Document jBxgddbyQ9dwjQDYJ52kJL8XZ

O' PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT I 1 XtfFHl kJU wu^ **"-> rs 1 -..a ); | fnt m! \ * u> L^uUMki i ri--i 1 \ ; : 1 . V : . ja UuL-l ii V^kit^w WkjJ r^s1 r-! TLmjy uv \ l! Hiteiatule Gbshacts MEDICAL ENGINEERING LEGAL - - - decisions and trends tfndusfaial Health Tlews ? Uiurtl Monthly By INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. > C04G.-.5 j .-Hilary Vsi. VII. :;o. i. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. INDUSTRIAL KYGIZSIE DIGEST Literature and News News Items 1 Arsine Gas Causes Fatality An industrial accident which shows the importance of a worker's knowledge of the substances he uses in his work, recently occurred in Iowa. The death of a mana ger of an Iowa creamery was reported to the Industrial Hygiene Division, Iowa Department of Health. Upon investigation, it was found that the creamery manager had spent approximately two hours cleaning his can-washer with a mixture of "Beta Chlor" and commercial muriatic acid -which was diluted about 6 times. "Beta Chlor" is an acid inhibitor used to prevent the action of the muriatic acid on iron. The can-washer is a large circular machine in which the 5 and 10 gallon cream cans arc cleaned. The cans are placed in the machine open side down and different solutions, followed by dry steam, are forced through small jets up into the can as well as over the outside. The worker placed the mixture of "Beta Chlor" and muriatic acid in the tank at the base of the can-washer so that it could be forced through jets and, thus, spray the solution over the inside of the washing compartment. He closed the machine and sprayed the solution over the inside of the can-washer, then opened it and scraped off deposits which were present, thus ex posing himself to the mist formed. That evening he felt tired and ill, be came very cyanoscd, and was vomiting. The next day he was taken to a hospital where, in spite of numerous transfusions, he died five days after his initial ex posure. He passed no urine during his entire stay in the hospital and at the time of death was extremely cyanotic, unconscious, and had a red blood cell count of 900,000. He had an acute hemolytic anemia due to a chemical poison. The can-washer "was made of galvanized iron, which, due to the zinc, when in contact with hydrochloric acid, gives off hydrogen,"Beta Chlor" contains a soluble arsenic compound and in the presence of hydrogen, arsine was giver, off. The Iowa Industrial Hygiene Division was able to produce arsine in a laboratory re production of the creamery circumstances, end the death of the manager was clin ically similar to fatalities described as due to arsine. - Industrial Hygiene. Tuberculosis. The Medical Department of the westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company has prepared a series of brief, readable pamphlets on tuberculosis for distribuTier, among its employees, T'hcy are entitled: Tuberculosis, V.'hat is Tuberculosis? he;; the Doctor Diagnoses Tuberculosis, Hygienic Living Protects from Tuberculosis, Do I have Tuberculosis?, V'ar and Tuberculosis, Infected Sputum Spreads Tuberculosir,, The Modern Treatment of Tuberculosis, and Good Nutrition Helps Prevent Tuber- culosis. 0 t' pU Industrial Hygiene Digest - 2. 3 Hcrnto-Conjunctivitis Continues to Spread, In Vol. 2, No. 12, 1-2 (December* 1942) the news digest "Industrial Hygiene" re ports that the epidemics of kerato-conjunctivitis are continuing to spread. In dustrial coHBtunities in Michigan, Ncv; York, Connecticut and other states have recently reported its presence. The seriousness of the disease may be shown by the fact that from 40 to 70 per cent of the .cases develop coroneal opacities, some of which may be permanent. Dr. Murray Sanders v/arns that unless great care is exercised, the disease may be carried from one patient to another by the hands of medical personnel. An epidemic of 80 cases in the practice of one physician resulted from one unrecognized case. The following four point program is recom mended: (1) Prepare to recognize the disease when it occurs. (2) Exercise metic ulous care in technique, such as sterilization of solutions, eye droppers, and instruments used in eye cases. Wash the hands carefully between cases. (3) Iso late patients as soon as the disease is recognized. (4) Educate the patient to prevent infecting others or spreading the infection from one eye to the other. The best treatment seems to consist of cold compresses, installations of atropine, and applications of sulfathiazole ointment. In the more severe cases, x-ray seems to be effective in small doses. Dr. E, J. Waters of San Diego, California, reports his best results with a four or five per cent solution cf sodium sulfa thiazole sesauihydrate. The treatment should be continued for at least five days after the symptoms have disappeared. 4 Extinguishing Magnesium Fires. The Philip Carey Manufacturing Company, Dockland, Cincinnati, Ohio has announced the development of a product for reducing the losses incident to magnesium fires. It is claimed that the product, Carey M.X, Granules, when spread over a fire, will soften and seal the burning magnesium with an air-tight blanket. The pro duct is listed by Underwriter1s Laboratories, Inc. 5 Medical Series, Bulletin No. V. The abstracts of two discussions of Bulletin V, which were reported to the Nation al Tuberculosis Association are presented. Dr. C. C. Birkelo of Detroit, Mich., commented as follows: "Their original plan for this experiment was good. They selected lesions which are difficult to find and can be seen only in the very best films, even in the 14" x 17" size. I recall at least one of the lesions v/hich they demonstrated at the Cincinnati meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society in 1941, which could easily have been missed in a slightly over-exposed 14" x 17" film. "In short, my opinion is this, that in order to make this experiment fulfill all requirements, one should be able to state that the films of all sizes used for the..test were the best that could be produced at that time. That state ment could be made for their 14" x 17" and their paper, but not for the 4" x 5" size and 35-nn size films v/hich they demonstrated. "For that reason, I believe their experiment would be worth while repeating and if it wore, I would suggest that the most valuable opinions could be ob tained from radiologists who have the advantage of some experience with in terpretation of the smaller sizes cf films." Dr. 7>illis C. Beasley of the National Institute of Health, Bethesaa, Md., offered the following observations: "The study reported upon by Dr. 7/r.rren appears to me as being both a unique and valuable approach to the problem of evaluating the diagnostic excellence of various sizes of x-ray films. I should like to emphasize that the minia ture chest film is of value chiefly as a means of isolating cases for clin ical study from among a large population that is predominantly negative for tuberculosis or other thoracic pathology. 0040;. 7 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 3. - "Two types of questions nave been involved in comparative studies cn miniature films: Which size go you like better? What can you do with each size of film? Our interest is practical and chiefly concerned with the second question. "(1) If wo disregard accuracy of diagnosis, or specific roentgenological interpretation, and consider only the number of cases missed entirely on miniature films from among those which would be held for clinical study on the basis of 14" x 17" radiographs, there is no residual error between the two sizes of miniature films (4" x 5" end 35 ram.), which may be attributed confidently to difference in size. "(2) The major sources of error in miniature fUras of either size are: (a) improper exposure factors, especially excessive kilovoltage, which often through overpenetration obliterates small, soft-shadow lesions, especially of the miliary type; (b) wrong positioning; (c) faulty pro cessing of films. Each of these factors is more critical in photo roentgenography than in direct radiography. "(5) There is far greater disagreement between the specific roentgeno logical interpretations of the some films by two or more roentgenologists, than between readings by the came roentgenologists on three different sizes of film. This applies to positive cases "missed," as well as to specific classifications of positive diagnoses." 6 Silicosis Record. . The total number of silicosis claims filed in Ohio from July 31, 1937 to October 31, 1942 is 1,104. Of this number 467 claims were allowed, 494 disallowed and 143 are still pending. Of the claims allowed, 254 originated in foundries,and 154 in ceramic plants. Of 34 claims considered in October, 1942, half were allowed. - Ohio Ind. Com. Monitor, 15, 171 (November, 1942). 7 'folding Teachers Use Throat Microphones. V.'elding teachers in a 'west Coast plane plant use throat microphones to instruct their pupils, who are equipped with earphones under their welding helmets. By this means the clatter of machines and the crackle of welding flames are elimin ated and full attention can be given to instructions at all times. -- L. Miriam Lucas. San Francisco Regional Office. 8 Aluminum Dust Explosion. The Annual Congress News Letter - October, 1942 of the National Safety Council describes two general precautions wherever aluminum dust is handled. 1. The accumulation of metallic aluminum dust particles in exposed places should be pre vented. 2. Flames and other sources of ignition should not be allowed within 30 feet of cleaning or repair work which may produce aluminum dust. The ignition of aluminum dust particles by a welding flame recently caused the death of sever al workmen and seriously burned a ntsnber of others. ? Rlor.orrocf V.ork Clothes. A new chemical, ammonium sulfonate, is being applied to work clothing, such as gloves, aprons, and specially designed headgear, to render it non-flammable when exposed to flying sparks. The trecated fabrics are said to be more economical and leas cumbersome than orthodox protective materials. The product and process were developed by the E. X, duPont doNemours Company. Peiceriinr Hazard. -1. lend State Department of Health has called attention to the danger from of leaded gasoline in stoves. In ? Press Bulletin No. 953, Dr. Riley 'Mu, "Never use it in stoves, because the fumes contain lead, which may cause oo iO s Industrial Hygiene Digest - 4. fatal lead poisoning, especially in children." The present difficulties in transportation have made lead free gasolines very scarce, 11 Fire Retardant. A now fire retardant, known as "Fircpel" has been offered for sale by the Alibi Chemical Corporation, 9 Park Place, New York City. The material is an aqueous solution which can be applied by brush or spray to unfinished wood surfaces. It is claimed that treated wood vail retain its fire retardant properties indefinite ly if it is not exposed to the weather. It is recommended for roofs, beams, trusses, rafters, joists, ceilings and stairwells. "Firepel" is said to be non toxic and fungicidal, and will not generate irritating or inflammable fumes. It reduces the tendency of wood to rot. Book Reviews 12 Vitamins for Health. H. Borsook and Y.\ Huso. Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 69, (1942), 32 pp. Published by Public Affairs Committee, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N.Y. Price 10 cents v.lth discount for quantities. This is a thorough but popular discussion of the different vitamins -- effect of deficiency, quantity needed in diet, content in foods, and need and cost of con , centrates, for each. The Authors believe that an adequate diet of a healthy per son does not generally require the addition of concentrates, but that during ' convalescence or in other weakened conditions of the body, the addition of vita mins A, B complex and C in concentrates and D in fish liver oils or vitamin D milk is desirable. Also, when the deficiency of vitamins is due to financial reasons, some of the vitamins at manufacturers' prices are quite inexpensive, although not so 'at retail prices. In the United States there is little beriberi from lack of vitamin Bq (thiamin) but mild vitamin Bq deficiency is widespread according to nutrition surveys, and is responsible for much of the constipation, flatulence and dyspepsia characteristic of middle and old age. Mild 3 (ribo flavin) deficiency is also common. Vitamin 3q is largely removed from wheat in milling, and is now added to the processed flour to restore its original content. The authors believe additional and 3g should be added to provide the total amounts necessary fer a proper diet. The less known members of the B complex, and vitamins E, K and the advertised but non-existent skin vitamin F, are dis cussed briefly. On the whole, certain minimum quantities of vitamins are necess ary to prevent certain diseases. Larger quantities can aid in attaining buoyant health. A sample menu is given which appears to be plentiful, but when analyzed is found to be short in vitamins A and Eq. Suggestions for calculating sufficient vitamins for diets and for buying food are included. One rule given is that no vitamin concentrate and no food fortified with vitamins should be bought unless the potency is stated in terms cf units of weight in a given volume or per tablet. 13 Useful Criteria in the Identification ef Certain Occupational Health Hazards. Div. of Industrial Hygiene, Utah State Dept, of Health (19421. SB pp. This valuable pamphlet is a collection of useful information for the guidance of plant management, the physician, the industrial hygienist, comrensation officials, etc. The seven major sections arc: I. Classification of Potential Hazards by C:iief Industry; II. Classification of Potential Hazards by Occupation: III. Impor tant Physical Properties and Principal Uses of Certain Toxic Substances with Chief Diagnostic Signs anu Symptoms of Injury or other Disabilities; IV. Miscellaneous 00409 i.rv;iiv!,ri*-I Hygiene Digest - 5. of Occupation with Chief Diagnostic Signs and Symptoms of Injury or Disabilities; V. Occupational Dermatoses; VI. Table of Chemical Warfare 'Vh in,.; showing. Persistency, Toxicity, Physiological Action, and First-aid; and V: f. Oral Manifestations of Occupational Disease. id H-m-Pmfit Medical Service Plans. American Hospital Association, Hospital Serv j f`' i'.i.an Commission, 13 E. Division St., Chicago, 111. (October, 1942). 40 pp. The lu.story and development of medical service plans is presented briefly in thlu interesting booklet. The main portion of the text is devoted to descrip tions of plans nov; in operation. They include the Michigan, Colorado, California, ' -oehusette, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and some city medical -orvico plans. D5 Industrial Relations Digests. XIV. The Medical Department In War Industries. Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University, December, 1942. 