j outlets at Ora Vei*hlnc 20 18-10 133.3 00 ) candle val Llthopone Plant - let Floor Colored Washroom Vhlte Washroom , Zlno Suitate Tuha 2 8 1 Ptap* Filter Preeaea 0 Teat Benoh 3 Stalreay Boalea Seale a (aet) Boll Mill Pulper Sealaa Bulk Seales Desk Filter Cloth Rooa 0 12 1 2 2 38 9 6-4 33 80 Ihsrease w 6-4 83 125 8-5 5 40 Install ou approved r 3*2 66 100 ---- ----------- 6-4 0 0 install ou approved r 15-10 20 30 lastall ou approved r 3-2 0 0 Increase w 15-10 80 120 8-3 to S3 ) 8-3 40 67 ) Install ou 10-6 20 33 j approved r 10-6 20 33 ) 15-10 230 350 8-3 i 0007-SWP-000030547 rrfT ' "'Trrp F? - :r-"-;gr i - Ciw Position . f. C Reading Millwright's Shop Bench Middle of floor Settling Thnk Top lag Pile looker Boca (foreaan'a) Stenciling Machine flret Aid Cabinet . 3 t 1 0 IS 1 Starting Switch Tlae Clock Tlae Cardo Llthopone Office Plunking Shop Bench 1 2 1 40 1? Llthopone Plant - 2nd floor Main Stairway Packer Hopper 60 1 Blue" Soalee Main Stalrwap 6 4. Llthopone Plant - 3rd floor. Strike Tuba 2 Teat Bench - Color Record Board Charta 8 3 filter Freaaea Been 8calc Blackboard Motor Stnrtere Pulping Scale Blackboard Botarp feeder ' 20 60 30 2 10 15 6 10 Standard. 10-4 6-3 6-3 6-3 16-10 15-10 6*3 16-10 15-10 15-10 10-6 3-2 6-3 10-6 3-2 6-3 15-10 15-10 5-3 10-6 10-8 5-3 15-10 15-10 10-6 6-4 of lto. Std. 30 40 20 0 120 7 SO 13 7 267 170 . H of Min. Std SO 67 33 0 180 10 33 20 10 400 280 Re oo ) ) oata ) with a ) Insta 1 Incraa Aid Ca ) | Inata ) approv ) Inata 1667 20 60 133 500 33 83 200 Inata Inata opprov Increa 40 53 20 400 800/ 300 40 66 100 60 167 66.7 80 30 666 833/ 375 66.7 100. 150 100 200 Iacraa Inata Increa Iacrea inata Position T. C. Beading Strike mb Soalea (rough) 2 Equalizer Ho. 6 Tub Stair Ho. B mb 8talr 2 1 1 Catalua Plant Oaugee 1 furnaoe Tuba Preaa Gauge mat Bench 2 0 5 0 Sludge Seale Zina Duet Seale 28 d Bldga. 18 and 20 - P. fc 7. Totting Laba. Analytical Balance 7 Bobbing Slab 20 . mat Bench 10 met -a 12 Bldg. 513 - 0. P. Laba. library Table Side lab. Bo. 1 Bench Beak Hood 33 13 50/ 12 General Lab. Xaat Side Analytical Balance Chemical Benah Burettea 7 IS 4 30 Standard 10-5 8-3 5-3 5-3 15-10 5-3 5-3 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 j of Mu. 3td. % of Win. Stdj Rc 20 33 Inata appro 40 67 Inata 20 33 ) Inata 20 33 ) approv 6.7 40 0 33 0 167 26.7 47 133 67 SO 10 Inata appro 67 ) Inata 0 ) Increa 50 ) 100)1. 0 Inata appro SCO 40 Inata Inorea 70 morea 200 100 120 233 76 333/ ICO SCO 130 000/ 200 47 70 ) Innta 100 150 ) lampa Pealtlon F. C. Reading Doak - Banoh Daak Da* Do* - REDACTED S S soy 0 8 Daak Department Offlea Da* - Da* - . Da* Da* North Sldo Banohaa Color Slab Analytical Balmoe Standard Daak Boat Slda Bencbaa Burattaa SO 40 40 2S 10 30 25 6 35 Bid*. SIS - Laaquer Raw Materials Tasting Lab. Da* - Analytical Balanca Doak ' Banoh Baaahas - Inner Wall - At Window* Bood Sample Tllea 35 16 35 10 10 12 8 2 Bid*. SIS - Laoqoar liach. Hooa Oil Bath Rheostat 12 10 Bid*. 547 - Technical Sarrloa Lab. Da* - 30 Standard 15-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 j, of Mai. Std. . j of Min. Std. Recon 33 33 333/ 133 03 133 60 60 500/ 200 00 200 ) Inoraaaa ) Increase by 50jt 233 400 233 400 167 60 67 100 200 300 167 50 63 80 Inoraaaa 233 350 233 ' 350 100 ISO 33 360 67 100 67 100 60 180 80 133 13 20 60 120 67 100 0 300 Ineraaaa In araa Petition . T. C. Beading . Standard t of >far. 3td. ' It of Min. Std Racoiroen Desk Beach - North Spray Booth . Analytical Balance Middle Bench Desk - REDACTED 25 15 30 4 3 10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 16-10 15-10 167 250 100 ISO 200 300 27 40 Install a 20 30 Increass area to n outlets. 67 100 Bldg. 547 - Lacquer Dept. Labe. Desk - Deck - Desk - Desk - Desk - : - Bench - Outer Bow Beach - Inner Bow Desk - Desk - Automobile Section Desk - ' Desk - Lay Out Bench Formulativs Bench Desk - 35 25 25 25 50/ 10 6 7 7 50/ 7 50/ 60/ 1 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 ` 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 233 167 167 167 333/ 67 63 47 47 333/ 47 333/ 333/ 67 350 250 250 50 500/ 100 80 70 70 500/ 70 500/ 500/ 100 ) ) Increase ) Install a ) Engineeri LoMps. Install a Engineeri limp. S90S0000' Display Room 60/ 15-10 furniture Technical Service Lab. Window Benohe s 50/ 15-10 North Balance 40 15-10 Coaf. Table 16 16-10 Desk - 13 15-10 Desk - 10 16-10 1 333/ 333/ 267 100 87 67 500/ 500/ 400 160 130 100 Bsplaoe c frosted l ) ) Replace c ) frosted l ) already I ) Position F. C. Readies Bid*. BE8 - Fuchsia Lab. Balance - Fast Color Bench Desks Analytical Balanoe - West 7 30 10 19 White Lead Dept* Stacks - O.D.P* Melt lac Pol PI* Lead Stora*e Castln* Msehlna Buckle Piles 4 3 1 0 Castln* Pit Desk - Clerk Seale Beam Upper Level walk 4 0 0 0 Held Seale 1 Foreman's Offles Convspor Cat Walk 19 . 19 Whits load Mills * Wash Boom at Fountain Loekar Room Aoatle held Store*. Oil Scalss 3 0 0 9 lab. Benoh Seales Burettes Balsnca Analptleal Balanes Deck . . 9 9 25 e 19 10 Standard 15-10 19-10 15-10 19-10 10-6 3-8 10-6 3-8 3-8 19-10 15-10 3-8 15-10 19-10 3-8 ' 6-4 6-4 3-8 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 19-10 16-10 ~jC of Mar. Std. % of Min. Std. Raccaunend 47 70 ) Install ne 800 300 } row of ben 67 100 ) with frost 100 190 ) fixtures. 40 67 Install o 100 190 10 17 Install o 0 0 Install o equip with 133 806 0 0 ) Install o 0 0 ) equip with 0 0 Increase ( bp lnstal 7 10 Install e approved r 100 160 600 790 90 79 Increase w 0 0 ) Increase w 0 0 ) fer those 33 90 Install o approved r 33 90 ) Install o 80 30 ) approved r 167 8S0 53 80 Install a 100 190 ?p$Sf ??- T snr "WrT '' - FS^'T'!!!r:?OTr; j wct f vw- Position F. C. Reading Standard t of Max. Std. Jt of Min. Std. Recooeendatio HMrsoMttr Recorders Pulper Seales West Middle East Pulper Desk Oil Soala - East Vast Consumption Ceugee Offloe Dsek - Dask Cask Dask Cask - REDACTED Dask Typewriter 0 0 3 1. 4 2 4 .2 60/ 13 20 >/ 13 13 15-10 15-10 13-10 15-10 15-10 13-10 13-10 13-10 13-10 13-10 15-10 13-10 15-10 13-10 18-10 0 0 20 7 27 13 27 13 333/ 100 133 333/ 333/ 100 100 0 0 30 10 40 20 40 20 500/ 150 200 300/ 300/ ISO ISO ) Install additio and equip with ) reflectors. In resulting watta ) > ) ) ) ----------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------ 0. D. Watar Mills Tool Qrlodetone Stone Dressing Packing Da* Vhlte Load Soala * 1 Label Pasting Packing Seals BW 103 Thinning Soala Pulpar Ho. 1 Pulpar No. S . 3 2 6 0 2 0 0 0 15-10 13-10 10-4 15-10 10-6 13-10 15-10 13-10 33 13 60 0 20 0 0 0 SO ) Increase wattag SO 1 for outlets _in refleotors. 100 Increase wattag 0 Install outlet refleetor. 33 ) 0) Install outlets 0 ) refleetor - inc 0 ) wattage bp SOjL Bad Lead Mill - 2nd floor Carbonate Seals Rad Lead Seals 0 1 10-6 10-6 0 10 0 13 ) Install outlets ) refleotors and to mt requirs 1 0007-SWP-000030553 p's.,TH'!?FT': ' " Position F. C. Reading Bldg. 15-4 - Label Stook Boon Aisle - Ulddle - Side Label Printing Press Label Stock Desk 0 50/ 60/ 50/ Bldg. 12 A 3 Leaker Benoh Aisle - Ulddle - Outer 2 0 2 Bldg. 13-3 Packing Sealing JJbek Foreman's Desk Bln Stock - Ulddle Parcel Post Bask Brush Boom [1 2 50/ 4 10 0 Offloss - Stode Dept. Desk - Desk - : Desk - ! REDACTED Desk - Speolal Order Desk - Stock Clerk Auxiliary Desk - Out. Uall Typist - Inner Wall Tiling Boom 10 15 a 12 10 40 B 10 10 7 4 Standard 3-2 3-2 15-10 15-10 10-6 3-2 3-2 10-6 15-10 15-10 8-6 16-10 .8-5 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 15-10 10-6 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 % of tto. Std. * of Min, Std. ' Reco 0 333/ 333/ 0 600/ 500/ Increaaa aeet req 20 33 install approved 0 0 Inoreaee meet req 67 100 10 13 333/ 60 67 0 67 100 53 80 67 267 80 100 67 47 27 17 20 500/ 80 100 0 100 ISO 80 120 100 400 83 166 100 70 40 ) Install ( ) with app Rearrang Increase Install approved l ) ) Illumina ) this pa ) of natu ) good lig J lnorease J 50*. ) ) ) Position Bldg. 14-1 Carload Shipping Roos 1. C. Reading 0 Standard 6-4 Office Bldg. 13-1 1CX Dept. Aisle Plok Off Point Shipping Offloe Peek 10 1 0 z 15-10 3-8 8-5 15--10 Bldg. IS A 1 finishing - Kiddle Alale labeling formean** Daak Barral finishing _ Desk Bldg. 613-3 REDACTED Desk Desk - Aisle - Kiddle Bldg. 512-3 Pooling Lines Scales Desk Stencil Label Line 11 1 30 0 30 15 80/ 0 8 0 3 6 4 3-2 10-6 16-10 8-5 15-10 15-10 15-10 3-2 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 10-6 of Uax. Std. % or mi 00 67 100 33 50 00 13 20 33 10 BOO 0 200 100 333/ 0 80 0 20 40 40 50 16 300 O 300 150 600/ 0 133 0 30 60 66 Reoonmenda Install outle tenoral wattag requirement* o tion. Increase wt ta inetall outle with approved Inereaa* gene eat required Install approv Engineering S La*g>. Inareas* watta Install outle epjroTed refle Install outle approved refle Increase gen o ) Install addit ) and aqulp with ) Increase gene } 00Q7-SWP-000030555 - n-r-'W"*!3r*5Trr-'ar Position Parcel Post Seale a Seales F. C. Bonding 1 Standard 10-10 10-10 Bldg. 047-1 Stock Aisles Desk Paint Dept. Bldg. 19 - Basement Filling Mechina Bell Mill Air Gauge Bldg. 19-1 Balance Seales Kleetrlo Maters Dank Mixer Seals A Dept. Offlee Desk C Dept. Offloe Desk Bldg. 19-8 C. Dept. . Mill Floor Seales Boll Mill D. Dept. Desk Aisle Filling Machine - Lower Level Desk Bldg. 3-3 Shading Bench F. Dept. Offlee 1 18 8 6 4 0 18 48 10 8 10 10 80/ 10 13 80/ 80/ 3-8 18-10 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 13-10 10-6 10-6 18-10 10-10 18-10 H of Max. Std. % of Min, Std. Recocmenda 7 10 ) Install outlets 13 80 I with approTef Increase gantr aat required 33 80 Increase watta 80 120 80 63 Ineraaae watta 60 100 40 66 Inoreaea watta 200 333 ISO 80 480 780 100 166 SO 100 67 333/ 100 87 333/ 333/ 63 167 100 800/ 167 130 000/ 000/ Ineraaae watta Position Bldg. 23-2 filling Tloor Soalaa Pilling Machine Dank F. C. Beading Standard 8 10-6 10 10-6 7 13-10 Bldg. 23-1 Pebble MU1 Seale Packing Lina Bldg. 18-1 Filling Floor Doak - South Sealas - Sooth Platform Soalaa - Middle of Floor Daak Faoklng k. Labailing Shading Gallary Daak - North Stamping Maahlna . Bldg. 17-3 Da* Sooop Soalaa Platform Soalaa Platform Soalaa - Largo B Dopt. Offloo Taatlng Soalaa B Dapt. Grinding Floor Da* 6 t 1 9 2 30 6 S 2 10 13 0 2 8 20 10 10 10-6 10-6 15-10 13-10 10-6 15-10 13-10 19-10 15-10 16-10 16-10 10-6 10-6 10-6 16-10 10-6 15-10 * of Max. Std. * Of Min. Std. . fiaacnnmnd 60 83 Inatall ou approved r 100 167 47 70 Inatall ou approved r 60 100 ) Increase g SO 33 ) 78*. 7 167 20 200 30 53 13 . 67 10 250 33 300 60 80 0 100 Install ou approved r -a-- Inatall ou approved r ) Increaaa g ) hy 100*. ) 100 0 20 20 133 67 67 160 0 33 33 200 100 100 Inatall re laape. ) Inatall ou ) approved r j general w re flee tor a ' ------------------------------- 00003055-7 -A P'?wr"T"` "Wf "^'T?'"r''"nrF8'-" "TT r,,'?rr^!r?,?>iR w-' -------------1 0007-SWP-000030558 Position Stain Dept. H. Dept. Office Bldg. 11 - Stain Ufg. Filling Maohlne Mixing Floor lisle Desk . F. C. Reading 25 5 2 3 Bldg. 9 - H. Dept. Scales Filling Points 2 1 Bldg. C6 - Tarnish Dept. 3rd floor. Mid. Point Been Seales - West Bast SanU 3 15 3 5 2nd floor. Aisles - Mid. Point 2 1st floor. Loading Scales , Waahrooa Bldg. 59 - 1st floor. Cooling Hood mens. Storage and Weighing Boca Scales 30 10 2 1 0 Fire Bo o m North Scale South Seale Tarnish Office REDACTED ' 13 5 20 20 20 Standard 15-10 10-6 3-2 15-10 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 3-2 10-6 6-4 6-4 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 % of Max. Std j, of Min. Std Rec oilme 167 250 BO 63 Increase 66 100 20 30 Install o approved 20 33 ) Install o 10 17 ) with appr 30 50 Increase 150 250 30 50 ) Install o 50 83 ) approved 66 100 300 500 167 250 33 50 Increase 7 10 ) Install o 0 0 ) approved general w 87 130 33 50 Increase 133 200 133 200 133 200 1 oo Posit ton i "1 1' Besting 'Babla Bldg. 56 Puap Ho o k Scales Bldg. 57 Thinning Roam Oaugsa Bldg. 66 Filter Press Boon Desk Gauge Bldg. 42 Blowing Bo o n Bldg. 41 Blowing Ro o m Recorders Bldg. 53 - Varnish filling Desk Vest Scales Power Pleat . Desk Instnuasnt Board Switchboard Alarm Board Steam Pimps Boiler Room Stoker Mo. 1 Instrument Board Aisle Sprinkler Gauges Chemical Produota Division Bldg. SOI Beta Pleat Gallery Hell F. C. Reading 6 1 IS 50/ 10 1 5 8 15 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 10 Standard 15-10 10-6 15-10 15-10 15-10 10*6 15-10 15-10 10*6 15-10 10-6 10-6 10-6 8-5 5-3 10*6 3-2 10-6 10-6 j, of Mu. 3td 40 of Min. Std, 60 Recomme Iaereaae w 18 100 333/ 67 10 33 16 150 500/ 100 16 50 Install o approved .. . _ . Install o approved Install re 53 80 Increase ISO 260 0 0 ) Inetall a 0 0 ) equip wit 0 0 ) wattage t 0 0 ) 111imlnat SO BO lee tall fr reflector available 40 100 ) Install a 0 0 ) lamps wit 0 0 ) Increase 0 0) 100 167 6sso m o o -d/ 'T?"' "'5PJ!* TT'f r'-TT1........ .. -rr'f-....t-....t Position foriau'l Desk AutooUn OaU*e Bid*. G01-2 Tberaaa.ter Bh i Soalea Recorders Bid*. 801-1 Diik Bean Bwlu Bid*. 904-1 k>to Dye Dapt. B*m Seali Recorders Barrel fillin* Aisle Bid*. 504-- 8ulfonatlon Theracjsster Bioordtf Bean Seales Couplln* Tub Bid*. 504*3 Beat Scales lee Loedln* Bid*. 60$- Desk T. C. Reading 19 0 0 1 19 30 0 6 60/ 1 1 0 8 7 S 0 3 30 Standard 15-10 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-6 19-10 10-6 10-6 19-10 6-3 10-6 10-6 15-10 10-6 10-6 19-10 10-6 5-3 15-10 % of liar. Std. 100 0 . i of Kin. Std. 150 0 , Reconme Install Install with app 0 0 ) Install 10 16 ) approved 190 50 60 100 increase 00 300 0 0 Install approved 60 333/ 0 100 900/ 33 Install Inerease 10 . 200 13 80 70 40 0 60 16 ) Install 333 j approved 80 ) Install 133 ) approved 117 60 Inerease Install 0 Install approved 100 00 300 Position T, C. Heading Standard i, of ifax. std. H of Kin. Std.. Rec Bldg. 506-1 Cask Torsawn' Office 1 15-10 7 10 Install approved V 15-10 333/ 500/ Bldg. SOS forvnaa's Desk Beeorders 35 15-10 33 350 60/ 15-10 333/ 500/ Install Bldg. 664-3 - -feblaa Aeid Plant farsafen's Desk 15 15-10 100 160 Bldg. 511-3 Been Sealea 3 10-6 30 50 Increase Bldg. 514-3 Bean Soale Bldg. 511-2 Sulfionation Gauge 0 10-6 0 . 10-6 0 0 0 ) Install } epprovwd 0 ) Install j approved Bldg. S14-1 Be Scale ' ] Bldg. 528 - fuchsia Dept. Beam Scale Aisle Bldg. 516-1 Beau Seale Qallery Tub ] 0 10 1 1 3 10-6 10-6 3-2 10-6 5-3 0 100 33 10 60 0 Install approved frosted leaps* 166 50 Increase Sdbetltu dear gl 16 Install approved 100 v 0007-SWP-000030561 'f'WM Position Bldg. 114-1 Be Seal* Shipping Daak Bldg. 114-2 Blandlng Bldg. 113-2 Blandlng floor Daak Bldg. 112-2 Alala ftrlker TMh Bldg. 111-3 Striking floor Daak Bldg. 112-3 , Striking floor Soala Daak Bldg. 130-3 Striking floor Bldg. 111-4 Sod lint Acatata Tank load Scala Chronata Soala f. C Reading 0 10 6 0 0 0 10 30 3 S 10 4 33 8 Standard 10-6 13-10 13-10 13-10 3-2 6-4 6-4 10-8 10-6 13-10 6-4 3-2 10-6 10-6 f of Ifar. Std 0 67 33 0 0 0 167 300 30 33 167 133 330 06 of Mia. Std, Recoamendatl 0 Install froe approved ref minting out 100 so Ineraaaa wat 0 Install ontl approved ref 0 Ineraaaa gan 0 Install outl apiroTsd ref 260 378 CO ) Inatall outle 60 } with approved 230 200 883 Inatall appr 133 a.--.--TM---- Position Goal Ifcr Plant Bldg. 451 Desk Can Billing BldR. 470 Labelling Can Tilling Bldg. 402 Sealas Bldg. 450 Scale* r. C. Beading Standard j ot Mai. Std. % of Min. Std, 50/ 10.10 10 10-6 1 10-6 0 10-6 3 10-6 10 10-6 333/ 100 10 50 30 ISO 500/ 167 17 83 00 250 Bs coozne ------------- Inatall ou approved r Increase w Increase w RnmffCT A?ffi RECOtQfENPAT IONS OH THE TIN CAM PLAST Various sections of this report include items of data based upon investigations of the Tin Can operations. Consideration of the sum total of information leads to the following end recommenda tions: 1) Soldering, both of-automatic and hand types, characterises much of the work of this department. This solder is believed to represent a mixture of lead and tin. By actual tests of the atmosphere, considerable quantities of lead have been found and definitely more than the minimus required 'to produce lead poisoning, provided exposure exists. This lead foremostly arises in the form of fuse from soldering operations. To a slight extent, lead is contributed in the form of the black oxide off of terne plate. The exact quantities of lead present may be found in that other section of this report devoted to "lead analyses". It is recalled that the maximum in the Tin Can Plant is just above 11 milli grams of lead per ten cubic meters of air. This represents about 7 times the minimum quantity accepted as the daily intake of lead sufficient to product lead poisoning in some Dersons. Not only is lead present in the air, but a few workers are show ing minimal signs of lead absorption. Even though no case of lead poison ing may have arisen over a period of years, it is no less within reason to believe that at aqr time one or more cases might arise. It is there fore recommended that such steps be taken.as will maintain the lead content of the atmosphere at a maximum of 1.5 milligrams of lead per ten cubic meters of air. This may be accomplished by the following steps: a) It is noted that thermostats have been Installed on all auto matic machines. These thermostats should be set so as to maintain the lowest possible temperatures compatible with tie requirements of the operation. If the temperature may be held at about 550-575 degrees, very little lead fume will be produced. It is frequently true that derations of this character make use of temperatures from 100-200 degrees higher than necessary, and thus waste both fuel and lead. b) The hoods about most machines in this department are of poor design or rather are poorly located. Most hoods are so high cbove the operation involved that fume is not entrained and may be seen visibly 0007-SWP-000030564 N16651.16 AutoBBtlc olderingof Feist conteiners. Note Extensive Hooding for Protection Above Hoiten Solder Container to pass out Into the room instead of upward into the hood. e) Insufficient air is being pulled through the exhaust system for purposes of evacuating lead fume. Although this system makes use of mechanical devices for air movement, the system is either overloaded or at least is otherwise deficient. At least double the quantity of air now moved through this system should be provided. The exhaust system in the small room in which ear lugs are soldered depends for fume evacuation only on stack action. This portion of the operation should either be provided with a motorized exhaust system, or else should be made a portion of the main room system, but without overloading that system. d) Remarks made about the extensive height of hoods are especially directed to small automatic operations such as the isolated room where ear lugs are soldered, along with certain other soldering operations. e) On various trips made into this plant, it has been observed that hand soldering is carried out at different points not all of which are likely to be in operation at any one time. Certain of this hand work may be regarded as semi-automatic, in that certain machine devices facili tate hand work. Since at least one hand soldersr is showing minimal signs of lead absorption, it seems desirable to recommend that hoods be constructed and operated over major hand operations. It is probable that these hoods may be included in tbe one motorized system above specified as desirable. f) At some subsequent time, additional lead analyses should be made in order to make sure that the standards set have been attained and are being maintained. g) It is possible, but not proved, at the time of the writing of this section, that some lead is being carried to the Tin Can Department on certain days from nearby portions of the plant devoted to lead manu facture. This i. s being investigated and if found * to be a fact, plan s will be made for remedying this in connection with these other departments. 2) In this department, the real hazard is not one of lead, but that of noise. Of all large scale operations in the plant, this depart ment stands out as a noise maker. Naturally, this is a consequence of the handling of metal (sheet) and hollow shapes made out of sheet metal. 0007-SWP-000030566 i However, some noise in this department is created by overhead drives, stamping and slitting machines, punch presses, etc. Few persons exposed to noise are fully conversant with the ill effects produced. 1* *.t be said that there is so much noise in this de partment that in the course of several years, a fair percentage of workers would become hard of hearing and all continually are victims of minor nervous disorders, excessive fatigue, irritability, resulting from the continuous din of noise. It is not necessary to make noise measurements and to record in decibels the excess noise over desirable states of quietude. However, it would be desirable to make use of audiometers or other hearing measuring devices in the belief that at the present time at least 20 of all persons employed will now show some degree of hearing deficiency. The remedy for this situation is not easy and if achieved at all will rep resent a large and perhaps unwarranted outlay of money. Consideration should be given to the following points: a) The most troublesome of the noises produced by machine operation is that from the double action ring dye stamping machines, three of which are present on this second floor. Of these the one located above the department office causes the most \ibration in the entire building. This machine is not in use at ell times, which is fortunate. The fact that it is located just above the department office is significant in that office workers are subject to a disturbing variety of noise and vibration. Even though these office workers should maintain that they have become accustomed to this noise, the injury goes on no less. b) A fair amount of noise is produced by worn bearings and unnecessary play in moving parts. It will require no great amount of ingenuity, skill or money to rectify some of these nunerous petty noise makers. '* c) The great bulk of the high pitched noise arises from the cla6h of metal on metal, such as the vertical dropping of units in the process of manufacture. It is recommended that an engineer be assigned the duty of modifying all possibly noisy processes through the introduction of rubber track wherever practical, the elimination of direct dropping of metal on metal through the introduction of rubber baffles, etc. ... 1 1------------ ~ ! ! 0007-SWP-000030567 d) About one-third of the machines in this department are new mounted on rubber. The remainder to good advantage might be so mounted. Some of the distinct sources of noise arise in machines not rubber ' -.ted. Also it conceivably might be practical to build up' noise deadening walls and ceilings. Again this is left to engineers. In short, without unfavorable criticism of any person or persons and without pretending that a full reme<^ has been found, it is here pointed out that much may be gained in this department through efforts to eliminate a great deal of the noise now present. S) During the course of this investigation, frequent comment has been made that the workers in the Tin Can Department are unlike in their responses aiy other division of the work force. For example, among other items, it has been pointed out that these workers are con tinually complaining about the quality of food and that they make unusual and extraordinary demands for special foods, without regarding this situation very highly, it may be related that this general state of irrita tion, irritability, proneness to complain and general dissatisfaction is the customary emotional state among workers continually exposed to noise. This comment is made in order to tie in the preceding section with the well known situation that the Tin Can workers comprise a jittery and frequently upset portion of the work force. COMMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LITHOPONE MANDFACTORE In dealing with lithopone, it is fortunately true that the major ingredients are'substantially non-toxic. For years lithopone has been, promoted as a non-toxie substitute for lead paint costings. However, the situation in ary plant and particularly in this.plant,_is not so freed of concern as might be desired. The zinc component of lithopone starts not with zinc sulphide, but with sine sulfate and in an impure state, calling for extensive treatment. Likewise the tift ore of the barium component is highly impure and calls for extensive chemical modi fications. Out of these requirements and in the further manufacture of lithopone, a number of situations here exist leading to recommendations. 1) The dust of zinc sulfate is distinctly irritating to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and will lead to septal perforation. One or more persons now employed present nasal perforation, presumably due to the action of zinc sulfate. This leads to the recommendation that all workers unloading and handling the zinc sulfate in the dry state continuously wear respirators whenever engaged on their job. One exception necessarily is made in that workman tending the hot water solution of zinc sulfate. Because of much wetness connected with his employment, the wearing of a respirator is impractical. It is here recognized that the respirators are worn at the present time most of the time} only on a few occasions have unloaders been observed neglecting themselves by discarding their respirators. 2) The boiling water tubs for zinc sulfate solution give rise to much steam. When we first arrived, the antiquated hood over these tubes was apparently not vented at all. During our stay, a new stack has been supplied which 6till is inadequate. Apparently more steam enters the room than is discharged through the stack. It is urged that this situation be bettered until substantially all steam be eliminated for the benefit of workers in this section. 3) One of the most objectionable of the lesser hazards connected with this plant is to be found in the cadmium recovery section. Here, after a series of chemical manipulations, the cadmium sludge, mixed with caustic, is smeltered and recovered as metallic cadmium to an extent 0007-SWP-000030569 I N16651.17 1 Llthopone Bagging. Llthopone Is Essentially Non-Toxic but Grossly Excessive Bust Exposures are Undesirable. The Operation Here Portrayed Cells for Improvement 0007-SWP-000030570 1 represented ty the fact that each batch comprises about SOO# of metallic cadmium. Cadmium is a highly toxic material and is perhaps not less toxic than lead. In the operation in question the fire box for adding heat to the smelter discharges its smoke through a makeshift pipe directly into the workroom. The smelter pot is not vented in ary way. The accompanying ....... see Vol. II photograph portrays this undesirable state of affairs. This very operation has led to a number of poisons, including one death, in another plant. In this connection, a quotation is made from the League of Nations Encyclopedia on Occupation and Health, as follows: "In 1924, in a factory of chemical products, several workers engaged in handling the residue from llthopone manufacture and preparing cadmium were poisoned by the fumes. The inquiry revealed that the fumes in question were cadmium fumes rather than arseniuretted hydrogen." Of ten poisoned, one died. The very definite recommendation is here proffered that this cadmium recovery work be carried out only under definitely better conditions and freed from the high presence of cadmium shown from the analyses of the samples of air collected during cadmium smelting. Another section of this report, "Cadmium Exposure" lists the results of the air analyses mentioned above. 4) The entire section in which zinc sulfate is prepared for llthopone manufacture is a low order of operation involving uncertain exposures to arsenic, crseniuretted hydrogen, menganese, lead, zinc sulfate, etc. The two definite exposures have above been described. A guarded expression is now made to the effect that this entire section would be helped by extensive modification. The humidity is excessive, water condensation drips from all ceilings and walls, wetness is everywhere present, etc. 5) It is understood that some changes are planned in the Black Ash Department. Remarks mad.e In this item should be modified in relation to these contemplated revisions. Leaving the zinc component and taking up the barytes constituent, it may be pointed out that the barytes is far from pure, that lead may be present as an impurity. Occasionally arsenic is likewise present and some silica. As a result of kiln firing, the sulfate is changed over to the sulfide and oxide. 0007-SWP-000030571 Later this black ash is treated with, water and possibly at tines sodiun sulfate, giving rise to barirn sulfate, which after further purification is ready for iithopone manufacture. In the preliminary steps connected with barium, much dust is evolved, particularly at the lower end of the kiln where the sulfide and.oxide are present. This dust is definitely caustic and acts as a skin irritant and depilatory. It is now recommended that un less the changes now contemplated take care of this dust situation, a dust entraining system be Installed at the lower end of the kiln. It is conceived that much might be gained by conveying the untreated black ash to the leaching vats automatically with a screw conveyor or otherwise. The present arrangement of hoisting it in an elevator, filling by hand into skips, moving the skips a few feet, hoisting by hand crane and dumping by hand is conducive to much dust formation and apparently is uneconomic. If, however, it is necessary to weigh the black ash before its placement in leeching veto, then th4 *uceestlon may be less valuable. If some such arrangement as this is produced, the necessity for dust cr--+ers diminishes to seme extent. Arbitrarily the standard is suggested that not more dust be tolerated in this room than SO million particles per cubic foot of air i&en counted by the dark field procedure. 6) At the upper end of the kiln, in connection with grinding and hoisting, excessive amounts of dust are produced. The dusts here created are probably less dangerous than those at the lower end, but of this some uncertainty exists. At the present time must dust is induced by the vibration caused by the crushing. Apparently large quantities of dusts have settled about rafters so that whenever any vibration takes place, visible clouds of dust are produced. Also, It Is observed that the hoist equipment is defective and fair quantities of the mix are dumped about the beads of workers. This is controlled to some extent by a makeshift platform which catches some of this spillage. It is now recommended that this entire building be freed of rafter dust in an effort to control the total amount of dust created in this department. Further, it ir gusniadly recommended that consideration be given to the necessity of a dust collecting system about the front end of the kiln. 0007-SWP-000030572 In order that proper inter:st may be stimulated in this enter prise, it is observed that baryta occasionally leads to dusty lung disease very similar to silicosis. These cases are uncommon; one was reported in 1926, in which definite lung changes were brought feout. Of greater importance is the possibility that the irritation from barium compounds, particularly the sulfide, nay give rise to cancer of the lungs. Of remote importance is the possibility that barium may possess sufficient radioactive properties to induce some injury. It has been learned that plans are underw^r for- the rearrange ment of operations about the upper end of the black ash kiln. It is therefore inappropriate to make specific recommendations for changes further than to point out that present conditions are distinctly undesirable. Whatever new arrangements are installed should Include adequate facility for the entrainment of substantially all dusts and gases arising in this general area and including the platform above the kiln where at the present time hydrogen sulfide gas is present in appreciable quantities. 