Document jBggRNQrj7EoG59bb72E34ML2

1 / e IvJSDICAL o ENGINEERING LEGAL -- decisions and trends / -< ii i INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FACTS f-vun.-i.i t rnn Pacts '5 n irortii !y newt.. -' to industrial concerns fielding me inf v :i intiustn.il Hygiene "ound.ition. T)ic rvim' , -n is a combined rcse.ircfi and service msti'i.1: -n to protect the health of workers in rmluitry, I j ! | j Production Moans Protection and Vicovcrsa :ti: v;r or. Teels mi v:ir~s, industrial production becomes synonymous with America' s :'toction. Put production in turn U' .n.unea protection, prot :caicn of asicty of v.-orlcors v.ho man the nncbir.es, the warriors in overalls. Inc. izc product ion tends to increase health hazards, hence health protection must bo speeded to insure maximum production. The average v.orker canft continue to lose about 3 days u. ye nr through illness -- some 7 tines the loss caused by accidents. Recent Y.Pb announconents state that about 1C nillion more workers "must bo put into war production this year" and tv;o million of these must be new workers, men mi v.ur.rn not now engaged in production," The Foundation's function is to help its member companies keep protection in stop with production emu one of the first st.:.o is an industrial hygiene survey which helps locate and eliminate any health hazards in the work place. These surveys are as essential in maintaining healthful working conditions, as inventories are in maintaining a "healthy" business. Two New Members ana 16 State Subscribers Two more companies have taken out Foundation membership recently, the KOPPERS COMPANY and the DOUCHE CHAIR COMPANY. Meanwhile, 16 state and federal agen cies have subscribed for the Foundation's publications under a new classification re cently created by the Board of Trustees. Publications were previously furnished to governmental agencies on a complimentary basis. The new arrangement was dictated by rising costs and by the growth of industrial hygiene activities among governmental agencies, universities and other non-employer groups. States now subscribing for bull etins are: Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New York, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia end Wisconsin. Health Posters Available: The National Tuberculosis Association advises that its monthly bulletin board poster service is available to Foundation members "for the asking", through their local tuberculosis associations. The posters, strik ing presentations, deal with 3uch basic health subjects as sleep, colds, sanitation and proper food# On the Tubject of Peed: The development of facts can't always keep ?: with developments in communications. For instance, the vitamin story has been : told in some quarters, as management and labor should know. The Journal cf the icon Medical Association makes s^rne pointed comments on this subject in a reccrA; i o suc. co attracts of this report, *>f the recent Army tests, and kindred a.izr. in our March issue of the Industrial hy.-'ivno Dices' Air.;-, of the American A.::-aoi.- -i :.i v.,.11 be _z Cincinnati, /urii l.r-j.7, ii be r.uii^u to i'eunuobi.on ... V.5rc'1., 10 4 2 V j1. VT. No. 3. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa, INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PI GIST Literature and Hews 't ' News Items 244 Course in Industrial Hygiene* ' The Harvard School of Public Health will again give a course in Industrial Hygiene, from April 27 to August 1, 1942, which is open to physicians and engineers who desire training in this field. Tho course will be essentially the same as that given during the past year to three groups of Navy Medical and Engineering offi cers. Credit toward a graduate degree in public health or engineering will be given thoso who successfully complete the work. The tuition charge for the ccurse is $200.00. Further infatuation can be obtained from Cecil K. Drinker, M.D,, Dean,- School of Public Health, Harvard University, 55 Shattuck Street, Boston,Mass. 245 Industrial Health Mootings. Two meetings of high importance in tho field of industrial health are scheduled for next month. The fifth annual meeting of tho National Conforonce of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists will be hoid in Washington, April 9-11. The 27th annual meeting of the American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons and the third annual meeting of the American Industrial Hygiene Associa tion will bo hold at Cincinnati, April 13-17. (A copy of tho preliminary program for tho Cincinnati meeting is enclosed for the infonnation of Foundation members.) 246 Uar -- Ally of Tuberculosis. * A possible rise in the tuberculosis death rate as a result of the war emergency ' is predicted by Dr. Robert E. Plunkett, general superintendent of tuberculosis hospitals, in his annual report for 1941. Intensified industrial programs in- volving long hours and strenuous labor, shifting populations and the consequent '* overcrowding of living quarters, the acceleration of social life incident to higher wage* -- these and other conditions created by war arc exacting a toll in loss of rojSt and relaxation which arc essential to continued good health. Many persons unaccustomed to those deviations from normal living are "burning the can dle at both ends" inviting physical breakdown and paving the way for tuberculosis. Dr. Plunkett points out that most of the countries which have already beer, at war for more than two years have experienced an increase in tuberculosis death rates. Unless wo quicken the tempo of control activities, we nay be faced with a similar misfortune. X-raying of pursers who have been in contact with a case of tuberculosis, of workers in war industries, of individuals in the iov/er economic brackets and other population groups in which tuberculosis plays tho greatest havoc is more important than ever before. The number of new cases of tubercu losis reported in 1941 in New York btr.tc, exclusive of Nov; York City, was C-iio, an increase of approximately 250 ever the number roported in 1940, according to r r vi U ^ ') Industrial Hygiene Digest - 2. provisional figures. It is estimated that the resident tuberculosis death rate vill again be lower tlian that of the previous year, 24.1 per 100,000 compared v.ith 36.2 ill 1040. Health Hows. N.Y. State Dept, of Health, I9_, 24-25 (February 9' 1942). 247 Nov/ Haven Industrial Medical Service. Nov.- Haven County physicians in cooperation with the Department of Preventive Medicine of the Yale School of Medicine have approved the creation of an Indus- tried Medical Service in factories which do not now have adequate medical ser vice. Plans have been drawn up for the organization of the service in five plants in Now Haven County, each having a personnel of not more than 300 persons. The service will consist of a director, v.'ho shall be a physician trained in in dustrial medicine and is to be responsible for administration and for meeting problems in industrial hygicno, and a nurse trained in industrial medicine. A grant to defray some of the initial expenses has been made by the New Haven Foun dation. "It is estimated that two years will be required to determine whether this service is justifiable and-worth continuing or not. At the end of this period the Section of Preventive Medicine of the Yale School of Modicine will review the project. The opinion of the New Haven Medical Association will be solicited at that time." Science, 913, 187 (February 20, 1942). Legal Developments 248 Common Lav; Action A/rainst Employer. Silicosis, An Occupational Disease. Former Disallowance of the Claim by the Commission. Sufficiency of Plea of Compliance with Act. The appellants, dependents of a workman whose death is alleged to have been caused by silicosis, aftor having had their claim under the Compensation Act dis allowed, have filed this suit at common law against the employer, with an alle gation of negligence on its part causing the fatal condition. The employer pleaded in bar its full compliance with the Act, and the plaintiffs filed a replication that the injury and death were not covered by the Act. The suffi ciency of this replication was denied by demurrer, the demurrer was sustained, and from judgment on the demurrer for the defendant the plaintiffs have appealed. The Commission found anu determined that it was not the result of an accident al injury arising out of and in the course of the employment within the provi sions of the Act, and disallowed the claim. This final exclusion from tho oper ation of tho Act, it is argued, loaves unobstructed a right of action for damages at common law. Tho negligence alleged is a failure cf the employer tc furnish the deceased with a reasonably proper and safe place to work, and tc avoid ex posing him to unnecessary danger while engaged in his work, with the result that silicosis brought cn the death. It is agreed that silicosis is an occupation al disease, and at the tine of the decedent's death, the results of occupational diacases wore not compensated under the Act. Acceptance of the present appel lants' contention would require an overruling of the decision in Victory 2; rhlor C' . v:\ Francks, 117 Md. 3\6, notwithstanding its thorough stud;,', and v \ 1 3*1 the c-.-ntinuod ippiicati of its rule during tho years inter*'-.u- ing before passage of the Act vf 1939. And the court docs not find justification f r that action. Judgment : Sf 1 nr.cd. State ox rol Nilsen ct al v. North Fire Prick Co. Md. Ct. of Apv>. Decided February 4, 1942. (CCU). i.> \j . 1 i c O s5 z |c 3O < ce Cs ; O o a a. 2 Om B sa 10 ca Ho C9 MX o (C3 a> 5 oiinn < o So fcr--H?1H H ~2 w & !g-0 o-- 2 3 03 W 3a < H < 2 S O < *3 < X h4 S u H< w a4) * >w30* Hg Zo 5 2o ,, 0 < H* as i u aot*n. Ba0{>w/>) OW " a. 2 g S' * 0 X >S0od) 2 001 S Uh o 2 FOREWORD The American Association of Industnai Physi cians and Surgeons and the American Indus trial Hygiene Association have arranged the following program for their Annual Meeting. The discussions and reports of original inves tigation will center around problems that are of immediate and urgent concern to Ameri can industry in forging the sinews of war. Industrial Physicians, Engineers and Nurses are offered information and instruction in the maintenance of the health of the men whose work will determine the length and the out come of this struggle. | ADVANCE PROGRAM j Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of ! American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons and the Third Annual Meeting of American Industrial Hygiene Association April 13, 14, IS, 16, and 17---Cincinnati, Ohio 4 Monday, April 13, 194-2 Registration -- Gibson Hotel From 8:30 a. m. throughout Monday and on sub sequent days. Registration Fee $2.00 Members attending the morning or afternoon clinics H the Cincinnati General Hospital car. register before or after these sessions, or on the following day. Admission to other meetings of the Convention wii! i be open only to persons wearing the olllctal hmige CC3849 3 i Monthly, April 13, 1912 9:30 Medical Clinic--Cincinnati General Hospital j by Staff of Department of Medicine ; 1. "Hypertensive Vascular Disease in Relation to Industry"--Arthur Freedman. M. 1>. ! 2. "Cardiovascular Syphilis in the Active Period of Life"--J. H. Kotte, M. D. 3. "Polyneuritis--Toxic, Infectious, or Nutri tional?"--Milton Rosenbaum, M. D. 11:30 Dermatological Clinic--Cincinnati General Hos pital. by Leon Goldman, M. I)., and Staff of Department of Dermatology Demonstration and Discussion of Types of Industrial Dermatoses 12:30 Luncheon 2:00 Surgical Clinic--Cincinnati General Hospital, by Staff of Department of Surgery 1. "Management of Head Injuries, Including Fractures of the Skull" (30 Minutes)-- Joseph Evans, M. D. 2. "Treatment of Fractures (a) About the ankle (b) Supracondylar fractures of the humerus (c) Compound fractures i (d) Selected title" (50 Minutes) --John A. Caldwell, M. D., and Associates. 3. "The Compression Treatment of Burns" (20 Minutes)--Vinton K. Siler, M. D. tl 1. "The Bacteriologic Study of Wounds and Burns" t20 Minutes)--\V. A. Altcmeirr, M. D. 5. "Use of Whole Blood and Plasma" <30 Min utes)--Paul Iloxworth, M. D. C0335Q Tuesday, April 14, 1912 Bail Boom -- Gibson Hotel 9:00 Address of Welcome--S. E. Dorst. M. D., Dean College of Medicine. University of Cincinnati. Address of Welcome--John J. Sknvlem. M. D.. President. Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati Response--T. Lyle Haziett, M. D., President. Amer. Ass'n Indus. Phy. & Sur. Response -- Donald Cummings, President. Amer. Indus. Hyg. Ass'n ANNUAL MEETING--American Association of Indus trial Physicians and Surgeons 9:30 Opening Remarks--T. Lyle Hazlett, M. D.. President. A-A.I.P. & S. 9:40 "The Health of the Executive-'--Harold C. Habein, M. D., Rochester, Minn. 10:00 "Cardiovascular Survey of Supervisors" -- William Leigh Cook, M. D., Pittsburgh. Pa. 10:10 "Discussion of Papers by Dr. Habein and Dr. Cook"--Led by Johnson McGuire. M. D., Cin cinnati, Ohio, and A. J. Lanza, M. D.. New York, N. Y. 10:15 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 10:30 "The Preplacemect Examination and Its Sig nificance"--G. H. Gehrmann, M. Wilming ton, Del 10:45 "The Periodic Health Examination and Impor tant Findings Among Garment Workers"-- Leo Price, JL D-, New York. N. Y. 11:00 Panel Conference -- `The Administration of Health Problems"--Edward C. Holmblad, M. D. Chicago, HL, Presiding; a panel of qualified industrial physicians will answer questions on this subject 13:00 Luncheon and Exhibits 1:80 "Recognition of Toxic Effect Upon Workmen Exposed to Toxic Materials"--John Foulger, M. D., Wilmington. Del. 1:50 Panel Conference--"The Treatment of Burns" --Grover C. Punberthy, >L I)., Detroit. Mich.. Presiding; Vinton Siler, M. D., Cincinnati. Ohio. Collaborator 2:50 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 3:05 "Advances in Skin Grafting"--.lames Barrett Brown. >1. D, St. Louis, Mo. Discussion (with Motion Pictures)- Karl C. Padgett. M. !).. Kansas City. Kans. 3:33 Panel Conference--`The Treatment of the Wound in Compound Fracture"--Clay Huy Murray, M. !>., New York. N. Y., Presiding: Ralph G. Caret hers, M. !