Document jBaO1O40xQe3QOopw7xb92QKQ

INDEX "ETHYL NEWS" 1946 AUTOMOTIVE Army Trucks for Civilian Use?.............................March Intercity Bus Industry Plans Postwar Operations ............................................. July-August Motorcycles Are Back.................................. November The First Fifty Years................................................. May These Drivers Know How............................. September AVIATION Air Travel in 1946.............................................January CORPORATION ACTIVITIES and PERSONNEL ITEMS Bartholomew, Earl, (Postwar Fuel Possibilities) ...........................................July-August Bean, Henry S., Ethyl Specialties Corp.................June Dees, H. Claire, Rejoins Ethyl............................... June Ethyl Baton Rouge Plant (An Air View).......... October Faller, Raymond R., Director of Refresher Course .........................................................February Fuel Distribution System, Research Laboratories (Photograph)......................November Helouin, Andrew J., Sr., (First Baton Rouge Employee) . ..............................................October Hunt, Harold B., (Oldest Employee in Point of Service)...................................... September Introducing "Ethyl" Cleaner............................. January It's A Good Business (Service Station Personnel Movie)...................................... September Kebel, Harry, Ethyl Specialties Corp..................... June Krieger, George, Chairman API Agricultural Development Committee................................. April Kuhe, Harry, Manager of Chicago Division. .. .June Lofquist, Gerald A., Assistant Manager of Chicago Division.......................................... January Magic in Agriculture (Farm Movie)................. October Marketing Plans for "Ethyl" Cleaner...........February McCulloch, William K., Jr., Sales Promotion Assistant.................................................... November Research in Fuels (Scenes of Ethyl Laboratories Activities)...........................July-August Roberts, Lester, Rejoins Ethyl............................... March Rosser, George P., Assistant Manager of Kansas City Division....................................January Schell, Russell, Rejoins Ethyl....................................May Taylor, J. Coard, (In Memoriam)............... July-August Wanted: 25,000,000 Good Drivers (Ethyl Advertising Campaign)...................................... May FARM Farm Power in Small Packages.............................May Look to the Soil..................................................January They Learn by Doing...................................... February FICTION Back Seat Driver............................................... January Double or Nothing..................................................May Ferry Tale............................................................. March The Man in the Gray Fedora...........................February GENERAL INTEREST "Accidents"--Made to Order (Insurance Fakers) .........................................................October Any Time Is Blossomtime (The Business of Raising Flowers)..................................................April Awake at the Wheel. . . . >....................................June Bait for Bookworms (The Growth of Books and Book Clubs)...................................... July-August Barnyard Golfers (Horseshoe Pitching), . . November Beauty for Men (Male Cosmetics)................. February Brain Teasers (Quiz)...................................... November By Any Other Name (Flower Scents)....................April Car Washing Habits............................................... April Color Has a Purpose (Use of Planned Color). February Crime Makes a Comeback............................. February Eyes Front at West Point.........................................June Football Goes Back to College....................September Fortunes in the Deep (Undersea Treasures). . .March Hearing by Sight (Visible Speech Machine). February ETC 23668 INDEX "ETHYL NEWS" 1946 Home Is Where You Find It (The Housing Shortage)...................................................... January Home on the Road (Tourist Courts and Trailer Camps)....................................................June Houdini's Magic Safe.............................................May Ice Cream Sodas From the Sea (Sea Moss Industry).................................................... November It's All in Fun (Popular Indoor Games)............March Juarez -- "Tourista" Haven...........................November Landing Craft Religion (Floating Mission)............June Mexico's Industrial Boom............................. November Newspaper for Nomads (Hobo News). . . November Steamboatin' Returns (Mississippi Excursions!............................................... September Such Language! (War-born Slang)................. October The English Have a Word for It (British Auto Terms)............................................... September The Fine Art of Tipping...........................................June The Outboards Are in Again............................... April The President Meets the Press....................September The Record Speaks for Itself (Phonograph Records)...................................................... February This Way to Alaska.............................................March Trick Stuff (Magicians at Work).............................May Trucks Dress Up, Too (Colors Used on Trucks).. .June What's the Market Doing? (The Stock Market).March When the Dragon Ships Came (Early Norse Explorations) ...........................................November Where Credit Is Due (Consumer Credit). .July-August Which Is Which? (Quiz)......................................March Whirlwinds on Wheels (Miniature Racing Cars)..................................................October World's Richest Prexy (The Nizam of Hyderabad).................................................. January PETROLEUM API Souvenir Convention Issue....................December Oildom's First Cameraman (John Matheri. . .October Oil Frontiers: USA (Postwar Explorations)......... June Pipe Dreams (Odd Suggestions for Using the War-Built Pipelines)........................ July-August Postwar Service Stations: A Preview....................April Testing Tomorrow's Fuels..................................January What Do You Know About Gasoline? (Quiz)........................................................... February PICTURE STORIES And Now the News (Radio Commentators)......... June Crossroads: USA (Main Streets of Big Cities). .March In This Corner (History of Boxing)........................ May Occupation Panorama (Japan One Year After V-Day)............................................. September Operation Fall Guy (Saints and Sinners Organization).........................................July-August This Way to the Big Show (Circus Opening). . .April ETC 23669 Now appointments in the Ethyl Solos Oopartmont aro those of George P. Rosser as Assistant Manager of the Kansas City Division and Gerald A. Lofquist as Assistant Manager of the Cvhicago Division. ' Mr. Rosser, who has boon on military V leave with the U. S. Army, suc ceeds Donald S. Flynn, who was ;4*, 1- vif'-S named Man ager of the Kansas City Di vision when Harold R. Borg was promoted to the now post of Southern Area Sales Manager In a recent reorganisation of Ethyl Sales. Mr. Rosser joined the War Department in 1942 with the reserve rank of captain and received his training as an Ord nance officer at Aberdeen Prov ing Ground, Holablrd Ordnance Depot, and the Tank Automo tive Center in Detroit. He served in Washington, D. C,, at execu tive officer of the Maintenance Division, Headquarters of the Army Service Forces, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Mr. Roster, who joined Ethyl in 1910 as a field representative, was Assistant Manager of the Atlanta Division when he entered military service. He is a graduate of Georgia Tech. Mr. Lofquist, -- - - a graduate of the University of Illinois, was associated with Western Pre cipitation Com pany, Ford, Bacon and Davis, Inc., and General Motors (Truck and Meter Divisien) before coming to Ethyl In 19S9 as a field engi neer in Illinois. For the past three years, he has been Safety Engineer with the Chicago Divi sien. Mr. Lofquist succeeds Mal colm P. Murdock who was trans ferred to the Ethyl Specialties Corporation to assist in plans ^ for marketing Etlsyl Cleaner. THp 1 41 JANUARY 1946 : AIR TRAVEL IN 1946 3 The firsf full postwar year of commercial air travel will tee fatter schedules, lower faret, more seats and new, improved planet. INTRODUCING ETHYL CLEANER 6 Ethyl hat a new product -- a multi-purpote household cleaner and car wash -- which, after two years of letting, it now being put on the market. HOME IS WHERE YOU FIND IT 8 Houting, the worst of the war's continuing shortages, now promitet to be the longett. SHORT SHORT STORY 11 LOOK TO THE SOIL 12 Louis Bromfield, the noted author, in an exclusive article for the Ethyl Newt, writes warmly and knowingly of agriculture and its future. TESTING TOMORROW'S FUELS 16 Experimental motor fuelt -- never before uted in an automobile engine -- were road-tested in a program recently sponsored by Ethyl. In order to widen the fields of render Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers net associated with Ethyl Corporation. Any opinions expressed In these signed articles, of course, are the authors'. The editors ef the News welcome articles of timely Interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to im prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earle W. Webb, president; Percy L Griffiths, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretary ETC 2367 1 By Richard P. Cooke More available seats, at the lowest rates in history, he year 1946 will sec the coun Ttry's airlines in the throes of the are what the airlines will offer the flying public this year greatest growing pains in the"irlook" to air service, and bv next port and wait until a "no show" colorful history. fall there should be enough seats to (passenger who fails to turn up) At first -- which means the first go around. vacates a seat for him. six months, at least -- the air traveller No longer will the man who has The different "look" to air travel will not find it very much easier to to get somewhere in a hurry have to this year will be in the growing make a reservation than during the phone a friend in an airline -- only number of four-engined planes on travel-glutted days of 1945. But he to be told nothing can be done for regular schedules. will begin to notice a different him anyway -- or go out to the air Through last year, TYVA's five ETC 23672 Boeing Stratoliners were the only hours. The Constellations and DC- , ing there are 2 50 of them in use at four-engined craft in domestic serv 6's will cut that time further -- to the end of the year, will provide ice (although the Army and Navy ten hours. Comparable sayings in roughly another 15,000 seats, making have been flying hundreds of four- time will be available between inter 23,000 in all. And those 15,000 seats engined transports all over the mediate points. will mean even more service than world). All told, the nation's airlines are indicated by mere arithmetic, due But by next June, there should be spending an estimated $250 million to the greater speed at which the over 200 Douglas DC-4's (similar on new equipment, on the basis of new planes travel as compared with to the C-54 military transport) fly presently announced commitments. pre-war aircraft. ing, which are 220-mile-an-hour The great bulk of 1946 domestic As to gasoline, 91-octane fuel will craft, each capable of carrying 45 passenger traffic -- for the first half continue to be the principal grade to 60 passengers. There should also year at least -- will still travel in the used, on the basis of present indica be between 20 and 30 modem 300- familiar DC-3's. There are now tions, although there is a growing mile-an-hour Lockheed Constella some 400 of these craft in service -- trend to better grades. The newlv tions, carrying more than 60 pas 40 more than before the war -- and developed four-engined planes, sengers each. About midyear, the they will probably continue in serv which will be entering regular serv first deliveries of the fast Douglas ice, along with the newer four- ice, are expected to be run on 100- DC-6 -- another 300-mile, 60-plus engined craft, until brand-new octane gasoline. passenger plane -- will be forth twin-engined types, such as the Air travel this year will be made coming, and by the end of the year Consolidated Vultee Model 240, available to the public at the lowest a number of these craft should be in come along. fares in airline history. If anyone regular service. These planes, some of which will go into overseas serv More Seofs Being Added wants to make a rough estimate of what it will cost him to fly between ice, will be 20% to 60% faster than A few of the present DC-3's may any two cities, all he has to do is to the familiar DC-3's. have extra seats installed (three take out a ruler and measure the dis The DC-4's are frankly an "in planes already have 28 seats instead tance on the map as the crow flies. terim" airplane. They are designed of the traditional 21), and altogether Multiplying the number of miles to fill the gap until the full quotas this twin-engined fleet will have indicated, by 4`/2 cents, will give of newer, faster planes can be deliv about 8,000 seats to offer air trav him the answer. There are some ered. But they will nevertheless cut ellers, at any one time, as compared minor variations, but that is essen flying time, coast-to-coast, from the with only some 6,000 seats in 1941. tially what his ticket will cost. Be present 16 to 18 hours to under 13 The new four-engined craft, assum- fore the war, fares were about 5 (4 The new Boeing Stratocruiser, due in 1947, will enter transoceanic service cents a mile; 15 years ago, they were more than double that latter figure. As a matter of fact, it now costs less to travel between major cities bv air than it does bv first-class Pullman. New York to Los Angeles or San Francisco costs only $118.30, compared with a current first-class Pullman fare of $125.87 and a pre war air fare of $149.95 (round trips get a 10% discount). New York- Chicago air fare now is $32.85 com pared with $36.93 for first-class railroad passage and $44.95 bv air before the war. But this is about as cheap as air travel is likely to get this year. The airlines are engaged in a gigantic ETC 2367: I expansion, both at home and abroad. They have added several thousand miles of new routes in the past two years, and there are more new routes to come. Moreover, new personnel .must be trained, new ground facili ties installed, new equipment tested. All this takes a great deal of money and energy, and until this difficult expansion period is passed it is un likely that the air carriers can move appreciably nearer their ultimate The Republic Rainbow fabovel, the Martin 2*0-2 (left), and the Consolidated Vultee Model 240 IbeloWl are other awaited planes goal of 3 cents a passenger-mile. That will take a number of years and a big advance in operating tech nique, plus new and more efficient aircraft. Bad weather, the bugaboo which today prevents airlines from flying all trips, especially in winter months, will not be completely beaten this year. But important gains will be made. Weather and traffic control are closely related, and one of the biggest problems facing the airlines today is to inaugurate a comprehen sive traffic control system which will permit a lot more planes to move in and out of airports than now is possible. When the sky is clear and pilots can fly by contact, the difficulties today are not too great. But when the weather closes in, many flights have to be cancelled. This is not because airlines and pilots do not know how to make landings by in struments, using radar aids available for the past several years, but be cause adequate over-all systems for control of plane movements under "instrument" conditions have not vet been worked out. At present, the airlines are endeavoring to con vince the-Civil Aeronautics Admin istration of the need for certain kinds of traffic controls, and this year should see a good deal of prog ress in this direction. Radar, although widely and suc cessfully used in military operations, will not appear as a major factor in 1946 airline operations -- and prob ably not even in 1947. Some airline operators feel that the radio devices now in use are adequate, if traffic control is fully (Continued on Vage 20 i ETC 23674 I INTRODUCING ETHYL New Ethyl product, a multi-purpose household cleaner and car wash, to be marketed in northeastern states thyl corporation has a new automobile: body, glass, upholstery, E product which, after two years canvas tops, tires; on upholstered of testing, will now be put on thefurniture, rugs, and painted and market. enamelled surfaces. It can be used The new product is Ethyl to wash fine woolens and blankets, Cleaner, a multi-purpose household without causing them to shrink or cleaner and car wash. harming their colors. While remov It will be introduced to the ing dirt, grease and grime, it will public, during the next several not attack a surface or irritate the months, through gasoline service skin. And after it has done its job of stations, drug and grocery stores, cleaning and is rinsed off, it leaves no department and specialty stores, objectionable residue. hardware stores, and automotive accessory stores. The initial marketing area will i ft//// embrace roughly the northeastern quarter of the United States. It in cludes New England, the Atlantic Coast states (with the exception of metropolitan New York City) as far south as Tennessee, and the mid- western states as far west as Illinois. Plans for its introduction elsewhere A concentrated product, only i '/2 are being developed. tablespoonsful of Ethyl Cleaner or As a multi-purpose cleaning agent, dinarily need to be added to a gallon Ethyl Cleaner has many varied uses. of water. Thus, the 3 2 -ounce bottle For example, it can be used on will make over 40 gallons of cleaning windows, refrigerators, stoves and solution. tile. It can be used on all parts of an Ethyl Cleaner is a synthetic deter- 32 oz. bottle of Ethyl Cleaner gent made from petroleum. It has the ability7 to work in hot water or cold water, hard water or soft water, or even in sea water, and it will lather under all conditions. This has been one of the basic aims in the development of the new product -- to overcome the limitations, in wash ing and cleaning, sometimes im posed by the water. For example, consider the temper ature of the water. When laundering a fabric, it is washed in the water at the temper ature of the water--which, almost always, must be warm or hot. But when washing a car, a person is washing it, as a practical matter, at the colder temperature of the car's surface. That is why it is advan tageous to use a cleaning agent which is equally effective in hot or cold water. Similarly, the kind of water avail ETC 23675 able in a community is another im portant consideration. Surprisingly enough, most of the population live in hard-water areas. Only the eastern and western sea boards of the United States are rel atively blessed with soft water. Due to the calcium and magnesium salts it contains, hard water causes ordi nary soap to throw out sticky pre cipitates which defeat the purpose of washing. Cities and citizens together spend many millions of dollars an nually on various wrays of softening the water for industrial and house hold purposes. Hard water is no obstacle for Ethyl's new product. The cleaner readily mixes with it, lathers quickly, and goes to work. And instead of combatting the lime and magnesium salts, the cleaner permits their nat ural cleansing powers to aid in the cleaning task. Ethyl Cleaner, moreover, is effec tive in lowering surface tension-- which is highly important in clean ing. While surface tension may sound extremely technical to a lay man, all it means is the resistance of a surface against releasing particles attached to it, say, of dirt or of grease. Surface tension is what holds drops of water to windshields or window panes. It is, too, what keeps dishes greasy, after they've been washed improperly. Because of its effectiveness in low ering surface tension, Ethyl Cleaner will quickly loosen grease and dirt particles and float them away. That is why windows washed with it will have a lustre--because all the water on the panes readily drains aw'ay, leaving no streaks. Due to its chemical composition, Ethyl Cleaner contains no abrasives or caustics. And being chemically neutral, it will not attack painted or enamelled surfaces, nor remove their gloss. Neither does it have any harm ful effect upon the skin. And after a cleaned surface has been rinsed with clear water, the cleaner leaves no residue that can become rancid. Ethyl Cleaner was developed dur ing the war, with the last two years spent in laboratory testing and mar ket research. When this synthetic detergent was first suggested as a new product, it marked the start of a long period of experimentation and research. Tests showed that it had an unusual combination of desirable cleaning properties. That is to say, it had the ability to "wet-out" and penetrate surfaces and materials, to emulsify and disperse particles of dirt, grease and grime, and above all, to clean in a manner, and under conditions, vir tually impossible for previous clean ing agents. Nevertheless, continuing tests into its chemical composition, and al ternate formulas, were performed at our chemical research laboratories in Detroit, and elsewhere. Investi gations were made of its cleansing abilities upon different surfaces and under widely varying conditions. Consumer surveys were taken of the need for a synthetic detergent of this type, in order to determine its best applications in everyday household washing and cleaning tasks. As a result of these studies, Ethyl Cleaner was put on public sale in six test cities. This was in 1944. The cities chosen were Utica, New York; Springfield, Ohio; Saginaw and Grand Rapids, Michigan; St. Joseph, Missouri; and Tulsa, Oklahoma. They were selected for their differ ences in water supply (whether hard or soft), the nature of their indus trial environment, and their eco nomic circumstances, among other factors. The cleaner was sold through se lected retail outlets in each of these cities, and consumer reaction to the new product was carefully noted. Meanwhile, the nucleus of a sales staff had been started, and pilot plant production of the cleaner obtained. Market surveys in the test cities revealed a warm public response for the product. Consumer reaction proved that this was a product that filled a need. And so, the new Ethyl Cleaner will be marketed in the entire north eastern section of the country within the next few months. A fur ther description of Ethyl's plans for its new multi-purpose cleaner, to gether with an outline of the organi zation that is being formed around the product, will be told in a forth coming issue of the Ethyl News. 7 ETC 23676 >a lot .bi* for rranit: n* *mw Mi, m-,|V. ' w---1 Ik rat rm' * *? |n4>M '* hCkBfattua^ P ilVmM otBmcwtU mSTUl . or bout. Banna. KTC or ret, to liSf|eQ. Tliaadg *5l brofccr. abj itniaiK. wii mca ni-a a Jwa. nftfrrmtth*. te.#>fr;. rs*. s^-ssssTi *'O-C'-O-Q-oJ-oP AmBNEuTDTSjfj.r watour Causal Pis*. 4 Bp tP 800 Par i SfS a \L These random scenes tell the tale of the housing shortage. Unable to find a home, an ex-Marine and his family (top left) pitch a tent. War time Quonset huts and trailers (center left and lower left) are being used to ease the pinch, while returned veterans labove) apply for scarce liv ing quarters in Metropolitan New York ETC 23677 The long and short of the housing shortage is that it promises to be the longest shortage on record But ironically enough, now that the war is over, the housing shortage is going to get even worse. It will probably reach its crisis this year. One reason is that married war veterans are coming home in droves -- and most of them want to start out in their own homes or apart ments. Furthermore, there are nearly By William B. Harper four million additional families, all told, than in 1940. Meanwhile, the ver the next decade, housing stork has been hanging up new de O officials foresee a building livery records during the war. And boom of unprecedented propotro cap matters, the majority of peo tions. During that time, they say, ple who migrated to cities during contractors will have to build over the war don't want to go home. a million new homes a year, every There's still another reason, an year, to meet the public's need. And economic one. if that comes to pass, it will mean that about one out of every four The Cold-Water Flat families in the land will be moving Before the war, many low-income to a new address. city dwellers had to live in sub But that's doing some high-octane standard cold-water flats. Came the crystal gazing. war, and fatter pay envelopes, and The immediate outlook is for a these folks moved into steam-heated two- to three-year housing shortage apartments. (At the other extreme, that is going to get worse before it many a millionaire, faced with war gets better. In fact, the long and time levies, has had to close down short of the housing shortage is that his estate, move into a more modest it promises to be the longest short home or apartment.) As a result, age on record. there's been a great pressure on The situation, briefly, is that the middle-class living space. And the war has tied millions of families into former occupants of the cold-water tight little knots -- into double flats have no intention of returning knots, in fact -- and there's no im to them, if they can help it. (That's mediate prospect of their becoming why New York City, while in the untangled. grip of a serious shortage, neverthe When the war broke out it caused less has over 37,000 cold-water flats a vast migration of people to cities. going a-begging for tenants.) Some six million people left the farm All in all, we are going through to live in town. Besides this, there the same kind of housing shortage was a general influx of city and such as followed World War I. farm folk into war centers, aggra Then as now, the end of the war vating the housing shortage in those caught the country unprepared to localities. And finally, as husbands meet its housing needs. Two million and fathers went off to war, their soldiers were demobilized that win wives and children frequently ter of 1918, and many of them went moved in with the old folks. hungry for homes. Reflecting the swollen demand for living space, rents jumped 43% from 1919 through mid-1921, de spite the adoption of rent control laws by 13 states. Speculation in rented properties was rampant. Superintendents, landlords and spec ulators gouged tenants out of exorbi tant fees and rentals. Outraged ten ants in turn precipitated rent strikes, formed protective associations to curb the profiteering and halt the wholesale evictions that were taking place. Meanwhile, new construction was six months in getting started, took nearly two years to hit its postwar stride. In 1919, the first postwar year, building materials prices were 72% above their pre-war levels. Lumber, brick and tile had tripled their 1914 figures. Paint had risen three-and-a-half times. Union wage scales advanced a third in the year ended April 1920, paralleling the four-year rise of the war. Looking back, it was not until 1925 -- when 937,000 single-dwell ing units, an all-time record, were built -- that the postwar housing shortage really spent itself. By any test, the present postwar housing shortage is much bigger, more serious, than the last. Instead of a one-year deferred demand for housing, there's at least a four-year pentup demand. Instead of two mil lion veterans, there are eleven mil lion. Instead of a one-year popula tion increase, there has been a much larger one, spread over four years. The principal distinguishing fea tures of the present shortage are (i) rents have been largely held in check (they are only 8% higher now than in 1939) and (2) war emergency housing has been better planned. ETC 23678 Lumber is the No. I shortage in build ing, due to the scarcity of lumberjacks Returning veterans, seeking homes, are the big victims of the housing shortage The present shortage is so severe that people are still living in trailers, as they did during the war, others are holding on to their war-built homes, Army and Navy barracks are being converted into living quarters for veterans' families. Conditions being what they are, this is no time to pick a fight with the mother-inlaw with whom you may be living, to tell off that autocratic superin tendent in your apartment house, to make any demands upon your landlord. Alternative living quarters just ain't. The Census Bureau figures that less than one out of a hundred dwelling units are vacant -- and those "vacancies" take in some pretty rundown dwellings. Why, then, is the shortage des tined to get even tighter this year? Simply because the number of dwelling units to be built (between 350,000 and 500,000, at the most) will fail to match the increased de mand for homes and apartments, much less put a dent in the over-all demand. Allowing for the fact that new construction, for the most part, can't Prefabricated homes may help ease the housing shortage. A number of department stores have placed them on sale '!' *} get underway before this spring, what are the present handicaps? Briefly, they include a shortage of building materials, a shortage of skilled labor -- and a reluctance on the part of the public to pay $7,000 for a $5,000 house. Take a look at building materials. Lumber is the No. 1 shortage commodity, with brick a leading contender for the title. Cast-iron soil pipe is next, followed by castiron radiators, plumbing and electric fixtures, and builder's hardware. Even the 8-penny nail, most com monly used in residential construc tion, is hard to find. Lumber, in fact, has been short during the whole war, because log gers left the lumber camps for better-paving jobs in shipyards and aircraft factories. The shipyards, among others, welcomed them with open arms. Tree toppers made admirable riggers, because dizzv heights did not faze them. Others . of the husky lot filled the need for pilebucks to build shipways. And the loggers, in turn, found their new war jobs to their liking -- because they gave them more time for social and family life. Now that the war's over and their jobs ended, the log gers have been only slowly drifting back to their peacetime calling. 10 ETC 23679 "51- The same is true of other building supply industries. Those making such materials as brick, tile, cement, cinder block and cast-iron soil pipe employ a large number of unskilled Workers in relation to their total labor force. Consequently, they are recognized as low-pay industries. As a resujt, when war plants offered their workers attractive wage in ducements, these fields suffered the same fate as the lumber industry. Now take a look at the building contractors themselves. Contrary to popular impression, there are not many large firms in the industry. The majority, instead, are small, local contractors -- build ing 10 to 25 homes a year, each -- and thev must relv on many sub contractors for each building opera tion. Back in 1941, there were roughly 500,000 contractors. By 1945, they had dwindled to fewer than 150,000. And now, besides the need for re viving their own businesses and resuming contacts with their sub contractors, they have to recruit their labor forces all over again. When the war broke out, con struction workers ran off in all directions at once. Deserting what were, at best, only seasonally highpaying occupations, they took war jobs which gave them year-round employment. And now, they are slow in coming back. Men who have served, with the Seabees or Army Engineers may partly fill the gap. But the big need is for skilled work ers with experience in the trowel trades. Those trades take in brick layers and tile layers and other mas onry workers, and they definitely require long apprenticeships. But even assuming that building materials will in time be forthcom ing in volume, assuming too that the labor shortage will be eased, there's a final hurdle in the postwar housing handicap. That hurdle is price. The trouble is, millions of people have been planning to build or buy a postwar home -- at pre-war prices. Meanwhile, building mate- (Continued on Page 32) Short Short Story Seat 'Dniven Oh Htnry Legler The drizzling rain froze on my windshield despite the clickety-clack of the wiper -- so that occasionally I had to thaw it off with the warmth of my palm. Through the hlur of the headlights I saw a lonely figure standing at the bus-stop. She looked so desolate and forlorn that I swerved over to the side of the road and said: "Can I give you a lift?" For a moment I thought she was going to snub my invi tation. She appraised me suspiciously and said: "I don't take rides with no strangers, thank you." "Oh, I'm sorry, it's such a nasty night. . ." She hesitated for a moment; then opened the rear door of my sedan and climbed in. "I'll sit back here, if you don't mind," she said. My sense of gallantry was somewhat injured at her obvi ous mistrust. The least I could do was prove my good inten tions by pleasant conversation. "How far are you going?" I asked. "Newark." "Pretty bad night to be travelling!" No answer. "I've been driving all the way from Washington." Evidently she wasn't impressed by my travels, for again there was no response. Not discouraged, I made one last attempt: "Do you live in Newark?" "No, I'm going to visit my mother." "That's queer -- your saying that. Reminds me of a story. Maybe you've heard it." Here, at last, was an opening for conversation -- if only one-sided. "Strange, too, your getting in the back seat. So did the girl in the story -- It was a blizzardy night -- Christmas Eve. Fellow was driving along in his car alone. Came to a crossing. Girl was standing there in the storm. He said: `Can I give you a lift?' She got in the back seat. "He asked her where she was going. She said: `To visit my mother.' And she told him the address. Then she wouldn't say another word -- so they just drove along together in silence through the howling snow storm. "Well, when he reached the address, he got out and opened the rear door. The girl teas gone.'" I looked back over my shoulder to make sure that the dramatic impact of my story was fully appreciated. There was no response, so I continued: "You can imagine how scared this chap was. Something about the girl had given him a spooky feeling. He looked up at the house where her mother was supposed to live and decided to ring the bell. There was a dim light burning in the window. "A little old lady opened the door and before the fellow had a chance to speak, she said in a tired voice: `You want to tell me about my daughter, don't you? Poor dear, every Christmas Eve she tries to come home. You see, she was killed five years ago at that same crossing where you saw her tonight.' " It was an old story -- one I had read years ago in the New Yorker -- and I was rather pleased at the skillful manner in which I had retold it. Still there was no sign of appreciation from the rear seat. Nothing but icy silence. Just then a red traffic light appeared through the sleetblurred windshield and my passenger said: "Say, mister, I've changed my mind. I'm gettin' out at this bus-stop." She slammed the door without thanking me for the ride and as she bent into the storm, I heard her muttering: "A wolf I can handle -- but a guy that's off his nut -- not for me!" 11 ETC 23680 uring the last century of rapid D industrial development in this country, the importance of agricul Cook to the Soil ture to our economy has been largely overlooked. Many people believe that industry is the founda By Louis Bromfield tion of our economy, and some even that prosperity begins with the pay-check at the factory window. The noted author, in an exclusive article for Ethyl The fact that more than 50% of our population derives the main source News, tells what is needed for American agriculture of its income from agriculture has either never been known or has been overlooked -- all the population di agriculture is sick, there can be no upon nine inches of top soil. When rectly engaged in agriculture, vir prosperity. Factories shut down and that is gone there will be no more tually the whole number of our men are unemployed by the hun economy and no more civilization." small towns and villages and many dreds of thousands. That is a statement which I believe cities as large as Des Moines, Iowa, It is only lately that we have be is beyond challenge and it might be plus the whole of the packing, mill gun to realize once more the truth of well to add that within a little over ing and agricultural machinery in that statement made long ago by a hundred years three inches of soil dustries and large segments of the Liberty Hyde Bailey, the great old have already disappeared. The steel, oil and gasoline, automobile man of American agriculture--"The wealth and power of this nation and other businesses. It has been farmer was the first man and he will have been built solely upon the overlooked as well that all of this be the last man." I think it also foundation of its once fabulously segment of the population, more necessary to quote Dr. Hugh Ben rich natural resources -- its farm than half, represents the bulk market nett, head of the Soil Conservation land, forests, mines, water power for the goods manufactured by in Service. "The economy and the and oil wells. All these provided the dustry -- a vast market. When civilization of this nation were built opportunities for the industrialist, the banker and men in other fields of private enterprise. Many of these resources are already exhausted. Many are reaching the danger point. W'hen they are gone this country will cease to be an important nation. Its currency will not be worth much, and all the gold buried at Fort Knox will not make much differ ence. Of all of these resources, agricul tural land and perhaps forests are the most important. No one can invent iron ore or copper ore or re plenish exhausted wells of mineral oil, but soil and forests are to a large extent renewable--an eternal source of natural and real wealth. In the future it is inevitable that we shall have to draw more and more upon them for those substitutes with which to replace our non-renewable natural resources. From them we 12 ETC 23681 shall have to draw the materials for plastics, for vegetable oils, for alco hol, for food, clothing and shelter and countless other commodities essential to our complex economy and civilization. With all these things in mind it becomes evident, I think, that a better agriculture and the preserva tion and restoration of our agricul tural land become matters of the first importance to all of us, the industrial worker and the white-col lar worker most of all, for with them the cost of food is the most serious item in the cost of living. The answer to many of our eco nomic and labor problems is that of abundance with low production costs rather than scarcity with high costs of production. This is so of both industrial and agricultural commodities, but especially so of the latter. On the whole we practice in this country an agriculture of lower profits at lower production per acre (despite war production figures) at a higher and higher cost, instead of a greater or equally great produc tion on a reduced acreage at lowered production costs. This is so because of a poor and inefficient agriculture and because of the immense losses of top soil through floods and erosion. Each year we farm more and more land to produce less and less com or beef or milk per acre. Farmland Is Real Wealth Agricultural land is real wealth and it is upon real wealth (natural resources) that our economy and our wealth and power as a nation are founded. It becomes imperative therefore that if our wealth and power are not to decline along with our standards of living, we should undertake a vast campaign to guard and renew, if possible, these re sources. In this campaign soil con servation practices and a better agriculture -- mechanized, efficient, intensive -- certainly take first place. A fourth of our good agricultural land is virtually destroyed, and an other fourth is half gone. The rest, fairly flat land, is subject to slow erosive destruction under existing farming methods; and it is always subject to the gradual but devastat ing depletion for which the short sighted, greedy or cheating farmer is responsible -- the farmer who puts back less than he takes off. One of the curses of American agriculture is the long-established habit of horizontal rather than ver tical agricultural expansion. In other words, a farmer, when prices are high, goes out and buys more acre age to increase his total production, rather than farm his own land better and produce the 30% to 60% more it could produce if he farmed it properly and intensively and well. The result is that with his increased acreage he produces less at a higher cost per acre or per bushel -- in terms of fertilizer, seed, labor, taxes and interest -- and actually reduces his production per acre (which is 13 ETC 23682 J 1 The country's welfare vitally depends upon a healthy agriculture, Mr. Bromfield points out. Over half the population derives the main source of its income from it; the same number constitute the biggest single market for industry's products. Thus, when agricul ture is sick, there can be no prosperity One third of our top soil -- the basis of our agriculture -- has been lost due to unwise farming methods and erosion. Pictured above and to the right are several of the ways erosion ravages the soil. Seen at the upper right are erosion's worst effects: a dead farm m m the true basis of profits) and in creases the cost of production. Under an ideal agriculture, we should be producing in this country the same amount of