Document jBnDm4kOwkG1gm85047m9RdVp

BFG TECHNICAL DOCUMENT 5tm scnzcu. ama sport sc. 352 EL F. Goodrich Chemical Company a orvisiON or txk a r. oooorkx company DEVELOPMENT CENTER RBSULTS or TB UPOSURB Or TEST RATS TO TB COHBUBTXOH PBCDOCTS FBON B.F.C.C.C. PRODUCTS Hlchaal H. O'ltara Data Copltt<l: OeeobAr 21, 197S DtparCxanr Ho.: 3026 Oaca Xaauad: Oecobar 27, 1975 PtoJacC No.: 2346 PltKihltiW Akron J. H. Pcwall, Jr. W. C. BAchCAl R. W. Strataburg R. J. FawcatC C. H. LufUr H. Tuckar-A. R. Slabort *J. A. Claaa D. B. Loy R A PllA (2) B. D. Dlckaaatf. J. KroAaka A. U. MeRam-D. N. Burts IE 11C Tachalcal rilaa (2) R. J. Fulcos-R. V. Bain 9. B. WrlgRt*R. 1. Sharvood &US CTP/toA 1- *A\ A. L. Scbulta 1. M. Ktwpt C. A. Clark R. A. Towae L. B. Crldar Projaat Tach. Naancara Claraland R. D. Score R. A. Kruagar B. M. C. Zvtckar-M. B. RobA 0. B. ItmpAoa*?. J Donor 1. C. SebwAAcarlo B. J. Soha *K. Graaoa *J. L. Hala on B. B. Oaborna *G. S. Raauty >. R. Rax D. L. Roar H. D. Frlodbtrg J. D. Tans1111 J. F. Malooa J. C. Baaly R. C. WllglBg J. A. srobl *ftodlflad Raporc 41481 21483001 /% BFG 14326 7 This report presents a auaMry'of the beck ground lending up to our first anInn1 combustion-exposure axperlnenta, the current philosophy behind this kind of testing and current limitations with the seating. Twelve key Materials Involving the following product lines (Eaten*.-, Abson, PVC, Hl-Tanp) were choeen for thin Initial evaluation. All experiments were carried out at U. S. Tasting using a Modification of their tasting protocol. In suaawiry, tan out of the twelve aubnlttad Materials perforued worse tha- wood. One snoka retarded FC formulaeloo was aetch superior to wood. An analysis of the data indicates that 5 out of the 10 Materials were worse than wood because of tha amount of coabustlon products produced; the remaining 5 saeplss were worse than wood because of tha hinds of conduction products produced. 21483002 Ttblt of Contanta I.Introduction: Problaa Dave 1 opennt ................................................ Para 1 II. Dlacuaalon ot Tearing Protocola .................................................. I III. Tha 0. S. Taating Protocol.............................................. 3 A. Procadura....................................................................... 3 B. Olacuaaloo of Procaduraand Taatiag Philoaophy .... C. Llaltatloaa with tha U.S. Taatiag'a Protocol .... A 10 IV. Taat Raaulta oo B.P.Goodrich Matartala . . ............................... A. Matartala' Salactlon ................................................................ B. Spaclflc Taatiag Procadura....................................... II C. Analytical Raaulta . ................................................................ D. Dlacuaalon ................ ...... ........................................ II II II 14 V. Appendix............................ ... .............................................................. 19 VI. Bibliography ....................................... ............. 22 21483003 1. lotroduct ton;__ Problem Development The need co obtain bloessay dec* on Che combustion produces from BPC plastic materials haa been increasing slpilf lcantly over Che pesc evo years. Federal programs alaed ac Che toxicity of combustion produces from syncheelc materials, In general, have all Involved boeh analytical and bloaaaay measure ments. This acdvlcy has Increased very significantly In 1974-75 with federally sponsored progress ac Unlversicy of Utah, University of Pittsburgh, Harvard University, the National Bureau of Standards, the University of Mlchlgeo and the Federal Aviation Administration. Specific prograaa at these institutions have already been discussed'*"^). The following pertinent lnforaatloa has developed frasi all of these prograaa: Cl) toxicity defined in terms of analytical measureaants is amaniagless without aubatantiacive aniael exposure data and, (2) anlaal exposure experlaenta generally involve brief exposures (15 ainutes 60 ainutes) accompanied by high gaa concentrations (1,000 10,000 ppa). Earlier this year, 1 carried out a survey of pertinent anlaal exposure capabilitles around the country end proposed in-house, in-depth testing^). Since we do not have the in-house resources to carry out such a proaxaa^ it was decided that an outside testing epproach should be consideredTM'. Om of the facilities surveyed by me'15'* *se* eaed to fit this approach, so a prograa was developed to expose the combustloo products from 12 key BFGCC products co test animals'7* '. The purpose of this report is to suaaarlse the results of these first exposure experiments. 