7) At the present time, the handling of the black ash sludge after the separation of the barium sulfate, is carried out under objectionable conditions. In passing, however, it is noted that to some extent the workers handling this sludge are also the workers exposed to dusts from the untreated black ash. These workers definitely complain of the objectionable qualities of their work from heat, from dusts, from skin irritation, from lumps of settled ash falling from the ceiling and from steam and from wetness. One workman at this time complains of a caustic burn of one foot due to a leaky boot. It is granted that this is a difficult operation to surround with worker protection. No less, it is maintained that it is practical to minimise the dust, to evacuate the excessive heat, to remove the settlings and encrustations from ceilings, beams, walls, etc. throughout this department. 8) One of the disturbing features connected with the black ash work is the creation of hydrogen sulfide. This gas should command the respect of all persons. In any quartity they can be measured, it is dangerous. As noted elsewhere, messurable quentities have been established around this department. It is believed that one of the beneficent purposes served by 0007-SWP-000030573 dust collectors.will be that of removal of hydrogen sulfide gas as well. At this time no specific recommendations are made with reference to hydrogen sulfide control other than that at no time should the overhead openings in the building be closed. However, some hydrogen sulfide gas a generated in connection with the purification of the black ash. This portion of the problem will not be appreciably aided by `.he installation of dust collectors. For this reason, it is recommended that such steps be taken in the black ash washing room as will assure the absence of hydrogen sulfide in measurable quantities under all circumstances. 9) One of the chief complaints on the part of the black ash workers is from excess heat. Again it is noted that if dust collectors are installed these will probable move so much air as to dissipate some of the excess heat now present. On this account, no specific recommendations are made with regard to heat mitigation. ,. Nor, after discussing the health exposures connected with the preliminary preparation, comment is made upon lithopone manufacture itself and its further treatment: 10) In the course of routine exsainetlons for lead in the atmos phere, as reported in another section, much lead was apparently found in the dust to which lithopone workers are exposed. This very disturbing observation at once has led to the question that eome lead is present as a definite constituent of lithopone, which is unlikely or that considerable amounts of lead is being blown, into the lithopone room from nearby lead manufacturing operations. Third, there is a suspicion that some agent in the lithopone interferes with the accuracy of the test procedure carried out. At the time of the writing of this section, full laboratory return are not in, but the suspicion is great that for one reason or another, sufficient leac lr present in the atmosphere in the lithopone room to produce lead poisoning, even though only traces be present in the lithopone itself. Final technical observations will be appended to this section and it is hoped thet a full understanding of the situation will then be available. 11) Even though lithopone be non-toxic, and even though it be 0007-SWP-000030574 1 free from lead, there Is a limit to the dustiness to which workers should be subjected, even though the material leading to the dustiness be entirely Innocuous. It is believed that much more litho^jr.s lust is present in a few operations than should be tolerated. It is recommended for the bagging section either that this be changed over to automatic type of bagging of the dust free type, provided llthopone may be bagged automatically, and-if this is not practical, it is recommended that a dust collector be installed about the bagging operation and nearby operations so that within that area workers rill not be continuously . .. subjected to an extraordinsrijrhigh intake of llthopone. Similarly, it is recommended that a dust collector be installed over the hopper on the floor above the bagging operations. 12) Great quantities of dust are produced about the llthopone building by the careless handling of materials, emptying of trays, and particularly by dry sweeping. Visible clouds of dust are nearly always present in various portions of this building. It is recommended that workers be cautioned to handle llthopone with an eye for no unnecessary spillage and further it is recommended that due consideration be given to the installation of vacuum cleaning system to supplant dry sweeping , which now takes place. It is assumed thst there is no practicel method of doing ret sweeping and also that hosing down of floor and walls may not take place. If this assumption be in error, hosing down of maty large portions of the llthopone plant as a substitute for sweeping would be highly commendable. ' 13) For the time being, many more-rork:-rs in the llthopone department who are exposed to llthopone dust should be wearing respirators than is now true. One man is known consistently to wear respirator, but others are dilatory in this respect. Later on, when some of the Innovations here recommended may have been Installed, the wearing of respirators may be abandoned. At present, this would be unwise. T0007-SWP-000030575 Final appraisal of the lithopone situation is to the effect that llthopone itself is non-toxic and its handling gives rise to no major problem. No less, certain refinements are in order in its manufacture. Supplemental Motes ................ ........................ ffhen all technical data were in hand, it was definitely established that the lead found In the Llthopone building was primarily due to air- , borne lead from nearby ataclcs and apparently chiefly from the litharge and red lead stacks. The quantity varies from hour to hour and, of course. Is much more prevalent in the direction toward which the wind Is blowing. Lead hes been found In the atmosphere outside of buildings In this area,origina ting from this seme source. At the time that the red lead and litharge furnaces ere being charged and when dampers are shaken, the quantity of lead thrown Into the elr la enormous. Freshly mads llthopone Itself has proved to contain no or only minute traces of lead, but rafter dust In these lltho pone buildings does contain lead, elsewhere, In various places, recommenda tions have been made that this general contamination of the air with lead be curtailed In order that non-lead workers and realdenta about the plant be hot expo sad to lead. It la the Intent of thla supplemental concent fully to exculpate llthopone as having an Inherent content of lead. Referring now to tee ` e-dllng of zinc sulfate from box ears In a loose, dry state, It la reconnended that the steps suggested by the super intendent In charge be carried out to an even greeter extent If practical. This la that the content of the cara aa received be sprayed with water to a sufficient extent^through a sufficient number of times so that zinc aulfate dust will not be created In the process of wheeling thla material from the Cera to the solution tanka or storage bins. . 0007-SWP-000030576 Ii ccacasT a n d r e c o mme n d a t io n s t o r o l d d u t c h p r o c e s s l e a d ma n u f ac t u r e This large operation provides enormous potential exposures to lead dust and is at the same time one of the most troublesome operations connected with lead use in this plant. Frv. .he point of view of the hygienist, the devout desire is that the whole Dutch Process might be abandoned in favor of some of the newer processes because these never processes lend themselves more readily to protective devices. It is understood that white lead made by other processes than the old Dutch Process is, after all, lead carbonate, and not different to that made by the Dutch Process. If this be .true, and if the Quick Processes are financially economic, then the industrial hygienist would like to lend their earnest support to the abandonment of the Dutch Proeees because of the difficulties attending worker protection. . In this department, practically one-half of the workers are showing signs of lead absorption. The percentage here is as high or higher than azy other portion of this establishment. This is accounted for by the high quantities of lead found in the atmosphere, as shown in that other section entitled *lead analysis". Although these men wear their respirators with greater faithfulness than is true for almost any other factory investigated by ns, it is impossible that any respirator will pro vide 100? protection or sufficient protection to make mild lead poisoning improbable. It is also noted here that respirators are not worn consistently by all workers. It is likewise true that some workers above the laboring class who are in and out of the dusty areas numerous times during the day do not wear respirators at all or at best veiy little. Because of the distinctly bad situation connected with the stack work and particularly the drawing, which is veiy dusty, it is recommended that due consideration be given to the provision of facilities for positive pressure respirators of the non-helmet type for highly exposed workmen during periods of high exposure, chiefly drawing. This plan would call for the Installation of air lines at low pressure (below 6#) down into each stack. These pipes should be set up with OM^-omMS77 outlet valve# at various levels and possibly with removable swinging arms ........ and multiple nozzles, over one of which each workman might slip his hose line for his supply of fresh air. It is probable that the plant's air, pressure line will not provide suitable source of air supply. Obviously the intake of air must be sufficiently remote as to provide lead free air. It will not be necessary to wear helmets as a small face, covering the nose and mouth is sufficient. It is not anticipated that workmen rill find this equipment much heavier than the present respirator. Since this drawing work is strictly confined to small spaces and for several years at a time,, it is felt that here is an admirable situation for the wearing of hose respirators. However, since unforseen difficulties may arise, it may be preferable to install pipe lines only in the nature of a pilot arrangement, embracing perhaps not more than six stacks. A faithful and Intelligent tryout of the system over a period of six months will provide adequate information as to the merits of this innovation. By actual tests, much lead has been found in the atmosphere about the molten lead pots associated with buckle casting. The chief source of dust here is from the skimmings removed at frequent intervals during the work period. Surrounding the entire lead pot area, much accumulated settled dust is present. The skimmings are merely dumped on the floor, requiring additional handling in connection with removal. The exhaust system now installed over this pot moves very little air and fails to pick up dust artificially stirred up near the doorway. Ho thermostat is utilized in connection with this operation. ..... Consequently, workers know only by rule of thumb the temperature that exists which temperature probably varies appreciably during the day. Since high temperatures produce more lead fume and more dross because of increased oxida tion, it is recommended that thermostatic control be provided for this lead pot and that the temperature be kept as low aa is consistent with the needs of the operation. Since it haa been steted that the operator# change the tempera ture from time to time during the day, in order to meet peculiar requirements, it may be desirable to install only that type of thermostat which will provide that maximum temperature actually required for operation purposes. r 0007-SWP-000030578 In the handling of used tan bark, there are certain stages and operations wherein this bark aej be wetted down. This is desirable wherever practical, because such lead is mixed in with this tan bark and dusty atmos pheres are readily,produced. It should be the continuous endeavor of the manage ment to obtain from workmen full cooperation in wetting down every dusty operation where it is possible so to do. -- - --- 1 \ . . ..V' .... --- - i-' . . w 0007-SWP-000030579 ( i 1 Lead Recovery from Refuse of Catch Process of Chite Lead Manufacture. A rusty Operation Pertly Cue to Cefectlve Mechanism rhich Should Be Remedied 1------------! 0007-SVVP-000030580 i, COaiEST AND fXCOilMENDAliONS CONNECT'D tlTH LEAD RECOVER? FROM TAN BARE This small unit gives rise to a fair amount of lead'la the atmos phere as shown by various tests made. The chief offender Is the lead stirred up from the handling of the dried out tan bark as it is thrown into the elevator boot. Also, enormous quantities of lead are temporarily produced in connection with the shoveling out of the completely burned bark ash. Eince the supply of this material to be recovered lies outside the building, it is inevitably net some of the time. Consequently, the question arises as to nly this may not be netted down at all times when freesing would not take place. Thus at once would be eliminated all prospects of dustiness. In connection with furnace loading, on our first arrival, this work was much more dusty than at present, cue'to the fact that many flues were clogged up to the point that all stack action was practically .--bsent. Lately this has been remedied and this source of increased dustiness no longer exists. The operator complains that the fan installed for venting this room operates improperly and runs in reverse fashion. Even though this be true, it is unimportant as no good purpose is served by this overhead fan. The need exists for an exhaust system near the loner door of the furnace, and preferably on either aide of the furnace. These two lateral intakes in truth will not pick up ell the dust but,will go far toward entraining the dust created, in connection nits shoveling out of ash. It is possible that the fan non installed, but which serves no helpful purpose, may be introduced into a new system as just mentioned. The ash removed from the furnace and laid out in nindrona on the floor should be sprayed with water (not hosed) during the process of emptying out the furnace, immediately on removal from the furnace, shovel full by shovel'full--that is, one worker should shovel, the other should sprey. Lead from this recovery stack is one of the eontrlbutlng offenders to the general atmosphere contamination so often dis cussed in this report. It is possible that this lead should be recovered. X166S1 m%swr-oomK8, COMk EHT AOT PECOlttETOATIONS FOR THE LITKAESE AMD RED LEAD DEPARTMENTS . If reference be made to those other sections dealing respectively with air analysis for lead content and with blood examinations for evidences of lead absorption, ready proof may be found that the manufacture of lead oxides is associated with definite exposures. Using the quantity of lead of l.S milligrams of lead per 10 cubic meters of air as a yardstick of safety, it m^y be observed that in this department there are some places presenting as much as 200 times the minimus quantity of lead regarded as dangerous. Of greater significance is the fact that approximately one-half the workers present suggestive signs of lead absorption. On these accounts, it is felt that here is a department which must be made the recipient of extensive modifications. A number of sug- gestlons and recommendations now follows 1) In another section of this report, a discussion is provided with reference to the washroom and locker room for workers in the general lead manufacturing area. The need for much more extensive accommodations was emphasized. It is urged that this matter be given consideration and that at a very early time better accommodations be provided for these mary workmen. Congestion is enormous and exposure to lead is provided directly in the wash and locker rooms. . 2) From the stacks leading from the furnaces in this department, much lead is poured into the open atmosphere, to the point that workers in nearby departments probably are indirectly exposed to lead. In writing up the llthopone section, it was noted that apparently much lead was present in the llthopone dust. It is now felt that this leed represents a contamination of the llthopone with high quantities of lead escaping from the stacks associated with red lead manufacture. Of even greater significance is the possibility that this discharged lead is being carried several hundred feet and might affect residents and shop keepers along 115th Street and conceivably workmen in the Kensington Steel Plcnt. This constitutes a prime legal threat, which matter is being discussed with Ur. MacDowell, the Corporation's chief counsel. TSien as much as 100 milligrams of lead are present in the atmosphere of the llthopone building, in each 10 cubic meters of air, ana assuming that teshnicEl error has been permitted to arise in the method of analysis. Nl66S] 0007-SWP-000030582 of which the possibility/is being investigated at this writing and accepting the condition that no lead beyond a trace can be present in the lithopone, it becomes enormously important to give consideration to the large quantity of lead being poured out of the various stacks in the lead manufacturing departments. Title certain quantitative measurements have been made, indicative of contamination of the general atmosphere, the best evidence may be found in seeing actual clouds of red lead emerging from the furnace stacks. It seems probable that commercial losses are Considerable, which might Justify remedial measures, primarily contemplated for worker and citisen protection. At sny rate, it is recommended that such steps be t&V-en as will eliminate the apparent wide contamination of the general atmosphere by lead, discharged primarily through stacks from red lead " und * and lithrge^bark burning furnaces. 3) In this department, there are now in operation six different cust collecting or dust arresting systems. Insofar as protecting workers is concerned, it appears that no one of these systems is worth a great deal. The design is extraordinarily tad--certain systems are over-loaded, none are entirely suitable to the requirements of worker protection and of greater importance, some of the worst offenders as dust producers are not equipped with ary dust collectors, good or bad. During the period of our investigation, an engineer connected with a manufacturing company has investigated this same problem, but quite apart from our investigation, and unknown to these investigators. This engineer was not seen by ary person connected with our own group. Recog nising that this engineer has equipment to sell and pointing out that we have no interest whatever in his company or his wares, it has no less been deemed desirable to Include an engineer's appraisal of this same situation. This appraisal now follows, but the ree.omaendatlpns made are not necessarily subscribed to by us. 'RFD T.FAE FURNACES ' Four C-as-fired Furnaces to Common Stack, Using Three Smoke Outlets from Each Furnace. . Two of these at the top are now practically closed. The rear smoke cutlet with damper is controlled according to heat. It is through this opening at the rear that gas or fumes from lead and litharge escape. Much of it deposits in the breeching at the back of the furnaces, and evidently oooy-swp - 0030S83 considerable rises from the main. stack to the atmosphere. The emount of material passing out in the furnaces through the stack to the atmosphere, or deposited in the breeching in a unit of time is not easily determined. The loss of fumes in the Red Lead and Litharge, resulting from loading end unloading' the furnace pans through the front door was very roughly de termined as follows: A plate measuring 8" x lOj* was covered with material during the time the front doors were open to the amount of 10.95 grams in a period of time of approximately one minute. This was red lead. Some material escapes continually through the front because of the leakages at both the lower and upper doors, but the amount of loss while actually load ing and unloading is much greater over a period of only fifteen to twenty minutes. It is recommended, first, that a hood, SO* wide x 18* deep, suitably tapered upwardly, and connected to the dust pipe for each furnace, be connected to the dust collector on the level of the fourth floor above the mill room. Coal fire furnaces located on the other side of the mill room are producing practically the stme smount of loss at the front doors when lo.v'ing and unloading. The flue arrangement, however, differs considerably because of coal firing. The collector for this, arranged the same as the four first mentioned gas-fired furnaces should be the same, and would join the same collector on the level of the fourth floor. These furnace fumes will enter a classifier or coal chamber ore entrance to the bag or tubular type of collector. Due to the comparatively lor temperature at which the furnaces ere operated, being an average of about 1020?., it would be possible to cool this down to the point where all of this could be drawn into & tubu lar collector at a very high rate of velocity, the collector also equipped with Vclassifier and cooler so that no losses from furnaces could occur. This, however, would entail considerable expense, as these collectors would necessarily be of considerable size, and would suggest at this time that........... this be deferred until the recovery of the losses at the front of the furnaces hai really been proved profitable. Corrections The present dust collecting equipment bn the fourth floor of the mill room appears to be entirely overloaded. Thus, the velocity of the air throughout the blow-pipe system is too low to convey the dust effectively. Mary of the horizontal pipes, including some.of the smoke pipes, easily fill with material, and thus further reduce the effectiveness of the suction at the various outlets. Host pipe construction is incorrectly joined up where one pipe enters another. In no case should a pipe enter another pipe, even of larger diameter, at right angles to same. All branch pipes should lead into main trank lines at an angle of less than SO degrees, and preferably of 10 degrees where possible; otherwise, there is a choking up in the trunk line. , Invariably, the connections to elevators are improperly placed, ^thus causing dust to congest the air rather than'remove the pressure. All take-offs for elevators should be at the top,, or head, far enough away from the discharge of the pockets so that it will not disturb material being carried. ' ....' ........... The method of shaking or cleaning the bags from the several bag collectors is ineffective. This is usually accomplished by rubbing the bags from top to bottom with a long pole, while the fans are in operation. The result is that the cloth impregnates to the extent that it builds up a back pressure in the system. Also, much of the material goes on through the fabric, and it is deposited on the floor. Overhead, immediately above the bag Collectors, are roof ventilators. These also exhaust considerable material out to the open atmosphere every time an attempt is made to clean the bags. The capacity of the equipment concerning the bags themselves is still too 0007-SWP-000030584 snail, even If the method of cleaning them were more effective. How ever, effective cleaning would very materially increase the present capacity. It is observed that in some cases more than one blower is used In discharging dust to the bag collectors. Ihe usual result is that the system becomes unbalanced, or one blower working against the other. In good practice, not more than one blower is served by a single collec tor. One large blower, with ample capacity to serve a number of pieces of equipment, such as mills, sifters, elevators, floor sweeps, etc., could be used to serve one large collector with the use of gates in the various lines to the equipment units, and thus balance the entire system and con trol it. This would be idea, and far more efficient than maiy blower units that are now used. It is assumed that the Comp&iy does not wish to make a radical change in present buildings, and that any new equipment going in is merely to meet the present situation to reduce the health hazard and recover losses so far as possible, and that later, when more radical changes are contem plated, any new dust collecting equipment that may now go in can again be used by simply adding sections or units. The dust tube collector is de signed along these lines. It is sectional in construction, and can be added to very easily at any time. Hot only can the capacity be increased to an unlimited extent, but the shaking of equipment for effectively clean ing fabric can also be extended. The means for unloading hoppers can be so designed that they can be extended and material fed to a^ desired place. Hew Dust Collectors in Mill Pnom It is observed that there are a number of floor feed openings for the feeding of elevators with material drawn from the furnaces, These should be connected to an independent new dust collector with high velocity so .......... that all spillage now occurring in the floor may be eliminated. The floor feeds should be designed with grates, and over this is where the material should be handled. Tilth suitable suction connections under the grates, ttee would be no spillage. Possible Space for the Hew Collector On the fourth floor of the mill room, north end, is a large bag collector, having 59 IE" bags, not operating, and one set of Raymond type beg collector, measuring 84" across, not operating, covering a space of 20' wide x 16* long and 12'4" clear from floor to ceiling. This space could be properly used for the installation of a new collector of modern type to serve the two sets of furnaces, new mill room dust connections, and consid erable additional equipment now not adequately served. 0007-SWP-000030585 Citherge Milling. Highly Dusty Operation. In the Absence of Consistent <*eering of Respir'tors, Cistinct Exposures Uay Arise 0007-SWP-000030586 r 1 j la particular, the exhaust hoods connected with barrel filling with litharge and red lead are reiy bad. These are located approximately 4 feet above the lower level of filling and are offset about two feet. Whatever dust is entrained is drawn ty the workers breathing zone, as it passes from the point of origin or where the drum is being filled to the intake of the exhaust. In this instance, the intakes for dust exhaust * should be located very close to the open end of the drua and should not be further away than 6". It is the intent of this inculpating discussion to emphasize that substantially no features of the present dust collecting system are acceptable from a hygienic point of view. It will be necessary extensively to redesign the installation and to make increased provision because present facilities are over-taxed without accomplishing a great deal of good. Exhaust from these dust collector systems contribute to the totality of general atmospheric contamination, discussed in the preceding item. 4) Whatever may be done with respect to dust collecting systems, it is recommended that hoods be installed over the top doors of all furnaces in operation. No attempt is made to specify the size, design or quantity of air moved by these hoods, nor is it the duty of these investigators to state which, if any, of the present system should be connected up with these new hoods. No less, the recommendation is madefor a prompt installation of protective devices of this character. 0007-SWP-000030587 i t 5) During recent months, according to stories told these investigators, two or three inspectors from some governmental agency looked over the operations in this department and recommended that no clean-up work he done, that dust he allowed tu emulate and settle and should not be stirred up. It is to he hoped that these inspectors were aisunderstood. If not, their recommendations have certain elements of foolishness in them. No less, the workers in this-department have been considerably influenced by this governmental injunction and have not been as active in ordinary housekeeping as is desirable. Of course it is inexpedient to do extensive clean-up work when large numbers of workmen are on the Job and particularly when some are not wearing respira tors. If this be the bone of contention, then such time should be found as when the smallest number of workers are likely to be exposed. These investigators are advised that there are certain areas where wet sweeping is quite permissible and even hosing down mey take place in a smaller number of places. All this is highly recommended. Even the use of wet sawdust is better than dry sweeping. In fact, dry sweeping on a general basis is looked upon with disfavor. At this time, when so much dust is produced, very little will be gained by a wholesale clean-up of rafters and all project ing ledges, and such is not recommended, hut at a later time, when the dust collecting facilities, such as are recocaended are installed, an elab orate housecleaning is in order for this department. 6) In that section dealing with protection in the lead stacks, recommendations have been made that certain workers who move very little in their operations be provided positive pressure hose masks. These would be recommended for workers in the Litharge and Red Lead Departments except for the fact that most workers move around far too much to permit this change. However, it is now said that if there be any workefs who consistently are kept at fixed points and do not move about over a radius greater than IS feet, in connection with filling operations, furnace operations, etc., consideration be given to the advantages of positive pressure respirators over filter respirators. Unfortunately, the prospects do not seem to be good for their use in this department. 