8 pp. A nummary of the fundamental aspects of industrial medical problems in war in dustry is presented. The aims, obligations and make-up of the medical depart ment ore described under the following titles and sub-titles. A. Direct Func tions of the Medical Department: (1) Pre-placement physical examinations; (2) Protection against occupational disease; (5) Treatment for occupational injuries; (4) Attention to the general health of the employees; and (5) the maintenance of adequate health records. (3) Cooperation in other personnel problems: (1) Accident prevention; (2) determination of hours of work; (3) employee sickness insurance and benefits; (4) job specification and re-engineering; (5) transfers; and (6) the pension plan. (C) Organization of the Medical Department. (D) opecinl Health Maintenance Problems in War Industries. 16 The Coming Crisis in Manpower. M.S. Stewart. Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 63 (1242). Public Affairs Committee, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, Now York, N. Y. Prico 10#, discount in quantities* The recent and future increase in industrial manpower is thoroughly discussed. An additional 3,500,000 'workers will be necessary, and the following sources are considered: The unemployed, negroes, women and children below the present work ing age. The question of labor drafting is considered from several angles. The author's conclusions agree in general with those of Mr. McNutt, whose recommenda tions are given in the summary. Legal Developments 17 Silicosis. Statutory Requirement that Claim for Compensation be Referred to Medical Hoard. V.'iicther Claimant was Exposed to Silicon Dioxide Dust in Harmful Quantities During Two Years Prior to Terminating Employment. The claimant, Fraga, become an employee of the Hew River Company, as a coal load er, in 1923, and continued until May 12, 1941. From the 12-th of March, 1929, he worked continuously in the vVhipplo mine. In June, 1941, he was found to have silicosis in an advanced stage, and filed his claim for compensation. His claim was rejected. This appeal followed. The sole question is whether he was exposed to silicon dioxide dust in harmful quantities for a period of two years. V.'hon claimant filed his claim, the Commissioner had jurisdiction to hear and determine It. The fact that he was required to show that he had been exposed to the inha lation of silicon dioxide dust in harmful quantities for a period of two years. nn/n ?r' i.r-strial Hygiene Digest - 6. v.-is not a natter which bore upon the jurisdiction of the CominiSGioner to hear -\nd determine the natter, but only on the question whether there should have been :ui award of compensation. The first duty of the Commissioner was to hoar the case upon the non-mcdical questions. By statute, it is provided that the re port cf the medical board shall contain findings and conclusions as to whether ahe claimant or the deceased employee has contracted such disease, and whether or not the exposure in the employment was sufficient to have caused silicosis or to have injuriously aggravated an existing silicosis. It is also provided that the report of the medical board shall be filed with the compensation commission er, and that if neither party maizes objection thereto, the findings of the board on any nodical question shall be tedeen to be plenary and conclusive. It is fur ther provided that if objection is made, a hearing shall bo had, and it necess arily follows that the compensation commissioner, upon a consideration of all the evidence and the report of the medical board, must finally determine the right to compensation. While the report of the medical board, if objected to, is not final as to the matters reported by it, and the final decision thereon must rest with the compensation commissioner, this is a case where reference to the medical board should have been made before there was a dismissal of the claimant's case. Such procedure should bo followed where there is a reasonable doubt on any medical question, and where an investigation might tend to clarify any matter which might affect the final decision cf the commissioner. Claimant has silico sis, and he must necessarily have contracted it 'while working for the employer in this case. He may have contracted the disease more than two years prior to the date he ceased work; but the statute apparently contemplates that even if he had ' contracted the disease more than two years before he ceased work, if curing the last two years he was employed his condition was aggravated, he might still be entitled to compensation. The statute contemplates reference to the medical board in cases where the exercise of technical learning is calculated to clear up doubts. The action of the Commissioner and the Appeal Board in dismissing claimant's case without a reference thereof to the medical board was erroneous. Therefore, its action is reversed, ond tho case remanded to the Compensation Com missioner, with instructions to refer the same to the medical board for investi gation and report. Fraga v. State Compensation Commissioner, et al. T. Va. Supreme Ct, of App. Decided November 24, 1942.~f CCHlV 18 Silicosis. Widow's Claim to Compensation Barred Y/here Husband's Death Poem's More Than One Year After Last Injurious Exposure. On June 17, 1940, Percy Bowdler was awarded compensation for third stage silico sis. The date of his last exposure was November 27, 1939, and more than one year thereafter, August 9, 1941, he died. Decedent's widow, Eleanor Bowdler, on September 3, 1941, filed application for benefits. The Appeal Board reversed an order cf the Commissioner denying compensation, and awarded monthly benefits to the widow and infant children. Tho position of the employer is that no widow or dependent is entitled to compensation in a fatal case unless death ensues within one year from the date cf tho last exposure. Section 7 (d) of the silicosis statute provides: "If the employee dies from silicosis within one year from the date of the last exposure of the employee to silicon dioxide duct in harmful quantities, the benefits shall be in tho- amounts and to the persons provided for in section 1, article four of this chapter ***." The cited statutory reference treats of disbursement of the workmen's compensation fund and provides for pay ment to the dependents where death has ensued to the employee. Hence, under sub section (cl), benefits ore payable to dependents if death to the diseased employee occurs within the one-year period. It is asserted by claimant that Section 5, requiring that "claim therefor has been made within one ycer," compels only that a claim be filed ana not one by both employee'and the widow, or other dependents. Tils contention is not persuasive wnen considered in the light of Section 7 (d). G0 02i In/uetriol Hygiene Digest - 7. . IT the silicosis statute did not specially provide when dependents were to be cnid benefits, then the provision for benefit payments to dependents "in case ahe personal injury causes death v.lthin the period of six years and the disabil ity is continuous from date of such injury until date of death," would be applic able, However, Section 7 (d) clearly places a limitation of one year in silico sis cases. The ruling of the Appeal Board is reversed and the claim remanded with direction that the order of the Commissioner be affirmed. Bawdier v. State Compensation Commissioner ot al. V.'. Va. Supremo Ct. of App. Decided September If", 1942. (CCKf. 13 risubi 1 i_tv_and Subsocuont Death Due to Stonecutters Phthisis. Bate of Disabil ity as Fixing Compensation to hidow. .'.nna Rueter, plaintiff, is the widow of Otto Rueter, who was employed by defendant P.insiied Mason Company, which was insured by the Employers Liability Assurance Company, a co-defendant. The occupational disease amendment to the compensation law became effective on October 29, 1957, Rueter suffered disability due to stonecutter's phthisis, a dust disease, on March 10, 1959, in the eighteenth month after the effective date of the occupational disease amendment, and was paid compensation in accordance with the then maximum amount under the law. Vector's death occurred in June, 1940, and plaintiff was paid the balance still due on the award to him. The department subsequently upheld plaintiff s claim . that she was also entitled to compensation from the date of disability up to the date of her husband's death. This would make an aggregate award of 2,100, in stead of the former award of $1,550, which had been paid. The department held that the plaintiff had the right to take the date of death as the basis for ccm- pensation. The department erred in not fixing compensation at the time of dis ability. Placing the maximum amount recoverable for dust diseases at $500 under the statute, and increasing it at the rate of $50 per month until the maximum of 03,000 was reached, was due to the very fact that the legislature realized that a person afflicted with a dust disease night have contracted it previous to the effective date of the act, that such disease might not have manifested itself until after the act went into effect, and that it was not fair to the employers tc make them pay more than a proportional amount for a disease contracted prior to the effective date of the occupational disease amendment. If less than 3,000, the maximum amount payable is fixed by the month subsequent to the effective date of the amendment in which total disability occurs, irrespective of whether death is contemporaneous with total disability or later. The award is set aside and the case remanded. Buetor v. Rinshed Mason Company et al. Mich, Supreme Ct. Decided December 25, 1942. (CCH). ' 20 Silicosis. Date of Contracting Disease Fixed by Appearance of Symptoms. Timeli ness end Manner of Giving Notice of Disability. Exclusion of Evidence. Defendant employer appeals from an order affirming the deputy commissioner*s award of compensation to plaintiff for total disability. It is agreed that '/..cllce suffers from advanced silicosis. Appellee began working in defendant' c;";i mine about July 31, 1957, The mine closed down for three months in 1940. luring this period appellee worked_on a fane. Appellee went back to work August 9, 1940. Ke claims that the engine wheels spun sand into the air to the extent ho could not see and had trouble breathing. He quit on August 21, 1940, because of these conditions. Ho now is unable to work. The main question is whether thi record supports the finding that appellee "contracted" the disease of silico- - :r: witliin l. months previous to the cate of disablement, August 21, 1940. The i.-u.ir.os of silicosis dating from the first deposit are hard to detect. Thorc- re, in order that tho statute may be effective and purposeful, it must be uctsuca as providing that the date of contracting starts when symptoms appear. ' ufor.dcnt charges that notice was not given v.dthin 120 days after the disable- Tiie disablement occurred -August 21, 1940 nvm no.' no? Ir. mstrial Hygiene Digest - 8. superintendent testified he knew about appellee's claim at a hearing held before a deputy commissioner November 12, 1940, which is within the 120 day period, Aercllee testified he told the superintendent of his condition on August 21, ^ l'j-10, and was examined by the company doctor on August 22, 1940, There is ample testimony to justify the holding that appellant had notice within the statutory period. Defendant contends there was error in excluding testimony as to the results cf a test of the silica content of the mine. The test was made seven months after appellee's disablement, and both the deputy and the commission on review found that it was not shown satisfactorily by defendant that the condi tions were the same as at the time of and prior to plaintiff's disablement. More over, the matter cf introduction of evidence on review by the commission is with in its discretion. The commission did not abuse its discretion. The award is affirmed. Krzcwinski v. Robert Gage Coal Company. Mich. Supreme Ct. Decided December 23, 1942. (CCH). 21 Smloyce Burned in Explosion cf Fuel Oil Ignited by Match. Award for Physician's and Kospital's Bills. Culpable Negligence of Fmployee. This case presents the question whether an award for the payment of a physician's bill fer services amounting to $12,00 and a hospital bill for $7.00 shall be up hold. No award was ordered for Fuhs, his disability prevailing for less than seven days. Fuhs received severe burns in an explosion of Diesel fuel oil following his use of a lighted match to ascertain the level of the fluid. An accident v/hich places the employee beyond the pale of the lav/ for the purposes of making awards must be due solely to the culpable negligence of the injured employ ee and, when the law is applicable to him, reasonable bills for medical and hoepii al services are allowable and chargeable tc the accounts of employers. A claim cannot be disallov/ed on the ground of the culpable negligence of the workman un less such negligence was the sole cause of the injury. Culpable negligence is something more than the slight negligence necessary to support a civil action for damages. It means disregard of the consequences which may ensue from the act, and indifference to the rights of others. Therefore, the award v/as proper. Further, it cannot be said that the district court v/as in error in deciding that what Fuhs did was not the sole or only cause of the accident. The failure to provide a proper electric bulb and the failure to notify the v/orlotan that Diesel fuel was dangerous under certain conditions, were sources of causation of of the accident. Affirmed* Fuhs v. Swenson et al. XVyc. Supreme Ct. Decided November 24, 1942. (CCH). 