11. 0slrt<* Test tax Protocol Current research involving the exposure of test aniaals to combustion gases appears to have the following characteristics: (1) smolderlne coehuation flaming combustion is usually avoided because It invariable leads to hyperventilation (from COj), anomie (from 0j depletion) and thermal stress. Also, it is recognised by aany that the smoldering products of combustion (generated by intense flaming combustion elsewhere) are gen erally responsible for life loas la a fire. This coacepe la still ths subject of much current debate within tha fire research coaaaialty. 4 I I 21483004 BFG14329 2- saumle and exposure v, olume? It is obvious due the rate and degree of animal intoxicition is very strongly dependent upon combustion gas concentration in the exposure experiment. This, in turn, is dependent upon the amount of saople that is consumed and the volume into which the combustion produces are dispersed. Typically the ratio of mass lost during combustion to the yolof exposure la measured. Ratios currently used by combustion toxicologists range from SO to 500 mg/llter. In general, very little animal response is recorded below this range (l.e., OX response) while extremely Intense responses arm recorded above this range. To put this engineering ratio In perspective. It should be noted that the ratio for the MBS Smoke Chamber Is 10 - 20 8/1 Iter. This value Indicates the reason why the MBS Smoke Chamber Is generally not used as a toxicity chamber. Recently, the University of Utah has extended this mass/volume ratio In the NBS Chamber by Increasing the output of the radiant heater to 5.0 watts/cm? thereby Increasing the mass loss In a typical sample. They have observed significant mortality induced by PVC combustion products for a a/v ratio of 30 - 40 ag/llcer(9). (3) expniir> rime Experiments described In the literature on the exposure of test animals to combustion products have ranged In exposure times from 5 minutes to 4 hours. Current research seems to be settling into the IS minute to 60 minute exposure range. Clearly the four hour exposure la not representative of e reel fire hazard; in fact, any exposure over 1 hour may not be relevant to the h -ard that is being modelled. (4) response msaaured Historically, tha end point la a combustion Inhalation experimtnt has been animal mortality. Recently research has been directed toward animal Incapacitation, which in turn is monitored through "avoidance response" experiments. Typically an avoidance response is elicited from the animal through an external stimulus (l.e. electrical shock); ones Incapacitation in tha animal la attained, in this case through combustion gas exposure, the animal then no longer avoids the external selmulua. Philosophically, an avoidance response experiment la much preferred to a mortality experimtnt alaca tha fundamental hasard In a developing fire la tha incapacitating syndroms (or syndromes) that precedes death. Unfortunately, tha rnaearch am avoidance response In cambuatloa toxicology la la lta Infancy. Therefore, typically, 1 21483005 BFG14330 T -3 - nlnal aortallty la monitored in a coafcustlon Inhalation experi ment. These aaaauraaants aft' usually ot tht following type. (1) tlaa to SOt aortallty for a fixed mss of Mtarlal or (11) varlabla aaaa to Indue* 301 aortallty for a fixed exposure tlaa. Economic* uaually decide which axparlMntal approach will b* taken. Experi mental approach #2 la aor* daflnltivw but auch more coatly. An laprovaaent on approach #2 waa aad* at tha Onlvaralty of Michigan recently la which the oasa-of-aatariel ranae for Inducing a 0 - l001 aortallty range (fixed axpoaura ctae) waa data rained"). III._The 0. S. Teatlna Protocol __ Procedure It la ohvloua froa tha above dlacuaalon that aa w* gat Into thla area of testing and aatabllah data oa BPG produces, tha following lnforaatlon would b* aoat daalrabla In order of descending