agricultural commodities on half the present acreage under cultivation and at half the present costs. Under such an agriculture the cost of food could be reduced at least 30% and the farmer would still have greater profits than he is making today. The fundamental solutions of economic and labor problems in this country are not scarcity, high wage increases and higher prices, but abundance with high production and low pro duction costs, or in other words, not to increase perpetually the num ber of dollars a worker receives but to increase the purchasing value of the dollars he is already receiving. The first method leads only to senseless inflation; the second repre sents a real raise in wages with a stabilized rather than an inflated economy. i The Way Out In this direction agriculture, which produces the food that is the basic item in the cost of living, is the obvious place to make a begin ning. In order to do this we must stop the destruction of our funda mental source of. real wealth and increase its fertility by a better ag riculture. Subsidies and parity prices only serve to preserve and encour age a poor agriculture and to check improvement. The answer lies in the soil itself and how wisely and how well it is treated. The prosperity of the farmer largely lies not in subsi dies and parity prices but in his own hands. In countries like Denmark, Holland, Belgium and France, where good agriculture is the rule, there is no such thing as a poor farmer. To be a farmer is to be a solid, welloff citizen. Soil conservation practices and modern farm ing methods ore needed to replenish the soil As part of this, modern powered farm machinery can contribute to a better, more prosperous agriculture t 1 l Planting revitalising crops is one way in which farmers are restoring fertility to depleted farmland 15 ETC 23684 TESTING TOMORROWS FUELS Experimental motor fuels And now, the industry has set -- never before used in an automobile engine -- were road-tested in a about adopting this progress in avia tion gasoline to civilian motor fuels. Already, motorists are enjoying gasolines of improved quality. As research program recently the oil industry's wartime strides in sponsored by Ethyl Corp. refining technology are more fully adapted to motor fuels, still greater esearch in the oil industry is gains in automotive power, per R. continuous. It is not something formance and fuel economy will be that starts or stops with a war, iseen. limited to one line of endeavor, is As part of this general research satisfied with any given accomplish endeavor, within a month after the ment. It represents a ceaseless effort end of the war with Japan, the Ethyl in many directions, an important Corporation sponsored a series of pan of which is to promote the best experimental road tests, fuels for utilization of fuels in engines. which were furnished by a number So it was that, fresh from its tre of oil companies. The tests were held mendous achievement in the war, in the beautiful lake country of the industry immediately plunged northern Michigan. In passenger into the task of adapting its wartime cars, on the road, were tested gas progress to peacetime pursuits. lines which never before had been During the war, of course, the in used in an automobile engine. They dustry's efforts were concentrated were experimental motor fuel base almost entirely in aeronautical chan stocks produced by adaptation of nels. Then, to give our planes their the refining units up till recently decisive superiority in the air, it employed 100% in the manufacture greatly expanded its refinery capa of combat grade aviation fuels. city and developed innumerable new The purposes of these road tests refining processes to produce avia were several. tion superfuels that were years ahead They were not simply to find out of their time. how the test fuels themselves per formed in an automobile. They were also to learn how they might be used to best advantage in automotive grades of gasoline. For the most part, the test fuels came from ultra-mod em refineries which were built dur ing the war. It is this new catalytic cracking capacity, having fulfilled its wartime task of supplying avi ation gasoline, which is now avail able to make motor fuels, to a largfr degree. The average motorist may not readily understand why such roadtesting is carried on. Familiar with the facts that these superior aviation gasolines have been developed, it is easy for him to suppose that they can automatically be used in his car to best advantage. What he doesn't realize is that a B-29 and a Buick are two different animals--and they don't have the same appetite for fuels. An airplane engine, basically, is what engineers call a highly stressed engine, one that must run continually at a high per centage of its rated power, essen tially at constant speed, and it must be able to produce that power at all altitudes ranging from sea level to at least 30,000 feet. It requires, in con- 16 ETC 23685 sequence, a tailor-made fuel with special characteristics. Automobiles, too, require tailormade fuels--but with a different line of tailoring. This is because an auto mobile engine is, of necessity, ex tremely flexible--able to go in high gear from 5 to 100 miles an hour-- and it therefore needs fuels which fit that particular purpose, among others. That is why oil companies con tinually road-test the motor fuels they put on sale. That is why the new base stocks -- which were "avia tion components" during the war -- are being tested and adapted for their use in motor fuel. In each case, the underlying purpose is the same: to make and market gasolines that will bring out the best in car per formance. Twenty Gasolines Tested In the Michigan road tests spon sored bv Ethyl, some 20 different gasolines were put through their paces. They were tested clear and with 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 ccs. of Ethyl fluid per gallon, making a total of 80 samples. The test samples in cluded products made by all of the new catalytic cracking processes which came into extensive use dur ing the war. Eleven oil companies furnished test fuels for the program. They included the Atlantic Refining Company, Cities Service Company, Gulf Research and Development Company, Phillips Petroleum Com pany, Pure Oil Company, Sinclair Refining Company, Soconv-Vacuum Oil Company, Standard Oil Com pany (Indiana), Standard Oil Com pany of New Jersey, Standard Oil Company (Ohio), and the Texas Company. The following men from the fore going companies were present dur ing the road test program: A read-test engineer recording a knock-die- out point for a fuel by the Borderline Knock Test Method. This method indicates antiknock performance by means of a curve Frank C. Burk (Atlantic Refin ing), H. C. Hunter and J. E. Taylor (Gulf Research), Raymond Rhode and Lawrence O. Meyer (Phillips Petroleum), William J. Backoff and Fred L. Mueller (Pure Oil), Lynn E. Baker and Andy Lenz (Sinclair), Leonard Raymond (Socony-Vacuum), J. O. Eisinger and George Moore (Standard of Indiana), Her man Thwaites (Jersey Standard), Raymond I. Potter, Robert E. Wit ter and M. L. Campbell (SOhio), and George B. Wheeler, Jr. (Texas Company). Under the direction of lorn Risk, of Ethyl's Technical Service Depart ment, the tests were held over a period of four weeks, beginning in September. Gathering at Ethyl's Research Laboratories in Detroit, the initial party motored some 200 miles north to Houghton Lake, Michigan. The resort is a sportsman's paradise; thousands throng to it during the vacation season. But for the group of oil company representatives, it had another special attraction. That con sisted of long stretches of flat level road--far removed from city traffic -- which are ideal for this kind of road testing. The test samples, in five-gallon cans, were taken up in an Armytype six-by-six truck. Parked at a junction of Route 29 near Houghton Lake, where the tests were run off, the truck served as an impromptu service station for the test cars that were used in the program. Two of Ethyl's fleet of test cars Taking on a gasoline sample for a road test. Some 20 different gasolines were thus tested 17 ! 1 were used on these road tests. One was a 1942 Chrysler for which an 8.5 to 1 and a 9.4 to 1 compression ratio head were provided. The other was a special model Buick equipped with two heads of 8.0 to 1 and 9.0 to 1 compression ratio, respectively. The high compression ratio heads were used so that the fuels could develop their inherent power and performance to the fullest, and could be "rated" without resorting to excessive spark advance. The test cars, of course, were fitted with special equipment, used by the two-man team to each car. Over the steering post of each was mounted an engine tachometer--to tell the driver, at a glance, the speed of the engine in rpm's. Beneath the dashboard was a gear for adjusting the spark setting during the test run. Over on the right side of the dash board was an electronic control unit --the pride and joy of the test engi neers using it. worked its way completely through the engine. Then the auxiliary fuel line is inserted into the next sample of gasoline, the motor is permitted to "warm" to the fuel now to be tested and the actual road test begins. If an ordinary motorist were par ticipating in this road test, he would probably think it should be run like ance in an engine. To understand the meaning of such tests, you have to know certain things. Particularly about octane numbers and antiknock perform ance. In the laboratory, gasolines are assigned a given octane number bv one of several test methods. But in Here'* how a borderline knock curve is constructed, from the series of individual knock-die-out points Electronic Control Unit This unit, operated by the "ob server" during the test, is an ingeni ous instrument that tells many important engine conditions -- as they take place. One part of the panel board contains a tachometer which is synchronized electrically 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 ENGINE SPEED RPM with the one mounted over the the Indianapolis races. He would a car on the road, the same gasoline steering post. Another indicator re want to see, most naturally, how mav show a much different antiveals the degrees of spark advance fast the gasolines would make the knock value than indicated by its as the engine is accelerated. Still an test car run. laboratory octane number. Further other dial reports engine tempera Actually, when testing the anti to complicate matters, cars them tures at several critical points. All knock quality of fuels, the test en selves have different octane require of this information, gleaned from a gineers aren't interested merely in ments at different speeds (usually I reading of the electronic panel speed. They are more concerned higher at low than at high speeds). board, is highly important to the en with the performance of the gaso Accordingly, what the road test gineers testing a fuel. line at each driving level; with the engineers want to know is how the In running the test fuels, an auxili "road antiknock ratings" of the fuel road antiknock performance of a ary fuel line is used, which is readily at low, medium and high speeds; gasoline--or its effective road octane inserted into each of the cans con with the amount of spark advance a rating--compares with the octane taining the test samples. Between fuel will tolerate without knocking rating assigned in the laboratory. For each test, the fuel line is permitted at a given speed, high or low. These no matter what the laboratory oc to run dry7, until each sample has are what measure gasoline perform tane ratings show, to them--and to 18 ETC 23687 the motorist--the payoff's on the road. And only by road testing can they be sure of. the gasoline's real performance. In the road tests at Houghton Lake, they used a method of test which indicates antiknock perform ance bv means of a curve instead of an octane number. That method is called the Borderline Knock Method, and it was developed by the Coordinating Research Council. A borderline knock curve shows graphically a fuel's ability to tolerate spark advance throughout the en tire engine speed range. As its name implies, it represents the dividing line between knocking and non knocking operation. For testing by this method, a test car is equipped with a fixed or non automatic distributor that can be varied manually by the driver, a suitable spark advance indicator, and an engine tachometer. With the spark set manually to a low advance, the car is slowed down to a relatively low speed in high gear, and then ac celerated with wide open throttle. As the engine picks up speed after beginning to knock, the knock in tensity lessens--and the speed at which the knock dies out is noted. This gives one point on the border line curve. The spark is then ad vanced two degrees, and the entire procedure repeated to obtain a sec ond point on the curve. This process is continued until a complete curve has been established for the entire spark advance and speed range under consideration. How a Test Is Made In an actual road test, with the spark at a given setting, the driver accelerates with full throttle and meanwhile listens to the knocking of the engine. At the same time, the observer at his right, with data sheet in hand, has his eyes glued to the electronic control panel. When the knock dies out in the engine, the driver calls out the rpm's at which this was noted. The observer checks this reading against his own tach ometer, and at the same time notes the degree of spark advance shown on the indicator. Then, the spark is advanced two degrees, and the en tire process is repeated. Data for a borderline curve usually require in the neighborhood of eleven separate tests in this fashion. These data are then transferred to a graph on which the actual borderline knock curve is plotted. This gives the test engineer a wealth of information--even though it may sound like Greek to a layman. By interpolating between this curve and similar data on "reference fuels" of known laboratory octane numbers, an engineer is able to de termine the equivalent road octane value of the test fuel at any given speed. Similar interpolation between the distributor spark advance curve and the reference fuel pattern per mits determination of the octane re quirements of the engine through out its entire speed range. This type of information helps the refiner to develop fuels that will bring out the best in car performance every step of the way. This has been the purpose of Ethyl's road tests at Houghton Lake. By this actual road testing of avia tion gasoline base stocks, it is be lieved, refiners will be given infor mation which will be of material assistance to them in their develop ment work. And the benefits of such cooperative research work will eventually be seen in new heights of automotive performance. Already, pre-war limits to the maximum effi ciency of an automobile engine have been completely swept away by the wartime developments in fuels. It is only the beginning. College professors are rarely rated among the wealthy. Yet the richest man in the world is Chancellor of a University and a famous scholar. He is also the founder and head of a huge modem hospital, where along with penicillin and other modem drugs, the patient who wishes can get real pearl cocktails for tonic, essence of genuine emeralds for liver and kidney complaints, ruby juice for heart ailments, and diamond rubs for anything. The Nizam of Hyderabad, in India, owns outright more than a billion dollars worth at current market prices of emeralds, diamonds, rubies, and gold. He receives from the British large sums of money for leases. In addition, he can tax his subjects up to 8150 million a year. His state is the richest yet most sparsely populated in all India. A Moslem himself, most of the Nizam's subjects are Hindus. Therefore, he lets them practice the ancient Unani medicine in the modem hospital. This historic practice is based on the belief that jewels provide the inorganic chem icals in their purest form. The Unanis pulverize precious stones and mix them with fruit, herbs, honey, and water. Ashes of pear] produce calcium in iu best form -- hence its use as a tonic. The jewels are so diluted by the time they reach the patient that even if they do no good they do no harm. But if the Nizam's stock were ever thrown on the market it would wreck the price structure of precious stones with worldwide economic repercussions. That's why it pays to keep the Nizam rich. 19 ETC 23688 '.A.*.. ern Air (using the name Trans- World Airline) and Pan American Airways -- already have made the newspaper headlines with their an nounced projects. But the European air carriers are going to come here, too, and before 1946 is out, the Dutch, French, Scandinavians, and possibly the Swiss and Belgians will be flying, although on relatively lim ited schedules. British Overseas Air ways, already established before the war, plans to increase schedules as fast as it can get equipment, and Cuba has plans for service from The new luxury ships like the Stratocruiser will have pressurized cabins and spacious interiors Havana as soon as agreements can be reached. The Russians, at this writing, have announced no plans. 1i AIR TRAVEL IN 1946 ' The entry of our air carriers into II Europe has raised the question of lj (Continued from Page ;) Charleston, W Va., a big new field reciprocal rights with all countries I established. On the other hand, radar will be ready. The Boston airport is we serve, and eventually, even the j apparatus of useful range, developed being enlarged, and at Washington, Balkan nations, and those of the I during the war, is heavy, and would D. C., new buildings will be erected Middle and Far East, may want to j cut down payload. However, soon. The Newark, N. J., airport has fly their own planes here. Their j ground installations of radar may just been reopened. Idlewild Airport, plans, however, are just in the ! come along relatively soon, per- the vast project undertaken by New formative stage. But our own car J mitting control tower operators at York City, may be used by several riers are ready to go and already airports to observe incoming planes lines; but not until late in the year, have inaugurated service. TWA and direct them, regardless of or even until 1947, will its huge net recently made a record-breaking weather. Radar may also be used for work of runways be sufficiently flight to Paris from New York, fly air beacons to relay information advanced for large-scale operations, ing a Constellation in less than 16 concerning the location of aircraft. leaving La Guardia Airport as the hours, and 12-hour service to Lon What will be installed this year principal landing field for some don will become a commonplace. are more aids to blind landings, air- months to come. The national air Several flights a day across the j port runwav lights which can pierce port program contemplates increas North Atlantic, plus augmented { any fog, and improved communica- ing airports of all kinds -- for private schedules to Latin America, will be ! tions equipment. The latter will in- flying as well as scheduled airlines in full swing before 1946 is very old. S elude very high frequency ("VHF") -- to 6,000 or more, from about Transoceanic travel is going to radio, which is very little distorted 3,000 at present. This program will cost more, for a time, than domestic by static, and which already is in- just be getting underway this year. flights. At the moment, the fares to stalled in a number of domestic Perhaps the biggest change to be London are $375 -- or more than aircraft. All these things will make noticed by air travellers this year -- 10 cents a mile -- but they probably | flying more comfortable and accu with the possible exception of the will come down soon. Pan American rate for the pilot and passenger, four-engined planes flying domestic Airways temporarily offered a $275 j Airport changes will begin to routes -- will be the new services to fare to London, but later raised it ! show up in 1946, although the full Europe. back to $375, the pre-war figure, j development of new airports will New names will become familiar under pressure from the British Gov 5 take considerably more than a year, to the American public. Three U.S. ernment. Wartime rates to London i At Chicago and Detroit the sites flag-carriers -- American Overseas were $572. When the DC-6's. may be shifted entirely, and at Airlines, Transcontinental & West Constellations and other new planes 20 ETC 23689 p are fully installed, a fare of around $225 may be expected. Eventually, fares will come down to around $ 150 -- but this tariff awaits even more advanced aircraft. , The more advanced planes are just around the comer, so far as initial models are concerned, but it will take a year or so to get them in quantity production. Most promis ing for long-distance flights is the big Boeing Stratocruiser, which can cruise at 340 miles an hour and carry 80 people across the ocean nonstop. This will be a real luxury plane, with pressurized cabin (some thing which will not appear imme diately on domestic routes) for flying in the stratosphere above the weather. These planes will be flying on regular schedules in 1947, pos sibly quite early in the year. Another new and spectacular ship due a little later will be the Republic Rainbow, an extremely fast plane rated at more than 400 miles an hour. It will bring Los An geles within six hours, and London within less than nine hours, flying time from New York. This plane may command a premium fare, how ever, because of its super-speed. Sleeper planes will not be avail able in quantity for domestic flights until late 1946. Some authorities feel that the great increase in speed -- requiring only 8 to 10 hours from coast to coast and 12 hours to Lon don, with Constellations or DC-6's -- will tend to minimize the demand for sleeper aircraft, although some sleeping facilities will be provided. New Planes for Shorter Runs The "local" runs of domestic air lines, those requiring nonstop flights of only 200 to 400 miles, will be served in 1947 by the really new Martin twin-engined Model 202 and comparable planes. One of these new types is the Consolidated Vultee Model 240, a hundred of which American Airlines recently ordered at a cost of $18 million. The new planes, each of which will carry 40 passengers at a cruising speed of 300 miles per hour, will probably start entering service sometime late in 1947. Then the old faithful DC-3's will be retired, just as the DC-4's will be replaced by the Constella tions, DC-6's, and larger Boeing and Republic ships, as they are delivered. The impetus of air travel is so great that the highest authorities predict that by 1955 our air carriers will be carrying 20 million passen gers annually at about 3 cents a passenger mile (only about $75 from coast to coast), compared with 3.5 million passengers before the war. These airlines will be using 510 million gallons of aviation gasoline annually, compared with about 46.5 million gallons before the war. Moreover, there will be 110,000 people working in commercial air lines against some 15,000 before the war. Annual passenger revenues will rise to $345 million or more annually, compared with less than $100 million before the war. These goals may seem a long way off, but the strides taken in 1946 alone may show that these estimates are not too high, but too conserva tive. An artist's conception of the Martin 2-0-2. Besides new planes, the nation's airports are scheduled to be enlarged end increased wage and material costs. They can't, they aver, build for the mass market at that figure todav. Consequently, they have been planning to concen trate on the higher priced homes, and a year or so later work their way down as costs and prices settle. To break the log jam in construc tion, President Truman last month unfolded a three-point program. As a first step, he ordered the release of surplus housing and building mate former war workers' homes, transplanted from one state to another, are helping out in- the present emergency HOME IS WHERE YOU FIND IT rials held by the Government. Secondly, he ordered the revival of wartime priorities over building materials -- to funnel 50% of all sup (Continued from Page 11) plies into projects costing $10,000 rials' prices have gone up between 30% and 50%. The total cost of building a home has gone up even more, after allowing for the building contractor's increased costs of doing business. Under these circumstances, it is costing about $8,400 to build a house that cost only $6,000 before the war. At face value, the prospective homeowner has two alternatives. Pay the higher price. Buy a house of fewer rooms. But human nature being what it is, many a would-be home owner has simply decided to as a down payment, not the $800 he originally planned. The problem, basically, is that builders and buyers alike are caught in the vise of rising prices, builders being squeezed from the bottom, buyers being squeezed from the top. $5,000 Homes Wanted Most The average family usually spends for a home a sum equal to twice its annual income. Thus, if a family has $2,500 a year coming in, it is nor mally in the market for a $5,000 house. Economists estimate that the and less. And third, he asked for legislation that would set a price ceiling on all homes, old and new, offered for sale. At the same time, another bill has been introduced in Congress which would help people to buy homes costing $5,000 and less, for as little as 5% down, with the Government guaranteeing the rest. No matter what measures are taken, it will not be before this fall that any improvement in the housing shortage can be seen. This is because the homes that are going up, start defer his postwar purchase. That is why the start of the postwar build ing boom is now generally conceded to be still two years away. Simple arithmetic is behind the bulk of the postwar housing demand is for houses costing $5,000 and less. But in view of the price increases that have taken place, very few peo ple can buy the home they want at ing this spring, by and large won't be ready for occupancy before then. On this basis, it will not be before 1947 that residential construction can really hit its stride. logic of those who are putting off that figure, and therefore are pre From there on out, a million new buying a home. vented from buying. homes a year may be built. But until Take a house selling for $8,000. Contractors, on the other hand, then, millions of people, bv choice Under Federal Housing'Adminis are faced with greatly increased or necessity, are going to stay put. tration terms, a person can buy a home for 10% down, with the FHA guaranteeing the mortgage for the rest. But the FHA insures mortgages up to 90% of the appraisal value, not 90% of the selling price. Thus, if it figures that the $8,000 house is worth only $6,000, it will guarantee only a $5,400 mortgage. That means OUR PICTURES . . . Cover by Julius J. Fanta, Page 3 (upper left) and Page 5 (bottom), courtesy American Airlines System; Page 3 (upper right), courtesy Douglas Aircraft Co.; Page 3 (lower left) and Page 4, courtesy Boeing Aircraft Co.; Page 3 (lower right), courtesy Lockheed Aircraft Corp.; Page 5 (top), courtesy Republic Aviation Corp.; Page 5 (center) and Page 21, courtesy the Glenn L. Martin Co.; Page 8 (except center left) and Page 10 (upper right). Acme Newspictures, Inc.; Page 8 (center left) and third cover, Press Association; Page 10 (upper left and lower left) and Page 22, Wide World; Page 14, all except inset and lower left, Soil Conservation Service; Page 14, inset tiom Gendreau; Page 15, Soil Conservation Service. the buyer would have to pay $2,600 22 ETC 23691 1c-5u t * ' " * ``.o' J "X > S sH : ll- f**fl* * *l|, - ?%L : r$ % "fft* IN ll -*^1 II t ttl < -=s^: * : --fB2|1IT* : aS? - . * Il : ' * < I. i" * ::;r: . ' * * *-- 1 * ._m. i i i: r . . I ii Mam -__- -s, 1 , u . m-~B3fc H .uiiu iibi". _ iiiMi my*"00'**** /!r*'nTT'' 9t I < ' ' f m ,,, . ' "W i fu; nmi ' j I t |sr Sri!i-i ,r! Li'ii ! M1 I . I i j . Your business runs on gasoline ount, if you can, the gasoline engines that help automotive and petroleum companies. In the years C to keep your own business running. Five? Ten? of progress which lie ahead, we plan to continue and A hundred? No matter how many or how few, when to expand the research and service facilities we offer those engines are made more efficient, more power in the field of automotive transportation. Ethyl ful, more durable, you are bound to benefit. Corporation, Chrysler Building, New York 17, N.Y. The product we make--Ethyl brand of anti knock fluid--helps petroleum refiners produce higher antiknock gasoline. This in turn permits engine builders to design engines which provide better transportation at lower cost. Since improvements in engines, fuels and lubri cants must go hand in hand, the Ethyl Corporation has for the past twenty years worked closely with More power from every gallon of gasoline through ETHYL Research Service Products ETC 23693 IN THE .i A comprehensive training and refresher program for Ethyl men who return to their peacetime work with the Cor poration after military serv ice will be underway this month at our Research Labo ratories in Detroit. The program will be di rected by Raymond R. Faller, who has been returned to in active duty in the U. S. Navy after service as a lieutenant commander, and has been appointed Manager of Em ployee Relations at the Detroit Research Laboratories. In part, the series of re fresher courses, of two weeks' duration each, will be con ducted for those who have been released from military or government service, and in part for other members of the Sales and Technical Serv ice Staffs. The curriculum in both cases will be the same, with the objective of equip ping all engineers in Ethyl Sales and Service work to be of greater assistance to cus tomer companies, and to automotive fleet and farm equipment groups. The courses will include a review of Ethyl's services during the war, an outline of current sales and research activities, definitions of future plans, and discussions of new proc esses and developments re sulting from technical ad vances by the petroleum and automotive industries. As soon as candidates are available, the training pro gram will revert to its pre-war function of giving special training courses to new Ethyl employees to be selected from graduates of outstand ing engineering colleges and universities and trained for positions in research, techni cal service, and sales. FEBRUARY 1946 MARKETING PLANS FOR ETHYL CLEANER 3 Retail distribution of the new Ethyl product, in the northeastern section of the country, is expected within a month as part of the introductory sales campaign. THE RECORD SPEAKS FOR ITSELF 6, What the automobile did to the horse and buggy, the radio did to the phonograph record. But in the last decode, records hove hit the comeback trail -- end are today riding a now wove of popularity. CRIME MAKES A COMEBACK 11 After the Civil War, there were the train robberies. After the tint World War, It was bootlogging and rum running. What now angles will develop in the present postwar crime wave? This is whet has public authorities apprehensive. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT GASOLINE? 14 i Here's a sprightly little quiz about fuels and engines, which will test your memory, if you score over 90, you're good! THEY LEARN BY DOING 16 Here's how a unique farming project it teaching Oregon young sters a know-how of successful farming. SHORT SHORT STORY 18 COLOR HAS A PURPOSE 19 Incroating production, eliminating hazards, providing scienHBc "seeing environments" -- these are some of the things the* planned use of color is doing in industry and the home. i: .i -aA. >* 9 4 l $ I In ardor to widen the fields of roodor Interest in Ethyl Newt, wo I publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Co _____ Any opinion* expressed In those signed articles, of course, ore the *u|h*r* ' the editors of the Nows welcome articles of timely Interest sidiinlned bom outside sourtoe. 4 Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, Hi Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earle W. Webb, president; terry L PriWths, vice president and treasurer; Sultan C. ETC 23695 Window display material far Ethyl's new product MARKETING PLANS FOR ETHYL CLEANER Introductory sales campaign laid out for northeastern United States. Retail distribu tion expected in most cities within a month he corporation's new product, TEthyl Cleaner, will go on sale in nearly all towns and cities through out the northeastern section of the United States in the spring of this year. It will be marketed by Ethyl Specialties Corporation, a subsidiary-. The new product, a multipurpose household cleaner and car wash made from petroleum, will be sold through oil companies for sale at their service stations, and through wholesale jobbers serving grocery-, drug and hardware stores, depart ment, specialty and chain stores, and automobile accessories dealers. The sales effort will be supported Ethyl Cleaner will be packaged in five sixes: 6, 16, 24 end 32 ounce bottles and a one-gallon jug 3 ETC 23696 Thomas X. Stsrck William M. Turnley A concentrated advertising campaign hat boon planned ter Cthyl Cleaner, embracing newspaper and radio, supplemented with point-of-sale displays. Below is a newspaper ad Now! Amazing New ETHYL CLEANER Malcolm P. Murdock by vigorous advertising in news papers, specialty magazines and on the radio, supplemented by window displays, counter displays and other sales helps. Marketing plans for Ethyl Cleaner have been developed under the di rection of Thomas R. Sterck, Gen eral Sales Manager, and William M. TumJey, Assistant General Sales Manager, of Ethyl Specialties Cor poration. During the past six months a sales staff has been organized and assigned to the four marketing areas in the territory to be covered in the introductory sales campaign. Malcolm E Murdock, former As sistant Manager of the Chicago Divi sion of Ethyl Corporation, is Special Sales Representative in charge of marketing plans for Ethvl Cleaner among the oil companies for sales at service stations. Acting District Sales Managers ap pointed to direct sales in four dis tricts already laid out are as follows: Ralph N. Munro, District I: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island. Albert B. Erichson, District II: New York (except metropolitan area), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, District of Columbia. 4 ("**** Paul O. Sprague, District III: Northern Ohio, Northern Indiana, Michigan. Harold C. Ashcraft, District IV: Southern Ohio, Southern In diana, Southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and parts of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa. The decision to market Ethyl Cleaner on a large scale was made after two years of testing in six cities where favorable acceptance was in dicated by repeat sales to customers and rising demands for the product from jobbers and dealers. Although sales plans for the pres ent are laid out only for the north eastern section of the country, a marketing program to cover other parts of the nation may be antici pated as soon as practicable. Ethyl Cleaner was first intro duced as a new and befter cleaner for all parts of an automobile -- paint, chrome, glass, upholster}---but housewives soon became the chief purchasers because of the fact that it saves time and work in cleaning on comparable surfaces and fabrics in the home. Soon many varied uses were reported for it in the house hold. For example, it can be used on windows, refrigerators, stoves and tile, fine upholstered furniture, rugs, and painted and enameled surfaces. Many women have used it in washing fine woolens since it lathers freely in cold water, avoiding shrinkage, and colors remain fast. It removes dirt, grease and grime easily and quickly and yet does not attack any surface or irritate the skin. Works in Any Wafer A synthetic detergent. Ethyl Cleaner works as effectively in cold water as in hot water, in hard water as in soft water, and will lather freely even in sea water. Because of its chemical composi tion, there are no abrasives or caus tics in Ethyl Cleaner. Being chemi cally inert, it does not dull the gloss finish on painted or enameled sur faces. Developed during the war, Ethyl Cleaner has been thoroughly tested over a two-year period for market possibilities and cleansing properties. Laboratory tests and practical usage "Thought I might at well do the whole building ... it's a cinch with Ethyl Cleaner!" reveal an unusual combination of cleaning properties without the dis advantages of many chemicals pre viously used in cleaning prepara tions. Ethyl Cleaner is a concentrated product, only about 2 teaspoonsful being needed usually to add to a gal lon of water. For example, a 32ounce bottle of Ethyl Cleaner will make more than 40 gallons of clean ing solution. In the introductory period, Ethyl Cleaner will be sold in five sizes of containers: 32 ounce, 24 ounce, 16 ounce, and 6 ounce bottles and one gallon jugs. For the present, headquarters of Ethyl Specialties Corporation will be maintained in the Chrysler Building, New York City. Mr. Sterck, who will supervise sales of Ethyl Cleaner, joined Ethyl after a long career in advertis ing and selling that included posi tions with Westinghouse, the Jam Handy Organization and several advertising agencies. Immediately prior to joining Ethyl, he was associ ated with the Polaroid Corporation, for which, as a Special Representa tive, he w as Manager of the Sub contracting Department and Man ager of Vectograph Film sales. A native of Pittsburgh, Mr. Sterck is an alumnus of Washington and Jef ferson College. Mr. Turnley, who will assist Mr. Sterck, has been with Ethyl since 1932. During most of these years, he has served as a special rep resentative in the Sales Department, both in Canada and parts of the United States, but since 1944 has been associated with the develop ment and initial marketing plans for Ethyl Cleaner. Prior to joining Ethyl, he was engaged in the manu facture and sale of batteries and elec trical equipment in Canada and the United States. 