22 Death Caused by Drinking Carbon Tetrachloride by Mistake. Course of Employment. Pule Against Drinking Intoxicants While Working. Petitioners, the wife and children of Robert Flliott, seek to have annulled an order of the Industrial Accident Commission denying them compensation for his death* Decedent informed Mr. Fordahl, a fellow employee, that he did not feel very well. Mr. Fordahl obtained a bottle containing what he supposed was v.ine from which decedent took a swallow. The contents of the bottle was carbon tetrachloride, a poison from which decedent died. Mr. Fordahl had found the cottle in the carpenter shop. It bore a label reading "Muskatel V/ine." The Com mission found that decedent's death did not arise out of his employment. Such acts as arc necessary to the life, comfort and convenience of the servant while at work, though strictly personal tc himself, and not acts of service, arc inci dental to the service, and injury sustained in the performance thereof is deemed t have arisen out of the employment. In the instant case, the employee was not f:c?.inr wall, -mu took what he supposed was wine as a medication for his indis edition. Certainly a reasonable endeavor to treat by simple remedies a physical ailment occurring during an employee's working hours is an incident of the employ- moot. Respondents refer to the employer's rule that employees "arc not allowed 0n 0? i;. ,'ustrial :Iygicne Digest - 9. . to drink while they arc working." Its application should properly be interpreted sc prohibiting the consumption of intoxicating liquor for the mere satisfaction of a desire therefore by an employee, rather than its use for medicinal purposes. There is no evidence supporting the Commission' s refusal to make an award in f-.rvor of petitioners, and the only reasonable conclusion compels the making of an award in their favor for the compensation to which they are entitled. The av.urd is annulled. Elliott et :-d. v, Industrial Accident Commission et al. Calif. Supreme Ct. Decided December 27"1942. TCCH) 23 P-.uble Ccnpcnsaticn to Emnloyce Under Eighteen Years of Are. Appeal from an award for double compensation to an employee under 18 years of a;jc who was employed in violation of Sec. 151 of the Labor Lav;. No appeal was token by the carrier on account of the regular award. The evidence sustains the av.ard for double indemnity against the employer. Award affirmed. Masullo v. Centaur Mills Supply Corp. ot al. N.Y. Supreme Ct., App. Div., 3rd Dept. Decid ed September 50, 1942. (CCH) , 24 Carnonter* s Eye Infected from Exposure to Dust. Injury in the Course and Scope of Deployment. Defense of Occupational Disease. lids is a compensation suit, the plaintiff seeking an award for total and perman ent disability. The alleged injury v/as caused by exposure to dense dust while doing carpentry work. Ke developed an eye infection, followed by shingles or Herpes Zoster. A trial of the case resulted in an award of 20.00 per week, aur- . ing the period of disability, not exceeding 400 weeks. At the time of trial, plaintiff's eyesight was such as to make him unfit for his trade. Prior to the tine he worked in the dust-filled room for defendant, plaintiff was able to carry on his trade successfully. Plaintiff's family physician and a recognised eye specialist are sure that plaintiff's trouble was caused by the dust. Plaintiff has met the burden of proving that the condition of his eye was caused by the dust while he was in the course and scope of his employment. Herpes Zoster cannot bo classed as an occupational disease. Occupational disease has been de fined as one wherein the cumulative effect of the employee's continued absorption of deleterious substances from his environment ultimately results in manifest pathology. If conditions are so injurious to health as to produce symptoms which are apparent on the second day, if cannot be classed as occupational. The defense of occupational disease is not good. Judgment affirmed. Glover v. The Fidelity & Casualty Company et al. La. Ct. of App., End Cir. Decided June 23, I942I ("CCH). " Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects 1 --- - __________ 25 Silicosis end Silicotuberculcsis in Coal Miners. R.J. Lassere. Revista Espanola ae Tuberculosis, 10., 579'"(Juiy^Ts'dlK A study cf 247 coal miners with more than five years exposure is presented. There were 44 cases of silicosis and 15 cases of silicctuberculosis. Ar.thrncosis found in coal cutters did net produce characteristic roentgenologic changes or a spe cial swT.'.Dtcnatology. The incidence and severity cf silicosis is significant only hero rock is cut end drilled for many years. (30 years in this experience.) More silicosis and silicotuborculosis was found in the asthenic type. Anatomic defects of the nose and the pharynx greatly favor the early appearance of silico sis. Tuberculosis rates of the miners were sopproxinately the some as those of 004024 .atrial Hygiene Digest - 10. *s'-e v;ho are not miners. The sedimentation rate of the erythro cytes w.a. normal or only slightly accelerated for the simple silicotics. The ` rate c* ngesin complicated silicosis were marked. The use of sedimentation rotes *a aifjrrcntiating between-simple and complicated silicosis is claimed to be of groat v.' i ue 00 la^ascoilSi an Industrial Lunr Disease. L.I.M. Cassenden and J.L. Hamilton- Fctel-s?!'.. Erit. Med. J., 2, 47G-4SO"T0ctobor 24, 1942). . bagasse, is is the tem suggested for a disease caused by inhalation of broken sugar cm'.s fiber known as bagasse. It is frequent among workers in breaking the dry bol'U- The principal symptoms are shortness of breath, end cough, with scanty erutum. Mottling of the lungs is noticeable in roentgenograms. Although the bagasse contains 5 to 7# of silica, the disease is unlike any known form of sili cosis. The cause of acute bagassosis is probably response to an antigen, but the chronic form may be one of the following: (1) a form of silicosis supervening on the allergic phase during or after the latter's resolution; (2) a response to crystalline cellulose; or (3) a chronic process of fibrotic nature occurring in tissues edematous from their response to the antigen. The disease can be prevent ed by wx-ting the bagasse before grinding. 27 Reaction cf the Lungs to Brown-Coal (Lignite) Dust. V;. Grieshammer. Arch, f, Gewerbey- ih*, 11, 1-52 (1941). Rubcutar-uus and intramuscular injections of a suspension of lignite were made on rabbit guinea pigs and nice. The iymphnodes nearest the injection site were then exov.Lned at periods from three days up to six months. Intravenous experi ments v.vco also performed. Doses of 28 ccs. were given in courses of nine injec tions ir. five weeks and smaller doses totalling 300 ccs. over 32 weeks. Dust embolies were found in the lung vessels but they disappeared after a short period of time. Some animals were anesthetized and caused to inhale suspended dust. From one to 66 inhalations were given during a 33-week period. The dust was found in large** quantities in the right lung of the rabbit, characteristically. The dust v/aj- eliminated by the lymphatics and by breathing. No fibrosis and no per sistent .`baracteristic lung changes v/ere found. 28 Silicos:.-* Proposed Action on Medical Committees Report. Anonymous. Colliery Guard., ' -;5 193-194 (August 14, 1942). Followin'- tiie report of the Medical Research Council on Pulmonary Disease in South Y-cv*. 's, the Home Office, in consultation with the Ministry of Fuel and Power, has made a number of definite recommendations for proposed legislation. An impor tant prc-vsal is the inclusion of compensation for pneumoconiosis following inha lation c-` any dusts in coal mines. Other details would be of interest mostly to those fcn'-liar with the British laws, but an interesting feature is the promptness with whi,*h the recommendations were made. 29 Cilices:. -- Occurrence and Control. V.T. M. Pierce. Chem. &Het., 11^, 110-112 (l-'cvcmb- - . 1^42) . TlAs is third of a series of articles on industrial hygiene. The cause and control silicosis are discussed. 30 beards i Control of Industrial Toxic Solvents. *7.M. Pierce. Chem, & Met., 35-87 (:. .-.mbor, 1942). This is fourth and last of a series of articles designed to acquaint the c hemic a'. .".yineor with the hazards end prevention of chronic poisoning in indus- t.*i;;i c. `.vtil operations. The symptoms of solvent poisoning, as exemplified by benzol, . d the control of solvents by engineering methods are described. 004025 V'i-'.l Hyr.iene Digest - 11. ' rfti^el Engines in Tunnels. S.li, Ash and L. L. Nous. U.D. Bur. of Hines : Giro., No. 7222, D. 8. Bur. cf Minvs, Washington, D.C., 2i p,.. (October, I94C). - La circular is the latest in the scries chouing that Diesel engines underground :.'0 net ns safe as popularly supposed but present the definite hazards of expo- ro to carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. The : resent paper refers especially to Diesel locomotives with measroments of gas '.asor.trs.tions taken from locomotive- operation. The most dangerous gases are <./idos of nitrogen which are 10 times mere deadly than carbon monoxide. In Diesel I comotive operation, the approximate ratio of nitrogen oxide to carbon monoxide - ncontration is 2.5 to 1 and always exceeds 1 to 1. The volumes of toxic gases -educed per minute per locomotive horsepower (full load, maximum speed) arc as r Hows: carbon dioxide - 0.257 cu. ft.,* nitrogen oxides - C.0C151 cu. ft.; and rbon monoxide - 0.00C592 cu. ft. Air requirements should be based net only on ;r rmrl consumption and toxicity, but on air purity sufficient tc maintain the b-ist of health and alertness and therefore prevent accidents. At least 65 to 75 cubic feet of fresh air must be- supplied per minute per brake-horsepower developed maximum speed and load. This rate under normal conditions is based on a carbon monoxide control value of 10 to 20 p.p.n. - outline for the Treatment of Pulmonary Gas Poisoning. V/. Crosley. Ohio State hi c cl. J., 58_, 448 (May, 1942) . - The author suggesls an outline of treatment that is brief enough to be posted in emergency rooms and field first-aid units where exposure to war gases is possible. The gases include chlorine, phosgene, diphosgene polite and superpalite, whose und product is hydrochloric acid, the irritant causing pulmonary edema. All treatment should be aimed at neutralizing this irritant and diminishing the fluid nhift to the lungs. The stages cf poisoning are: (1) immediate sensory reflexes; (2) pro-edemic stage; (3) pulmonary edana, progressing to death or recovery; (4) restorative stage. The summarized treatment includes, immediately: (l) intra venous urease with a few crystals of urea; (2) subcutaneous injection of 1 grain fjjxtine hydrochloride: within two hours: (l) intravenous concentrated plasma, '1 to 1; (2) absolute bed rest with oxygen therapy; (3) digifolin, intravenous or intramuscular cvexy 4 hours until effects cf digitalization are observed, coraminc or caffeine sodium benzoate, intravenous or muscular; and (4} codein every 3 to 4 hours for severe uncon;rcllable coughing. Carbon Monoxide. F.S. Rossiter. Ind. Med., 11^, 586-539 (December, 1942). The etiology of carbon monoxide poisoning is presented. The reference to carbon monoxide as being non-toxic is rather startling, but theoretically it is correct. The effect of the inhalation of carbon monoxide is to produce oxygen starvation through tho reduction in the amount of hemoglobin available for carrying oxygen to the tissues. The author has made a careful study and extensive investigations of tho subject over a period of 30 years. He concludes that the condition refer red to as chronic poisoning docs not exist. There is no definite evidence that i lie* complaints attributed to continuous exposure to small amounts of carbon mon xido c.re justified. All of these symptoms can be traced xo an underlying cause, the correction cf which will give immediate relief. There is also no scientific ovidcr.ce that pneisionia, anemia, tuberculosis, heart lesions, nephritis, and var ious nervous and mental disorders may he attributed to carbon monoxide. The treatment of carbon monoxide cases is described. I.'W;aotoxic Action of Benzol. D.R. Climcnko and J. MacLeod. J.Ind. Kyg. 1 Tox. . v-:A>l~[:'cver..'Gcr, 1942;. :`:eiv exposure to benzol vapor for a period of two hours, rabbits show a terror,r ry li.uc.'pcnia, followed within 22 hcuivs by a leucocytosis. At no stage up to > :.-<urs is there any evidence ef a neutropenia. Most animals chow va.rying de. -'.vo of neutrophilia. Evidence is shown that the marrow is refractory to normal ; trial Hygiene Digest - 12. endogenous stimuli for a period of at least 24 hours after such exposures. I:cv;cver, it i3 capable of responding in a normal fashion to more potent, exogenous stimuli. Tfccoxygen consumption of rabbit neutrophils in-vitro is not affected by the presence of benzol saturated Ringer. -- From Authors' summary. -xicology of Acrylonitrile (Vinyl Cyanide) -- II. Studies of Effects c-f Daily Zu/.-Tj.-.tion. ::.C. Dudley, T.H. Sweeney and J ,\V. Miller. J.Ind.Hyg. 2c Tox., 24. 255-253 (November, 1942). Experiments with the repeated exposures of animals to various concentrations of acrylonitrile confirm previous observations on the acute toxicity of the material. Its action is that of a typical nitrile and the susceptibility to the toxic ac tion varies considerably with different species. There is very little evidence of a cumulative action to repeated exposures. Kidney damage was most marked in both acute and chronic series of exposures in guinea pigs, which are the most resistant species to the effects of acrylonitrile. This suggests that the observ ed changes are brought about through greater elimination of acrylonitrile through the kidney or it may indicate irritation from detoxification products of acrylo nitrile produced in the body. Guinea pigs may metabolize acrylonitrile different ly than other species. An addendum by Drs. Neal and Von Oettingen compares the similarity between the toxicity of hydrogen cyanide and acrylonitrile. They pro pose tentatively that a maximal concentration of 0.43 mg. per liter (20 p.p.m.) of acrylonitrile be adopted. 36 Methyl Bromide - Local snd Mild Systemic Toxic Effects. R.M. V/atrous. Ind.Med., 575-579 (December, 1942). . A manufacturing operation is described in which 90 persons were exposed to concen trations of methyl bromide vapor generally less than 35 p.p.m., and the resulting mild systemic symptoms in 33 of them are described. A characteristic vesicular "bum" and a late itching dermatitis caused by contact of methyl bromide with the skin are described as they affected 22 persons. The skin lesions are due to a special toxic effect or locally absorbed methyl bromide, and not to a thermal effect. Certain types of organic matter, specifically rubber and adhesive tape, may absorb and retain methyl bromide for some time, and contact with such con taminated objects may produce skin lesions. The commonest systemic symptoms are anorexia, nausea, and headache, but a variety of other symptoms of C.N.S, origin occurred in a few cases. 37 Some Pharmacological Properties of Polyethylene Glycols of High Molecular Weight (Corbowax Compounds). H.P. Smyth, Jr. and others. J.Ind.Hyg. & Tox., 24^ 2312S4 (November, 1942). Polyethylene glycols of average molecular weights of 1250 and 3600 (known as "Cerbcwnx" compounds 1500 and 4C00) can be fed in large single doses to rats, guinea pigs and rabbits without causing injury. Serious results from enormous doses are attributable to suppression of kidney function. Very large doses re peated for 90 days do not cause serious injury to rats. The higher molecular weight compound showed the greater cumulative action. The same large doses re peated for 30 days did not interfere with the kidney function of rabbits. Large acres held for thirteen weeks on the rabbit skin did not produce any disturbance of kidney function or any micropathology in the kidney. Both compounds produced less irritation than did white petrolatum. Human patch tests revealed the "Cart.'w;.x" compounds to be closely comparable in skin irritation to other products c rjjiorly used in ointments and cosmetics, end on the mucous membrane of the rabbit eye their irritation was low. -- Authors' summary. C0 027 ZP> The Elective Poisoning Effect" in Certain Kinds of Inhalation Poisonings. Anatomand Functional Consideration* V.'. Kretschmer. Schweiz med. Wchnschr., 421-422* (1542k A violent neuralgia in the region of the brachial plexus is explained anatomical ly from a 14-year exposure to benzine. Two cases of damage to the optic nerve arc also discussed. The serious heart damage ..occurring in cigarette smokers is also described. 39 Atmospheric Contamination from the Casting of Magnesium. C.R. Williams. 1. Ind. Hyg. , Tox., 4, 277-230 (November, 1942). Of all the contaminants found in magnesium foundries the most significant are the fluorides, v.hich, except in unusual circumstances, can be controlled by well known engineering methods. It is our opinion that fluoride fumes should be collected at their source -- and further that if they are so collected, the ex posures will be reduced to safe limits. There is no evidence of concentrations cf magnesium oxide or sulfur dioxide reaching suggested maximum allowable concen trations. -- Author* s summary. 