priority: (1) lncapacltatloo/biologlcal examination* (2) aortallty (a) aultipl* doa* (aaaa range) - aultlpia raaponaa (aortalley range) cure*, (b) ailtipla doa* (aaaa range) - aingla raaponaa (SOt aorealley) point, (c) aingla doa* aingla raaponaa point. The coat, aaaoclatad with thaa* level* of tasting, rangaa froa $8,000 - $13,000 for (l) to $230 for (2e). Ohvloualy tha knowledge obtained froa any tearing protocol la aor* or lass proportional to tha aaouae of aooay apant. Xa aa ateaapt to ainlaiaa coat aad yae aatabllah a baaallna that la repraaaneaelva of tha easting that is now going oa around tha country, U. S. Tasting Co., Inc. was chosaa for our first aalaal axpoaur* exparlaeots. In tha 0. I. Tasting protocol, tha following procedures ar* carried out: (1) 10 east rata ar* placed la a 40 liter aalaal axpoaur* chaaher (glees), - 41481 ' 21483006 BFG14331 7 -4- (2> the tilt saaple if exposed to radiant hae la the absence of an Igniting flame In a 20 liter combustion chamber, (3) the tine of exposure la variable; the teat la stopped when one half of the anlaels are dead or one hour whichever occurs first, (4) The test haa been designed so that wood Induces 301 mortality for sons period of tine under 60 minutes, (3) canbustlon gases foraed In the coabustloo rhsalur are circulated through Che anlnal chamber at a rata of 8 llears/alouta (4 lltars/mlauta raw coabustloo gases + 4 llters/nlnute outside air), (6) aaterlals are evaluated with respect to the tine to SOI noreallty, (7) U. S. Testing rscoansnds ao exposure taaperature of 27S*C and that aaterlals be evaluated on an equal voluae basis. A scheaatlc of the U* S. Testing procedure Is shown in Figure 1 along with pertinent paranstare relating to tha test. Photographs of tha canbustlon chamber with radiant panel (Figure 2) and tha anlnal exposure chaaber (Figure 3) are also shown. JL__ Discussion of Procedure. Limitations and Tbstlna Philosophy Before discussing tha V. 8. Testing procedure end limitations e .-eof (as viewed by tha author). It nust be eaphasised that a "standard test method" for canbustlon toxicological tasting does not exist. Indeed fmther modi fications of the procedure described above will be made as the entire science of conbustlon toxicology grows and natures. Thus tha procedure described above should not be considered sacrosanct. Za an effort to discuss tbs U. S. Tasting procedure, its relevancy to other tasting procedures, and Its Limitations, X pose tha following questions which have bean directed to ns by a number of people: (1) Since fires involve flaning canbustlon, why does the procedure call for smoldering canbustlon? As noted before, flaning conbueclon leads to experimental problems (beat stress, anoxia, hyperventilation) with the teat anlaels. Secondly, an intense fire will create a thermal front or wave that will create significant pyrolysis In aaterlals cloeeby. BFG14332 T 21483007 5- i IF BFG14333 TESTING PRO TO CO L E1483008 -6* * Photograph of U. S. Tcatlng'a Combustion Changer (20 liter volume) 21483009 - 7*, Ptmr* 3 Photograph of AnInal Exposure Chamber (40 liter volume) and Cambustlon Chamber A - animal exposure chamber B - combuatlon chamber C - 130 gram sample of Hi-Temp 1483010 - 8- Another question arises with respect to the fact that heat stress, anoxia and hyperventilation are real probleas In a fire and prob ably should be Modelled. At this point we can only punas at the Importance of theae three effects. Certainly hype rvei:t Hat Ion caused by CO2 la Much More lsmortant than heat stresa (a statis tically significant group does not die free burns) or anoxia (Frlstrom's work at Johns Hopkins showed that In a full-scale fire, oxygen depletion la not an Important hazard except In and vary near to the fire room). (2) Why la the exposure temperature 273*C? In ay opinion, this la tha weakest part of the procedure. U. S. Testing feels that this la a good model for a low Intensity fire or tha early stages of a fire and thus describes the Initial gas hazards In a fire. Frankly, I don't feel that this arpanent la entirely valid and X strongly auspeet that an exposure temper ature of 275*C will be rejected by moat In the fire cammialty. Historically, Inhalation combustion experiments have usually Involved