>., Cincinnati. Ohio. Collaborator; J. Albert Key, M. D.. St. Louis. Mo.. Collaborator: R. Arnold Griswold, M. D.. Louisville, Ky.. Collaborator A :00 Exhibits 6:30 Medical Groups and Company Dinners 8:15 Auditorium--Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. Union Central Building, Fourth and Vine Streets Symposium--"Medical Service for the Small Plant" 1. "The Problem" (15 Minutes) 2. "The Need from the Viewpoint of Industry" (10 Minutes)--Ernest Muehieck, Ambler. Pa. 3. "Some Occupational Hazards that Con front the Small Plant" (15 Minutes' -- .Donald E. Cummings, Denver, Colo. 4. "Practical Methods for Providing Adequate Medical Facilities and Service" (15 Minutes) --Charles-Frnncis Long, >L D,, Philadel phia. Pa. 5. "Relation of Industrial and Private Medi cal Service" (15 Minutes) 6. Discussion led by Victor Heiser, M. D, New York. N. Y. Wednesday, April 15, 1942 Ball Boom -- Gibson Hotel Symposium on Lead Poisoning Part I--Medical and Engineering Methods and Results 9:00 "Measurement of Industrial Lead Exposure by Air Analyses"--John Buxell, St. Louis, Mo. 9:20 "Measurement of Industrial Lead Exposure by Determination of Stippling of the Erythro cytes"--Lester W. Sanders, M. D., Cincinnati. Ohio 9:40 "Measurement of'lndustrial Lead Exposure by Analyses of Blood and Excreta of Workmen"-- Jacob Cholak, Cincinnati, Ohio 10:00 "Lead Poisoning in Industry as a Clinical Syndrome"--William F. Ashe, M. D., Cincin nati. Ohio lo:25 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits Part II--General Surveys and Experimental Studies 10:40 "A Study of the Health of Workers Exposed to Lead in the Manufacture of Storage Bat teries"--W. C. Dreesen, M. D., Washington. D. C. 11:10 "Experimental Studies on Lead Absorption and Excretion in Human Subjects, ami ThenRelation to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lead Poisoning"--A summary and an inter pretation. Robert A. Kehoe, M. I).. Cincinnati. Ohio 11:40 General Discussion 12:30 Luncheon and Exhibits ANNUAL MEETING--American Industrial Hygiene Association 2:00 'Radioactive Luminous Paint"--L. F. Curtiss, Washington, D. C. 3:00 "The Ventilation Requirements for Radium Dial Painting"--W. C. L. Hemeon, Boston, Mass.; R. D. Evans, Boston. Mass. 3:30 "High-Altitude Flying"--J. W. Helm, Dayton. Ohio; Lt. Com. Albert R. Behnke, U. S. N.. Washington, D. C. 4:00 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits Wednesday Evening, April 15, 1942 7:30 Annual Dinner Presentation of KnuUsen Award Speaker to Be Announced t Thursday, April 16, 1942 Boll Room -- Gibxoit Hotel 9:00 "The Metabolism of Nitroparaftins"--E. W. Scott, Cincinnati. Ohio 9:15 "The Absorption. Retention, and Excretion of Fluorides at Normal and Abnormal Levels of Intake"--Willard Maehle, M. .!>., Cincinnati. Ohio; E. J. Largcnt. Cincinnati. Ohio 9:13 "Vitamins and Solvent-Vapsr Poisoning" -- R. W. McKee, Boston. Mass. "Inhibitor Mechanisms Against the Action of Fire Silica-'--L. C. Gardner, M. D.. Saranac Lake. X. Y. U;ir> "Ventilation and Dust Problems Associated with Deep Tunnel Operations in Colorado" (Moving Picture and Talk)--R. J. Owens. Denver, Colo. l*:UO Luncheon and Exhibits "The Casting of Magnesium"--C. R. Williams, Boston, Mass. 1:30 "Physiological Action of Metallic Magnesium" --S. F. Meek, M. D-, Detroit, Mich. 3:0 "Splinter Wounds from Light Metals"--R. Z. Schulz, M. D,, Boston, Mass.; C. W. Walter, M. Dn Boston. Mass. .1:30 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 3: (0 "The Toxicity of Aluminum"--F. F. Heyroth, M. D., Cincinnati. Ohio; J. Cholak, Cincinnati. Ohio 4:0 "The Analysis of Atmospheric Samples of Explosive Chemicals''--F. H. Goldman, Wash ington, D. C. 4:45 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits Friday, April 17, 1942 Ball Boom -- Gibson Hotel 9:0 "Some Recent Observations in Phosphorus Toxicity"--R. B. L. Fleming, J. W. Miller, Washington. D. C. 9:30 "The Clinical Effects of Industrial Exposure to Tellurium Fumes"--H. H. Steinberg, M. D., Chicago, 111. 10:00 `The Toxicity of Lead Chromate"--G. C. liarrold, Detroit. Mich. 10:30 "Health Hazards in Steel Mills"--J. W. FehneJ, New York. N. Y. 11:00 Intermission for Visiting Exhibits 11:10 "A Reliable Procedure for the Evaluation of Exposure to Lead by Spot Urine Sampling"-- l- F, Pekrul, Denver. Colo.: U. C. Lewis, Den ver, Colo.; D. K. Cummings, Denver. Colo. 11:30 "The Determination of Fine Oxide Fumes in Air"--W. G. Fredrick, Detroit. Mich. *-:od Luncheon and Exhibits S:i)0 Business Meeting American Industrial Hygiene Association Projected against a background of war, a new kind of mechanized warfare in which the industrial physician is a veritable field marshal in the strife, the annual meeting at Cincinnati becomes clearly the most important in the twenty-seven-year history of the American As sociation of Industrial Physicians and Sur geons. The industrial physician, surgeon, hygienist and nurse emerge in a vital new roie, and are today winning new recognition. In turn, we must assume the urgent new re sponsibilities which accompany recognition and trust. This challenge to our professional abilities demands our utmost efforts. And how can we better fortify ourselves than by taking advantage of the post graduate institute of in struction which has been arranged for us at Cincinnati? Fittingly, the program for this criti cal year is one of the most comprehensive in our history. The caliber of the specialists who will participate affords us an opportunity for invaluable information and-personal contacts. To say that we must attend this meeting is an understatement. Not only must we attend, but also we must utilize this opportunity to the fullest. Cincinnati is a challenge. I will look forward with keen pleasure to seeing you there. T. Lyle Hazlett, M. D.. President. American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons. Iindustrial Hygiene Digest - 3. ''40 Silicosis of Foundry honker. F^undr^ V.'ork as Promoting Silicotic Condition. C-v.wa.i Aclatian with Tuberculosis. Applicant had worked as a rr.oidor in foundries for ccr.e tv/enty-five tc thirty veers. The last fifteen or sixteen years of his employment was at plaintiffs foundry, 'He had his right ley amputated above the knee because of tuberculosis of the knoc joint. Applicant had had tuberculosis during chiiahood and this left a primary focus in the lung. An x-ray of applicant's chest was taken in 1931 c.nd this disclosed a disputed stage of silicosis, as v/oil us the old tuberculous infection. The examiner found that applicant's silicosis resulted from his occu pation as a molder and his employment at plaintiff's fo'indry; that the silicosis was a material factor in reactivating tho pulmonary tuberculosis; and that appli cant suffered from an occupational disability. The first attack upon the findings is that there was no substantial evidence that work at plaintiff's plant contributed to produce applicant'3 silicosis. It was virtually conceded upon the record that plaintiff's plant was an ordinary foundry; and that persons work ing there were subjected tc silica dust. It was inferred that work for this em ployer had tended to promote the silicotic condition. It appears to us that this is a .legitimate and substantial inference. A more difficult problem i3 the causal relation between applicant's silicosis and the clinically active tubercu losis ultimately developed by him. There is positive ovidor.ee by applicant's doctors that the silicosis was a material factor in keeping pathologically alive the tuberculous lesion or lesions in applicant's lung; that tho presence of sili cosis predisposed applicant to reactivation of tho tuberculosis, either spontan eously cr by contact with germQ of tho disease. Upon the evidence, the com mission was entitled to find that silicosis was a material causative factor. Judgment affirmed. Milwaukee Malleable and Grey Iren Works et al. v. Indus trial Comr.d.3sicn of 'flic, ct ?1. Vis. Sunreme Ct. Decided February 10, 1942.. (CCK). 250 Tubercular Pneumonia. Silicosis. Post-Mermen on Part of Body. Appeal from an award in favor of dependents cf Tallis Turks. The cause of death was tuberculosis pneumonia, associated with silicosis. Appellant insists that there is no evidence that a quantity of silica was present necessary to cause silicosis according tc the standard of the United States Department of Labor. There is no requirement that such proof be made. The evidence is ample that silica v/as present in sufficient quantity to cause silicosis and rosuLt in death. Turks died August 3, 1939. An autopsy v/as performed on October 23, 1940, on decedent's lungs, the body having been interred. Appellant contends that the entire body had to be produced. The statute docs net require an examination of more of the body than is needed to discover the cause of death. Award affirm ed. Harbiscn-.Yalkcr Refractories Co. v. Turks et al. Ind. Appellate Ct. Decided March 4, 1942. (CCK). -51 Paralysis. Neurosis. Post-traumatic Hysteria. Anxiety Neurosis. Shock. Dis ease ^suiting from Injury. Appeal from an award of the Industrial Ccnr.iiscion for temporary, and permanent partial disability. It is the contention of respondent that petitioner's condition is one of functional paralysis caused by an anxiety neurosis induced by the accident alono end not by the injury, and that such a condition is net compensable. All the parties agree That it is post-traumatic neurosis of come Tho commission v/as justified in believing: that the condition v/as what is ktv-iv.n as poet-traumatic hysteria, rather than ..nxicty neurosis, and this former a f ncurwis ;v:-.only on.vs it:::, shoe:: rw'Uting i'r:;:: sene accident. ./ this show a ''oiocauc r .'o Ating from an injury"? The answer uopenis up ' n '.other cniock is loyally an injury. A nervous shock caused by an accident is a a.,'.unable "injury." Since a shock is a compensable injury, and neurosis is o 0\) 0"^/r'\"'.- "*yi Industrial Hygiene Digest - t disease, a hysteria neurosis caused by a shock is a "disease resulting from an injury." Petitioner's neurosis was the result of traumatic shock and was r.ct due to a deep-set fear or apprehension. Award affirmed. American Jm.-l-irw: and Refining Co. v. Industrial Commission of Arizona ot al. Ariz. Supremo Ct. Decided March 9, 1112. {C'-iLi . 252 "Freon 12" Poisoning. rumor from Air Conditioner. Employee. Control. Traumatic Injury, work Partly 7.1 tain and without Ohio. The dcccucut, Krull, a `.voider, v.-as hired by the Carlson Electric Co. to repair an air conditioning unit, refrigerated by "Freon 12," a chemical containing poisonous elements. The Carlson Company transported Krull from Ohio tc Pennsyl vania where the welding was done, in closed quarters. While the unit had been drained, Krull's torch vaporized the fluid, and he became ill several hours there after. He subsequently died and, upon appeal from an order of the Industrial Commission denying compensation, compensation was awarded by the lower court. This appeal followed. The test of Krull's status is whether the Carlson Electric Co. had control over the means and method of perforating the work as well as over the result. Carlson Electric Co. procured some of the material used in the welding operation, and had control of the time, place and manner of doing the work, which was required to be dene as directed by its inspector. The term em ployee means every person who may be directed by any employer, in consideration of profit, to engage in any employment, or to go, or work, or be at any time in any place of employment. The traumatic injury was the breaking down of the blood structure and lung tissues resulting from a poisonous gas. If an Ohio- hired, injured or killed Ohio employee of an Ohio employer is required to per form part of the work in Ohio, though a portion of the work is to bo performed in another state, he or his dependents con recover under the Workmen's Compensa tion Act, The evidence established that Krull prepared flux for the job in Ohio, the day before the injury was received. Thus, part of the work was per formed in Ohio. Judgement affirmed. Krull et al v. Industrial Commission cf Ohio. Ohio Ct, of App. Decided December 3, 1340. (OCH). 253 Silicosis. Time and Conditions of Employment Disputed. Summary Judgment Erroneous This is an appeal from a summary judgment for the defendant entered in an action for permanent partial disability from silicosis, acquired while working in the appeleo's limestone quarry, Tho question was whether the plaintiff s alleged condition was due solely to exposure before September 1, 1935. The appellant alleged and testified that the disease was wholly contracted when working for the appellee before September 1, 1935 and that in his subsequent work he was not ex posed to the hazards complained of. The appellee filed affidavits that its records disclosed that there was no substantial change in the conditions under which tho appellant worked. With the material fact as to whether or not the appellant had been exposed to a dust hazard during the time ho worked for the appellee after September 1, 1935 left as uncertain as it was, it was error to grant the motion for summery judgment. Judgment reversed and cause remanded. MeSlv.'nin v wickwire Spencer Steel Co. N.Y. D.S.C.C.A., 2d Cir. Decided February 21, 1342. (CCH). Dermatitis. Finding of Poisoning by Either or Both of Ty.to Substances Sustained. Evidence. "' Claimant, in the performance of her work, vns required to use formalin, crccsol C'- :;-rd, wcoc alcohol, and mercury. She developed dermatitis, for which :n av.-.nrd was made. ..'hen away from her work her condition cleared, but when she v/ent back there would be a recurrence. Medical experts stated that various f\ctcre might have contributed to her condition. They listed as pertinent tc her conuiticn mercury and wood alcohol. Claimant's employers challenge the rw n{j o^ vr' 01 i injustriol Hygiene Digest - 5, industrial commission's finding that claimant became disabled by reason of or. occupational disease due to contacting mercury end/or v;ood alcohol in the course of her employment, cr. the ground that the finding docs not specify one of the- occupational diseases. The burden of proof in a compensation ease is upon the employee, and a recovery carnet root merely on speculation; but if the proof furnishes reasonable bases for an inference that the injury was the causo of employee's ailment, it is sufficient. Such proof was furnished ana the findings are sustained. V.'horc legal cause and harmful effects have been shown by competent evidence, liability fellows although other causes may have lent their aid. The facts inevitably load tc the conclusion that employee suffered mercury and/or wood alcohol poisoning. Order affirmed. Ilvornstoen v. Z7cl3on ot ol Minn. Supreme Ct. Decided February 20, 1942. (CCH). 