5 ETC 23698 Ba obu uHope and Bing Crosby about to mak1 e a recordji.ng. Crosby's "White Christmas" is the all-time best seller t's a sort of miraculous book. It I has neither pages nor letters." So did Cyrano de Bergerac, some 300 years ago, mysteriously describe his latest idea. But the long-nosed cavalier, now forgotten save as the hero of Rostand's comedy, had a reputation for tall tales about trips to the moon and like implausible projects. His contemporaries were inclined to shrug their shoulders about this "talking machine." Nowadays, perhaps the only mi raculous thing about the phonograph is its perennial popularity. Despite the competition of radio and the The studio recording is made on a wax disc, which is then plated preparatory to making a "master" impression 6 ETC 23699 movies, recorded entertainment more than holds its own. In 1945, one firm alone (RCA-Victor) sold around 60 million records -- and the company's spokesmen sav twice that number could have been sold if they had been able to press the discs. The record business hasn't always been on Easy Street. When the gramophone first appeared commer cially at the turn of the century, it was already the result of more than 40 years of trial-and-error experi mentation, and even since its launch ing it has had a painful history of ups and downs in the business world. The story of the modern phono graph really began with the "phonautograph'," produced in 1857 by a French inventor named Leon Scott. This was a device consisting of a simple diaphragm hitched to a pointed indicator which transcribed sound vibrations onto a soot-cov ered, rotating cylinder. Operating on Scott's principle, Thomas A. Edi son and his assistants developed in 1877 a revolving brass drum, which not ,o,nly inscribed sound waves but could actually be used to reproduce (I Speaks for Itself---- records of the "Two Black Crows," a series'of minstrel-show dialogues, which sold over a million pressings. On the technical side, the era saw the Phonograph records, once counted out as an entertainment medium, are riding the crest of a new wave of popularity introduction, in 1926, of the electri cal recording process, one of the greatest steps ever taken in the im the sound itself. Edison coined the of the Metropolitan Opera, was provement of tone production. word "phonograph" for his ma signed up, and other operatic lumi After 1927, the recording business chine. naries were not long in following. was struck by two quick jabs that About ten years later, another in Soon, the familiar sound box with very nearly finished it. ventor, Emil Berliner, discovered the gaping red horn became stand The first of these was the rapid that the cylinder used by Scott and ard parlor equipment. In 1919, 2,- rise of the radio in the late twenties. Edison could be replaced by a flat 737,596 machines and 106,996,510 The easy money of the times en disc. To distinguish his invention records were sold. Until very re abled many an average American from Edison's, Berliner called it the cently, 1921 stood as the largest "gramophone." By 1897-98, Berlin "money year" in the history of the er's first platters -- scarcely recog business, and by 1925 Johnson found nizable versions of such pieces as "I himself the possessor of a J75 mil Guess I'll Telegraph My Baby" -- lion fortune. appeared on the market. This first "golden age" of the Berliner's genius, however, ap phonograph lasted through 1927. pears to have lain more in the inven Sales that year amounted to 2,137,- tive than the business field, for his 569 sets and 105,701,302 records. company soon went bankrupt. His The era saw the heyday of such still- ideas were taken over by his ex- famous discs as Alma Gluck's "Carry partner, Eldridge L. Johnson, who Me Back to Old Virginny," and dug up enough capital to found the Mme. Schumann-Heink's German Victor Talking Machine Company, version of "Silent Night." The jazz- commercial ancestor of the modem crazy younger generation snapped RCA-Victor. up offerings by "Zez" Confrey, Paul Until 1905, it was difficult to se Whiteman, and the ever-popular buyer to put an expensive radio set cure talent to make records. In that "Duke" Ellington. Leading all favor in his home. Radio was something year Enrico Caruso, immortal tenor ites, incidentally, were the first two new, and the old-fashioned phono graphs began to disappear into at tics. If the prosperity of the twenties contributed to radio's encroach ments against the phonograph, the depression of the early thirties did Cutting the "stamper." This is a second nega tive hem which the final records, sold to the public, are made nothing to even the score. New rec ords became expensive luxuries, whereas radio entertainment could be had for a few cents' worth of electrical current. By 1933, record sales had dropped to practically nothing. During these lean years, however, advances were made that had a lot to do with the big record revival that got underway once the dollars 7 ETC 23700 started to flow again. Important among these were the developments made in electronic reproduction and the perfection of the radio-phono graph combination set. In 1937,62,000 combinations were sold; the following year, nearly six times as many. Records hit 37 mil lion pressings as the industry strug gled back to its feet. By 1940, plants were producing at peak capacity. Dealers' surveys show that 1941 and 1942 established all-time records in unit sales, and that 1944 topped the old mark set by 1921 as the biggest money year. This increase is all the more remarkable in view of wartime manufacturing restrictions. Tastes in Records Modem tastes in records run heavily to the so-called "pops," trade name for dance music and "hot" re cordings. These make up an esti mated 60% of all sales. Classics, which during the depression years made a strong comeback with radio and concert audiences, now account for about 20% of total sales. In be tween classical and popular music there is a relatively new class of rec ords, the "show albums," which are transcriptions of hit tunes from cur rent operettas and musical comedies. A survey of dealers in Eastern cities covering the 21-month period fol lowing the release of "Oklahoma!" shows that these albums account for 10% of all sales. The remaining 10% comprises dramatic and literary readings, instructional records and the like. Among artists, the top-place at traction in the business is unques tionably that versatile gentleman of song, Bing Crosby, whose "White Christmas" alone is claimed as the heaviest seller in the history of the industry' (over 2 million). A recent Crosby album called "Merry Christ mas," featuring such numbers as "Silent Night," "Adeste Fidelis," and of course "White Christmas," received an initial printing of 250,000 copies and sold out in a few short months. Before the big comeback, the rec ord industry was pretty much the property of Victor. Now there are three major concerns wing for the public's trade. RCA-Victor is still the largest, followed next by Decca, with Columbia in third place. Boast ing both the Boston and NBC sym phony orchestras, conducted bv maestros Koussevitzky and Tosca nini, respectively, Victor leads in the classic field. Columbia's contract with Artur Rodzinski and the New York Philharmonic, however, gives that firm considerable drawing power in the world of symphonic fans. Decca relies almost entirely upon its "pop" artists, headed up by the 14-karat Bing, and it has been a pioneer of the show album. Phonograph Manufacturers RCA and Philco have always been big names in phonograph manufac ture, but there was always plenty of hot competition from a large num ber of important concerns ranging from the makers of popularly priced table sets like Emerson to those of consoles in the four-figure class such as Capehart. Then there were literally scores of smaller manufac turers turning out a wide variety of equipment for department stores, athletic goods shops, and cut-rate bargain counters. Most record man ufacturers express no particular choices in the phonograph field but recommend that consumers buy one of the recognized brands. It is inter esting to note in connection with phonograph sets that it has been re liably predicted there will be double or more the number of brands sold in pre-war times once production starts moving. In the early days of recording, the performers were grouped around the mouth of a huge horn which gathered in the sound and tran scribed it mechanically on a wax blank. As there was no means of volume control in the recording ap paratus, the artists had to compen sate by jumping quickly away from 8 ETC 23701 the horn every time they hit a par ticularly loud note. Modem recording methods are a far cry from those days, but some thing of the pioneering informality still persists. Recording sessions are usually held in spacious halls picked out for their acoustic qualities. Old rugs and felt pads are used to muffle the foot steps of performers and technicians. Cables from several microphones wind through the jumble of battered music stands and uncertain-looking folding chairs. A bridge table, com plete with a deck or two of cards and a stack of magazines, seems to be a part of the normal appointments. The artists are in thorough keep ing with this tradition. The record ing session is usually a very7 informal affair even among the big name stars. Toscanini, for example, af fects a black smoking jacket. Bing 9 Latest development in records is RCA Victor's new non-breakable plastic record, shown being made in the picture at the left. Picture below shows the record's flexibility Crosbv wears his hat. A good deal of friendly banter goes on during the "breaks," but when the red light is on over the control room, discipline is rigid. No studio recording is okayed until the sound technicians and artistic directors are satisfied they have the best possible perform ance. After it leaves the transcription chamber, the original impression of the recorded rendition is sent to-the I t factory for reproduction. Here the first step is to make a "master." The wax disc from the studio is given a light coating of silver or gold to make it a conductor of electricity and is then heavily plated with cop per. After about seventeen hours, the copper shell thus formed is split from the wax, and, after cleaning and polishing, is returned to the elec troplating baths where it is used to make a "mother." (It must be re membered here that the "master," receiving its impression from the original recording, is a "negative," i.e., its surface represents in raised lines the grooves in the face of the studio transcription. The "mother," being cast from the "master," is a "positive" and identical with the original.) The "mother" is employed to make a "stamper," or second nega tive, which is the actual die from which the records are made. When they reach the printing room, the stampers are mounted in pairs in hy draulic record presses -- one for each side of the record. The operator scoops in a hot cake of black com pound from a griddle at his elbow, inserts labels, and brings the two "stampers" together by closing the press. This completes the cycle of record manufacture and nothing re mains but to trim the edges and package the finished product for the market. Composition of Records Records sold today are made of a combination of copal, shellac, gumsun, cotton-flock,' clay, and lamp black -- a mixture which, though brittle, still produces a faithful and long-wearing disc. Recording com panies recently experimented with several newer systems of recording, notably the magnetic reproduction method by which a 30-minute pro gram can be transcribed onto a wire or a metal tape. But in the view of most manufacturers such devices will be suitable for specialized pur poses only, and the conventional flat platter will remain the most practical means of bringing recorded enter tainment into the average home. Recently, RCA-Victor distrib uted to a thousand music critics a recording of Richard Strauss' "Till Eulenspiegel" in a box labelled "May Be Dropped." The disc they found inside was made of a vinvl resin plas tic, a product of long research to find a shatter-proof record sub stance. The skeptical critics found it could be bent nearly double with out breaking. With such technical strides as this, and with a wide-awake attitude toward securing the best in stage, screen and radio talent to make rec ords, the disc-makers have earned themselves a permanent place in the entertainment world. At least, thev have made it axiomatic that when there is money to be spent, records will sell. For perfected as they are, the movies and radio have yet to find an answer to the phonograph's most convincing talking point: "It gives you what you want -- when you want it!" Hearing by Sight For many centuries it has been known that sound has three dimensions -- pitch, intensity and time. Everybody knows that it can be picked up electrically, transmitted and reproduced, as in the telephone, telegraph and talking pictures. It is also common knowledge that a phonograph record in reality is a picture of sound, though the words or musical notes are so small that they cannot be dis tinguished by the unaided eye. Now the Bell Telephone Laboratories have developed a Visible Speech Machine with which pictures of words may be thrown on a screen to enable even the totally deaf to hear with their eyes. Anyone can master the art of reading the symbols in about the same time it takes to learn short hand. Even a foreign language the reader does not under stand can be repeated with perfect pronunciation. Normal children, learning by imitation, pick up about 3,000 words in their first school year. The child who is born deaf gets only six because of the difficulty in con veying to his mind the patterns of words. With the Visible Speech Machine this is done through the eyes. Every word pronounced normally has a different intensity or volume, a different pitch or set of vibration frequencies, and a different duration. The company plans eventually to install the equipment in all of its exchanges, with screens at central points so that even the stone deaf may use the telephone. The machine is also expected to be of use in the teach ing of languages. It may even bring about some day the automatic typewriter, on which the Bell Laboratory tech nicians experimented about twenty years ago. The Visible Speech Machine is a product of those experiments, and of others started much earlier by Alexander Graham Bell when he devised a system of written symbols for teaching the deaf. 10 ETC 23703 r Convinced that a postwar crime wave is inevitable, CRIME authorities look for unexpected new angles to it makes a comeback oon after the end of the war, S newspapers all over the United States suddenly began to discover By William A. McCarry that criminality was on the increase. The shooting war that had taken most of the front page space for more than five years, and virtually all of it since Pearl Harbor, was over. Crime stories began to get more attention. Some critics even accused the press of manufacturing a crime wave for lack of other head line material. The simple fact is that history' was repeating. J. Edgar Hoover, Direc tor of the Federal Bureau of Investi gation and the man w ho ought to recession of moral fortitude. This one will be no exception. I hope that the racketeers, the overlords, the desperadoes and the criminal scum who characterized the roaring twen ties will not come back to the Amer ican scene. I fear, however, that this is wishful thinking." Postwar Crime Wave Not New Basically there is nothing new in the crime wave now sweeping this country -- nor in those being seen in ment of large elements of the popu lation, particularly' in the younger generations. Crime waves are all alike also in that each one develops what the un derworld calls new "angles." There are two obvious reasons. When the criminal uprising gets to the point where it is recognized as a national menace, the forces of law and order eventually suppress it, thereby per fecting established techniques of both prevention and capture. But know, made this clear in a recent address. Speaking before the Inter national Association of Chiefs of Po lice, he did more than take up the cudgels for the newspapers. He also presented the facts. "Lawlessness," said the FBI chief, "has taken on such proportions as to startle the imagination. The crime waves proclaimed in the daily press Germany and, to a lesser extent, in Russia and England. The cause is the same as that which led to the rise of the organized gangsters, after World War I to a position of power unprecedented in human history. It was the same after the Civil War and others all the way back to Ar mageddon. What is this underlying cause? Disruption of the normal way then, with the old runways block aded, the criminals find new ones, taking advantage of every improve ment in transportation and commu nication to facilitate the all-impor tant getaway. For centuries prior to the Amer ican Revolution, and for some dec ades thereafter, organized crime was largely limited to piracy on the high are not imaginary'. They are real. of life, with consequent displace seas. What schoolboy' has not read They are bloodv. If anything, the press is guilty' of understatement rather than overstatement. Let me be One of the biggest instances of widespread lawlessness in recent years was the riot that swept Harlem in 1943 specific. "In October of this vear, serious crimes increased 19% over the same month last year. Of the more serious crimes, the increases reflect 32% more murders, 38% more auto thefts, 38% more robberies, 11% more larcenies, and 26% more bur glaries. Crime rates are continuing to rise rapidly throughout the entire nation." "After every great war or period of acute national emergency," Mr. Hoover continued, "there has been a 11 i4 of the Barbary Pirates who, a cen tury and a half ago, preyed upon American commerce- "Millions for defense but not one cent for trib ute!" became our battle crv. The birth of the American Navy eventu ally put an end to this sea-borne thievery, but following the close of the Civil War, a new criminal fig ure came into national notoriety. This was the bandit on horseback. Jesse James, the Younger Brothers and scores of others made what is now a romantic page in American history, but it was no joke to their victims. They robbed banks at first, then the pony express riders, and finally went too far bv developing the new "angle" of holding up trains. The hardy pioneers had been too busy to bother much about an occasional stagecoach holdup. Not enough people were affected. But when entire trains were robbed so ciety organized and the two-gun sheriffs ironed out the bandits, pre cisely as the Vigilantes took care of the stick-up men who preyed on the gold holdings of the Forty-Niners. Prohibition is regarded by many as the cause of the crime wave after World Mar I. But criminologists who look at what happened then in the long perspective of history say it was only a springboard. The underlying cause was dislo cation. If it hadn't been Prohibi tion, it would have been something else. Of far more importance as a new implement of crime was the motor car. It gave the getaway a new tempo, made new forms of old crimes possible. The James boys and their hardriding colleagues left little more than a collection of dime novels. But with high-speed cars and machine guns the Dillingers, the Diamonds, the Pretty Boy Floyds and their ilk gave the moving pictures a gold mine, in spired an entirely new school of se rious sociological literature in addi tion to the gangster fact and fiction books, moved in successfully for a time- on large groups of little busi nessmen, and even tried to "muscle in" on big business by counterfeit ing its products and its labels. There was no difference funda mentally between the hi-jacking of a truck laden with liquor and the loot ing of a Spanish galleon laden with gold. There was nothing new in kid napping. The "snatchers" of the twenties simply tried to systematize it. They started with their own kind. Ever\7 gang sought to grab key men or the leader in eveiy other, gang -- or "take him for a ride." Nobody cared much while this was confined to the gangs. But the Lindbergh kidnapping and a baby-killing in New York aroused the nation to the fact that the organized gangs con stituted a peril to the entire govern ment and social structure. J. Edgar Floover had foreseen this in the early days of the crime wave, when he was a young special assist ant to the Attorney General. At that time the Secret Service of the De partment of Justice had few oper atives and no very concrete pro gram. Hoover was assigned in 19:4 to reorganize the service, and he set up the FBI as a separate Bureau in the Department. He cleaned out the drones, made law enforcement a profession, and for some years en dured a flood of ridicule for his ideas on scientific crime detection. The gan^s were finally either cap- 12 ETC 23705 cured or killed off trying to shoot it out with the FBI and the police and bv their own inter-gang wars. This did not happen, however, until new Federal legislation such as the Lind bergh and automobile theft laws proyided the FBI with power to act on what had previously been strictly local or state matters. Nor, signifi cantly, did it take place until money became scarce when the depression struck the country. This served to point up the fact ir that crime waves, as distinct from the usual run of law breaking, are Each ora seems to have spawned its own now fathions in crime. Prohibition led to bootlogging and rum-running always the product of lush rather "convention" in Atlantic City. others. Law and order finally tri than of hard times. People are more Unhappily, before the first session, umphed by finding solutions to all careless about protecting their funds one of the Philadelphia big shots was the new "angles" of the post-World when money is easy. Payrolls are wiped out in his suite in a fashion War I crime wave. The gangs which fatter. So when the competition in able hotel by some unidentified men had made crime spectacular disap rum-running got too hot the gun w'ith tommy-guns. The "lowdown" peared. This doesn't mean, though, men of the twenties became payroll w:as that his own bodyguards turned that there has been much over-all bandits. Then thev invented the the trick after selling out to a rival reduction in the chronic crime area. "protection" racket as a new angle. gang leader. In anv event the over- Today, the problem disturbing the Individual merchants were the ini lords of the underworld had to scat FBI and other law-enforcement tial victims -- ow'ners of laundries, ter. One of the big boys from Chi agencies is what new angles will de dry cleaning shops and flower stores. cago got picked up in Philadelphia velop in the current crime wave. That gave the gangsters the idea of with a gun in his pocket. The police Defenses have been set up against the setting themselves up in a legitimate had nothing else on him, but he got old techniques. They cannot be business as a front. Dion O'Banion nine months on the concealed deadly established against the young crim of Chicago became a florist. Every wxapon charge. inals of what many believe will be body knew he w'as also head of the The story of how' all the forces of known as the fat fifties until they re O'Banion gang, one of the most the Federal Government finally veal which w'av they are going to powerful rivals of Capone, but noth were brought to bear --to jail the jump. These criminals are being re ing w'as done about it. Then a brace gangsters on w'hom the FBI and cruited from the same age groups of gunmen caught his trigger men by state or city police couldn't get evi that supplied the gang leaders and surprise one day -- or bought them dence -- is too recent to need repeat trigger men of the twenties. Mr. off -- walked into the shop and rid ing. Internal revenue agents got Hoover has pointed out that virtu dled him. some. Postal inspectors nabbed ally all of the latter were too young With a certain sardonic humor the for service in World War I. rest of the underworld promptly CRIME NOTE The corresponding group is tre chipped in to give Dion the $50,000 Don't worry about the cur mendously larger today for the sim funeral that made headlines all over rent crime wave. The Soci ple reason that more families were the world and stopped traffic for ety for Apprehending Horse broken up. But that isn't the only several hours. The funeral set the Thieves in Dedham, Massachu complication. In the latter part of fashion for many others that fol- setts, has just issued its 135th the last crime wave the "gun moll'' i lowxd it, until gang killings became annual report. It shows that no was introduced. The participation of so numerous that gang leaders got horses were stolen in Dedham women in actual violence then was worried. In one of the most bizarre during the year. exceptional. It may be commonplace revelations of the criminal mind in --Public Relations Ne~c;s in the next few years. FBI figures history, they actually arraneed for a (Continued on Page 22) 13 ETC 23706 -- HIT i What do you know about GASOLINE? verybody loves quiz games. E Radio quiz programs are im mensely popular because millions of people can join in a favorite national pastime. People like John T. Kieran have become nationally known be cause, to millions of ardent radio quiz fans, they "know all the an swers." The success of one radio program alone has added a new phrase to our vocabulary: the f64 question. Here, for the entertainment of our readers, we present a series of puzzlers on gasoline. For many of our readers, the questions should be a walk-in. But there are sure to be one or two questions that may stymie even the best of us. See for yourself how you make out. The quiz, written by Robert F. Bahl, originally appeared in the Commer cial Car Journal. We are indebted to the editors of the Commercial Car Journal for permission to re print the material here. Knock, knock! Who's there? It's the professor again, but he's not try ing to revive that game of a few years back. He's just got 10 ques tions and all of them are about anti knock fuel. Each question counts 10 points. Seventy is fair; 80 is good; 90 is a knockdown and 100 is a knockout. Answers are on the fol lowing page. 1. The first question is short and to the point, What is knocking? a. The Spontaneous explosion in the cylinder of pan of the unbumed fuel ahead of the flame b. A detonating effect produced bv water vapor in gasoline c. The boiling of gasoline in a fuel svstem If you wanted anti-knock gasoline back in 192 3, the attendant gave you ' tetraethyl lead . . . a. in the form of pellets the size of an aspirin tablet b. by turning a pet-cock that al lowed drops of tetraethyl lead to flow into the gas as it was pumped into the tank c. with a medicine dropper ... 5 drops to the gallon 3. The reddish color of gasoline con taining tetraethyl lead is . . . a. due to minute particles of lead in the solution b. due to the refraction of light from oversize molecules c. for the purpose of identifica tion only 4. For six months, in his quest for an anti-knock ingredient, Dr. .Midglev experimented with tellurium. Why did he abandon this even 14 ETC 23707 chough it showed signs of promise? more powerful even than ioo-octane field, you get a credit of two points. a. Because it cost only Jzj an gas, and it is called . . . a. Carbon Petroleum Dubbs ounce a. triptane b. T A. Boyd b. Because it corroded pistons b. ziptane c. Carl Breer c. Because it smelled like garlic c. radium blend d. Eugene Houdry 5. So far, our questions have been on d. diethyl selenide 10. e. Graham Edgar 1. catalytic cracking of oil increasing the anti-knock value of Each of these men has earned 2. thermal cracking of oil a gas by the use of additives. In re fame in the development of high- 3. the octane scale cent years, though, more and more octane fuel. For each name that you 4. tetraethyl lead high octane gas is being produced can match up with his particular* 5. the "Red Head" motor bv . . . a. berginization b. catalytic cracking ANSWERS c. homogenization 6. I 1. a. When an engine knocks, it fuel at die time, was given the per Back in the "show me" days, tis because the part of die fuel fect mark of 100. Any fuel then demonstrators used to prove the po (^farthest away from the spark plug is was given a rating according to how tency of tetraethyl lead in stopping f under pressure and explodes before it compared in anti-knock value to knocking by . . . f the dame ever reaches it. a mixture of iso-octane and heptane. a. sprinkling a few drops of tetra 2. b. Tetraethyl lead was first 8. c. The Pratt and Whitney Air- ethyl lead on their neckties and wav offered to the public at a Dayton, Craft Co. has developed a method ing them before the intakes of en ; Ohio, service station in February, whereby a pilot in a tight spot can gines i 1923. It was mixed with regular gas get a momentary burst of extra b. using terribly knocking kero by opening a pet-cock while die gas power by turning a control which sene in the engine and then adding was being pumped. sends a tiny jet of water into the fuel tetraethyl lead to make the engine ' 3. c. Tetraethyl lead is a liquid mixture. This cools the engine and run smoothly which looks like water. The red temporarily increases the octane rat c. pouring a pound or more of color is merely for identification. ing of the gas. lead shot into gas tanks 4. c. Tellurium, although it looked 9. a. Triptane, a fuel with a 7. promising, had a violent garlic odor higher anti-knock value than any At the very bottom of the octane that clung to everything. substance ever produced. A few scale with the unhappy rating of 5. b. By the use of catalysts -- years ago it cost $3000 per gallon, zero is a fuel called ... substances that produce a chemical but now it can be had for less than a. iso-octane change without undergoing any $1 a gallon. b. normal heptane change themselves -- refiners have 10. a-2 Carbon Petroleum Dubbs c. kerosene 8. been able to rearrange molecules so -- developer of a thermal process as to convert low-grade oils into for converting residual oil into gaso Will our readers pardon us just high-octane gas. line. once for getting away from trucks 6. a. The mere presence of tetra b-4 T. A. Boyd -- co-worker with and into the field of aviation? It is ethyl lead before the intake of a Dr. Thomas Midgley in the discov possible for a pilot to increase mo knocking engine was sufficient to ery of tetraethyl lead. mentarily the octane rating of the silence the knock. Demonstrators c-5 Carl Breer -- engineer on gas bv injecting into his fuel mix dramatized this by putting a few' Chrysler's "Red Head" motor, first ture . . . drops of fluid on their neckties and optional motor designed for Ethyl a. a few drops of 500-octane gas waving them over the engine. gas. b. U-235 Uranium 7. b. In setting up the octane d-i Eugene Houdry -- inventor c. plain, ordinary water scale, normal heptane, because it of the "cat cracker." 9. gave the poorest performance of all e-3 Graham Edgar -- originator And at the top of the scale right fuels tested, was rated zero. Iso of the "octane scale" for measuring now is a new and mighty fuel, far octane, which was the least knocking the anti-knock quality of gasolines. 15 ETC 23708 Members of the Conby, Oregon chapter. Future Farmers of America, go over a combine, while Harry Manning, Ethyl tractor engineer (left), looks on *7^0^ 0Dowa Oregon youngsters acquire a know-how of successful farm practices through a unique, practical farming project Completing the purchase of a new Farmall tractor. In all, the Canby chapter owns over $5,000 worth of farm machinery ne of the finer things that has Ocome out of the war is a better sense of accomplishment by the youth of America. Take the boys of the Canby, Oregon, chapter of the Future Farmers of America. They not only raised food during the war; they also learned a lot about farm ing in the process. The idea started back in 1939, when George Pope, instructor of Agriculture at the Canby High School, got together with some of his students and outlined a farm project. The plan met with the boys" wholehearted approyal. To start the 16 ETC 23709 project, the local school board turned over 16 acres of stump land which the school district owned. Renting the necessary mechanical equipment, the boys pulled the stumps out in a hurry. Then they scoured the surrounding area to beg, borrow, and rent additional imple ments to plow the land and plant a crop of com and Hannchen barley. The boys did quite well with the first crop, securing a yield of 20,000 pounds of shelled com and 10,000 pounds of barley. Sale of their ini tial crop netted a profit of $114 for the club treasury. The following year they did even better, earning a profit of $700. But then the oncoming war started to close in on the boys' farm ing project, threatened to shut it down for good. Unable to continue renting their implements, in the face of the developing farm machinery shortage, the boys decided on a bold move. They bought a tractor. Pool ing their treasury's resources, they acquired a high compression FordFerguson tractor, together with plows, a power controlled disc, and a machinery trailer. This was in '941. Feeling that they were in a posi tion to take on more land, the boys rented an additional 44 acres, giving them a total of 60 acres under cul tivation. Their harvest of potatoes, peas, barley, oats, and fiber flax that year netted nearly $1,000. As time went on the youths con tinued to work their land and to buy more farm machinery as needed. Meanwhile the older members were going off to war, while younger members were coming along to take their places. A new instructor, Jack .......... ............................................................................... .......... THIS MONTH'S COVER Shown on this month's cover is a view of the Ml Rushmore Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Hewn out of solid granite are the figures of four of our greatest presidents -- George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. The birthdays of two of these national heroes, Lincoln and Washington, are observed this month. The Mt. Rushmore Memorial, which took 15 years to complete, has been called the largest piece of sculpture ever wrought in the Christian era. The head of each figure is 60 feet high; the entire busts are each propor tionate to men 465 feet tall. Some 400,000 tons of granite had to be cut out of the 6,200-foot mountain to execute the figures. The noted sculptor, Gutzon Borglum, spent nearly a quarter of his life at work on the memorial. Starting in 1927, he superintended the ambitious project that required cable lines to hoist the men and supplies to the sites of the figures, and the use of dynamite, steam shovels and compressed air drills to carve out the busts. Borglum died in March, 1941, but his son and chief assistant, Lincoln, completed the sculpture in November of that year. Of his work of art, Borglum once said, `There is something in sheer volume that awes and terrifies, lifts us out of ourselves, something that relates us to God and to what is greatest in our evolving universe." No more fitting description could be made of this great and enduring monu ment. Geologists estimate that the memorial will wear away less than l/16th of an inch a century. At this rate, it will long outlast other similar works of art. Every year, thousands of tourists from the Midwest and other parts of the country come to view the monument. For them, and for anyone viewing the breathtaking proportions of the memorial for the first time, some of the greatness of the figures the memorial represents has been captured here in stone. Koch, was appointed as the voca tional agricultural instructor for the group. Mr. Koch, no mean me chanic, needed a small tractor to plow his garden. Out of odds and - -- -- - - -- ------ - - - - - - ends he built one which Harry7 Manning, Ethyl tractor engineer, who has worked with the Canby7 Future Farmers since 1942, dubbed "The Gopher." Jock Koch, instructor for the Canby Future Formers, aboard his homemade garden tractor dubbed "The Gopher" 17 In 1943, the young Oregonians made a net profit of $ 1500 on their land. The following year the weather was bad, and planting was held up. Still, by taking advantage of a break in the weather, the boys were able quickly to get their plant ing done. Again last year, the weather was unfavorable, but at harvest time the youths found that they had come out as well financially as in the pre vious two years. The boys attribute this to the fact that with their high compression tractors they can quickly take advantage of breaks in the weather bv doing a great deal of plowing in a short length of time. The future farmers replaced their original Ford-Ferguson tractor with a later model and also purchased a new International Harvester Farmall H tractor. Own $18,000 Equipment Not only Canby, but all the other Oregon chapters which have bought tractors and tillage equipment have found their purchases profitable. Among these are Lakeview, Mc Minnville, Silverton, Albany, Mollalla, and Woodbum. Together, these eight Oregon FFA chapters own and operate over (18,000 worth of farm machinery. No small part of their success was due to the intelli gent direction of the late Earl R. Cooley, State Supervisor of Agri cultural Education, who encouraged the groups to take advantage of modem power farming methods. Although the boys have made money on their farming projects, that is not the only gain they have made. By doing, they have learned good fanning practices that will be of inestimable value to them in later years. Short Short Story Oh Henry legler THE MAN tN THE GRAY FEDORA "Any guy's a sucker," says Lea, "that triea to beat the horaea. "Them race*,'' he aaya, "are all fixed. You can atudy the forma till you're cock-eyed -- and it don't mean a thing.'' Lea gives me that auperior smile. "Unless you know somebody in the mob, kid,'' he says, "lay off the nags. Because you can't win!'' I poke into my pocket and haul out a handful of colored pasteboards -- tens, fives, twos and a couple of six-dollar combinations. "You said it, Lea!'' And I tear 'em into little pieces. "1 haven't looked into that cashier's beautiful puss all after noon.'' A little while later the clubhouse P.A. system booms out: "They're on the track for the Eighth Race!'' and I hot foot it for the Seller's Window. Les takes out a quill toothpick and starts jabbin' away at his gold teeth. "They never learn," he grunts. The place is jammed like the subway at rush hour. I peel a twenty-dollar bill off my roll and take a last hopeful look at the little green card that lists "Annie Laurie's Selections." I'm all set to put my dough on Bounding Boy, a 3-to-2 favorite, when I see a couple of mugs go into a whisper routine. I point my ear like a radar and catch the following: ". . . that's the one . . . Cay Theodora . . . it's a cinch . . . like takin' candy from a baby." I look at the entry chart. There it is! Cay Theodora -- Number Seven -- a 3-year-old filly. Record: 16 starts -- aero -- aero -- zero! An 80-to-l shot! Like taking candy from a baby? I reach for my roll and strip off another twenty. The crowd is jostling me from behind. "Get goin', mister!" "Hey, quit shovin'!" "Gimme Cay Theodora! Forty bucks on the nose!" Four brown tickets jump out of the slot into my hand. Down at the rail, Les joins me. "Kid, you're a born sucker," he says. "O.K., so I'm a sucker," and I throw him a mysterious look -- very smug. "This one I got straight from the mob!" Just then, forty thousand guys yell "They're off!" and a row of horses comes pounding down the turf. Through the dust I see the numbers flash by . . . 3 . . 1...4...2...6...5 and where the devil is Number 7? Trailing at the turn -- a dozen lengths behind! They reach the half-way mark -- and I begin to think Les is right. When they hit the stretch I'm no longer interested. As we start for the parking lot, a squad car sirens up to a stop -- and Les says "Lookit -- a pinch. Them two guys are handcuffed to the cops!" It's the same two characters that give me the tip-off on Cay Theodora, so I ask one of the coppers: "What did they do?" "Just a couple of pickpockets," he says. "I saw one of 'em snatch a roll from a guy's pocket. Fella with a gray fedora." "A gray fedora? ... A gray -- for cryin' out loud -- that's really funny . . . Hey, Les! Listen to this! Cray fedora! Oh boy, what a sucker! What a laugh!" The police car roars off and Les gives me a queer look. "Are you goin' nuts?" he says. "Listen Les, this is a very funny story . . ." "What's funny about it," he says. Then he gapes at my hat. "That fella with the gray fedora might be you . . ." I stop laughing quick and reach into my pants pocket. My roll is gone! 18 ETC 23711 here may not appear to be any Tconnection between clunking COLOfi HAS 11 PURPOSEvour head on a low-hanging beam in vour own basement, and indus try's newest production tool. But there is. This new tool isn't a new kind of turret lathe, or conveyor system, or even an efficient labor- By Hiram K. Smith, Jr. The scientific use of planned color is resulting in many important benefits to home and industry management committee, although the boundaries of vision, and your with a white object on a black it's easily as important as all of these. man may have more than a bad ground, visibility' may be high, but It's color. disposition. the extreme of light and dark may- The prime purpose of the scien "Fatigue, nausea, physical debil cause trying visual adjustments and tific use of functional color is to ity', nervousness and psychological rapid fatigue. A moderate contrast improve seeing conditions. And as irritability are direct results of eye- offers the best solution." corollaries, it has been found that strain. Any of (these) may lead to The upshot of industry's applica the proper use of color can stimu carelessness and thence to accidents. tion of new color principles is that late production, lower accident "The intelligent use of color can xve now- have an entirety neyv ap rates, and increase -worker morale improve most adverse conditions proach to the use of color in deco in industry. So there's nothing as that bring about eyestrain. Working rating our homes, offices and shops tonishing any more in finding cheer ful shades of several colors replacing The hazards of obstructions in aisles can be overcome by painting them with high-visibility yellow striping the dim' whites and greasy grays formerly common to so many indus trial plants. Pleasant browns and yellows, greens and blues cover w alls and ceilings. Even machines are painted in softly contrasting hues. Floors come in for a share of attention, too. And it's all done with a purpose, by purposeful men (and women) called color engineers. Progressive management has learned, as a matter of fact, that the color engineer ranks as the equal of the design and process and produc tion engineers. Headaches and men tal depression are only two of the morale- and production-destroying problems that color has solved, for these are very often the results of simple eyestrain. And where eye- strain is eliminated, accidents occur with less frequency', too. Here's what Faber Birren, an in dustrial color consultant, has to say about it: "Subject the worker to inadequate or insufficient light, glare, prolonged convergence on near subjects or fine derails, distractions caused by excessive brightness and motion on 19 ETC 23712 J In this modern color-conditioned shop, the machinery it painted along threedimensional teeing principles. Hazards and protective equipment are readily spatted. A uniform seeing environment new replaces former extreme contrasts as well as our factories and institu tions. Looking over some of the im provements made in color planning and lighting, it's not hard to visual ize amazing changes in harnessing color's power for the benefit of the private citizen. Just as factories have been changed from dull, grav, grimy, gloomv workrooms, so cel lars and laundries, kitchens, shops -- in fact any work or rest area -- can be made more pleasant and at the same time more functional. For color does more than decorate; it works actively on our conscious and subconscious minds, has power and energy, even functions dynamically in our everyday lives. One Detroit factory reported a increase in production after planned color was adopted. A new painting program in a Tulsa plant brought about a 20% decrease in accidents. Another factory faced a crisis in war production, because of exces sive eye fatigue. Its workers refused to work overtime even though their rate of pay was excellent. But after the plant was done over according to a planned color scheme, em ployees insisted they found twelve hours' work less tiring than eight had been before. Raising their eves from their machines, they found the walls painted in restful tones, and lighting was both soft and adequate without glare. Investigating the causes of exces sive eye fatigue among workers in a citrus fruit packing plant, a color engineer solved the problem by changing the color of the grading belts. The contrasting color, besides being effective, was restful to the workers' eves, instead of tiring. Color has been used in industry before, of course. A worker whose mind is wandering might stumble, trip, walk into a traffic lane, or fall into an unguarded open pit or off the edge of a loading dock. So indus try long ago learned to mark these hazards in such a wav that the worker is alerted to possible danger before harm befalls him. But the new color principles have even changed traditional safety colors. That's the connection between your clunk on the head and the new idea of color engineering. Devel oped by Mr. Birren in collaboration 20 ETC 23713 with the Du Pont Company and other industrial safety authorities, a new uniform safety color code has been adopted in the past two years and is today in wide use -- and it uses orange instead of red as the waming-danger color. This newv safety color code uses only five simple colors, all of which are easily recognized under all lighting conditions. Good old fire protection red is used for fire pro tection equipment and nothing more. Justification for this break with tradition is scientific. Since red is commonly used to indicate fire equipment it should not, in the opinion of these experts, at the same time be used to indicate hazards. So orange, which has the highest attention-value of any hue in the spectrum, was called the danger color, and used to mark the insides of machinery guards and such dan gerous moving parts as pulleys, gears and so forth. Yellow', with the highest visibility of any color, under practically all lighting conditions, w'as chosen to indicate strike-against, tripping, stumbling or falling hazards -- over head obstructions, curbings, low beams, stairway approaches and stair risers, and the edges of loading platforms and unguarded open pits. Red is used solely to mark the loca tion of fire protection equipment -- hydrants, alarm stations and so forth -- in factories; green is given the job of indicating first aid and safety equipment. All these hues, of course, were selected -- among other reasons -- for their psychological impact. Blue for Deliberation Thus blue, which tends subcon sciously to lead the mind to deliber ation, thoughtfulness, caution, is used to mark objects -- valves, start ing and stopping levers, switches and switch boxes, for example -- whose manipulation should be de liberate and careful. Finally, white and grays are used to brighten cor ners, to indicate traffic lanes, and so on. So, whether you choose to stick with red-for-danger, or prefer the newer idea of orange as the warning color, you can apply industryproved safety colors in a code for vour own home. Exposed hot water or steam pipes in the basement can be painted orange, for example -- called "alert orange" by some color experts. Another place for this w'aming color might be the inside of the cover of the house power line fuse box, thus giving notice that the box should be closed. Low hanging pipes, beams and other parts of housing structure in gloomy sur roundings can be painted with stripes of "high-visibility yellow" alternating with black or white stripes. And the position of your household fire extinguishers can be clearly indicated with a square of red paint. Electric outlets and switches, hot water connections and valves can be painted "precaution blue" as a warning. The so-called "Traffic white" (or "black") commonly used in indus try to mark aisles and traffic lanes could be used on the family garage floor and extended up the end wall to assist in driving a car into the garage without fender-crushing ac cidents. These are only a few basic sug gestions for transportation of tried and true industrial uses of color to homes. More elaborate color engi neering for "color conditioning" in the home, and use of new systems of lighting are two related fields in which the private citizen can applv industry-proved lessons in color planning. Far fifteen dollars, any man with enough hair left may now get a permanent wave in certain New York, Hollywood, Florida and Chicago beauty shops. If his hair is thinning out he can get a new type of wig made of individual hairs fastened to a sheet of gauze and glued to the head. The glue is waterproof and will stand up under a shower or a shampoo, but the wig must be pried loose every now and then to be dry cleaned and oiled. Manufacturers say men are now buying 850,000,000 worth of toiletries and cosmetics -- about one tenth as much as women. Cosmetics were in common use by men in ancient times and as recently as the 18th century in France and England. This included pomades to make the hair curly and glistening, rouge, powder and perfume. Even the early American dandies used them to some extent. About 175 different cosmetic items for men are now on the market -- but there'll be many more. A chain of stores formerly devoted to the exclusive tale of hats is now handling toilet articles for men with "rugged" scents -- at least the names are masculine in that they smack of the great outdoors. Beauty shops are plucking male eyebrows, curling lashes, and applying a sun-tan lotion that makes one look as if he had just come from Florida. There's even a balm for lips -- chapped, of course -- with just a hint of pink in it. Beauty care for men is beginning to attract the male population at large. 