7) In order that there may he no uncertainty about the needs  for this department, the general recommendation is made that all necessary steps be taken such as will lead to the reduction of lead in the general atmosphere to that quantity so that a workman will not receive into his bocy more than two milligrams dail; the present time, he is more likely to inhale 200 milligrams in the absence of respirator wearing. The respirators now worn are good--in fact excellent--but no respirator is apt to be more than 95% efficient and in this department the 5)C of ineffic iency provides ample opportunity for practical lead exposures. I j i i i 0007-SWP-000030589 C3MMCTT A-:P RZCOM'iDiPATIOH "OR CTTICg PROCESS OF SHITE LF/D Mmpr/CTras In eonaec.l^-^ltb discussion Tor exposures contaminating the Dutch Process of white leed manufacture, it was pointed out that it was most difficult to eliminate atmospheric contamination with lead.' Also in that section a distinct preference was expressed for other methods of white lead manufacture as eppraised in terms o' possible exoosures for workmen, "ow in discussing the Carter Process, or, as it is here termed, the "Quick Process," it is again to be noted that com plete protection is not easily obtained. Primarily these difficulties grow out of physical behevior of white leed as manufactured by the Cuick Process which is not easily entrained, does not move through con duits with facility and altogether behaves in an onerous fashion, moreover, the situation is made troublesome through the fact that acetic acid leads to the destruction of many types of materials commonly used in the protective apparatus. Folly recognising the difficulties of the situation, a number of suggestions are now made. A. Both from air analyses and from blood examinations of workers is it established that considerable quantities of lead pervade the atmosphere in this depertment. Other sections of this report res pectively present these findings. The general etmosphere of each cylinder room of the Quick Process department contains very high quan tities of leed. All of the subsequent recommendations made ere directed toward the elimination of high concentration of lead wherever found. B. The initial step connected with this process is the melting of leed preparatory to atomizing into steam in e large chamber near by. Although this melting pot is equipped with extensive devices for evacuating lead fume and dust, the pot is so neglected tfcet much lead dust has settled about the pot and much is stirred up et the time of dropping pig lead into the pot. The atmosphere lr. this area is sell laden with lead. Also the operator about this furnece is showing sirr.s of leed absorption. It is recommended that this smell eres be See section on lead pot temperatures. See section on air analyses for lead. See section on blood tests for lead. 0007-SWP-000030590 N16651.2 Bottom of Chamber In TThich Atomired Lead Is Prepared for Quick Process Jihite Leed Manufacture. Although Extensively Automatic, fork Connected with This Opere- tion May Provide Exposures to Lead Dusts 0007-SWP-000030591 i given a genere.1 house cleaning, that all settled lead be collected and disposed of, thet dross be cleaned out of the pot free at fair intervals such as two or three tines weekly,--all to the end that subsequent analy ses of the atmosphere may reveal no dangerous concentration of lead at any tine. C. It is noted in many pieces thet large quantities of lead ere,being discharged into the general atmosphere at this plant, and this lead is sufficient to produce signs of lead absorption in workers ss far eway as two blocks. The operation under discussion is perhaps not the worst offender but no less is. a contributor to the situation. Later a general recommendation sill be made that ways and means be found to bring this general problem under control. Therefore, no specific item is made of thi3. one source of contamination. D. At the bottom of the blue lead 2'nufsct'ring ch'mber there emerges at the north end a belt conveyor. Cue to leeks, consid erable leed is thrown into the atmosphere it this point. Also, the operation itself, apart from leaks, contributes some lead through that machine. It is recommended thet these leaks be repaired immediately. Thereafter if too much lead is still present 33 determined by atmos phere analyses, it is recommended that t'-is small ares be completely housed in in order to completely control this lesd exposure. E. In the blue leed cylinder too much leed dust is pro duced at the time o' the initial filling of 'these cylinders. As the first step in eliminating this exposure it is recommended that some device be created whereby this lead is discharged into the cylinder with complete closure existing between the opening in the cylinder and the discharging point if the worm conveyor. Just how this may' be accomplished readily m<y be worked out by the engineering staff. *: F. At the present time the end of every cylinder opposite the gassing end is theoretically hooked up with a sanitary conduit of wooden construction which rises to the top of the building and there discharges. It is obvious to all that these appliances --re worn out, rotted, and never 0007-SWP-000030592 rere of any greet value. The chief difficulty connected with their operation is thet considerable moist ecid vapors ere produced during part of the operation while at other times dust is created. The moist acid vets the vails of any conduit leading to the deposition of the dust on these wells rather then passing to the outside as is desirable. Moreover it seems impractical to attempt to collect this lead either by bag system or cloth filter. This is in part because of the action of the ecetic acid and in part because of the wetness of the dust. To meet this situ ation it is desirable that the opinions of the engineering staff be sought. TTe, however, recommend that consideration be given to the prompt tearing out of the now useless, rotted semitery conduits and that these be replaced -ith some more durable materiel such as terra cotta, parafln treated wood, transit*, etc. This new system should embrace induced air motion and in addition should depend on wet washing of the air in the disposal of the collected leed material. It is recognised that these statements ere somewhat vague, but they are made so through desire. Shilled engineering guidence will be a requisite to the creation of the proposed system for the collection of lead in this department. G. At the time of the emptying of the- cylinders both from the blue side and the white side, a feir amount of dust may arise, l-ut this is not inevitable depending upon the state of moisture of the product. It is noted thet one system of dust collection is already in operation and quite successfully, being connected with s. housing about the worn conveyors. It is believed thet this same system asy be extended to all other conveyor units and that this source of dust ary thereby be properly curtailed, ho attempt has teen made to measure the efficacy of the one system" in use, but cesusl opinion is to the effect thet this is one of the successful ones about the plant. H. Even though these appliances be instelledin full meesure it will probably be necessery for the workers to continue to wear res pirators for ar. indefinite time. At a later date additional tests will be 0007-SWP-000030593 made to determine the concentration of lead In the atmosphere. At that later time when the concentration approximates 1-1/2 milligrams in 10 cubic meters of air, approval will be given to the non-rearing of res pirators. I. Various other sections of this report discuss matters connected with this department or the work thereof. For example, a strong recommendation is made for increased wash room facilities for lead workers. This discussion appears partly in connection with the section on wash rooms and partly in connection with reconmendetions Tor other lead using departments. OO7-SWP.0OOO3O594 COUilENT AND RECOMMENDATION FOR SIEITE LEAD FINISHING DEPARTMENT At just what point the Dutch Process division ends and the Shite Lead Finishing division begins is a little uncertain. On this account it is recognized that in this discussion at least one series of operations probably belonging to the Dutch Process division is discussed in connection with the finishing work. On the east side of the lead oxide furnace hall is located a snail building of four floors where the Dutch white lead is separated from its remaining content of cosrse netallic lead. This series of operations leads to the collection of large quantities of "lead nickels" which are used in the manufacture of litharge, and a rather coarse state of the corroded lead, some of which is used in the manufacture of red lend. Tee three upper floors of this building house machine operetions that are almost entirely enclosed. These three floors are especially free from gross quantities of lead, and with one exception the entire sanitation acceptable. The one exception is trivial. A number of /oil leaks are present in the pipe lines. Instead of repairing these leaks, piles of tan bark are provided on which oil may drip. This is not im portant, but, if at ell feasible, these leaks should be eliminated in order in turn to eliminate the necessity of the tan bark accumulation. The first floor of this building stands in marked contrast to the cleanliness of the floors above.- Here as such as one-half inch of lead is present on the floor. The barreling operation produces much spillage and dust. Further,' this rjfeis unnecessarily littered by the presence of waste material. ' .' - --mrjE that the present dust collecting system be extended to the hopper above, that the barrel filling operation be extended to the filling operation itself, that the "lead nickels" be not piled up on the floor but handled 0007-SWP-000030595 N16651.21 | Proportion to Quantity of Dust Permitted to Arise 1 0OT1.s w M0m556 | that chemists . exposed here should wear respirators, but this should not be e permanent arrangement because the improved laboratory regime should make this unnecessary. On the third floor the outstanding exposure to lead Is situated et the teke-off end of the drying oven. Here numerous trays of white lead ere dumped Into a hopper leading to the grinding mill below. Two Intakes for dust are located ebout this chute, but much lead no less exeapes into the atmosphere. It Is recommended that the exhaust system at this point be so redesigned thet better protection is provided. On this entire floor, white lead is literelly coated on all surfaces, particularly floors. The question.is raised as to the possibilities of flushing down walls end floors in certain portions of this srea. On the second floor a fair amount of dry mixing tekes place, such as in connection with the Zilo nixing, iiuch white lead is produced in connection with such operations and contaminates the atmosphere of this entire floor. This is reflected in the fact that in the department's offices located on this floor, enough lead is present to produce lead poisoning; in fact, certain persons located in these offices show signs of lead absorption. However, it is ob-erved that those persons spend some time in the manufacturing areas in the plant so that their lead ab sorption may not be due to the lead present in the air of the offices. Perhaps the greatest offender of *11 in the production of lead dust in this department is found on the first floor in connection with lead barreling. Although this operation is walled off and is exhausted, much too much lead dust is permitted to arise. During the barreling operation the make-shift door to this room is not closed so that much lead pesses out and endangers the workers manipulating pulp lead which in itself provides much less of an exposure. It is believed that et . -% least two things may be necessary in further controlling this outstanding exposure. First, the exhaust -system is inadequate. Greater quantities of dust should he picked up at the point of barreling. Also the exhaust system should be extended so that there is an intake of air off the worsW-'>*)591 in containers, end the.t unnecessary litter be cleared away. Lastly in this connection it is observed that the basement section which is used 'or storage should be protected from dust coning from the first floor above. The stairs leading fron the first floor to the basement contain at onefourth inch of white lead all over. The rectification of conditions on the first floor will automatically take care of the needless contamination of the basement department below. Ho attempt is made to follow through the Quick Process lead or the Dutch Process lead in an orderly fashion through the finishing opera tions. The following disjointed comment no less is associated with the real danger points of this department. The fourth floor is almost entirely devoted to the water washing end sedimentation of white leads. Nearly all. portions of this entire area are whitened by lead but no greet amount of white lead is present in the atmosphere. It of course would be preferable if these lead incrustations were not present, but it is not known how to achieve this in practical steps. Therefore, no recommendations ere made save one; namely, a few of tiie anti-splash extensions of the tanks are worn out, thus paving the way for'unnecessary spillage onto the floor. It is suggested that this simple matter he remedied. Hherever possible the area on this floor whould be hosed out from time to time in order to prevent the building drying out of accumulated lead. As long as the leed is wet, the dustiness will not arise. Also on this same floor is located the white lead laboratory. At least three persons in this laboratory present some evidences of lead absorption. Also, from lead analyses of the atmosphere, it i known thet dangerous quantities of leed are present, ilary hundreds of samples of lead are observable about this laboratory, and these ere handled with apparent carelessness. It is recommended that the entire regime of this technical laboratory be eltered to the point that undue quantities of lead may not be present in the atmosphere. Inevitably this will cell for better house keeping, may necessitate an exhaust system, may require that this labora tory be considerably enlarged. At the present tine it seems desirable T lI 007-SWk i 0030S98 i general work space. Possibly this should be located near the door in order to prevent the passage of suspended dust through this opening. Further, it is believed desireble that the space provided for this isolated room be enlarged so that it nay not be necessary tc * inue to move barrels of lead down this small room during the process of barreling. These matters, of course, represent engineering problems so that the hygienist contents hinself with urging that the exposure be much diminished. Xn other sections of this report, a o'iscussion is presented as to the washroom and eating facilities for all of the leed manufacture division. Also e request hap been made that the three women working in this department be provided a toilet since now it is necessary to leave the building, cross over the railroad tracks and the street, pass up to the second floor of a paint manufacturing building in order to gain access to toilet facilities. iiany workers in this department engaged in duties substantially free from direct exposures ere no less endangered by lead originating in nee.rby operations. Along the norm conveyor from the r.uick Lead Process there are a number of leaks which contribute to the sum total of dust. It is probable that this complaint should have been ma.de egainst the Quick Lead Process operation as the actual line of demarcation between the two departments is not entirely clear. . In general, the housekeeping throughout this department is open to some unfavorable criticism. 007-SWp 1 '00030S99 i .1 COIMENT ADD RICOU-'OTCATION FOR COAL TAR PRODUCTS MAROFACTORS During the tour of investigation of this plant there has teen put into operation a benzol distillation p_'.st. This plant will properly produce from 1,000 to 1,500 gallons of benzol daily. At this tine, it is too early to establish if this benzol operation will be associated with sny exposures. It appears that the system is so entirely closed as to provide no opportunity for benzol evaporation. However, during the pro cess of construction, the workers have complained of unusual headaches because of leaks. This dangerous stage is now passed, and no real appre hension is entertained that benzol poisoning will arise. !?o less, it is recommended that from tine to time those workers employed in this operation ' e subjected to the urine sulphate test for benzol. This test is described in another section. Results from this test will indicate whether s.r.y of the operators are taking benzol into their bodies. Large o.uantities of asbestos fiber are used in the manufacture of certain eoel tar products. Considerable dustiness is produced by the asbestos. Dp to recent weeks the operators manipulating asbestos have not worn respirators. For this reason, those longest exposed were subjected to x-ray examination of their chests. Two presented remotely suggestive evidences of asbestosis. Chile no great attention is pid to this finding and while these workers should not he concerned rbout their possibly trivial industrial lung disease, it must be recognized that this is a dangerous material, calling for precaution. Three protective steps are suggested et'this time. a.) Whenever manipulating asbestos, workers should consistently wear respirators. ' fc.) The leakage of dusty materials around hoppers which now contaminates to a slight extent the sir of the floor below should be stop ed by filling in crevaces, etc. c.) This irregular operation should, be distributed among considerable numbers of workers so that no two or three workmen should regularly carry out this operation. If there be sufficient personnel, no sne worker should be exposed to asbestos handling nore then three months out of the year. Cleaning of the drysa with caustic out in the open air xorks a hardship on the men during the cold reether. It is known that during extremely cold weather this operation is abandoned, tut during the r.-armer days of winter this operation is performed. Elsewhere in this report ?. discussion is -rovided with reference to the installation of a central drum cleaning section. It appears that enother good reeson for this recommendation Is to be found in the undesirable type of drum cleaning work carried out in the Coal Tar plant. At rny rate, it is pointed out that present practices are not commendable chiefly because of the punishment of workers during the colder months. The removal of the Insecticide division to mother state he3 freed this Coal Tar pl'-nt from some of its more dangerous operations, ''o'.-ever, some disinfectants and. disinfestar.ts are still made, involving the extensive manipulation of hot uhenolic cvenierls in open systems. It is recommended thet the one l'rre open vet :evoted to this puruose -V.ich is now equipped with an exhaust depending only on steck action be equipped with induced currents of air in order to eliminate the possi bility of injury 'ror. phenolic vanors. Practically ell of the raw materials tr.f products of this plant are vail knot.n as s'.tin irritants, And a few might give rise to shin cancers. It is urged that a. high type of personal byaiene ve en couraged among these workers, further it is suggested thet all workers continually be under scrutiny for shin dleearea end that any akin disease ' e brought to the attention of the -edictl den-rtsent shortly *fter its first -poetre.r-ce. * COXiHIT X RICOiDJEHDATION FOR PAINT AIT VARNISH EEPARTHEHT (VARNISH SECTION TREATED SEPARATELY) Prior discussion brings out the fact that this department occupies a series of buildings, eabrecing IS, IS, 20, 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. Eith the exception of ensmel work in building 23, the majority of paint operations ere conducted in buildings 18 end 21. It is quite understandable that this department should be located in some of the oldest buildings in the institution since undoubtedly paint manufacture . long antedated such operations as lithopone, chemical products, lacquers, etc. This very quality of venerableness of the paint manufacture depart ment introduces trying problems connected with sanitation and. hygiene. At once it nay be sa.id that operations in buildings IS end 21 ere cr.rried out under physical circumstances that make almost impossible the procurement of sightliness, orderliness, and generel eeceptebility. T.'ith the exception of definite lead exposures in building 13 "id limited exposures elsewhere, it is not maintained that in these buildings there are outstanding exposures or threats to the health of corners. On the other hand, the entire situation as to accumulated in crustations, settled dust, worn out flooring, noisy machinery, ineffect ive lighting, filthy toilets is such as to give a very bed. impression. The stand is here taken thet there is little Justification for the installation of expensive protective devices *t any point in these two buildings. The temptation is to urge that these buildings be replaced or extensively remodeled. This et once would solve all or many of the' hygienic difficulties. This recommendation as to tearing out these buildings is not made, but it.is recognized that economic situations *` . . * ^* within ? short time will make necessary thet new types of machinery re place much of the obsolete equipment now extensively in use. fince one o' the outstanding problems of this plant is that of work congestion rathe- then worker congestion, it is inevitable thet in * short tine some one or seme of the larger deo'rtmer.ts must be removed into .uesrhy space n-sWP-000030601 y 0001 I N16651.23 in order to remove the work congestion in other departments, such ?s Dry Color, C'reaieel Products, etc. Thus, the prophecy is hazarded that Piint Nmufseturir.g Department when rebuilt sill be located epert froa its present situation. Ilueh would be rained froa the point of vie* of plant sanitation when the Paint Department occupies different buildings end makes use of different xechinery. "bile this is 'esirable, these investi gators refuse to sake eny issue of this problem on sanitary or hygienic grounds because the belief is that actual danger to >or'.:ers is low. On the other hand, rhen econoaic conditions justify this progrem of rebuilding, the industrial hygienist rill lend full support to any such step. A master of installations of a protective nature night be ne.de in the Paint iianufecturlng Department but are here onltted on the ground that every lnste.lletlon wculd be too expensive in proportion to the good th:t would be accomplished and in proportion to the value of the buildings in which these installations .might be ne.de. On the other hand, a few odifications ere imperative. These are now mentioned. In building ?.l at least two of the toilets are beyond the pale. These ere condemned vigorously >c being unworthy of this company. Tve one on the first floor st the east end is most deplorable and should be visited by anyone who Is .skeptical as to the Justification of this strong language. The others are slightly better. In building 13 on the first floor there is one large toilet :r,d washroom rrea. which ostensibly fces been abandoned in favor of a good type of rrshroon on the floor above. This room is partly filled up rith rf? materials and materials in process. Notwithstanding, this toilet room has not Veen abandoned. Extensive use of it is made by corkers on the first floor tut in the absence of adequate cleaning service. It is recommended that this unsightly room be in fact abandoned or else recon ditioned, and put into service. It esnnot remain in this present condition. "ItVer close up or fix up. In building 13 atmospheric analyser have revealed high concen trations of lead chiefly connected with dry mixing. It is recognised, of 0007-SWP-000030604 li co'.trse, thet la this building lead is settled on every projecting object, lncrusted on ell floors, machinery, etc. There is no practical step There by this leed may be removed in its entirety. This has been discussed in the introduction to this section. Now, however, it is emphasized that so r:.uch additional lead is produced at the tine of airing thrt workers should wear respirators at least on the mixing floor and possibly on the grinding level as well. It is not sufficient merely to rear respirators while ectusl dunning of leed into sixers is taking piece. The dust produced hangs in the atnosphere indefinitely and involves not only the mixer him self tut is carried to all portions of the second floor. With considerable reluctance the recomaendetlon is made thet more respirators he finished and that respirators be worn to a. greeter extent. Or. this floor two work ers ere shoring signs of lead sbsorption. reference is made to thet other section of this report dealing with leaf, anal; ses *or evidence of the nresence of leed in the air breathed by workers in this section. Note: At the rear of the first floor of building 18, a small emount of work is devoted to utensil cleaning in naptha. Eecause of considerable evrp-ration taking place here, it is recommended that this deening unit be fitted with a hood ar.d exhausted to the outside of the building end upward but without Induced air currents. The use of motor powering for- this smnll unit appears not to be necessary end is therefore not warr-nted. Tilth reference to department E loceted in r series of smell buildings., 10, 11, IE, etc., a cumber of suggestions are cade: a.) The seal-enclosed tank in hich paint ar.d varnish remover is .or -e should be equipped with an exhaust duct connected with the present exhaust system provided for peint end varnish remover filling. This innovrtisn ::ry be provided st e cost probably not exceeding f5.00 because of the proximity of the exhaust conduit. b.) In this department is manufactured a brass polish termed "Eress Erlte," consisting of oleic ecid, finely powdered silica, sr.d 0007-SWP-000030605 igneous emmonia, 2 percent. At the present tine only shout 00 gallons of this product are a*de weekly. Of the 6 percent ammonia, only about five gallons enters the individual batch. Because of some discomfort to the workers, it is recommended that whoever handles the emmonie snd who ever does the filling of containers with this product be furnished with ammonia respirators end with goggles. Goggles are more needed by the handlers of the concentrated ammonia than for the container fillers. Ro less it nay be .,ell for both to wear these orotective appliances. Ammonia respirators x.ty be bought from most any manufacturer, but in this ease because the hazard is minimum, the lightest, smallest variety should be procured. c.) In connection with paint and varnish remover filling, a good hood is present over the filling point rhich is corrected with the power exhaust system. The evidence ir. hand indicates that the present protection is adequate. Notwithstanding, because of the highly dangerous nature of wood alcohol and benzol, it is recommended that consideration be given to the possibilities of additional protection. .About this plant there are several copies of the bro^ire prepered by the Barrett Company en titled, "Safety in the Use of lenzol." On the last pare, figure four is er. illustration of e protective device designed for filling container equip ment. Attention is celled to this but no recoimendetion is made. A pre ference is expressed for ar. automatic filling system. Just off the Shellac kenufacturing building, there is a room devoted to benzol storage. This room is fitted up with an exhaust system with inlets et the floor level as is desirable. However, this ekhaust sys tem operates only when the fan is turned on prior to entry of ary person into this room. It is recommended that in addition to the present arrange ment where workers are cautioned to turn on the fan before entering, that ' Current ,. an additional device automatically cut An the flwa when the door is open. The res son thet this step slone is r.ot regarded as sufficient is that best results rill be derived if this fen is turned on snd allowed to operate for several minutes, such as five or ten, prior to entry into the room. 0007-SWP-000030606 I The automatic safeguard on the door will merely provide some' protection for the workmen -.ho enter the room without a weit period. e.) In various other portions of this report, reference is mede to the testing of the urine of the workers handling benzol, known as the urine-sulphete test. It is now recommended thet workers engaged in the manu facture of peint end varnish remover, erd perticulerly the fillers of this product, he subjected to this test from time to time for the purpose of .asking sure that they ere not absorbing benzol. Details of this test may be obtained from the Medical Department. Also it is recommended thet workers emptying tank cars of benzol or otherwise exposed to benzol In this depart ment be subjected to this seme test ..-hlch is harmless end which is well nigh infallible in proving that benzol exposure does or does not tske place. In going beck to building IS, some comment is made about the process connected v-lth enamel manufacture. This building is the best one devoted to paint manufacture, end while nearly 0 years old this building stands out in favorable contrast to the ancient buildings, IS end 21. e.) In this building the single toilets on several floors represent mere cubicles without any roof, thus exposing workers in the vicinity of the toilet to the offensive aspects of toilet use. It is re garded as much more desirable thet these illegal (?) toilets be abandoned and that an adequate central toilet room with urinals, locker and wash facilities be created in this building. b.) On the top floor much dust is created almost continuously due to the dumping of dry materials into mixers with openings at the floor level. These dry material?, include a variety of leeds, some silice, some silicates, end -jossibly asbestos, .lore on account of lead than anything else it is recommended that workers ve furnished with respirators for con tinuous wearing, or, if not continuous, certainly when lead is'being mani pulated. In the penthouse of this building--the fifth floor--a batter:- of large storage tanks is located. These are not equipped with carbon dioxide overblankets. Owing to the feet that these materials are heavier oils, such as Chintwood oil, etc., the likelihood of fire or explosion from bennol,. tolujfl, alcohols, etc., is not greet. !!o less, the o.uestion is rtlsed ss to the desirability of carbon dioxide blankets. The chief hy gienic concern in this connection is the keeping of the tanks so clean that necessity of entering the tanks or of carrying on extensive cleanup work fron the outside is largely obvieted. As a general procedure throughout this plant and particularly in the Paint tepartaent, the tendency is to sake use of pulp material rather than dry material. At once this appreciably lessens the dust con tent in the atmosphere of these departments. Of course, it be argued that any such step serely removes the handling of dusty ea.teria.ls to other departments. This criticise is not valid owing to the fact that nixing and grinding departments carry out their operations on such a large scale that extensive protective equipment is practical. On the other hand, adequate protective equipment connected with 100 or 500 small mixing machines would not be practical. Thus the use of pulp aeteriel is marked with definite approval from the point of view of hygiene. 