exposure temperaturea In tha 450*C - S50*C region. The MS Smoke Density Chamber la based on an exposure flux of 2.5 wntta/cm2 or approximately 380*C. (3) How sensitive are the teat results to exposure temperature? I feel that this may be tha most l^ortant variable In an Inhalation experiment. For exaapla with respect to smoke, which la only one "product of combustion", It has been shown that In changing the flux from 2.5 to 5.0 vatts/ca?, the ranking of materials will change significantly. Recently, tinhorn has stated (though I have not yet seen the data) that the combustion products *rom wood are more lethal whan generated at lw fluxes (1.0 - 2.0 vatts/ca2) than at high fluxes (2.5 - 5.0 watts/cm2). (4) How relevant is the U. S. Tasting model to the current state-ofthe-art? Baaed on the following attributes of the U. S. Testing procedure, X believe that this protocol la as good (l.e. reinvest) as any of tha others: (a) combustion la based on both a radiant heater and a significant mass of Material (as opposed to a bunsen burner and quarts tube), (b) Oxygen depletion la rigorously avoided, (c) the aaaa loss/voltana ratio (100 - 300 mg/1 Iter) la la line with other procedures, (4) exposure times are very reasonable, 21483011 *1 (e) tbe experiment U baasd on a sizable number of animals (5 nele + 5 feasle rate), (f) the experimentalist (K. Hohrmann) le very capable la ceres of understanding the response of test animals to combustion products. (5) How significant Is this particular model or any animal exposure model to a real fire hazard? Probably not very slpilficant because (1) people In a firs situation are not forced to remain In a cage and (2) fires Involve a mixture of materials and tbs Interaction of materials in a fire may be more Important than tbe performance of single materials. However, Che political reality of ehls problem must be faced. First, It la obvious that a number of regulations are based on animal experiments that may or may not relate to man. Clearly tbs VCM problem relates to both yet the cyclamata ban may be (1) based on Inaccurate animal experiments, (2) Is not based on any actual human cancers. Secondly, thoro la obviously a historical pracadanca la using small acala experiments to regulate Mterlala. The MIS Smoke Density Chamber has bean used In regulations yet the same questions of rolovancy exist with this test. (6) U. S. Testing Judges performance on an "equal volume of material" basis. Wouldn't mu or surface area be more relevant? This decision by U. S. Testing la currently baaed upoo recent coeamuleadona between U. S. Tasting and tha International Coda of Building Officials (XC80) in tbalr (ICBO) effort to establish a tasting protocol and thereby enforce tha toxic gas requirement that la currently on the books. Our company feedback to and from ICBO has bean very minimal so 1 cannot Judge why this performance basis was chosen. Historically, tha precedent, again relative to the MBS Smoke Chamber for metorlal evaluation, la baaed upoo constant surface area and end-use thickness (up to 1/2 Inch). Another complication with respect to tasting oust be brexight up. In our smoke ratnrdnmt research work within tha enpany, reaearch- tasting la dona on an equal surface area and equal nass basis (l.a. Om/s) while performsncs-based tasting la dons only on an equal surface area beela. Tha nass criterion In this caao la a function of tha particular and-uaa application. To nako a long story short, wo rtally have 3 bases upon tblcb to Judgs notarial* In an animal exposure experiment: (1) equal araa/end-usa thickness (11)equal araa/conatant volume (111) equal araa/conatant mass 8 tc BFG14337 - 10 - Fm a performance standpoint, #1 would be moat reasonable but frea a research standpoint (what la causing animal Mortality, why and how to correct) #3 would be desirable. Our experUsents at U. S. Testing were all carried out on an equal area/conatant aaas basla; It la obvloua that If the perfotMncecrIter Ion Is ultimately baaed upoa an equal volume basis, then our current experiments will be of little value In ascertaining performance. Since wood has a much lower density than most of the plastic materials we Investigated, our experiments at con stant mass will have been too mild If an