21 ETC 23714 CRIME MAKES A COMEBACK (Confirmed from Page 13) from 392 cities show an increase of 198% in the arrests of girls under 18 years of age. "The fingerprint files of the FBI," savs Mr. Hoover, "reveal a criminal army of six million individuals who have been arrested and fingerprinted -- one out of every 2 3 inhabitants in the United States." In the first six War veterans being tworn in at New York City policemen. Veterans are being enlisted to help fight postwar crime months of 1945 the finger-printing of females under 21 for robbery went up 60.3 % over the correspond ing period of 1944. Other increases in this group were assault, 10.6%; burglary 1.9%; larceny 6.4%; auto the post-World War I crime wave cost. But all are agreed that after a wave has been blotted out the en demic level is always higher. Young men who go into a racket at first chiefly for adventure, intending to fought and sacrificed the best years of his life in order that democracy might survive." The startling suggestion has also been made by Mr. Hoover that par ents should be held responsible to so theft 23.9% and drunkenness and driving while intoxicated, 16.5%. The above reference to chronic crime is of interest in connection with the FBI estimate of one out of make a quick stake and then go straight, become professional crim inals. Few ever really reform. Public Misconceptions ciety for juvenile delinquency. It does not occur, he says, until adults first become delinquent. "I am con vinced," he adds, "that the fault lies directly in the home. Parental re every 23 inhabitants being a crim One of the strange things about sponsibility is no longer in style. A inal. In 1938, the Law Enforcement postwar crime waves is that the gen new approach is necessary. Law en Committee of the American Bar As sociation put the figure at 38. It did not have the advantage of the uni form crime reports since developed eral public always expects them, and also believes that the criminals will be recruited from the ranks of vet erans. It is true that some of the post- forcement must find a way to do more to alleviate this problem." Women have been used as lures to intended victims by criminals under the FBI's direction. But it did Civil War bandits were recruited ever since crime began. One thing have even better access to court rec from the ranks of the guerrillas. But certain about the current crime wave ords through a nationwide organiza even they were the exceptions. The is that this practice will continue on tion of lawyers. chief of the FBI has strong opinions an expanded scale. What is worry Analysis of those records in a year on this point. ing police, however, is what new when there was no crime wave, the "I resent the libel that has been angles the underworld will think up committee said, revealed that placed on the returning veteran by now that women are becoming rob 200,000 residents of this country will those who would lay the postwar bers and car thieves on their own. commit a murder before they die..A crime waves at his doorstep. We Also how far the underworld may major crime is committed every 22 have a potent ally in the returning go in the use of airplanes, and par seconds, and the United States had veterans. The average veteran will ticularly helicopters. Some sky ban at that time the greatest per capita come home a better citizen. He ditry is regarded as a foregone con prison population in the world. It knows what America means. He has clusion. added that the annual cost of crime in this country is fifteen billion dol lars, and that it is increasing every year. This is an over-all estimate, made in a year when there was no crime wave or epidemic. It covers only what might be called endemic or continuing crime. No one in author OUR PICTURES . . . Cover, Press Association; Pages 6 and 7, courtesy Decca Records, Inc.; Page 9 (top) Wide World, (bottom) courtesy RCA Victor Record Division. RCA; Pages 7, 8 and 10, illustrations by Ruth Jennings; Pages 11, 12 (except inset), 13 and 22, Acme Newspictures, Inc.; Page 12 (inset), Culver Service; Page 14, illustrations courtesy Commercial Car Journal; Page 19, courtesy E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.; Page 20, Dana B. Merrill photo courtesy Du Pont. Third cover. G. A. Douglas photo from Gendreau. in' will venture an opinion on what 22 ETC 23715 CdT 0VJ716TS stCT Tight to the pump with the Ethyl emblem when they want the best gasoline ... the best performance from their cars. And, judging from the record-breaking de mand for Ethyl, that's what millions of them want The Ethyl emblem on your premium pump is a point-of-sale advertise ment that says, "Here it is, folks--today's quality gasoline." -------------------------------------- - IN THE i MARCH 1946 After mere than three years with the U. S. Army, Lester B. Roberts has rejoined the Ethyl Corporation and has been named Manager of the re cently formed General Re search Services Section of the Engineering Laboratories. Services pertaining to equip ment design, instrumentation, experimental machining, pho tography, fuel handling and storage have been placed under Mr. Roberts' manage ment as part of the reorgan ization plan to handle the expanded programs for re search on engines, fuels, and lubricants. Soon after graduating as a petroleum engineer from the University of Wyoming in 1928, Mr. Roberts joined the Ethyl Corporation. He was assigned to the Rocky Moun tain Sales Division as a field representative, and two years later was appointed Manager of the Gasoline Testing De partment of the Yonkers Lab oratories. As a representative of Ethyl Export, he was stationed in Buenos Aires in 1935 to han dle South American business. Upon returning to the United States he joined the Kettering Laboratory of Applied Physi ology at the University of Cin cinnati in 1941, as liaison between the Medical and Safety Departments of Ethyl. Entering the Army in the summer of 1942, Mr. Roberts was stationed at Fort Knox in charge of engineering at the Armored Force Medical Re search Laboratories. Attaining the rank of major, he received his discharge in January, 1946. THIS WAY TO ALASKA . 3 Alaska has movedl The growth of air travel, together with other wartime developments, has brought Alaska nearer to the United States. As a result, Alaskans now see new trade and tourist pos sibilities for their land. WHAT'S THE MARKET DOING? 6 Not since the roaring twenties has Wall Street bubbled with such activity as in recent months. The reason? The public is back in Wall Street -- again. SHORT SHORT STORY 8 IT'S ALL IN FUN 9 The public's desire for mental relaxation has brought about a growing adult interest in games. But trying to guess which games will strike the public's fancy is a guessing game in itself. CROSSROADS: U. S. A. 12 What Main Street is to the small town, the main stem is to the big city. Here's a picture story of seven big city crossroads. ARMY TRUCKS FOR CIVILIAN USE? 14 Military vehicles served their intended purpose in the war, but are they in all cases adaptable to civilian needs? Here's an appraisal. FORTUNES IN THE DEEP 18 The war has swelled the treasure trove in Davy Jones's locker, bringing a new appeal to an old lure: hunting for buried treasure. In ordnr to widen the field* ef reader Interest In Ethyl New*, we frequently publUh article* contributed by writer* net associated with Ethyl Corporation. Any opinion* axpreued in tha*e ligned article*, of cour*e, are the authors'. The editor* of the New* welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to im prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Eerl* W. Webb, president: Percy L Griffiths, vice president and treasurer: Julian C. Gonzales, secretary ETC 23719 On the far tide of the Intide Pattage channel liet Juneau, the capital of Alatka. In the foreground it Douglot, Alatka THIS WAT TO ALASKA By Burt M. McConnell The war has opened up new horizons for Alaska -- both as a center for trade and for tourists he war did two things for the Territory, at one time or another, TAlaska. It put the Territory on since 1940. They helped to build the map; and it abolished her splenth e roads, docks, hangars, air strips, Now, any city, town, or outpost can be reached by air. More than 30 radio beacons guide the pilots who did isolation. Even before the war, warehouses, cold-storage facilities, fly through or above the overcast. Alaskans had more airplanes serving oil pipe-lines, hospitals, canton All these improvements are tan them per capita than any other peo ments, and radio stations that con gible assets. The most important as ple in the world. In 1941, for ex verted this peaceful land of mineral set, however, intangible though it ample, Alaska's airlines and "bush" wealth and great forests into a mod may be, is the interest in the Terri * pilots carried almost five million ern bastion of defense. Incidentally, tory that was aroused during the pounds of freight, half a million our armed forces drove the Japanese war by letters from members of the pounds of air mail, and 41,000 pas invader from the Aleutians. armed forces stationed from Attu to sengers. Today, one can have break Many of these improvements will Fairbanks, from Annette Island to fast in Seattle and dinner in Fair be of permanent value. For example, Pt. Barrow. banks. Air transportation has the Army and the Civil Aeronautics When superimposed upon a map brought the entire Territory within Administration have built 50 air of the United States, these points 24 hours of any point in the United ports. Half of them are equipped would touch the states of California, States. with hangars and control towers; Michigan, South Carolina, and The war wrought a profound more than 30 have paved runways, North Dakota. That indicates how change in America's last frontier. It and at least 40 have runways ap Alaska sprawls all over the map; it is brought the importance of Alaska -- proximately a mile in length. Here our largest territorial possession. and some of its possibilities -- home tofore, Alaska has suffered from re Five years ago, the census report to the American people. Approxi moteness of one section from an gave Alaska a population of 72.5:4 mately 100,000 members of the other -- and remoteness of the entire -- and nearly half of these were In armed forces have been stationed in country from the United States. dians, Aleuts, and Eskimos. As a re- 3 Etc 23720 Air travel to and within Alaska has grown by loops and bounds. In a land where "everybody flies," ah travel is used the whole year 'round suit of the construction boom d uring the war, the population rose to ap proximately 90,000. Construction of the Alaska High way in 1942 called for the importa tion of 6,000 civilians and several regiments of white and Negro troops. The building of this 1,592mile link between Edmonton and Fairbanks was achieved with all the drama w'hich accompanied the con struction of our first transcontinen tal railroads. The highway was be gun at six different points, cut through at dazzling speed, and opened within six months from the time construction began; but parts of it had to be rebuilt later. It was not planned as a route for troops or heavy supplies; its chief function was to furnish oil, gasoline, food, aviation equipment, and other neces sities to the airports that dotted the route. Along the highway, the Sig nal Corps built a telephone system; thus Alaska, for the first time in his torv, was connected bv a telephone line with the United States. Despite such formidable barriers as 200 streams and rivers, forests, swamps, muskeg, and spun of the Rocky Mountains, the highway was cut through two months ahead of schedule. Caterpillars, bulldozers, power shovels, road graders, trucks, ditchers, cranes, and other modem machinery roared over the primeval land. The average rate of progrea was eight miles a day. The main ob jective was an auxiliary along which bombing planes and single-engined fighters could be ferried to Russia, by way of Edmonton, W hitchone, Fairbanks, and Nome. It was alsoeipected, of course, that the highway would bind Canada and the Lotted States more closely in a poflwae world; that it would attract iuti*mbile tourists, bring settlers to Alaska ETC 23721 f i and Yukon Territory, and aid in their development. Under the terms of our agreement with Canada, the Canadian portion of the highway reverts to the Do,,minion, now that the war is over. The problem facing our northern neighbor is the cost of maintaining the road through a wild and sparsely populated region. So far, mainte nance costs have been very high, particularly at stream crossings. In fact, it is estimated that the figure might run as high as a million dollars a year. Furthermore, in order to make the highway of practical value for tourists, the construction of a wide variety' of facilities, such as hotels, tourist cabins, gasoline serv ice stations, and garages would be necessary'. At present, these do not exist. Finally, the highyvay must be integrated with the Canadian sys tem of roads. But the tourist, the hunter, and the fisherman have two other kinds of transportation -- the steamship and the airplane. Alaska is served by five steamship companies, and half a dozen major American airlines are seeking permission- to establish routes from the United States to Asia, by way of Alaska. The reason is obvious. The distance from Chicago to Chungking, by the northern route, is 4,300 miles shorter than by the trans-Pacific route. A cargo plane could be loaded at Shanghai yvith Chinese silk, and flown to the silk mills in New Jersey, by yva\T of Alaska, in three days. In the Terri tory' itself, there are vast stretches of barren and mountainous country that can be negotiated only by air plane. Alaska offers the best unspoiled recreation land in the yvorld, par ticularly for the nature lover and those yvho hunt with rifle, rod, or camera. While comparatively few highways have been built in the Ter ritory', it is possible to drive over the Richardson Highway from Valdez to Fairbanks, a distance of 370 miles. One can also make bus and automo bile tours, and short fishing and ard is the outfitting point; and a sportsman must be accompanied by a registered guide.) The Russian river is noted for its big rainbow trout; the largest ever measured and recorded (before the war) was 33 inches long. The really big ones, it seems, always got away. A huge boom of Sitka spruce logs is shown on its way to the mill. Alaska has an immense stand of virgin timber hunting trips by chartered plane or automobile. According to Governor Ernest Gruening, "Alaska is a land yvhere vou can catch the biggest fish, hunt the biggest game, and ex plore to your heart's content." The inland waterxvay betyveen Seattle and Ketchikan is one of breathtaking beauty, and tourists travel thousands of miles each year to see the midnight sun, the glaciers, and the fjords. The sheltered chan nels of southeastern Alaska provide opportunities for power boats whih can not be surpassed anvxvhere in the yvorld. Almost every variety of game fish can be found in the waters of the Territory.. .Mountain sheep and goats, the largest moose in the world, and three kinds of bears may be found on Kenai Peninsula. (Sew Mt. McKinley Park, between An chorage and Fairbanks, consists of approximately 3,000 square miles of the finest part of the Alaskan Range. Toward the western end of the Park, Alt. McKinley rises to an altitude of 20,300 feet above sea level --the highest mountain on the North American continent. This national park is accessible the year around. Winter sports are becoming increas- (Contivued on Page 22j ot since the dead - and - gone The "Big Board" is far and awav N "era of wonderful nonsense" the country's biggest marketplace has Wall Street bubbled with sucfhor securities, accounting for more activity as recent months have seen. than four-fifths of all transactions on Brokerage offices have been as registered exchanges. And through filled with eager customers as a the middle of last month, the volume Broadway playhouse with a Ham- of stock sales on the Big Board was merstein hit. Chattering stock tick running 19% ahead of 1945, 140% ers have fumed and sputtered trying ahead of 1944. For the full year to keep abreast of the ebb and flow 1945, the volume of stock transac of securities prices. The two- and tions (378 million shares) was the three-million-share days of the 1920's heaviest since 1937. have once again become common place in the stock market. Sign of the Times Bv last month, even the corner Reflecting the better times in Wall bootblack knew the stock market Street, a Stock Exchange seat last was boiling. And bv last month, too, month sold for $97,000, the high more informed market observers est since 1937. As recently as 1942, were making significant compari an Exchange membership changed sons with 1929. hands for as little as $17,000. But The easiest sign that the public back in the "good old days" of 1929, was back in Wall Street -- for better a seat sold for as much as $625,000. or for worse -- was the rising vol But the biggest news about Wall ume of sales on the New York Stock Street lay in where stock prices Exchange. themselves were going. Early in the month, market fol lowers trumpeted their rise to the highest levels in 15 years. A few weeks later, a sharp reaction served to take some of the steam out of the rise. What happened both ways is readily seen in the action of the Dow-Jones industrial stock average, probably the most representative of the entire list of securities. First take a look at the rise. From its wartime low of $92.92 in April 1942, the average price of these 30 common stocks reached a high of $206.97 on February 2nd last, for a clear rise of 122%. And, significantly, two-fifths of the rise occurred in the preceding six months alone. Taken as a whole, the value of all stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange rose from a total of $39.8 billion on April 1. 1942 to $78.5 billion, as of February 1st last. Oil and automotive shares figured in the general market advance. 6 ETC 23723 Barron's group stock average of seven oil companies rose from an average price of $24.80 in April 1942 to a peak of $50.21 in December 945 The average price of six automo bile company stocks did even better, rising from $18.02 in April 1942 to $53.02 early last month. But against a mere doubling in value for the general run of stocks, some individual shares turned in really spectacular performances, spurting anywhere from 1200% to 6200% in some cases. Spectacular Advances A railroad company stock, which in 1942 sold for around 56 cents a share, at the recent peak sold as high as $8.25 a share -- an advance of 1300%. The stock of one independ ent auto producer soared more than 2700% in the last four years, while that of, another went up more than 3500%. A public utility stock went up nearly 4000%, while that of a publishing company advanced more than 6200%. Investors who climbed onto the bandwagons of these stocks back in 1942 -- and jumped off at the recent peak -- really hit the jackpot in the four-year-long bull market. But at the very time when stock prices generally were soaring to their highest levels in 15 years, an undercurrent of concern was rip pling to the surface. At least one Government official took occasion to point a warning finger, while the Federal Reserve Board hoisted a storm signal when it lifted margin requirements to a full 100%. The Reserve Board's action had little im mediate effect because, in contrast with 1929, the present market has been largely on a cash basis for a long time. Yet the end to speculation on margin removed from the present situation one of the big factors that contributed to the 1929 debacle. Meanwhile Chester Bowles, an outspoken critic of rising stock prices and at present the nation's stabilization director, contended that the degree of inflation in the market was "up to 30%." Answering such charges as this, Emil Schram, presi dent of the New York Stock Ex change, labelled "erroneous" the belief "that the stock market is a primary source of inflation." What ever inflation existed in the stock market, he said, was a reflection, not a cause, of inflationary pressures generally. Said he, "The advance in stock prices and the activity in the market are no more than symptoms of the disease." Several weeks later, in a statement to a Congressional committee, Mr.' Bowles again warned, "It would be difficult to exaggerate the gravity of the inflation crisis we face. An expectancy of higher and still higher prices is sweeping the country'. The speculative fever is reminiscent of 1929. We can see it in the stock mar ket, in the real estate market... in almost every commodity market." Throwing down the gauntlet, Mr. Bowles said, "To those people who are betting on inflation in the stock market and in the commodity mar kets, let me say, `You are betting on the wrong horse. There isn't going to be anv inflation.' " The next day, the market, which had been giving ground for more than a week, broke wide open in the sharpest single day's decline in six years. By the end of the month, after suffering several more sinking spells, the market had relinquished more than a third of its entire ad vance since mid-August. To careful observers, there were many good reasons why a decline should take place at that time, coming as it did after an uninterrupted rise of almost six months. But to others, it was sim ply a case that, for the time being at least, Mr. Bowles had bowled over the market. But while stock prices continued their unpredictable course -- and as the debate over the market likewise continued -- there was one disturb ing element in the present situation about which there could be no argu ment. This was the return to Wall Street of the small, and frequentlv uninformed, investor. 7 ETC 23724 Particularly since the war's end, but even long before, investors of limited means have been coming into the market in increasing numbers. During the war, the market was an understandable outlet for their sur plus funds. With war-swollen earn ings, and few tangible things to spend them on, it was natural for them to put their money into stocks. The extent of their participation in the market could be traced in the mounting volume of security trans actions. The initial consequences could be seen in the run-up of many low-priced stocks (among them what the Street calls "cats and dogs") to surprising levels. To dis courage such speculation, the Fed eral Reserve Board a year ago banned margin purchases on stocks selling for $10 a share and less. Until the Reserve Board a month and a half ago ended margin dealings com pletely, many of these stocks, sell- ing for less than $10 a share, were run up to the point where they could be bought on margin. The small investors who have been coming into the market include people who got their fingers burned back in the 1929 crash, but now were willing to take another fling. But by and large they represent a w hole new generation of investors -- inexperienced, uninformed and gullible. Flush with their wartime savings, they have been ready purchasers of securities. But the difficulty is that in many cases they've been buying without the slightest appreciation of intrinsic values. Instead, they've been buying on rumor, tip and conjec ture. Sometimes their luck has con founded the experts, But eventually they manage to lose their shirts. Addressing itself to those who would get rich quick in the market, the New York Stock Exchange last month took newspaper advertising space to warn: "1. Hold on to your U. S. War Bonds. Don't let anyone talk you into cashing them for any reinvest ment purpose. "2. Buy U. S. Savings Bonds. They are identical with U. S. War Bonds, and both are the world's best investments. "3. Get the facts about any se curity you buy. "4. Beware of tips, rumors, im pulses, `get-rich-quick' schemes. "j. Unless you can afford to take risks, and unless you will go to the trouble to get facts, you should stay out of the market." Whether such investors would take the Exchange's own advice -- and put their money elsewhere -- by this month was still a moot point. Meanwhile there wasn't any doubt but that the lambs were back in Wall Street. Short Short Story `penny Oh Henry Legler The sharp prow of the destroyer knifed through the choppy waters of the Channel, sending a sheet of salt spray stinging into the face of Chief Gunner's Mate Elmer Widley. With both hands he gripped the rail, his eyes straining into the blackness. Suddenly, almost dead ahead, loomed a long, dark hulk. "Wh-e-e-e oooooooo!" screamed the signal tube. "Gun turret Number 3 reporting, sir! Submarine two points olT the port bow ..." "Hold your fire, Chief," barked the Commander, "and we'U ram her!" The destroyer lurched to port and a mountain of green water washed her bow. . . . "You'll catch your death of cold out here!" said Mrs. Widley. "Why don't you come inside!" . .. "Yes dear," said Elmer Widley. Reluctantly he followed his wife along the deck toward the cabin marked "PASSENGERS." The marine melodrama flickered and faded from the sil ver screen of his mind. "You're soaking wet from the spray," she said. "It's silly to stand out there in that cold wind!" They passed an open door leading to the engine room and Elmer Widley paused for a moment, leaning over the hatchway to watch the pistons going. . . . "Stoke her up, men! Burst her damn boilers! Steam -- you bums -- steam! There's a wolf pack of subs ahead!" The glare of the open boilers cast weird shadows in the ship's belly. The heat was searing to the half-naked bodies that bent, heaved, shoveled without pause. Chief Engineer Widley cursed under his breath. "Damn the brass hats," he said, "for giving me this old coal burner. . . ." "Hey, mister," said the ferry boat attendant, "you can't stand there . . ." "Yes sir," muttered Widley apologetically, "I was just watching the machinery." "Well, get inside, we're cornin' in to Staten Island." Mr. Widley sidled up to his wife. "W'here on earth have you been," she said, "I thought you were right behind me. Here dear, you hold the Pekingese and I'll take the hat box. Let'6 get near the exit, so we'll be the first on the bus!" The ferry chuffed into its slip. Chains rattled, horns honked and self-starters woo-woo-wooed as Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Widley were swept along the pedestrian passage to the street. Widley gently twitched the ear of the Pekingese that nestled in the nook of his arm. With eager interest, he looked at the sea of faces waiting to swarm onto the ferry boat. . . . "Most cosmopolitan city in the world -- Shanghai." he muttered. . . . "What did you say, dear?" said his wife. "Er -- I said Staten Island's an interesting city." "Well, I hate it," said Mrs. Widley. "I don't see why we can't move to Flushing where Cousin Agnes lives. I just can't stand that ferry ride." "Really, dear?" said Elmer Widley. "I sort of like it." 8 ETC 23725 Any evening after the table is sell the public something that is cleared and the dishes washed, uppermost in their minds -- except many an American family sits itsealft the present time, down and plays games. It mav be At the outbreak of World War II, the old standby of checkers, or per several war games such as "Con haps one currently popular. What flict," "Blockade" and "Strategy" ever it is, the public's appetite for caught on with armchair admirals games adds up to big business for and generals and enjoyed enormous the game makers. popularity. But as soon as the United As the public's interest is whetted, States entered the conflict, the pub game "rages" are bom, game names lic made an about-face and began become bywords. But behind each to buy games of skill and entertain new crop of games is the greatest ment. game of all -- guessing what games John Q. Public had been reading will be successful. war, discussing it and living it. He It's a fallacy that you can tell was so fed up with battles and what people are thinking by the bloodshed that when he turned to games they buy during wartime and recreation he wanted something ut the postwar period. Game experts terly different, something of the agree that it is relatively simple to "escape" variety. As recently as 20 years ago, new games were bought only at Christ mas. After the 1929 market crash, however, people had more leisure with less money to spend on it. The market for games boomed and new ones appeared throughout the year. War brought on gas rationing and a shortage of tires which forced the public to remain at home and fur ther enhanced the game craze. Today, games of the light-hearted variety, favorites of the gay nineties era rank among the top favorites. Card games like "Pit," "Flinch" and "Rook," for example, have been resurrected, along with "Bonanza," 9 ETC 23726 ' "Monopoly" in Philadelphia, of fered his patent to the Massachu setts firm for national exploitation. The game was difficult to com prehend in those days. Hours were required to play a complete game, but although it broke nearly every rule in the book, the Parker staff labored day and night for weeks to whip the game into shape and make it playable. The rest is history. Millions of persons play games, lb the game manufacturers it Parker Bros, employees counting out play money for "Monopoly," the all-time best seller among games seems that most mortals, including the great and near-great, believe they can invent them. It's surprising which is played like Michigan that people can play with money, how closely most of the prominent rummy, only backwards with a few swap "hotels, houses and lots, and persons stick to their specialties. variations. feel like the big shots they've always The inventor of the Maxim gun Checkers and chess and back wanted to emulate. silencer once sent Parker Brothers gammon are still popular in homes The magic carpet which whisks a large game he had evolved. It was and aboard returning troop trans a 125-a-week clerk from the world an elaborate affair based on war, ports. Gin rummy, a great revival of reality into a dream world is only clever but so complex they couldn't number, is of uncertain age, but of play money but that increases the accept it. The late John Hays Ham very certain popularity. Screen enjoyment. Taking a loss with the mond sent another war game, bril stars play it between sets; night make-believe greenbacks is painless liantly worked out but far above club patrons hold gin rummy tour compared with the engraved cur the grasp of the average man. naments; and others play it when ever and wherever they can. Some folks believe that gin rency. How "Monopoly" Began Roger W Babson, the business statistician, submitted a game based on statistics. It was interesting rummy originated in Hollywood, "Monopoly" is the outgrowth of enough, but the average player but the fact remains that the game a game called "Business," introduced wants diversion rather than data. originated in Brooklyn anywhere more than 20 years ago by Mrs. Many famous men, including Hen from 1885 to 1905. It was called Elizabeth Magie Phillips to propa drik Van Loon, Lowell Thomas, poker gin in those days and was played by so many people that it was described in Hoyle's book of gandize Henry George's single tax theory. She revised her creation twice and patented it in 1924. Under Eddie Cantor and Admiral Richard E. Byrd, have invented games that have appealed to the public. rules as early as 1914. the new title of "The Landlord's Experts disclose that there are "Parcheesi" is still going strong, Game" it had a modicum of success only six basic game ideas: the path but the all-time best seller is "Mon until Charles B. Darrow of Phila way or track game, the checker or t opoly" which has sold over 9,000,000 delphia heard the game described at chess type of play, lotto, the human copies. The latter was introduced a lecture. interest game, the target and me nationally when business was at its Darrow, then an unemployed chanical games requiring skill and depression-low in 1933 and every heating engineer, made further im dexterity, and cards. one was striving to make both ends provements and sold patented ex Naturally a good game must be [i meet. "Monopoly" enabled the perimental games named "Monop simple. Any strenuous mental labor j American public to enjoy the psy oly" in 1933. Mrs. Phillips, mean should be completed by the de i chological lift of making money and while, sold her patent to Parker signer beforehand. The actual pre transacting business -- even though Brothers who had published several sentation and play of the finished it was only in fun. Its amazing suc of her games. Darrow, unable to product should be understood after cess can be attributed to the fact cope with the brisk demand for a moment's study. 10 ETC 23? The diversion must be interesting, game was a new version of checkers, economics as their themes will be for without player appeal and play second oldest pastime and played in introduced. One is a South Ameri value a game cannot become a na Egypt some 4,000 years ago. can game of travel and trading de tional best-seller. The average game Table tennis started as "Ping veloped in conjunction with Pan dad brings home for junior is a Pong" after a juvenile period as American Airways. Designed to in group game for two, three, four or "Pillow Dex," in which the players struct North Americans about the more persons. These extra players, on opposite sides of a table batted crops and natural resources of their if they've had an entertaining eve rubber balloons about. There was south-of-the-border neighbors, the ning, are the best re-order customers. an intermediary stage in which the game is based on present and future Advertising, publicity and ingenious balloons gave way to a worsted ball, airplane routes. promotion will not sell a game as before the fast celluloid ball was No one can guess tomorrow's well as word-of-mouth recommen developed. popular games. Not even the ex dation. Mah-jongg came in in 1923, and perts. "Pit" was the rage back in * Ninety per cent of the submis went all around the globe. It is not 1904. Jigsaw puzzles swept the sions at Parker Brothers are elim a Chinese game, as is generally be country in 1910. Ping Pong starred inated after a glance at the board or lieved, but an occidental adaptation in 1920. All have had healthy re ' the directions proves them to be un of a number of Chinese games. vivals since then. But with them interesting or duplicates of pub lished games. Developing Trends have been the newer games, which in turn may have later revivals. The When the author of a game offers Today, game manufacturers are players are the judges and this is the it for publication, it is submitted to beset with more bottlenecks than season. a board of six experts, who sit right they had during the entire war, al One expert mentioned the fact down and play it. If it is too com though restrictions on board have that two of the most widely known plicated, takes too long to play, has been lifted. There just isn't any games in the world can be played little general appeal or is much like stock available, they explain. That's by two people. "I've noticed that another game already on the market, why packages have become smaller when a couple gets together alone," they reject it. and smaller. By mid-year they hope he pointed out, "they don't seem to Games Can't Be Seasonal the availability of materials will im care for games out of a box. Postprove enough to permit the intro office and Spin the Bottle can be Football and baseball games are duction of new games now being played in dark rooms without any rejected too, because there is little withheld. special equipment. And they can be interest in seasonal ones based on One thing is certain, however -- more fun than a barrel of ale and a sport. Canadians submit many built many games with world travel and tin of potato chips." around ice hockey, and during every election year, hundreds based on A politics are submitted. When a game is accepted, it is sold to the public at a price ranging between 25 cents and $25.00 and the author's royalty may be any thing from 2 to 20 per cent. Records reveal that best-selling games sell far more copies and for much longer than best-selling books. Seven years ago America suffered its first shortage of marbles because of a drain on the market by manu Before a game is offered to the pub lic, a group of experts first play it. The game must be quickly under standable, easy to play, and have a wide public interest facturers of Chinese Checkers, which was played with a bagful of agates, glassies and the ordinary garden variety of marbles. This 11 ETC 23728 r h Tt.S.rf. Wire, HAT MAIN STREET is to the small gh town, the main stem is to the :Hy big city. Here, thousands of people daily mill along--window shopping, hurrying to and from work, stop ping off at a restaurant or theatre. Out-of-town visitors add to the side walk throngs, while on the streets vehicular traffic vies with the pedes trians for movement along the main thoroughfare. Seen on these pages are the cross roads of seven major American cities. They're big, busy and noisy -- but they spell home for millions of Americans. e s".6. /0mM"/'.'