40 Physiologic Properties of Indium. C.P. McCord, S.F. Meek, G.C. Harrold and C.S. Hc-ussner. I. Ind. Kyg. Sc Tox., 24, 243-254 (November, 1942). Indium, an elemental metal, in the form of certain of its compounds has valuable industrial properties, and its application as a substitute for other metals not now available or not equally serviceable, is increasing. The biologic properties of indium and certain of its compounds have been examined through experimental procedures in the human being, rabbits, rats and guinea pigs -- a total of 140 subjects. The material of the indium plating bath of the cyanide type is highly injurious to animals on skin application, but this toxicity appears solely linked to the cyanide content without involving the indium. A variety cf forms of local application of metallic indium and its chloride and sulfate to humans and animals has furnished no proof of skin irritant properties. The subcutaneous injection of small quantities of either the chloride or the sulfate readily nay produce death of rabbits and rats, leading to characteristic and relatively uniform mani festations. Rabbits are more susceptible to indium action than rats. The thres hold amount leading to death is about 2 mg. per Kg. for rabbits (although on occa sional animal survives a much larger amount) and for rats 10 mg. per Kg. The commoner features before death and at autopsy are: the cessation of food and water consumption, loss of weight, nose bleed, pneumonia, blood damage, widespread hemorrhage (chiefly in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and especially the ureters); paralyses (chiefly involving hindquarters); localized convulsive motions; in creased reflexes; inflammatory and degenerative changes in liver, kidneys, heart; atony of the gastro-intcstinal tract and urinary bladder. Indium has been detect ed in urine samples collected at autopsy. Signs of injury may appear on the second or third day after subcutaneous or intravenous injection. The intravenous introduction in rabbits of indium chloride (0.35 mg. per Kg.) produced no obvious injury but 0.64 rag. per Kg. produced cicath on the tenth day. In the case of in dium sulfate intravenously introduced, 0.49 mg. per Kg. appeared harmless but 0.67 mg. per Kg. caused death on the fourth day. All observations at autopsy are identical to these from subcutaneous injection. Indium compounds appear to be approximately four times as toxic when introduced intravenously ever subcutaneous implantations. While no known current industrial application of indium provides threatening exposure to indium action, it is clearly established that indium possesses potentially highly toxic properties. -- Authors' summary. 41 Fust as a health Hazard. Vv.C.L. Hemeon and I.R. Tabershaw. Industry, 49-51, .A-'Jo (November, 1942), This paper covers the field of silicosis and other dust diseases briefly but ade quately. The necessary cooperation of the physician, industrial hygiene chemist Tr. Hygiene Digest - 14. ' -ir.ci the engineer is emphasized, and the functions of the Massachusetts Division of Occupational Hygiene arc described. Several illustrations of operations v.lth duct removal are included. 42 The Absorption of Loud Tetraethyl with Radioactive Lead as an Indicator. R. A. Mortcnson. J. Inc. Hyg. & ox., 24, 285-287 (November, 1942). The absorption of load tetraethyl through the lungs of the rat v;as investigated using radioactive lead as an indicator. The amount absorbed in a given time vjas found to be nearly proportional to the concentration of the vapor. The quantity absorbed at a given concentration is proportional to the duration of exposure. Over the range of concentrations used, 16 to 23 per cent of the substance reach ing the alveoli passed into the blood. In the presence of gasoline vapor, absorp tion takes place at a rate which depends solely on the concentration cf the lead compound* The toxicity of the vapor absorbed by inhalation was quantitatively studied, -- From Author* s summary. 43 Cadmium. Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 42. Nat. Safety Council. Nat. Safety Nows, 46, 86, 88 (October, 1942). Cadmium, which resembles zinc in many properties, is rarely used in a pure state, but is a constituent of many alloys v.lth varied uses. The principal industrial hazard is from inhalation and subsequent absorption of the fumes, dust or vapor. Cyanogen may be given off from open plating tanks, and arsine may be found in the refinement of cadmium metal. Cadmium poisoning is comparatively rare, 346 cases ' with 10 deaths, having been reported since 1858. The first symptoms following inhalation include dryness of the throat, vomiting, headache, cough, chest pain, and less of appetite. When cadmium is ingested, the most common symptoms are in creased salivation, choking attacks, persistent vomiting, abdominal pains, and diarrhea. The obvious means of prevention of inhalation arc removal of fumes at the source by suitable apparatus, and design of apparatus to keep vapor and fume concentrations lot/, closed systems, respirators and general cleanliness. Maximum allowable concentration as approved by the American Standards Association is 1 mg. of cadmium per 10 cu. m. of air. Cadmium-plated utensils should not be used to contain food. 44 The Fur Won't Fly. H. Armand. Safety Eng., 4, 12-13 (October, 1942). In the felt hat industry the separation of rabbit fur from the hide results in the accumulation of much dust and waste material on the floor. The article brief ly describes its recovery by a vacuum cleaning system. Other safety precautions are also mentioned. 45 Flammable Metal. R.I. Thune. Nat. Safety News. 46, 22-23, 99-101 (Nov., 1942). Magnesium alloys can be fabricated with safety, if the fire hazards associated with the processes are recognized and controlled. Magnesium and its alloys re quire special precautions when they are in a molten state or in a finely divided form* When ignited, either will decompose water and other oxygen compounds, com bining with the oxygen, sometimes with explosive violence. Machine shop practice, grinding and buffing, the handling of magnesium scrap and fighting magnesium fires arc considered in detail. Diagrams of methods of collecting magnesium dust arc providod. 4b Thployce Organization for Fire Safety. Notional Fire Protection Assoc., (1942). : v.*. lubiis'uod by author. Price 25 d - free to members. ''-is pamphlet contains full instructions for drills for air raids and ordinary fires, end outlines the responsibility of department heads and plant managers ir. many ueto.ils. 0 0 402 9 1 Hygiene Digest - 15. ... * f - -t of Tannic Acid to Liver Necrosis Occurring In Burns. D.B. Wells, H.D. ' ~..r.:v*7.nl J j"".ColI. New England J. of I.icd., 226. 29 (April, 1942). -:A of four burn cases which died from "toxemia, " central lobular hepatic was found to be the prominent lesion or cole cause of death. The treat- v".is careful debridement v.lthout an anesthetic, followed,by a tannic acid v;u A thin sterile tan was obtained. Dextrose in isotonic sodium chloride : .-/.ion -was given intravenously in adequate quantities. Each patient also rec*Aved whole blood transfusions and oxygen was given intraaasally. The possible ; }. . of tannic acid in the liver necrosis was investigated experimentally 7.1th Subcutaneous doses of a five or 10 per cent solution of tannic acid were . Iv,:; in coses that did not exceed 1.5 cc. at any one site. Surviving rats -were or the third or fourth days. Eight rats in a group of 77 aid not survive the treatment, Every surviving rat showed hepatic damage which varied, in gonerul, with the amount of tannic acid injected and the number of sites employed. 4-3 TMoracne from Cutting Oils. L. Schwartz and F.A. Barlow. Pub. Health Repts., L'Tj 1747-1752 (November 20, 1942). 7.:i investigation into an outbreak of dermatitis in a large motor factory disclosed ''n unusual and previously unreported type of lesions, resembling chloracne. These rrnrrcd cn the face and other parts of the body of workers on cutting tools lubri cated by chlorinated oils. The following recommendations are made: (1) If oils containing organic chlorine compounds must be used, ventilation should pro vide for carrying away the vapors; (2) Clean v;ork clothes, impervious to oil, and protective ointment should be provided and showers after work made compulsory; (c) Ingredients of all cutting oils used should be determined and reported to the . safety director; (4) A form of treatment is given. 49 'one-Like Eruptions Caused by Industrial Pats and Oils. I. Folliculitis Produced by V>oyn Oil. Y. Nakauchi. Jap. J. Cermet. & Urol., 48, 1 (July 20, 1940). A.mixture of soya oil and petroleum caused 19 cases of dermatitis during 1959. The eruption occurred within 4 to 20 months after beginning the exposure. Comedos, papules, pustules, atheromas and subcutaneous abscesses were characteristic and the common sites were the extensor surfaces of the extremities, the nape of the neck, the breast and the back. In most cases patch tests with soya oil were positive v;hile controls were negative. Discontinuation of the occupation was necessary as further contact caused a progressive exacerbation in the eruption. 00 Vitamin C in the War. H.N. Holmes. Science, 9_6, 334-386 (October 25, 1942). Vitamin C is valuable in combating heat and allergic shock, in wound hoaling, in benzono, toluene, trinitrotoluene, lead and zinc poisoning. Therapeutic doses of vitamin C are said to be harmless and data is provided to substantiate its value in the above mentioned cases. :-I C "-nd Dermatitis. Queries ana Minor Notes. J.A.M.A., 120, 1262 (Dccemif, 1942). It is not rcncrally believed that deficiency in vitamin C causes acnefcim or any other dermatitis. It is possible that a deficiency in the vitamin may allow ititis to appear, whereas it might not be visible under optimal conditions. A..ore is no proof of such a theoretical relationship; in fact, there is no good v.d-r.co for it. Ordinary vitamins should be administered only -when there is a :.j`.rated vitamin deficiency and not otherwise. Air Qj-urririy in a fo-Tcn Mill. 1. Schwartz end J.E. Dunn. Ind. Mod., ---'.hr- (September, 1242), in the incidence of dermatitis among employees of a woolen mill occura after the manufacture of blankets for the armed forces was begun. The n n .* n o l-r. luctrial Hygiene Digest - 15* only essential change in the nonufacturing process was the increase in the con centration of the mordanting solution of sodium aichromate in the dye bath from 0,5'' to 3#* There have been 133 cases of dermatitis among employees of the plant since July 1, 1941 (about throe and a half months). At the time of this study 32 individuals who had, or had had, dermatoses thought to be of occupation al origin, were available for study. Nine of these cases, on examination, were considered to be non-occupational in origin. Patch tests were performed v/ith the various materials used in the process of manufacturing woolen fabrics. The results of these patch tests indicate that cutaneous hypersensitivity to sodium dichrcmate and the wetting agent used in the dye bath was responsible for the majority of cases of occupational dermatitis. The results of the patch tests suggest that cutaneous hypersensitivity to the wetting agent is responsible for most of the cases of dermatitis among card room workers, and that cutaneous hyper sensitivity to sodium dichromate accounts for most of the cases cf dermatitis among dye house workers. All wash room workers reacted to patch tests with the washing solution, and all of them were sensitive to sodium dichromate. Patients from other departments showed less uniformity in their patch test results. None of the spinners, however, was sensitive to sodium dichrcmate. The exposure to 3dichromate solution produced chrome ulcers in seme workers and chrome sensi tivity in others who had not been previously affected when exposed to 0.5 dichrom ate solution. -- Authors' summary. 53 Skin Classification. Job Placement Aid Against Dermatitis. J.N. Gallivan. Amer. Mutual mag.1, 10-16 (October, 1942). The author presents a "classification of skins" which has proved useful in precmploymcnt examinations in an aircraft factory. Two obstacles to a thorough examination, including patch tests are: (1) in the largest plants, over 90^ of the jobs present a skin hazard; and (2) the present rush of employment allows little time for patchtesting. In the absence of thorough test, the classifica tion employed has assisted greatly in placing the workers. Occupational derma toses are classified into two main groups: (1) folliculitis, or rash character ized by comedones, papules, pimples, pustules and "oil boils" occurring as the result of plugging of the hair follicles on exposed surfaces, and (2) eczematoid, characterized by erythemas, utricarias, vesicles, scaling, weeping, cracking, roughening or itching. The author thinks of folliculitis as resulting from mechanical plugging of the pores, and the eczematoid group as manifestation of allergic or hypersensitivity tendencies. Young men v/ith dark, thick, oily, hairy skin are prone to develop folliculitis, whereas men and women with light, thin, dry, smooth skin, tend to develop eczematoid rashes. In the fuller classifica tion which follows, irritants, sub-types of skin diseases, personal characteris tics (as age, skin type, cleanliness, etc.), are given under a single alphabeti cal arrangement, with conditions to be avoided for each class. The remedy for some conditions is placement on a "dry job," i.e. on free from skin irritants of all types, whether solid, liquid or gas. i>4 The- Prevention of Industrial Skin Diseases. G.2. Morris. Industry, 8, 11-13 (December, 1942). The fifth article of a series on industrial health describes the nature and func tions of the human skin. The understanding of these phenomena will dc much to eliminate the causes of industrial dermatoses and tc keep war workers on the job. It is urged that all who develop a bad skin rash be sent untreated to a skin -racialist. Skin covered with tar, gentian violet or iodine is most difficult tc v-aly.c properly. Either a dry, clean cloth or a boric acid water dressing is i omissible. 004031 Industrial Hygiene Dire V 17. its in Air Compressor terns, E. Ingham. Colliery Guard., 165, 194-19 6 Uugust 14, 1942). -'.x:.lesion --n.d carbon monoxide production may recult from the presence of deposits in air condenser cylinders, including nil! scale, foundry sand, dust and dirt, corben, cil and rj.ro sediment and scale when water cooling is used. Methods of '-rovention :md removal are discussed. 56 /nr.na1 Report of the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene. Indiana State Board of Health. ' (July .1, 1941 to June 50, 1940). As c result of an active campaign, 360 occupational diseases were reported to the Bureau cf Industrial Hygiene for the fiscal year. The cases wore used as a basis for additional plant end follow-up studies. 