0007-SWP-000030608 i COX'JENT AND RECOiffliEtDATION FOR VASNISK CEPAF.TiiSNT Owing to the feet that a new varnish plant particularly de signed for the manufacture of synthetic resins is in the course of coif-'i... structlon, it is unnecessary to make extensive comment upon a series of onerstlons, a greet number of which shortly will be trensfered to this new building. On this account, comment in this department is thoroughly curtailed. . The chief operation not to be moved to the new building is that of blowing oils such as- fish oil, linseed oil, etc. Then this operation is carried out there is produced r.t least one end perhaps a series of highly irritant substances in the class of aldehyde; a chief irritant being acrolein or acrylic aldehyde, Whenever fish oil is being blown, the irritant fume produced effects the majority of workers in the department, acny workers in other departments of this plant, and .sty spread over the entire community. It is not unusual that fumes from this operation prove to be offensive to residents a mile or more eway from the point of origin. a. ) The present system of entraining these vapors is not satis factory. The department management already has plns to make use of the Mahon system of water baffles for disposing of this nuisance. In view of the fECt that some public liability may exist, in view of the disturb ance 4b workers in this plant, and particularly in view of the item which follows this one, it is urged that rather prompt action be inaugurated seeding the abatement of this disturbenee. b.) For some time it has been known or suspected that varnish workers present a high incidence of pterygiim. This condition is sn eye disease characterised jy the .growth over Vie^'ront of the eye of a seer-like membrane. It occurs both in and out of industry, tut varnish workers ?ppear to be unusually prone to this disease. At the Acme plant of this company, two cases were known to exist in the vernish department but the other workers were not examined so that the total number ras not 0007-SWP-000030609 Vernish Thinning. Thinning **aterifls are Potentielly Dangerous, Requiring that this Operation be Associated with Exheust Systems 000306io determined. At this plant. casual observation of about 50 oereent of the V (possibly only one) ' work group established/two cases which were very clear-cut. These were accepted as of occupational origin, but it is here observed that one of the sen examined is obviously suffering from some other eye affliction un related to pterygiun. The finding of even two eeses of a serious eye affliction lends such support to the contention made in the preceding item, .'.'owever, it is possible that this pterygiun was not caused by acrolein originating in the blowing of fish oil, but instead sight possibly be at tributed to phthalic anhydride, or to the action of naphtha or some other solvent or thinner. c. ) The stack action in the varnish hall at this plant is especially poor. . however, on representation that vernish cooking will be transferred within a few months to the new building, no stand is taken against this deficiency. d.) f fair amount of complaint is voiced against phthalic anhydride as utilized in varnish manufacture. This agent affects the workers of the department, other workers in the plant depending upon the wind direction, and conceivably residents and workers in other factories in this neighborhood. Here again no justification for condemning of present operation exists owing to the prospective removal of this entire operation to the new plant where an entirely different system of handling this irritant will be inaugurated. e.) In the same manner, various other objectionable features connected with the vernish work might be pointed out only to be followed with the statement that automatically these wrongs will be taken care of or thst there is promise of their being taken care of in the new depart ment. On this account, no additional comment is aade. . t _s \v y -o o0506U l 000T Turpentine House Two small sections of work serving cany departments of this nlcnt function under the Paint, Varnish and Lacquer fep'rtaent. These era, namely, the Turpentine House, fie .'-etic Acid House. The turpentine that is here purified is e by-product derived from the southern states, end presumably is of the Steen distilled vari eties obtained from pine. This turpentine la ch'rrcterlzed by ? highly offensive odor around, the plant. The operation which takes place is de signed to remove this odor. This is accompanied by treetaent 'rlth ealof oi'ia hypo chlorite. This material in turn is produced by treatment witt* lime liquid chlorine in o-'ea vat. hinor odors of chlorine re given off, but no complaints h*.ve been encountered, "ollowlng thi3 trst- nent, distillation takes piece, Mid the purified turpentine is packed in various containers. The chief source or concern in this entire plent is that of explosion of chlorine. Very T.-.rge cylinders of this notarial'rre located on platforms in open areawtys vet.veer. buildings. ! large number of 000 pound cylinders are present, it the present time these cylinders are so situated thst they may be flooded with crater during the hot weather. These cylinders are equipped with safety blow out plugs, but if one were to give way under increased pressure due to heet, e major disaster ra'ght arise. Primarily this matter is one of safety rather than that of in dustrial disease or one of hygiene. <lso it is recognized that the pro ducer of chlorine is well instructed of the den*ers in the storage of chlorine. It is therefore recommended that this company fully assure itdS self*to the safety of present methods of storing chlorine. If there be any doubt as to the situation, `chlorine should be placed underground and under cover or et least so situated that no possibility will exist of a wholesale massacre due to chlorine poisonings It i3 understood thet this is no new problem to the company, and thst plsns have been drawn and rre possibly beyond that stage whereby the dangers of this situation will be nullified by the placing of these cylinders under cover. 0007-SWP-000030612 ! Acetic Acid Section This aaall operation la c Me fly derated to tbe diluting of Beetle acid to Various strength* and tbe collecting of tbe acid In Tarloua container* for shipment or other uses* In one step In this operation, wooden barrels are coated with molten paraffin* Tbe paraffin gives off ona of the most offensive of odors. It chiefly Is nauseating ratber than Injurious. In this eonnsetion it Is recomnended that tbe paraffin pot be fitted with a suitable hood end exhaust duot. If at all practioal, tbis hood should be so large as to constitute a canopy under which all of tbe barrel paraffining may be carried out. Further, it la recosnended that a hood, possibly of paraffined wood, be Installed over the acetic acid diluting and filling operation. These vapors are the source of eons 1 deruble complaint from other depart ments. The use of the hood end exhausting at the top of the building will go far In increasing tbe comfort of numerous workers whose duties are apart from handling acetic acid. 0007.. ,0030 613 1 COMMENT AND .RECOMMENDAT IONS FOR THE LACQUER DEPARTMENT In the making of a variety of teata during the courae of this investigation, for the purposes of establishing the degree of safety of work conditions, measurement of harmful substances in the Lacquer Department chiefly was limited to the concentration of..Inflammable vapors. Without exception, all buildings In which solvents and thinners were manipulated proved to present some areas whereat concentra tions were dangerously high. Reference Is made to a special section devoted to vapor determinations. After due consideration, the follow ing recommendations or suggestions have been evolved with reference to this department. 1) In the filtering of lacquers along with associated opera tions, such as the cleaning of filter cloths and filtering machines, high concentrations of vapors are present under conditions that little lend themselves to remedy. It seems that this condition may be best controlled by providing filter press workers with positive pressure respirators. It will not be necessary to provide helmets or complete face pieces, merely those devices that cover the mouth and nose. In the selection of this equipment, due regard must be given to the like lihood that lacquers may dissolve the rubber respirators, hose lines, etc. and also the paint or enamel present on some varieties of respira tors. Purchase orders should carefully specify the peculiar require ments of this work. This type of protection will require piped com- pressed air under slight pressure, free from contaminants and derived from sufficiently remote points to insure an initial supply of air free from toxic materials. . 2) A fair amount of benzol is used in^the manufacture of lac quers, which benzol appears to be most troublesome in connection with nitrocellulose cutting. At the present time, benzol, as used, is re- " ceived in drums and is bandied in open systems. Now that benzol is manufactured on the premises, and in view of the fact that there are available empty tanks, it is recommended that benzol be used only in an enclosed system, as is now done for certain other diluents and solvents. ________________ ..._______ N16651.25 , > j j | j 0007-SWP-000030614 1; 5) In that entire battery of snail rooms devoted to nitro cellulose cutting, filtering, etc. it is recommended that exhaust systems be installed with the inlets for vapors located at the floor level, these vapors are heavier than air. In this series of smell rooms, certain ore devoted chiefly to storage. If this be true, venting systems are not required.' However,"at least three and probably four of these rooms should be equipped with a venting system sufficient to keep the concentration of vapors below the point of threshold danger. In the ease of benzol this threshold is near 100 parts per million of air. At the present time, the concentrations may run as high as 10,000 ports per million for short periods. 4) In the absence of installation of an adequate exhaust system in this area, positive pressure respirators, such as mentioned above, in connection with press filtering, should be worn whenever benzol is used as a solvent or otherwise. 5) In Building 544, one of the chief sources of dangerous con centrations of vapors is the free use of thinner in cleaning of utensiltw In this building, there may be seen a group of four or five men, busily engaged in cleaning up maxy buckets, tubs, small, tanks, etc. without ary protection, making use of free quantities of spent thinner as a cleaning agent. A little later in this discussion a lengthy recommendation is made with reference to cleaning work in general. Reference is made to that subsequent paragraph devoted to that purpose. 6) Throughout this entire department, a widespread source of vapors grows out of the use of thinner for cleaning purposes, not only of utensils, as mentioned above, but for the cleaning of - machinery, floors, etc... It seems necessary to admit that some of .this use of thinner isjnecesaazy for these purposes, but it' must be recognized that any such practice provides widespread evaporation surfaces so that high concentrations of dangerous vapors readily are produced. This means that the use of thinner for any cleaning purpose <r 0007-SWP-000030615 Panel Board Cleaning Using Recovered Thinner. The Location of This Type of Operation in Such Closely Confined Space Inritss Disaster, Par ticularly During Winter Months. 007- SWP.o o o 030616 II gbould be avoided If possible and If unavoidable, should be United to the very minimum requisite to the need entailed. 7) Another source of unwarranted vapor concentration in this building is the terminal of the many piped in solvents and thinners. A fee leaVs are always present and workers in drawing off solvents carelessly cause considerable spillage and drippage. 8) The entire situation on this floor seems to Justify the recommendation that some general ventilation here be provided with inlets located near the floor level and that exhaustion take place through vent terminals at least five feet above the roof level. 9) The high concentration of vapors in this section in consid erable measure might be eliminated by greater care on the part of all workers in consistently avoiding spillage and leakage. However, even if this were perfectly controlled, the practice of washing containers in this room would still Jeopardize the well being of workers so that the need exists for the removal of this operation from the workroom or at least its isolation through the creation of an isolated workroom and the installation of an adequate exhaust system. . 10) In this same building (546), much noise is present, but only a portion may be easily eradicated. Some noise is created by overhead drives or mixing machinery, agitators, etc. This cannot easily be brought under control, although some of this noise is due solely to neglected machinery, worn bearings, etc. However, on the floor below, the chief noise is produced by the metal top dating machine. Here the noise is chiefly produced by the dropping of metal on metal. Three-quarters of this noise may be eradicated merely by the use of a chute or other device which will eliminate the dropping of one tin container top on to another in endless -succession. '' 11) Everywhere in this department there are maqy storage tanks of varying sizes. Some are equipped with carbon dioxide blankets and others are not. The use of these blankets is chiefly against the occurrence of explosion and fire, but from the point of view of health conservation these blankets serve a most useful purpose in that 0007-SWP-000030617 I i they render almost entirely unnecessary the entering of tanka for cleaning purposes. On this account, it is recommended that wherever practical, carbon dioxide blankets be installed and uti lised. 12) Building 544 is a two-story building, used for the heavy production of lacquers. The second floor is chiefly given over to nixing, while on the first floor divers operations take place, including centrifuging, container filling, container clean ing, etc. It is felt that concentrations of vapors are sufficient ly high throughout this section to warrant the installation of general ventilation. It ia believed that it was in this building that a recent case of acute intoxication occurred, such as is men- * tioned in a subsequent portion of this comment. At the time of the last inspection of this department by these Investigators, the weather was rainy and a tendency existed for the holding within the building of vapors. The mere remaining in this building for a short period, such as one-half hour, constituted a disagreeable experience. This observation, plus the actual .findings of high concentrations of vapors, made by analytical methods, together with complaints casually voiced by workers, has led to the recommendation that extensive in duced ventilation be provided for both floor levels of this building. 15) It is noted that the nitrocellulose cutting, lacquer fil tering, etc. takes place ia this building, but separate discussions are earlier provided covering exposures therein. 14) Buildings 512 and 515 are devoted to stock storage, packing, etc. It is not known that ary exposures arise in these buildings. ^ 15) In Building 547,are loeted the laboratories, together with certain stock and shipping activities. The only comment made in connection with this building is the suggestion that the toilets for ladies on the second floor be provided slightly more ventilation by merely installing the same sort of opening now furnished the men's toilet in this same section. Odors are preaent in these toilet rooms which will be increaaed when winter weather forces the closing of M7-S'VP.MM3WJ8 windows 16) Going now to Building 510, we find the old lacquer build ing, which is now unsightly, illy kept, offering nary difficulties to the procurement of orderliness, good housekeeping, etc. It is here that bell mills are in operation, using colored materials. Here too are manipulated various stains, etc. Unfortunately, this building's interior has been painted black, which contributes to the general dle- agreeableness of the situation. These investigators have been advised that plans long have been under my for the remodeling of this building and on this account the operations have in some measure gotten out of hand. It is not known that any warrant exists for tearing down this building, at least these investigators do not profess to possess such building engineering skill as would permit a stand one way or the other. However, the stand is taken that if this building is not to be reconstructed, much may be accomplished by getting rid of much of the obsolete tanks and machinery no longer in use or in prospective use, by painting up the interior with some brighter color, by scaling off the accumulated encrustation on mills, machinery and floors and generally by a higher order of housecleaning. 17) In this Building 510, wood alcohol is used with fair free dom. The pipe line transporting this material possesses a leak under which a bucket collects the leakage. Wood alcohol is so dangerous that to the full extent possible it should be handled only in closed systems. With the installation of new tanks now in process, it will be possible to Install covers and hook up the methyl alcohol line, thus providing a substantially closed system. ^ . . " 18) Below, on the first floor, the; subsfSoeea made by the T:c v : ` ;;^2iti'on':efr,yiporaa'tohoI" should be. accorded, great-care whenever the ? ; possibility of vapors being produced exists. This extends to the filling of containers with these materials rich in wood alcohol. 19) In various other plants where lacquer dough is made and nitrocellulose chips are rolled, much difficulty has arisen because of high concentrations of alcoholic vapors. In this 000l-SNV?-00030619 i r a f* Hi s i I I Protection, Introduce Possible Exposures to Fire and to Worker InjuiT- 0007-SWP-000030620 I plant, we have not been able to prove that apy harmful condition exists so that at least for the present no condemnation is made nor are suggestions for betterment made. However, two considera tions are appropriate in connection with this operation, apart from ... alcohol. The first of these is with reference to vibration in the roll room. These machines are so mounted as to induce an enorsous amount of disturbing vibration which may not attract the notice of workmen. No less, this vibration contributes materially to the fatigue connected with this work. If these roll machines may be differently mounted with the result that vibration does not take place or is diminished, this should be done. Secondly, it is noted that at least one of the materials made into dough and later rolled contains antimony (tlmonox). In view of the fact that anti mony is exceedingly toxic, it is urged that workers be furnished respirators for wearing during manipulation of this particular compound, both at the mills, the mixers and in connection with clean-up operations on the machinery and utensils, floors, etc. after each batch is proeeased. 20) In Building 517, there is carried out a large amount of lacquer drum cleaning, using solvents of little known composi tion which may vary from week to week. Throughout this report, occasional references have been made to drum cleaning in connection with other departments, such for example as the Coal Tar Products Plant. Always in these earlier items the stand has been taken that in the discussion of this department's drum cleaning, recommends- : tlons would be made. It appeals to these investigators that this .. .i form of drum cleaning, under conditions prevailing in this building, [_ is pernicious. - The workers themselves are" aware 4f a continuous1 minor affection and further are "'aware"that certain lots of cleaning " material sent them are much more harmful than others. This work is being carried out in the open, without any semblance of protection, using such volumes of thinners and such large evaporating surfaces that it is almost inevitable that not all harm may be avoided. There fore, it Is recommended that the management modify or abolish the drum 0007-SWP-000030621 w* ' Eaequer Trua Cleaning, Using Recovered Lacquer Thinner Material and Other Distillates for Clean ing Purposes. High Concentration of Vapors Present in This Workroom. This Operation Is Regarded as Uneosraendable as Non Carried Out |0007-SWp.000030622 I 1 I cleaning processes in this plant. Either there should be created I ^ adequate caustic drum cleaning plant, which will act as a central station, including the drum cleaning for the Cod. Tar Plant or else j these lacquer druas should be sent out, as is now done for other j druas, or still else if the lacquer drum Cleaning is to continue as at present, an elaborate exhaust system Bust be created which i *111 tend to provide adequate protection for these workers. In this connection, it is noted that in various buildings of the Lacquer Plant extensive cleaning of smaller utensils takes place with regularity. If *11 of this work stay not he centralised under proper conditions, it will then becoae advisable to isolate clean- i lng work of saaller utensils in various workrooms into snail rooms, each of which should be equipped with down draft exhaust facilities. It is realized thet this deficiency in the plant's work is V v well recognized and it has been argued that a saving of from $15-20,000 a year may be effected by the cleaning of all druas on the premises using the- caustic method. In view of the thought earlier given to this situation, no preference is expressed for ary one procedure, but the definite stand is taken that the present situation is bad, is conducive to injury and improvement is in order. 21) In Building 570, which is a minor lean-to in the rear of Building 510, a minor operation is carried out Involving the cleaning of wood and metal panel boards. This operation should be removed to a more suitable place because of the very close quarters, which provide ample opportunity for exposures to dangerous vapors. As noted in the further discussion of the lacquer situation, one workerin this department ie thoroughly disgruntled and while he may be exag- i gerating to some extent, he has some valid reasons'for discontent. i . :i | 22) In general, the housekeeping in this department is not of j high order. Here and there are accumulations of unnecessary rubbish, there Is much spillage of lacquer and other coating materials, leaks in pipe lines are neglected, leading to unsightly encrustations. All til ' p- 0007-SWP-000030623 | !< In all, it is believed that it will be to the advantage of the depart ment to engage in a higher order of ordinary housekeeping, orderli ness, Janitor work, etc. In the course of maiy trips to this department, a number of notes have been made, some of which directly refer to health condi tions in this department. Certain of these notes are now copied as pertinent. "Investigation of the mixing processes reveals that respira tors are not commonly worn and men dump large quantities of dusty materials, some of which have lmown toxic properties. Improvement has taken place in recent years, it is said, in methods of handling materials in general so as to render work in these locations much more pleasant and probably safer. One foreman was found to have worked for the past twelve years v>\ in this department and he relates how he was tempted to quit nary times in the earlier days of the plant because of the nary unpleasant and dangerous features present, for example, smoking was not adequate ly controlled and fires were not uncommon. It is noted, however, as a minor obsecration, that machinery in this department is not kept neatly. Large blotches of intermediate materials have accumulated on the surface of mixers, ball mills, etc. The salutary effect of a little paint in illumination and general appearance is demonstrated by the lacquer roll mill plant which has been touched 19 with aluminm to great advantage. Odors of turpentine are at tines strong, arising from the tur pentine distillation unit about 200 feet away. These are very un pleasant at times. Odors of various lacquer solvents are in evidence * throughout the plant, at some places being very-strong and at others Just detectable. . ` Some employees say that they become dizzy, have headaches, are weakened, grow prematurely tired, and lose their appetites upon first 0007-SWP-000030624 exposure to these vapors. However, they claim that they "get used to It" after a short time and are no longer troubled. No complaints are elicited with the exception of the worker in the panel cleaning room who is quite disgruntled over his situation, claiming that it could be bettered easily, but that his complaints have been largely ignored. His establishment is merely a lean-to, open under the floor, being raised about four feet above ground level. His floor is of metal and the building small and very crowded. In the summer he has no complaint. In the winter his room is cold partly due to the open space underneath . and partly to its metal construction. He must pad it with paper or some other material to a thick depth, and, of course, keep the room fairly closed up while working. He claims that his appetite is lost, that he gets prematurely tired, having to go to bpd early at night, not because of the arduousness of his duties, but because of the effect of the fumes. He claims that he is leak, gets headaches and dizziness, and generally feels bad in the winter. He claims that his situation has been reviewed by the management and by the medical department. His panel cleaning is done by hand with a brush in small open vats, over which he stands directly above. . Nitrocellulose storage is in rectangular, elevated, corrugated metal buildings of about 25 feet by 40 feet. Just south of the main lacquer buildings. The material la stored in metal drama. Hand labelers in Building 546 are women who claim that they get dizzy and show other odd symptoms when first starting on theJ-r Job but become eccustomed easily. One of these workers appears to have an abnormal pallor, but does not appear otherwise inadequate to her Job. A shellac is used which is thinned by what appears to be a lacquer sol . -. * vent. This is brushed over considerable areas at one time, and, of coume, the worker stands directly over the area. <\ Heat for various -buildings is steam. Ventilation is artificially provided by an overhead exhaust system with branch vents at various _sSV?-00003625 oooi points and a central fan unit of spark proof construction. There are other exhaust fans in use at special points, however. A fair current of air is produced by all these units. No exhaust hoods over Individual 'operatiors 'ire in use. It is said, that one nan about a month ago had a "jag", accompanied by laughing, fainting, etc., while working with a lacquer solvent. Uuch cleaning of machinery and of receptacles is done using a stand ard cleaner-remover, or thinner at many points. This is typically done with medium sized brushes, sloshing the solvent over the parts being cleaned. At one point, cleaning of machinery parts is done several times daily in a large vat of solvent whenever colors are changed. The usual cracking and chapping of the skin of the hands is noted especially in winter on those using the various solvents. How ever, effort is made to combat this tendency by the use of the "Protek" a DuPont product called the invisible glove which is said to be largely glycerin, soap and water and can be made cheaply. Also a Plaxsoap and thinner combination is used in the washrooms of the lac quer department for its lacquer solvent and detergent qualities. This is said to give no trouble to the skin and to serve very well for the purpose Intended. It evaporates readily from the skin on trial, leav ing a filmy deposit and a leathery feeling. At first there is an aro matic odor which disappears shortly in evaporating, leaving a soapy odor. A lather can be produced. The base lacquer cells along the east wall of Building 544 are of great interest because of the strong vapors arising from the solu tion process. Large quantities of solvent are dumped in from drums through a manhole into agitators below. At times the odors are ex- . ; tremely strong. Some are pleasant and some are quite irritating and ,f unpleasant." t 0007-SNVP-000030626 I COMMENT AND RECOMMENDATION FOR DRI COLOR DEPARTMENT The period of this investigation is an unfortunate one for appraising dry color manufacturing conditions.as they exist at this im mediate tine. This situation is due to the fact that this plant is being extensively enlarged through the building of a large new structure, four stories in height, the aco.uisitlon of building 119 for Manufacturing pur poses, the moving of the Factory Offices to building 5J1, the extension of manufacturing process to a new building between 110 end 111, and the freeing of building 110 for general utility purposes of this department. Thus it is necessary to appraise this department not in terms of immediate conditions but ih terms of a very much improved state which will exist from about this time an- thereafter. This acquisition of new space at once tends to meet the prime complaint that might be made by the industrial hygienist against this de partment, namely, the excessive congestion of work leading to needlessly high concentration of damaging materials being introduced into the air. Restated, this is meant to convey the concept that most intoxicants are al most inevitably in this department because of overlapping of exposures. Deconcentration of work operation is expecially desirable in order to es cape a multiplicity of exposures. Notwithstanding much Improvement, this discussion is not intended to entirely free this department from some charge of excessive work congestion. Now, building by building, concent is made upon those conditions recognized as exceptionally good and praiseworthy and conversely, those which call for improvement. At all times, stress is placed upon the ob- jectionable conditions rather than upon those conditions that appear to be free from causes of damage. ' For building 115--the new Service building--nothing but praise may be extended. Other sections of this report refer to feeding facilities l ^ for workers in all portions of the plant including this new building. Pro vision of an eating room where workers may consume brolighten lunches is 0007-SWP-000030627 N16651.26 highly desirable. Workers bringing their lunches very definitely should be encouraged to wash thoroughly hands, arms, and feces before the consump tion of food. It, of course, would be preferable if they changed garments, but it is believed that this suggestion is not a practical one. It is ob- jrved that workers are given two uniforms daily, including underwear. tAweV Obviously, some workmen will change -underwear et odd times in case they become definitely soiled. However, it would be highly commendable for workmen to change uniforms and bathe just prior to the consumption of their lunches. While this may not be made an invariable rule, the possibility of this practice should be studied and, if possible, should be encouraged and enforced. The only unfavorable criticism is a minor one, and it has to do with the possibility of slipping on the floors of the shower room. This possibility has not been proved, but it may become necessary to put rubber mats or wooden grids or some other material about this floor to minimize the likelihood of falls. Building 119 apparently has long been used by the Diy Color -apartment chiefly for storage purposes. It is sow being transformed into e manufacturing section. It is most pleasing to see clean machinery operating in surroundings not grossly covered with accumulations of paint, pigment, etc. It is Inevitable that this building in time will become less attractive and pleasing. No less, it is emphasised that the way to keep the building and machinery clean is never to permit it to become thoroughly dirty. Day by day minimum cleaning' will go far to prevent general unsightliness such as marks buildings 19 and 21 of the Paint De partment. it this time there are no objectionable features from a sani tary point of view in building 119. On the fourth floor off of building 112, there are two rooms devoted to the manufacture of lead acetate. Pig lead is heated up in a retort using coke fuel. This molten lead is allowed to drip into stringy, spongy masses which later are treated with acetic acid, yielding lead acetate. This form of metallic lead apparently yields little or no dust ' although the dross from the lead pot may give rise to considerable lead oxide. No workers are regularly employed in this department. Notwith- 0007-SWP-000030628 '1 standing, it is recommended that a doorway eioae off thia portion fron the main portion of this level. At the present time it is believed that no door is provided. In an adjoining room, the acetic acid dripping in the lead gives rise to disturbing but not necessarily harmful scetic acid vapors. Ho workers remain long in this room.' These slender tanks extend down to the ground floor where lee.d aeetete is removed and stored as a liquid. This area is definitely unsightly, wet, grumous, and calls for extensive house cleaning. It is not known that any portion of the operation con nected with lead acetate manufacture calls for the wearing of respirators either for protection against-lead or acetic acid. On the third floor'of buildings 111 and 112, together with a semi-fourth floor to building 112, there are Inaugurated a series of operations which eventuated' the production of. both organic and inorganic pigment materials. It is here that the basic and intermediate products are handled in their nost dangerous form, neaely, when dry, and usually in the form of dust bearing materials. Here may be found lead, chrom ates, (chiefly, however, in solution, bat a limited quantity of potassium chromate,) para nitranlline, ortho chlor para, para ehlor ortho nitraailine, aceto acetanilln, beta napthol, meta nitro toluidlne, and others, including alkali caustics. Hare alao, great quantities of mineral adds are manipulated. 