** * c* *"v, ARMY TRUCKS | for Civilian Use? 11 By T/3 Barnard L. Milter ----------- Military vehicles served their intended purpose in the war, but are they readily adaptable to civilian needs? Here's an appraisal ++++{ ji f i could pick up a couple of six- make the 2 Z2 -ton 6x6 too expensive Ieditor's note: Military trucks have by-sixes, I could set myself up for commercial operation? What proved their worth the world over in the hauling business in Chicago." can you do with a Diamond T "With a little fleet of jeeps, 1 Wrecker? Find the answers and win in the mechanized war just ended. could start a little city-delivery serv a fortune. Designed to fill special needs, these ice in Philadelphia." trucks have more than served their Basically, it makes plenty of sense "I'm gonna get me one of them to consider military trucks in a com purpose -- they gave our forces the closed-body maintenance trucks, mercial light. Army trucks and civil mobility, speed and stamina which so greatly helped to win the war. paint a sign reading `Mr. Fixit' on it, ian trucks are sisters under the tin; i But now that the war is over -- and just travel around the West Vir practically every Army truck is an and surplus military vehicles are ginia hills fixin' washing machines, adaptation of a commercial model; I; i being offered for sale -- the question vacuum cleaners -- anything the if not in whole then at least in com arises whether these vehicles are in lady's got that needs fixin'." ponent parts. You never saw a jeep all cases adaptable to civilian uses. Today, many a GI dreaming of before the "emergency," but the Costs of operation, for example, independence and a cozy livelihood jeep engine, axles, gear boxes and wanders mentally through the rich controls are all thoroughly civilian. which are of no consideration in wartime, are an important factor waste of machinery left high and We have few if any military freaks. now. In the belief that it would be dry by the tides of war -- generating The only thing left to consider is of interest to our readers, the follow units, metal-working tools, trucks, whether the details of military ing critical appraisal of military tractors and trailers glitter in the sun design hang too big a handicap on trucks for civilian purposes is pre as far as the mind's eye can see. the Army truck in the keen compe sented. The views expressed, of Most GI dreams center about the tition of commercial life. But even course, are those of the author. The Army's excess motor transport, so, in many cases such handicaps where the surpluses are greatest and may be turned into advantages by article originally appeared in the magazine "Firepower," published by the opportunities seem the ripest. clever operators who can think of But the answer to how practical are novel wavs of converting military the Army Ordnance Association. We are indebted to the Army Ord the dreams depends on how well features to profitable use. adapted to commercial use military For instance, the jeep has been nance Association for permission to reprint the article here. trucks are. damned as too expensive to operate ++++ How economically can a jeep be for the load it will carry; it is geared operated? Does the tandem axle down too far, they claim. But the 14 ETC 23731 a jeep is cute, it has won the hearts of light hauling. And the 14-ton has faint possibility that you are in the the country --and therein lies an some very serious disadvantages for business of hauling heavy-things-in- advertising value. Paint it red, put ordinary commercial work -- the small-packages like metal ingots, the name of your meat market on it body styles for one. The command sheet steel, or bricks, and in this case in big white letters and every time car has a truck engine and chassis, the extra brawn in the two rear axles you deliver two pounds of chops to and a touring car body. There seems will give you service. But like all Mrs. Clancy the whole neighbor little to do with this combination Army trucks featuring extraordi hood will be reminded that you are except remove the body and put on nary tractive ability, the 14 -ton and in the flesh and fowl business. The something more suited to hauling. the 114-ton seem best suited for the advertising value more than offsets The weapons carrier has a "soft" farm and the tall timber. In this the slightly higher cost of operation. (tarp and bows) body that might be connection, a northwestern truck all right for hauling such things as distributor pointed out one special garden produce, but your driver advantage of the 114-ton that comes, would never forgive you if you pre strangely enough, from its low sil sented him with the soft top to work houette. "That low silhouette would '/-ton Jeep in. Especially if he's wearing a little be fine for work in orchards under gold button in his lapel. The carryall the low trees, especially in combina Accentuating the positive of jeep design, the small size of the vehicle makes it easy to maneuver in heavy city traffic, and easy to park..Time being money in business life, the jeep can thus also be a profit-saver. With the jeep, as with practically every other Army truck, city and highway work demands one major might do as a panel-delivery, but it still steen like a truck. %-ton Weapons Carrier In a nutshell, the 14 -ton is just too tion with the load-carrying ability which you need in harvesting fruit." The 2 !4 -ton 6x6 has been called bv many GI's "the best-engineered mil itary truck in the world," and one middlewestem commercial hauler expressed the opinion that it would be a good truck for local heavy hauling. alteration: removal of the live front much truck for the work it can do axle. Where there's any kind of road in civilian life. Its 230-cubic-inch at all, there's no use for the added engine is a fuel-eater compared to traction provided by front-wheel the 216-cubic-inch engine of the 2'/>-ton Cargo Truck drive. Simply operating in rear- usual `/2-ton; engineered for a wheel drive alone and forgetting the rougher existence, its replacement But the 6x6 suffers the same dis front-wheel drive is not enough; parts are heavier and much more advantage as the 114 -ton -- it's got & power is wasted just by turning expensive than the !4-ton's. A too many feet. Tire expense would the ring gear and pinion, differential replacement engine would cost you be needlessly high in long-haul oper and propeller shaft, not to mention $316.99 compared to about $159 for ation, considering that commercial maintenance and lubrication that the 14-ton, a replacement steering fleets commonly average 150,000 have to be expended on the rotating gear is $17.25 compared to $11.25 miles a year. And again, the soft cab but useless appendage. for the `/2-ton. is a disadvantage in bad weather. On the other hand, in all off-the- On all ex-Army trucks, this same t road operations, front-wheel drive high-cost-of-replacement stares you is an asset. Surveyors, geologists in the face. It's something to think searching for oil and mineral depos off when the man with the hammer its, and timber prospectors would asks fet_your .bid. find front-wheel drive invaluable. using ther" iy2 -ton weapons car 2Vi-fon Dump Truck The Army's % -ton truck, such as rier for general hauling has all the the weapons carrier or command car, steps into a fast class in commer cial life -- it must compete with the Yz -ton pickup in small deliveries and disadvantages of the%-ton and ont of its own: the tandem rear axle -- it has just that many more tires to wear out. There is, of course, the Such trucks as the 2!4-ton dump can jump right into civilian life without even a change of uniform. Working under a power shovel, 15 ETC 23732 dump trucks are normally given all the load that can be piled on. When such loads consist of broken brick and similar heavy rubble, clay or wet earth, the tandem rear axles are in their element. 2'/>-fon Tank Truck The dream of some GI's is to start in with a little service station in a small or medium-sized town and build up a number of allied services on the side. One of these would be delivering fuel oil; the 2 Vi -ton, 750gallon tank truck sounds right for the job. But it must be remembered that at least twice that load is nor mally carried on commercial tankers in the 2 /2 -ton class without a tan dem rear axle. And here it is not simply a matter of obtaining econ omy by overloading; the capacity of the tank is fixed. The usual recommendation in cases like this where the Army truck doesn't quite fit, is "modify it." But the business-wise GI will tot up the cost of all these modifications, add them to the initial cost of the truck and decide whether he's still getting a bargain. It's easy enough to say, "Knock out the front-wheel drive and put on a new bodv," but it's all hand-tailoring and likely to run into important money. guesswork about it; the same goes for the semi-trailers they pull. 4-ton Wrecker Truck When it comes to wreckers, the opportunities are much whittled down. In the MAM company the wrecker was good for any and everything, but a sawed-off old Cadillac with a superstructure can be seen doing the same thing on smooth streets and highways. How ever, in rough occupations like lum bering, the wrecker may find a home. 7'/j -ton Prime Mover Truck For trucks above four tons, the field is even smaller. As a matter of fact, it gets so small that mavbe it disappears altogether. A 6-ton, 71/,ton, or 10-ton prime mover is no trifling matter. A lot of truck, and unless the prospective businessman has some very clearcut ideas on what he's going to do with it, he'll find himself with a white elephant in O.D. paint on his hands. For one thing, state weight laws put a very definite kibosh on operating these behemoths over their nice clean roads. In the beginning, Uncle Sam designed his trucks with an eye to angle of approach and departure, flotation on soft terrain, heavy-dunpulling and carrying ability. Did all this make Army motor transport too musclebound for life in the smoothroaded civilian world? The answer is yes . . . no . . . and maybe. It all depends on what you're going to do, how you are going to do it and where. Do your dreaming with paper and pencil. 4 r0 2'/a-fon Tractor Truck In the 214 -ton and 4- or 5-ton truck tractor department, especially the 4x2's, the prospective vet will be buying right into a truck that is already a commercial standby. No 16 ETC 23733 J 1 WHICH is WHICH? Here's a Quiz to Test Your Memory of Famous Names and Places Names sometimes fool you. Lead ing characters in famous books, plays and movies are frequently con fused; looking back, people often mistake the hero for the villain, and vice versa. See how many of the following you can identify cor rectly. Answers below: 1 The original title character of "The Thin Man" on the screen was: (a) William Powell (b) his detective pal (c) a murderer 2 "Frankenstein" was: (a) a mon ster (b) the monster's creator (c) castle where he was made 3 "Rebecca" was: (a) the heroine (b) housekeeper (c) dead char acter 4 "The Vagabond King" was: (a) King Louis of France, who pat ronized the vagabonds (b) Den nis King, who played the title role (c) Francois Villon 5 "The Cold Rush" was written by: (a) Rex Beach (b) Jack London (c) Charlie Chaplin 6 "The Crisis" was written by: (a) Winston Churchill, the states man (b) Winston Churchill, the American author (c) William Lloyd Garrison, slavery agitator 7 "Lady in the Dark" was: (a) a mystery play (b) study in psy choanalysis (c) bedroom farce 8 R. L. Stevenson's last story, "St. Ives," was completed by: (a) Quiller-Couch (b) C. K. Chester ton (c) James M. Barrie 9 Mr. Moto in the early J. P. Marquand stories was (a) hero (b) villain (c) helpful detective 10 "The Virginian" was written by: (a) Owen Wister (b) Thackeray (c) David Belasco 11 "Vanity Fair" originally referred to: (a) a town fair (b) the fair sex (c) a magazine 12 "Venus and Adonis" by Shake speare was: (a) a play (b) long poem (c) sonnet sequence 13 "The Court of Boyville" was written by: (a) Booth Tarking- ton (b) Mark Twain (c) William Allen White 14 The title character of "The Lady Vanishes" was: (a) the heroine (b) governess (c) heroine's friend 15 "Potash and Perlmutter" were separated once in (a) a short story (b) play (c) picture 16 The first name in Washington Irving's "Knickerbocker History of New York" refers to: (a) a family (b) the period (c) trousers worn. 17 "The Fair God" in Lew Wallace's story was (a) the hero (b) an Aztec god (c) Cortez 18 The baptismal incident in the play occurs originally in the stories: (a) "Life with Father" (b) "God and My Father" (c) "Life with Mother" 19 Falstaff appears first in (a) a play of that name (b) "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (c) "Henry IV" 20 The name in "The Prisoner of Zenda" refers to: (a) a castle (b) principality (c) person 21 "The Shooting of Dan McGrew" was written by (a) Edgar Guest (b) Bret Harte (c) Robert W. Service 22 "The Cisco Kid" is a character in: (a) Frederic Remington's drawings (b) an O. Henry story (c) a saga of real life in the West 23 Robert Louis Stevenson collab orated with Lloyd Osbourne on: (a) "Treasure Island" (b) "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (c) "Ebb Tide" 24 "Soldiers Three" was written by: (a) Alexandre Dumas (b) Rudyard Kipling (c) Victor Hugo 25 The newspaper story "Gallegher" was written by: (a) Sinclair Lewis (b) Irvin S. Cobb (c) Richard Harding Davis 26 "A Tramp Abroad" is: (a) a travel book (b) hobo adventure yarn by Jim Tully (c) vagabond poem by Harry Kemp 27 Thorne Smith wrote: (a) "The Darling of the Gods" (b) "Moon light on Olympus" (c) "Night Life of the Gods" 28 "National Velvet" refers to: (a) a horse race (b) a thoroughbred (c) easy money from betting 29 Rudyard Kipling collaborated on: (a) "Captains Courageous" (b) "Stalky & Co." (c) "The Naulahka" 30 "My Friend Flicka" refers to: (a) a girl (b) a horse (c) a dog ANSWERS 1 (c) murderer 2 (b) monster's creator 3 (c) dead character 4 (c) Francois Villon 5 (c) Charlie Chaplin 6 (b) American author 7 (b) psychoanalysis 8 (a) Quiller-Couch 9 (b) villain 10 (a) Owen Wister 11(a) town fair in "Pilgrim's Prog ress" 12 (b) long poem 13 (c) William Allen White 14 (b) governess 15 (b) play 16 (a) family 17 (c) Cortez 18 (b) "God and My Father" 19 (c) "Henry IV" 20 (a) castle 21 (c) Robert W. Service 22 (b) O. Henry story 23 (c) "Ebb Tide" 24 (b) Rudyard Kipling 25 (c) Richard Harding Davis 26 (a) travel book 27 (c) "Night Life of the Gods" 28 (b) thoroughbred 29 (c) "The Naulahka" 30 (b) horse vwwwwvwvmvvwwwwwwvwwwiSvwiwwwvwAmmmwwvs 17 ETC 23734 Want a cool million or two? Wartime ship sinkings have swelled the treasure trove lying in Davy Jones's locker treasure hunt planned long be By William A. McGarry A fore the last shot was fired in the war is gradually getting undeprorted as "scientific expeditions" in way. For obvious reasons every ef the Bahamas. Salvage ships are at a fort is being made to shroud it in premium, and any diver can get a secrecy. The news is leaking out, job -- particularly if he is willing to nevertheless, just as it did in the gamble his time for maintenance and Klondike and California gold rushes a cut of the potential profits. and after World War I. The news is Just how much recoverable treas about buried treasure -- cargoes ure there is on the sea bottom is a sunk with their ships during the war. matter of conjecture in so far as the Under international maritime law, more ancient wrecks are concerned. it is finders-keepers when a sunken But the U. S. Navy tipped off the ship or any part of its cargo is sal possibilities not long ago when it vaged. Davy Jones's locker has been published an over-all summary of getting itself paved with richly the merchant ships under the U. S. laden ships for centuries. A lot of flag sunk by all causes, but chiefly fortunes have been made in salvag enemy action, during World War ing and a lot have been lost in the II. The list revealed a total of 1,554 attempt. Now, as a result of the war, vessels of 6,277,000 deadweight tons. the ocean deeps have more wrecks Figures for the loss of ships under in their clutches than ever before, other than the American flag are not many within the 500-foot level at as exact. But it is a known fact that which divers can work. the combined merchant fleets of As a consequence, syndicates are Britain, France, Norway, Denmark, being formed all over the world to Finland, Belgium and the Nether go after the gold, jewels, currency lands were many times larger than and expensive machinery and equip the U. S. merchant tonnage at the ment known to be in their holds or outset of the war. It is also well strong boxes. One has been reported known that they suffered terrific operating off Atlantic City from losses before and for a year after this headquarters at the Avon Fishing country got into the struggle, when Pier two miles south of Asbury Park. the U-boats and German raiders A couple of others have been re came perilously close to starving out the British for the second time in history. Manifests of the cargoes carried by all of these vessels are available -- and can be obtained by people whose business it is to get them. Since even the smaller vessels were equipped with radio during the war, virtually all of them were able to send out SOS calls giving their exact position when the torpedoes struck. Locating them is a simple matter with radar and other modem deepsea sounding devices. For all of these reasons, plus the fact that tremendous improvements have been made in ship salvage methods and equipment and in div ing apparatus, a great deal of the gamble has been taken out of the ancient business of treasure hunting. It follows that the relatively large amounts of capital required to back such ventures are more readily ob tainable. Accordingly the hunt is now taking on the proportions of an international big business. The first operation to get into the news was started by the Diamond Salvage Company of Washington over the Netherlands freighter Arundo last November. The vessel lies in 150 feet of water, off Atlantic City. A salvage auxiliary and a larger vessel are in position overhead. The ship is 612 feet long, of 5,163 tons, and it may be possible to cover the hole in her hull, seal all openings, pump her full of air and with the aid of pontoons get her completely afloat. If that can't be done there is a quantity of valuable cargo which may be brought up. This includes two Diesel-engined locomotives, motor trucks and tires worth several million dollars. There is also a ship ment of unidentified valuable instru ments, possibly radar equipment, which may be worth more than all ETC 23735 1 the rest of the cargo. The Arundo sailed from New York late in April, 1942, with a crew of 43 men. A tor pedo hit her. Six men were lost, but a naval search vessel picked up 37 survivors. A year or so before Pearl Harbor some ambitious plans were being made to renew the search for a fleet of i j Spanish galleons that went down in a hurricane off Silver Shoals, near Haiti, in 1643 with $21 million in gold and silver from the Spanish Main. At that time a na tional magazine computed the sunk en gold and silver in known wrecks and known locations at $834,926,100. Sir Basil Zaharoff, so-called "Mys tery man of Europe," was reported to have a list of 17 sunken ships con taining more than half a billion dol lars. Part of the gold bullion that was recovered from the sunken British liner Egypt* which went down in the Bay of Biscay back in 1922 This list was published in 1944 by Capt. Charles Courtney, the interna tionally famous lock wizard of Man hattan, in his book entitled "Unlock ing Adventure." It included H.M.S. Hampshire, the British cruiser on The salvage ship Artiglio heeling over while hauling up part of the superstructure of the sunken liner Egypt which Kitchener of Khartoum went to his death off the Orkney Islands in the early years of World War I. The Hampshire carried $10 million in gold, destined to bolster the fad ing Czarist forces. Courtney and some 50 other div ers were employed by an interna tional syndicate headed by Zaha roff to recover the Hampshire's gold in 1932. Previously, an expedition directed by Courtney had recovered most of the $5 million that went down in the Bay of Biscay in the British liner Egypt. Here he worked for the first time in a newly invented German diving suit, armored to re sist the pressure of the water and requiring no decompression on returning to the surface. The' work on the Egypt was a thrilling adventure, but in compari son Courtney's account of the re peated attempts to get at the gold on the Hampshire is an epic of the sea. The weather off the Orkneys is un predictable. Repeatedly, after the _ suction pumps had cleared tons of sand and wreckage from the decks of the cruiser, storms forced the sal vage ships to run for port. Never theless the divers finally got into one strong room and recovered $300,000 in gold. On the final attempt, Courtney ETC 23 73 G Charles Courtney, the fam ous lock wizard and diver and three other divers were filling sacks with golden coins from what looked like a countless collection of chests in another strong room. They had been in the room two hours. They knew it was dangerous to stay down that long, but the excitement got into their blood and made them forget caution. The bags had been passing back along the line from one diver to another and going up to the salvage ship in a steady stream with no untoward incident, when a sub terranean current suddenly slammed the door of the vault. Three of the men were caught in the vault, one was jammed in the doorway. He died, but his body saved the lives of the others by pre venting the cutting off of their air lines. The three divers inside were unable to open the door, and they remained entombed for another hour. But finally, aided by other divers who were sent down, they were at last able to swing the steel door open. By that time all three men were almost unconscious. Courtney's last remembered act was to cut his weights so that he would shoot to the surface. Picked up by a crew in a lifeboat, Courtney became conscious three days later in an English hospital, looked in a mirror and found his hair had turned white. He vowed, as he had often before, that he would never dive again. But World War II found him in the uniform of a Cap tain in the Army Special Services, directing other divers and going down himself when necessary. Courtney, incidentally, is a grand nephew of Jules Verne, author of "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" and other imaginative books of thrilling adventure. Scooping out sand and silt in one of the many salvage attempts on the Lutine, sunk in the Zvyder Zee since 1799 The Zaharoff expedition was probably the best equipped undersea treasure hunt in history. It paid a profit, too. But it was by no means the most successful. Capt. William Phips of New England won that honor away back in Colonial days. He invented a diving tub that looked like an oversized, inverted lard tub, located one of the Spanish galleons in only ten feet of water in the Ca ribbean, and sold King James 11 of England on the idea of financing him for a quarter of what he recovered. Then he dug up more than $2 mil lion in treasure, and after settling with the King was appointed Gov ernor of the Massachusetts Colony. Lt. Harry E. Reiseberg, inventor of a diving suit capable of going down 1,500 feet, and of a pontoon system for raising sunken ships, in 1940 made a survey of the Caribbean area in which the fleet of highstemed galleons was lost. He is con vinced that much of the gold and silver can be recovered. Most of them, if not all, were destroyed in relatively shallow water when a hur ricane drove them on the reefs. The original diving bell came into existence about the same time as the diving suit, in 1800. It was used in repeated attempts to recover the gold from the lost flotilla. Salvage men say now that the toughest prob lem of the pioneers was to locate the wreck, and that is no problem at all today. Therefore a lot of them are looking over that Zaharoff list. The richest potential bonanza in it is the single galleon San Fernando. She went down off Martinique in about 600 feet of water with a reported Si30 million aboard. Another fleet, sunk in the Bay of Vigo, Spain, was carrying $250,000. Back in 1938, the Dominican Gov ernment financed an expedition to locate galleons believed sunk along its shores with a total of $70 million. ETC 23737 The late Simon Lake, of submarine fame, on the deck of a salvage craft he invented These figures may sound fantastic today, but there is historic evidence that the Spaniards, who invaded Central America centuries ago, actu ally obtained billions which the Mayans and the Aztecs had been col lecting for centuries. One account of an Aztec king, held for ransom by Cortez, describes a golden chain used as a fence around a palace. It was so heavy that 100 men were re quired to carry- it. On the wav to the conqueror they learned their king had been slain and threw the chain into a lake. Numerous expeditions have operated in Central America, largely" with British capital, to look for sunken treasure in the inland i "I believe it's starting to rain" lakes, and some have paid off hand somely. Another prize lies in the Spanish galleon Santa Rosa, which sank in the Caribbean, carrying $30 million in gold, back in 1768. An explorer, claiming to have located the galleon between Key West, Fla. and Cuba, is about to make his fifth try for the treasure. A buried treasure myth exploded when these ruins of a French river boat were salvaged 11 Much nearer home, the British frigate Hussar sank near Hell Gate Channel in New York's East River in 1780, with somewhere between $1.8 million and $8 million aboard to meet the payroll of British troops in this country. At least half a hun dred attempts have been made to salvage this treasure, but only 19 gold guineas have been recovered. The late Simon Lake of submarine fame had a contract with the U. S. Treasury to hunt for the gold. It ex pired when he died on June 23, 1945. Capt. Courtney believes the treasure will be found under some house holder's cellar in Astoria. Long Is land, where land was filled in bv silt and dumping operations. ETC 23738 Salmon fishing, important in Alaska, requires a large fleef THIS WAY TO ALASKA (Continued from Page 5) ingly popular, w ith the construction of ski trails and courses, shelter cab ins, and skating facilities. At Mt. Mc Kinley Park, there is an air strip and a tourist hotel. While Governor Gruening -- and the airlines and steamship companies -- welcome the tourist to Alaska, the Governor also looks forward to an influx of colonists. He has visited every community of any size in the Territory, by one means of trans portation or another. And he seldom overlooks an opportunity to remind the general public -- and Congress -- that, while the United States paid Russia $7 million for Alaska in 1867, the Territory has produced in the last 50 years gold, silver, copper, platinum, tin, coal, furs, timber and other natural resources valued at a hundred times the original purchase price. The value of her fishery prod ucts alone averages at least J60 mil lion a year. The Territory has the largest virgin stands of spruce and hemlock on the North American continent.' There also may be oil in Alaska. If the exploration of the Umiat (Pt. Barrow) region comes up to the expectations of geologists, it may prove to be one of the largest un tapped oil reserves in North Amer ica. (This, incidentally, is not the much-maligned Canol Project; the Umiat site is near the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in Alaska. And the drilling is being done under the supervision of our Navy.) Alaska has still another asset in the govern ment railroad. The route lies be tween Seward and Fairbanks, a dis tance of 467 miles. The total income in 1944 in excess of expenses was more than $5 million. As for the Territory's farming po tentialities, they have scarcely been touched, according to the Governor. The Matanuska colonization proj ect, which was begun in 1935 with 200 refugees from our midwestern "dust bow l," now markets potatoes, w'heat, barley, peas, hay, and a vari ety of meat and dairy' products val ued, on the average, at $1 million a year. And it is estimated that there are about 1,000,000 acres on the western slope of the Kenai Penin sula that are suitable for livestock grazing. These would support sheep very well, thus supplying two of Alaska's needs -- meat and wool. A precedent has been created on Umnak Island, in the Aleutians, where a Utah rancher found the environ ment suitable for sheep -- and plenty of grass. He also found that the sheep grew' wool that was much longer and heavier than the average. To say that Alaska is a great agri cultural country, however, w'ould be misleading. It is true that the hardier varieties of vegetables can be grown; Alaska potatoes once took first prize at a Minnesota state fair. The farmers in the Fairbanks district raise wheat, oats, barley, and all root crops that can be grown in the southerly .Mata nuska, Kodiak, and Cook Inlet dis tricts. But before any district can make a business of farming, or rais ing cattle and sheep, it must have roads, cold-storage plants, regular boat service for shipping out the products, packing houses, canneries, quick-frosting apparatus, creamer ies, farm laborers, and an organized system of distribution. At present the Territory does not have a stable, year-round economy; the two chief industries, mining and fishing, are seasonal. Farm markets are distant and uncertain. Alaska needs better transporta tion facilities, better roads, hotels, streets, and modem sanitary im provements. Lastly, it needs what the Scandinavian countries (in the same general latitude) already have: nearby markets for its timber and farm and dairy products, and indus try and agriculture to support its in habitants. OUR PICTURES Cover by Julius J. Fanta; Page 3, Ordway-Alaska Steamship Co. and Pan American World Air ways; Page 4 (top), courtesy Alaska Airlines; Page 4 (bot tom), 5, 6, 12, 13, 20 and 21 (top). Wide World; Page 7, 19 and 21 (center), Acme Newspictures, Inc.; Page 9, illustrations courtesy Toy Manufacturers As sociation of the U. S.; Pages 12-13, illustrations by Ruth Jen nings; Pages 14-15, illustrations courtesy Army Ordnance As sociation; Page 22, courtesy Pan American World Airways; Third Cover, Philip Gendreau, N. Y. 22 ETC 23739 ' The Ethyl emblem rings the bell with customers who are looking for your best gasoline. They want to get the best possible performance from their cars. That's why so many of your customers today keep an eye out for the Ethyl emblem on yourpremium pumpwhen they drive in. IN THE APRIL 1946 George Krieger, well-known farm marketing expert of Ethyl's sales department, has been named chairman of the newly formed Agricultural De velopment Committee of the American Petroleum Institute. The Committee, appointed by William R. Boyd, Jr., presi dent of the API, will undertake, a comprehensive program de signed to be of mutual benefit to both petroleum and agri culture. Its major objectives will be: (1) Continued and expanded research into prod ucts that combine those of the farm and the oil field, and new uses for them; (2) Study of efficient and profitable farm mechanization; (3) Further ance of soil conservation and fertility maintenance pro grams; (4) Study of insecti cides, fungicides, weed de stroyers, fruit ripeners, liquid fertilizers, and similar petro leum products. Mr. Boyd, in announcing Mr. Krieger's appointment, said, "The industry is partic ularly fortunate in having George Krieger to head up this important work. Almost his entire business career has been spent in this field, and he is one of the nation's out standing authorities on agri cultural engineering." Mr. Krieger, who has been with Ethyl since 1929, was one of the pioneers in the devel opment of the modern high- compression gasoline burning tractor. During the war he was director of the Farm Machin ery and Equipment Division of the WPB and, later, special assistant on farm problems to former WPB Chairman Donald M. Nelson. He is at present Special Assistant to the Gen eral Sales Manager of Ethyl. POSTWAR SERVICE STATIONS: A PREVIEW 3 Although pntontly stymied by the ban on new construction, the postwar service stations that will in time be built will offer motor ists more and better service than ever before. THE OUTBOARDS ARE IN AGAIN 6 Civilian enthusiasts will thrill to new and improved outboard motors -- thanks to their surprising wartime feats. r THIS WAY TO THE BIG SHOW 10 The circus, one of the first signs of Spring, is here again -- with all its wonderful trappings of peacetime years. ANY TIME IS BLOSSOMTIME 13 Florists look forward to one of the biggest Caster seasons on record -- but they have also made good progress in making people flower-conscious the year around. CAR WASHING HABITS 16 How many car owners wash their own cars -- like to do it -- ere satisfied with results? Here is a survey, published some time ago in Cthyl News, which is being reprinted now in response to numer ous reguests. In order to widen ftie fields ef reader interest In ItHyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers net associated with Ethyl Corporation. Any opinions expressed In these signed articles, ef course, are the authors'. ,' The editors ef the News welcome articles ef timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earle W. Webb, president; Percy L Griffiths, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Genzalsz, secretory j < ETC 23743 f POSTWAR SERVICE STATION A Pteuieiu Postwar service stations will feature many changes. Larger and designed for more efficient operation, they will handle an expanded line of goods and services his month marks the start of and lessors of service stations will be Tthe first peacetime touring sea spending many millions of dollars son in five years. The lingering wabruilding new stations, remodelling time shortages in tires, batteries, and old ones, whenever building mate other equipment, coupled with the rial shortages ease and present continuing obsolescence of cars in governmental restrictions on con service, may serve to some extent to struction are lifted. The need for hold down tourist travel. Yet, as this program of construction and motorists take to the open road, with modernization is highlighted by a unrationed supplies of gasoline to be number of important developments. had, they may see here and there the first of the new postwar service New Highways stations. For one, a three billion dollar The new stations, present and highway construction program is prospective, are the result of much getting underway which, along with study and careful planning. The war, the new roads, will entail the con of course, took a big toll among pre struction of many service stations. war stations generally. But it also At the same time, a good number of gave oil marketers an opportunity pre-war highway stations were to step back, take stock of their sta closed down during the war and tions, and plan for improvements now need to be rebuilt in order to and heightened efficiency. Thus, as serve normal peacetime highway these new units are built and go into traffic. operation, motorists will begin to Second, there have been broad appreciate the added facilities, serv population shifts during the war ices, and accommodations that have which will have a marked effect on been developed for them. regional gasoline demand postwar. Although over-all estimates are These shifts, both regional and intra lacking, it is a foregone conclusion state, have brought a big influx of that oil companies and the owners population to many areas. In many cases, a majority of the wartime transients is expected to remain, cre ating a larger demand for gasoline and oil than existed before the war. This, too, will create a demand for new station outlets. And finally, the war caused a marked deterioration in many sta tions w hich managed to stay in busi ness for the duration. The physical appearance of many stations de clined as it became more and more difficult to maintain them properly. At the same time, many improve ments and a desired expansion of facilities had to be deferred until the war was over. Only last month, however, the Civilian Production Administration ordered a halt, for the time being at least, to virtually all construction except housing for war veterans, which among other things w'ill have the effect of further deferring the construction of new stations. When conditions permit, a largescale program of construction is indicated. Before the present restric tive order went into effect, only a small number of really brand-new 3 ETC 23744 Pure Oil stations art retaining their distinctive cottage style. They will have more space in both salesroom* end service departments. Entrance to the sales room from the outside will be through wide double doors. There will be a fixed spot for a beverage box and a wide outside walk for sidewalk display stations had been built. And so far onlv a few companies have an nounced their plans. But as recon new stations. Most companies plan to give their stations a different appearance from glass blocks, and perhaps even pressed blocks. Shell Oil Company, among others, plans to use these con version progresses, and materials pre-war units by using, both inside struction materials. and equipment are eventually re and out, impervious materials such These new types of materials will leased for construction, the stations as glazed brick, tile, smooth plastic, not only contribute to durability. that were talked, planned, and i dreamed about during the war will Th new Shell station is of a strictly functional design. actually appear. The pump is 54 inches high, with a hose 18 feet long During the war, there was much speculation as to what the postwar service stations would look like. Imagination ran riot as the air-brush school of design went to town. But now that the new stations are actu ally coming out from under the wraps, the simple fact of the matter is that they are not^radically differ ent from pre-war stations. This emphasizes the evolutionary process that has characterized the past devel opment of the service stations, and which, one can be sure, will be car ried into the future. But the new postwar stations will incorporate many substantial im provements and refinements. The I first noticeable change that will impress many motorists will be the 1*1 exterior appearance of some of the i! 4 ETC 23745 X I but -- more important -- will make tomorrow's service station cleaner and easier to keep clean than ever before. Sinclair Refining Company plans to build its new station of brick or concrete block masonry with the exterior surfaces veneered with por celain-enameled steel. The design is adaptable to the use of stucco or painted brick. For purposes of uniformity, econ omy in construction, and the desire to erect stations rapidly to serve the public better, some of the companies are contemplating prefabrication of several important parts of their stations. The trend in the construction of new stations will be to build larger stations with more glass frontage and larger show windows. Before the war the average-size sendee station contained about 1,000 to 1,200 square feet of floor space. Stations to be constructed will be from 15% to 50% larger than before. The reason for the increased size of the average station is that it will be more and more a service center and store than merely an outlet for gasoline and oil. Any number of oil companies, and the owners and les ing to build three sizes of stations -- each permitting a number of con struction variations depending upon location, climate, and size of the plot. Types of Stations The three new modem-design stations are a small station, a medium sized station, and a large station. However, all three types offer the same basic plan, which includes a salesroom, a lubritorium, an auto laundry, storage and heating space, and rest rooms. The large station may be built to include a work room, an office addition to the sales room, a separate facility for the public telephone, a boiler room separated from the storage space, and commodious rest rooms. Better light and greater visibility are achieved in the Esso stations by the liberal use of glass on the outside wall areas of each of the three sta tion fronts. This gives the station salesroom an appearance of an openair area. It also makes it possible for the first time to utilize the neat, businesslike interior of the sales room as' a permanent window dis play in itself, as eye-arresting in daytime as at night. Most companies plan to have a low bulkhead for the salesroom window. This will make for improved visi bility from the street and driveway. Brilliant lighting will make the sales room a showcase in itself without the necessity of displaying products in the window. Nearly all oil companies are plan ning to have larger salesrooms in their new stations. Shell, for exam ple, is planning a salesroom of approximately 324 square feet, which is almost twice as large as heretofore. Sinclair proposes to have a sales- or showroom with about 400 square feet of space. The front windows of the Sinclair station will project beyond the wall of the lubritorium to emphasize the sales room. The display room will have about 40% more space than is pres ently used for such purposes. Most stations will have a partition between the salesroom and the serv ice bays. Many of the partitions will (Continued on Page if) Socony-Vacuum has opened an experimental service station with no walls between the lubritorium and the salesroom sors of sendee stations, are planning to increase the services a station can offer motorists, to add new equipment, to expand its line of merchandise. While this holds true particularly for the super type of station, there is an unmistakable trend toward increased diversifica tion of sales down the line -- even to those stations which heretofore have depended almost entirely on sales at the pump. Although the trend is definitely toward a larger type of service sta tion, most oil companies will con struct the size station a lessee needs and desires. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, for example, is offer- 5  V -f Civilian boating enthusiasts will enjoy better-than-ever outboard motors, thanks to their surprising wartime achievements TW: Outboard motors played a big part in the suc cessful crossing of the Rhine, which carried our forces to final victory 38 Civilians will again enjoy the carefree days of peacetime -- and with newer and more depend able outboards than ever The Outboards Are In Again By Hiram K. Smith, Jr. t is a typically American gadget. I It drives skimming racing hydro planes at more than a mile a minute, and arduous labors with heavy barges and harbor craft. And we are indebted to a homely and typically A man named Ole Evinrude, so the story goes, rowed across a broad lake and back under a blistering hot pushes the small pleasure boats of thousands of sportsmen and women, powers the busy net-tenders of commercial fishermen, performs new American incident for the familiar outboard motor that today splutters so cheerily on practically all of the world's waterways. sun one August day in 1906, to fetch some ice cream for his picnicking fiancee. Then and there this young (Milwaukee machinist made up his During the war, outboard motors went everywhere and did everything. One big job was in evacuating the wounded mind that rowboats should be pow ered by gasoline, not muscle. He also decided to do something about it. Evinrude wasn't the first, or the last, with such an idea, to be sure. But the design he patented four years later was the first practical outboard motor. By practical is meant that it would start at least half the time -- a feature that led many to regard it as, if not the ultimate, at least a long stride forward in the long search for a compact, lightweight, portable * gasoline engine to take the drudgery out of rowboating. ETC 23747 X I In the next three decades, hun dreds of thousands of small-boat men everywhere learned to be patient with their little outboards in the maner of starting; nine times out of ten, failure to start at the first or second crank of the flywheel was the fault of the operator, not the motor. And the motors themselves, im proved constantly by the eager man ufacturers, in time became amaz ingly dependable. Properly handled, starting is no problem. Confidence in the performance of outboard motors reached such a high point, finally, that the success of the history-making initial crossings of the Rhine under Nazi fire depended on watercraft of almost all shapes and sizes -- powered bv sturdy little American "put-puts." But the Rhine was not the only water barrier surmounted by out boards. As one young officer put it, "Certainly no combat engineer would have tackled a major river crossing in the hard-fought cam paigns across western Europe unless he could have depended upon the husky capacity of outboard motors for powering assault- or storm-boats and infantry-support rafts." Even so, and an amusing sidelight on an otherwise grim business, all the GI outboard operators weren't utterly convinced that their motors would start instantly for the trip across the Rhine. As a precaution, resourceful members of the Corps of Engineers requisitioned from the Medical Corps some hundreds of chemical heating pads which were placed over the motors' powerheads to keep them warm in the bitter cold weather. Outboard motors, in this case at least, were hot from start to finish. This year, it's safe to say, Ameri cans everywhere will keep their out boards hot as thev go about myriad peacetime pursuits. Evinrude's "prac- ETC 23748 Outboards figured repeatedly in the invasions of Japheld islands. Above, an unloading operation at Leyte These giant outboard motors, in reality detachable power units, were used to help build rail spans across rivers A heavily loaded raft of Army pontoons on the Athabaska River in Canada. Note the outboard, right foreground 1 ,, times have catered exclusively to the particular needs of sportsmen. One such model was designed expressly for operation in weed-choked, shal low water. Some enthusiastic owners of this motor, believe it or not, insisted it would drive a boat over a field in a heavy dew! But while the great body of sportsmen-users apply their out boards to the serious and also pleas urable business of recreation, the industrial possibilities of the little motors have grown apace. Commercial fishermen, for in stance, were among the first to turn outboard motors into time-savers Sportsmen will again thrill to the get-up-and-go of their sturdy "put-puts" as they seek out their favorite haunts and hence profit-makers. Some of Evinrude's earliest big customers were Scandinavian, Canadian and tical" motor and those of several out of every four men, surveys American fishermen who were quick estimable competitors have brought show, prefers hunting and fishing to to see that the outboard emancipated powerboating within the reach of all other recreations. Since a good them from the back-breaking toil scores of thousands of people who single-cylinder outboard motor costs of rowing their heavy, net-tending can't afford the luxury of big, expen less than a good hand-made fly rod smallboats. On Canada's far-flung sive motorboats. And with a bow to or a good duck gun, it is considered network of waterways, outboard the little gadgets, even yacht owners a practical convenience, and as much motors have become the everyday equip their dinghies and tenders a piece of standard sportsmen's workhorses of Dominion river com with outboard motors; in any equipment as the fishing rod or shot merce, pushing boatloads of manu anchorage you'll find numbers of gun itself. factured products into the comers small craft skittering about from Indeed, outboard designers some- of the Provinces and returning with ship to ship, their little outboards muttering a happy if somewhat high-pitched song. That high-pitched song, inci dentally, sometimes sounds in the strangest places, even on dry land, for early in the game amateur -- and sometimes professional -- mechanics found the outboard was a truly ver satile power plant. Modified out board motors have been used to pump water, to drive saws and other machinery, to drive generators and, on the lunatic fringe, to power the midget racing autos whose pell-mell speed drew such enthusiastic audi ences before the war. But today as always, the chief user of the outboard is the sports "Why are all the straps reserved for the ladies, Mama?" man-fisherman. Approximately one 8 ETC 23749 boatloads of Nature's bounty. And every day new uses are discovered for the versatile outboard motor. The war, of course, proved con clusively that outboards are much more than sportsmen's fishing boat power plants. On China's inland waterways the Army Services of Supply had a fleet of nearly 500 out board-powered sampans carrying military traffic of all kinds. Bags of rice alternated with bombs in the sampan loads. As war's demands increased and the little motors' uses multiplied, so did their size. Tiny single-cylinder, small horsepower motors grew into big twins and fours -- and sixes -- of 10 and 22 and 55 hp. and more. A glorified outboard assembly was developed especially for engines of as much as 125 hp., and put to work pushing heavy harbor barges. Powrering lighters and, particularly in the Pacific theaters, landing barges, this giant "outboard" has important applications in peacetime harbor utility work and in heavy traffic on inland waterways. In the War Since 1942 Outboard motors, hitherto used only rarely by the military, went into combat early in 1942. The U.S. Navy used Kiekhaefer and Evinrude motors of regular commercial design for its seven- and ten-man rubber boats. The LCP(N) Landing Craft Personnel (Nested), a 36-foot plas tic boat, used 50 hp. motors of a spe cial design. And lighters and barges were powered, of course, by out boards of 22, 55 and up to 125 hp. The U.S. Army found manifold tasks for the little motors. The first extensive Army use of outboards came in 1942 with movement of supplies through the Canadian Northwest for gigantic construction programs, including the Alcan High way. On rafts made of ponderous bridge pontoons and powered by outboards, vast quantities of gear ranging from food to bulldozers' were ferried from point to point. That same summer, an Engineer Heavy Pontoon Battalion trans ported supplies over a route more than a thousand miles long over the Mackenzie and Athabaska rivers. More tonnage -- including heavy cranes, cargo trucks and the inevi table bulldozers -- moved over that route in a few months than the total of all goods that had ever moved over it in all the years since white men first explored that wilderness area. But of all the outboard motor's valorous wartime achievements, nothing could ever approach in mag nitude the Rhine crossings. Just three combat engineer organizations, for example, those of the First, Third and Ninth Armies, were supplied with more than 760 of the 55 hp. out boards plus 1120 of the 22 hp. size. These husky little motors powered the bulk of the crossing operations until the first tactical bridges were in, and continued to be used for spe cial rafting jobs and general utility work for weeks after the initial crossings were made. The 55 and 22 hp. models, of which we'll very likely hear a good deal from now on, were the two principal sizes used by Army engi neers. Although a smaller 10 hp. model pushed the ten-man rubber landing boat used for reconnais sance, the smaller motors were not practical for general service require ments. But the "22" and "55" are rugged motors. The latter is a special high-speed model developed by Evinrude in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers for the specific purpose of powering the high-speed "storm boat," a 16-foot planing hull capable of carrying six infantrymen with full field equipment, plus a crew of two engineers, at 25 miles an hour. In peacetime, it's worth noting, this storm boat might make a fine sporty racer. In combat it dodged shell fire, its load of fighting men lying face down in the bottom while the engineer crewmen drove it full speed right up on the bank of the far shore. Used primarily for rafting and bridge-building, the Johnson 22 hp. motor was a slower-speed job with positive steering control through 360 degrees. A skilled operator could move backward, sideways, or hold the pontoon or raft motionless in a current simply by rotating the motor on its mounting bracket to give the propeller thrust in the right direction. This motor is exceedingly versatile, since it can be mounted on assault boats, single pontoons, or rafts made up of two or more pontoons. Outboard Manufacturers The majority of outboard motors have been made for many years bv the Outboard, Marine and Manu facturing Company through its Johnson, Elto and Evinrude Divi sions, but new developments in the field are promised by entry of sev eral old and new companies on the postwar market. Among these are Kiekhaefer, maker of the "Mer cury"; Champion Motors; ScottAtwater; Aluncie Gear Works and others. And out of the plants of famed water speed king Gar Wood has come a war-developed six-cyl inder, 4-cycle, supercharged model whose potentialities have not vet been fully explored. Gar Wood, Jr., incidentally, holds the world's out board speed record of 85 miles an hour. But fast or slow, big or little, for fun, for fishing, or for dav-todav commercial operations, there's an outboard motor to fit every pocketbook. 9 ETC 23750 he circus, one of the more bril Tliant heralds of spring, is coming. After opening in Madison Square Garden in New York this month, the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus will tour the coun try from coast to coast. Resplendent and glitteringly be-spangled, this year's circus will again be "The Greatest Show on Earth." One of the highlights of the 1946 circus will be its "Toyland" extrav aganza. Another will be the "Sky Ballet." This is described by circus press agents with modest shyness as "The most beautiful aerial display of all time. It is 9 new 60-girl adven ture performed in the lofty reaches of the Garden dome where glitter ing femininity reaches the absolute epitome of daring and where life hangs by a slender web." In addition, there are chimpanzee riding comics, bareback-riding mar vels, a multitude of clowns, Garganrua and Toto, the famous gorilla couple, and "countless other rare wild animals and birds in the biggest travelling zoo in the entire world." All in all, this will be the biggest and best circus since 1941, with all the wonderful trappings of former peacetime years. It's more than three quarters of a century since E T. Barnum went into the circus busi ness on a major scale, but for millions of fans the lure of the Big Top is as strong as ever. CLOWN PRtNCES Clowns are the mainstav of the circus. Running riot through the show, showing off their pranks and antics and amazing inventions, thev are one attraction that circus lovers constantly look for each vear. Unknown to many people, how ever, is the fact that there is not one type of clown, but many. And there are nearly as many different kinds of make-up as there are clowns. Each clown feels he is ethically entitled to his own peculiar style. Some clowns, in fact, become so famous with one kind of make-up or another that they jealously guard it as their professional mark, and leave their "faces" to their offspring. According to the Circus Maga zine, "the classic standby (in clown make-up) since early Elizabethan days is the neat or white face and scalp." But, the magazine adds, "whether clowns wear caps and bells, pom-poms, bald front wigs, padded wigs, putty noses, rubber ball noses, or eyes that pop at you, they are all out for one serious thing -- to `feel' you're with them when they `bust-out' in the walkaround." Among clowns, as among all other circus performers, there are stars who stand out. Sad-faced Emmett Kellv is one who has delighted circus audiences in recent years. Charlie Bell is another. There are many who feel that the clowns make the show -- and make the public come back again. <>o<> SOME TYPES OF CLOWNS Motley Feel Grimaldi Het One Cracker Jack Merry Andrew Leon Pierrot Harlequin Musical Clown Bumpkin Sunny Jim Elegant Grimacer Fat-Bey Odd Zany Joker Wit Reester Man Punchinello Jim Crew Riding Clown Entree 12 Character Grotesque August female Double Face ETC 23753 1 ANY TIME IS BLOSSOMTIME By Sfefson Clark The selling of flowers used to be seasonal, but now it is a year-round business that even uses airplane delivery astf.r is coming, the first peace lion worth of flowers, for certain, E time Easter in five years. Nor and that, the remainder of the 20,000 mally the season at which we buyretail outlets, including outdoor and the most flowers, florists are prepar market stands, sold another $400 ing for the biggest rush on record million worth. A fair guess is, that this Easter.' with sales proceeding at such a pace, To be specific, florists are antici Americans will invest $200 million, pating the greatest demand ever for "table pieces" at gatherings of re united families; flowers for wed dings that were postponed until now; and corsages for the social events with which we'll celebrate this long-awaited peacetime Easter. Last vear, even while the war was on, retail sales of flowers mounted more or less, this Easter in the impel steadily. The Florists' Telegraph ling but transient beauty of flowers. Delivery Association estimates that At Easter, flowers are for church J8oo million worth of flowers were and for new dresses, and because sold at retail last year on the North spring is in the air. But there's also a American continent, north of the great and mounting demand for Rio Grande. (The whole of North flowers over the Christmas holidays, America was included in the estimate and around Thanksgiving. Poinset- because some of the association's tias have become our national Christ members are in Canada.) The flor mas flower. Gardenias, carnations, ists' association estimated that its and orchids are favorites for corsages own 7,000 members sold $400 mil for holiday social events. And at Christmas there's a thumping de mand for roses, for gifts. Next to Easter, Christmas has become our biggest flower holiday season. The Fourth of July and Labor Day, in fact, are now about the only important holidays left that create no special demand for flowers. VV'hile valentines are still the favored "coin" for exchange of sentiment with children, on Valentine's Day adults now bombard one another with flowers. It's become one of our big flower holidays. Next on the list are Mothers' Day and Decoration Day. June, which has no holidays, is the biggest month for flowers, because of weddings. July and Au gust are the dullest months. World War II did more than to stimulate our interest in flowers. It created innovations likely to stick, such as American-grown tulip bulbs. Since the supply from Holland was cut off, American growers sup plied tulip bulbs that could be brought to flower on Christmas. Lily 13 ETC 23754 Making a bouquet. Florists must keep abreast of fashions in flowers in order to serve the public's changing tastes bulbs, too, from Bermuda and Flor ida, rather than Japan, likewise were forced for Christmas last year. Don't worn', though, there'll be some left for Easter. Then, too, the impetus that the war gave to air transport has already worked changes in the flower busi ness. It will have a bearing on the flowers from which you can make your Easter selections. Thanks to air express, 'most any florist can now supply camellias from California if you want some thing gorgeous and expensive, though not too durable. Some of the best gardenias come from San Fran cisco by air, also, as do the less costly Scotch heather and violets. And Californians may have airborne car nations from Denver, Chicago or New England if they want them. Orchids, one of the favorite Easter flowers, will be shipped bv air from Long Island and New Jersey to all points of the compass. During the war period, prices for flowers soared in some instances to two or three times their pre-war levels. Last Christmas, Rome Glory roses, the big red ones, sold for $ 18 a dozen. At New Year's, white or chids were selling for $25 apiece. Flowers won't be any cheaper this Easter; certainly not orchids, which are in high demand at this season. Roses, however, are sure to be more plentiful than they were at Christ mas time, because they'll have suffer competition from other flowers. Indeed, Easter has become a fashion parade of "florist's flowers." Chrys anthemums, alone, are notably ab sent. Gardenias and orchids get the top play for corsages. And car nations, which are the most popular flower of all for Mothers' Day, are also in great demand. Gladioli are to be had -- from Florida -- but there's no tremendous call for them; they're too cool and summery. While it s questionable whether an aster could be forced for Easter, it's pretty cer tain it wouldn't be wanted, at any rate. There's no breath of spring in an aster; certainly not to compete with potted hyacinths and narcissi, violets from Rhinebeck, New York -- as well as by air from California -- and greenhouse-grown sweet peas, snapdragons and stocks. England, which still has its flower girls, comes closest among other nations to approximating our inter est in flowers. Per capita "consump tion," if you call it that, is perhaps about the same. But you could buy the shop of an English florist for the price some of us Americans have lately been paying for a few' orchids. England doesn't have nearly as many out-and-out florist shops, however. Most flowers are sold at open-air or market stands along with green goods and groceries. But the liking of the English for flowers is of a riper vintage than ours. And while growers and sellers don't get Ameri can prices, the business rides on a more even keel. Over here, there are, very defin itely, fashions in fiow'ers. The vogue in roses is for red. Of the three mil lion orders that American florists received from soldiers and sailors overseas, last year, almost all called for red roses. ; I 14 ETC 23755 Iris, or the rainbow, was regarded as the bridge between heaven and earth The tulip, with its showy colors, has the appearance of a Turkish tulbend (turbani The hyacinth, says a Greek myth, sprang from the spot where Hyacinthus was killed When a certain flower gets to be the rage, florists often have a hard time getting it for their customers at any price. That accounted for the $18 per dozen price tag of Rome Glorv roses last Christmas. A bright red rose, Better Times, was quoted at S20 a dozen at wholesale on the New York market last August. Rather than a public at times so eager for red roses and white orchids at any price, many florists would like it just as well if a larger percentage of their customers were a little more inclined to buy flowers with their groceries, rather than as something special. For either the selling of flowers or growing them can be a famine as well as a feast. If the business would just ride on a more even keel, many a florist would like it better, even if prices weren't quite so fancy. This accounts for the interest of florists in gardens of amateur growers. Thev like to rub elbows with friends of flowers, and the more of them they meet, or can encourage, the better they like it. They are both a stimulating and stabilizing influence in the flower business. All florists are very much pleased with the present interest in potted plants, which are becoming increas ingly important items at Easter and Mothers' Day. For a plant in a pot is pretty likely to be around long enough, wherever it goes, to make real friends. If you should ask a florist what he'd like to sell you best at Easter, he would most likely reply, "an azalea." If it gets the care that the species requires, which is nothing elaborate, an azalea will thrive and blossom for years. Then, at Mothers' Day, which this year is hardly more than two weeks later than Easter, spring is far enough advanced so that phlox, verbenas, lantana, geran iums, and ageratum can be put right out into the flower bed. Among the worthwhile new arrivals in potted plants for Easter and Mothers' Day gladius, or sword, that the gladiators carried for it. Chrysanthemum in Greek means "gold flower" is the Canadian all-double petunia. Florists likewise look with a friendly eye on the growing volume of sales of flowers at open-air mar ket stands in the summer, which is (Continued on Page 22) f- CSZ 9<nZ Of^er CWame Many a man has thought he was making a pun when he mentioned "Otto of Roses" instead of "Attar of Roses." As a matter of fact, there are two such terms in common use in the ancient art of perfumery. Otto of Roses is the essen tial or volatile oil of the rose, obtained from the pressed leaf petals and often called "rose absolute." Attar of Roses is the same thing, with alcohol added to make a tincture. Though surveys reveal that 85% of all perfume buyers still prefer the aroma of the rose to the hundreds of other scents available, it does not always follow that the most fragrant liquid came from a real rose. Raw materials used in perfumes come also from animal and synthetic sources, according to the American Medical Association. As many as 30 different materials are used to make a single scent. Some of these materials are used for their odor value alone, some as fixatives -- the ability to keep a perfume fragrant long after the alcohol has evaporated -- and some for both purposes. The only four substances of animal origin in use are ambergris, castor, musk and civet, and they are used primarily as fixatives. The essential oils are derived not only from flowers, but also from fruits or their rinds, roots of plants and even the wood of some trees. 15 ETC 2 3 arages and service stations used to do a tremen G dous business in car washing and polishing, but not nearly as many car owners patronized them as is A survey reveals interesting facts about the attitudes of car owners commonly supposed. Two out of three car owners say i; i they usually wash their own cars -- and apparently they expect to continue doing so. This is one of the Yes TOTAL 9% No 27 ,i i principal findings of a survey recently made in Scran Don't know 4 ton, Pa., and Peoria, 111. by Opinion Research Corpora The average income of Peoria residents is some tion. The former city has very soft water and the what higher than that of Scranton residents, and as latter hard water. Differences between car washing shown bv figures above, more of them turn their cars habits in the two towns were noticeable but not over to commercial services for washing. extreme. The evidence of these two towns indicates that the The following tables show the breakdown for the business in car washing could be increased substan two cities: tially in the post-war era with better salesmanship or Question: Do you usually clean the outside of vour lower prices. car yourself? If not, who does clean the outside of The frequency of washing appears to be about the your car? same whether the car is washed at home or in a garage TOTAL SCRANTON PEORIA Yes, usually clean car 60% 68% 52% No, family member does 5 7 3 No, done elsewhere 33 24 42 Not washed 213 Car owners who do not usually w ash their own cars or service station. The absolute truth of the question of frequency is, of course, a difficult fact to determine by survey, since personal pride is involved and car owners are inclined to claim that they wash or have their cars washed much more often than they really do. To overcome this exaggeration as much as pos comprise 40% of the total interviewed. These were sible, a casual questioning technique was employed. asked, "Do you sometimes clean the outside of your Car owners who had been discussing the general sub car yourself?" ject for a few minutes were asked first, "How often 16 ETC 23757 would vou like to see your car cleaned?" and after they had answered that, they were asked "With all the expense and bother, how often does your car actually get cleaned?" CARS WASHED BY OWNER Oftener than monthly 24% CARS NOT WASHED BY OWNER 24% Monthly 3-6 times yearly Twice a year or less 3 32 12 3 28 12 Indefinite answers 2 6 The methods and tools used for home car washing are also interesting. The typical car owner in the sur veyed cities cleans his car with plain cold water, using a garden hose; however, about one third use a pail alone and another third use a pail and a hose. TOTAL SCRANTON PEORIA Use pail only 33% 36% 29% Use a hose only 37 29 47 Use both 3 35 24 Among washing aids, a sponge for washing and a . chamois for drying are used most often in Peoria. A plain cloth usually suffices for the job with the soft ater of Scranton. TOTAL SCRANTON PEORIA Chamois 5'% 35% v% Plain cloth 5 69 26 Sponge 44 28 64 Other 343 Only about one in four of the home car washers adds anvthing to the water to facilitate cleaning, and strangely enough, this is much more common in the soft water city, Scranton, than the hard water city, Peoria. Fifty-five per cent use water and nothing else. Ten per cent use a polish or wax-cleaner combination exclusively. The remainder use water with soap, or a paste or liquid cleaner in the water; or water first, followed by polish or wax. Of the water users, 27% use warm water. Special preparations for cleaning certain parts of the car are fairly common. Question: Do you use a special preparation to clean the metal trim on vour car? TOTAL SCRANTON PEORIA Yes 29% 25% 34% No 71 75 66 Question: Do vou use a special preparation the glass on your car? TOTAL SCRANTON PEORIA Yes . 25% 28% 21% No 75 72 79 Question: Do you use a special preparation to get tar, grease or other stubborn dirt spots off? Yes TOTAL 19% SCRANTON 17% PEORIA 23% No 81 83 77 Apparently, from the above and other data from the survey, car owners are not very well satisfied with present tools and methods of cleaning their cars. There is wide use of special paint and body cleaners, glass cleaners, metal cleaners, as indicated above. There is considerable complaint about the products used -- both special purpose products and general cleaners -- and there is some dissatisfaction with the results. Yet, somewhat surprisingly, only about one half the people that wash their own cars regard the job as drudgery. Question: How do you size up the car washing job as a whole -- as a rather pleasant job, just average, or as a disagreeable chore? Pleasant Just average Disagreeable TOTAL 17% 35 48 Apparently about one sixth of the people who wash their own cars think it is fun. These people also take pride in the job and like their automobiles gleaming. An interesting sidelight on the hard and soft water question is shown by answers in the two towns. In Scranton, 15% said the water was hard and 20% said it was average; but in Peoria where the water really is hard, not one single person made the mistake of saying that it was soft. Question: Do you consider the water here soft, hard just average? TOTAL SCRANTON PEORI A Soft 33% 65% 0% Hard 54 15 93 Average '3 20 7 People who believe their water is soft (Scranton 17 ETC 2 3 7 5 S residents) most often add substances to the washing water to promote cleaning. 35% of those who consider the water in their town soft add something to the water 23% of those who consider the water in their town average add something 13% of those who say the water in their town is hard add something to their cleaning water. The division shown between paste and liquid clean ers is about 50 - 50, with a much higher percentage in the hard water town using one of these cleaners than in the soft water town. Question: Do you ever clean your car with some kind of liquid or paste cleaner? Is it a paste or a liquid? Paste TOTAL 50% Liquid 52 Question: What do you find are the advantages of using a cleaner? Takes off dirt Makes car shine Makes wash job last longer It is easy to apply It cleans as it polishes Saves time Can't think of anv TOTAL 38% 3 '7 7 6 5 SCRANTON 37% 24 12 10 5 7 PEORIA 40% 35 22 3 6 3 advantages 7 5 10 Question: What are the drawbacks of using a cleaner? There are no drawbacks Might hurt the finish Takes too much elbow TOTAL 55% SCRANTON 66% PEORIA 46% 20 10 3 grease 10 10 10 Takes too much time 9 7 11 It streaks 333 Other 565 Car washers are well aware that water alone fails to get off stubborn soil. The specific kind of din that 18 makes trouble differs markedly according to local conditions. In Scranton, a coal mining center, people mention grease first and coal dust second. In Peoria, where there is a great deal of civic to-do about tree planting, people put grease first and second say tree sap. Grease Tar Tree sap Coal dust Road film Mud General stains Rust TOTAL SCRANTON 54% 56% 28 31 *3 2 18 32 '5 4 12 10 I I '5 23 PEORIA 5>% 25 5 0 29 '3 7 1 One of the most significant facts of the whole study is that four out of ten people who wash their own cars are dissatisfied with the appearance after the job is done. Chief among the complaints were dullness and streaking. Question: Is the finish ever dull or streaked after wash- ing? TOTAL SCRANTON PEORIA Yes 39% 44% 33% No 6l 5*5 <57 Apparently from this study there is an excellent opportunity for service stations and garages to increase their business in car washing when sufficient man power is again available -- and a companion oppor tunity to sell some packaged cleaning compound which will do a better job and make the work easier for those who want to wash their own cars. After all, only 17% of those who "wash-their-own" think that car washing is fun! Editor's note: Many months ago, the Ethyl News published this article on car washing habits. In response to numerous requests, it is republished now. And now it can be told. This survey formed part of the market analysis and consumer surveys first taken for Ethyl Cleaner. Out of such testing, and of parallel ex haustive tests in research laboratories, has come the new Ethyl Cleaner, recently put on the mar ket. Originally conceived as a new and better car wash, experience has proved that it has in numerable uses around the home as well. That is why, in response to consumer demand. Ethyl Cleaner is being marketed as a multi-purpose household cleaner and car wash. WJ ETC 23759 Esso stations, which are designed to make the interior a huge show window, will feature salesroom displays of petroleum products and automotive accessories clearly and easily visible from the outside POSTWAR SERVICE STATIONS: A PREVIEW i Continued from Page ;) be built of masonrv, although some will be of glass in order to give the station attendant an unobstructed view of the station and driveway. Richfield is planning to use insulated glass in order to prevent cooling of the salesroom when the doors in the service bays are opened. On the other hand, the SoconyYacuum Oil Company has done away with the partition entirely in its new station at Cedar Lane and River Road in Teaneck, New Jersey. Soconv-Vacuum engineers believe that the absence of a wall between the sales space and the lubritorium allows one-third more sales space and permits more attractive displays of merchandise, leading to increased sales of TBA items. Socony-Vacuum believes that the new arrangement also offers more convenience for the customers who can inspect the mer chandise or relax in comfort while their cars are being lubricated. Socony-Vacuum officials are aware that the absence of a partition may create din and odor in the salesroom; also that the proposed layout may require more heat when the service doors are opened and hence be more expensive. However, they plan to continue the experiment for several more months before coming to anv definite conclusion. In the new service stations the service bays will be larger^ Hereto fore, thev were about 22 feet in length. In the future they will be approximatelv 30 feet in length. All the oil companies have given a great deal of thought to the care ful placing of equipment in the serv ice bavs to promote maximum efficiencv. Tests were made to deter mine the best type of lighting for each purpose. Time and motion studies determined the type of equipment to be installed and how it should be placed. Utilizing the experience of Army automotive maintenance men in the war, oil company engineers have also helped develop new mobile maintenance equipment which can be brought to the car. The use of such equipment will not only save the station attendant time; it will quickly sendee the customer who is in a hurry. In tomorrow's service station, the lavatories will be larger and will be tastefully furnished. Some oil com panies believe it is better to have the lavatories adjacent to the salesroom 1 19 1 1 i ETC 23760 --------- I Here it a sketch of one of Gulf's postwar service stations. Facili ties are being provided to handle an expanded line of tires, bat teries, and accessories, as well as protective maintenance services j, for various reasons, the most impor For example, Pure Oil Company is and pumping system overhead. tant of which is that it will tend to planning a compact stock room, 12 However, so far this has not been bring motorists, who just stopped feet by 16 feet, which will be pro done. As a matter of fact, about the off for gas and oil, into contact with vided with 3 jo feet of shelving, five only change in the gasoline pump, I other products on display in the shelves high. The entrance to this thus far seen, is in the one designed salesroom. room will be from the salesroom. by Shell for its new postwar station. This may be entirely feasible in During the war there was some This pump is 54 inches high, or about the case of male customers. Yet, discussion of eliminating the pump two feet shorter than the old pump. opposing this is the attitude of a island by locating the gasoline hose The pump was shortened, Shell majority of women surveyed on this point. They prefer that the ladies' room be located at the side of the A canopy, as shown on this Sinclair station, is a feature that will be seen on many Southern and Western stations station rather than in the rear or off the salesroom. Richfield intends to build its new }I rest rooms with a closet in the wall of the rest room to keep the neces sary implements to clean the rest room. This will make it easier, Rich field officials believe, for the station attendant to keep the rest room neat and orderly. Heating does not worn' the oper ator of a sen'ice station in the South too much, but in the North it is a real problem. So in place of the old pot-bellied stove in the center of the salesroom, the new station will have a boiler room for the heating equip ment. In order to keep ample supplies of merchandise on tap, the new stations I will have good-sized stock rooms. 1 20 ETC 23761 points out, "so that it will not block the customer's view of the display room. The sales-recording device is at the customer's eye level so that the motorist will not have to cramp his neck inside a car. Air and water hoses will be in concealed wells at either end. The gasoline hose is rolled on a concealed reel. "The gasoline hose is 18 feet long (6 feet longer than the old one) so that the operator won't have to ask the motorist to `back up a little' or `pull up a little' in order to reach the tank." Some stations, such as those of Esso, Shell, and Sinclair, will have a projecting comice on the front and side of the station to break the sun's rays or to afford protection from the rain, as the case may be. Canopies will be used in the South and West, but not much in the East. They cost $2,500 on the average, but vary in price according to size and structure. Unless the weather dic tates a canopv, it is felt by some petroleum officials that the station operator will not receive the full value for his money, spent. The trend in service station design is in large part a reflection of the trend in marketing. And here the goal is to provide a customer with more services, better services, and finally to take care of all of his needs under one roof. To that end, many stations, new and old, are extending their service facilities, installing new equipment and tools, selling prod ucts and services they have hereto fore not handled. For example, right now there is a great deal of interest in tune-up. Station operators are selling vastly improved grades of gasoline and oil. It is only natural, then, that they should help motorists to capi talize on the better products they have to sell. To the service station dealer, tune- up is not only a profitable source of revenue, but it also contributes to the sale of a host of other prod ucts and services. Selling tune-up increases the sale of TBA items, encourages motorists to buy highquality gasoline, enables a station operator to attract the business of small fleet operators, and helps him to take care of all his customer's requirements at his place of business. Other Opportunities The sales opportunities existing in tune-up are also apparent in other directions. For example, an averagesize station can carry a varied line of automotive necessities such as spark plugs, windshield wipers, mufflers, and tail pipes; such automotive replacement parts as fuel pumps, carburetors, and generators; such home specialties as polishes and cleaners; and "impulse sale" goods such as hardware, small electrical appliances, and other items which customers are unable to buy except during regular store hours. These categories, the Shell Oil Company estimates, figured at an investment to the station operator of $1,385, should net a profit of $2,614, based on a turnover of three times during the year. Incidentally, no major company at the present time is plan ning to go beyond this -- to retail hard goods which would require post-sale servicing. Because it promises to become a more stabilized economic unit, the new service station offers good busi ness and employment opportunities to civilian operators and returning veterans both. For their part,.oil companies by and large are inaugu rating an intensive training and refresher program for service station operators. With new tools, better products, and modem equipment and facilities, service stations in the present era will offer motorists more and better service than ever before. For feminine-customer comfort, Esso plans a commodious, tastefully furnished ladies' room 21 (Continued from Page i;J such a factor in the flower business in England. It helps to get more people better acquainted with flow ers. There has been quite a develop ment of this kind here in my own locality in eastern Pennsylvania. My - neighbor, Vic Kickline, who has a stand at the Easton public market, gets more money for his peonies during the month of June than he does for his home-cured hams and bacon. And when the Shasta daisies blossom by Decoration Day, daisy money pays the taxes on many of the smaller farms in this locality. We also market asters, gypsophila, del phinium and gladioli. I, myself, happen to be a commercial grower of sweet peas on a modest scale. Flowers are coming to be one of our important cash crops. Usually, when an American walks into a florist's shop, he may entertain a desire for a flower that's the latest thing, and that for its kind embodies perfection. But it isn't likely that he'll want a variety or color that he has never seen or heard of before. And, yet, it may be that he'll be swept off his feet by some new, exotic shade in, say, roses, such as the Talisman, a rose of copper hue. In the trade's parlance, this new shade would be listed as a "novelty." Accepted florists' colors in sweet peas are pink, light blue and laven der. Although they are not to be found in all flowers, these are the colors most widely utilized. And florists prefer softer colors to bright colors. No one color is as widely utilized as white. That's partly because white has its ceremonial uses, as at Easter and for weddings, and it's also useful in arrangements as a background for other colors. Normally, most of the cost of the flower that a florist sells to his cus tomer is for others that he may have had to throw away, or that were grown, but that for some reason or ,, eventually be grown to as high other failed to reach a florist's shop. perfection out in the open, if the During the war, demand was so climate permits. If they can be great that more of the flowers grown shipped from there to market by air reached their buyers. That was one express it won't make much differ reason that, while greenhouse men ence w'here they are grown. couldn't get enough coal or help This is merely speculation, how to grow all the flowers they would ever, and may not ever exactly come have liked to grow, retail sales of to pass. Many florists' flowers have flowers could still mount to the been bred to greenhouse conditions greatest volume on record. of light as well as of shelter, and When a florist buys a flower on might not thrive to perfection any "spec" the best guess he can make where out-of-doors. Roses, carna is that someone is more likely to tions, gardenias and orchids are all want it if it's something special. present examples. In any case, they "Well grown" is what they call it in would have to be re-adapted to out the trade. Gardenias grow wild in door conditions, a process that could the South. But San Francisco is the only be accomplished through long big gardenia growing center in this years of breeding and selection. country, where, due to cool breezes Wild orchids from South America from the Pacific, just the right green have long been supplied by air to house weather can be "manufac New York. But they do not compare tured" to grow them to perfection. in quality to those that have been Regardless of the seasonal factor, bred to thrive in Long Island green outdoor-grown carnations are not houses. in the running either, as a florist's On the other hand, it's a matter flower. They don't have quite the of record that, whether reared in finish that can be obtained when or out of greenhouses, flowers are they are grown under glass. increasingly being shipped by air. The best finished outdoor-grown And the day is almost at hand when flowers are often grown under cloth. any florist can offer what the world Partial shading prevents softer col offers in flowers, anywhere, at any ors from fading, and the cloth shields time. them from wind and rain and makes it easier to control insect pests. Yet, according to climate, and prevalence of their insect foes, lovely specimens can be grown out-of-doors without benefit of artificial shelter. Air express may bring about great changes in how, and where, flowers are grown. New insecticides may work a change, too -- such as sodium selenate, which applied in solution OUR PICTURES . . . Cover, Press Association; Page 4 (top) courtesy Pure Oil Co.; Page 4 (lower) cour tesy Shell Oil Co.; Page 5, courtesy Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.; Page 6 (upper and lower left) and Page 7, U. S. Army Signal Corps photos; Page 6 (right) and Page 8, courtesy Oluf Mikkelsen Co.; Pages 10 and 11, courtesy Ringling Brothers and Bamum & Bailey Circus; Pages 13 to the soil keeps red spiders off chrysanthemums and carnations. With a whole newr arsenal of weap ons, among them several petroleum derivatives, to use against insects, perhaps 'most any flower now usu and 14, Acme photos, courtesy of Wadley and Smvthe; Page 16, H. Armstrong Roberts; Pages 19 and a 1, courtesy Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey; Page 20 (upper) cour tesy Gulf Oil Co.; Page 20 (lower) courtesy Sinclair Refining Co. ally grown under glass or cloth can 22 ETC 23763 w H V L Cocap 0 3 A - SrfiUtei *< ETHYL CORPORATION research laboratories 1600 West Eight Mile Road, Detroit With removal of wartime restrictions, the Ethyl Corporation is now able to extend a cordial invitation to its friends to visit its new research laboratories at 1600 West Eight Mile Road, Detroit. Designed specifically for research and development on the interrelated prob lems of gasoline engines, fuels and lubricants, these new laboratories have much in the way of special equipment and unique features which make them interesting to technical people in both the automotive and petroleum industries. ETHYL CORPORATION, CHRYSLER BUILDING, NEW YORK, NEW YORK ETC 23765 IN THE MAY 1946 I After 45 months of service with the U. S. Army, Lt. Col. Russell Schell is back at his THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS 3 desk at Ethyl as Assistant Manager of Safety. More than half of Col. A ha/f-cenfury of progress will be observed this month and next, when the automobile industry celebrates its Golden Jubilee. Schell's military service was i spent with the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washing FARM POWER IN SMALL PACKAGES 8 ton, D. C., where the Corps of Engineers utilized his knowl edge and experience in the For the many people who intend to become part-time farmers, now that the war it over, garden tractors will prove to be a boon. safe handling of fuels in the field. As Chief of Gasoline Storage and Distribution Sys SHORT SHORT STORY 9 tems for Office of the Chief of Engineers, he had charge of the maintenance of ail Army i "IN THIS CORNER .. 