310 or S9# of the cases wore indus trial skin diseases of which it is of interest to note that 173 resulted from chlorpornaphthalene. Load poisoning occurred in 16 cases, silicosis end silicotufcorculosis'- 13, hydrogen sulfide poisoning - 12, and there were nine other miscellaneous poisonings. The report describes the survey and educational activ ities of the Bureau. 57 Oral Manifestations of Occupational Origin. I. Schour and 3.G. Sornat. J.A.M.A. 120, 1197-1207 (December 12, 1942). The problem cf oral manifestations of occupational origin must be considered according to the pathologic process, structure affected, etiologic agent and occu- petional distribution. The oral cavity is a chief port of entry for occupational noxious agents. All medical examinations of industrial workers should therefore include an oral examination. In the study of occupational disease an examination of the oral cavity offers the following advantages: (a) the oral cavity is easily accessible, (b) local effects are readily recorded in exposed enamel and dentin and in the soft structures; the record in the enamel and dentin is often permanent and may reveal past occupational exposures, (c) systemic effects may bo transmit ted in the oral cavity through the blood stream and the- saliva and are often man ifested in characteristic symptoms. Poor oral hygiene renders the worker more susceptible to oral occupational hazards. These hazards are minimised in the presence of oral health. Oral hygiene is an essential part of industrial hygiene. Adequate provisions for industrial health should include the prevention, the early recognition and the treatment of oral occupational diseases. The problem of re ducing oral occupational diseases should, therefore, be met by (a) improving working conditions and (b) establishing and maintaining optimal oral ana general health. Further studies of oral occupational disease should be conducted in order to check or confirm previous reports ana to discover possible manifestations arising in new industries, -- Authors* summary. 59 Disabling Morbidity Among Industrial. Workers, Third quarter of 1942, v.ith a Note on the Occurrence of the Respiratory Diseases, 1933-42. V.'.LI, Gofafer. Div. of Industrial Hygiene, U. 5. Public Health Service, National Institute of Health, .L? v ,,icua, ild. A third .van: ter increase in the frequency of respiratory diseases, amounting to 13 per cent was recorded. Influenza and rrippe increased 40 per cent, bronchitis O v n Axli vATi+W and pneumonia, 50 par cent. The rate for all sickness for the third quarter of 1942 was eight per cent above the corresponding rate in 1941. V.'he-n comp-red with the average rate for the years 1933-1942, the increase was 22porccnt ;v 1 Hygiene in V.'.vs Production, j .J. Bloonfi;-ld. Calif estom .h;d > i-2'7 (ootober, 1342). iblana and the intensification of old problems have resulted from cur war citort . The industrial hygienist must use every skill and every facility avuil, U ^ . 4. : 11m to conserve the energy and efficiency of our workers. 004032 I r...'-trial Hyciene Direct - 18, ,\j . -Alt Your Absenteeism. John F. McMahon. Personnel Journal. 21_, 158-162 (November, 1042). ^reduction losses from sickness can roughly be approximated on the following basis: each worker in the United States loses on the average about eight days a y^.-r because of illness. If we can cut that loss in half, to four days, we vdil save in our heavy industries, the equivalent of 250,000 additional employees. .Vvsir.tceisa is a complicated problem. However, no intelligent approach can tenure tho recording of absences preferably of one day or two days and longer. 'Jr.til the causes of absenteeism are known, no effective solution is possible. In tho present manpower crisis, absenteeism is a major war production problem. 61 The Next Job for Manarement: Smashing the Health Bottleneck. Kingsley Roberts. Personnel Administration, _5, 13-19 (October, 1942). The broad outlines of a program to fight the lost time which reduces our produc tion level even while we are working a full schedule in the greatest all-out production effort of history are: (1) The educational campaign in industrial organisations to teach workers sound nutritional habits and how to recognise and get treatment for incipient disease; (2) The inauguration of a rational program for health conservation and preventive medicine in industrial groups; (3) Promo tion by management of facilities for competent, efficient medical care in the community at a cost which employees are able to meet; (4) The use of these com munity medical services for the rehabilitation of industrial rejectees; and (5) He-examination of standards of physical fitness for specific occupations, in an effort to put handicapped applicants in positions they can fill adequately. 62_ Safety and Health Problems of Yeomen in Industry. Mary Anderson. Address deliver ed at Slst National Safety Congress of National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. October 28, 1942. Mimeographed. Among the subjects discussed briefly are the need of rest periods, adaptation of machines to the height and strength of women, safe working clothes, safety shoes and cafeterias. . 63 homanT-ower: The Key to the Manpower Problem. Employment Security Rev., 9_, 3-24 {December, 1942). This issue of tho Employment Security Review has as its theme, the utilization of women as a solution for our manpower requirements. Factual material is presented on the following phases of the problem: (1) Why the Accent on Y/oman Power? (2) How much Y.'onan Power is Available? (3) YAM.C. Policy on Y/artine Employment of Yemen; (4) Ccn women Master Mon* s Jobs? (5) More Jobs, More Trainees; (6) U.S.E.S Reports Changing Employor Attitudes; (7) Union Attitudes Toward, YYomen Y.'orkers; (8) Y.'cnen Clubs Cooperate with U.S.E.S.; (9) Recruitment of Y;onen in other Coun tries; (10} Recruiting V/onen on the Firing Line; (11) Gearing a Plant for Y/omen; and (12) Baltimore `'Package Promotion." 64 '.or.cn in Industry - Their Problems of Health. IvI.K. Kronenberg. Ind. Med., 11 f;.9-292 (December, 1942). Tho.ro arc more than 13,000,000 women now employed in this country and an increase to at least 13,000,000 is expected by the end of 1943. The important subject of problems effecting their health is ably presented. `.Vitii tho exception of jobs requiring heavy lifting nnd great physical strength, women can be employed on r.ost any job. They have certain qualifications for painstaking, tedious end '/titivo work requiring grunt rctienco, end for finger dexterity. In sue a jobs ":c exceed the production of men. Y.bdlc v:o..;cn racy lack experience, tney ao not i.-ch mechanical ability. Jobs should be tailored to the physical limitations of v.marw In connection with the problem of toxic substances, provisions covering employment of women in Michigan are as follows: Y.'omcn shall be prohibited in ;.:_ustriel Hygiene Digest - 19. tie handling of the following substances or in the following operations, unless ventilation and working conditions ere approved -- lead, benzol, carbon disulfide, mercury, arc welding and dry grinding wheel. It is possible that other states have cr will set up similar recommendations. da M-r.po'.vcr is V.'arpower. W.S. Knudsen. Nat. cufety News. 46, 56-57, 112-116 "(October, 1942}. This paragraph is the keynote of the address: "The time is not far distant when v;c will be scraping the bottom of the barrel to secure additions to our manpower supply. V.'hon that time comes, one fact will stand out in clearest focus: Any thing which needlessly costs war production a single hour of a single worker is striking a blow on what may then be the weakest sector of the whole production front." General Knudsen contrasts the flexibility in the use of materials and machines vlth the limitations on manpower, and briefly presents figures shoving the reduction of manpower by accidents, the most significant feature of which is 460 million man-days lost within the past year. Highway accidents have decreased, but the use of recapped tires will lead to an increase unless speed is properly controlled. "Ten commandments in industrial safety," embodying well-known funda mental principles, are proposed. 66 Daylight '.'forking Conditions -- Fuel Saving and Increased Production. Anonymous. The Chemical Age, 209 (August 29, 1942)7 A committee has been fonned by British Manufacturing concerns for the purpose of investigating and developing means for utilizing daylight in factories. The common practice of total "blackout" is felt to be wasteful of fuel as well as a factor in causing mental depression and ill health. The principal aims cf the committee are: (1) to encourage the use of daylight in factories and abolish the permanent "blackout" conditions for employees, increase daytime production, and effectively reduce consumption of electricity and fuel; (2) to promote non-com mercial cooperation between manufacturers ex'' any products relating to the ques tion and pool information and improvements in order to eliminate waste and to offer the most suitable schemes for the national effort; and (3) to present to the appropriate government departments and others concerned, all the available data on the benefits of working under daylight conditions. 67 School Teaches Safety in Explosives Manufacture. C. Field. Nat. Safety News. 46, 80 (October, 1942), The newly established Explosives Safety Branch of the U.S. Ordnance Dept., with headquarters in Chicago, is charged with responsibility for the safety and secur ity of ordnance and explosive factories and storage places. A staff of highly trained field representatives, called "safety auditors" will make complete safety investigations in ordnance plants throughout the nation. A school has been estab lished to give the necessary training,/stEpbrl^bsed upon previous experience in one or more safety fields. The courses given include E.S.2. Procedure, Explosives Fire Protection Engineering, and Accident Prevention, which is subdivided into Explosives Safety, Industrial Safety, Occupational Diseases, Safety Inspections, ..nd Personnel and Training, and the period covers six weeks. The first group was graduated September 12. C6 Analyzing 'herkin.y Environment. E.C. Barnc-s. Ind. Med., 11, 603 (December,1942) Thi j is .report or. the results of industrial hygiene surveys in the V.'ostir.rhouse Electric Manufacturing Go. The report was made to the employees through the medium of the plant safety nows. This is a step forward in industrial hygiene education, The frank presentation of the facts will help to solve the health problems n s they now aid in accident prevention. Exposures to lead, solvents, dusts and fluorides are described. 00*034 ;u.:v-.irial Hygiene Direst - 20. t-j : - c> From Death. K.V.'. Francis. Nat. Safety Nev.s. 46. 2', 25, 89-91 (November, The knowledge of resuscitation has saved the lives of thousands of victims of electric shock, drowning and asphyxiation. 70 Mere About Noise. Edward Podolsky. Ind. Mod., li_, 532-595 (December, 1942}. Noise at and above a level of CO decibels has a pronounced effect in deranging digestions. It has also been demonstrated that the bursting of a blov.n-up paper bag v.lll raise the brain pressure four times above normal with a second interval before returning to normal. This effect is greater than may bo obtained from morphine or nitroglycerine the two most powerful drugs known for increasing brain pressure. Continuous noise thickens the ear drums, and also stiffens the small bones, reducing their movement. Occupational deafness is becoming more and more common. The noise problem is one of the most difficult that we must solve. 71 Effect of Flight Upon Hearing. P'.A. Campbell. J. Aviation Med., 143, 56-61 (March, 1942)7 There are six factors, as represented by an audiogram, which effect the hearing of an aviator. They are: the inherited hearing apparatus, age, the effect of noise, the ability to equalize barometric pressure changes, disease -- past and present, and the effects of anoxia. There is a loss of perception in the higher frequency ranges with age. Permanent effect from exposure to aircraft noises is - indicated, but no data or specific changes are given. Barometric pressure changes cause trouble only when the middle ear ventilating system does not equalize with the outer ear. Anoxia is not normally a serious problem. 72 Etiology of Acute Illness Among Workers Using Low-Grade Stained Cotton. R. Schneiter, P.A. Neal and B.H. Ceminta. Am. J. Pub. Health. 52, 1345-1559 (Decem ber, 1942), The results of a further investigation of an acute illness among workers using low-grade stained cotton are presented. The 122 samples of cotton studied con tained no toxic gases, chemically extractable substances, insecticides or patho genic fungi which would cause the illness. However, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria were found in the stained cotton in large numbers. Prom its properties the bacterium has been tentatively placed in the genus aerobacter. Extensive experiments demonstrated that the illness is caused by the inhalation of an endctoxin-like substance produced by the bacterium described. Methods of Detection and Determination 73 Automatic Dust Sampling and Analyzing Instruments for Atnospheric Pollution Sur veys. Yi.F. Davidson rjid V;. Muster. Monthly heather Rev., 69 257-260 (September, 1341). The- automatic sampler, chart-editing machine, and photoelectric scanning machine, -11 of which are used in determination of smoke and duct in the air, especially continuous determination, ere described. "4 Monochromatic X-Ray Analysis of Fine Ducts for Free Silica. H. Loncsbcrt and R.L. D ate. j^fo Practice Bull. No.05, Pe^uT. Dept.of Labor 6; Industry, Harrisburg, i-'. (April, 1941). Micnl :-nC. petrographic methods cf analysis for the free silica content of dust 'v reriorally unsatisfactory. The difficulties with these procedures arc f; n P o r dal Hygiene Digest - 21 described. The X-ray procedure is simple and it is adaptable to rapid routine analysis. The major drawback is the expense of the equipment. 7 cussed in relation to purpose and accuracy. For appraisal of a dust hazard the same instrument that was used in setting the safe limits should be employed, but for periodic checking of conditions, more portable ana more quickly operating instruments are sufficient. No definite correlation can be established between the results obtained vdth the various instruments, on account of particle size differences, time required for sampling, etc. The type of microscope, location of samples, and a few miscellaneous factors are discussed. The report should in clude statements of type of sampling instrument, microcopic setup, tine elapsed before counting (of inpinger samples), location of samples, and composition of the dust. 76 An Apparatus for Determination of the Bacterial Content of Air. S. Moulton, T.T. ruck and H.M. Lemon. Science, 9_7> 51-52 (January 8, 1943). To be successful a device must trap all or nearly all the air-berne micro-organ isms, must allow quantitative recovery of the bacteria for counting, must allov; sampling of a representatively large air sample, and must be simple and convenient for field conditions. The apparatus described in this paper uses the principle of atomization to coat the bacteria vdth a layer of liquid. The mist is carried into a second chamber where it is bubbled through liquid which absorbs droplexs. The collecting fluid is composed of 15 cos. of sterile broth plus two drops of sterile olive oil to prevent excessive foaming. It has been convenient to take 10 to 15 minute samples at a rate of three-quarters of a cubic foot per minute. This sampler has been tested extensively in laboratories, offices and lecture rooms as well as in unoccupied rooms where test atmospheres of dust suspended micro-organisms have been prepared. The completeness of removal of bacteria has been tested by several methods. A diagram of the apparatus and comparative test data are presented. 