equal volme criterion is called for. Ie la obvloua that the yet-to-be established ground rules will play a very alplflcant role In the comparison teat Involving our materials and wood. <L__ Limitations with the U. S. Testlne Procedure There are a maber of limitations Inherent with the U. S. Testing pro cedure. These are Hated below and discussed la depth. (1) basis for performance-evaluation: This has been discussed above but it needs the attention of those who are Interacting with the code groups. (2) thermal exposure conditions: Rather than expose the material to a constant teapereturn in which energy Is Increased or decreased during the experiment In order to maintain a constant temperature directly In front of ~a saapls, a fixed energy Input along tie Unas used In the KBS Smoke Chamber should be used. There are Indications that 0. S. Testing Is moving In this direction; fixed energy Inputs st 1.3 watts/cm2 aod 3 watts/cm2 (or related values) would be highly desirable. (3) animal's body wastes problem: During exposure, the test rats constantly release their body wastes and these remain in the cage during exposure. This Is s very important parameter; Cornish (University of Michigan) shewed la 19M that animal urine la a very efficient hydrogen chloride scrubber. I recfsndsd to 0. S. Testing that this problem be corrected. X don't believe we want inhalation combustion data that la based on experimental artifacts as described above. Un fortunately, X did not realise the sipIfleanee of this problem until we ware half way into our tasting program at 0. S. Testing. BFG14338 11 Thu* all data In ChU report la baaed upon the preaence of the animal veace artifact. This artifact will tend to positively Influence the performance o'f'those materia la that produce acid gaaca during combustion. I cannot, ae thla time, ascertain the magnitude of this artifact on the test results. IV. Teet Results on g.r.Coodrlch Materials A. Materials' Selection The objective of thla atudy at U. S. Testing was to screen key BPC products (commercial formulations) with respect to fire retarded and non* fire retarded formulations. Dm choice of notarial* was more or lesa based on those product lines that would be susceptible to toxic gas regulations. For example, while our analytical studies Indicate that Rycar nay exhibit a problem with respect to hydrogen cyanide evolution during smoldering com bustion^0), this material was noc chosen for evaluation because the signi ficant market here is In automotive under-the-hood applications; this market will not be subjected to toxic gas regulations. The materials chosen and coanants relating to those choices are nnaarlted In Table 1. In stMary, 12 kay products Involving the Abson, Hl-Tet^>, PVC, and Katana product lines were chosen for evaluation. B. Specific Testlna Procedure For all materials, except wood, appraxiamtaly 140 - 150 grams of eats rial was placed in the combustion chamber and exposed to 400*C in the absence of an Igniting flaaa. The experiments were continued until SOX of the animals died (by visual observation) or 1 hour whichever occurred first. The salmis were then removed frc^i the exposure chaaher, placed la wire cages, and post observed for two weeks. All materials were evaluated relative 52 1* and the basis of this evaluation was the time to SOX mortality (cu^q). C. Analytical Result* The following analytical measurements were made during the exposure experiments: mass, mass loss, minimum Oj recorded la animal chamber during experiment and the time of death for each animal. In this section, this death data la summarised la terms of an averaga tlam to death (tu)90) for a SOI population and the total death Incidence (X mortality). Xt should be eophaslsed that It Is Impossible to carry out an experiment where an exact SOX mortality is recorded. Typically, the mortality la higher than thla because some of the animals that survive the exposure are so Into*leated that recovery is not possible. The tlam of each animal's death for all experiments la recorded la the Appendix. "4T "4'81A sumaary of all analytical data 21483014 BFG14339 - 12 - n>ii; HATERIALS FOR ANIMAL TESTING VIA OOHBCSTION TOXICOLOGY Haterlal PVC/CPVC Ccon 87SO 8750 + 35 phr Ai. hydrate + 6 phr B/M^) 