10 gasoline storage and dispens ing systems in continental United States. This picture story traces the history of professional boxing from the earliest bare knuckle fight down to the first Louis-Conn match. Before his assignment to the Office of Chief of Engineers in Washington, he served as TRICK STUFF 14 Safety Officer and Fire Mar shal with the Engineer Am phibian Command at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, and Before the war, legerdemain was practiced by only the exclusive few. Now, fully a million people have taken to magic as amateurs or professionals, as a result of its immense wartime popularity. the 533rd Engineer Amphibian Regiment at Camp Carrabelle, Florida; Battalion Commander WANTED: 25 MILLION GOOD DRIVERS 18 of the 390th Engineer Gen eral Service Battalion at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana; Engi neer Specialists Recruiting Of To help promote highway safety, a new Ethyl advertising cam paign is stressing the importance of good driving habits. As part of this, a booklet of professional driving tips is being offered to r r t- ficer with the Engineer District, motorists. Fort Sam Houston, Texas; and Labor Relations, Public Rela tions and Industrial Services Officer with the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Engineer District. A graduate of the U. S. Naval Academy, Col. Schell was employed by the Mormon Motor Company for four years and joined the Ethyl Corpora tion in 1929 as a field repre In order to widen the fields of render interest in Ithyl News, we fre^watly publish articles contributed by writers net associated with Ethyl Cerpocatfee. Any opinions expressed In these signed articles, of course, are the outhers*. The editors of the Mews welcome articles of timely Interest submitted hem outside sources. f sentative in the Tulsa Division. i In 1936, he was called to the New York office to become As Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. sistant Manager of the Safety Department. He entered the Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to im prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Army in 1942 with the rank of Captain. Earle W. Webb, president; Percy L OrMHhi, vke president and treasurer; Julian C Gensriec. J"T ETC 23787 #/*. .c As the automobile industry prepares to celebrate its Golden Jubilee of progress, some of the highlights in its history are recalled t is a fitting tribute that the auto I mobile industry this year should celebrate its Golden Jubilee. It is fitting because it comes at a time when the American public's demand for motor cars is the largest in his tory*. No greater endorsement of the industry's contribution to progress, and its meaning to America, could be made than this. Within the next several weeks, when the industry marks its observ ance of this major milestone, it will pay homage to a number of the pioneers who played significant roles in its formative years. Among them will be J. Frank Duryea, who with his late brother, Charles, built and ran successfully the first gasolinepowered car in 1892 and sold the first gasoline-powered car in June, 1896; Charles B. King, who drove 'if** his horseless carriage down Detroit streets in March, 1896; Henry Ford, W. C. Durant, R. E. Olds and Charles \V. Nash -- all of whom made impor tant contributions to automotive progress. As the Golden Jubilee unfolds, the American people will be able to realize anew the significance of the automobile industry. They will be told, for example, that since the Duryea brothers sold their first car in 1896, over 90 million vehicles have been produced by the industry, with a factory sales value of over 50 billion dollars. They will be reminded that where as the first year, 1896, saw only 16 vehicles on the road, the year 1941 found us with 34 million registered vehicles--and the next decade prom ises to eclipse even that amazing total. They will be told that while it took 20 years, from 1896 to 1916, to produce a million passenger cars an nually, within the next year the in dustry expects to produce six million. The automobile industry is so deeply a part of the American wav of life that few laymen realize the enormous impact it has had on our economic growth and development. From a score of tinkerers' shops and sheds it has grown to a four billion dollar industry encompassing over a thousand plants owned by an estimated 850 motor vehicle and parts manufacturers. From a handful of pioneers and their helpers, w ho dared to break with tradition, it has become the mainspring of seven mil- 3 ETC 23768 1 Henry Ford William <T. Durant Chariot B. King lion jobs in the manufacture, sale and use of motor vehicles. From an in fant industry of highly uncertain future it has become part of the backbone of the national economy. Twice it was called upon to cease its normal activities--production for peace--to forge the implements of war. During World War I it turned out a stream of ambulances, engines, cars, and Liberty motors for aircraft. Its record for the war just ended was a thousand times better--the auto motive industry produced 28 billion dollars worth of war goods, onefifth of the entire armament output. If there is one basic characteristic about the automotive industry, it is a constant dissatisfaction with past accomplishments, a continuing ef fort to reach new goals. This funda mental spirit of research has charac terized car building from the first experimental models all the way down to today's modern automo biles. Today, the efficiency and depend ability of the modem automobile are pretty much taken for granted bv motorists. Car owners mav be dimlv aware of individual improvements, as they come along, or sense the im proved performance in present cars against earlier models they drove. But what they don't often realize is that the automobile of today is a product of decades of unending re search, with the countless changes and improvements brought about by a process of evolution. The automobile of today is founded on the success of the inter nal combustion engine operated on gasoline. Gasoline-powered cars go ETC 237 69 I o back to the 1890's, when the auto mobile industry was founded, but the basic principle of internal com bustion was successfully established several decades earlier, when the European scientist, Nicholas August Otto, patented his four-cycle com pression engine. When the first American gasolinepowered cars appeared, they not only had to sell the public on an inherently new mode of transporta tion. They also had to demonstrate their superiority over two other kinds of automotive power: steam and electricity. In many ways, the early steam and electric vehicles had the edge over their gasoline-powered rivals. And the competition between the several gasoline buggies was se vere, even though all three kinds of vehicles were also fighting for a common existence. Thus, it was an epic achievement when, in a race sponsored bv the Chicago Times-Herald in 1895, Durvea's gasoline buggy covered the muddy 4-mile course in sevenand-a-half hours, winning out over all other competitors. Gasolinepowered cars proved they could start more quickly than steam cars and could deliver more power per pound than the electrics. And they used a fuel commonly available throughout the country. Getting Underway By the turn of the century, pro duction of cars had reached an an nual rate of 4,000 units. Five years later, it had risen to six times that figure. Within that time, not simply was the ultimate fate of the steam and electric vehicles sealed; the one and two-cvlinder gasoline engine was giving wav to engines of four and even eight cylinders. As a corol lary, that era saw the first beginnings of the mass production methods for which the industry7 was to become famous throughout the world. By 1905, the first successful auto mobile show was held. Dozens of makes of all sizes and shapes were displayed. But it is interesting to note that of all the makes that were being produced by 1905, only a handful have survived since that time and are still being produced today. They include the Buick, Cadillac, Ford, Oldsmobile, Pack ard and Studebaker. Such was the intense competition within the in dustry, which has seen over a thou sand different makes competing for the public's favor. Milestones of Progress In the four decades since 1905, there have been thousands upon thousands of separate improvements in automobiles. One-fourth of all the patents registered in the U. S. Patent Office are said to relate to automo biles. Yet out of the myriad improve ments that have been seen, it is possible to pick out a few which automotive engineers consider mile stones on the road of progress. One of these, certainly, was the invention of the self-starter by Charles F. Kettering. "Boss Ket" had just developed his new ignition system for automobiles, when Henry Leland, general man ager of the Cadillac Motor Co., ap proached him on the possibility of a starting device. A friend of Leland's had been seriously injured while cranking a car, and he was interested in some device that would prevent such frequent accidents as this. As it happened, "Boss Ket" had already done some experimental work on an electric starter, and he felt he could develop one that would be practical. Within a year, Kettering's elec trical starting, lighting and ignition system was an accomplished fact. Kettering was yet to go through a trying period before it was finally accepfed. But in the end, his electric self-starter proved its practical value to even the most skeptical, and it was first installed as standard equipment on the 1912 Cadillac. With the invention of the self starter, one of the big obstacles to automotive progress was removed. No longer did starting a car require a strong arm, a strong back--and lots of patience. Ended, too, was the possibility of further accidents caused by cranking. But of greatest importance was the fact that women could now drive a car without re quiring a man along to crank the engine. This alone doubled the po tential number of car users. Within two years after its introduction on the Cadillac, the self-starter was standard equipment on nearly all makes. Two further important develop ments came along in this period. One was the appearance of the enclosed automobile body. The second was the introduction of installment buy ing of automobiles. With a com pletely enclosed body, an automobile was no longer merely a fair-weather vehicle; it was a practical, all-weather means of transportation. Through installment buying, millions of people of modest means could now afford to purchase cars out of their current income. Spurred the Industry's Growth The self-starter, together with other collateral developments, had a tremendously stimulating effect. Automobile production nearly doubled in 1912 compared with the previous year, soared to 461,500 units in 1913, to 548,100 a year later. By 1916, it had passed the millionand-a-half mark annually, and by 1920 reached a total of 1,905,560 cars in one year. Significant as was its progress in the decade centering around the first 5 ETC 23770 World War, the automobile indus try enjoyed its greatest single era of growth in the 1920's. Production soared to two, three and four million cars annually, as millions of Ameri cans became car-conscious. The automobile industry, more than any other, paced the great prosperity of that era. But early in that decade, before the soaring public demand for motor cars could be met, the industry had to overcome still another barrier to mass production. This was the time required for the paint to dry on the glistening bodies. The assembly lines could turn out cars fast enough to meet the demand, but the manufacturers couldn't put them on the market because it re quired anywhere from 15 to 30 days to paint a car. "Twenty million dol lars in automobiles sitting in ware houses waiting for the paint to dry! " was a rueful comment of the day. Extensive research in the field of paint chemistry finally resulted in the development of a fast-drying, hard and durable synthetic lacquer. Using this finish, the time required This ?$97 Oldsmobile, the first model, devel oped an 18 mile-perhour speed with Its 5 hp. gasoline engine to paint a car was reduced from a matter of days to a matter of hours. And automobile owners benefited from a finish that was infinitely better, easily cleaned, and highly re sistant to deterioration. It is impossible to detail the host of improvements in automobiles seen in the last quarter-century. One can do little more than to highlight a few. There was, for example, the ad vent of balloon tires, first seen in 1922; oil filters and four-wheel brakes came along the following year. Chrysler's famous "Red Head" engine of 1927 --the first modern high compression automotive engine designed to take advantage of high antiknock fuels -- readily comes to mind. So does the advent of safety glass, hydraulic brakes, all-steel bodies and soft coil springs, down to the last notable prewar develop ment: automatic transmission. All of these improvements, en- Cars looked more like carriages than automobiles, when the first auto show was held in the old Madison Square Garden in New York, in 1900, but the gasolinepowered buggies were beginning to win out over the rival steamers and electrics compassing decades of continuing progress, go to make up the auto mobile as today we know it. Thus, while the automobile industry pauses to observe its Golden Jubilee of progress, motorists should remember that they are enjoying the fruits of fully live decades of continuing change and improvement. The Role of Better Fuels No account of automotive prog ress can fail to record the contribu tion of the oil industry. As the auto mobile industry has built more and more power into its engines, the oil industry has developed improved fuels and lubricants that would at all times bring out the best in car per formances. The recognition of the interdependence of fuels and engines goes back many years. It had its origins in the research leading to the discovery of tetraethyl lead. The recognition of the interdependence of lubricants, fuels and engine design is more recent. Looking back, it is interesting to recall that when "Boss Ket" told Tom Midglev to find out what was causing automobile engines to knock, there was no general recognition at the time that this was an inherent tendency of gasoline. The phenom enon of knock was simply just an other automotive problem, albeit a tough one. Midgley's investigations of knock and his ultimate discovery of tetraethyl lead opened the way for mutual progress in the oil and automotive industries, working to gether. Reflecting the coordinate improvement in fuels and engines, automotive engine power in the past two decades has been more than doubled, and mileage per gallon has been increased by approximately one-fourth, for an automobile of similar size. Goals of the Future Today, on the occasion of its fiftieth anniversary, the automobile industry looks to the future. Al though its immediate concern is to achieve all-out production, in order to begin taking care of the tremen dous accumulated demand for new cars, it is nevertheless looking ahead to the time when distant goals can again be translated into present ac complishments. One of these lies in the generally higher octane gasolines which the oil industry will be able to offer motorists and which will allow' still greater gains in automotive per formance and efficiency. The most stimulating thought at the point of this anniversary is the next fifty years of automotive progress. The town blacksmith added a new sideline, "General Repairs," to his business, when the early automobiles suffered their frequent breakdowns. Finding out what was the matter--and making the car go again--was a matter of general interest Farm Power in Smai By Stetson Clark Whether for a big garden, a small farm, or almost any place in the country, garden tractors have many surprising uses R. AND MRS. FRITZ A. BEYERS of D New York City have a farm near Columbia, New Jersey, which has a garden -- a big one, 175 feet long by 103 feet wide. Mrs. Beyers was telling me about it. lo be as precise as she was, it's 414% of an acre. Last year, Mrs. Beyers canned a great many jars of tomatoes, beans, com, currant jelly, and other foods. And like good Victory gardeners the Beyers gave away more than they used themselves. Even so, you never find the Bey ers on the week-ends, hoe in hand, toiling in their garden. The secret of their fabulous garden that grows food without hoeing is a little gar den tractor they own. "Toy tractors," good dirt farmers often called them when they first ap peared in this locality. As it happens, this one of the Beyers is equipped with a small chopper or soil pulver izer, rather than with shovel culti vators and a small plow. But the same story could be told about gar den tractors of more conventional design. For week-end farmers like the Beyers, a garden tractor not only takes the drudgery out of a big Another laborsaving device is this sturdy trailer which can cart off loads up to one-half ton garden, but also makes it easy to keep the lawn mowed and the weeds cut along the driveway. And what is significant -- dirt farmers don't regard them as "toys" any longer. They have become commoner than "the old horse" on numerous small farms. They also have specialized uses on larger farms. Some of the big truck farms in Lancaster County7 have a half-dozen garden tractors. The price for a garden tractor runs from $135 for a one-hp. tractor up to J375 for a 4*4-hp. tractor. At tachments for it may be purchased for such jobs as plowing, harrow ing, cultivating, seeding, and fertil izing. Then too, the addition of a lawn mower attachment or a snow plow does away with much ardu ous, backbreaking work on a farm, suburban home, or country estate. A small garden tractor is a lot easier to use and keep than a horse. And it calls neither for baled hay nor two acres of forage crops, and it can be housed in a garage. One that Theodore Graver kept in his garage last year, alongside his car, made some two acres of Victory gardens ready for planting in his neighborhood on the outskirts of Allentown, Pennsylvania, and en abled him also to tend a half-acre truck farm of his own. The last time I heard, Graver was considering a number of wavs in which he might round out his operations as a subur ban farmer into a dependable vearround income. Garden tractors are pitching in ETC 2377; 1 Packages where the horse left off on places like Graver's, and in general are re moving the doubtfulness from a kind of undertaking which social planners once hesitatingly called a "subsistence homestead." Many such places are close to town like the dtp Gravers'. Convenient access to siz able communities helps them to sell I their produce to advantage, or, as is often the case, makes it possible for them to raise chickens or grow truck or fruit crops as a side venture, while relying on a job in town as the main source of their income. For the great numbers of people who are expected to become parttime farmers, power in small pack ages will be a great boon. Another development that's also apparently on the way is an inter mediate package of power, namely. Garden frocfors can handle any thing from a big garden to a smell farm. They will prove to be a boon to the many people who intend to be come part-time farmers, now that the war is over smaller riding-type tractors. These may bring back a farm of about the size of the old two-horse farm which can have cows or other livestock. From where I'm writing this I can hear the whine of a sawmill when the wind is in the right direction. The mill belongs to Claude Wolbach. Though his ten-cow dairy farm is mechanized to the hilt, Claude is one small farmer who hasn't had to wait for the small riding-type tractors that are on the way. He has made much of his equipment himself. So, also, have many of the smaller farmers in this locality. Farmers are good customers of automobile graveyards these days. Some of our local graveyards' best customers are mechanically preco cious youngsters of about high school age who were reared on parttime farms. Dad perhaps works at the nearby home plant of the Beth- CContinued on page 21) A Short Short Story Oh Henry Legler DOUBLE or NOTHING The cats! Mrs. Gibbons' eyes blazed beneath her widow's veil. The gossipy old cats! They might at least have the decency to wait until the funeral is over. Blaming her. Sure, they were. Not openly* Oh, no -- but you could put quotation marks around those icy glances* "It was her fault!" . . . "She drove him to it!" . . . "Poor John, married less than two years -- and suicide was the only way out." What were those words the Reverend Davis was mum* bling: "In life, we knew him as a kindly, generous man -- a man of high principles and stalwart character." Rubbish! He was a jerk! A mean, tight-fisted jerk. And everybody knew it. The hypocrites. The preacher droned drearily on -- "problems of the world weighed heavily upon him -- until alas, he sought escape from the trials and tribulations of this mortal exist ence ..." Mrs. Gibbons' thoughts drifted away from the stuffy funeral parlor to a montage of pleasant anticipation -- a cabana at Palm Beach -- a box at Santa Anita -- a flow ered balcony at Cuernavaco. Of course, there'd be those details of the insurance. She'd tend to that tomorrow . * . Forty thousand dollars! How good those words sounded! She whispered them softly to herself -- over and over -- forty thousand dollars! Let's see. She'd phone the agent first thing in the morn ing and tell him about her husband's suicide. Suicide? Say, wait a minute! Don't those policies say something about suicide? Something about "double" for accidental deaths? or was it ... ? Out of the dim recesses of Mrs. Gibbons' memory echoed the half-forgotten words of the agent: "the usual two-year suicide clause ---- the policies become null and void . . ." Null and void! Oh, my God! Anguished sobs came from behind the black veil. And for the first time, the frozen-faced mourners looked sympathetically toward the widow Gibbons. I: Although professional boxing is regarded as a modem sport, its real beginnings go back more than two full centuries The firs/ upset in ring history occurred when a butcher named Jack Slack defeated John Brough ton, the British champ, in 1750 L 10 The Marquis of Queensberry rules, issued in England in 1866, were first used over here in the title match be tween Sullivan and Corbett. Previously, two other sets of rules governed the con duct of boxing matches The first American boxing champion was Tom Molyneaux, a former colored slave, who was defeated by the British champion, Tom Cribb, in 1810 hen Joe Louis and Billy Conn Wsquare off for the heavyweight boxing championship of the world next month, big-time professional boxing gets off to its peacetime start. Boxing as a recognized sport in this country goes back to the middle of the last century. But though the United States has produced the greatest number of champions since that time--and is today the leading sponsor of the sport--the science of boxing began in England a full cen tury earlier than it did over here. The first noted fighter was John Broughton, Champion of England from 1740 to 1750, who is credited with drawing up the first crude set of rules for the prize ring. These were later supplanted by the London Prize Ring Rules which, among other things, prohibited biting, gouging or tearing the flesh with fingers or nails. Interestingly enough, the Marquis of Queensberry rules, which first appeared in England around 1866, weren't adopted in this country until a quarter-century later. In this country, the first heavy weight champion was a former col- etc 23775 The first great inter national ring event was held in Cngland in I860, when John Heenon, of America, met Tom Sayers, the British champ. The fight was ruled a draw, after the 42nd round John L. Sullivan began his ten-year reign as world champion when he knocked out Paddy Ryan in 1882 ored slave, Tom Molyneaux, who fought the British champion, Tom Cribb, in 1810. Modern boxing, however, dates from the great John L. Sullivan, who bridged the transi tion from bare knuckle fighting to boxing with gloves. Since then, this country has pro duced some of the world's most col orful champions. They include "Gentleman Jim" Corbett, the first exponent of scientific boxing; Bob Fitzsimmons, who introduced the solar plexus punch; Jim Jeffries, Jack Johnson, Jack Dempsev, Gene Tunnev, and other ring greats. Scenes from their memorable cham pionship fights, among others, are reproduced on these pages. 11 t The era of scientific boxing began when James J. Corbett knocked out "the Great John L." in 1892. The 21-round battle saw the first use of gloves in the U. S. 3776 Igfi ^ Vr1^ ^:q The author with Joseph Dunninger (right), who it famous at a mentalist Dell O'Dell, regarded as the leading magician of her sex, it a favorite with children ^ I1 a mateur and professional MerlinA ites -- dabblers in the hocuspocus of sleight-of-hand, legerde main, mind reading and card manip ulation -- are increasing in numbers as rapidly as the rabbits they pull out of their silken toppers. It is esti mated that fully a million Ameri cans, of both sexes, from six to senility, have taken to magic as a hobby, a business, a profession, and an easy way to entertain friends. Interest in magic is increasing to the point where close-mouthed pro fessional wizards are cleaning up financially through demonstrations, club dates and theatrical bookings. Some of the old-timers worry, how ever, that their highly secret machinations are becoming too much of a public property. *0<Rclof OrfOA of tho Mpf/clam' Guild Upstarts in the world of wizards, however, are all for revealing the innermost secrets of their fascinat ing profession on the theory that the more people who know about it, and think they can do magic, the better it will be for all concerned. A really crack performer knows in his heart it's not the principle of a trick that counts but the dexterity with which it's performed. The increase in popularity of magic stems directly from the war. Before Pearl Harbor, magic shops did a dull business indeed, profes sional magicians were a dime a dozen who scrabbled for a few lean book ings, and less than a quarter-million people claimed allegiance to even the simpler forms of legerdemain. During the war, however, magic performers soon gained early prior ity on USO Camp Show' rosters -- practically every unit that went overseas included at least one Mer- Blackstone, shewn here performing the "floating light bulb" trick, is considered to be the foremost "heavy" magician ETC 23779 M lin, many of them strictly amateurs drafted from other walks of life. At one time the USO had 85 magicians on tap and always performing -- in the Aleutians, the Ardennes Forest, at sea, at Fort Dix, wherever serv icemen and women gathered. They claim they were third in demand after popular comedians and glam our girls. Magicians were particularly in demand in veterans' hospitals -- still are, for that matter, because they can work at bedside range with comparatively little equipment. Military medicos recognize the excellent therapeutic value of magic and utilize it widely. Particularly stubborn cases of moroseness and worry have been dispelled quickly by some agile-handed card-manipu lator like Jimmy Grippo, the bushyhaired, beady-eyed Italian boxing promoter turned magician. Grippo chooses the most sorrowful looking bedridden patient as the center of his exhibition, and after a few deft coin disappearances and card selec tions, the frozen-faced vet usually breaks loose with a grin which is followed by "Here, let me try it." Another case on the mend. At sea, and at isolated posts like the Aleutians, magic did a big job of morale-lifting during the war. After the professional performers left for other assignments, welfare and entertainment officers purchased huge blocks of magical cards, coins and apparatus, and it was a simple matter for some exhibitionist GI to perform for his buddies. After this trend became a major movement, magic shops in coastal cities, like Bob Stull's in San Francisco, Bill Lar sen's in Los Angeks and Lou Tannen's in New York, overflowed with men and women in uniform. They figure that most of these enthusiasts will go along with magic, some per haps taking it up as a profession, now that they are civilians again. Tannen, in fact; reports dozens of Cardin!, acknowledged ace of fhe card manipulators, demonstrating his "per petuating cigarette" trick Orson Welles, the actor, pul on a magic act for GI audiences dur ing the war. Here, an amaxed sol dier looks on as Welles seemingly t pulls a rabbit out of his pants ETC 237BO r tears. I had just demonstrated the demonstrator at these backrooms of dollar in the lemon trick, in which magic. The suavest of today's per a dollar bill apparently tied in a formers, Cardini is admittedly the handkerchief shows up in the fruit ace of the pasteboard manipulators. after it is sliced open. `Doc Tarbell, ' At the recent election of officers for this fellow said to me, `I'm going to `the Guild, Julian Proskauer, a Man stop coming to your classes. Why hattan publisher, presided. He tossed that lemon effect isn't magic at all ballots into a top hat and a rabbit -- it's just a trick!' What are you pulled out one on which was in going to do with people like that?" scribed the name of the winner, and asks Tarbell, calmly pulling a knot president -- Cardini. I believe this ted handkerchief through his neck. story because the rabbit told me. Dynamic Blackstone, white hair All of these professional mystiawry, and wispy mustache sharply fiers put on impromptu demonstra Jimmy Grippo, who it wellknown at a card manipulator, it alto noted at a hypnotitt drawn, drops in occasionally to in tersperse his repertoire of prestochango with a stream of humorous asides. Blackstone is recognized as tions on small platforms behind tiny curtains rigged up in a comer of the magic shops. The audience com prises men still in uniform, ex-serv requests for information from serv icemen who want to set up magic shops in their communities. Although there are hundreds of magic shops around the country, New York and California are the the No. i heavy magician today, inheriting the revered mantle once worn by Howard Thurston. Black stone recently toured through the South, and at almost every theater he played, he was besieged by icemen, school kids, chorus girls, actors, writers and businessmen. Orson Welles, who recently en joyed a lot of fanfare as a wandwielder who coyly cut his beauteous Rita into Hay and Worth, is a fre trade centers. amateur prestidigitators who in quent performer. Richard Himber, They each boast a half-dozen sisted on showing him their tricks. chunky bandleader, recently took shops which peddle anything from Good-natured, he kept nodding up magic, first as an interested hob books on hypnotism to Chinese approval of their inept demonstra byist, but now as a semi-professional. Vases and Linking Rings. They have tions, and, pretending to pat them He has a few original tricks to his graduated from street level locales kindly on the shoulder, he quickly credit, and has a musical show in the to cozier offices high up in o&ce inserted a special long pencil works with a magical background. ji buildings. Magic enthusiasts are ever through their buttonholes. While Dunninger occasionally gives lec on the prowl from shop to shop they struggled to extricate them tures in mentalism. At the end of a looking for new ideas, gimmicks or selves from these pixyish pencils, recent session, the awed students manifestations. Amateurs are lured which are just too long to be re clustered around Mr. Dunninger, not only by the exotic display of moved without breaking, Blackstone plying him with questions. He rising cards, disappearing wands, quickly made his getaway. groped in his pocket, during the con and milk glasses which dissolve Russell Swann is another regular versation, looking for something. through a handkerchief, but also by at the magic shops, but he is reticent "Have you got a cigarette?" he the visits of professional wizards. about discussing his best effects. asked a boy near him. Tarbell, who has written four of a "You've got to keep the public "Why, Mr. Dunninger," ex projected six-volume course on mystified," he says. "When they claimed the disappointed lad. "I magic and holds classes in several learn too much about your art they thought you were a mind reader. cities, may usually be found sleight- won't pay to see you." Swann con I don't even smoke." of-handing at one of the mystic siders himself the master of mis Magicians are a clannish lot, fond deadfalls when he's in town. direction. . "Misdirection," he ex of get-togethers and self-emulation, "You run into some naive people plains, "is letting the right hand do but they are also extremely jealous in this business, sometimes," he says. the work, while the left hand does of one another. They guard their "I remember one student in mv class the dirty work." so-called new effects from other in Philadelphia who came up to me Cardini, president of the Magi eyes which might copy them, even at the end of a session, almost in cians Guild, is an occasional gratis though they themselves may have 16 ETC 23781 appropriated them from some musty volume of a forgotten Merlin of bygone years. Actually, tricks don't stay secret long. Practically everyone close to the field eventually catches on to the principle behind even the most elaborate tricks. The gullible public, which witnesses magic shows for enjoyment, knows in its heart that it is being deceived. Nevertheless, evert' professional magician likes to have at least one or two startling effects which are his specialtv. To obtain such effects he will pay magic craftsmen as high as $500 for an exclusive trick. There are hundreds of basement and attic workshop lathe-workers in the country who make a good living turning out patented tricks sold through the magic shops or by mail order. A half dozen big houses virtu ally control the wholesale market -- chiefly Abbott's Novelty Co., in Colon, Michigan. Abbott grosses over half a million dollars yearly, turning out hundreds of different gimmicks, from the simple pennyinto-dime trick to elaborate Orien tal cabinets which cost in the hun dreds. All big shop-owners entice trade by introducing new effects, which they sometimes invent them selves. Before long, however, their competitors are out with a new version. Before the war there weren't a score of professional magicians in all categories making a living out of their activities. Today, there are at least 40 busy on the club, convention . and cafe circuits. Thousands of businessmen -- bankers, lawyers, ac countants, florists, salesmen -- have taken more than passing interest in the fascinating profession. Upwards of 6,000 are better-than-average amateurs who rate entry into one of the major magi societies -- the International Brotherhood of Magi cians, Society of Amateur Magicians and the Magicians Guild. An odd fact about the practice of magic is that the practical kind -- involving cards, gimmicks and me chanical apparatus -- seems to appeal low Tannon, who rwnt o magic shop in Now York, domonstroting a lighted condlo trick mostly to men. Only about 10% of cloth, of all sects, who practice the amateurs in the country are magic, especially in Sunday school, women, and there are but a hand as a means of attracting parishioners. ful of magicians in skirts, of whom Magic seems, verily, to be becom Dell O'Dell is tops. Despite the natu ing a family proposition. All phases ral gentle touch of the ladies, they of magic are on the brink of a post are rarely as adept at card-palming war boom as millions of people seek or coin passing as they are at knit forgetfulness from the fateful four ting. As might be expected, the fe years of conflict. male interest is concentrated on the The chances are that you will run West Coast, where a score of clubs across a magic fan in your fraternal called Magigals flower with a total club, or visit a magic shop out of membership of close to 100,000. curiosity, or perhaps witness a pro So widespread is the practice of fessional performance in the near magic that there are numerous future. If you should happen to see examples of teen-agers working a dramatic-looking individual who their way through high school and "reads" your thoughts, or who college giving club exhibitions. Also, makes ink stains evaporate from a there is an offshoot of the magic handkerchief or changes the spots societies -- the Magi-Ministers, a on a card, don't you believe it -- it's group of some 400 members of the done with mirrors. (5*fc When Houdini the magician died, he left an odd-looking safe to which he had never given anybody the combination. It had a huge lock bolted to the outside of the door, with cylinders and tumblers fully revealed. He had always told his wife that any locksmith could see how it worked. Mrs. Houdini couldn't get the safe opened, so she sent for Charles Courtney of New York, internationally as fa mous in picking locks as the magician had been in getting out of handcuffs, leg irons, and other restraining devices. Courtney thought it would be a cinch. But after spending half a day on the job the lock wizard admitted be was baffled for the first time in his life. He asked Mrs. Houdini if she had ever seen her husband open the safe. She remembered that he had leaned on the top of the safe, on his right elbow, and simply passed his left hand over a fiat space on the safe door. That solved the mystery. In about three minutes Courtney discovered that the pin in the top hinge was also a push button. He put his finger on it, the bolts inside clicked back and the door swung open. The magician had installed a small magnet inside the hinge so that he could mystify people even after death. 