77 Simplified Photomicrography vdth a Hand Camera. R.P. Loveland. Science, 97_> 24-20 (January 1, 1943). . A technique for the production of good photomicrographs, utilizing a box or a folding hand camera vdth roll film, is presented. Complete directions are pro vided. Control Methods ; ._trid Hygiene Digest - 22. rmn-dinonsional equation c:s well as modified equations for plain and flanged ' op''-lings are explained. Ail equations ere subject to error v.lthin an inch of the opening and at a distance rherc room eddy currents can influence the velocity contours* -- From Author* s rsmr.ary. 73 'velocity Characteristics of Narrow Exhaust Slots. L. Silverman. J. lad. Hyg. & . , 24_, 257-276 (IJovenbor, 1 942). A series of unfianged and flanged slots were' studied in order tc determine the effect of size on their centerline velocity characteristics. Equations are pre sented for various slot width to length ratios. The effect of width on flanged slots is negligible which checks observations previously made on flanged tanks* The velocity varies inversely with distance which agrees with theoretical consid erations. On the basis of this study it appears that for unobstructed plain or flanged slots the velocity varies inversely v.lth distance and slot length and slot width is of no importance if the slot is flanged. The value of flanging decreases with decreasing slot width* For special slots simulating a tank y/nll or a wall and base, an approximate value may be arrived gt by assuming the velo city to lie half way between a plain and a flanged slot* - From author* s summery. 30 Ventilation -- Is It a Limiting Factor in Deep Level Mining on the Witwatcrsrand? R.A.H. Flugge-do-Smit. Colliery C-uard., 155, 402-405 (October 2, 1942); 455-453 (October 9, 1942). The author considers that a wet bulb temperature of 8oF. with a much higher dry bulb temperature denotes the limit of working comfort. Such a condition can be produced theoretically at a depth of 15,000 feet, which is beyond the practical limit of mine depths. Comfort can be secured at all practical working depths by circulation of dry air. The necessity cf water for dust suppression is admitted; but the air can be kept dry until it reaches the working face. High air velocity is not necessary or desirable, as fast air movement at temperatures such as 120F. dries the skin too thoroughly. The lightest clothing should be worn. Refrigera tion at the top of a wet shaft is not advisable, as the wet bulb temperature is increased cn the way down and unaergi*ound refrigeration is even less desirable, on account of temperature changes experienced by the worker, and also much more heat must be extracted from the air in order to obtain the same results as in dry conditions. V/ith dry air circulation, the author estimates that, in general, 9,COO fec-t is probably the limit of working depth for comfort. In certain mines the depth can be only 6,000 feet. In order to mine successfully at great depths, the layout of the mine must be carefully planned by experts. 81 The Removal of Dust Clouds from Main Gate Loading Stations by Utilization of V.'aste Workings. Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners Assoc., Coal Dust Research Committee, 4th Report. Iron fic Cool Trades Rev., 145, 40-42 (May 1, 1342) In some locations in mines, especially at main gate loadings, the efficiency of a filter in the dust removal system decreases rapidly, and wetting is often imprac tical. This report suggests the utilization of waste workings for depositing dust collected at those locations. It describes the arrangement of the necessary cross-cut and apparatus, giving full details of tests carried out and the results obtained. 52 Dust Reduction and Suppression on Machine Cut Faces. Ucnnout Lshire 1 South '.'.`ales C.-al Owners* Assoc., Coal Dust" Research Committee, 5th Report Colliery Guard., 155, 593-402 (October 2, 1942} Iron ic Cod Trades Rev., 145,, 883-34, 892 "(October 2, 1942). fa_ vlustir.cjs of air at working faces of cod mines *. s found to be greatly rcduoed (by 53 to 93,. cn the whole shift, and 88 to 9(? during the gumming period), 'ey w.vter sprays alone. 004037 H'gicnc ripest - 23. :-.t hesosrch. The Use of 3preys to Suppress Dust on Underground Conveyors. '.\~TJnuties Colliery Qv.-ners' -assoc., 2nd Report on Cool lust research. . J in Colliery Guard,, 1C5, 127-112 (July 31, 1942); Iron Sc Con1'Trades '* bVV-578 (August 7, 1942). . , typos of jets and sprays for dust suppression in nines were investigated. . _ r.j :i` a number of types arc given in the Colliery Guardian abstract. The conclusions were drown: (1) water mist sprays are lass efficient than ;.'t e..Hectors but improve dust conditions very materially whore dust collectors : , t desirable. Moreover, the sprays require little attention; (2) compressed ^ or:.tod water sprays are superior to sprays operated by water pressure alone; ; . r- ying should not be limited to leading points but should also be conducted v -..co ends of sate conveyers; (4) care must bo taken in the setting of sprays; ... should always be directed against the air current. ; ntrcl of Duet in Minos by Sprays, Anonymous. The Overseas Engineer. 1_6, ,, -1C (October, 1942). .'trays designed to work with water alone under pressure may be classified accord ing to the means by which the water is atomized in the jet. The types now obtair.cic commercially are: (1) the v/ater is given a rotary or swirling notion before . i:._ through the outer orifice; (2) the water is passed through an annular jet fittir-g over a cone; and (3) the water impinges against a pointed or cone shaped revolving target. Most sprays now used are of the first class. Jets of the -.;cond class produce a rather coarse spray. One typical spray consumes from 5 to ' 10 gallons of water at a pressure of 20 lbs. per square inch. At 100 lbs. per ;u..rc inch the consumption would be 20 gallons. In general the water consumption v;iii vary from 2 to 7 gallons per hour with compressed air flows from 3 to 10 cubic fact per minute. A new type of spray is being investigated. It employs a j '* v.f water projected on to a cone shaped disc which is directly connected to a small electric motor. The disc revolves at speeds up to 2000 r.p.m. The water is thrown off at the periphery by centrifugal force at a very high velocity and strikes a series of fixed blades or baffles arranged concentrically. This arranger. at 1`orms a fine mist which is projected forward by the draught from a fan at the back of the motor. Data on the reduction of dust concentration by means of arrays are presented. In the tests made thus far, the sprays have not had an -p reciable effect on the general humidity of the mines. This may not be true in the case of deep, hot nines. 9 Auvirormental Conditions in Mines. A Study of the Kata Thermometer Cooling Power uu Iffactive Temperature ns Measures of Environmental Comfort. A. Nelson, iliiery Guard., 165, 429-432 (October 9, 1942); 462-465 (October 16, 1942). ren r. nunbor of experiments on effective temperature as determined by the kata tlxmcneter the author concludes that: (1) an increase in air movement is an efficient method of ameliorating on oppressive environment; (2) a velocity ample " .r shallower and cooler mines is insufficient for deeper and warmer mines; (3) -o v. Iccity as well as favorable cooling power and effective temperature must be ::sic:o:v;d in establishing healthy conditions; (4) it seems impracticable to ...pt any definite value of dry kata coding power or effective temperature alone f. r conning limiting conditions for working comfort in mines; however, a reusonAo su,.vested standard is a cooling power of 7, effective temperature below 70 ' ..ir velocity over 200 feet per minute. . A"'" Urc of DicosT Tn'ircs in Tunaeiiii1'',. V;,3. Harris, L. Grecnburg ?nd - r, ir.uustriai kyyionc (1 AY. 2u..te) __L_, -:li-417 (Havener, 1942). . .uvo h-ygienic studios have beer, made in tunnel:; under operating conditions, - ... builuoacrs and leconotivos have been tested from shafts and mortals and wu-end runs and tunnels open at each end. The conclusions from the study C04038 3 9U Ir.-u-triol Hygiene Digest - 24. . . nay be summarised as follows: (1) Diesel-powered machinery can be safely and satisfactorily used underground if careful adherence to certain strict regula tions is maintained, (2) The New York State Labor Department has issued such regulations to govern the use of Diesel engines in underground operations in New York State, {3) The regulations have boon found to stand the test of practical application and adeouate control. (4) The first section covers the design and maintenance of the engines. The main parts are: (a) 20:1 minimum air-fuel ration, (b) the exhaust gases must bo cooled and scrubbed, (c) before discharge the f^ases must be diluted at least 10 times. (5) The second section covers the allowable limits of contamination. Careful correlation of all factors has shewn that the control of carbon monoxide to the sot limit of 0.002 per cent affords adequate control of the noxious element. (6) The requirements of adequate venti lation are described in section throe. A minimum of 10,000 cubic feet of venti lation is required in any area for each engine that is or may be operated. 87 Yhy Industrial Dust Control is Necessary. C. A. Snyder. Occup. Hazards, 5_, 9 (December, 1942). Nuisance dusts should be controlled because: (1} Dust causes equipment break downs, increasing maintenance and decreasing production. (2) Dust spoils mater ials by smudging, scratching etc. (3) Dust obscures vision and causes poor work manship. (4) Dust increases lighting costs. (5) Dust detracts from the appear ance of the plant and reflects upon the progressiveness of the management. (6) Dust makes the v;orkmen discontented and decreases their productive efficiency. (7) Dust increases cleaning and painting needs, (8) Some dusts create a slipping hazard - thus increasing the chance for accidents. Health hazardous dusts should be controlled because: (1) Y/orkers are more efficient when they do not live in fear of their health. (2) Insurance rates are decreased through proper dust ' control. (3) The control of dust should be one of the first undertakings in any.modem industrial relations program. A chart is presented shov/ing comparative particle sizes of several smokes, bacteria, and dusts. 88 Taking Faint From the Air. Anonymous, Nat. Safety News. 46, 32, 76 (December, 1942). In each of the two recently completed bomber assembly plants in the Southwest, the paint spray building is 150 feet wide, 200 feet long and 35 feet high, divis ible by a partition in the middle. The ventilating system is more than propor tionally large. For every pound of paint sprayed, 5,250 pounds of air and 6,446 pounds of water are used. Six men paint a plane in 2 hours, using 25 gallons of point. All equipment for the air supply units is mounted in the roof trusses, taking fresh air frem near the roof line. The air is filtered and the tempera ture is controlled at 80F. The exhaust units are at 3 levels, and the air is drawn through a series of conical, high-pressure water sprays. Water and sludge arc separated from the air by centrifuges. Both entrance and exhaust systems are fireproof. Additional details are given. 09 Protective Clothing For Women. G.A. Sherman. Calif. Safety News. Reprinted in Clio lad. Ccmn. monitor, 25, 172-173 (November, 1942). Between 60 and 70^ of all industrial injuries to women are caused by the follow ing type of accidents listed in the order of numerical occurrence: (1) falls of persons; (2) machinery; (3) handling of objects. Many of the accidents from machinery are cases of entanglement of hair. Several instances of accidents i.-.reiving entangling hair, clothing ana gloves in machinery are given. Adequate ;vctoctive clothing is urgent. n for Industrial Good Housekeeping. F.N. Williams. Chon. <x Met. Eng., ., u-urtfl'JKD). ' -plant goodhousekeoping competition is an effective methodcf promoting iineee. annuel awards snould be made for good records. Improvement of AA *nv 1 v: .istrial Hygiene Digest - 25. _ cleanliness end orderliness is n* ans and not on or.d in itself. Improved safety er.d health, records, employee morale ana increased production ore the benefits of effective campaigns. The scheme con also be used on un interdepartmental basis. 31 Prevention of Explosion Hazards. T.A. Cohen. Occup. Hazards, 5_, 10, 11, 26-23 (1 scomber* 1942). T;.o danger of explosions to boilers, furnaces, ovens end dryers employing combus tible fuels has become more acute since the national war program - by drawing heavily upon experienced manpower in many industries - has made it necessary to transfer to relatively now hands responsibilities for tending equipment in which explosion hazards exist. Combustion safety equipment is being heavily relied upon by management to overcome personnel unoxperience. The types of explosion hazards and their solution arc described. 92 Small Plant Safety - or Else! H.F. Becker. Amor. Mutual Mag., 21_, 0-23 (Octo ber, 1942). This is an account of the improvement of health and safety conditions in a small plant, that of the United Boiler, Heating and Foundry Co., of iiannaond, Ind. In 1937 the high accident rate made it virtually impossible to obtain Workmen*s Com pensation insurance. The insurance company and the president cooperated to initiate an improvement program, beginning with removal of occupational disease hazards and then following with general plant safety. Medical examinations, in stallation of dust exhausts, rearrangement of machinery, periodic cleaning and correcting a number of minor details led to great improvement. Progress in gener al safety was slower, on account of poor organization of the committee and lack of interest, but those obstacles were finally overcome. 