8750 35 phr AL. hydrate 8750 + 1.5 F/8.5 N<2) 8804 Blk 288 8737 Blk 289<3> 3010 8S72I Nat. 020 Control Current low smoke (near coenerclallzatlon) PVC compound Another low smoke confound nearing field tenting Far D. Dickens race soda t Ion Non-fIre retarded flexible jacketing compound ____ A repreaentatlve fire retarded flexible formulatl n Hl-Teap cr jound Expanded ' foranilatlon ABS 89129<4> 820X16 + lubricant Current 1 s retarded Abson compound Identic. . :o 89129 except does not contain flra scardants; A:B:S ratio Is Identical to th >t In 89129 X430 + drlp/flra retardant (3) Non-Pleatic Cootrola pine wood wool fabric Theae two campounda are a result of new fire retardant technology; polymer modification baa been carrlad out to improve drip realatance; theae are near covmrc lal liatloo. Aa per U. S. Tenting procedure This baa bean Included aa aa example of a nitrogen containing natural product; recent NBS smoke cbenber studies suggest very high levels of kydrogsn cyanide during smoldering combustion. % ^Refers to 3 phr bismuth subcarbomate * 3 phr nickel amide. (2)1.5 phr Iron oxide 8.3 phr Iron amide. (3)Antimony oxide retardant. (4)Fire retardant la based on PVC antinomy oxide compoaltlom. ^Baaed on decklorana, antimony amide, chlorinated polyethylene. I* -u 1L. *. i* . BFG14340 HJlLjlI Uf u. DATA nw u. s' Ttnic m>wu egosvitt tmsiTgjtrs Nnlrrlal Riai, ft Niaa Hla. 0j(l> t*M, | ta Chaakat *LDJ0. 0. S. Tt ^ t Mircat tcy^) ftjflklni ihitw a: mi a ai*h M.'nxtf* f.r. M-T***v IO1O-t0t ....... . ***** Mh Jftft <. h/u an 2**<%> X4)0 t* io f.r. */so (- * A/So )S pdr hydratfft tulfvi * >S phr ftl/Rl cm rv..n a/so * IS phr hyftrataft .iliMlnn u .... a /So * in phr fa/Nt Cm c. * NM.-I Nat. 020 W.aaMl (t tafft f ! ) u..| (c.mtr**l) 14. 1*7. s 147 no ns 1*2 1*9 n 1*7 u n.s 2ft 57 *2 77 11 J* 18.5 u* 2* n* ,5<`> 21 ns 57 ui 2* i* 10 n.o 19.5 17.1 19.5 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.1 19.0 U.O 20.5 19.5 11.0 19.0 *.l (.1 n.s 9.1 U.9 10.1 IJ *1.* aipoaura 11.9 11.1 io.a 19.0, 14.(7> 15.5<> 100U loot 7 or 1001 loot loot 50t ** sot < 901 901 90t 401 *ot l ) 10 4 9 5 2 12 l* 8 7 ft 11 n 11'nil. is tlw wlnlaaa .>aym* lavwl that waa racordad la tka aalaal caga during tapoavrr. Vioj. <i .fata r-nttalnod la Anyandla. * ilratka occurred daring tkt UII or iMadlataly aftar. ^S-wnrat; l*-Wat *'*A Mtp>rrurM flaalbla (uraalatloa. ''''tv an*a at aatartal la this run Wat too bl*; howaaar, Inca wa ara lata a "tharaslly tklek" raglaa, raduclng ct* aaaa ta l*5n will probably aat affaat tka aaaa loaa alptlflcaatly; tbla watarlal will kw rwrua. nil* oktalma by V. I. Taatlas at tfcalr owa aoat. **V.r HU rtallty. - u- D. Discussion Of tha 12 BFC products submitted by us, U. S. Tea ting baa ranked then In the following decreasing order (see Table 2) of hasard: Abaoa > f.r Katana > f.r. Abaon > Geon 8804 > Katana > Geon 83721 > Geon 8730 + 10 phr Fe/Nl > Geoo 8730 + 33 phr hydrated alunlna > Geon 8737 > Hl'Teop wood > Geon 8730 > Geon 8730 + 33 phr hydrated alunlna 4- 3 phr Bl/Nl CPA Thus ten out of the twelve uatarlala are vorae than wood while one notarial is superior to wood and one aaterlal la far auperlor to wood. The worst material was Abson 820X16. This aaterlal literally exploded, (observed by w. c. Bechtel) and rcaultad lathe generation of a rapid, highly concentrated dose of coabustlon gases. The situation In the anlaal exposure cage after 7 minute* Into this experiment la shown In Figure 4; note the brown, heavy smoke - all aaiaels were dead or near death (totally Incapacitated) at this point. A coaent on the wool experiment Is In order. It will be noted In Table 2 that the aanunt of aaterlal tested In the experlewnt with wool was significantly lower than all other experiments. This was done so that another "1001 dead, short time to death" data point was not obtained. Thus, It absolutely can not be concluded that wool la safer than wood because the evaluation was not done on an equal mass basis. If It had been, there Is no doubt In this author's mind that wool would have been one of the worst materials. However, this decision to reduce the mass of wool In tbs expe ment was made on purely analytical grounds. In an attempt to analyte these results, a brief review of the factors that lead to