7.hile many of these substances are highly dangerous on a potential basis, practical harm does not arise in actual experience. ' One reason for this good experience grows out of the fact that most of these operations are carried out under conditions of low temperature. Many of them are regularly iced in order to bring about temperatures well below 50 degrees. On this account, practically no vapors or gashes are . evolved, end many otherwise harmless substances bring about no ill effects. A second reason for the good experience is the fact that the majority of those dry substances, such as para nitranlline, are in the form of com paratively large crystals so that actual dustiness is little produced. The third and moat important reason is that in the handling of these dry, . 0007-SWP-000030629 i ' standing, it is recoinsended that a doorway close off this portion from the "i<n portion of this level. At the present time it is beliered that no door is provided. In an adjoining room, the acetic acid dripping in the lead gives rise to disturbing but not necessarily harmful ecetic acid vapors. No workers remain long in this room. These slender tanks extend down to the ground floor where lead acetate is removed and stored as a liquid. This area is definitely unsightly, wet, gruaous, and calls for extensive house cleaning. It is not known that any portion of the operation con nected with lead acetate manufacture cells for the wearing of respirators either for protection against lead or acetic add. On the third floor'of buildings 111 and 112, together with a semi-fourth floor to building 112, there are inaugurated a series of operations which eventuated^the production of both organic and inorganic pigment materials. It is bere that the basic and intermediate products are handled in their cost dangerous fora, neaely, when dry, end usually in the fora of dust bearing materials. Here may be found leadjy'Ohmm.;-- wtes, (chiefly, however, involution, ' ted quantity of potesslui ckromate,) para^nltryrflinyf ortjjp-'dfili rfa'e^Jd^ojtfho^Hrmni- line, ace^eprtanilln<^bnt<naptkd^m?ta nitro;4duldine, and others, ; ncludi^ralkali caustics. Here also. gret- qmwttttee tf adds are aaaiyw&gtedV nfcile many of theaa substances are highly dangerous on a potential bads, practical harm does not arise la actual experience. One reason for this good experitnce grows put of the faet that moat of these operations are carried out under conditions of low temperature. Many of then are regularly iced in order to bring about temperatures well below 50 degrees. On this account, practically no vapors or gashes are evolved, end many otherwise harmless substances bring about no ill^effects. A second reason for ths good experience is the faet that the majority of .* those dry substances, such as para dtraniline, are in the fora of com paratively large crystals so that actual dustiness is little produced. The third and most important reason is that in the handling of these dry, r 0007-SWP-000030630 Bf.rrel I tiling with Dry Doior Material. Highly Dusty Operrtion Leec'ing to Extensive Potentiel Exposures < 0007-SWP-000030631 toxic substances, respirators era fairly consistently icrn. Tbs general clrcixnstances on this floor warrant fee recomnendations. Tbs Boat im portant is that the method of handling mineral aclda, and particularly nitric acid, be altered, At the present time, carboys of concentrated acid are entirely manipulated by band and particularly in connection with emptying into tubs or eats. There are available many deTloes for hoisting, tilting, and emptying carboys which practically free the op eration from danger. It la conceivable that this acid might be dis charged through glass lined or other type of piping system. At the present time the situation is highly hazardous, partly because of the bad condition, of the carboys and other containers, and partly intrin sically so, Under these conditions, accidents are not Improbable, In fact, during the past three months, three acid accidents have taken place. Therefore, it is recommended that the management take early action with reference to this practical problem. In addition to the mechanical equipment above recotsnended, it is now suggested that there be Installed a safety shower in order that acid vetted worlonen may be flushed with water which is the most desirable of all first aid treatments. Throughout this section, more rather than less furnishing and wearing of respirators should take place. At the present time, it is observed that some operators rather faithfully wear respirators while others do not. Also, it is observed that certain operators wear the Comfo* respirator while others wear the single filter fllaon type of respirator* Preference is expressed for the farmer because of the greater breathing area provided and consequent greater oomfort to the wearer. Another section of this report refers to the ser vicing and wearing of respirators. T 0007-SWP-000030632 II 'U/nnLMi!c... On this level, projecting from the roof of nearby buildings ere two exhaust points for ventilating systems. T'.-.e first merely is a blower evacuating hot eir from around the drying ovens from the floor below. In view of the fact that no large luentity of dust is evacuated by this system, it is believed that the location of this asy not be con demned. However, it would be preferable that this outfit be elevated at least to the level of the nearby roof rather than evacuating the dustcontaining air immediately in the vicinity of another work air. The second exhaust point is on the roof of building 115 but on the level of the section under discussion. Here large volumes of lead chromate, or at least green pigment, are discharged into the atmosphere end contribute to the leed contamination so general for this plant. In another section, emphasis hes been placed upon the atmospheric contamination with lead and the possibility of leadihg workers whose employment does not entail exposure to lead. Although mention has been made of the possible liability to residents in this vicinity end workers in other plants, it is here emphasisized again. While this exhaust point under discussion is far from the worst offender, and while it alone might not be regarded with appre hension, it does contribute its pant to the sum total of general air con tamination originating in this plant in its entirety. On the second floor of these grouped buildings, a number of conditions exist which warrant consideration. 1. ) In the striking section the fact that operations are pre ponderantly wet obviates the probability of dust formation. Here, however, some danger from add injuries exists which leads to the recotmnendation in this section also that there be built a safety shower into which workers may dart after accidental contacts with caustic acid. 2. ) The drying ovens on this level are chiefly devoted to organic pigments. In the dumping of trays of dry organic pigment, a fair amount of dust is created. By and l*rge these dusts are non-injurious and even only exceptionally produce skin affections. Ho less, it is recommended that respirators be worn consistently during this operation. 0007-SWP-000030633 1 3.) The shore statement does not apply'to the workroom to the South of the dryer room. Here both organic nd inorg*nlc pigments ere menlpulwted. Here sey be found a certain exhaust system with hoods over the middle of the room end frith Intakes sbove the filling point of the blending machines. Although much air is moved by these exhaust sys tems, they ere of the poorest design, and the intakes of those in the middle of the room are located at just about the least desirable point in order to be effective. In other words, the chief dumping points are on the four corners of the room and the dust collecting systems are lo cated near the center of the room. The hoods over the dumping points of the blenders are a better type but still ineffective. It is recommended that this entire dust entraining system in this room be re-designed with the objective of locating the intakes for dust ?t the point where dusts are created. 4.) By all means, workers in this room should wear respirators chiefly because of the lead exposure provided. Reference is again made to that other section devoted to respirators and their servicing. 5.) In this room and throughout the dry portion of this entire department, dry sweeping is carried out although there is a pretense of throwing out a little wet sawdust. It is believed that there may be a few places where actual hosing out of dry areas may take place la order to prevent actual dust formation. There are other places where light nuy sprinkling My take place in connection with sweeping, and still others where more and oilier sawdust may be used to advantage.. Present practices constitute dry sweeping which is Just one more source of toxic materials in the atmosphere. 6.) Adjoining the major buildings of this department on the east side, are a series of petty buildings apparently represented by numbers 128, 123, 594, and 594 extension. The outstanding operation in these buildings is the manufacture of flushing inks. It is stated that a fair amount of benzol is Introduced from drums into these inks which leSs*possibly should give rise to the use of safety in this section just 0007-SWP-000030634 l as they tre used in certain other portions of this building. Shis is not made es s. recommendation but as an item of inquiry for the Safety Department. At the time of this investigation the Flushing Ink Division was continually unsightly due to the alteration going on in close proximity. Notwithstanding, it is not felt that this section affords any major prob lems. On the first floor of this series of chief buildings of this department, a diversity of operations take place, leading to the following recommendations connected with industrial hygiene. At the west end, numerous filter presses are in use leading to continuous wetness, high humidity, slipperiness. Unevenness of floors leads to puddles of water which, however, seem to be more important to the casual visitor than to the constant workman. Workers in this department wear boots or high galoshes and are not concerned with the water under foot, The question was raised as to the use of wooden grids, but opinion appeal's to be that these are even more slippery than the concrete floor. This existing wet ness and high humidity are undesirable, conducive to a variety of ailments such as arthritis, skin maceration, etc., but this condition is so in herently a part of the operation that no known'practical measures may be recommended for rectifying thie situation. It is noted that workmen in filling barrels go about this opera tion with commendable care. The textile bags where filling is done are introduced well into the barrel, but the oncoming dry material is not permitted to drop into the barrel but into a pocket in the bag 0007-SWP-000030635 f:' 1 whence it Is eased Into the barrel under conditions which raise little dust. In this same room barrels are filled with lead and chrome bearing pigments from blenders. Exhaust intakes are located about each hopper. These are of very poor design and ^e not uniform. The dust entraining points in these several eublcles should be re-located with close proximity to the dust source. The situation at the present time is very bad. In the northwest corner of this floor is located the magnetic separator. Here a wall fan removes considerable quantities of dust merely to the out side of the building and there contaminates the entire area as may be seen by green deposits. This arrangement is quite useless and probably more damaging than helpful. It is recommended that a real dust collector be installed about this magnetic separator, and that the exhaust point be other than at the present time. Near the west wall of the first floor of building 114, there are two large blenders without any exhaust system. Inasmuch as consider \\ able lead is introduced to the atmosphere in their operation, it is recommended that they be equipped with a suitable dust collecting appara tus. In order that some basis of understanding may be reached as to why extensive modifications ere recommended in the dust collecting system in this department, reference is made to both of two sections dealing respectively with lead analyses which reveal the quantity of lead in the atmosphere of this department, and another entitled "Blood Exam ination" shoving the number of persons apparently absorbing lead. It will appear that there is a greater likelihood of lead exposure in this any department than in the' portion of the lead manufacturing department. Without any hesitancy, much unfavorable critlcsm is made of lead exposures in this department. No respirators of any type will provide 100 percent of protection. Further, no workman wears his respirator absolutely during his periods of exposure. Under some conditions in this department, five minutes of exposure daily over long periods of time is sufficient to make lead poisoning probable. 0007-SWP-000030636 In this department use is made of e lot of worn out minor equipment such as one-handled hand trucks, broken down ladders, improvised stair steps, and particularly worn out cerboJic containers. These things have more to do with the Safety Department than health exposures, but it is impossible to resist the temptation to point out that this claptrap, makeshift type of equipment cause injuries. Mow that a fine new building has been created to meet some of the problems of this department, some attention should be paid to the numerous needs for marked improvement in petty hand tools, trucks, cerboys, etc., which, at the present time, are in a rather deplorable state of obsolescence. Various other sections of this report furnish some materials on the operations and progress of problems in this department. 0007-SWp-000030637 CHIEF OPERATION'S OF THE CHEMICAL ??.OEUCTS EE?APIKENT This account of the activities in the Chemical Products Tivisioti hcs been prepared by a physicien from the viewpoint of the physician. As gauged by the highly shilled organic chemist, this presentation nay be open to unfavorable criticism. The guiding principle in acquiring the Information leading to this record has been to uncover every used chemical in the fora of raw, intermediate or finished material for. which any reason exists for believing that it possesses harmful properties. Wlth_ this type of information in hand, it h8S been possible to appraise in various sections of this report the extent of potential end practical dangers for workmen associated with this works General Kcturc of Operations; Sulfonations, aainations, chlorinatior.s, nitrations, acetyla tions, fusions, reductions, phexylations, oxidations, condensations, couplings. Feta Naohthol Process After refining, crude naphthalene is treated by sulfonation with HgSOj. The sulfonic add group is then fused off with molten caustic, the beta naphthol is isolated, vacuum distilled and chipped or ground for market. , . ,. v . COnsrti orCttfet;(x t - . 4-Ka.OW --r OCf^^ CfY+*+***. SO2 and C02 are evolved in the alkaline neutralisation above. Most of these processes are wet and so no dust is produced. There is mueh irritation of nose, throat and eyea in this plant. A good deal of . dust is, however, produced in the grinding and packing of beta. Sul fonation is a cloaed process. Caustic fusion is done in large rats at 515 C, closed except for a dump hole. The only danger here la said 0007-SWP-000030638 N16651.27 to be from splashing or explosion. Conceivably Co could be evolved by the burners at times in toxic concentrations. One stack at the neutralizer (acid) has no forced draft 'nd emits clouds of fumes. One man has worked here sixteen years without complaints. The naphthalene used irritates mucous membranes some, but ^ there is no gross evidence of its having harmed arybody. In its puri fication, it is washed by water, which carries with it the impurities and is drained off. The washed naphthalene is then distilled, resub limed and stored in the crystals in a special room for use in process ing. Beta goes to the Aso lye Department for use in coupling of dye manufacture. Borne goes to the Tobias Acid Plant for sulfonation and trensfometior. into Tobias Acid. Some goes in ground, purified form to the trade. Tobias Acid Process Beta Naphthol is sulfonated under refrigeration by addition of B2S04 end ice. It is then salted out with sodium chloride, filtered through wooden presses and the residue put in barrels. This is then treated with ammonia and sodium bisulfite under pressure for forty hours in an autoclave. This results in beta naphthylamine and formic acid after acidification. OT' (cold) plus H2S04 f T 1 plus HH5 plus Ha SO- V/N/* (heat 40 hrs.) * 3 - 0?Mfc 2 naphthylamine " 1 sulfonic acid Some_S02 and SHj are_. released... Tobias is dried, ground and blended. It Is shipped to the Azo Department where it is coupled with beta naphthol to make lithol reds. Some goes to the trade. - Tobias is made every day, 48,000 pounds of Tobias Acid are made per month. About thirteen men work on the process. The process from start to finish is about a week long. Most employees have had long time `""`am,. 1 lotiar Acid Manufacture. ?yoied of a Larje cert-e: of Chemical Product Operations, All of 7*nich Are to be Re^iried as at Least Potential ly and Often Practically ran^erous 0007-SWP-000030640 service here without gross signs of intoxication from Tobias. SOj usee to cause "asthma", hut not since the installation of vent stacks. Th sar.e was true of chlorine. ZmDloyees claim great improvement in the srfct-- snd healthfulness of the plant in the last few years, yumes ere carried off by stack action, direct to the roof, under forced draft so that when a door is opened into a vessel fumes are net drawn tack into the face of the operator. Usual care is used in the use of goggles, respirators, and gloves. The chief Irritant to nose and throat is beta naphthol used in this process. Chlor-Tolulcln Sulfonic Acid Process Toluene is sulfoneted in the p-position, then chlorinated in the "o" position, filtered and dried. Then it is nitrated in the 5 position with nitric acid, salted out, filtered and reduced in the presence of iron and hydrochloric to o-chlor M toluidin,, p-sulfonic acid. This material is shipped in paste form to the Azo Eye Department to he used in production of Lake P.ed C. The paste is white, as it goes to Azo. Some chlorine is formed during chlorination. Small amount of hydrogen chloride is formed during nitration. NgO may he formed during, nitration. The process is continuous every day and employs about six men. 16,000 pounds are produced a month. The process is about five days long. ParanhenvIenedlam'tT'* Paranitraniline is reduced in the presence of Iron and hydrochloric acid to paraphenylenediamine. Sodium carbonate Is added to form insoluble iron oxide, which is filtered off to leave parapheqlenediaaine in solution in the filtrate. This is evaporated and dried in a closed system. Then It is vacuum distilled, recrystallized and packed for rhipnent in cracked up form. The process is closed except during ""I filtration end drying of the crude persphenylenediamine. Dryinyls done in a kiln with forced circulation of air. It is sold to photographers and to fur dyers, Pur dyers use it with peroxide, brushed on furs, oxidizing the crude para- pherylenedlamine to black. Dermatitis occurs in dyers and wearers at times. No trouble has been experienced in this plant. ............. ,, n Hw I plus re plus HC1 (H2) * plus PeCl2 plus Ha2C0 NO,. to form insoluble ?e20; vhlch is filtered off, leaving crude parapherylene- diamine. Vacuum distillation is done at 170C under high vacuum; condensation is permitted et 140C and parapheqlenediamine is solid belor that point. It is kept under vacuum until it is solid again. The paranitraniline that is put in at the start of the process of course is a dangerous exposure. Care is used in its handling in the powder form, from drums directly into the reducer vat. About four men are engaged in the paraphetylenedlamine production. The process is about two days long. One men in 19J5 is said to have gotten asthma in the Paraphenylenedlamine Department. He is now working in the aeetanilld plant. About 12,000 lbs. of paraphetylenedlamine are produced per month. It is made every d^. - Mono-Acid Process To 2,7 disulfonic acid, obtained from another department, is added NaOH and water in an autoclave. In the presence of heat, one sulfonic acld^ls split off and-gives beta naphthol 7 sulfonic acid. HC1 is added to remove the excess t5r>^_It is. then filtered, cooled, . .filtered agal, -drlea..iaBMln<U^J5aai96. aa&-jBald,.to the Dry Color for - use in leaking dark para toners. It also goes to the trade. to/y\si.H k/v PlU(heat) PlUS H0H-* Beta Naphthol 7 sulfonic acid 0007-SWP-000030642 I Paraphenylenediaaine Manufacture. Both the .'.lat:- -ials and the finished Product of This rye Are Tell Knorin Intoxicants, defi nite tankers Attend This Type of Operation. woi-swr-w005064' SOg iB evolved, . 3-12,000 lbs. of mcno-acid are made a year. Production Is rpasnodie, . requiring about one day for completion. No men are detailed especially to the process. No trouble has been had from a hygienic standpoint. . Weta-Nltro-Para-Tolul<lr (MNPT--Toluldln M> ' Acetoluid, obtained from the Acetnnllld Plant here, Is nitrated in the cold to add the NOg at the "m" position. Then it is saponified with HaOH and HOH to form M.N.P.T., which is filtered, dried, ground, and cached in barrels. plus HN05 NHW-OO# Filtered to remove xs acid olus NaOH olus HOH nJf\y ?luE CHI*C00Ha plus HOH NIL. 45 Nitric Acid is used in nitration and sometimes there are fumes. There is a good deal of duet in grinding the material in dried form. In twenty years, manufacturing experience, no bad results have been noted. Acetanllld Process (and Acetoluid! Anilln is treated with acetic acid (glacial) in a closed ecetyls.tor. Paratoluidine is acetylated similarly to form acetoluid., which is used in the production of Toluidine-M here at the Azo Plant. CA Great respect for the toxic properties L/ NH-CJ4ri.CCOOOOWrf , Acetoluid of anilln is held in this plent. New workers are said to be instructed, carefully concerning proper protection, but some times are careless until further convinced. One man reached into an anilln tank to recover a wrench, immersing his arm well up in the ' anilln oil. Luckily, he was intercepted before maiy minutes, but before he was through his shower he became faint. He recovered in the hospital after about two weeks of a severe ease of cyanosis. Cyanosis Is said to have been common prior to ten years ago, but rare since. Putber gloves are used to handle tanks of anilln. It is unloaded through direct pipe lines from tank ears to tank storage in a separate tankage room and then pumped to its destination. It is not ordinarily allowed to stand open, .sVir.W05W4 oooi but on recent visits a pan of It was found exposed under a drain line to catch the residue. Acetanilid dust is carefully guarded sjalnst by use of respirators at grinding and packing processes. Acetoluid is not considered dangerous snd is not guarded against. At times there are aeetsnilid and acetoluir fumes, but these have never caused trouble .as far as is knows. So trouble with p-tolul- dln has been experienced since the cans have been emptied through the bottom directly into the hopper at one motion and the lid placed on the hopper immediately after removal of the empty drum. Fuchsin Process' ` Anilin is first converted to anhydrofernaldehyde enilin, which Is isolated. This is converted to diamido-dipheiyl methane, which is act isolated. Heated with nitro benzene with ferrous chloride as catalyst, there occurs a complex oxidation and condensation result ing in fuchsin and other by products, the exact structure of none of v.hich is definitely known. Being insoluble, they are thrown out. The resulting hydrochloride is converted to the base. Pararosaailln is treated in the presence of anilin and benzoic acid as a catalyst to fora mono, di- or tri-phenyl para rosanilin, which is sulfonated to fora corresponding sulfonic acid plus WO*-. [ Jplus Fed 2 p-rosanilin . (trl amino tri phenyl methane) plus xs of anilin oil, which is recovered and the product purified. Then it is treated further with anilin to fora tri phetyl-p rosanilin, which is sulfonated and handled in paste fora. Some of the fuchsin is purified, dried and sold to the market as crystals. Some of the fuchsin base or "milt" is phenylated with anilin to produce spirit blue, which is sulfonated with H,,S04 (95%) 0007-SWP-000030645 1 to 100S solubility In IS caustic, blown Into water, boiled, cooled to 1E0F and pressed, forming crude alkali blue. It Is then dissolved in IS caustic and precipitated with EO? HgSO^. Finished alkali blue is gound ar.d sol', as a -'ry or a wet product. "ictcrla blue dye is also produced by *v-station with sodium tungstate, -ried, sold as a "dry" or ground with lithol varnish to nske crude ink. .Methyl violet goes through the same process. Four chief processes are carried on in this department; 1. Starts with anilin oil and turns out alkali blue. C. AH:".It blue carried on to crude printers* ink. 3. Victoria blue dye is tungstated and either sold, as a dry or ground, into a printers* ink. 4. Methyl violet same as Victoria blue. The Inst two above are called dye "lakes". Cyanosis; Occasional, one case occurred in August, 1937, in a man cieening a methyl anilin tub. Asthma: A few cases occurred before the exhaust stacks were put up. Ceafness; It is noted that men of the fuchsin mill plant where inks are made have defective hearing, apparently from the continuous noise of this mill, which is fairly bad. Froo Hires - large amounts of anilin oil, nitro benzene and formaldehyde are handled in this plant and so are a danger. It is odd that there have been no more cases of intoxication than have occurred. Diy grinding is done to some extent and some dust hazard may exist. Fumes ere a notable feature of the process. It Is necessary to handle the renteriels hot, in the liquid form, end so fumes are common. However, rest of the processes are closed and. tubs and kettles are well exhausted individually through the roof. One large area of hot liquid is exposed while cooling. This is the fuchsin "mjlt" which hardens in a long, shallow box inside the building. Crude fuchsin is run out hot into a vsiy large metal tank south of the building to crystallize. No known trouble has been experienced in the past with these processes, except as stated above. At present there is an experimentel proces: s going on in the 0007-SNVP-000030646  -3agr>~ Q*SaB'**n TifflWI inw- -U.-T- plant xhere naphthol AS-Bs Is beinp made. This requires the use of ?CL, T*hish, hclnr very unsttble, evolves much free chlorine 1? care lessly used in 'he process. This has hcpp'ned recently and the plant :.ss so filled rtth fumes that It rrfs necessary for all -o-'ners to leeve it. This process Is to he put or s --....\trclrl basis "ith ue- e-uipment soon, it is said, and the nuisances eliminated. Ir. this- s"me process, in another building, a tub contains m-nitrar.ili' ritbout aderuete exhaust. Th? Chemist in charge of the process states tVit h.rs suffered ver+ijo at tir.s ever this tub. This shove process consist? of a condensation betreen B-oxy naphthoic acid end m-nitrar.ilir. in the presence o? ?Cl3 and. an excess of vylol. ?C1; ROH RC1 plus HRO,. The H?Oj is pr'Vtbly the irritant to the mucous membranes. TJrlol fumes are gi--:n off in large -uantlty into the open air. ^ OX"pl" &s ?cl! (Naphthol AS-BS) -* 00fiwc3>" . plus HC1 plus EPO; Vlstsrl? Blue Production Rax Materials 1. Victoria blue dye (dry oowder ) 2. HC1 .` Z. RAc (glacial) 4., Sodium tungstate 5. Sodium molybdate 6. Dlsodiun phosphate 4,5 and 6 produce phospho-molybdo-tuagstic acid. HAc dissolves the "basic* eye rhich is then precipiated by the complex molecule above. H>cN-ab $0^ OCro ; Essentially a csrbinol ring substituted with a cuinold struc ture. The color is produced by the culnoid. * Vethrl Violet Same as above, except naphthalene above is substituted by producing symmetry. 0007-SWP-000030647 All raw meteri'ls are dry salts except ' il':. All rater soluble. Ho-. rust;T except raw dye. Co to printers' inks here. 1. Nu violet dye (pdr) 2. Quebracho solution (35? tannic acid) 3. JIaOHfTlekes 4. Ha*P04 5. Tartar emetic (K An t&rtrste) (a) 'et'-yl violet Ji:solved in HOH (t) Tdru'.ir plus NaOc plus HayP04 plus r An tartrate a plus b . rater insol. ?pt. of dye. Tanr.rte dyes go to printers' Inks here. ?c-r dry tungstates are sold as such, '.tost go to Inks. Besinetes--?e;ir. Is saponified with NaOH and used In modifying shades. Production Made every day: Ue-v. tannatts, alkali blue, fuchsia. Ms/e part time: Victoria blue, 3 days a week, methyl violet, 1 day a reeh, green, rarely. Methyl violet is made into tannates and tungstates. Victoria blue and Malachite green are made into tungstates only. Tuchsin is er. intermediate for alkali blue (chiefly). A:o TVe Teeartment Types of couplings: 1. Tobies acid, is ''lasotised with nitrous acid and coupled with beta naphthol. 