93 The Sffect of Humidity on Beta Streptococci (Croup C) Atomized into Air. \1. F, V.'ells and P. Zappnsoai. Science, 9_5, 277-273 (September 13, 1942). Bvidence is presented in this preliminary report showing that dehumidification will give lethal results comparable to those obtained from the use of propylene glycol with and without hexylresorcinal. The iethal effectiveness of those fumi gants also decreases with increased humidity. The disinfection rate does not conform to the normal law of equal proportionate bacterial decrease in equal time intervals. Mortality seems to occur at critical phases rather than to follow the normal logarithmic type of death rate. 94 Safe Practice in the Manufactureof Brass, Bronze and Y/hite Metal Castings for F.ailroad Rolling Stock. D.C. Haines. ^enna. Dept, of Labor Industry, Safe Practice Bull. No. 97, S pp. (October, 1942). After a brief history of railroads in the United States and statement of the im portance of railroad work in general and wheel bearings in particular, the manu facture of bearings at the Altoona plant of the Pennsylvania Railroad is described. The means of protection from occupational hazards is described at each stage. They include exhausts at buffing wheels, and moulds and respirators and goggles. Since 1937, lest time accidents have been reduced by 90. Safety committees are active, and diet and personal hygiene are frequent topics of discussion. Industrial Medical Practice ` c Iterations Ccncerainr t he Roentgen Diaeresis of Pneumoconiosis and 3ilj.x'. Pcnucrgmoo.. izi.J.h ..oivt. H Rad. Therapy, 43, b7l-594~lNovember,1^42). paper is a review of the entire subject of pneumoconiosis, with especial tenticn to the roentgenological aspects. In the historical portion, several n n n, n r. jtrinl Hyr.ione Digest - 2d. of extracts from early descriptions of the disease, beginning with i iioy, v/ith translations, are reproduced. A number of radiographs of lungs of persons v/ltu anthracosilicocis, bcritosis, oil pneumonia and silicosis, certain end uncertain, with and without infection, illustrate the paper. -.-ort of Mt^ Committee on X-ray Apparatus .nd Technique. /osiericon Trudeau -weioty. .'.tiior. Rov. of Tuberc., 4A, 489-473 (October, 1942), As an ppi-< -oh to the problem of the betterment of techniques for chest rsdioorapny, a viiia library v.lll be selected from the files of the members. The films ..ill illustrate varying techniques anu their effect on the diagnostic value of films. T'i" committee also stressed need for stabilizing the details of radio graphy to i litain maximum results. Research is being continued on the measurement of A-ray oui.;il.tt on short exposures. From 98 to 99 per cent of minimal cases wore detected hi- 4" by 5" film applied to 50,000 cases. Comparative results on the 2haice film and paper of various sizes, by two groups of investigators, are pre sented. Thf. 14" x 17" celluloid is first choice in each case. The Bridges sur vey listed 4" x 5" stereo second, while Pendergrass, Y/arren and Kaagensen list it us third chuice. There is disagreement on the desirability of 14" x 17" paper but the 35 mi. film is rated as least desirable by both groups, k report was also made on Body Section Radiography. Dr. Herbert R. Edwards discussed the ex perience v/ith mass X-ray equipment. He found the 14" x 17" paper to be second or.ly to the 14" x 17" celluloid, agreeing v.lth Pendergrass et al. Diagnostic accuracy, facility of operation, facility in reading, facility in filing and storage, service factors, and cost are also considered. 57 Technic for ChestX-ray Examination of Large Oreups. Part 1, The Use of Standard Cize Films. Vf, Bailey. Radiology. 59 300-309 "["September, 1942). A description of equipment and methods for roentgenographic chest studies v/ith standard 14 x 17 inch films is given. Since most of the time consumed in any mass survey goes toward measuring and positioning the patients, this method can be made as rapid as any of the methods employing films of substandard sizes, paper rolls, etc., and has the advantage that the films are of much better diagnostic quality. -- Author's summary. 98 Technic for Chest X-ray Examination of Large Groups. Part 2. Tho Use of Miniature Films. W. Bailey. Radiology. 59_, 310-515 "(September, 1942T. Technic for the rapid processing of 4 x 10 inch stereoscopic films of the chest is described. Although the detail in these films is considerably less than the best obtainable on 14 x 17 inch films, and little can be said about heart size because of the short target-screen distance, the films are, nevertheless, more satisfactory than might be expected for the purpose of finding active tuberculosis in mass examinations. In comparisons involving a large number of cases, the per centages of Active tuberculosis discovered was a little higher v/ith the stereos copic 4 x 1C inch films than with the single 14 x 17 inch films. 99 Special Trtvs of Examinations ifying Their Cost. M.I. Kail. Ind. Med., ii%> cc3-lbc \ December, 1942). xf the m'.nuf.. cturcr, who has never experienced the benefits that may be derived from an adeqv. ate medical service, questions its value from the dollar and cents p:int of vie-,, then these experiences of other companies should be brought to his attention. 1 t is now generally recognized that good health is an asset in that thorw is incr eased efficiency, better omployment relations, less spoilage and --Vu:-;-.ces f v/oric, and reduced accident frequency. A doctor on call is net the o problem The medical supervision must be directed to a physician .cwa u... uatry ana its needs, who r:::d:es regular rounds in the plant, ana who .*Vi;.OS t - Aa.U.-ns. enoral health of tho fordo through physical examinations and con- 004041 tried Hygiene Digest - 7. h-.t -.re Vq Examining For? - Tyres end Frequencies of Physical Examinations. 7/Iyie lunlctt. Ind. Med., 11^, Ur.1-Co 3 "(December, 1942). ;-'.:ycical examinations make it possible to place the workman in the correct job. V.^y are important for the protection of the worker from the aggravation of al ready existing conditions. They are also valuable in preventing the use of a jr.nn with a physical or mental defect in a job where he might endanger the h.-cith and safety of fellow employees. A system of examinations based on and .ooted by experience is described. :hvcical Zs:smi nut ions - Entrance '.and Return to Service. G.P. Myers. Ind. Med., II* 373-031 (December, 1942). I.m policies of the Now York Central System on both pro-employment and return to service physical examinations are presented. This is an interpretation by the Medical Director for the association of surgeons of the system. 102 Ihnloynent of the Physically Handicapped. G.H. Williamson. Executives Bull, of Metropolitan Ins. Co., Reprinted in Peanut Journal and Nut World, pp. 23-24 (December, 1942). A candy manufacturer, having been satisfied with the work of the few handicapped persons in his employ for a number of year, employed only handicapped girls on a nov: job nude necessary by agricultural conditions, the selection and removal of burned peanuts. The work involved only good eyesight, agile fingers and plenty of patience. They were paid 12*^ less than others on similar jobs as they were not usually available for temporary transfer to other work. The exper iment was successful. No accidents were sustained by these or other handicapped workers, and their skill and ability have stimulated normal workers. 103 Modern Facilities for Health 1 Safety. Anonymous. Safety Eng., 84, 63-71 (October, 1942). A plea is made for clean and modem washroom facilities, with illustrations of the general types recommended, also of obsolete and worn-out fixtures to be avoided. Cleanliness and order are essential to the morale especially of women workers. Recreation facilities and cafeterias also pay dividends in efficiency and productivity. 104 Treatment of Burns of the Skin Due To Molten Magnesium. J.A. V.'ilson and B. Egeberg, Ind. Med., 11, 438-437 (September, 1942). Burns of the skin by molten magnesium foim very slow-healing granulomatous ulcers. Metallic magnesium interferes with the normal physiology of the body cells, causing an interference in the normal repair process of injuries. Prompt removal of the metallic magnesium whether in the form of foreign body spicules, powder or'bums, allows ordinary healing to take place. In the case of magnesium bums the area is anesthetized, and the burned tissues completely removed. Accidental burns by incendiary bombs of the civilian population should be treated in the same manner. - Authors' summary. IGo the liarnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Gas Casualties. L.J. 3cyd. Bull. N.Y. :.iJdT Coll'., *5, 64-70 (1942). The two common classes of pulmonary gas casualties are: (1) cases with acute and violent onset, and (2) cases with acute but insidious onset. The first ;rinciple of treatment is absolute root until recovery has occurred. The use f oxygon is the most effective single therapy. Venesection is helpful in the luc" type of victim but should r.ot be used in the 'Yrayf1 type or where o;.v.. kj circulatory failure, low bleed pressure, or a thready pul uC4 x x*iou4non^c* o r re-yuont complication. Recovery is normally free from chronic effects. Modern masks arc very effective instruments for protection against phosgene -..nd i nil nr ruses. n n * > .i ;n-ustriol Hygiene Digest - 23. " Treatment of Burns. John Horrlin, Jr. and 2.T. Glaser. Bull. N. Y. iied. Coll., ^~79-o4"(19d2). Sums vhich*$.ccur as a result of bombing attacks are of three types: thermal, electrical sfctt vcsuicant. First-aid care and Capital treatment of all types, including special methods, are given in detail. The need for the prevention of infection of burned areas is stressed. Tho -use of physical therapy for healed burned areas is described briefly. 107 Treatment of Phosphorus Burns. A.T. Jones. Brit. Med. J., 2, 237-270 (August Tib, 1942). based on 65 cases of burns caused by phosphorus, the following procedure for treatment is recommended. The affected area should be immediately flooded with voter, followed by a thorough wash with warm sodium bicarbonate solution (about two tablespoons to a pint (500 ccs.) of water). Any obvious particles of phos phorus disclosed by examination in the dark should be removed with forceps. The affected area should be swabbed with a one per cent solution of copper sulfate and a further exploration made for phosphorus particles so revealed. The area should be soaked or immersed, if possible, in wain sodium bicarbonate for a prolonged period. Small burns should receive half an hour, large burns from one to two hours. A daily dressing with acriflavine (1:1000) is recommended. Burns near the eyes are best treated by a mask of lint soaked in sodium carbonate solu tion renewed every four hours. As soon as the healing begins (7 to 10 days) boroseptic ointment provides a satisfactory dressing and its use can be continued until the scar produced is sound. Tannic acid and other coagulants do not give satisfactory results. The disadvantage of acriflavine emulsion is that individ ual, local and generalised cutaneous eruptions may occur, but a daily inspection will detect them. Boroseptic ointment should then be substituted. With this treatment results are obtained which are comparable to those of burns by caustic soda or sulfuric acid. Healing is slower and scars are thinner in burns caused by phosphorus. 108 Cardiovascular Disease in Industry. W.J. Egan. Wisconsin Med. J., 217-222 iMurch, 12427T The study of cardiovascular disease by the medical department in a large industry is described. Periodic physical examinations for persons over 40 include routine electrocardiograms. Roentgenograms and sedimentation rates are done where indi cated. Individuals with valvular lesions are placed in sedentary occupations. Yvcli developed hypertension or syphilitic heart disease requires easy work where the patient will not endanger himself or his co-v.x>rkers through accidents. Patients with coronary disease or angina are not allowed to work until sedimen tation rates are normal. Cardiac neuroses must be detected promptly to prevent corious consequences. Continuous re-education and the demonstration of normal objective findings to the patient himself have been of great value in preventing enrdiophobia. Fatigue is a defense mechanism and it should be heeded. This ;roc.ram has reduced absenteeism enu the author believes that employee mortality hr.-.- also boon reduced. This is a reasonable assumption. 100 Tho Road and Nutrition of Industrial Workers in War Tine. Committee on Nutrition in Irnucv'y. National Research Council. Nutrition Reviews. 1, 13-14 (November, 1002). u . mhcritotive "chart for action" has been prepared by the Committee on Nutri tion in Industry. The report is brief (17 pages) :.jid factual. Copies of the ibo obtained by writing to t. Frank Gunderson, Executive Secretary, ' -j --o.d Nutrition Bonra, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Y.'ashingtcn, D. C. 0040 J >. .ustrial Hygiene Digest - 29. H'j This Problem of Food. j.I. Rountree. Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 33, ( 1342) , iuc-iic /.flairs Committee, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N.Y. 32 pp. Price 10 otets, discount for quantities. The first port of the pamphlet consists cf a discussion of the question of main tenance of adequate diet by the grout majority of the population; a discussion in which representatives of various interested groups participate. Their con clusion is that although lac's of income is one important barrier to adequate nutrition, the main problem is that of education. As a contribution to educa tion in food values, a discussion of food constituents follows including total calories, proteins, calcium, iron, iodine, 'and the more important vitamins, treated very simply end clearly v.lth graphic illustrations. Several menus are given v:hich afford sufficient and deficient supplies of vitamins, and a weekly food list for a family of four is suggested, which provides more than the mini mum quantities of the necessary vitamins and mineral constituents. With such a diet no minerals or vitamins need be bought in drug form. Among the points dis cussed are'vitamins in cereals. Whole grain cereals are inexpensive and high in vitamin 3, and are therefore greatly preferable to prepared cereals. In other cases a slight substitution greatly improved the vitamin content of a diet. Finally, there is a brief chapter on nutrition and public policies, treating briefly the food stamp plan, the California scrip certificates, the low-cost lunch plans cf Great Britain and Sweden, but pointing out that the fundamental problem still remains, v.lth surpluses on the farms and insufficient food for many people. The last revision of this pamphlet was dated July, 1941, and so . the complications caused by war conditions do not enter the discussion. Ill Food and Nutrition of the Industrial Worker in Wartime. F.G. Boudreau end ?.,S, Goodhart. Am. J. Pub. Health. 32, 1335-1340 (December, 1942). The author calls attention to the fact that both Germany and Great Britain have outdistanced the United States in realizing the necessity of keeping the com munity strong. Great Britain expanded her program of health and nutrition at a time when the military situation was the most desperate. Improvements in diet was followed by increased war production, and a special health program built up unsuccessful recruits so that 82$ of them were accepted into the army after 6 months. Studies and surveys made by the committee on Nutrition in Industry of the National Research Council have shown that our war workers, on whom we depend for production of the tools of war, are not adequately fed. Because a large proportion of them suffer from multiple but mild nutritional deficiencies, opti mum health is impossible, and output must suffer accordingly. Investigations of the nutritional status of an adult V.'