255 Occupational Disease. Heart Disease Aggravated by Employment. Validity of Court Order Referring Case to 1-Ton-Existing Medical Board. Appeal by claimant from the order of the Co-art of Common Pleas of Delaware Coun ty, to March Term 1941, No. 42. No. 164. Claimant filed a claim alleging that her husband's death was the result of an occupational disease. Defendant denied that death occurred as the result of any occupational disease and alleged that his death was caused by a decompensated rheumatic heart disease, unconnect ed with his employment. The referee found that the claimant's husband died of rheumatic heart disease, aggravated by carbon disulphide poisoning contracted whilo employed by defendant, and awarded compensation. The board affimed the award. Defendant appealed to the court below, which remitted the case with directions to submit medical questions tc the Medical Board. Claimant appealed. Although two years and five months have passed since the Act of 1939 became- effective, no medical board has been appointed tc perform the functions given it under the act. Therefore, the courts cannot direct the Workmen's Compensation Board to refer medical questions to the determination of a board that does not ` exist. Workmen*s compensation eases cannot be indefinitely suspended. The Occupational Disease Act of 1939 makes the V/o riar.cn's Compensation Board the ul timate fact finding body and provides that the Board shall accept the findings of the medical board as conclusive. Until there is a medical board, the Work men's Compensation Board can make its own findings. Order of the court be low reversed, and record remitted to that court to determine whether the find ings of the Board are sustained and whether they support the award. Plaumhor v. Ano ican Viscose Corporation. Penna. Superior Ct., East. Dist. Decided February 28, 1942. (CCH). 256 Frostbite. Aggravation of Pre-Existing Disease. Appeal from the Judgment of the Court of Common Pleas No. 6 of Philadelphia County, as of June Term 1940, No. 4813. No. 78 The Claimant, was employed as a butcher in a refrigerator room of defendant's meat packing plant, for approxi mately throe years prior to September 8, 1936. On that date he was obliged to cuit work by reason of the painful condition of his feet and has boon totally and permanently disabled ever since. Later, claimant required hospitalization, jni both logs had to be amputated. He sought compensation under our Workmen's *.ompcnsaticr. Act upon the theory that the loss of his legs was caused by an in jury by nr. accident in the course of his employment, within the meaning of Sec tion 301 of the statute, 77 Pi Section 411, by having his feet frostbitten as m-sult of exposure to excessive cell. he re: croc evade e.v;:.ra ' try that element's j:b mvnirea him to v.-ork, with wot foet, in a refr: ter roam in which the tempera tare was very lev; and colder than usual cr. vr.ber 7, 193G; that he had Bisvagar's disease prior to that date; end that temperature of the room wn.-. a contributory factor in producing the disea~< procip tinting the gangrene he nuis.vuently developed. The boara set :.:i rW- OU 7 \^> V-7- - Industrial Hygiene Digest - 6. the findings or fact of the referee and found that the room in which claimant worked vras no colder cn September o, 1326, than it had been on many previous occasions; tint the amputations of claimant's legs were caused by a natural affliction, to wit, Euorgor's disease, and not because of any accident, within the meaning of the statute; and that the wut floor and the atmospheric condition, in the refrigerator on September 8, 1036, was not a contributing factor in aggra vating the Buerger's disease and bringing about the amputations. The avm.rd of the referee was set aside and an order of disallowance of compensation entered. Claimant then appealed to the court below which dismissed his exceptions and entered judgment ir. favor of the employer. Tims appeal by the claimant fcllov.-ed. The single question of law presented is v/hether the substituted findings of fact of the board arc supported by substantial competent evidence. Under the testimony presented the board was fully warranted, in the exercise of the powers exclusively committed to it, in setting aside the findings of the referee and substituting its o\m to the effect that appellant when stricken was not working under any abnomal or unusual conditions. Moreover, the findings of the board that there was no connection, either by vray of causation or aggravation, between the wet floors and atmospheric conditions under which appellant was working when disability overtook him and the pre-existing Buerger's disease with which he had admittedly been suffering for a long time, are supported by substantial competent testimony. Judgment affirmed. Lakett v. Armour and Co. Foma. Superior Ct., East. Dist. Decided February 23, 1942"! (CCK!~ 257 San Joaquin Valley Fever. Salesman's Infection Arising out of and in the Course of Employment, Causal Ccnnection. Petitioner, the insurance carrier, seeks to annul an av/ard to the employee, Ehrhardt, for disability caused by the disease known as San Joaquin Valley fever. Ehrhardt is a travelling salesman engaged in selling the employer's products in California, Arizona, Now Mexico and Texas. Tho Industrial Accident Commission found that Ehrhardt contracted the disease while in San Joaquin Valley on the business of his employer. The evidence supports that finding. Considering that the disease is endemic in San Joaquin Valley, that tho spores causing it are found there, that it is acquired by an inhalation of those spores, that Ehrhardt had not been in San Joaquin Valley except in tho course of his employment, that physicians testified that tho disease was contracted there and that the probabil ities wore one hundred to one that he contracted it there, it cannot be said that tho Commission was not justified in its conclusion. There must be a causal ccn nection between the employment and the injury; tho mere fact that the injury occurred while tho employee was in his master's service is not sufficient. The opinion of medical witnesses that Ehrhardt contracted the disease in the San Joaquin Valley while there in the service of his employer, satisfies tho require ment. Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support an award of the Com mission. Award affirmed. Pacific ~hiblo?,,,ers Ins. Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission of the State of California ct al. Calif. Supreme Ct. Decided Feb ruary 27, 1942. (CCK). 253 Tuberculosis Claim not Allcv:cd. A laborer employed by a Central Ohio electric plant applied for compensation, alleging that he had been forced to quit work on March 12, 1941, as a result of pulmonary tuberculosis contracted while in the course of his employment. He attributed his condition to being repeatedly drenched with cold water while "shooting tubes" in n condenser. The employer declined to certify the applies- li.'.i and it was referred f. r irv.w r= tipati^n. The investigator found that the claimant was 19 years of recently out of high school and had worked for employer only a few ninths. il.molly, he worked as a laborer assembling tar- CO o o Ir/iustriul Hygiene Digest - 7. but had been assigned to cleaning the condenser, a part of the turbine, an oper ation which is of such a nature that the operator gets drenched with water. Az the result of this exposure, the claimant ali'.ges ho developed pneumonia and after six wouks returned to work. In about ten lays he began to feel badly and v.-'.e sent to the Tuberculosis Clinic for treatment. While the medical department held that evidence of c specific injury was lacking ana that it medically dis- craved what appears to bo an occupational disease claim, the claims revinv.-er v.-ao inclined to the opinion that the circumstances warranted approval of the . claim as an injury claim rather than an occupational disease claim. The Com mission inclined to this opinion end ordered that the claim be allowed as an in jury claim. Chio Ind. Comm. Monitor, 1C,, 29 (February, 1942). 239 Irritation by "Procitc". The claimant in this case, employed for several years as a tipple man by a coal company, applied for compensation, alleging that he had been disabled as the re sult of chemical bums arising from the handling of a preparation known as "Procite." The employer did not certify the application, but the company's safe ty director informed the investigator that several other employees had complain ed of the irritating effects of the chemical, which v/as used in the treatment of coal. In the claimant's case, inhalation of the fumes caused a burning sensa tion in his nos and eventually burned a hole in the nasal septum. 'Chile the medical investigator reported there was no necessary disability involved, the claims investigator held that the record indicated the claimant had lost some ' time as a result of an operation on his nose. Ke recommended that the claim be allowed and the Commission sc ordered. Ohio Ind. Comm. Monitor. 15, 29, (February, 1942). 2 60 Fatal Heat Stroke of Craneman. In this case, a cupola craneman was overcome by heat while changing a cupola on August 8, 1941. He left nc dependents and the question before the Commission was a natter of nodical and funeral bills, the victim of the stroke having succumbed the fcllcvmng day. The claim investigator found that on the day the decedent suffered the attack he ?/as working under conditions of unusual heat. The excessive outside temperature emphasized the artificial heat conditions attending the job. He suggested in his report that it v.ns obvious that the claimant did not suffer a specific accidental injury in the ordinary accepted meaning of this tom, for there was nc trauma, no slipping or falling and no overexertion. "There are two lines of reasoning," he said, "as to whether or net exposure to heat, v/hich is not unusual exposure to the party exposed, if the heat is greater than that to which the ordinary public is exposed, constitutes a compensable injury within the me<oning cf the Workmen's Compensation Law." Citing a umber of court decisions in similar cases, the reviev/er was of the opinion that the claim should be recognized as compensable. The Commission ordered tho claim allowed and that medical and funeral bills be paid. Ohio Ind. Cw.ir.i, Monitor. 15, 23 (February, 1942). :dl rkingin a Confined Area Fxnosed to Sun Causes Heat Prostration. employee sustained a heat stroke while at work digging a pier footing, The loer fooling was about eight by eight feet in area and was being excavated within larger excavation of about forty by fifty feet that v/as about ton feet bcle ho stirfnco of the surrounding ground. The employee had been at work a oo ut i / h.-'urs in th: afternoon when he wan stricken. Tho evidence shewed tho t it clear sunny day, which was unseasonably hot. Ah award was granted. held tliat the employee hoe suffered a compensable injury that "arose cu` '* in tho course of employment" si~cc he had been exposed to a degree gro: IT t t that cf other persons in the vicinity. Zucchi's Caso. (Mass.) 37 I.VO (October, 1941). Occup. Hazards 4^ 27 (February, 1942). pPa9 a ' j s.' 0 0 . Inuustrial Hygiene Direct - S. 62 Vacaun Cleaner v.orkr.an Gets Award for Dust Disease. The employee worked for an employer engaged in tho business of cleaning and re pairing old vacu'in cleaners. The employee contracted a dust disease, and it v;as hold by tho .industrial 3oard, and affirmed by tho Appellate Division of the New Yorh Supreme Court, that an av.-ard should be granted for the resulting disability. ftnro.tky vs* Dti^ussnnn. (N.Y.) 30 N.Y. Supp. 2nd 330 (November, 1941). Cccup. iiazards. 4_, 27 (February, 1942). 263 Dermatitis Award Refused. The evidence in tr.is case shov:ed that a florist*s employee developed a shin rash characterized as dermatitis v;hich cane from handling flowers in connection with his work. The shin condition was not covered by the Nov; Jersey workman's Com pensation Act. Tho Court stated that the employee had not suffered an "accident" nor an "accidental injury" and v/as not entitled to compensation. Van Orden vs. Dave1 s Flowers Inc. (N.J.) 23 Atl. 2nd 387 (December, 1941). Cccup. Hazards. 4, 2 (March, 1942). 264 Silica Dust Aggravates Tuberculosis. An employee who previously had tuberculosis worked for two years as a rock crush er. The action of silica dust, to which tho employee was exposed in his work, aggravated and lighted up his latent tubercular condition and caused his death. The Court hold that this unexpected action of the silica dust constituted an "accidental injury." The fact that the employee had a predisposition to tubercu losis did not bar his right to compensation. An a?/ard was granted. Dobbs vs. Bureau of Highways. (Idaho) 120 Pac 2nd 263 (December, 1941). Occup. Hazards. 4, 22 (March, 1942). . 265 Cutlino of State Agencies Administering Labor Laws. Bull. No,49, pp. 186. Div. of Labor Standards. U.S. Dept, of Labor. Washington, 1941. For sale by Cupt. of Documents, Washington, D.C. - 40d. This bulletin is designed to acquaint individual workers, labor organizations, employers, State and Federal administrators, community groups, and students v/ith tho general subject matter of State labor laws and the agencies administering them. No attempt has boon made to analyze tho laws in full. The brief listing of subjects, however, suggests certain standard typos of lavra. At the end of the pamphlet will be found a list of the chief executive officers of the agen cies. The outline is looaclcaf form, so that revisions, which are to be issued at least once a year, may be easily inserted. Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects Desert on 'Workers Sxnoscd to Cotton catting Dust, A.H. Smith. N.Y. State Dept. cf Labor Inn. Bull., 1, 84-56 (February, 1942). It appears that n group of workers exposed to cotton dust shewed no more evi dence of the ordinary respiratory infections than do non-dusty industrial groups A small percentage (3V)) gave a history cf what may be interpreted as an .allergic !C*.i;n to cotton dust. A' not'her group of workers reacted.to.th.e d.us.t by.the r of c our hi*-" and sneezing without ..:;y ether effects when exposure tor- ;i c ol oxami t i < <n: nose, throat ana lungs failed to shew d'trig of inrortar.ee other than a mild infection of nasal and pharyngeal mu- fvj nU eD Uo *. I.userid Hygiene Digest - 9. membranes in about half of those entrained. X-rny examinations of the lungs did rot reveal any evidence of dust effects. Under these circumstances, it wo-ild zy.it duct control in plants of this type may reasonably be limited to the measures in offset at this plant, namely the application of oil sprays. The few individuals who find themselves affected by "dust fever," like allergic individ uals in other occupations, would do better to find employment elsewhere. 257 Pulmonary Diseases in Mining# Anonymous. Mine & Quarry Eng., 205-10 (August, 1941). An account of investigations which demonstrated the significance of dust in re lation to all pulmonary diseases in miners. Among other topics discussed arc: the incidence of pulmonary diseases, prevention of dust diseases, dust concen trations and duration of exposures, dustiness of operations, methods of dust control, and advisability of periodic medical examination of workers. 253 Absorption, Accumulation and Excretion of Ingested Silica. J.L. Webb and others. Jour. Ind, Kyg., 24, 43-45 (March, 1942). Ingested silica causes no signs of cataract or other pathological changes in the rat, nor docs it have any influence on their growth rates. A certain fraction of the ingested silica can bo absorbed from the gastro-intcstinal tract; most of this is excreted in the urine but a small amount is accumulated in the tissues. Tho liver and spleen arc tho most active in this regard. -- Author's summary. 259 Dust Counts and Their Significance. N.R. Berny. Heat., Pip., & Air Cond., 14, 173-175 (March, 1942). This is tho first of a series of articles in v/hich will bediscussed the methods employed in tho evaluation of dust exposures. The types of sampling and count ing instruments and the various factors involved will be' discussed. This arti cle deals with the Greenburg-Smith impingcr, also the Sedgwick-Raftcr and Hatch cells. The author points out the possible errors inherent in dust counting prac tices and shows how an error of only two or three particles in the average 1/4 microscopic field may produce a final error of one million. The factor influen cing tho absolute error becomes greater with high concentrations necessitating excessive dilutions end is especially an item in dorkfield counting, which in cludes a much greater size range. ' 270 Lung Turners in Mice. Incidence as Affected by Inhalation of Certain Carcinogenic Aaents and Some Dusts. J.A. Campbell. Brit. Med, Jour., No.4232, 217-221 (February 14, 1342). (Groat Britain). All six dusts or mixtures of dusts tested (a_ precipitated silica containing ncthylcholanthrene; b_ steel grindings; c. a mixture containing equal parts of alumina, procipitated silica, and brovm oxide of iron; .d a radioactive dust from Czechoslovakia; 0 mixture containing the seme as plus calcium carbonate; t_ o sample of tarred road dust) increased the incidence of primary lung tumors in mice; in all experiments taker, together the increase (of incidence) in mice liv ing ten months or longer was threefold that for controls. Certain of the in creases wore not as impressive as expected. Some of these dusts (Czechoslovak, tarred re-ad, silica, iron oxide) arc under suspicion as causes cf lung tumors in man. Efforts to inhibit lung tutors .vith alumina or calcium were unsuccessful. Ihc dusts produced about a f-ur-frld increase in the incidence of hyperplasia cf Iy.;h tissue in the lungs and a throc-feid increase for trnclieo-bronchiol lymph ''* There v.aale. an increas.; in the incidence cf pneumonia. Silicotic a aaios varo produced in tho traehac-br aichinl lymph glands of mico breathing ur.-rph.us silicn; tlds confirms the first (1940, 1941, came author) durr.enetrati-n i.-i* silicosis preducod without the crystal unit of quarts. 003852 r.iujtrloi Hygione Digest - 10. '1 .`"ili-o^io Ar.-or.r Kovel Founbrm.on, Brown and V,'. E. Klein. 'J.S. -'Java! trjj 4;;-52 (January, 184a;. findings of a neuicul survey of 4o4 employees of the steel and non-ferrous f or. . rios of the. K-.vnl Gun Yuetory, Kovy Yard, Washington, D.C., arc reported r d on the occupational history, clinical examination of the lungs and heart o : rmiogrnphs of the chest. Yhc occupational distribution was as follov;s: la .re and voider helpers 53.5-,.; helpers, general, -and chippers 18.2,-; laborers, c__ m, .r.d electric cre.ncr.aan 8.4-o; ncltcrs and sandblasters 5.1/-; .miscellaneous C.6,-. Distribution by total duration of silica dust exposure: 68.6^ had been opposed in other feundries prior te the present employment; 43.7,1 were in the 1- to 9- and 10- to 14-year duration expos`are groups and 45.7 per cent in the i;r. ups ranging from 14 years to 40 years and over. X-ray findings: the U. S. i'uULic Health Service classification vans utilized. 36.^5 of the eases fell in categories A and B, that is, v/ith normal lung markings or first- and second-de gree exaggeration of linear pluncnic markings. 13.2$ fell in categories C and D or the earliest indications of dust induced pulmonary changes with fine dis crete nodules stcreosccpicolly and pathologically. 0.4$ were in category E characterized by first-degree disseminated nodules up to the size of miliary tubercles. None were found in categories 1 or G. Eleven silicosis cases arc re ported by x-ray, 10 first stage and 1 second stage; cne case occurring in 10- to 14-ycar exposure group as the shortest and 1 in the 40-year and over group as the longest period of dust exposure. The incidence v:as 2.455. Seventeen borderline cases were reported by x-ray or an incidence of 3.7$; 82.3 of those falling in the occupational duration group of 25 to 29 years or above. The incidence of tuberculosis by x-ray was 2.4$ or 11 cases; 1.1$ being consistent with possible clinical activity end 1.3$ as of healed or arrested reinfection type. 372 The Effect of Oxygen Lack on the Cerebral Circulation. 3P.C. Courtice. J. Physiol., 100. pp. 196-211 (September, 1341). The cerebral circulation as measured by the arteriovenous 02> differences be- tv;ccn the arterial and the sinus blood, the lactic acid content of the blood pressuro and the pulmonary ventilation have been determined in chloralosed cats exposed to varying degrees of Og lack. The cerebral circulation and the pul monary ventilation do not increase until the inspired air contains less than about 15$ 0o With lower Og tensions they increase gradually at first and then more rapidly. Associated with those changes is a rise in the blood lactic acid content. The cerebral circulation with more severe degrees of anoxaemia is increased partly by a rise in blood pressure and partly by a dilatation of the cerebral vessels caused by the rise in lactic acid. The tension of Og in the brain tissuo as judged by the tension in the sinus blood falls rapidly with de creasing Og tension in tho inspired air, the chief mechanism preventing this fall from being greater being the S-shapo of tho 03 dissociation curve in moderate anoxaemia* -and an increase in pulmonary ventilation and cerebral circulation in severe anoxaemia. -- Author's summary. Exposure to Known Concentrations cf Carbon Monoxide. R.F. Sievcrs and d.ji.n.A., 118, 585-- Coo { eomry t-1, 1942). Examination of a group of 156 Holland Tunnel traffic officers exposed throughout a period of thirteen years to an occupational carbon monoxide exposure averaging part of carbon monoxide per 1C,0CQ parts of air did not reveal any evidence i injury tc health attributable to carbon monoxide exposure. '*f Continuous Br-;a in<"' ;xi: mm' --'in unts cf Carbon a. Kii.iyamn. 1. oriental Xou., 35, 1-86 (1041). r* thu effects cf continuous breathing of .ir containing 0.2,' carbon 'ibo for two tc seven v.-ucks on the general system, blood picture, arteri'A o /* -a O o - Industrial Hygiene Digest - 11. blood gooes, cardiographic and roentgenological pictures of rabbits is reported. A1though the carbon monoxide content of the blood gradually increases from ini tial to later periods, the ratio of carbon monoxide-hemoglobin to total hemo globin stays constant. The blood carbon dioxide content shows a deficit. Arter ial blood oxygon decreases more than carbon monoxide-hemoglobin formation at the beginning, but later becomes greater than the ratio indicates. Reduced hemo globin increases, even after bleed oxygen increases. After breathing of carbon monoxide ceased, the symptoms become worse; and in spite of the disappearance of carbon monoxide from the blood, reduced hemoglobin, is markedly increased and the oxygen-saturation pov/r of arterial blood is very low with ultimate death due to cardiac damage. 275 Diesel Engines Underground, Part III. Effect on Exhaust-Gas Composition of Oper ating Zr.rincs in Mixtures of Hemal Air and Natural Oas. li.A. Elliott and ethers. U.S.Bur. of Mines, Kept, of Invest., No.3584. (September, 1941). The effect of adding natural gas, in concentrations below the lower inflammable limit to the intake air of Diesel Engines, on exhaust gas composition was deter mined at different speeds and power output within the normal operating range. It was found that concentrations of carbon monoxide, aldehydes and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust were much greater than when the intake consisted only of normal air. Results show that for underground operation the concentration of natural gas in the intake air could reach 0.5# by volume without necessitating an in crease in the air volume needed for ventilation when using normal air. This . agrees with the Eureau of Mines* Safety Board Decision 19, which requires that combustible gases shall not exceed 0.25# when internal combustion engines are used underground. If the air volume required for normal operation of a Diesel engine underground does not dilute the natural gas to this concentration, then sufficient ventilation must be provided to accomplish this result. Considerable data are also furnished by these results on the mechanism of combustion in Diesel engines and suggest the possible value of the addition of combustible gases to intakes as an experimental technique. :7S Diesel Engines in Tunneling; Operations. W.B. Harris and others. Tech.Pub. No.1449. Am. Inst.of Min. & tiet.Engrs*, Min.Tech., 3 (March, 1942). The New York Labor Department has conducted extensive hygienic studies on Diesel engines under actual operating conditions in tunnels. Trucks, bulldozers, and locomotives driven by these engines have been tested during all typical tunnel ing operations. They have operated from both shafts and portals and in dead-end runs and tunnels open at each end. Their conclusions: (1) Diesel-powered machinery can be safely and satisfactorily used underground if careful adherence to certain strict regulations is maintained. (2) The Now York State Labor Depart ment has issued such regulations to govern the use of Diesel engines in under ground operations in New York State. (3) During all types of operating condi tions, these regulations have been found to stand the test of practical applica tion and adequate control. (4) The first section of requirements covers the de sign and maintenance of the engines. The main points of this section are: (a) 20:1 minimum air-fuel ratio, (b) the exhaust gases must be cooled and scrubbed, (c) before discharge the exhaust must be diluted at least 10 times. (5) The second section covers allowable limits of contamination. Careful correlation cf all factors has shown that tno control of carbon monoxide to the set limit of C.CC2 per cent affords control cf all noxious elements, (6) The third section is coveted to the requirements of ventilation, which have beon found adequate to the required control. The governing factor in this section requires l'-ot i minimise of 10,000 cu. ft. per minute of mechanical ventilation be main tained in any area for every engine that is cr may bo operated in that area. 00 ?G Lai Hygiene Digest - 12. ?7 dhc Load Citrate Cenpiox J.on and its Polo ir. the Physiolcmv end Therapy of Lo*d ivV/. Ll ;ieg. Chen., 142, lbi-102 (j^nnry, 194lT". The- citrate ion is shown to i'ora with Ffc a soluble complex ion cf the form. IbCit-. The lactate, acetate and ascorbate ions else fom complexes with ?b which disseeiatc much more readily. Hvidcncc is presented that the normal bleed citrate constitutes u physiological mechanism for the removal of load from the body. It is suggested that the aoministration of citrates may constitute a safe end effective therapy in pluncisu. -- Author's cun.-.ary. 7S leueo ar.d Prevention of Lead Pci.-oning, R. Medellin. Ingenieria (Mexico) , 15. U'cptenbor, 1941). (Spanish). A discussion of the cause and prevention of lead poisoning in industries v.-hcre that metal is used. 79 The Effect of Lead Acetate on Oxygen Uptake of Rat Liver Slices. H. D. Baernstcin and J.A. Grand. Proc.Am.See.3iol,Chemists, p.7, (April, 1941). Rat liver slices were studied in two wayss (1) by measuring oxygen uptake (a) in suspensions of lead phosphate and (b) in solutions of a soluble lead citrate complex, and (2) by first immersing the tissue slices in Ringer's solution con taining lead acetate and then measuring cxygen uptake in Ringer-phosphate. The direct method (i,a) which was also used by previous workers gave 12.8 per cent acceleration of oxygen uptake when the pH factor was controlled and a 78 per cent inhibition when it was not controlled. This confirms the previous work. Method l,b showed a 10 per cent inhibition but the availability of the lead in combination v.lth citrate is unknown. Precipitation reactions showed that neither iodide nor sulfate could remove the lead from combination but that phosphate could do so. (2) Previous immersion of slices for 30 minutes in Ringer's solu tion. containing 0.001 end 0.002 M lead acetate (pH5.0) followed by cxygen uptake measurement in Ringer-phosphate at pH7.4 showed 12 and 24 per cent inhibition respectively. When these values were corrected for irreversible acid injury, the net inhibitions were 2 and 14 per cent. 30 The Effect of Protein Intake on Lead Poisoning. H.D. Baernstein, J.A. Grand, and P,A. Neal. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists, p. 8, (April, 1941) . V.