2. p-toluidine m-sulfonic acid diasotised and coupled with b-oxy naphthoic acid. 3. 1'liuines dlazotiied and coupled with P.-salt (1,6 dlsulfonic B naphthol). Colors ere produced or converted by sodium, barium, calcium, strontium, magnesium or manganese salts, then dried, ground and blended. Sodium salt of beta naphthol ' Lithol Red Tte color, is modified by substituting other of above salts for sodium--e.g. calcium produces a deeper sediment. The final product goes to t^e printing ink trade and much of it is used here in making graphic red inks. A small amount is used in Paint aiid Varnish for blending. Exposures: 1. Grinding, blending, packing, drying. A great deal of dust is produced ar.d this theoretically is a danger. However, one man on grinding has done this work for sixteen years and says he is in perfect health. .. 2. Mitrou^ Oxide is occasionally evolved from the diazotizing process when carelessly done, but this is not common. This is done in an ice bath end so the amount of fumes is not great. Exhausts are provided for those tubs where fumes and vapors are troublesome. R-falt CO* Beta Naphthol Beta Naphthol 5,6 dlsulfonic acid plus H204 (x s ) - The whole is run into Ca(0H)2 below v.b.ere the xs-ef CafQ,, is removed. The R-snlt is salted nut with MaCl and shipped as a paste. Coupled with xylidines here. No intermediate is formed and no dig.- material is handled except the beta naphthol as it comes chipped from the bote plant here. Mo known exposures. 0007-SWP-000030649 I V n chiqr F 'iij70 toluene 4 sulfonic -si-5 if formed as an Ir.tt rsit'.t* crier to ocu.'lir.g mit'.: Hi" r.aphthol to form the dyestuff. * `d - -- t r fame intermediate if above. Coupled with b oxy nephthoic acid. Tit hoi rubles Intermediate p toluir'ir.e m sulfonic acid before couplin' fith ? ;vy nryhtvoic acid. fi'-rlet ?R . ff.-jylidlr.e intemedist before coupling rith R-selt. Element E Green pitroso E nr.phthol formed ** i.-.termdiE.te before converting to iron salt. Gor.rrl Eemnrks on Aco Tyliiines are handled. There are knom to be toxic. Lead occtrte is used in small amounts., TaClr used in considereble emounts. P oty naphthoic acid used here ir toxic to some degree. Nitrous oxide as mentioned above is evolved at times, but has given no trouble. Eatr. r.ephthol, supposed to be a sklr. irritant, has caused 20 trouble. It ir troublesome as a nose ?nd thre-'t irritant, tut workers "get used to it". Remedies for the bad.dust situation ere underway. Requisitions for net: ventilation equipment are under consideration, according to i rorknen. Por.T.en state that improvener.t in the recent part has been continuous and stepy. RC1 ir Aso aye Is nor handled in rubber pipes fron storage Ir.ste.ud of being hauled in carboys. Goggles and gloves are used nhere danger is known. Toe is r.on broker, up by power. Exhaust stacks are in use rhert needed. Employees are mostly long tenure an*1 have been trained into cert fin.jobs so they are really expert in these functions, thus being able to control ohenicel reactions "or. their on" end so avoid side rections of dangerous or unpleasant character. Handling of much raw mr.t ril is still by hand., however, end it strikes ore entering r ?.r. -'1 serve' that ..tuoh of this work should and 0007-SWP-000030650 "T1 t could be mechanised to advantage from a health as well as an efficiency standpoint'. One sees carboys of field being dumped hand and barrels o' erssti? flakes being shoveled' by herd. Crowding, as in other departments, lr revere, and the greft amount of hen' trucking find moving of rr-t oriels through narrow passageweys must contribute manifestly to fatigue rr.d. irritability in ..orkers, end' to danger. Croat vats of materials, such as S-salt are lifted by hand in places, thus predisposing to hernia, etc. in workers. Potentially the metal salts of strontium, barium, calcium, sodium- magnesium and manganese, used to produce colors in Azo dyes are hazards. ' Two eases of dermatitis have occurred in the last eight years, it is said. wmmmmmmm COJOEKT AUD RECOMMENDATION FOR CHE1ICAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE By all odds, this division of this plant's operation provides a greater number of outstanding complex hygienic problems than any other. However, the majority of these problems are so definite that hygienic ap praisal is comparatively simple although the finding of a remedy to eliminate the difficulties detected is by mo means simple.' From the point of view of hygienic protection, it is the general thesis of this discussion that in this portion of the plant the work is so highly concentrated and overdeveloped in relation to the space available that no perfect remedy may be found. Above all things requisite to health conservation in this department, dilution of work operation stands out as most essential. The further addition of protective equipment such as dust arrestors, safety showers, vacuum cleaning system, all of which would be useful, would but further add to the concentration of work congestion. It is not within the purview of this study to recommend the building of new buildings or the allotment of other buildings in this area to this department's activities. Instead, it is the prime function of this inquiry to detect and portray objectionable situations wherever they exist and leave to the management decisions as to accepting the portrayals and the finding of remedies. It is necessary to regard almost every operation as providing potential if not practical exposure to some one or more injurious sub stances. Recognising that certain operations in themselves provide no outstanding exposure, these almost invariably are so located as to be placed in proximity to other operations o^,more dangerous potentialities. Still further,- a fair amount of opportunity exists for the injury of workers in adjoining departments or divisions within the same department through the"'*air transportation of effete materials discharged through exhaust sys tems or otherwise. At least to a theoretical extent, persons not con nected with this entire plant but living close to this department or working in'nearby establishments might be injured or alleged Injury night arise from discharged materials originating in this department. N16651.28 I Beta Kephthol Container Filling. Beta Haphthol Is Definitely Irritating to Eyes end to Soiae Extent to the Kespirrtory Tract end Skin. Offen sive end Discomforting Type of "ork Bather Than Highly Dangerous 0007-SWP-000030653 I test there be some unfavorable criticism of this definite language, one example of each Is at this time Sited.in substantiation of the two points last r.ade. % First, with reference to injury to workers in another section of this plant's work, attention is called to the fact that the acetenilid exhaust stack terminates above the low roofed scetanilid house but on a level with open windows of another and higher building with only about 20 feet of space intervening. Suite readily, acetanllid dust may be carried across this short distance and into this other department. Secondly, with reference to injury to non-employes, it is noted that a fair amount of stacks, chiefly connected with toblas acid manufacture, are Installed for the entraining and discharging of sulphur dioxide. Large volumes of this injurious gas are discharged into the generel atmosphere. Only ten parts per million of this gas are necessary to produce minor resplretory tract Irritations. Even lower concentration may bring about minor property damage. It would not be unusual for persons residing in that district north of 115 Street to make objection to the presence,of this ges in their homes and around their premises. Fortunately, this plant is so isolated as not to be in close proximity to any residence or other work pieces. If this report were limited solely to consideration of the hygienic problems of this department, it might be practical to present a detailed discussion of the nature end circumstances of the toxic action of scores of the raw materials, intermediates, and finished products pro duced in this department. While a great deal of such material is avail able, it is no less recognized that there are many substances manufactured in this department chiefly as intermediates about which little or nothing is known, and about which statements as to toxicity may be made only through knowledge of similar chemical compounds. However, all in all, it is deemed undesirable here to present lengthy toxioe'oglc ' discussions. Running through this report, a few such items appear, but by no means are these furnished as adequately cover ing the situation. Reference is now made to the series of publications 0OO7-SWP-000030654 I V dealing with toxicity of chemical products related to the dye and pig ment Industry, but In turn these may be regarded only as Introductory. Sncyelopedla of Occupational Health, International Labour Office, CeneTa. Occupational Affections of tne Skin, R. Prosser White, H. X. Lewis fc Co., Ltd. London, 1934. Legal kadicine and lexicology, Peterson, Hslnes and Webstar, W. S. Sa'.'Mers Co.: Philadelphia, 1926. Industrial Poisons In the United States, Alice Hamilton, Macmillan Company, "aw York, 1929. Industrial Toil oology, Alloa Hamilton, Harper x Brothers, New York, 1934. Skin Hazards in American Industry, Louis Schwarts, Public Health bulletin, No. 229, September 1936, United States Treasury Department. Noxious Gasses, Henderson and Haggard, Chemical Catalog Co., 419 fourth Avenue, 4<ew York, 1927. Toxicology, William D. lleNally, Industrial iSdlolne, 640 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 1937. Causative Agents end Protective treasures in the Anllin Tumor of the Bladder, X. X. Stans, Journal of Urology, Vol. 38, No. 2, August, 1937. In general, reference la made to the Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, which, through Its original papers and its abstracts, fur nishes the best compilation of all industrial toxleologlcal papers pub lished through the past 19 years throughout the world. Now, after this general coscant, consideration is given to the Individual sections and always with emphasis upon dubious work con ditions and suggestions as to remedies thereof. Prior to departmental discussion, It is deemed desirable here to Include some excerpts from one of Ur. Hamilton's reports. These excerpts now follow. I i v I 0007-SWP-000030655 . So little Is known about the torle properties of the maiy complex derivatives of coal tar end particularly those used as lnter- r.cUir.tes i". the s.nufseture of coal tar dyes that It is desirable to make uae of all available information. This attitude leeds to the . inclusion of various sections cf Tr. Hanllton'c report or. eoal tar derivatives. These excerpts now follow; The derivatives of the bensene ring are numerous, they are industrially Important and they are extremely complex. Sew ones are introduced co-tinually, too raoldly to allow the toxicologists to keep pace with the chemists ho produce them, and the result is a field more obscure and difficult for the industrial physician than any other. It is some times possible to predict from the chemical eompoeition of the simpler member's of the eoai-tar group what the physiological action will probahly be, although even here the problem of the isomers enters, for of three products with the same formula the one in the para posltlon may differ physically end torlcologieally from the one in the ortho position and both from the one in the meta position. Resorcin is meta-dlhydroxybenzene; hydroquinone is the psra compound. The French high explosive, melinite, is a mixture of picric acid, which is triitrophenol, and dinitrophenol, the latter having the two K02 groups and the HO group attached to the ring in the 1-2-4 position. This isomer proved during the war to be highly toxic, with a character istic action which was not shared by any of the other isomers. \ Mary other illustrations could be adduced, but these are suf' ficlent to indicate some of the complexities of the subject. When one leaves the simpler intermediate's and goes on to the bodies built up from them that are used In industry, one encounters such complica ted structures as paraphenylenedlamln, para-amido-para-nltranllln, para-aaidodipheiylamln, all fur and felt dyes; para-nitroaodlmethy1anilin, hexamethylentetramin, anhydrof0rmaldehyde-para-1:oluidln, which are among the numerous rubber accelerators. Some of these compounds have been studied by the Germans, and their action hee been well known for some time. Even now the Germans are reporting from time to time the reaulta of their tests of newer compounds, the U.S. Public Health Service has tested a few compounds and reports of cases are published in the annual report of the medical inspector of factories in Great Britain. In the United States, it is a regrettable feet that the great dye, drug, and chemical industries have added very little to our knowledge in this field. Only a brief survey of the most outstanding features can be made here. The relation between chemical constitution and toxicological action is, according to Fraenkel, as follows; ........... Hydroxy compounds--The phenols and cresols are hydroxy derivativea and the entrance of the H0 nucleus renders the naphthols, alpha and beta, more toxic than is naphthalene. Industrially, however, phenol is not nearly so dangerous a poison as bentene, for it is so much less volatile. Severe bums may be caused by phenol or ereaol, although even this is not common, but systemic poisoning`is almost unknown in industry. McCord reports a case of a woman in a shoe factory who spilled two or three spoonfuls of marker ink over her skin in opening a new bottle and shortly thereafter developed typical qyateaio phenol poisoning from skin absorption. During the wax extensive bums of the skin were not uncommon and there was an occasional ease of absorp tion, with collapse and death. Ti0007-SWP-000030656 I ` rrp '' ;* * Chlor compounds__The entrance of chlorine into an aromatic compound does not increase the toxicity as it does in a fatty compound. In fact chlorbenzene is less toxic than benzene. The nitroao group (BO) and the nitro group (HOg) always increase toxicity, tut there is no rule as to increasing toxicity with an increasing number of nitro groups, for the 1-2-4 isomer of dinitrophenol is much more poisonous than is trinitrophenol (picric acid), end monomltrobett*ene is more poisonous to the central nervous system than dinitrobenzene, but the latter has a more destructive action on the blood. Hitro and amido compounds.--When a nitro compound is reduced to an anido, as when nitrobenzene is reduced to anilin, nitrotoluene to a toluidin, the toxic characteristics remain much the seme, but the in tensity of the action is lessened (Cursehmamn). The same thing is true with regard to most of the diamins, the nitranilins, chloranilins, etc. The following description applies to the members of these groups which contain nitrogen, although there are, of course, some exception. In a light case of poisoning with a nitro or amido compound, the symptoms are at first those of anoxemia because, so it is generally believed, the formation of nethemoglobin brings about a condition of internal asphyxia. The symptoms are typical of the latter--a flushed face, pressure in the head, which increases to a violent throbbing headache, with dlsziness, weakness in the knees, and more or less dyspnea. In severer cases the face is deeply cyanosed, the lips, tongue and ears are purple; there is nausea, sometimes vomiting, a complaint of cramps in the abdomen, a staggering gait, and extreme weakness, in attack seldom occurs during work, but some time later, and the symptoms Increese in intensity. If consciousness is lost it is usually not until some hours after. In the early days of the from 1914 till after the war, severe and fatal eases were seen which were characterized by extreme prostration, the skin cold, the blood pressure low, the pulse very rapid, small, and Irregular, the respiration shallow and rapid, then growing slower as death approached, and just before the end, con vulsions. In some cases an acute attack has been precipitated apparently by alcoholic drink, not necessarily excessive in amount, Renshaw and Ashcroft descrihed#four ease* of poisoning by nltrochlorbenzene and one by aeetanilid where there was a destructive action on the blood, increasing gradually, as shown by the fact that the men collapsed some hours after leaving work, the action being appar ently hastened by alcoholie drink. The symptoms progressed slowly, first cyanosis and collapse, then, as the destruction of red cells in- cfeased, dyspnea became marked and disappeared only as the blood re turned to normal. The bloed findings consisted in anemia with a high color index, no jaundice, no nucleated red eelle, end little change in the morphology of the red eelle, lor was there e pronounced anemia ex cept in one case which bed e red-cell count of 5,100,000 with 68 per cent hemoglobin. Practically the seme condition was found in a case reported by imeth and Albaeht, where the red cell count waa 5,925,000, and the hemoglobin 65 per cent, bat there was no change in the white eelle, On the other hand, Panton and Minot both found a marked lymphocytosis and............. also an increase in the large mononuclears and in the plasma cells. Minot found lymphocytosesin trinitrotoluene poisoning of mild degree,. leueopenla in severe cases. ' *Acetanllid is less toxic than anilin and, being solid, is less easily absorbed through the skin. It is used in making celluloid, where it can take the place of camphor, end is also an intermediate for coal-tar dyes. ........ 0007-SWP-000030657 The livid color persists for several days and in chronic poisoning it is plainly evident; indeed, the name given ly workmen to anilin or nitrobenzene poisoning is cyanosis.* Usually an acute attack passes over faitly rapidly, especially if it is from an amido compound. Fignall says that if a case of anllin poisoning lingers on he suspects arsenic end tests the urine for it. On the other hand, the nitro com pounds give rise to more serious symptoms wi'-V* "lower recovery, although the cyanosis may be less striking. Curschaann, Lehmann, end Kohr say that methemoglobln is formed early in the course of intoxication and probably the destruction of red blood cells is coincident with it. The red-blood-cell count and the hemoglobin fall, the blood becomes chocolate-colored and thicker, and the spectroscope shows the lines of methemoglobln. However, the letter finding is disputed by some (see Price-Jones and Boycott) end even Curschmann says that methemoglobln disappears very rapidly and usually by the time cyanosis is fully developed it can no longer be demonstrated. The destruction of the red blood cells is followed in a few days ty evidence of regeneration, in the form of immature cells, many of which may be stippled and nucleated. According to Hudson, there is at first a polynucleosis followed later by * lymphocytoses. The urine in anilin poisoning may contain unchanged anllin (Keubauer, Hollerstrom,) but this is very rare. Huch more common is hematoporphyrin or bile pigments, and some observers speak of a substance, as yet uniden tified, which reduces Fehllng's solution. A reduction compound appears* in the urine, even in milder cases of poisoning, such as para-amidophenol from anilin, the nltrobenzenes and the nitranilins; amido-2-nitro-4-phenol from dlnitrophenolj dialtro-hydroxylemlnotoluene from trinitrotoluene. This ia probably the explanation for the bladder symptoms which are characteristic of cases of poisoning from these derivatives of the benzene ring. Unusual effects.--Although this description covers the majority of nitro and amido derivatives, there are soma conspicuous exceptions and probably if other compounds were as extensively used end studied other exceptions would come to light. These are some insteneea of compounds which have an action deviating from the typical! dialtrobensene, which in chronic cases produces profound cachexia, mental deterioration, paralyses and impairment of sight, smell, taste, and hearing (Floret, Cords; trinitrotoluene, which causes In some eases acute yellow atrophy of the liver, toxic jaundice, in others aplastie anemia; tolxylendlanln, a powerful hemolytic agent; dialtrophenol 1-2-4, which causes an acute intoxication with burning thirst, abundant sweat, panting, terrified excitement, fever up to 109.4 F., convulsions end death ((298), (470)); and finally a fairly large group of amido compounds- which have an irritating, action on the bladder, leading not only to cystitis, but to papillary growths and even carcinoma. Bladder tumors.--Cystitis may follow exposure to such compounds as alpha and beta naphthol, but bladder tumors are apparently .caused only by an amido compound. The occurrence of.these..tumors, benign end malig nant, among workers engaged in the production of'dye and drug intermediates, has been known to German physicians for more than thirty years, and in 1904 the physicians''"attached to the large plants began to collect and re port their casee so that there is now a large body of data available on this subject. In 1920, when Curschmann published the collected statistics, there were records of 177 cases. Since then I have seem no summary of the cases, but each year the factory-inspection-report adds a number to the list, and during the three years, 1927-29, there were*19 new came* of malignant turner. The English also are now beginning to find this evidence of chronic poisoning among workers in their industry, which is ef much ...... more recent development than the German (Vigaall). 0o1.swr-M5"58 - -V' A ride variety of compounds may give rise to bladder tumor, but it is the consensus of opinion so far that the compound responsible is always an amido, not a nitro compound, although in other respects the latter is the more toxic group. An interesting case is to be found in the German factory inspection report for 1929. A man who had worked si* years with trlnitrotuluene died of cancer of the bladder, and compensa tion was at first refused on the ground that nitro eompowids have never been known to produce such cancers. Either consideration of the case, however, resulted in a reversal of the verdict on the ground that trini trotoluene is excreted in the urine not as such but as an amido derivative. Para-phenylendiamin--sometimes called diamino benzene. Cases of poisoning from paraphenylendiamin are comparatively xnsaerous and are reported even in the non-industrial Journals because they occur in per sons wearing fur dyed with this compound. It is a much-used dye for fur end felt, the trade name being ursol, end is also an accelerator for rubber vulcanization. It has a very characteristic action, causing severe dermatitis, and in some cases attacks of bronchial asthma which, according to Hanzlik, is to be explained by an acute edema of the bron chial tubes (R. L. Bayer). Bayer and'Foerster examined 181 persons em ployed in the fur trade where ursol was used as a dye and found that 111 had suffered from dermatitis or asthma. They advise using the skin test on new men, to week out suseeptibles. fiphenylamine and para-emidodiphenyl are used in industry. They have the action characteristic of amido compounds, end like the rest, they are absorbed chiefly through... the skin. Toluldln.--The toluidins are important intermediates and are responsible for cases reported by both English and German factory in spectors. In both countries cases have arisen in connection with chlor-ortho-toluidln, which is said to cause symptoms of acute nephritis; according to the Germans, however, it is not the men using it but those producing it who are poisoned, suggesting that the casue is some inter mediate. Eight German girls applying dope consisting of resin and oil dissolved in chlor-toluidin showed striking pallor, with cyanosis of lips and finger tips, and complained of dizziness, headache, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and an imperative desire to urinate and burning pain on micturi tion. The urine was reddish and in four eases blood sms found, showing a hemorrhagic cystitis, the blood showed polynuclear leueopenia, and eosinophilia, and in two cases there was methemoglobin. AnilIn black.--Anil in black is made by the oxidation of an anilIn salt by means of chlorate or bichromate of soda in the presence of a metallic catalyst. The chemical action is complicated and the dyeing takes place with the aid of steam and requires aging or ripening. Anilln vapors are given off during the process, and if the fmes escape, poisoning oceurs. Cases from this source, quite typical in character, are reported each year from Germany and from England. The complaint is greater in warm weather or on foggy days in winter. An examination of the blood of S9 workmen showed in a few some evidence of destruction of red cells and a lymphocytosis, but in healthy men with only moderate exposure the blood count was sometimes over 5,000,000. The folloeing compounds were responsible for 95 esses re ported by the British factory inspectors in the yeers 1927-28 and 1929s 41 from the intermediate! dinitrobenzene, dlnitrotoluene and trial- trotoluene; 18 from anilin; 7 from dyeing with anilln black; 15 from production and usa of other colors; 9 from psra-nitrsnilin; 8 from paratoluidin; and 7 from all others. The list of compounds which gave rise to poisoning in these years in the Swise chemical and dye industries is as follows: dinltrobenzene, dlnitrochlorbenzene, anilin, para-nitranilln, para-chloranilin, para-toluidin, nitroaodinethylanllln, beta-naphthylamin, mono-nitrobenzene, dimethyl sulphate, anthracene. ^'VP.03W5!, naphthalene fumes may cause headache, nausea, and vomiting, end, if hot and concentrated, not only injury to the corneal epithelium but a double optic neuritis (Koelsch). Perna, perchlornaphthalene, is used in Germany as a substitute for gums and resins in impregnating tex tiles, in which work it has been the cause of skin eruptions and general malaise, a feeling of weakness end uncertain gait. Tetralln, tetrahydronaph- thalene, is used in this country as well as in Germany as a degreaser end as a substitute for turpentine, expecially in floor finishes. The vapors - are irritating to the mucous membranes and conjunctiva and also cause nausea, headache, and stupor. A dark, olive-green coloration of the urine is characteristic of this form of poisoning and it is attributed to the hydrolysis of tetralln to tetralol, which is excreted as conjugated glycuronic acid (Koelsch). . All of these poisons, derived from the benzene ring, are absorbed through the skin primarily. It is true that the inhalation of fizzes is a possible mode of poisoning hut experience in all the warring countries proved beyond the possibility of a doubt that the skin is by far the most important portal of entry. This means that bodily cleanliness is the first requirement in the prevention of poisoning. There must be scrupu lous cleanliness of benches, machinery, apparatus, and there must be provision for bathing with warn water as well as for washing hands and face. In well-equipped plants tub baths are provided and acetic acid is added to the water to aid in the removal of these oily compounds. It is the rule in plants under experienced direction that a man who complains of feeling ill be directed to take a full hath at once and put on clean clothing, underwear as well as outer clothing, even if he feels sure that he has not spilled anything on his person. The escape of fumee must not be neglected, for volatilized compounds solidity as they cool end fall in the form of fine powder over the skin. Hot weather slweys increases the number of cases of poisoning in these industries because the sweat helps to dissolve the dust on the skin and flushing of the surface vessels hslps in its absorption. Dirty overalls and, still mors, dirty underwear, are a distinct menace, end a careful employer will provide clean washable working-clothes for his men, as he is required to do in Rigland and in Germany. ( M7-SWT.om30660 THE TOXICITY OF BFTA-HAPTSOL Because of the varied and extensive operations connected with teta-nepthoi and because of many casual complaints about its irritant properties, these Investigators have thought to bring together all that is known about the toxic properties of beta-napthol. This compiled material now follows: Beta-napthol may be classed as a phenol and is a hydroxy (OH) deriviatlve of napthalene. The compound resembles phenol in its toxic action but is not nearly as irritating. Since an increase in hydroxy (OB) groups increases toxicity, beta-napthol is more toxic than naptha lene. In spite of its decldely dangerous nature, very little re search work in the form of animal experiments have been done. Although beta-napthol has a great many usex in a large variety of industries, it has given rise to very little trouble in the past. From a chemical standpoint this is partly due to its relatively high melting and boiling points. Under manufacturing conditions the compound is seldom if ever heated to near its boiling point, thus reducing the possibility of ex pelling its vapors into the workroom air. Actually there is little con tact on the part of workmen unless in the case of an accident. Aside from the many industrial uses of beta-napthol it has been used to a considerable extent in the past in medicine and many cases of poisoning have occurred from its use. The compound was originally used in China and later in the United States for the treatment of hook worm. It has also been used in ointment (5-10 beta-napthol) for the treatment of various forms of skin diseases. Its use as an intestinal disinfectant has been discontinued to a large extent because of its relatively low efficiency and ita severe toxic action upon the human body. Although many cases of poisoning have occurred from the use of beta-napthol in the treatment of skin diseases, its use is still con tinued. 