.P.A, group of 165 persons in Nov/ York City showed a high incidence cf anemias, blood-plasma ascorbic acid deficiencies in over ZQfo of the group, and avitaminosis A in 65 of 143 persons examined. Studies of diets of1 workers in 33 war plants showed the inadequacy of plant cafeterias in helping to make up deficiencies in the homo diet. The relation of diet to absenteeism due to illness is not known, but every dietary experiment with work ers has shown beneficial results. The first report cf the Committee on Nutri tion in Industry published in April, 1042 and titled "The Food and Nutrition of Industrial Workers in wartime," aroused keen interest among doctors, workers, and employers. Due to the interest aroused and the fact that ways to attack the problem were becoming known, the Nutrition Division of the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Service uccidcd to effect an organization to promote better nutrition of industrial workers. A technical consultant in the Office in 7/nsh- iiv/.or. is to work through representatives, at least one cf whom is to be a i kysicir-ji, in each <;f the 12 federal security regions. V.'iuccpread interest in the health and nutrition of workers is shown by workers, their families, manarc- "x.ut, communities and states, end has extended to industrial physicians, who formerly did not consider the subject within the scope cf their work. Health I.r-'-i- tr ini I-fy^iene Direct - 30. - officers, also, should include this phase of health ir.prover.ent in their pro grams. The new knowledge -and interest in the field of nutrition should be applied in order to place democracies on at least an equal basis with dictator ships in uijppUing advances in science for the benefit of their people. 112 "ounre Mealjvor Sandwiches? K.P. Smith. Nat. Safety News. 46, 20 (Tec. ,1942). Many large industrial war plants provide hot lunches for their employees. In some plants that arc too large for cafeteria service, trains of portable vacuuminsulated food carriers mounted on trucks distribute lunches to workers over the entire plant. 113 Can No Increase the Production of V>r.r Vforkers by Improved Nutrition? R.S.Harris* Occup. Hazards. 5., 12-is, 30 (October, 1942) . A survey in Cincinnati revealed that the diets of the majority of factory work ers in war industries are inadequate. The army and navy feed their men well in the realization that best porfoiinance requires a healthy body and a healthy body requires good nutrition day after day. Industry does nothing about it. In England communal feeding centers have been established in industrial centers,and all factories employing more than 200 must provide a canteen. V.ro can increase the production, health and morale of war workers by education and an enlightened feeding program at each factory. 114 Problems in Wartime Industrial Practice. N.K, Forster. J. Indiana State lied. Assoc., 35^, 416-420 (August, 1342). The constantly expanding problem of the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and industrial accidents is more and more of a burden for the indus trial physician. One industrial doctor may be required to care for as many as 6,000 workers because of the wartime shortage. Absenteeism is also discussed. 115 The Medical Professions Part in the War Industrial Effort. O.J. Johnson. Forma. Med. J., 46, 191-195 (December^ 1942). The responsibility for maintaining the health of war workers has not been so well realized by the medical profession as by laymen charged by the government with the production of war material. Prevention is now the keynote of industrial practice. Treatment is being looked upon as a necessary measure where prevention has failed. Absenteeism should be one concern of the profession. In one plant a study of absenteeism led to the employment of an industrial physician and 3 industrial nurses. Smaller plants in the same community then developed a plan by which local physicians visited the plants in rotation, spending at least an hour at each visit. The role of the physician in industry is threefold: (1) prevention of disease or injury in industry by establishing proper medical super vision; (Sfcfcealth conservation of workers through physical supervision and edu cation; medical and surgical care to restore health and earning capacity as rapidly*ai^possible. 11C The Hc-lth of Our Nation in Vdor Time. Thcnas Pr.rran. J.A.M.A., 120, 1224-1226 (December 12, 1942). ihc demands of cur military forces for medical personnel must be reconsidered in the light of maximum efficient usage to prevent a serious dislocation of civilian health protection. The experience of Grout Britain in meeting the sumo problem is reviewed and it is shown that the overall picture should bo studied by a kedic-.il Personnel end Priority Committee. Thus committee should hove government av.A.ority to enforce their decisions. "Unless prompt action is taken to solve s -tisfuetorily tU; problem <..f medical care for war workers an-1 other civili-T.s in many communities, I four that wo are inviting trouble. 1 am confident that `'here will bo the fullest cooperation of the aimed forces in reducing their de mands for medical manpower in order to insure that vital war production will be kett up and to prevent any possible collapse on the civilian front." f)n *n,i n Xji.iu..trial Hygiene Digest - 31. 117 Industrial Psychiatry in Wartime: Imployubility of ^Certain Mental Cases. Selling. Ind, Med., 11^ -107-411 (September, 194217 hash plant afceuld have a psychiatrist whose relationship to the personnel depart ment and to medical department is the same as that of the plant physician. In those tin* such an expert will bo hard to get and hard to integrate. If an adequate specialist cannot be used, the plant physician must first of all elimin ate the obvious lunatics; second, must know enough psychiatry so that he can cull out psychiatric cases and refer them to a consulting psychiatrist. And, third, he should realize that there are certain psychiatric cases who, because their . condition is constant, arc not likely to do harm and can be employed in spite of their ailment, and that there is a second group who have been treated for serious mantel diseases and have recovered sufficiently to justify the physician in recon mending their re-employment. The uso of psychiatry in industry is still limit cd, both by the psychiatrists' lack of understanding of the problems of industry and by the lack of psychiatrists who have the special talents which would make them able to. take cognizance of the dual role that they might play in an indus trial organization. The plant physician, while not a psychiatrist and hence more likely to make a number of psychiatric errors, some of which might be ser ious, i3 in a position to utilize the knowledge available from this branch of the profession in a competent fashion. He is better off to use what little knowledge of mental medicine he can acquire ana apply it, than to ignore the whole subject in tines like these when every available man must be utilised. - Author's summary 118 Medical Service Plans for Larger Industrial Plants. A.R. Smith. Industrial ' Hygiene (N.Y. State), 1, 569-372 (October, 1942). The American College of Surgeons has outlined the following features for an ade quate medical service in larger industrial establishments; (1) A definitely organized plan for the medical service. (2) A definitely designated staff of qualified physicians and/or surgeons, nurses and attendants. (3) Adequate emer gency, dispensary and hospital facilities. (4) Pre-employment and periodic physical examinations - to be made only by qualified medical examiners. (5) Effi cient care of all industrial injuries and occupational diseases. {6) First-aid treatment and advice for employees suffering from non-industrial injuries and illnesses while on duty. For further professional care such employees should be referred to their family physician. (7) Education of the employee in accident prevention and personal hygiene. (8) Elimination or control of all health haz ards. (9) Adequate medical records, accessibly filed in the medical department under responsible medical supervision. (10) Supervision of plant sanitation and all health measures for employees by the physician or surgeon in charge. (11) An ethical and cooperative relationship with the family physician. (12) The use of approved hospitals. Dr. Smith discusses this program under throe main head ings: (a) %e medical plant, (b) The medical personnel, and (c) The medical. Program. ' ; 119 Influence of 'Var on Industrial Medicine. J.J. Bloomfield. War Medicine. 2^, 011-370 (July, 1942). The responsibility of industrial medicine is second only to that of military medicine. Industrial health problems have been greatly complicated by the war :nd there are four broad conditions which exist today throughout the country. They are, first, health problems arising in the community environment; second, tho physical composition of the war labor force as compared to the peacetime labor supply; third, hazards which are found in the working environment; and, f.urtk, tho shortage of trained personnel in the various professions concerned v.ith health conservation in industry. Those four conditions ore discussed in detail, ,' 0040 4 G Industrial Hygiene Digest'* 32 i-C -V Fever md Vitamin C. H.N. Moines and Vv, Alexander. Science. 9^6, 497-499 (November 27, 1942). ' ' Over e period of four years it was observed that there was a lowering of the body level of vitamin C during hay fover attacks. Twenty-five sufferers from hay fover ijgBSP given 100 mg., 200 mg. and 500 ng. doses of vitamin C, daily, during the^pfeweed season from August 15 to September 15. The ijollen count at Cburiin, Oslo, the location of the tests, averaged 87 for the last half oi ;.-j/*ust and about 30 for the first half of September. ''Sneezing begins at 15." After one week of 100 mgs. of vitamin C daily, five of the subjects showed some improvement. Twelve gained decidedly after a week on the 200 ng. dosage and eight reported a remarkable improvement after three or four days at the 500 mg. level. A distinct gain is reported for 88 per cent of the patients. This would appear to be of importance in the reduction of absenteeism. 121 Vitamins for the Prevention of Colds. D,;H Cowan, H.S. Diehl ana A.B. Baker. J.A.M.A., 120, 1260-1271 (December 19, 1942). This controlled study yields no indication that either large doses of vitamin C alone or large doses of vitamins A, 3i, Bg, 0 and D and nicotinic acid have any Important effect on the number or severity of infections of the upper respiratory tract when administered to young adults who presumably are already on a reasonably adequate diet. 122 Fitness in Industry and Its Maintenance \>y Indoor Sunbaths. Compiled by Hanovia, Ltd., Slough, England. (Manufacturer's pc&phletTT The installation of solaria in mines and in other establishments in which work ers have little sunlight exposure has led to better health, fewer absences, few er accidents and increased output. Plans and specifications for solaria of var ious capacities are given. 123 Great Britain's Experience with Absenteeism. Anonymous. Management Record, 4_, 401 IDocember, 1942). If any worker in an "essential undertaking": (1) is absent without reasonable excuse; (2) is persistently late for work; or (3) fails to comply with any law ful or reasonable orders given to him (including any orders as to the working of day or night work end of a reasonable amount of overtime), his case will be referred to the Joint Labor-Management Committee of the plant for action. A worker prosecuted in this manner may be fined or imprisoned or, if he is of military age, he may lose his status as "deferred from military service." Of the 7,500,000 workers subject to the restrictions of the act, about 250 were prosecuted and 40 received prison terms during the 18 months from March, 1941 to September, 1942. The trade unions have accepted these severe measures because management is also rigidly controlled under the Defense Regulations. Inefficient employers can be replaced if the government finds it necessary. 2V' ^24 Missing From-the Job. ft.L. Fox. Hat. Safety Hows. 46, 21, 54 (December, 1942). Eleven plant's in Syracuse, employing 15,000 workers cooperated in a study of accidents to employees outside of working hour's over a period of 6 months. --ring that time there were 159 plant accidents with a total of 3,659 days of I'-'-.-z time, against 109 ncn-occupationel injuries with 2,253 days of lost time (exciuding/ftrS'A^xixy charges in both cases and one fatality). Motor vehicles cc.'untou for nearly half the ncn-occupaticnal accidents, and home accidents, * '-out a fourth. - A. 7. i.A-'Q Industrial Kursc Heir/? H.G. Murray. Occup. Hazards, 5_, 12, 13, 22 ' ' 'C.uber/l94::)r " ! -sic registered nurse in industry should bo able, through her department, ` ;t d-'wn the number of days lest due to illness or injury with benefit to lover and employee. A description of the methods employed by a manufac- v -anvern and the results obtained art given* an , - , - O U -r U 4 / i ..: 60 :-;i.vin " 123 . . j. "cnts 124 ' *":*;a;, inhalation 35 *"'T ana duct . . 73 76 . . .r-.ctoristies round openings 73 :.\r;v.: exhaust slots 79 *" silica by x-ray 74 ; rclficiai respiration 69 Aviation effect on hearing 71 .cujotoxic action 34 phosphorus treatment 107 treatment tannic acid 106 47 molten magnesium 104 Cadmium toxicology Carbon monoxide 43 55 compressed air Colas 55 vitamin therapy Cotton infection from 121 72 Dvlihht work aivanta2.es . 66 Dermatitis 52 chloracne-cutting oils 48 fats and oils^r. 49 preemployaent examine- tion ' 53 vitamin C ' T'.' t lacs 51 H 1a 54 ; viafcctlcn 93 `r.vrol 41 coal mines 81-32-03-34 fur hat industry 44 . :.r lor 37 1 ia ' 75 j> 7 icsoi . ; rv*} 31 : in tunnel s 36 (January, 1042) Explosion bax-urac control 91 Explosives safe handling Fire prevention 67 46 Foundry cafe practice ' 94 Gas poisoning treatment 32 Hend i c u;:c- d wo rkors employability 102 Kay fever vitamin C 120 Health hazards occupational classification 13 Heart disease in industry 108 Housekeeping, industrial9Q Indium physiologic propertics40 Industrial health solaria Industrial hygiene report war industries Industrial medicine effect of war war effort Ka ta-thermcnet er Lead tetraetnvl absorption 122 92 68 59 119 115 35 42 Magnesium safe handling 45 Magnesium casting air contamination 39 Manpower conservation crisis 65 16 Medical departments in war industry 15 Medical service large plants plans 118 14 Methyl bromide toxicity 36 Morbidity, disabling industrial xerker 53 Nation's health in wartime Mo iso :h; ri n.r, i no us tr L1 116 70 122 ui'.'i ai 'n 1.) j-liJ-112 wartime worker and production 111 113 Occupational diseases annual report (Indiana) 56 control 114 Personnel problems health aspects 61 Photomicro graphs hone. camera 77 Physical examinations 100-101 ~ 99costs of special types Pneumoconiosis baggaoosis 26 lignite dust 27 Poisons and toxicology elective effect 38 Polyethylene glycol pharmacology 37 Psychiatry, industrial 117" Sanitation, industrial 103 Silicosis action on report 28 occurrence and control 29 Silicosis and tuberculosis coal miners 25 Teeth occupational effects on 57 Toxic solvents control 50 Spray painting 38 Ventilation on the Yiitswntersrand 80 Vitamin C therapy 50 Vitamins 12 War rases treatment of casualties 105 Women protective clothing 89 Women in industry 02-63 health problems 64 X-ray techniaue 0*: . t*\/ ty'f- *i0> Trudeau report 96 e> r\ r\ r.