`hitc rats were fed synthetic diets containing casein 6, 13, 20, dextrin 44, 27, 30, sucrose 15, salts 4, agar 2, corn oil 10, cod liver oil 5, milk vitamin con centrate 21, ryzamin B 2. ICO @n. portions cf 6 per cent casein diet were sup plemented with 0.5 gjn. of l-cy3tine and dl-methionine respectively. 1.5 gn. of lead chloride were added to 100 gm. portions of ail diets. 13 per cent casein diet was also supplemented with 0.5 per cent NagiiPO^, 1.0 por cent and 0.5 per cent lead chloride respectively. Groups of twelve rats equally divided as to sex wore fod tho above diets with and without load chloride for about 30 days or as long as the rats lived. They were weighed every 2 days and their food con sumption noted. Survivors were sacrificed and hemoglobin, rod colls, and oxygen uptake of liver were determined. Liver, spleen and kidney were studied histolog ically. The results showed that lend chloride reduced food consumption and grovrth rate in all groups. The effects were less pronounced at low lead chloride levels and loss on adequate protein intakes. Phosphate reduced the effects of lead chloride somewhat. Hemoglobin end red cells decreased in all rats receiv ing lead chloride for more than 12 days. Oxygen consumption of liver was slight ly accelerated in all groups receiving lead except those receiving methionine and 20 p<.T cent casein. arcs of Chlorinated : amb^r, pp. 0-11, (A-nu cnr.n.. lab. & Ind. Rev Health in Ind ntary facts about the use cf ch-lorir.atcd solvents is presented, togethe the modes of poisoning {.acute end chronic), the w. rning signs, the cafe Industrial Hygiene Foundation - 13. equipment and precautions advisable* While not now, the article is timely be cause of the greatly increased rise of these substances in the accelerated in dustrial program. COi Phntnsonsiiir.a* on From Petrel sum Produces, Queries ci Minor Notes. 1 .A. 11"), 769 (February 28, 1542). Ill effects resuiting to worsen after emerging from cleaning a storage tank fc: certain heavy oils fellow the pattern cf photosensitization by coal tar and petroleum products reported frequently in the literature. Creosote is a common ofi'cnder in this respect -- petroleum products not so frequently. Seme crude oils, especially those with asphaltic bases, have natural photosensitizing prop erties, but nearly all "dye oils" (a cracked kerosene extract used for coloring lubricating oils) are phetesensitizers. In prevention of this condition, cloth ing impervious to vapors must bo worn while working in the tanks* A protective ointment should be applied to the face. 233 Response of Guinea Figs and Hats to Repeated Inhalation cf Vapors of Mesityl Oxide and Isophorone. K.F. Smyth, Jr., and others. Jour. Ind. Hyg., 24^ 46-50 (March, 1942). Groups of 10 rats and 10 guinea pigs received thirty 8-hour exposures to con trolled concentrations of mesityl oxide and isophorone vapors ranyag from 25 to 500 p.p.m. Observations were made upon growth, blood count, urine and micros copic pathology. Mesityl oxide injured primarily as a narcotic and isophorone as a kidney poison. No effect whatevor v/as found from 50 p.p.m. mesityl oxide or from 25 p.p.m. isophorone vapor. Some data upon single exposures tonosityl oxide vapor are given, indicating that it has greater narcotic action and acute toxicity than isophorone. 284 Neuropathologicsl Changes In Experimental Carbon Disulfide Poisoning in Cats. A. Ferraro and others. Arch. Path., 52, 725-758 (November, 1941). The results of animal experiments with narcotic doses of 2460-3200 p.p.m. of carbon disulfide are presented. All animals became restless and excited in the beginning and apathetic later on* After several days of exposure muscle jerks and a continual tremor of head and body appeared. The histological picture showed changes in most of the cortical vessels with a predilection for the outer molecular layer. The changes re more pronounced in the corpus striatum than in the substantia nigra and are prevalent in the quadrigeminal plate and medulla oblongata, especially in its triangular nucleus, and in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. The vascular changes lead to occlusion of blood vessels and secondary softoning, frequently in the cerebellum, but in one animal each in the substantia nigra and lenticular nucleus. Diffuse neurocellular changes range from simple chromatolysis to sovero degeneration with proliferation of glia, nicroglia and mesenchymal elements. 285 The Effects of Exposure to Toluene in Industry. L. Grecnburg and others. J.A.ii.A. 118, 573-578 (February 21, 1942). Based on a study of 106 painters exposed to the inhalation of toluene of between 100 and 1100 p.p.m. for periods of time ranging from two weeks to more than five years, it is concluded that: (1).Industrial exposure of human beings to toluene results in (.iiiargement cf the liver, macrocytosis, moderately decreased levels of erythrocyte counts ar.d absolute lymphocytosis; (2) Such exposure did net rcsult in leukopenia; (3) Early chronic toluene intoxication in nan. is best evi denced by hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver) and macrocytosis (presence of large red blood cells). -- Authors' summary* 0G386G trial Hygiene Digest - 14. i/ t, r.-.r.c of Poisoning v.lth Morcaut-T-t. V. Cristescu. Lied. Bull., Standard Cil Company, K. J , .5, 78-84 (June, 1941). 'Ihiu is a report of a case of mercaptan poisoning and is of interest because of the scarcity of data on the toxicity of the- compounds. A worker in the Ploosti on fields .entered a mercaptan condensation-tank.pit without any protection. He v;ae found unconscious two hours later. The clinical course is described in de tail and a review of the literature on poisoning with mercr.ptcns and related substances is given. _ C w'.n< oxicity and Pot cut led. Dangers of Toluene. Y*.F. von Qettingen and others. :.A. .118, 579-334 (February 21, 1942). Then. studies indicate that single exposures of human beings for eight hours daily to concentrations of toluene ranging from 50 to 800 p.p.m. do not cause definite changes in the white blood cell picture, in the circulation or in the respiration. Inhalation for eight hours of concentrations of 200 p.p.m. causes slight but definite impairment of coordination ana reaction time which is liable to render persons thus affected dangerous to their own safety and to the safety of the operation. Y/ith higher concentrations these effects become increasingly moro severe, and v/ith concentrations of 600 and 800 p.p.m. they may be observed after a few hours exposure. Elimination of hippuric acid in the urins and con centration of toluene in the blood increase with the concentration of toluene in the air. In contrast to experience with benzene, the ratio of inorganic sul fates in the urine is not noticeably affected by exposure to toluene. 283 Sporotrichosis among Ulnars on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines. L.F. Dangerfieid and J. Gear* South African Med. JT,~~15, 128-151 (1941)". A report of an outbreak of 74 cases of sporotrichosis occurring on two of the gold mines. It is clear from the history of these cases, that the infection was contracted while working underground, as the infections were confined to workers on one shaft in each of the mines. Attempts to trace the source of infection have been so far unsuccessful. Steady improvement of the condition occurs with treatment by massive doses of potassiumiedide, resulting in a complete cure, usually within one month. 239 The "Blocked Ear" of the Caisson Worker. R. Almour. Laryngoscope, 522, 75-81 (January, 1942). The caisson worker uses the expression "blocked ear" to donotc some disturbance to the ear drum or tympanic cavity or both resulting from failure to equalize the intra- and extra-tympanic pressure. This injury, in contrast to caisson disease, can occur either during compression or decompression, although it is most frequent during the former. Aside from carelessness or defects in pressure control, tho most important predisposing cause is some degree of obstruction in tho Eustachian tube. Most of tho workers have a chronic hypertrophy of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. The majority of the injurios occur when the men have colds. The clinical picture is described in detail and the author concludes that condition is a medical entity. He also believes that the increas ed use of airplanes will add to the problem. 290 Study of Osteopathy Due to Fluorine Poisoning. F.doScnarclens. Helvetica Medics Acta, Basel 8_, 379 (August,-1941). Swiss, Abst. from J.A.M.A. 118, 564 (February 14, 1941). urc of cryolite in tho production of aluminum provokes emanation of fur.es particular affinity for the skeleton and the teeth. Fluorine provokes osteo- ]-.\hy of the osteitis fibrosa type. Sodium fluoride is more toxic than is cal cium fluoride because of its greater solubility. The elimination of fluorine i; probably regulated by the purathvroids. ' c^ n ^ J Lr O A Industrial Hygiene Direct - ID. Methods of Detection and Determination 291 rVdrcfluostlicic Acid Method for the Determination of Quartz. F.H. Goldman. aj.u. o.ng, Cnesi. , /eiai. ua , 1o9 -- /! i l?*il] In determining quartz in settled dust, the material is treated alternately with fiuosilicic acid reagent and after filtering, with nitric acid. These treat ments are continued until there is no further loss in weight. The residue is called quartz. A simple apparatus for carrying out the digestion at 10 with oho fiuosilicic acid is shown with the sample in a Monroe crucible, Mechanical losses and those duo to solution of the quartz are reduced to a minimum. 292 Observations on the Preparation of Slides for Particle-Size Determination. L. 3ilvorman_end W, Franklin. Jour. Ind. Hyg.4, 51 (March, 1942) It is suggested that, in following Green's technique of preparing slides for particle-size determination, it is possible to crush particles of the range 1 to 10 microns* This seemed to be borne out by a comparison of the results of counts mado on slides prepared by evaporation of suspensions and by mechanical dispersion. It is therefore recommended that slides be prepared by the former method. 293 Colorimetric Determination of Small Amounts of n-Nitroaniline in the Air. V.V, Ponomarenko, ZavodskayaTab,, 9^~111 (1940), (Russian)"] A scries of standards are used for comparison in this colorimetric determination of p-nitroaniline. Pull directions in Chemical Abstracts. 294 Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in the Air by Pecolori2ation of Fuchsin. E.P. Kastner. Zavodskaya Lab., 9, 111 (1940)". (Russian). Directions are given for the determination of sulfur dioxide in air utilizing a calibration curve of the declorizution of fuchsin. Ten liters of air arc drawn through two absorbers with 50 ml. of fuchsin solution in each. Hydrogen sulfide is removed by first passing through 2$ acidified copper sulfate solution contain ing 5 ml, of ethyl alcohol. Control Methods 295 Safe Practice in tho Manufacture of .Aluminum, G.J. Horak. Safe Practice Bull., No.91. Penna. Dept, of Labor & Industry, pp. 12 (February, 1942). An illustrated discussion of tho safety and health protection methods used in the production of aluminum utensils. Extensive exhaust systems and special polishing compounds contain dust which night bo inhaled by the workers. Four huge fans and dust collectors with a combined capacity of 200,000 cu. ft. of air per minute, service the system. The motors required to drive these fans h:.vo 500 horsepower. Because cf the enormous -withdrawal of air from the plant by these fans, many thousands of dollars are spent additionally every year to V-"/ extra heating durin.y the winter months. Tanks used for electrolytic u: face trc-.rr.ent are provided -.vit.i special cxhai Quo te carry off *-ts and steam. Shreedod overissue news print has b^.cn substituted for -wood ...^lwicr becuu-o it was found that the fino wood dust present in excelsior v;r akin irritant t s some workers. CC3nfa 00 C'T.'.r'-l Forvrdcur lubctenccc by Low Velocity Fxhuost Systems. J.M. DoulaVollo. N.Y.Dtute Dept. Labor Ind. LulY~. 721~,~8o-S4 I February, 1942). ThiP brief article is designed to- draw attention to o. acthod of exhaust ventila tion which nay be applied in many plants having difficulty in obtaining material fer constructing the usual typo of high velocity exhaust system. The discussion is by way. of amplification of a system developed by Hatch. The distinguisldr-g f-.utv.rc of the Hatch system is the use of lev? air velocities and dispensing with the principle of pneumatic conveying which is the common characteristic of the 'seal typo of exhaust system. Its advantages are: (1) Since ultimate control is dependent upon the provision of air volume at the source of contamination, the lev; velocity system dispenses v.lth small openings and branch pipes, thus re ducing losses sustained at entrance ar.d in the pipe system. In ether words, the system requires less povrer; (2) the system may be constructed of other materials than sheet motal as, for example, plywood or masonite; (3) propellor fans may be used in place of tho usual type of centrifugal blower; (4) the cost of operation is reduced. Tho disadvantages are: (1) The space requirements are greater than is the case of a high velocity system. Since velocities maintained may be as low as 200 l.f.m., this means a cross-sectional area 20 times that of a high velocity system providing for 4,00C l.f.m.; (2) A means of periodic or continu ous cleaning of accumulated debris, if used to collect dust, must be provided; (3) The system is better adapted to new installations than to existing ones, since in most eases it requires equipment to be laid cut to fit the system. In a high velocity system, the procedure is the reverse of this. 97 Dust Suppression and Collection. Use of Cyclones at Loading Points. J.Smellie. Iron Sc. Cocl Trades Rev., 144, 169^ (February 20, 1942). Also Colliery Guardian, 144, 145-147 (February 21, 1942). (Great Britain). Dusty conditions at the face arise largely from the operations of ccal-cutting and shot-firing. No device for collecting this dust can bo applied. Reduction of the amount of dust made in the first place and the suppression of the remain der are the only present solutions. Methods for reducing dust at loading points are (1) Simple sprays on loading chutes or on The loaded belt near tho loading point; (2) Suction devices operating with a finely atomized water spray, the suc tion provided by fan or induced by compressed air jets; and (3) Filters, wood wool, metalwool, and fabric bags; and (4) Cyclone separators. Results of exper iments with a small cyclone arc given, showing that it compared favorably with other types of dust collectors. Its advantages arc dry collection, of dust, all water difficulties being removed. Cyclones down to 4 in. diameter, claimed to be capable of removing particles down to the 3 micron size, are now in use in preference to larger units. Although mere costly, the efficiency is greater, and as tho cyclone size does not appreciably effect the pressure drop, the use of tho small high-efficiency typos is warranted. 