0007-SWP-000030661 ! N16651.29 \ ' As stated above, research work on the physiological action of beta-napthol has not been extensive; however, there are a large number of cases reported of the poisoning from its industrial and therepeutlc . A summary of these cases indicates that its toxic manifestations very considerably in different individuals. As a matter of illustration, two cases of poisoning ere here discussed. The first case is that of a man who had been treated with nearly 15 grams of beta-napthol for a skin disease. The only apparent toxic effect was acute nephritis after 14 days. The second case was that of a pregnant woman who had been treated with 5-5/4 grams of a similar ointment. In this case, the women died 24 hours after the application and.experienced such symptoms as vomiting, somelenee, unconsciousness, and later small hemorrhages from the skin. Beta-napthol is irritating to the mucous membranes when it comes in contact with them in solution, vapor or mist. Because of this fact, it causes sneezing and coughing when it comes in contact with the respiratory passages and in the course of excretion, produces pain in the bladder and urethra with strangury and swelling of the mucous membranes. In large doses, beta-napthol causes symptoms similar to phenol poisoning, except that in animals, no convulsions have been observed. When injected sub cutaneously, albumine and hemoglobin in the urine have been noted. Thera peutic injection of beta-napthol has produced severe anemia due to its action on the red blood cells and Icterus resulted. In excessive quantities, beta-napthol produces epigastric and diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting diarrhea, muscle spasm, de pression of the respiratory center, and at times hemolysis, eonvnlsions, respiratory and cardiac paralysis, snd c o m. There is frequently s scarcity of urine with painful mlcturation. The urine is usually dark brown from the presence of the napthol which is excreted in combination with glycuronic and sulphuric acids. In less severe cases of the poisoning the symptoms may be any one or all Of the above mentioned aymptoma with variation only in degree. The pathologic changes resulting from exposure to or injection with beta-napthol have not all been definitely determined. It has bean 0007-SWP-000030662 learned that after exposure to the compound, damage to the respiratory mechanism, spleen, liver end kidneys have resulted. Occasionally betanapthol has given rise to imperfect sight and partial retinal degeneratlon in man. Changes in the eye have been observed repeatedly in ex periments on animals absorbing beta-napthol. In animal experiments it is noted that the retina is dotted with bright points or to contain 1--->-a --.How placcues. Further observation has shown that atrophy of the nerve may follow, or subretioal effusion and cataract. In this latter respect beta-napthol resembles napthalene, which is not surprising, since the two compounds are similar in their chemical makeup. While the ocular effects in man have not been intense, certain investigators have observed some defects of vision in workers with beta-napthol. If only for this reason alone, caution should be exercised against prolonged contact with tie compound. References: ' (1) Hoeve, Arch. F. Ophthalmol., Vol. 55, P. 74. 1901 (2) Smillle. Jour. Am. Had. Assoc., 74, 1505, 1920 (5) Faust, E.C. The Use of Anthelmintics, J.A.ii.A. 106. 5, Jan. 50, 1957, P. 586 (4) Hamilton, A. Industrial Poisons in the United States Uackaillan, 1956, P. 91-2 ........... (5) Hunt, Reid end Gettler. - In Legal Medicine and Toxicology Peterson, Haine and Webster, Phila., 1925, Vol. 2, P. 701 (6) White, Prosser, Occupational Affections of the Skin Lewis, London, 1954, P. 517 1 i 000^SWP-00030663 Beta Naphtbol Section Throughout published literature on toxicology, there la s o bs dispute as to the toxicity of both naphthalene and of the naphtbols. In the International Labour Office Encyclopedia of Occupation and Health, there appear extensiTe portions of material with regard to both of these substances. liuch of the aaterlal presented Is open to doubt, sad the csss made out against either of these substances Is a rather weak one. Claims are made of serious illness and even death. It is the present investiga tor's opinion that at the present time naphthalene, as such, is a minor irritant to the skin, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract, and that chiefly naphthalene is a source of physical discomfort rather than serious occu pational illness. In the case of beta naphthol, it is perhaps necessary to go a little farther la recognizing sonowhat more dangerous possibili ties. At the end of this section la presented a minor conplletlon *e Cjt literature which is not necessarily accepted by us as representing facts, but vhloh tends to shoe the type of technical material that would be used against this company in claims alleging damage. Because of this legal situation together with the discomfort situation, a few reeomosniatIona are now mads, 1, ) In connection with naphthalene purlfleatlon, the processes are primarily enclosed although not entirely so. The various pbenolie and pyridine bodlsa'<uree*"*provids no known practical injury. However, the stack from this operation gives rise to an almost continuous discharge or minor snowfall of naphthalene flakes. This, however, constitutes a so much mors minor air contamination than many others that it is deemed expedient to ignore this situation at this time, 2. ) Throughout this entire saetlon there are many unnecess ary leaks giving rise to accumulation of naphthalana crystals in un necessary and unwanted plaeea. Tor example, about the aulphonatlon pro cess there are many miner leaks which give rise to visible clouds of naphthalana la the air and to settled aaphthalene oa all horizontal pro jections, piping, ate. It is reeomaen&ed that greater effort be made to 0007-SWP-000030664 eliminate naphthalene leakage connected with various processes and to maintain these operations without undue leakage. J.) It is believed to be desirable thet ell workers exposed to naphthalene in the atmosphere as a continuous situation should wear light respirators of the general type provided in this plant for protec- '_ tion against lead dust. However, it is possible a lighter filter nay be used for protection against naphthelene and beta naphthol than is nec essary for protection against leed. This, however, is not important. As an example, the worker who manipulates the product sublimed naphtha lene as it appears in the collecting chambers in the sulphonation area would do well to wear a respirator at all times. It has been observed that he does not wear a respirator. This same statement applies to all other operations in this section.dealing with dry products, and parti cularly it applies to the workers about the milling and barreling process. 4. ) It has been stated to be a general desire in this section to make use of safety lamps with regard to explosion. It has been ob served that on that floor on which the sulphonation process is located several electric lamps are not of the safety variety. 5.) Because of the very extensive use of mineral acids and of caustic alkalies in this section, one safety shower should be provided in the event of an accident Involving either of these types of substances. So such safety shower wae observed although the possibility exists that such may be present. No fixed location is - speciflad for this installation, this being left to the ingenuity of the Engineering Department, the re quirement being to locate this shower in the position most accessible to workers at several points, whom night be Involved in an acid or alkali accident. - . 6. ) Throughout this whole section and, in fact, throughout the whole department, there is no adequate drinking water supply. Many inverted bottle types of fountains are observed, most of which ere'empty and several of which are dirty. It is recommended that for this entire section, department, and pleat some consideration be given to the fumish- 0007-SWP-000030665 lng of palatable drinking water. It is recognized that this recommenda tion should not appear here, and it will be repeated in the general recommendations to be made. Nevertheless, this department, seems to be -tL~in great need of^physiologic service. 7. ) In view of the fact the materials as handled on the fusion tank belcony are substantially dust free, the wearing of respirators is not known to be necessary, but the desirability of eye protection through the wearing of goggles is obvious. It has been observed that some workers do not wear goggles, at least not at all times. Caustic burns of the eye are always serious, and multiple possibilities here are provided for such burns from minor chips, caustic splashing, hand contamination, etc. 8. ) After the chipping operation, the beta naphthol is milled, and because of high temperature it is located on the floor to cool it. This entire milling operation is a dusty one, end apparently the process is uneconomical. It is known that the management proposes to aerate at this stage of the process in order to avoid T&ewav cooling. This is highly recommended ty the hygienist who further recommends that this material be mechanically conveyed to the final milling and packing opera tion where a great deal of dust is known to produced at the present time, and where the bag dust collectors are shabby, makeshift affairs for a dust collecting system. . 9.) This item is largely a repetition of the laat *mt**en* above. It is reiterated that unnecessary quantities of dust are produced at this operation, and a better type of handling beta naphthol is desir able as well as a better type of dust arrestor. I 10. ) In general, this section is appraised as discomforting rather than dangerous, but many casual complaints have c o m to the atten tion of these investigators from workers in this section. Without making any claims that workers in large numbers will be disastrously affected, it is no less urged that working conditions in this section be considera bly Improved, chiefly on e comfort basis. t i i 0007-SWP-000030666 t .* Pre Section This entire section is most distressing because of the large ouentities of dust produced and the worthlessness of the dust arresting equipment now in operation which does little more than contribute to the dustiness of the workroom and because the matter of dust control has gotten well out of hand. Fortunately, the finished dye dusts are com paratively harmless, which fact in this instance is all that saves this section. TTith these statements as the key to this section, certain de tails ere now presented, not all of which are Connected with dust and dustiness. . 1. ) On the loading platform of building 505 in connection with the filling operation, some litharge is used without any regard whatever for its injurious properties. Fortunately, not much lead is utilized. Containers of dry litharge have been observed to be emptied into vats with the production of clouds of lead dust. These investi gators have been somewhat nonplussed ty the appearance of effects of lead absorption in the Chemical Products section. This type of minor use of lead apparently is responsible for the observation made. In view of the fact that this lead duet will hang in the atmosphere for indefi nite perioda, it is recommended that if this lead procaas takes place as frequently as two or three times weekly, the particular operator manipu lating this lead be furnished a respirator. Other reasons for the wear ing of respirators in this work are related to the use of other organic ingredients, such as barium, strontium, etc. 2. ) At this particular portion of the section, a fair amount of mineral acids, including nitric acids, are used. Such adds are handled without any mechanical devices and often under dubious conditions. Elsewhere comment has been made upon the unBafe nature of carboy con- talners for acid, much wood being rotten. It is now reeoasended that mechanical devices be provided for the hoisting and dumping of acids on this floor level. It is recognized that much acid is used throughout "n-SW>400<mu, I this entire section, in various rooms, end possibly on more than one floor. Therefore, it my be difficult to handle ell acids through mechenicslly driven emptying end hoisting devices, hut at least at this one point of concentrated acid work mechanical devices should he provided. Also, workers here end elsewhere handling ecids should wear'g^gi-s for protection against ecid turns. S.) As mentioned in many other places, sa-fety showers "re needed wherever mineral ecids are handled. It is recommended that a safety shower be installed on this floor and in as close proximity to the point of acid manipulation as possible. Chile this is primarily a safety measure end not related to the hygienist, the need is so great that no hesitancy is felt in making the suggestion. 4. ) On this floor level in this section, much visible water vspor is almost continuously present. Undoubtedly, this is much worse during the winter months. Cue consideration should be given to the practicability of evacuating this room through window fans. This item is not regarded as outstandingly important compared with certain others in this section. jiu** 5. ) On 4*e same level of building 504 (third floor) enormous quantities of dust are present, and in some places settled dust is literally present as deep as one inch. In part this dust ie created in connection with the filling of milling machines on the floor below. But very particularly dust is produced and perpetuated in this general section by the bagging of the dust arrestor. This dust arrestor is lo cated immediately in the open work room and is so heavily overloaded that it is necessary to beat it down at frequent Intervals. In turn, the dust arrestor gives off prodigious quantities of dust, making travesty of the pretence of dust collection. The same class of caustic remarks are to be made with refer ence to blenders, milling machines, barreling operations, end every other portion where dry materials are handled in this section. On one of the cubicle blenders, the suction is so low as not to register on the 0007-SWP-000030668 I Pitot type of eir motion meter. Even If there were adeo.ue.te air motion through this hood, it would accomplish nothing because the bag system for collecting dust is located in the same room only a few feet rray, and it in itself is nejor dust producer. It is the general intent of this discussion to condemn most vigorously r 11 of the dust cleaning systems in this section and to em phasize the necessity of dust collecting ec.uipment because of the quan tities of dust Inhaled even though this be a comparatively harmless dust. It is Tenown that plans have been drawn for rehabilitation of this Azo Dye Section. There is every reason to urge upon the management that the'se plans or some plans for modification be accepted and that alterations be made in short order. Ueta nltro nera toluldine Section 6.) In this section which is predominantly one of red dye production, there is produced meta nitro para toluidlne. The constituents of this dye and intermediates ere traditionally known as dangerous. The finished dye apparently is little toxic but is objected to by the workers because the skin is dyed yellow and is removed only with difficulty, the urine is dyed yellow, etc. Workmen involved dislike to wear respirators because the respirator tends to increase the grinding in of the dye into the skin of the face. On this account, it is desirable that a better type of exhaust system be introduced in order, if possible, to eliminate the necessity of respirator wearing bygone man Engaged in milling operation. At the present tins great quantities of dust enter the small workroom, and the desirability of respirator wearing is obvious under present conditions. It is quite probable that there may be found certain protective non-greasy pastes which may be applied to the face and hands of workmen v.hich will break the contact between the dye and the skin. At the present time the only knajem agent of this sort is the DuPont "Protek", but it is advised that there are a wide variety of these pastes designed for parti cular operations, a greater number of which are manufactured by the Milbaumaa Company of Detroit. This particular problem should be placed in 0007-SWP.000030669 the bands of tbe ir.ilbum Company who probably will base awe liable soma material practically applicable in tills department. Tbe remarks bare written are wltb particular refarenea to mats nltro para toluldlne but apply with equal significance to certain tbe red dyes which also are objectionable. ?.) It seams necessary to reeonrmnd that all workman continue to wear respirators in this section because of tbs high concentration of dusts even though no respirator will provide 100 percent of protection and even though a oertein amount of grinding In of tbe dye Is produced by tbe respirator. After all, tbere is no such thing as a wholly harmless dust, and large volumes of most innocent of dyes see-We taken into tbs lungs sad serve no beneficent purpose. Another section of thin report deals with respirators and their care. It is believed that thin Azo Dye Section should be made tbe recipient of special consideration with reference to types of respirators and their servicing. It will probably eventuate that workers lb this section be provided with two respirators in order that alternately they may be serviced in order to escape ell possible irrita tion. It is observed that many workers in highly dust areas do not wear respirators. It is further observed that soma of those who do are remark ably stained under the respirator and that soma avidsnee of facial skin irritation to both the areas covered by respirators end also on the neck, below the ears, ate., is present. 8. ) Is tbe filter press seotlon of this department, a great deal of water vapor or steam is created, and watnean la everywhere present. These matters ere highly characteristic of this sort of work. Of course, It may be reeomended that steam be withdrawn from tha room by exhaust fans in tbs wall, but incoming, replacing cold air would merely lnereaee tha quantity of water vapor. Thus, it is somewhat impractical to make any reoommeneation although In atamsertlme much might be gained by evacuating steam end the highly humidified air. 9. ) In addition to various mills, blenders, barreling opera tions already mentioned, there is another enormous dust msksr in the air separator located on the first floor of building 903. The same sort of 0007-SWP-000030670 * dusts are here produced, and the same enormous quantities which character ize the entire dry section of the layout. This specific: machine is men tioned only in culpating the entire section which truly is in need of ex tensive modification at the earliest possible time. Acetanilid and Acetoluld Manufacture ' In this small area which is not overly crowded, considerable tankege and storage of toxic material takes place under the supervision of the same foremn responsible for the manufacture of acetanilid and acetoluid. It is well known that considerable health risks are involved in the piping and transfering of materials like nitro benzol and acetanilid from tank cars to tanks. These dangers seem to be well known to this foreman who describes earlier periods characterized by accidents, while at the present time he feels that all have been eliminated through care in connection with leaks, vents to the roof, etc. At any rate, no evidence is at hand warranting condemnation of operations connected with these storage pro cedures. However, in the manufacture of acetanilid, all is not as se cure as this foreman would have us believe. He himself pointed out that in the charging of the acetanilid still it is impractical to operate the condenser so that some aniline vapors and certainly acetic acid vapors may be discharged into the workroom. This foreman himself recommends . that an extension be made of the long pipe to the nearby exhaust system for the acetanilid dust. This, however, is impractical inasmuch as these vajvrous materials will not lend themselves to joint evacuation with dust. Instead of this procedure, it may be well to provide a separate evacuation duct for these vapors. Provision of such will require very little expenditure of money. It must be recognized that acetanilid is a dangerous substance and that its dust has brought about many industrial poisoning cases in plants where it is manufactured or manipulated. The arrangement and opera tion of a chipper machine for acetanilid gives rise to a lot of dust and spillage. The dust collecting system is entirely inadequate. Numerous ; 0M7-SW'--0.03,,67, right aagle# of conduits, low Telocity of air movement, poor design of hood at the point of entrainment, and feulty location of the discharge point ere all factors in malting tbs system Ineffective, It is recovended that this entire area be cleaned up and freed of spilled aeetanllid that may be ground under foot or otherwise eventu ally become dust. It is recoonended that the dust collecting system be re-designed end improved, that the outside stack either be elevated in its present position or moved over to the nearby well and elevated at least five feet above the roof of the Beta Naphthol building. Ibis en tire operation is regarded with more apprehension than is recorded by persons in charge of it. ....................... Tobies Acid, Paraphenylene Diamine, Mono Acid, lake Red C Amine Best known to the medical profession of ell injurious dyes is paraphenylene diamine which has caused many hundreds of cases of asthma, eczema of the face, chronic skin disease, and other affections, both as occupational diseases and otherwise. In the fur trade this substance is a notorious trouble maker where it is still used as a dye. Women wear- lng cheap furs dyed with this materiel have presented many cases of local Infection and asthma. It is sold as a hair dye and is a well known cause of poisoning. In its manufacture, its mol'Tngredlent is para nltranillne, which in itself may be a source both of systemic and looel disease. As long as the operations Involved are wet, opportunity for damage appears to be practically nil, but dusty processes are regarded with high appre hension, and long contact with this material may lead to discoloration of the skin. In the course of the manufacture of paraphenylene diamine, the chief point of concern is in the handling of the crude dry end dusty material preceding distillation. The collecting chamber below the dryer is enclosed but not vented. The foreman claims that venting is not necessary because no workman is near this area except for a few minutss at the time of the removal of the partly filled drums. This idea is not at all subscribed to by the present investigators, and it is believed m 0007-SWP-000030672 i that this entire dry operation should be Tented, Also at the inxsedlete /. tine of removel of the filled barrels end the shaking down of tbe hoppers, - jau ................... '............' It la believed that^one worker concerned should wear a respirator ahleb also should be worn in connection with any other handling of paraphenylene diamine, particularly under dusty conditions. At this plant, without any effort to detect same, there came to our attention at least five cases of chronic asthma and rumors of a larger number. No effort has been made to examine these patients as It has not been the policy under the guidance of the management to undertake physical examination of workers. On this account, It la not known that these patients c<otTntribute their asthma to any substances appearing in this entire plant, or contrariwise, what particular substance or sub stances might be responsible. On a by and large basis, it Is bellowed that no one substance would be responsible for all cases, nor that all cases are of occupational origin. No less, there Is some suspicion that paraphenylene diamine nay In at least a minor measure be responsible for certain of the asthmatle conditions encountered. In connection with paraphenylene diamine dliitllletlon for purification processes, It Is observed that the crude, fine, dusty material la dumped onto the f near the still and Is shoveled by hand into tbe still. This Is unnecessary and highly conducive to dust formation and thus undesirable. Ways and means should be found to right this practice through the direct emptying of containers Into the still by workers wear ing respirators. ' During the recent years end up to the present time, sulphur di oxide created by many operations In this department has been seat trouble some. Wooden conduits are now Installed over the vats chiefly responsible for this gas. This gas, along with other offensive vapors, is evacuated through tbe roof of the building. This, while bringing much improvement, has not rid the plant entirely of exposure to the gas. Many days sulphur dioxide Is swept down into many buildings, possibly Ineluding homes end other factories unrelated to this company. At the present, no reconaenda- 0007. SVVp. 000030, 1673 tion is aede to additional steps in the disposal of sulphur dioxide, but is is probably only a question of tine until outside complaints, in cluding perhaps legel complaints, will require additional safeguarding activities. In connection with tobias ecid manufacture and possibly other chemicals, a fair amount of ammonia is utilized but under conditions of almost entirely enclosed systems. No less, recommendation is made that at least one ammonia respirator be available lmmedlatCy in the area making use of ammonia and that this be serviced and inspected by the Safety Department. In the take Bed C Amine Section there take place various sul- phonatlon, chlorination, nitration and reduction processes. All these operations are vented to the outside bpt in one Instance, believed to be the sulphonation and nitration of Lake Red C Amine, the preceding inter mediate is dropped into a retort through what emounts to the actual stack for venting purposes. Since there is no Induced current in this stack, the operation may become, and, in fact, is at times very dusty. This particular method of handling this step appears to be undesirable. It is noted that throughout this section acids are piped to the point of use, thus obviating the necessity of carboys. Inquiry was made as to the length of life of piping and the statement was made that in one case nine years already had elapsed since the installation was made. To the extent that this is practical, it is -.< oesirable that other portions of the plant using the carboys manually handled should make use of this procedure. In this general area represented by the sulphonation process, at least one filter press gives off large quantities of visible water vapor (steam), end thus contributes to the general discomfort of this workroom. With as many stacks as there are in this general vicinity, the question is raised as to the possibilities of hooding these hot filter presses in order to discharge the steam vapors to the outside, thus in some measure protecting the workmen against this additional minor item of discomfort. Due to long years of action of chemicals, probably chiefly 0007-SWP-000030674 r sulphur dioxide and acids, large portions of this entire section are most unsightly--corroded, encrusted, worn, soggy, dilapidated. It is granted that these conditions do not directly represent health hazards, and it is equally granted that in large neasure this is the result of normal operations connected f.lth this sort of mechanical manufacture. It is, no less, urged to the extent possible that this sort of work condition be avoided and eliminated. Fuchslne and Printing Ink Section The basic raw materials of this division of work are well known intoxicants and chiefly are aniline, nltro benzol, formaldehyde, end mlnerel acids. In connection with the first handling of nitro benzol and aniline, the possibility erises that some vapors may escape because of incompletely enclosed systems. This is particularly true in proportion to the amount of heat introduced into the operetion. It is recommended that these semi-closed systems be made as completely closed as is compatible with work reauirementa. In connection with the recovery of aniline and nitro benzol, opportunities exist for leaks in the piping. Again it is observed that any such opportunities for contact with these substances should be elim inated. In connection with the production of para rose aniline, much opportunity exists for contact with nitro benzol and aniline. Although the bulk of these materials ere recovered in the distillation process, much free aniline and nitrobenzol inevitably must be carried over into the melt. Throughout all of the earlier purification stages of the fuchsine, some free aniline is likely to be present, thus introducing the liability of exposure, however, the nature of these operations is such that precise protection may not be afforded. In view of the apparent long experience in this department without evidence of any type of poisoning, it is felt that little justification exists for the making of elaborate recommendations. In this section, the same congeetion takes place which is characteristic of the whole department. Also, protection through 0007. SVJ'P'000030675 work dilution i e. primary requisite. It is Venom that plans are -lreei'y underway to extensively remodel this section. The industrial hygienists desire to lend their support to this movement rather than to urge installation of various, protective devices under present conditions. 1.)Somewhat assiduously these investigators have steered clear of exparimental processes on the grounds that they are in charge of highly skilled chemists and further because these experimental activities may never reach production status. However, in the case of nephthol ASBS is found a process which makes use of xylol which is blown out the open air JSsf^onsidereble ouantities^lieta oxy . naphthoic, meta nltrenl- : .ft. n line, phosphorus trichloride. In manipulation of these several chemicals more than the usual number of dangerous materials mey be involved. There have been several fortuitous episodes of distressing nature Chiefly from chlorine, which has pervaded the entire building. At the present time, the condensation product is overlaid with vapors of some light body so that the chemist in charge is himself complaining of ill effects. The propriety of carrying out large scale c*'`-r-tloi<*_:i the t* midst of routine operations already congested is distinctly doubted. This all goes back to the basic problem of over-crowding in the absence of space where experimental problems may be set up. This leads to the general recommendation that throughout the entire plant and particularly with res pect to Chemical Products and Cry Color operation, no large scale experi mental operation be carried out in the midst of productive operation where workers may be exposed. And likewise the converse is made in the suggestion that suitable quarters in the present or otter buildings be provided where necessary experimental work of a dangerous nature may be carried out without injury to the well-being of any workers at all' and certainly those not engaged in the particular operation Involved be en tailed in experimental procedure. 