salami mortality Is la ordar. There are t*o significant factors that control anlaal mortality la a combustion-Inhalation experiment: the kinds of combustion gases and the asxxmta of combustion gases. If, for example, there Is evidence that a large amount of coabustlon gases Is generated and animal mortality is low then one muat conclude that the toxicity of those com bustion gases Is low (Case Z). On the other hand, If a samll amount of com bustion gases are generated and animal mortality Is high, then one mist con clude that the toxicity of those combustion gases Is high (Case II). Finally, the third situation la the case where a large concentration of combustion gases are released and animal mortality la high (Case III). In this situation, one cannot conclude anything about the toxicity of tha combustion gases because the detector (salami) has been overwhelmed by either a high concentration of moderately toxic gases a low concentration of highly toxic gas la the presence 21483017 / 15 riMgf *. An Inal Exposure Chxaber After 7 Hlnutaa Into Exporlaenc With Abaon 820X16 41481 l BFG14343 1483Q1S - 16 of a high concentration of non*toxlc uni, Tba significance of tbla final caee la laportanc la viewing our result* at 0. S. Taaclag and trying to understand whv tba anlanla dlad. Idaally we would Ilka to coapare aatarlala on an equal "coacaotracloo of coabustlon products" baa la. However, tbla ia taposalble bacauaa of tha varying thanal atablllty of aatarlala. Soaa producta lltarally explode during tba exposure wblla otbara cand to char and produce a aurface that protacta tba uodarlylag virgin notarial froa tba heat. An exaaple of tba foraar la Abaon 820X16; an exaaple of tba lattar ia Caon 8730 + aaoka ratardaata. Tba analytical naaauraaant that allowa an assessment of tba quantity of tba combustion producta la tba aaaa loaa. Thus, if naterlala ara aaaaaaad In light of thalr naaa loaa during cowbustlan, something can ba aald about tba toxicity of tha coubuatioo producta and why tha anlaila dlad. fortunately tba aatarlala that vara taatad did exhibit a wide range in naaa loaa (10 graaa - 68 graae). If aatarlala ara llatad according to thalr aaaa loaa and ara than coopered on a CUjq baa la, a nuabar of Inter* ic ing eoocluaIona ara reached. Thie 1 lacing la shown below: --------- Material (1) wool (2) f.R. Abaon (3) Gaon 8730 + CM (4) Caon 8730 + by. al. (3) wood (6) Rl-Teap (7) Gaon 8730 + 10 phr CM (8) Gaon 8730 (9) Caon 83721 (10) Gaon 8806 (11) Gaon 8737 (12) lataaa X630 + F.R. (13) Katana X430 (14) Abaon 820X16 Mean loaa, g 10 16.3 18.3 24 26 28 28 36 37 37 62 66 77 82 tu>50, nlnutae 33.5 8.1 no daatha 13.9 39.0 13.8 11.1 41.4 10.8 8.8 14.9 8.3 10.1 6.8 21483019 - 17 x la analyzing this llae and In light of tha ehraa class Ificationa discussed above, 'It la apparent that materials #10 - #14 (sea list, above) fall Into a Class 111 category. That la, these eatsrials are hazardous, not because their combustion produces are especially toalc, but rather because a high concentration of combustion products were foreed. As with any Class 111 outer Lai, we can say nothing about the degree of toxicity of the coabuse loo products. It la Interesting to note that the avenge aass loss to volume ratio for aaterlals #10 - #14 la approxiaataly 700fcg/llter* whereas it is only I20mg/liter* for wood. Clearly the low theranl stability of these materials, and not any unusual set of coabuselon products, Is nsponslble for their poor performance in the test. Materials #4, 5, 6 and 7 all exhibit about ehe aaae aass loss yet the three plastic materials (#4, 4, 7) are significantly worse than wood (#5). inis is, therefore, a Case II situation in which the toxicity of the coabuselon products froa saaples #4, #4, #7 are worse than those froa tha wood control. Coshering material #2 to wood (#3), tha combustion products froa this naterlal ara significantly aore toxic than thosa froa wood. Along tha Sana lines of reasoning, one aust conclude than that tbs toxicity of the combustion products froa saaple #4 (Ceon 8730) is less than that froa tha wood control. Saaple #9 (expanded vinyl) also setae to be a Case IX situation. Comparing this saaple eo staple #8 (rigid 8730), it can be seen that the combustion products froa #9 ara aore