33 Safe Practice in Crushing and Pulverizing Manganese Ores. C.C. Hassinger. Safe Free, Bull., No.TO pp. 7. Penna.Dopt. labor cc Industry. (December, 1341). The description of efficient engineering dust control methods applied to the operations of processing manganese ores. This company very effectively employs mechanical enclosures under negative pressure to restrain the dust from escaping into the plant atmosphere. A number of illustrative plates accompany tho article Dice W';.n Pair. rion on Foundry Apprentice Training, G, Dwelling. Giesscrci, 28, 1-6 ry 10, 1341). (Gorman). pally directed from tho point of view of training to prevent accic vivvacc health and hyipu.r.c. Industrial Hygiene Digest - 1?. 300 docond Rcnort of tho Cod Dust P.czcnrch Committee, 1941* Sprays. Monmouthwiui'o and South `.Vales Coal Owners' Association. (erect BriteiniT laboratory and field investigations on the alloying of air-borne dust by means of liquids described. Sprays end mist projectors differ greatly in design, water and cflfeprcssod air consumption, but the factor which roost influences their effectiveness is probably tho size of the wo tor particles ejected. A method was devised for taking photomicrographs of the mists. These were caught in a liquid immiscible with water, usually castor oil, and contained in a cavity slide. Tho most effective atomization was produced by spray3 which employed both the prin ciple of forcing the water through a small orifice and that of imparting a swirling or rotatory motion to the water. Measurement of the water particles comprising the mists showed that there were ft? as small as 40 microns -- the average being about 250. As the bull: of air-borne dust in coal nines is below 25 microns, it was proved that water sprays would not be very effective in des troying dust clouds. They are, however, ideal for the wetting of the surfaces of hewn material, coal or rock, before it is further handled, thus preventing tho further formation of dust. They may also be effective in wetting roadways, trapping tho dust already deposited. It appears that there is a critical figure for tho air to water ratio, beyond which little or no improvement can be obtain ed, Tests in a wind tunnel show that the dust concentration could be reduced by 64# when the spray was operating at optimal efficiency. The effect of addition of chemical agents to tho water increased the efficiency of the sprays only slightly. 301 Safety1 s Clesn-up. A.P. Schulze. Safety Eng., Q3_, 29-30, (January, 1942). Because cleaning, either as a production, maintenance or sanitation procedure, is an important problem to industry, it has a direct bearing on plant safety and operation. Developments and improvements affected in materials and methods during the past decade have placed effective dleaning among successful, proven means that contribute to minimizing plant hazards, improving working conditions, safeguarding employee health, increasing production, and decreasing unit costs. 302 Protection of Personnel Handling Radium. D.F. Curtis3. An.Soc.Tasting Mater ials, Bull. No.114, p. 21-24 (January, 1942). In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the use of radium in radio graphing of heavy metals and other metal parts. The object of this paper is to describe an exposure meter which may be of help in reducing health hazards in this work. Precautions to be used in the handling of radium are also discussed. 503 Annual Safety Eouinmont Issue. 1942. National Safety News, 45, pp. 226 (March, 1942). Practically this entire issue i3 devoted to description and display of safety equipment.- Section 1 deals with personal protective equipment; Section 2 with mechanical equipment; Section 3 with fire and plant protection; Section 4 with first aid and nodical service; Section 5 with sanitary equipment and supplies; ar.d Section 6 discusses miscellaneous services and products. Industrial Medical Practice r-i-ris: A S r.. lllians. Med. Bull, of Vet. . <- -i-.ol (J'.uuury, 1942). is m r, report >-f a survey to determine the relative incidence of pneumrernio- *; in beneficiaries of the Veterans' Administration. A reviev/ cf 379 cos.jc of :ividuai3 who had been exposed to numerous occupational dust hazards is Industrial Hygiene Digest - 18 presented. Of this number, 170 eases were classified as pneumoconiosis, either uncomplicated or complicated by infectious disease. Included is a detailed sys tem of classification. There are no definite conclusions drawn but the data support the belief that pneumoconiosis increases susceptibility to tuberculosis in n direct,, ratio. The author stresses the need for more careful and detailed histories and physical examinations. 305 Pr.-r.Tor.p conic sis in Russia, Anonymous. Erit. Med. Jour., No.4222, 228-22S (February 14, 1941). (Great Britain). This is a discussion of a series of papers summarizing research in dust diseases end the methods of fighting them, particularly among coal-miners, as carried out during the past few years by the Denotz Institute for Labor, Hygiene, and Occu pational Diseases, U.S.S.R. Dust-wotting methods are outlined -- concluding that naphtha-soap solutions in small concentrations -- 0.1# -- best of all. It is found that dust particles are always present in the central as well as the peripheral parts of the nodule, that coal dust as such -- and not its mineral admixtures -- is the basic factor which determines the changes in anthracosis. For the difficulties of radiological diagnosis of the first stage of silicosis, ' it was found thnt peptone gives better definition of the early changes in the lymphatic system. Of the 1,529 men examined in the Votka collieries pneumocon iosis was found in 3.5#, and of the 937 in the Gorlovka collieries in 2,3#, while 11.1# of the 298 in tho Krystalny collieries showed the disease. The coal miners show a low incidence of tuberculosis -- selection of fit men for the work seems a big factor here. Great care is taken of the miners* welfare. 306 Contact Dermatitis. M.7/. Rubenstein. Penn. lied, J., 45, 127-129 (November,1941). Dermatoses nay be classified as venenata (due to local irritation) toxic, aller gic, and contact. Tho latter is defined by the author as a dermatitis caused by external irritants which produce inflammation in some people all of the time, a phenomenon of local hypersensitivity. No allergens are present in the tissues .or body fluids. Intradermal, scratch tests, and passive transfer'are all nega tive while the patch tost is positive. History is very important in making a diagnosis. Clinical manifestations vary and are not characteristic of tho type of irritant but the distributions of the lesions may give a clue. The difficul ties arc increased by the facts that a combination of substances may be necess ary to produce a dcimatitis and that emotional and nervous shock may lower the threshold to previously innocuous substances. Results of patch tests are not always good criteria but their dependability may bo increased by applying thorn near the area of actual dermatitis. An outline of irritants and of areas of in volvement commonly encountered is included. 307 Disabling Sicknoss among Industrial Workers. Y/.M.Gafafer. .Am.J.Pub. Health, 51, 443-56 {liay, 1941). Among a group of approximately 30,000 white male industrial workers it was fo\ind that whilo the average frequency of 8 day or longer disabilities followed a down?:ard trend during tho years 1930-34, the average duration of the disabilities moved upward. Evidence is presented to show that, as a measure of economic loss es from sicknoss and injuries, the average frequency rate may lead to erroneous conclusions, since this rate may decline v;hile at the same tine tho average dur ation of disability may increase. -- Author's summary. 338 rtatisticnl D-ta on Occupational Disposes i n_thc Glass Industry. R. Fluhar. Cl..; .chniccho Bor., 19., l'-la (January, 41) . IOencr.n). This do.tr. is rr< sentcu in order tc conclude and clarify certain points in a re pert by II. Otto uprv,..ring previously. The igain nurposo of the article is to create a more favorable opinion about coaui tiens in tho glass industry which wore severely criticised in Otto's article. ^n 0 I : .ustriol Hygiene Digest - 19. ;f o and Mines Inspection. Editorial. Colliery Guardian. 144. 36-37 (j.'-iwury 9, 1942). (Great Britain). 'Il'.c experience in regard to industrial diseases is remarkable. In 1904 the number of aaccs of industrial poisoning notifiable was 656; in 1938 the number v/os 428, yet in the meantime a great number of diseases ha3 been added. In mines the experience has been much less happy, for in thirty years the number of casco of disease in which compensation was paid has risen from 1,669 to 12,537; cn the other hand the number of cases attended by fatal results is very much less than that for factories; broadly speaking, miners* diseases are "benign." 7.0 Conservation of Manpower in Connecticut. C. Kuh. J.A.M.A. 118, 649-650 (Eobruary 21, 1942). In Connecticut, the problems of industrial health vrere approached jointly by the Committee on Industrial Health of the state medical society and the Manu facturers Association. To satisfy the immediate needs of physicians, a post graduate course in industrial medicine has been given, a section on industrial health has been organized in the medical society, and a regular department on industrial health has been arranged in the Connecticut State Medical Journal. The results of a state-wide survey stimulated manufacturers to appreciate their shortcomings. Twenty full-time doctors have been placed in the larger estab lishments. Many other activities have been stimulated -- all in recognition of the obligation of meeting the immediate needs of the v/ar program through extend ing medical service into more plants and improving the quality ahd usefulness of the service. 311 Conserving Man Power by Effective Health Education. J.J. Brandabur. Edison Elec. Inst. Bull.. 10. 59-62 (February. 194gj The pre-employment or placement examination is useful in determining the physi cal fitness of applicants for employment; in permitting the proper placement in the organization of defective writers or placing such defective cases under proper remedial measures so as to make them fit and thereby helping to prevent man-failure. Tho periodic physical examination is beneficial in tho supervision of older workers exposed to hazardous conditions and in measuring the progress of efforts to control occupational diseases as well as discovering physical de fects when corrections may bo still effective. This type of program is practical in that it seeks the sourcs of non-occupational or ordinary illnesses and in this way helps to decrease them, and it in turn promotes the health and prolongs the life of the worker by educating him to realize that good health is an ex cellent economic investment. 3^2 Decent Trends in Physical Examination under Civil Service. V.K. Harvey. J.A.M.A. 118, 597-600 (February 2l7~i942). The hist<wy of physical examinations for tho Civil Service is reviewed from the time of tho employment of a single physician until the present when physical ex aminations aro required as part of the routino for each of the 1,358,150 competi tive positions. The application of standards is described in some detail. peeretton of Silver in Urine. J.C, Aub and L.T. Fairhall. J.A.M.A. 118, (January 24, 1942). The authors confirm the point of view stated in an earlier article in the J.A.M.A. that silver is not excreted in the urine. 'While studying a case of argyria ( -loeolcration of the s:cin by free use of silver preparations), an attempt was '.c to withdraw the silver from its storage points in the body by tho moans u;;oa in cases of lead poisoning. Although fairly heavy deleading treatments were resorted to, no measurable amount of silver was found in the urine at any time String a long investigation. iTc-itly, Evidently tho metabolism of silver and lead differ cc r\ 5 \J> , tri'l Ily.'i^ne Oigost - 20. ' Physiology ->f Nork. A.C. Ivy. o.A.M.A. US, 569-573 (February 21, 194?). ;;3 performed by the average person cannot be reduced to a simple formula. I'-tiryic of the ordinary factory worker is too subtle to yield to the erdin rv tests of the physiologist. The tests of the psychologists do not provide '.newer* Neither has gotten to the basis of the mechanisms in so-called ::ic industrial fatigue or of the decrease in productivity and increase in j11a..cs associated with long hours of liqht or moderate work. Social and cccncr.ic conditions inside and outside the factory and office are very important. The psychologist and director of personnel have much to contribute. The physiologist and physician can contribute by giving advice regarding recreation1 r.-.yr'MS, by dealing with the hazards of industry and by devoting attention to the health and nutrition of the worker. The physician since the time of Nlppocratos has known the importance of rest, diet and recreation in the pre vention of disease. Work alcne cannot win the war. Y/ork demands rest, good food and v/holescne recreation, which implies physical and mental fitness. The spirit and willingness of patriotism is essential, but it is not enough. Physi cal fitness is requisite for sustained effort cold output. 