2.) In the Printing Ink House the raw materials are handled in a wet condition, and strange to say, the chief hasard is not chemical but noise. Here again work congestion is high; all portions of the workroom ere literally coated with ink materials. It is scarcely possible to 0007-SWP-000030676 w. walk through the room without contamination, but after all, more attention perhaps should be paid to the Ink rolls which, because of the density of materials, generally ere more massive than ordinary. These mills perhaps can never be made as noiseless as the usual smell paint rnV. mill, but at the present time much of the noise is not Inherent but & the result of........ worn bearings and other parts. Ten years of continuous exposure in this building to the quantity of noise now present will eventuate in partial deafness. Again it is to be recognized that part of this suggestion is the old complaint of too many work operations crowded into space intended for perhaps one-fourth the present extent. Over and over various depart ments in this plant have outgrown themselves, but instead of enlarging space, the operations have been crowded into cramped quarters. Of the entire Chemical Products Department, this oft repeated complaint is the foremost one that is being sede and thet should be made. 5.) In the Fuchsine House where large quantities of aniline and nitro benzol are used, the method of transportation is open to question. It appears to be true that drums of these substances are obtained by filling from the major tanks near the acetanilid house, and these are conveyed chiefly by hand to the receiving tanks in the Tuchsine House. If this in fact be true as a routine process, would it not be more economic as well as safer to have pipe lines delivering these materials immediately to the point of use. 4.) In this entire section there is no single known toilet or washroom. It is necessary for any workman to come as far aa building 511 which is roughly two blocks away. Throughout this whole department there is a general inadequacy of toilets although the centralized space in building 551 may be sufficient. Although the moving out of the Dry Color workers from building 551 will perhaps provide more space for the Chemical Products workers, this still will not remedy the obvious wrong in requiring workers in such remote places as the Fuehaine House to trav erse two or more blocks in order to gain access to a toilet. It is very understandable that some workers who deem it expedient use almost any A | ; ^ ; j ^ j i i ! ' j | , j ! If 0007- 000030, 077 space for urination purposes or 4ick into nearer toilet facilities in other departments. The workers in the Juchalna area are mildly up in arms oTer this shortcoming, and at the time other sections of this de partment era mildly dissatisfied with facilities profiled. It is there fore recommended that such comfort facilities as represented hy toilets, urinals, etc., be provided at not more than one half the distance which now exists between the Tuchains House and the toilets available. These new toilets and urinals should not be limited to the use of rue ha Ine aid Ink workers but should be available to other workers in this department who find this new location better suited to their convenience. It is known that the new Dry Color toilet looms are almost across the pasaagewty'from these Tuchsine workers. It is understood that there is definite objection to multiple department use of the fadlitlen provided for any one department. However, at this immediate time, eonething may be gained by permitting the Chemicel Products workers to use the comfort fecllltles of the Dry Color Department in thia area, this on a temporary basis only. 0007. Styp 00030'(678 TANK CLEANING Unfortunate experience, in which these investigators have been involved, leads to the attachment of special concern to the matter of workmen entering any type of tank for cleaning out or repair work, provided these tanks have contained aiy sort of vola tile or oil or otte liquid material used in connection with coating manufacture. It unfortunately happens, on occasion, in spite of the best of Intentions and what earlier appeared to be adequate precautions, that workers without suitable protective devices in various sorts of tanks quickly are overcome and sometimes die. Moreover, rescuers, heroic in intent, but poor in judgment, enter tanks for rescue purposes and also die. All of this is un necessary and every large paint plant, or any plant maintaining large sized tanks should have a well thought out procedure provid ing safety for every type of operation involving interior tank work. The type of asphyxiation or acute intoxication that may arise varies from substance to substance. In the ease of benzol, benzol vapors themselves are responsible. Sufficient benzol vapors to produce death may be present in a tank that has been treated over a period of days by live stbam, hot water, and air blowing. In the case of linseed oil, the damaging agent may be carbon dioxide, possibly with a trace of carbon monoxide,, or there may be an oxygen deficiency. In the case of varnishes, vapors from the various volatiles, through their combined action, may lead to asphyxiation. The following statements may be pertinent to the situation! 1. No workmen should enter tanks unless absolutely neces sary. _ 2. No workman should enter a tank unless previously it has been freed, as far as possible, of its contents. S. No workman should enter a tank unless closely guarded by another workman making observation from the manhole or equivalent opening. N16651.3 Varnish Storage. The Entry of Torkaea Into Storage Tanks Is Always Eaagerous, Calling For Special Precautions. Insofar as Possible, all Tanks Should be Equipped with Carbon Tioxide Blankets in Order to Avoid the Neces sity of Frequent Clean Out Operations 0007-SWP-000030680 1 4. No workman should enter a tank unless fitted with safety rope with which he nay be withdrawn if asphyxiated. 5. No workman should enter a tank unless wearing a positive pressure respirator of proved suli.u.b* type. The all service eannister type is not regarded as suitable. Breathing through a hose in the absence of positive pressure is regarded as objectionable and insufficient. 6. No workman should carry ordinary electric light into a tank and no type of light other than those approved by fire and explosion regulations. 7. In case two men enter a tank, each should be guarded by a separate individual on the outside and each should wear a separate safety line. 8. Under no circumstances should workers remain for prolonged periods in tanks. One half-hour is the aaxiaua without emerging for a short period. 9. In most instances, a positive pressure respirator device should be of such type as to also provide eye protection. 10. Due consideration should be given to the possibility of static electricity sparking or other sources of ignition in connec tion with work in tanks. 0007-SWP-000030681 I ' ffgggf- Vsjfwr.^memau - .... TOILETS AND WASHROOMS A casual survey was made with reference to toilets, washrooms and lockers, with chief regard for the sanitary considerations. Emphasis ,r*5 placed upon facilities available, equipment, cleanliness, servicing, the use of washrooms for eating purposes, the issuance of work clothes in connection with washrooms and finally to crowding. As a result, the following comment is made: All grades of efficiency in management and equipment are found in these units, all the wqy from the old, cramped quarters in the White Lead Department to the modern unit in Building 115, which is not yet occupied. In some instances, the exposures connected with work are obviously carried over into some washrooms. In the White Lead area, this is par ticularly noticeable. Here considerable quantities of white and red lead are tracked in on the feet of workers and on clothing. This becomes spread over the floor and contaminates the air. Since workers do not wear tkir respirators, under these circumstances it is believable that this condition may be a factor in the fairly high numbers of workers believed to be suffering from lead absorption. In this area, the lunchroom adjacent to the locker room is badly crowded; due to inadequate facilities, a number of men cue required to eat their lunches in the locker room, some on the floor or spread out on newspapers. Thus the very purpose of getting away from work exposures during lunch hours is defeated, due to the perpetuation of exposure* in the places provided for eating purposes. Offsetting this unfavorable criticism, it is noted that in this area directions s u m given for washing of hands before eating, changing of clothing and general hygiene. These promulgated rules are not obeyed in their entirety, but the men in general seem to realize the danger of lead and exercise a fair amount of precautions. This general sort of objectionable condition is also present in the D17 Color Group, in that lunches are eaten by most workers in the locker rooms of Building 5S1, in the absence of tables or adequate provisions Insuring freedom from lead. In this department it is noted that clean uni- 0007-SWP-000030682 I N16651 fonts are provided each workman, Including underwear. It is believed that the new provisions now being made in Building 115 for workers may obviate much of the difficulties here complained about. Servicing Each unit ie se..iced by some employee who is responsible for its maintenance. In some units, as in the lead unit, the caretaker also issues overalls. In Building SSI, this is done by a special storekeeper. Caretakers are charged with reporting men who fail to comply with regula tions governing lead workers. In the lead unit, lead dust "tracks in" in great quantity and offers quite a problem to the caretaker, requiring his continuous mopping. "Fhenollne", a disinfectant made by the Company, is used widely for disinfecting closets, floors, urinals, etc. Liquid and powdered soap dispensers are in wide use. In the paint units a bar soap is in use. Women's Toilets Adequate provision is made in most instances for women workers, but the three women employed in the White Lead Building, two in the office and one in the factory must cross the railroad east of the Building and go to the women's rooms in the General Office Building. On this route, they must pass through the General Offices themselves or climb over the shipping platform on the west side of the buildings. Facilities in the tin Can Plant are especially praiseworthy. Here a comfortable rest room is provided for women, adjoining the cafe teria. ` Label steaming is done in the women's room of the Stock and Dis tribution Department. Apparently this is simply a matter of convenience, part of the time being done outside and part Inside this room. Women's facilities are particularly inadequate in the Factory Office Unit. Each lunchroom has its own women's room for its employees, except the Tin Can Plant, whose workers use the common women's rest room. Race Segregation Colored and white have separate facilities in the Lithopone Plant only. In the lead unit, they mix freely, and this holds for other units also. 0007-SWP-000030683 Loclcers Generally, one locker is used by one non only, but in some units lockers are shared by two aen. Locks are out of order or missing on large numbers of louvers. Combination locks would avoid loss of keys, breakage and insure usability of lockers at all times. Showers and Laboratories Slower* in the older units are not well maintained in all cases, some being out of repair. Crowding in shower rooms is acute, particularly in the lead unit, where only one doorway serves for both entrance and exit. Bad congestion at shower time occurs, aggravated by the use of too few showers. This need is met better in the Building 115 unit, where the shower rooms have two doorways. The shower in the Tarnish Department unit is situated in the open in the common washroom where drafts are uncomfortable. Emergency showers, not for routine use, are provided in the Tobias Plant and in Acetanllid. Ho toilet, washroom or shower facilities are provided in the Fuchsin Plant, their facilities being in Building 551, about a block awqy. Ho toilets are found also in the Tobias Plant. Bradley sinks of circular design with centrlfugally arranged water spray are installed in Building 115 units, which should increase efficiency greatly over the old type individual sink. fountains ' .......................... ...... Kaqy fountains are simply ^turned pipes. Ice is the cooling medium in summer. Salt Dispensers Salt dispensers are in widespread use in the Plant, but in the hot weather were ssan to be little used and some poorly maintained. Overall Washing Overalls are washed by the men in the Lithopone Plant and hung up to dry in a warn cabinet with mechanical exhaust. Other overalls and garments are laundered apart from the plant premises. I cmcfcy? AMP RSCQMiEKDAIIOHS 1) The lead manufacturing departments are in need of increased service facilities of the character discussed in this section. Ho recommendation is made that a new building be erected or that any particular space or area be chosen for this purpose. Ho less, the recommendation i* mede that increased facilities as to washrooms, eating space and locker rooms be provided. 2) In the same area, only three women are employed, but it is apparently true that no toilet is available nearer than the Tin Can Department or such facilities in the Main Office area. This situation is probably illegal, but regardless of legality is not commendable and should be remedied. 5) Many toilets, washrooms, etc. are maintained on a higher plane than others. This of course merely reflects difference in standards, supervision and in the interest and ability of persons immediately responsible for dean-19 work. It is observed that every department or plant functions as a unit in this respect. In a later section, the general recommendation has been made that greater centralisation be provided for fee supervision of maiy types of services, including certain aspects of janitor work. . 4} In the warehouse area, presumably rented from the Pullman Company, hot water is not available and particularly complaints are certain to arise in the 106th Street Warehouse where the toilet and washroom la of low order. Here, however, only one man is employed so that recommenda tions are not in order. However, in the 104th Street gronp, sixteen men are employed and there hot water should be available for dean-up purposea. The toilet at 106th Street is said to he out of order from time to time. 5) Label steaming Is dally carried out by women workers in their washroom in fee Shipping and Storage Department. About half of this work is carried out in the washroom and half in the gensrd work area. This seems to be undesirable and should be discontinued. 6) At the present time, much eating of broughtn lunches takes pl&ca in objectionable washrooms. Elsewhere discussion is provided as to altered eating facllitiea for workere who bring their lunche6. These changes 0007. 0030, 685 should be brought about with celerity and as soon as possible no eating should be permitted in washrooms where dangerous materials such as lead are present. Conversely, every effort should be made to maintain eating places free from the contamination that now characterizes washrooms. 7) The management should be commended on the type of equip ment and facilities provided in the new dry color service building. These new facilities tend to emphasize the weaknesses and shortcomings in other areas, 4 good type of servicing for this new building should be planned in order to keep the washrooms and toilets, etc. free from accwmlations of lead and othr detrimental substances. 8) One of the needs of this plant is for greater effort toward the education of workers in personal hygiene. This is discussed under a special section devoted to "Future Program". 0007-SWP-000030686 I mSCELU'ffiOUS ITEMS In addition to tbe prime manufacturing departments, tbara exlat a variety of ancillary divisions such aa Receiving, Tsrehouse and Shipping, Engineering, Mechanical, power House, General Offleaa, eta., none of vblcb praaant any byglenlc problem of tbe flrat magni tude. These items are mentioned here merely to give completeness to this report and to give evidence that tbalr respective work activities have bean considered, visaed and appraised. 0007-SWP-000030687 N16651.32 RESPIRATORS AMD RESPIRATOR SERVICING... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... At the present time, the very heart of protection of workers against toxic materials in this plant is found in the wearing of respira tors. In their absence and in the absence of faithful wearing of them, this plant in a few weeks* tine would be confronted with scores of serious occupational diseases of several varieties. In any plant, the continuous wearing of respirators is more or less an admission of defeat, because in any plant the protection objective should be to so bring exposures under control that the continuous wearing of respirators will not be necessary. However, in this plant, there are certain operations, chiefly connected with lead, which will never lend theaselves to so such Improvement that the necessity for wearing respirators will not exist. Also, at this very time there are numerous places where extensive mechani cal improvement may be made, but for the time being it will continue to be necessary to wear respirators and in fact it is roughly estimated that the wearing of respirators should be increased under present conditions hy at least 2S%. As improvements are made, in keeping with the general pro gram outlined in this repkrt, the number of men expected to wear respira tors should appreciably diminish. In short, the numerical curve should extent sharply upward at the present time and then after a few weeks or months a gradual downward trend should be brought about. It is believed that so much lead dust is present in a few places that no filter type of respirator may be regarded as entirely satisfactory. One such place is within the stacks at the time of drawing work. Here, in another portion of this report, the recommendation has been made that positive pressure respirators of very light type be introduced. If this proves to be successful, and there is no reason why it should not prove to be successful, it is possible that other points may profit by this Innovation. However, at all times marked limitations exist sines the radius around which a worker may wear a positive pressure respirator is obviously circumscribed. | i 0007-SWP-000030688 I N16651.33 The type of filter respirator almost universally worn in this plant is highly regarded. It is not known that any change should be aade, although the Ifllson type (#400 and 401 ?) is perhaps just as efficient and possibly a little more so. The choice of the light positive pressure respirator which should do no aore than cower the nose ani mouth should be between those manufactured by the Mines Safety . Appliance Coqpany and the Tilson Products Corporation. No preference is expressed. There is still in use in this plant a few old single disc respira tors of a somewhat antiquated type. These should be collected and re placed by superior varieties. Of course, the filter type of respiratory so valuable in the lessening of dust exposures, are of no worth against gass&nd vapors. There are a few places in the plant, such as in the Dry Color Department where intermittently workers aay be exposed at times to dust and at other times to gases or vapors. It is almost impossible to expect to control this situation through the wearing of breathing appliances, such as are under discussion. Here more attention must be paid to the entrainment of these toxic materials in exhaust systems. . In the Chemical Products Division, in connection with the handling of dry materials, such as Azo Dyes, some workers present on their faces, under the respirators, almost as mch skin coloring as outside the respira tors. This of course means that the respirators are either inefficient or are not worn at all times, or both. In this particular section, the dust exposure is so great that means of protection other than the wearing of respirators are in order and elsewhere are presented. In certain department*, such as Dry Color and Chemical Products, the dusty materials against which protection is sought are themselves the source of skin diseases. This is particularly true of Azo Dyes. The wearing of respirators Increases the prospect of skin diseases at the point of contact between the rubber face piece and the skin. Furthermore, the action of the rubber face piece tends to grind in the dyes until they are removed through washing processes only with difficulty. Naturally, workers 0007-SWP-000030689 object to going about their affairs apart from work with a ring of color around their faces. It is recognised that any oily materials applied to the face designed as a barrier against deposits of colored materials will tend to rot rubber of respirators and shorten their period of service without leakage. It is believed that noa-greaay chemi cal materials that are non-inJurioua to rubber are available. This problem should be presented to the Wilburn Compary, located in Detroit, and they should be asked to devise and provide suitable protective chemicals of this character. If for any reason this company will not undertake this responsibility, other sources of such materials will be furnished. However, all of this comment tends but to emphasize the definite need for other forms of protection than from respirators. In one section of the Paint Division, ammonia is used in small quantities in the manufacture of metal polishes. Here a light type of ammonia respirator should be furnished. This statement applies to any other departments consistently using ammonia. In general, there appears to be a need for the furnishing of e greater number of suitable chemical respirators of varying designs for emergency purposes in other portions of the plant. It la known that various emergency devices are available in the Safety Department and that a few are located at strategic points in the plant. No leas, the impreesion is that more equipment of this character should be available and that such should be worn to a greater extent than is now true. It is impractical to specify precise points where such additional equipment should be located. Without having determined Aether a respirator of this character is located ..bout the chlorine work connected with turpentine purification, it is stated that if a respirator is not already here provided, this constitutes a good example of the location where such special equip ment might be made available. Another example may be cited in the new benzol still house. It is of course recognized that no one type of respira tor may be serviceable for all of these special requirements. 0007-SWP.000030690 ' X* * ' * .' $ Banning through all this comment, the underlying thought in the mind of the writer is that elsewhere the specific recommendation is made that the company utilize the services of its own full tiae industrial hygienist or hygienists. Influenced hy the thought the+ v-<s great need actually will be filled, many statements with reference to respirators of various sorts are here curtailed because of the feeling that this is the very sort of work that aay be carried out to advantage by the prospective industrial hygienist. Therefore, if this section appear to be inadequate, let it be in mind that the details of this problem at an early time should be placed in the domain of this new service addition, intended for all plants of the company. Since the searing of respirators is so important to the workers in this plant, ouch needs to be said about the testing, servicing and supervising of respirators and respirator wearing. This matter at the present time is being given extensive consideration by the Safety Depart ment. An instruction sheet, prepared by the Safety Department, is in the course of distribution at the very time of the writing of this report. On this account, no attempt is here made to delineate the details of wash ing, disinfecting, inspection and servicing of respirators. In due time it is hoped that with the advent of an industrial hygienist, cooperating both with the Safety and Hedieal Departments, even more attention may he paid to this necessary matter of obtaining the best possible results in the protection of workers through the supervision of respirators and respira tor use. h |l b N u I E I I r COMMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT In another section of this report, the definite recommendation has been made that the time has come when this company should procure the services of its own industrial hygienist for coping wiw Le problems of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases in all of the company's plants. If this is done, this fact very definitely alters the type of recommendations that aey be made in connection with the medical work in this plant. Conversely, if this recommendation is not accepted, the type of program to be carried out by the Medical Department at this plant is definitely a different one. This being true, a number of items are now specified as innovations for this plant that should be carried out by some department and preferably as part of the work of the prospective industrial hygienist. If no hygienist is employed, then many of these items will fall to the lot of the Medical Department. a) At fairly regular intervals, such as three months, routine blood tests should be carried out, seeking evidence of lead absorption among all workers exposed to lead in this plant. Since lead is almost universally distributed at the present time, this means examinations for almost the entire employee group. However, on the assumption that many improvements will be made in keeping with the recommendations of this report, the number of such blood examinations should decrease every quarter until ultimately they nay be abandoned almost entirely. b) Routinely, at such an approximate interval as three months, determinations should be made of the content of lead in the atmosphere . at a large number of work points, such as are suggested by the test points made in the present stufy. These analyses will require special equipment and the actual tests if not made by an industrial hygienist should be made by qualified chemists in the Chemical Division rather than by the Medical Department. No less, under these circumstances, the Medical Department should be responsible for the procurement end evaluation of these tests. As conditions Improve, in conformity with the recommendations of this report, the total number of tests should lessen until ultimately only occasional tests may be required. N16651.34 c) In view of the feet that the use of benzol is on the increase in this company, and in view of the fact that there is some evidence of benzol absorption, the need exists for the determination of the urine sulfate of workers exposed to benzol vapors. This test, if not made by the industrial hygienist, may require the services of chemists, since the Medical Department as now constituted will be unable to carry out this technical procedure. d) In keeping with the belief that a greater number of occupational diseases exists at the present time and presumably at all times than is recognized, it is strongly believed that more time should be spent in the plant among its workers, for the purposes of appraising health exposures connected with the plant's operation. This Is fundsmentally the work of the industrial hygienist, but if no hygienist is employed, then the Medical Department workers to a much greater extent should make contact with plant operations. e) It will be asserted and with some Justification by Dr. Eess that already his time is fully utilized in the routine care of patients, both in the Company's first aid station and in connection with home and hospital visits. Granting this to be true, another reason exists for the enlargement of the health conservation staff through the develop ment of an industrial hygiene division. f) A definite need prevails in this plant for the better education of superintendents, foremen and ultimate workers with respect to the exposures of their particular departments. For example, some workers believe that lead is absorbed through the skin and are rather concerned to procure akin protection; to the extent that this belief pre vails, this apprehension merely represents waste of energy. It should be the duty of the prospective industrial hygienist or the Medical, or Safety Department to develop some educational program for the better acquainting of large numbers of persons in this plant with the danger points connected with their work and with practical wqys and means for meeting these prob lems. In addition to these general enterprises, which may or may not 1 ' fa h Y; r I; & I I i rU to the lot of the Medical Department, a brief MrleB of Ue>a &r# now set forth which directly are connected with medical work. 1) Since this plant engages in maqy operations leading to the possibility of asphyxiation, it is recommended that an H and H inhalator be purchased and installed in the Medical Department. This should supplant the makeshift orygen supplying apparatus now available which has never been used. Even though this apparatus has not been used, the time is likely to come when the dire need will arise for the use of such equipment as the R and H (Henderson and Haggard) inhalator. This apparatus may be procured through ary standard equipment house or through the Hines Safety Appliance Compary of Pittsburgh. 2) It is believed that in every department one or more persons should be trained and qualified to cany out the prone pressure method of artificial respiration. This is especially desirable in such departments as chemical products, dry color, lacquer and varnish manufac ture. The need for this experience may arise only once in five years, but when that time doea arise, the carrying out of artificial respiration by laymen may represent the difference between life and death. The time lost in seeking out the plant physician may he just that loss of time leading to the death of some worker. It is the duty of the plant physician to make sure that there is a group of workers qualified in this simple step scattered throughout the plant. S) In the selection of new workers, obviously there are a number of causes for rejection, but in addition consideration should be given to the undesirability of employing workers with aiy manifest akin disease or of those types regarded as susceptible to skin diseases. This plant makes use of many hundreds of skin irritsnts. It is always amazing that so few cases of skin diseases do arise. To maintain this successful experience, a preference should he exercised in connection with new employees for those less likely to develop such diseases. Without any prejudice in favor of negroes or against white employees, it is noted that negroes are remarkably little susceptible to .occupational skin affections. 4) the Medical Personnel, Irrespective of the employment of an Industrial hygienist, should become outstandingly faailiar with the details of every operation in the plant, fortunately, Dr. Hess is widely faailiar with these operations, but even so an increased body of Information of this character is desirable in order that every case of unobvioua disease appearing in the first Aid Station mey be considered in terms of possible exposures to damaging agents connected with work. 5) It is recommended that the Medical Department procure and make use of a greater quantity of published material related to occupational diseases and industrial hygiene. - 6) It is observed that the first Aid Station area is used as an eating place for workers not employed in the Medical Department work. Also, watchmen and others use this department as the place for cooking beverages and for eating at night during Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays. At all times it is difficult enough to maintain a hospital or dispensary in highly sanitary conditions, such as is desirable in the prevention of infection. It la therefore suggested that this practice, while not grossly undesirable, be terminated.