toxic (slgiuflcaatiy) than these free stable #8. This comparison of saaple #9 with Ceon 8730 rather than with wood is necessary because of the similarity in aass losses between saapl #9 and Ceon 8730. Finally, aatarials #1 and #3 (wool and Ceon 8730 CFA) present an interesting cate. Material #3 exhibited one of tha lwesc aasa looses and subsequently none of tha anlauls died during tha exposure. Wool fabric (#1) on the other hand exhibited tbs lowest aass loan yet 401 of the aalaals died. Either tha wool fabric is very bad and tha aodlfiad Ceon 8730 la good or tha wool fabric is moderately bad and tha aodlfiad Gaon 8730 is vary good. *Thia value was obtained by the following treatment: H/V aasa loss (an) *1 *1 f3e3 where Vj and V] are the chaaber trolwaa, fj is tha clean air flow into the exporlsant (lltars/ain.) and tj is ty^ (in alautae). BFG14345 21483020 18 la auanery, the above tnatnent Indicate* clue Cher* are two claaaaa of Material* chat art bad but for dlffarant reaaoaa. Ona claia of Material* .(#10 * #14) exhibit* a high dagraa of tonicity of eoabuatlon produce* because a vary high coocaaeraeloo of cowtouation gaaaa an produced. TMa la turn la due eo chaaa Material*1 1cm thoraal a Cab 11 ley la a high te^eratun environ* went. Aaoehar claaa of aaearials (#2, #4, #6, #7, #9 (partupa)] exhibit* a high dagna of CoxlclCy of coabuatloo producta bacauae their coabueelon product* an More toxic than thoaa fro** wood. la the final avaluatloo though (ngulatlona), It really doeaa't aattcr whv a natarlal la worae than wood, only that le la. Tat thla dlatlnctlou 1* laportaat eo ua aInca aolutloaa to one problaa (or claaa) aay not be aolutlooa to another problea. Xt wuat again be eaphaalsad that thaaa experiment* an In eaaeace only a single experleant. Wa know vary llttla about tha raproduclblllty of the teat (It appoara eo be nproducible with reapact to wood) and tha teat will undergo Modification* aa tha acltoca of eoabuaelon toxicology neturea, iw ever, 1 be1 lava thaaa raaulea, whan viewed In light of current naearch In thla field, an naaonabla and auggaat that continuing and *uatalned effort In thla ana la not only Juatlflnd but laportaat to our future growth In the market that la affected by thla kind of laglalatlon. 1BFG14346 21483021 T - 20 - Thla aaceloo caotaiaa a ora choro/ugi Haclng of the aalaal t*ae data chan la coacalaad La Tabla 2. Liatad balow ara: (1) aacar la la caacad (2) Individual aalaal daath tlaaa (3) poae axpoaura daacha and claaa aad (4) evo-waak aurvlval. A n la ll n> *i* tmo>w3i 4O94 mO O tf> o to w9 OQ P*4 ' ui3t u' 0_ cl G 40 N P4 o * ** O o o t*4 PO 4 PN *4 * o P4 ***n mi mi t. m 4*4 m * M -4 O o **** 13 ^4 N p4 O UO (Vi W mO _ o O 40 p4 ^ p4 p< o^ M4 p* mi 5N - ^ p40 **44 40 _o 40 Op4 40 p4 *4 O -1 "o" U9 0 40 p4 IO mi tft * 40 *4 P'4 I lrO- N ^ o 40 o *M4 O*4 CML 41 40 *4 o r4 *4 mi #4 O 40 IO p4 M M9 *4 IO *4 mi o mi o mi o. O fM* O lO OM o o o o *4 *4 mi mi O rA* O m #o o 40 lO lO Od o *4 o *4 o art mi P4 n n p4 o 40 40 40 o fO p4 o *4 Oo 4 M z*4 1 * o 3 u* 3 *2 * : 1 m4 o S- 8 3 344 o 40 o 44 *+ nn n 4 W *4 1S 1 I8 s 8 sa l * 3 8 3 0 3 1 3 aO' s&ll 8 8^ 33 a3 8 8 3 3f A 2P* 40 8 1 o 3 4 8 3 o w 4g4 o 4 i 21483024 BFG14349 T - 22 - YU nbUog|gt\X (1) M. H. O'Hara, "Trip Raport: Utah", 7/13/75, I.O.C. Parc 1 Anlaal Testing at cha University ct (2) H. H. O'Hara, ''Currant Padarally Fwded Studlaa on Toxicity of PVC Coabuaclon Producta", BPCCC Haatlng Report, 8/22/73. (3) H. H. O'Hara, "Exposure of lata to cha Ccabiatlon Producta Trom PVC" (University of Hichlgan Work), BPGCC Technical Report, 12/274. (4) H. H. O'Hara, "FAA-SWRI Statua Raport", BPGCC Technical Report, 10/8/74. (5) H. H. O'Hara, "The Uae of Anlaal Tooting aa a Haw Probe la the BFG Fleaaablllty Progran", X.O.C., 3/27/75. ol (6) R. W. Straaaburg to B. H. C. Zwlcher, "Anlaal Taacing for Pleaclc Coabuaclon Producta", 6/73. (7) H. H. O'Hara, "Anlaal Teating at U. S. Tasting Ccapany, Inc." (Part 1) BPCCC Technical Raport, 4/21/75. (8) H. H. O'Hara, "Anlaal Teatlng at U. S. Taacing Ccapany, Inc." (Part 2) BPGCC Technical Raport, 6/7/73* (9) Technical Raport on this Utah prograa la preparation. (10) H. H. O'Hara, L. S. Sail, "Flaaanblllty of Bycar 1041 Part 2", Staff Technical Raport #328. .Lvi- 21483025 T