315 Occupational Asthma and Vasomotor Rhinitis. An Outline of Some Common Industries v.h-ro those Symptoms are Irritated. L. Sternberg and A.H. Sorrell. N.Y. Stnoe Jour, of l!od., 41, 1649-1652 (1941). An outlino of some of the industries in the region of N.Y. State in which work ers arc commonly affected by allergies of the respiratory tract. Only conditions which are true allergies are discussed and not those resulting from irritation- and toxic effects of physical or chemical action. The principal symptoms of such respiratory allergies are asthma, vasomotor rhinitis or both, asthma alone being most common. Only a small number of workers who are allergic are affected in occupations producing these reactions. Skin tests are discussed -- positive reactions arc usual when the agent is not chemical or drug; chemicals or drugs .arc poor antigens hence positive skin tests are rare but when they do occur are liablo to bo dangerous because of constitutional reactions; therefore the intradercal method should be avoided by the novice and the scratch or patch test used for chemicals or drugs. Diagnosis is usually easy but physical examination, search of the nasal and bronchial secretions and blood and environmental test may have to be depended upon. The ideal treatment is removal of the cause but this is usually not practical. Hyposensitization should be tried except in the case of chemicals and drugs. A valuable list and brief discussion of tho occu pations in which such conditions are frequently found is given. Among them are bakers, furriers, metal polishers, coffee, soy, 'cacao and castor bean handlers, refrigerator vrarkers, jewelers, hat makers, rag sorters, woodworkers, poultry dealors, phamacists, upholsterers, and beauticians. 5U Vi tsmin A Storage in Adults. L.2. Boohcr and M.B. Porter. Proc. Am. Soc. Biol, r t. '.mists. p* 10-17 (April, 1941), c daily intake of vitamin A per so required to prevent any signs of nightbi ir.ir.ocs in adults has previously boon shown to be on the order of 25 to 55 torr.ational units per kilo of body weight. Evidonce is now available to shev; {it the adult body docs not possess tho capacity to adjust its requirements to c~ than this minimum physiologic requirement. Vitamin A supplied to adults in of 50, 100, and 200 per cent or mere over the daily minimum physiologic '`iri "UT.t can be stored in whole or in sort to furnish a reserve that car. bo i::.- subsequent periods dUtnr vitamin A shortn-o. The efficiency *;m- o, l.ewovcr, becomes loss is excesses of vitamin A intake over the ?kysiologic requirement arc increased. 0 3r i. \ Industrial Hygiene Digest - 21. cl7 Vitamin Supplementation of U. S. Army nations in Relation to Fatigue and the Ability to do MuscuI'-jt Work. A. Keys and A.?, ricnschcl. Jour. of Nutrition* 2ot 209-269 (March 10, 1342). The rccoyiition of borderline vitamin deficiency states prompts the suggestion that a diwet relation between the intake of certain vitamins and physical vigor may oxtenj even above the subciinical deficiencies. During the past several years th<* popular belief has grown that a superabundance of those vitamins may produce extraordinary stamina or at least may be helpful in meeting physical cr mental strain. These possibilities were of such obvious importance as to merit careful investigation. This paper is a report on such studies made under rigid ly controlled conditions on personnel of the U. 3. Amy. Soldiers maintained on standard U. S. Army garrison rations were repeatedly subjected to standardized severe exorcise on the notor-drivon treadmill. Circulatory, metabolic and blood chemical responses were measured. In a scries of studies involving 256 exper iments, largo daily supplements of thiamine chloride, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxins, pantothenic acid, and ascorbic acid were administered over periods of 4 to 6 weeks alternating with equal periods of biacebo (harmless pill) admin istration. In neither brief extreme exorcise nor in prolonged severe exercise and semi-starvation were there indications of any effects, favorable or other wise, of the vitamin supplementation cn muscular ability, endurance, resistance to fatigue or recovery from exertion. Healthy young men expending an average of 3700 to 4200 calories per day are not benefited by a daily supply of more than 1.7 mg. thiamine chloride, 2.4 mg. riboflavin, and 70 mg. of ascorbic acid. It is concluded that no useful purpose would be served by enrichment of present tJ.S. garrison rations with the vitamins studied. 318 Indiscriminate Administration of Vitamins to Workers in Industry. Council on. Foods and Nutrition and Council on Industrial Health, American Medical Assoc., J.A.M.A. 118, 618-621 (February 21, 1342). The Councils conclude that satisfactory evidence of the wisdom of the general . practice of industrial concerns providing all of their employees with vitamins indiscriminately is lacking; they cannot give their support to the program of which this is the objective. When a satisfactory study of any given industrial situation indicates the wisdom of providing vitamins to employees, the Councils point out the necessity for observing the proper scientific limitations of such action to the situation in question; after the employee has been restored to a good nutritive state, the use of a good diet of natural protective foods there after should then suffice. Nothing in this report is intended to belittle the significance of vitamins in nutrition, cr the value of the proper use of added vitamins in improving foods such as bread and flours. What is being emphasized is the need for the avoidance of indiscriminate mass use of vitamins, a practice which supports the commercial exploitation rather than scientific rational use of these important dietary factors. 319 Failure of Aminoacetic Acid to Increase the Work Capacity of Human Subjects. King. T.A.M.A. 113. 594-536 (February 21, 1942). Thirty-three male subjects of the white and the Negro race wore givon aminoa cetic acid in daily amounts of from 4.5 to 6 grains under rigidly controlled condit ions, over a period of three weeks. There was no effect on the work capacity of t hese subjects when compared to controls receiving lactose--saccharose unaer identi cal conditions or with cross control cf the sen subjects when receiving lactose saccharose in the same manner. A review* of recent studies in protein metafco iism r.veals that the claims made for the ^special value cf cminoacctic acid or ^ *:n in the treatment cf fatigue or increasing endurance arc unfounded on the leal grounds and that tho protein of the ordinary diet is fully capable of s i cmincacctic requirements of man. It is also pointed out that the "\ -- I-^uctrial Hygiene Digest - 22 incomplete protein gelatin is deficient in methionine, one of tho amino acids noses-ary for the synthesis of creatine. It is evident from these experiments a study of the effects of a drug on fatigue must bo meticulously controlled; drug under study should be administered .alternately with a placebo identical in physical ^characteristics end tho identity of each should be unknown to the subjects 03 well is to tho investigators. ri../r .standards for Acceptance, Disability Rating and Discharge in the Military cervices and in Industry. g.P.Fowler. Laryngoscope, 51, 957-956 (October, 1941J. ii.c basic factors necessary for establishing a dependable method for measuring percentage losses in hearing capacity from monaurnl and binaural deafness are heroin sat forth. These factors are important for estimating hearing losses in the personnel of the military services as well as in civil life and industry. Standards are set up upon which to base opinions as to the percentage of dis ability suffered by a nomally hearing person, or one who in the past has had a partial deafness in one or both ears. A table is constructed for estimating the percentage of loss of capacity to hear speech. By changing the weighting it may be used in other categories of hearing function. -- Author's summary. 521 Conservation of Hearing in Industry. C.C. Bunch. J.A.M.A. 118, 588-593 (February 1, 1942). The author notes an ostrich attitude on the part of employers and employees tcv/ard the effects on hearing of certain industrial hazards. Of the conditions . which adversely affect hearing arc extreme and rapid variations in temperature without adequate protection with resulting upper respiratory infection; sudden wide variations in atmospheric pressure (caisson workers, aviators, etc.); and extremely loud noises in many different typos of occupation. Cases involving occupational los3 of hearing are appearing before the courts, and compensation boards are making awards for this affection. 322 Industrial Noises and Industrial Deafness. 7AA. Rosenblith. Accoustical Soc. American Journal, 13, 220-225 (January, 1942). A review and general conclusions from a study of noise and audicmctric measure ments taken at a railroad repair shop at Rouen, France. This data was collected in the investigation cf A. Salmon in cooperation with French state-owned rail roads. 323 Industrial Eye Injuries. A. MacNalty. Brit. Med. Jour., No.4231, 173-177 (February 7, 1942). (Great Britain). Occupational diseases which affect eyesight can be classified under (a) the re sults of exposure to heat rays -- e.g., glassworkers* and ironworkers' cataract; (b) miners1 nystagmus; (c) the toxic effect of certain substances -- e.g., lead, derivatives of benzene, carbon disulfide, and methyl alcohol. All these affec tions nro discussed in some detail, togothcr with occupations in which there is ri'-< f accidental injury. _tho Doctor Comes. J.A. Dolce. U.S. Pub. Health Service, Misc.Pub., No.21, -0 (1941). For sale by Supt. of Documents, V/nshington, D.C. - Price lOd. booklet is not intended to serve :-s a complete first aid manual or to on- self-treatment. It is felt that these simple emergency measures, which ' -dily available, may add to the comfort of tho injured, prevent the devcl^ -f nori.ms complications, and ir. some instances contribute to the caving : :'rc- medical aid is not readily obtainable considerable assistance j "-dorcu while awaiting tho arrival of- a physician. industrial Hyricne Digest - 2. )!.rAleal <h.re In Industry. F. Gcldnann. Medical Care, 3-1? (January, 1942}. Tver p:-M x-^is of mcuical service in industry (See Abstract Uo.139, January, 1942 lir.czi) ore analyzed as to problems of ouminictration end organization. The fcllov.iu/' ^aeutions arc answered: V.'iio manages the plans? By whom arc the staff physioi'.ieV directed? V.'hct persons arc eligible to share in the plans? V.'ho are excluded and how? V.'hut incomes 'nd occupations are represented among the people Sv;rvcd? Hint ago and sex groupings? 11cw r.ro the professional staffs qualified, organized, and remunerated? V.hnt can bo said about the quality of service and tho general effectiveness of these fear plans? Hoy; fully are measures applied to the prevention of illness? Many advantages are found to accrue to all groups concerned. 226 Hours of Work, Lost Tine end Labour VJastarc. Ind. Health Research Board, Medical Ib-jocarch Council. atiorgency Report Ho.2* pp, 26. H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1942, Prico 2d. General Conclusions: . 1* The results of this inquiry sho?/ that tho time lost by factory workers through sickness, injury and absence v/ithout permission, when undisturbed by extraneous factors, varied with tho weekly hours of vrork. It was usually lev; whon the hours of v.ork were less than 60 per week, but increased as the hours increased up to ?5. 2. The findings suggest that, over an extended period, tho weekly hours of work should generally not exceed 60 to 65 for men and 55 to 60 for v/omen. 3 In all tho groups the workers v;ere stimulated to an increased output after the collapse of France, and although it was physiologically impossible to maintain the maximum level reached, output in nearly every case has sinceremained above the previous level. 4. Tho beneficial effects of a reduction in excessive hours of work, to gether with the inauguration of staggered holidays, were reflected in an increase in the rate of working afterwards. 5. Labour wastage varied considerably from one factory to another. Some of the conditions loading to a high rate were the employment of women un accustomed to factory work, or married women whose domestic responsibilities prevented satisfactory adjustment to factory life; difficulties of shopping ar.d getting suitable meals, and the problem of transport, were important in this connection. 6. Yvonen, on the whole, lost more time than men, for reasons such as those given in the previous section, ? In conclusion, when it is remembered that many v/orkers lived far from the factories, and had to face air-raids when travelling to and from work; that soaa had lost their homos and had to sleep in improvised shelters; and that oft&Ki they had to wait outside in the cold and rain because of inade quate transport arrangements, the tine-keeping of tho factory personnel studied deserves high praise. 327 A_ro Relationship of Vocational Rehabilitation to Industrial Hygiene, D. Amato. 'f1* J. ?ub. Health, 32, 29-32 (January, 194271 cor.tional rehabilitation should bo considered an important aim of organized industrial hygiene programs The central problem is to restore the disabled man v. his original earning p:-v; \ Such placcriw.nt enu bo done moat economically by V. o plant medical uobartr.->r. in clcso cccpernticn with the personnel department. C0~ Industrial IJygiene Digest - 24. 33 tvic^ Health among all Nations." T. Parran. Survey Graphic. 31, 151-152, (March, 1942) I-von in peaswtime, industrial disability takes 400,000,000 man-days off the pro duction lihft Twenty percent ox' this is preventable now. Only ten per cent cf lest year'3"loss would be sufficient to build 16,470 combat tanks. Among the tilings that must be managed well if the war is to be properly victorious are services to improve the present health of the population. Fairly good is not good enough now, when we are short of manpower and short of time. 3;$ The health Front in a People's War. C.-E.A. Winslow. Survey Graphic, 21. i:i-10o (March,'1942^ In large industries the responsibility for health and safety lie3 with the man agement of the industry itself, under the supervision and with the technical counseling of health and labor department experts. The snail plant can never solve the problem without more direct and substantial aid. Local health depart ments, with the cooperation of medical societies, manufacturers' associations, and organized labor, should take the initiative in this important field. The problem of nutrition is of major importance; and it is vital at the present moment with respect to the industrial worker. The Committee on Nutrition in In dustry of the National Research Council recommends "as the first and most impor tant step in the campaign to improve the nutrition of defense workers, the pro vision of diets of natural foods rich in all the essential food factors." 330 A Prescription for Production. V. Heiser. Survey Graphic, 31, 108-112 (March, 1942). The number of men in the battleline no longer is the decisive factor in determin ing the outcome of a war. This is the day of mechanisation when victory or de feat depend upon the efficiency of men in the factory assembly line. The Gallup Poll estimated that the time lost from war or war connected industries because of illness in December could have built two heavy cruisers, 448 medium bombers, or 3,200 light tanks -- a total of 23,000,000 nan-days. Defense workers must be made to see that to remain healthy is their duty to their country. 331 The Field of Industrial Ophthalomology. Report of the Committee on Industrial Ophthalmology of the Section on Ophthalmology cf the American Medical Assoc., J.A.U.A. 118, 610-613 (February 21, 1942). Medical practice in the field of industrial ophthalmology presents peculiar phases distinct from the general practice of this profession. The social and economic status of industrial employees should be taken into consideration in planning any program of ophthahlc service. The Committee on Industrial Ophthal mology is making progress with a program of visual testing and correction -which, they hope, will be acceptable to management, to employees and to ophthalmologists This program aims to close the existing gap between the industrial workers who need medical care of eye defects and those qualified to render satisfactory ophthalmic service. 332 Industrial Dermatoses. Report of the Committee on Industrial Dermatoses of the Section on Dermatology and Sypbnlology of the American Medical Assoc., J.A.II. A. 115 61L-615 (February 21, 1942). This Committee, formed in 1936, has been carrying out its program jointly w:ith a similar committee of the American Dermatological Association. A number of i -- tiens and criteria have been established. At the present time the Committo- undertaking four separate investigations: (1) teaching of occupational den in medical schools; (2) primary skin irritants and patch testing; (3) evalu. of protective creams and detergents used in industry; (4) an industrial med: formulary. The Comr.iitteo also plans the establishment of machinery for the rc- ocipt, proper filing and distribution of case reports on interesting and in f-'-L taut cutaneous oxposuros in industry, p rs o - h ' < i ; -trial Hygiene Digest - 25. <3 p. '.-cri; of the Council on Industrial Health. S.J. Secgor, Chairman. Amor. Mod, :C* i J.A.M.A. 118^ 641 (February 21, 1942). meeting of the Subcommittee on Industrial Health and Medicine of the Federal 2,,ourity and the Council on Industrial Health of the American Medical Asrociatiafli was held late in January, 1941, A program of action was devised enu appro***!* Among other things, it specifically emphasises that the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the National Institute of Health should develop, in cooperation with the state authorities and the committees on industrial health cf the stato medical societies, a definite program of instruction designed to ocouaint the practicing medical profession with the fundamentals of industrial rudicir.e and designed to carry into effect the minimum standards set up to pro tect the health of employees. The difficulties of attempting to establish in dustrial health programs in small plants are characteristic of the manner in which science has outstripped the advancement of social and professional organ ization which would make possible the fullest utilization of our knowledge. 334 Health Education for Ind\istrial Workers. L.D. Bristol. J.A.M.A, 118 , 650- 651, (February 21, 1942). Health education for industrial workers has evolved more slowly than health edu cation in the school, in the home or among the population in general. This edu cation should be carried on through addresses, lectures, class instruction, in formal talks, personal interviews, radio and talking pictures and through maga zine articles, bulletins, leaflets, posters, charts, exhibits and silent films. Many other plans now in use are discussed. 535 The Teaching of Industrial Health. Council on Industrial Health, American Medi cal Assoc., J.A.M.A. lia, 731-733 (February 28, 1942). The essential requirements for teaching industrial health are briefly described. An outline of a course in industrial health is based upon the three major consti tuents of medical service to employed groups -- industrial hygiene, industrial practice and administration. In the presentation of this outline, a general statement is incorporated under each principal heading explaining in bread terms its importance in the teaching program, followed by a more detailed listing of subheadings. Specific recommendations are also presented about teaching methods and facilities. 236 Symposium on Undergraduate Industrial Medical Education. J.A.M.A. 118 , 646-649, (February 21, 1942). Present Problems in Curriculum Adjustment. K.B. Allen. During the present emergency the military and industrial aspects of medical science aut be emphasized in order that the products of medical education may be able jj* fit smoothly into the needs of the social, military and industrial GStablidfSoata. In medical schools, all fundamental and clinical departments r.uct emphasize instruction bearing on industrial and military medicine. A sur vey course should be established for upper classmen in the general field of in dustrial hygiene and occupational disease, including laboratory work, clinical demonstrations and field trips. Many other types of training should be instituted to the end that the medical schools nay better serve industrial medicine, indusUu-d health and the welfare of workers on the civilian defense front. Health -- A Sepr.rrito Discipline. T.L. Hewlett. ( by providing sufficiently well trained men in the field can industrial -un..' be properly or.'.;.hasincd and the importance of its place in medicine and `.'try clearly outlined. The author believes that: (1) Industrial medicine ' ,;dd be offered to undergraduates as a separate course; (2) The lecture hours .- ui-: be uevoted to industrial topics. Such a program is entirely feasible oven `nly 20 hours is given in any ono academic year, n n n 7' Hygiene Digest - 26. r- -- lotion of Industrial Hygiene Instruction with other Clinical Training. . Curlings. y. 1 schools should accord industrial hygiene instruction greater distinction, _ - -^iizingjfchc subject either as a separate discipline or as an important divi: t'.r. of departments such as nedicino or preventive medicine and public health. /.: the outset, the importance and manner of recording the occupational history . uld be clearly outlined. Occupation qlIso should be assigned an important ylucc in the statistical classification of ai 1 medical records in the hospital ] outpatient department. The industrial hygienist should participate regular ly in ward walks, appropriate medical clinics, roentgenologic and clinical . .-logic conferences. Training should be facilitated by suitable laboratory demonstrations. The most essential requirement is an industrial medical clinic-- orour.d which point are focused the medical procedures developed to discover, oroot or control occupational disease in individuals entering the hospital or '.utpatient department or among hospital employees. The Industrial Clinical Clerkship. F.J. Wampler. Jut of the 51 medical schools in the U. S. and Canada reporting, organized teach ing in industrial health, only one offers an elective in which the student went Into the plant and worked with the physicians and staff of the pathologic and *.-r.i cologic research laboratories of the industry. In the Medical College of Virginia the clinical clerkship in industrial health consists of two weeks spent in a chemical plant employing about 4000 workers, in which there are five full time physicians and eight nurses in the medical department. Another two weeks is spent in another plant of the same company with entirely different chemical hnznrds and problems. Another day is spent in the toxicologic research labor atory. Required readings on industrial health, occupational diseases, compensa tion laws and plans for giving better health services to small plants are assign ed In spite of various present difficulties, the industrial clinical clerkship f >r senior medical students should be adopted as fast as is consistent with healthy growth by the medical schools of North America. Industrial Experience in the Intemeship. W.F. Lyon. I-.ii.mes arc assigned to a plant and keep a note bock during the six-weeks* ser vice, which is checked after each division of experience by the physician in cb'-.rge. They are accompanied and supervised in all activities by the safety or chemical onginoer, who explains manufacturing processes, and by the physicians. Internes are present during pro-employment examinations and are taught the evalu ation of some of the factors attending acceptance or rejection. They are in structed in the estimation of disability. They should not, of course, replace Helical, nursing or first-aid personnel. There should be no suspicion of exI'lcitation of internes for the benefit of industry* The whole training period to designed to provide maximum educational benefits. ' ^cguP-^^nal Disease Clinic. Y/.H. Cronenberg. rurpoW-of an industrial disease clinic should be (1) to study scientifically :'-:o and disability resulting from environment in industry and to spread this () to promote clinical research in the health problems associated '.riding industrial technology; {3; to study clinical material disintercst * nd not to establish liability and (4) to serve as a fact-finding board. ......... b'inte are discussed in detail. c industrial Hygiene Digest - 27 X]7 Inhi.ttrial Hygiene All 24 Hours. Thomas Parran. Illinois Health Messenger, M, L4, (March 1, 1342TI ' "To maintain Yorkers* health and thereby peak production, industries operating or. the 24*3*>ur basis must take special precautionary measures to minimise the effects aight work and the rotating shift. The united States Public Health Service njfes these recommendations: 1. "V/orkers changing over from day to night shift every 2 or 3 weeks find it difficult to adjust their eating and sleeping habits. In plants operating on a 24-hour schedule, shifts should not be rotated more often than every 2 or 3 monthor 2. "Each nursing shift should rotate at the some time as the workers* shift, so that the sumo nurses will always be acquainted with the workers they arc treating. 3. "Y.'omea vdth home responsibilities often try to do their housework during the day while working on night shifts. Chronic fatigue is the result. In general, women workers who have domestic duties should not be employed at night, 4. "A 60-hour week -- on a 10-hour day, 6-dcy woJc basis- may become necessary. Ex cessive increases in working hours lead to reduced efficiency during working hours, absenteeism and sickness. A 43-hour week -- on an 8-hour day, 6-day week basis -- is preferable. Individual workers should have one day in every 7 days for rest and recreation; this dees not preclude continuous factory operation. 5. "Organized rest periods help maintain production at a high level. Five to fifteen-minute rest periods should be provided at the end of the first quarter, and again at the three-quarter mark of each shift. This is especially important in repetitive monotonous work or heavy manual labor. Milk, soft drinks, sand wiches and candy should be available during rest periods. 6. "A particularly high standard of lighting is necessary in plants operating at night or under blackout conditions. Proper lighting reduces fatigue, improves morale, and prevents accidents due to poor light or glare. "This six-point program should be based on the broader industrial hygiene ser vice advocated by the United States Public Health Service which includes: medical and nursing services available to workers on each shift; good plant housekeeping; adequate sanitary facilities; adequate ventilation; control of exposures to hazardous operations or to noxious dust, fumes and gases; proper placement of workers in jobs for which they are physically and temperamentally suited;, reduc tion of excessive noise (a well-known fatigue producer); health and safety educa tion programs, such as teaching proper posture on the job, sanitation, nutrition and mental hygiene; paid vacations of at least one or two weeks a year.'* jf*,- 4 INDEX (March, 1942) ' ' r.-rry 1315 . , 'cid . . .. on capacity 319 :".d fide - n:xide . . 273-274 ' ' \ Z 306 ry, miners' 257 . ;.trcl 297-29S-295-300 U'n 266 :.rn 269 rude size, .'.^termination 292 - protective o arics 323 service 331 1 *i^n, physical *uA service 312 ' 1 311 t. hy 290 ' . .*'i. ,'ol Hearing conservation noise, and standards 321 322 320 Industrial hygiene general 299-337 Industrial Medicino education 335-336 general 310-328-329 330-333-334 plan3 325-332 Isonhorono 283 Load effects, experimental 279-2S0 poisoning 278 therapy 277 Mercaptan poisoning 286 Mesityl oxide 203 Nitroaniline determination 293 Oxygen lack, effects of 272 Silica determination experiments f.91 2C8 Silicosis foundrymen incidence Russia 271 304 305 Silver, excretion 313 Sporotrichosis 2S3 Solvents chlorinated 231 Statistics morbidity industrial 307-308-309 Sulfur Dioxide determination 294 Toluene effects 285-237 Ventilation low velocity 296 Vitamins 316-317-318 Photosensitisation* petroleum 232 Pressure effects on car 289 Radium safe handling 302 Rehab Hi tation VCv / Sar.i tation, i r.dustri "1 3d Cn ^ r\ rs UOu;: . i-j * e- o cn _J (m P< o e Mu . > A, H4 ?n Cf--D it) oc J-. o T O O ' *1 q 0 f-tJl t~t o <n wM M-> e-3 .txn k--( q S n -s o* - M O !l o 1 s CO 1--l E* N3 p *1 S Mcu o &* ' * S 0 R!.l b T-i + itO 1 : -w> U 4 U* V) cP~/Jt 1 | . c c> O WM 3' 1 tt 2 I ^ OJ -aj ) o " -*J -* c r-~> Ct "oH [e!ra) +-->j O J-4 oo *04 H J o O '/I * ----< fc. o 0 vj s- .V*3 9i 5 * c g5 Mc *3N 0Ca3 +J oe "O-}. n ao o 3 4-9 c J O u Cm .. . o w at c <0 CO <y 3 Ma 4-> cV o M <) cu 0. i_o? u o az iHco +> c <u 03 c a 3 T3 uo I* * 04 JS 4* o Ms r\ CO o <v o E-< o 1 44 5 *i u. .o o -4 CO I 1 <c e*0g 1 1 c~ i 09* o 09 eg '.m CJ 0h Vsg 0 0 0eg 0eg 0 or-W o 1 ,! 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