17 ETC 23782 he call of the open road with Tits smooth ribbon of concrete stretching ahead has a magnetic ap New Ethyl advertising campaign designed to aid highway safety by emphasizing importance of good driving habits peal this month and in the sum good driving is not hard to learn. nation, as well as representatives of mer months ahead. For after four It just requires a little reading, some national organizations having a basic long years of severely restricted practice and the right mental atti interest in highway safety, attended driving, the American motorist will tude. Good driving can make motor the President's Conference. want to enjoy the beauty of Ameri travel a genuine pleasure in so many As part of the concerted drive to ca's countryside and see its changing different ways. Good driving habits increase highway safety, the police panorama unreel before him. After will enable you to drive long hours of the United States and Canada, being cooped up in the city for too without becoming tired, to drive under the sponsorship of the Inter long, the average American will take with ease through heavy city traffic, national Association of Chiefs of advantage of his opportunity to get to park perfectly in a small place, Police, this month will initiate an out into the country and enjoy the and what is mighty important, to intensive traffic safety check pro clean, fresh air, the sunshine, and the keep your car on the road. gram. Going into operation at a time magnificent landscapes which Na when automotive travel is rising to ture paints with so lavish a hand. President's Safety Conference its peak, the program is intended to With unrationed gasoline plenti In order to get across better to the reduce the incidence of highway ful, more drivers soon will be seen American motorist the significant accidents by calling attention to any on America's highways than in any message of highway safety, a na mechanical defects which lead to summer since 1941. But even with tional conference, called by Presi accidents. more traffic on the roads the number dent Truman, was held in Washing Other motorists, however, will of accidents can be reduced by the ton this month. Major General also be encouraged to have their cars use of due care and simple courtesy. Philip B. Fleming, Administrator of inspected by police, of their own By seeing that brakes, tires, and car the Federal Works Agency, served volition as a precautionary measure. lights are in the best possible condi as general chairman of the Confer The tests, it is pointed out, are rela tion and showing the same sort of ence. The safety program has the tively simple and require only a few' consideration to our fellow' driver endorsement and support of all minutes. that we would have him accord to groups interested in highway trans These road tests will remind mo us, the accident curve can be bent portation, such as oil, automobile, torists of the importance of keeping downward and kept down. tire and rubber companies, road their brakes, tires, headlights, and As everyone knows, half the fun builders, safety groups, and the po taillights in good condition and in motoring is good driving. And lice. Public officials from all over the working order as a means of pre- 18 ETC 23783 Above: Making sure the way is entirely dear, before backing out, is a good driving habit -- and one way of avoiding accidents. Below: Another reminder to motorists is not to signal one way -- and then turn the other way, as this thoughtless driver is doing -r? <*rv venting, accidents. Yet, important as it is for a motorist to have his car in good mechanical condition, records show that only 6% of the accidents involving automobiles are the result of mechanical faults. The great ma jority of accidents are the fault of the drivers themselves. Driving Refresher Police officials and traffic engi neers are recommending that motor ists who are returning to the high ways after having done little, if any, driving during the war, should take some intensive driving prac tice wherever they can find un frequented roads. They should be come completely familiar with the braking power of their cars, so that they are absolutely certain how much distance is required for them to stop at various speeds. They should learn the exact position of fenders, bumpers, and tires in rela tion to other objects, both stationary and moving. When this familiarity has been gained, the drivers won't have to guess if they have enough clearance when driving or parking. Courtesy is one of the most im portant factors in accident pre vention, police officials point out. Many good driving tips are contained in this booklet, which Ethyl is distributing to motorists upon request Drivers who signal their intention to stop or turn, and who give right of way when it is due, seldom are in volved in accidents, and thev almost never cause accidents. As part of the general effort to emphasize the importance of good driving habits, especially now. Ethyl Corporation has embarked on a new advertising program in leading na tional magazines with a combined circulation of more than 15 million copies per issue. The campaign pre sents a fresh approach to the prob lem, it is believed, because it will emphasize the positive results of good driving. Motorists should not be deterred from driving, it is felt, but should be encouraged to derive the greatest pleasure out of driving by practicing good driving habits. This is the underlying theme of the campaign. Booklet Offered Free The Ethyl advertising program handles the subject of good driving through the highly popular "quiz" technique designed to enlist the co operation and interest of the reader. Presenting a series of tips on good driving, the program is built around a 72-page booklet, "Professional Driving," which is being offered free to car owners. Ethyl's program has been approved by the Automotive Safety Foundation and the National Safety Council, which believe that the ads and the booklet will be great helps in developing a nation of better, safer drivers. Written and illustrated bv experts, the booklet is designed especially for the'experi enced driver who would like to improve his driving, and learn how much more pleasure he can get out of it bv following intelligent methods. Some of the important points stressed are indicated by the chapter headings: "Getting Started," "Park ing Made Simple," "How to Take a Curve," "Driving Needn't Be Tiring," "Through Rain or Fog," and "Driving Tips for City Traffic." The way a person starts the engine of his car may make a big difference in the life of his car or truck and the operating cost per mile. The first chapter in Professional Driving, "Getting Started," relates the lore and knowledge about starting a car that has been gained by Fred E. Fullerton of Boston as a result of his 21 years of driving experience. When asked the best way to start a car Fred answered, "The first thing I always do is make sure the gearshift is in neutral--that's just a commonsense safety precaution. Then I turn on the ignition, step on the clutch pedal, and press the starter button. When the engine starts, it's a good idea to glance at the oil gauge to make sure the oil pump is working. "One thing to remember when you start a car indoors is the danger of carbon monoxide poisoning. Don't let your motor run too long before you get going." The chapter, "Driving Needn't Be Tiring," tells how to avoid fatigue on cross-country trips. A. D. (Gus) Honour, crack driver of Atlanta, Georgia, says that he takes good care of his health, eats lightly on the road, and gets plenty of sleep. He believes good health enables him to drive long hours day after day without fatigue. He states that "a driver should always see that the seat is comfortable for him. No two drivers find the same seat suits them exactly. Adjust the seat to vour natural driv ing positions before you start out." To prevent legs from getting stiff or cramped, Gus offers this advice. "When you hit a piece of open road --a spot where there's no traffic--use vour hand throttle for a little while. That will give you a chance to stretch your legs." Then too, he ad vises, "Rest your eyes occasionally. Moving them up and down, right and left will do it--plus a good long look at the countryside." In the chapter on "Parking on a Hill," Charles Jenkins of California, who had 24 years of driving expe rience, gives these three rules for hillside parking: 1. Cramp the front wheels against the curb. 2. Set the gearshift in reverse facing downhill or in low facing uphill. 3. Pull the hand brake on hard. The best way to handle a blowout, according to veteran driver Merle Hartley of Detroit, is to "Hang onto the wheel and keep your head when you hear a tire blow. If it's a front tire, the car will swerve toward the side of the blowout. If it's a rear tire, the back end will sway from side to side. Blowouts -- And Speed "Concentrate on keeping the car going straight. Don't take your foot off the accelerator. In fact, increase your speed slightly if possible. That will pull you out of the swerve. When you are sure vou have the car under control, apply the brakes lightly. You can handle a blowout in your stride if you take it calmly. "Just one final tip. Too much speed is one of the chief causes of blowouts. Obev the speed laws and you're far less likelv to have a tire blow." The Ethvl booklet also tells how to pull out of a skid, park perfectlv in a small place, overcome blinding lights, and tell highwav markers bv their design, among other things. Prepared with the advice of ex perts, the booklet is intended to aid in the campaign of reinstilling good driving habits in motorists, as a means both of preventing accidents and increasing driving pleasure. 20 ETC 23785 FARM POWER IN SMALL PACKAGES <Continued from page p) lehem Steel Company, and is handy himself with a welding torch. We have no monopoly on such young sters in this locality. There were 900,000 part-time farmers in the United States in 1940 who worked 100 days or more off the farm. When they weren't farm ing, 75% of them worked at some other type of occupation. A great many were industrial w orkers, and practically all the part-time farms were in the vicinity of populous centers. They have been multiply ing notably in industrial and coal mining regions. More Part-Time Farmers Presently we are likely to have many more part-time farmers around here. Claude's sawmill tells me that. We are having a country side building boom. Sites are nor within eve-distance of one another, so vou can't see a lot of buildings going up. But mills like Claude's are finding a market for lumber as fast as they can saw it. Much of the lumber he is sawing is going into improvements on pan time farms whose owners now have *4* more time to work on their places, since the feverish pace of wartime production has slackened. Some of it is going into a bungalow that one of our returned soldiers is building on a two-acre "farm." Perhaps this building boom Ilight, cultivating gladiolus with a garden tractor. Besides their applications around a garden or farm, these tractors are also put to good use in greenhouses and nurseries, on country estates, and even on college campuses and stadia 21 farmer, has a three-acre farm in Raubst ille. When the high school where he was teaching closed, rather than seek a similar position elsewhere, he decided to stay put in Raubsville. Our township school can't pay the salary that he got as a high school teacher, but he planted raspberries and truck crops and got some chickens. Elmer was lucky enough to get a well-designed gar den tractor while the war was on. and it is helping him out now. Can Do More Now On any country place, a garden tractor con be uted for everything from mowing the lawn to spraying tree* Formerly, when Elmer had culti vating to do, he had to walk a half- Claude's mill is announcing in this necessarily the embodiment of rock- mile to a neighbor's for a horse. locality is nothing to what is com ribbed security. However, the ma Then after he had done the best he ing. Some indications point that chines of the size they need to help could with a horse-drawn culti wav. One can't forget those 1,200,- them with their farming operations, vator, the rest of the weeds had to 000 G.I.'s who stated, in an occupa and in their homes, should make it be hoed and pulled out by hand. tional survey which the Army made easier for them than it was for an Now his garden tractor does the some time ago, that they would like earlier generation. plowing and cultivating more easily to have small farms and work at a Most of our acres in this locality and quickly than those jobs have regular job besides. are held by full-time farmers. But, ever been done before. One Man's Plans already, most of our population are The small farmers who are estab part-time farmers, and when you lished in this locality have had their Another former serviceman I count noses you find that it was ups and downs. But these garden know of, who is planning to build quite a while ago that the majority tractors, and in some cases, small nearby, is a brakeman on the Lehigh of them pioneered at living in the home-made tractors, have been a Valiev Railroad. This is the job he country' and getting back and forth great asset to them. Farming may had before the war. But while he to work in a car. not be all fun, but there are not was overseas he married a French Our school teacher, Elmer many small places for sale in the girl, and would like to build in this Deemer, who is also a part-time locality. locality because it looks so much like the part of France his wife comes from. There's no reason he can't. It won't cost him any more to live out here than it would in town. Nothing's to prevent him from doing some farming on the side if he wants to. A small tractor can make it easy for him to have a big garden, and a home-size quick freezer can help his wife to store its produce indefinitely. True enough, seekers of small farms, or large ones also, who now don't know what farm life is like, OUR COVER: Kodachrome of the baby raccoon from the New York Zoological Society. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3 and 4, courtesy Automo bile Manufacturers Assn.; Pages 6 and 7, courtesy General Motors Corp.; Page 8 (top), courtesy Eastern Tractor Manufacturing Co., (center), courtesy Gravely-Illinois Co., (bottom), Bert Boice photo courtesy Rotitiller, Inc.; Page 9, courtesy Bolens Products Co.; Pages 10, 12 and 13, artwork by Ruth Jennings; illustrations Pages 10 and 11, and photos Pages 12 (upper left) and 13 (top), Culver Service; Page 12 (upper and lower right) and Page ij. Wide World; Page 12 (lower left) and Page 13 (bottom), Press Association; Page 13 (center right), Acme Newspictures, Inc.; Page 14, courtesy The Conjuror's Magazine; Page 19, courtesy National Safety Council; Page 21 (top), courtesy Pond Garden Tractor Co., (center), courtesy S. L. Allen & Co., (bottom), courtesy Ariens Co.; Page 22, courtesy Gravely Motor Plow & Culti vator Co. may find out that it isn't all fun, nor 22 ETC 23787 NEW ETHYL CLEANER -qfiggar: Better, Faster, Milder than Soap! Makes light work of housework! Here's a new and different kind of household cleaner! It's safe, not inflam mable! Bad news to dirt and grease-- good news to your hands! Ethyl Cleaner suds even in hard water. Re quires no scrubbing! Leaves no streaks or soapy scum--leaves surface sparking clean! Harmless to all surfaces. Get a bottle of Ethyl Cleaner today! P. S. Ethyl Cleaner is a new product of scientific research originally developed for cleaning all parts of a car. Tested in major cities, housewives reported it speedier, easier and safer for dozens of household uses too! CONCENTRATED -- SAVES MONEY More than 30 GALLONS from $1 bottle More than 20 GALLONS from 75* bottle More than 30 QUARTS from 35C bottle A PRODUCT OF ETHYL CORPORATION . . . 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. ETC 23788 f\ m+m. HOW DO YOU RATE AS AN AUTOMOBILE DRIVER? There'* a lot more to driving than aorae people think. A good driver meet* many situations with the right split-second decision because he knows the correct thing to do. What would you do in the typical situ ations presented below? Three answers right out of five is good --all five answers right is an expert's rating. It >- s*Xs you roll along a &aiential street a rubber ball comes bouncing-ecross the road in front of you. WhtK^would you d \0 A Ignore it. Swerve you^ipheeU to^kooid running over it. C Blow your horn, ft Slow ddwn og& get eot for an emergency etop. V In maViny * right turn on wet pavement your car suddenly starts to skid as ahown in the picture. Which two of these five possible actions would help you control the skid? A Jam on the foot broket. ft PuU up the hand (emergency) brake. C Turn ottering wheel to the tefL ft Turn eteering wheel to the right. I Keep your foot on the accelerator and eontinue feeding gat. You see the sign above at the oest of a long, winding hill. What's the best thing to do? A Stay in high gear and uee your broket to control speed, ft Shift in to second gear or "toie" range ifyour ear hat an automatic transmission* C Coast down in neutral to savegat. The driver of an oncoming car neglects to dim, or "dip," his headlights. Which three of the possible actions listed below are the wisest, safest things for you to do? A Shine yottr own bright lights into his eyes to even the score, ft Dim your own lights. C Wear dark glasses. ft Watch hit headlights to avoid possible collision. I Jferp your eyes on the right edge ofthe road and pull your ear over to the right as far at possible. F Speed up to get by at quickly as possible* ft Slow down* Which of these two pump* would you stop at to get this servicestation'shighest qual ity gasoline? ANSWntt I* (D) is correct--but it's also good to blow the horn. Remember, s rubber bell bouncing into the street is likely to be followed by a child trying to catch it. (C) and (E). Always turn in the direction of a skid to control it. Never use the brakes, but feed a little gas to get traction, ft* (B) is right. Coasting is dangerous. Use second gear to save brakes. 4* (B), (E) and (G) are right. Dim your lights, and the other driver probably will, too. Don't stare at oncoming headlights--you'll be blinded. For safety, keep your eyes on the right edge of the road, pull over to the right and alow down. A* The pump with the black and yellow emblem on it. Millions of^U experienced driven look for the Ethyl emblem wherever they drive. They know that high-quality gasoline in a properly tuned engine makes for a more responsive car and therefore a safer car. That's another reaeon why they always ask for Eisru mil ya.pege beahlet/'PrgfeesionalDriving" is not for begionere, but for people who know how to drive. Written and illustrated by expats. Typical chapter headings: "'How to Take a Curve," "Driving Needn't Be Tiring," "Through Rain or Fog," "Driving Tipe for City Traffic.'7 Offered free to all car ownem by ETHYL. Ethyl Corporation Chiraler Bldg., New York 17, N. Y. Please tend me without obligation a free copy of "ProfeaeionaJ Dnnog Nam*. ETC 23789 H. Claire Dees, who was Man ager of the Baltimore division of Ethyl Corporation when he entered military service, has been released with the rank of lieutenant colonel after three and a half years with the Army Air Corps, and appointed manager of the Se attle division. In Seattle, Col onel-Dees will succeed Harry Kuhe who has been named manager of the Chicago divi sion of Ethyl Corporation. Colonel Dees served with Headquarters of the Army Air Corps in Wash ington, D. C. before assign ments over seas to Europe and Japan. For his serv ices he was awarded the Bronze Star. He came to Ethyl in 1931 as a field representative in Minne sota and in 1936 was ap pointed assistant division manager in Chicago. A year later he was transferred to Tulsa as assistant division manager and in April, 1939 was promoted to Manager of the Baltimore division, where he remained for three years until he entered the Army. He is a graduate of the Univer sity of Kentucky, Class of '29. Mr. Kuhe, a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, was employed by the Strom Ball Bearing Company and the Continen tal Paper and Bag Company before coming to Ethyl in 1929. After serving as a field representa tive in Chicago for three years, he was appointed assistant division manager in Tulsa in 1932. In 1938 he was Mana ger of the Mexican division and in 1940 he was ap pointed Manager of the Seattle division. IN THE TUNE 1946 AT HOME ON THE ROAD 3 Tourist courts and trailer camps, while helping now to ease the housing shortage, are looking forward to a further peacetime expansion and better service to motorists. THE FINE ART OF TIPPING 7 Once upon a time, tipping was simply a voluntary gratuity. Today it is not merely customary but almost compulsory ... and a thriv ing big business in itself. EYES FRONT AT WEST POINT 10 The war just ended is shaping the curriculum of West Point. Look ing to the future, the Academy is planning an intensive study of everything from the atomic bomb to new uses for electronics. "AND NOW THE NEWS" 13 To the radio public, any popular radio news commentator is simply a familiar voice that comes out of the loudspeaker -- but here are picture closeups of some of these radio newsmen. AWAKE AT THE WHEEL 17 Round-the-clock driving has two little gremlins: Boredom end Fatigue. Here are some ways to ward them off, the next time you have to make that long trip. OIL FRONTIERS: U.S.A. 20 Drilling rigs in the Florida Keys, in North Carolina, and elsewhere illustrate the widening search for oil in the United States. More, they presage an intensified hunt for additional reserves, when normal times return. In order to widen the fields of reeder Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers net associated with Ethyl Corporation. Any opinions expressed In these signed articles, of course, ore the authors'. The editors of the Newt welcome articles of timely Interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to im prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earls W. Webb, president; Percy l. Griffiths, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Gonzalez, secretory ETC 23791 Tourist courts and trailer camps once existed mainly for the vacationing motorist. Now they're doing a sur prising job in the housing shortage ack in 1913, the trickle of motor B car tourists pushing its way across the great American desert was becoming something of a nui sance to the people of the South western states. The horse had been the chief means of locomotion there for untold generations. Corrals, sta Many tourist court* or* the last word in luxury. Above is one located in West Palm Beach, Fla. bles, blacksmiths and saddlers could halls and moving picture theatres. ting to and from the plants in share- be found in every settlement. But At least two have airplane landing the-ride cars. Largely they took they had no means of providing for fields. care of their own cabins, so that the people riding on rubber. Motorists Profits were substantial and stead labor shortage elsewhere didn't were bothersome. ily rising at the tourist courts long bother these tourist courts much. An enterprising citizen at Doug before Pearl Harbor. Then they But now, the significant fact is las, Arizona, noted that these tour skyrocketed. The national average that business didn't fall off, as ex ists all had money. They were on invested income was estimated at pected, when the war plant workers "roughing it" for the adventure of 7.58% in 1938, when millions were began to move on. On the contrary seeing the wide open spaces beyond still jobless. In 1943, according to it has been picking up. Rooms are the far horizons. Some had tents, and the Tourist Court Journal, the return still at a premium. The exodus was some slept in their cars. It occurred was 36.61% and in 1944 it went up much less than had been anticipated. to him that he might turn an honest to 37.85%. Many chains were oper The courts are selling to the per dollar by setting up a place where ating, and the buying rush now on manents and to a gold rush of tour they could park and sleep under indicates that others are being ists more gasoline and oil, more cover. So he built six board shacks formed. One of the more elaborate meals and more supplies of all kinds. on the outskirts of town, with no stopovers was reported recently to This coming event cast its shadow facilities except bunks and cook- have been sold for $1,250,000. An even during the war, but nobody stoves. other one changed hands five times noticed it until a year or so ago. The oak of a tremendous national in six weeks. Then the Tourist Court Journal dis industry is now flourishing from The wartime housing shortage covered that in spite of tire and gas the acorn of that idea. Tourist was and is the chief cause of this rationing and no new cars, the 30% courts, as the operators call them, bonanza. At least 70% of the camps, of all the courts not in critical hous numbered 19,500 in 1941 and now including most of the larger ones ing areas were earning 18% in prof exceed 20,000. Virtually all of them with 50 or more cabins each, are its annually. This came from tour have electric or acetylene gas light located within 35 miles of critical ists, not permanent guests, and was ing, equipped kitchens and adequate housing areas around the big war not to any great extent a conse furnishings. The courts range in size plants. As soon as production got quence of the housing shortage. from modest setups of a dozen cab under way all of them had to hang In 1941, the American Automo ins to huge forested parks with out No Cabins signs. Their guests bile Association made a survey and swimming pools, playgrounds, dance settled down for the duration, get estimated that courts then operar- ETC 23792 ing contained 440,000 units, in sin gle cabins or multiples. The average daily occupancy then was 22 guests to a court. But there were also nearly 300,000 trailers hauling their own living accommodations and using the courts as parking and serv ice stations. On the basis of these and other figures, the A.A.A. esti mated that motor tourists were spending at the rate of J4.7 billion annually in that year. Of this the Journal says at least half a billion went for tourist court meals and lodgings, and $ 150 million for gaso line, oil and other services. Now, the A.A.A. says,. motor tourist expenditures will hit an alltime high of six billion dollars this year, and that by 1950 it will be ten to twelve billions. In line with this, the Journal predicts that at least 10,000 new courts will be opened within that time, to provide double or more the present accommoda tions. and with more comforts than were available before except at the high priced de luxe courts. Also the U. S. Department of Commerce says it has requests for information from 3,000 veterans who want to go into -The circulation of this has reached the tourist court business. It has 500,000copies a year. United is now urged the small court operators to preparing a national advertising organize under an association trade campaign for the benefit of its mem name and to offer uniform stand bers, and is even planning to endow ards of service and rates. courses in motor court operation in The fact is that operators have selected colleges. been working toward this goal on A quarter of a century ago, most a regional basis for some years, and of the people who used motor courts there are a score or more of organ were adventurous souls who didn't izations. These in turn, as well as mind a little hardship. Since then, individual operators, hold member the courts have been developing the ship in and support the United comforts of first-class hotels in re Motor Court Association, a non sponse to a demand from a changing profit national body. Among its clientele. Guests at the courts today other activities, the Association sends a free directory to tourists from its headquarters in Chicago. Right is the Twin Lakes Motor Lodge in North Hackensack, N. J. Below is an interior view in the Harvey Line /Hofei, in Long Beach, Cal. Looking out on a comer of the swimming pool at the Motel El ffancho, Fresno, Cal. The inset shows a statue in the landscaped gardens of the San kafael, Cal., court arc a cross section of motorists. If any one group predominates it is educational -- teachers, social work ers, writers, students, historians -- who combine vacation travel with a thirst for knowledge about their country, or are on strictly profes sional projects. There is even a \ sprinkling of lawyers and doctors and bankers getting away from the hurly-burly of city life for a rest. Initially, their low rates was one of the chief selling points of the courts to tourists, but it was not then and is not now the only one. Con venience and liberty of movement rate equally with it. As anyone who has done any touring well knows, going into a the use of a superbly appointed out saying that virtually all the new strange city in a car with the wife "cabin" with living room, dinette, courts being built -- when materials and children, or even alone, can be kitchen and bath. The kitchen will are available -- will be of high stand a nuisance. Traffic rules are confus have sugar and salt and condiments, ard. Manufacturers of all kinds of ing to the stranger. Getting the car and the food shops at the court will equipment are now designing speci parked is a problem. Even when the be prepared to furnish virtually any fically for the tourist court market. hotel help picks it up at the door, thing the tourist wants to eat. But they won't be ready this year. one often must wait at the last min The tourist court at San Rafael, An A.A.A. survey shows that 84% ute until the car is snaked out of the California, has landscaped gardens of its membership of a million intend garage. decorated with excellent bronze to travel bv motor car, so tourists At a tourist court, the motorist statues. The two courts with air would do well to make reservations drives up to the central office, hires plane fields are in Ohio. One is on in advance -- if they are not already and pays for a cabin at a rate always Rural Route 1 and U. S. 25, more too late for this season. lower than comparable hotel sleep familiarly known as the Dixie High It has been noted that 300,000 ing quarters, and then is on his own. way, six miles south of Lima. The trailers were rolling along the high Since only a handful of the swank other is at Norwalk, a 20-minute ways when the war turned them into courts have telephones and cabin flight from Cleveland. On one day, stationary housing units. Most of service, nobody is going to bother eleven planes came in with luncheon them are still "frozen" as such, and the tourist. His car is a few steps parties from Cleveland, Toledo, Co National Housing Administrator from his cabin door. And since he lumbus and Sandusky. Many courts Wilson W Wyatt has asked for has paid in advance for the length in the Southwest and California have 50,000 more for the same purpose. of his stay -- a night or a week -- he golf courses. The manufacturers now have the can start traveling again at any time In 1941, the A.A.A. found 3,200 capacity to produce 100,000 units a he likes, without consulting any courts, out of 9,600 inspected, meet year. But, they are turning out only body about it. Rates, incidentally, ing its requirements for affiliation. a little more than 1,000 a month still vary from as low as 50 cents a In the same year, the Tourist Court (12,000 a year) because they can't night at the "poor man's courts" to Journal rated 5,000 of the 19,500 get enough materials. Trailer oper $10 a day at the de luxe establish courts then operating first class, and ators are among the best customers ments. But the latter sum will bring 1,000 of them de luxe. It goes with of the tourist courts. But now the ETC 23794 I 1 tive, trailer traveler a lot of good TIPS FOR TOURISTS advice on how not to buy a trailer. Get a list of tourist courts and their rates, along with maps, Even when a lot of secondhand before starting. equipment becomes available, and Make reservations in advance, preferably bv mail, and have the the new units start rolling, it won't rates specified in the acknowledgment. If you have no reservation, knock off driving not later than four o'clock in the afternoon in order to have daylight time to shop around. Consult the court operator whose rates and services have been satisfactory as to your next stop. He will usually know how and where to direct you. Leave the cabin as you would your own home. Otherwise you may not find room if you have to return some rainy night. Don't wake up the other cabineers with a lot of unnecessary be just a matter of picking one up. For one thing, the average cost of converting even a brand new car to haul a trailer is $75. Even if the motor car is one of the more expen sive makes it will require "helper" springs to carry the extra weight of the trailer. If the car is in the light, lower price class, it may need chas noise if you are making a start at three or four in the morning. sis reinforcement and even gear changes. The motor cars being made builders of both are in competition ing panels that enable the occupants today are the best in the history of for housing equipment and certain to separate it into three rooms -- the industry, but they were not de building supplies -- and the two bedroom, kitchen and living room- signed to haul trailers. Accordingly, groups are also competing for mate dinette. The living room has a built- the prospective trailer buyer is rials with motor car builders, hous in lounge that can be turned into urged to get the advice of experts ing contractors, and the furniture another double bed. About 40,000 before he makes an investment. industry. of these were built during the war A trailer vacation is in many ways There is also the matter of ceiling years for the Army and Navy, other ideal for the small family not in a prices. Siding on all the standard armed or civilian Federal services, hurry -- and it may be had, when makes and often the partitions of the Red Cross, and the Salvation new units are available, without any trailers are made of a pine plywood. Army, and as emergency housing initial capital investment. Virtually That is unobtainable because the facilities near war plants. every large city in the country has OPA price is said to be not high The Schult Corporation of Elk trailer rental agencies, with rates ap enough to interest the lumbermen. hart, Indiana, with plants in Canada proximating those for the rental of 1' I Trailer builders can reportedly get and New Zealand, is the largest ex motor cars of comparable first cost. all the birch and mahogany plyboard clusive builder of trailers in the Even when water and electric light they want, since the ceiling prices world. The growth of the industry are hooked in at a trailer court, the on these hardwoods are higher. But otherwise has been somewhat par parking cost is less than it would be that would make the cost of the allel to that of the tourist courts, for the rental of a cabin. Moreover, trailer prohibitive. many of which are now equipped even when he can't find court space A : 5-foot-long standard trailer, to hook up trailers to water, electric the trailer tourist still has a roof over which before the war sold for light and even sewage, in a few cases, his head -- and in these days that's J 1,995, has now been granted a retail if they want to make prolonged something! price ceiling of 52,395. It is more stays. Distributors for Schult and compact than an airliner, with slid other builders can give the prospec Below is one of the luxurious postwar models that were displayed at the recent trailer show. An inside view of a trailer Iright) shows the commodious eating quarters I The fine Art of Tipping By Paul 0. Green Once merely an occasional gesture on the part of a patron, ipping has been defined by tipping today is a highly developed science ... of extraction T some forgotten philosopher as the wages we pay someone else's help. It's other things: an expression of gratitude, a form of exhibition ism, a bribe -- and sometimes a hold-up. The term originated in England about two centuries ago. Wealthy landowners stopping at roadside tav erns usually gave thruppence to the groom who took care of their horses while they ate. In time, they car ried the gesture into the dining rooms, putting a coin on a card in scribed with a note: "To Insure Promptness." Eventually, they merely put the initials on the note. It took y ears for the custom to change to where tips were left after service, as a reward or token of gratitude. This led to the inevitable story about the Scotchman who always bragged about a certain restaurant. "It's soch a gude place," he chon- art. You can hardly make a move in a.m. coffee and...; the same amount led. "Everra time I sit doon I find Manhattan that doesn't involve a or more goes for the hasty lunch. six-pence under the plate." gratuity. The barber expects you to round Since its conservative introduc You tip the bootblack five cents out his 75-cent haircut fee to bring tion, tipping has developed into a for a fifteen-cent shine; you're ex it up to a dollar. If he gives you a major activity in America. In New pected to leave a dime under the shave, too, the same tip is still York City, particularly, it is a fine saucer after you've had your ten enough, but if he adds a few extras, 7 ETC 23796 you're supposed to increase your tip accordingly. The manicurist figures on a minimum of 25 cents a custo mer, although men habitually tip better than women in this respect. Women go to town, however, in beauty parlors, where they'll tip anywhere from fifty cents to two dollars, if they get the works. The boy who delivers your gro ceries expects fifteen cents to a quar ter. The caddy on the golf club course anticipates a quarter a round, and better if he has been helpful in retrieving balls or improving your game. The usher in a legitimate the ater or at a sport spectacle also has his or her hand ready for showing you to the seat you paid stiff prices for. Even nurses in a hospital look for a remembrance from private patients at the end of, say, a confine ment. And so it goes. You can find a hundred-and-one ways to tip someone for doing some thing you're paying for, anyway. If you don't, often as not you'll get nothing worse than a baleful glare and perhaps a few harsh words from a night club waiter. Unless you in tend to return to a particular spot and use the services of the same per son again, you'd actually lose noth ing but esteem if you passed up the tip. But somehow, so ingrained has this practice become that you'd sooner juggle atom bombs. The average New Yorker takes tipping for granted. The same fel low in non-tipping territory reveals his origin by subconsciously tipping too much for everything. Strangely, hinterlanders -- oilmen from Okla homa, cotton-planters from the South and cattle-growers from the West who consider tipping a hold up -- catch on quickly in New York. They are usually more lavish with their largesse than the natives, in an endeavor not to be considered yo kels. But their overtipping gives them away, just the same. ning in a cafe, you'll undoubtedly Tipping is at its extreme in Goth visit the washroom once or twice, am's night clubs and swank a la carte which will cost you a quarter per eateries. In some clubs, an introduc brush-off. You'll also be plagued bv tion from the Mayor wouldn't get female photographers, cigarette girls you in. In most places, however, and flower-peddlers, not to mention the only introduction you need is the palm-reader and table magician. from George Washington, whose Every one of these attractive entre visage appears on the $1 bill. preneurs expects a quarter or more Headwaiters can appraise a party added to the price of their wares or immediately and determine to the services. If you request a special last cartwheel how much of a tip number from the band leader, vow can be expected. If someone wants should be prepared to slip him from to make a good impression on a lady five to ten dollars -- or buv a round friend or out-of-town buyer, and of drinks for the musicians. visits a swank restaurant, he had bet On the way out, there's a hat- ter wave the green stuff pronto. check girl who coyly sets her price Otherwise he will be conducted to a with a fixed coin in the plate. As a table near the kitchen or behind a finale, there's the doorman who geo pillar. A few minutes of such igno you the cab. When you're safely miny and even the sturdiest individ home, you can figure that you span ual succumbs to this silent treatment. almost as much during the evemng The Personal Touch on tips as you did for refreshments and entertainment. The tipping routine only begins Earl Wilson, Broadway editor t{ when you are seated. The smooth the New York Post, sums it up mc- tongued captains hover about tak cinctly: "After you've finished Op- ing orders for cocktails, wines and ping everybody and you step tan- victuals. When your meal is fin side, give your last quarter to a nrtet ished, and the waiter hands you the beggar and change places u ith h." check, you're supposed to leave him The recipients of these tip* cam between ij% and 20% of the total sums which would intrigue many * (the pre-war 10% is as dead as an white-collared executive m aid* oyster on the half shell). Then try. I know many a waiter and rp you're supposed to drop the captain tain, even a bus boy or two. who supervised your service an other two dollars or so, with an extra dollar for the sommelier, or wine steward, if you used him. Before the w ar, one chain of luxu rious restaurants added 10% to all checks as the waiters' tip to save the customer the trouble of guessing. The chain had to abandon this pro cedure -- not because the percentage was too low' -- but because the wait ers objected to the fact that these tips were reported to the federal government and they had to pay income taxes on them. During the course of your eve owns his own home, an auttamdA. and sometimes a business tat the mi A waiter who makes lew th lit* a week in New York. * ah ha l** a week salary, thinks he's **** time. Captains in the suaA Side spots and bustling "** cabarets earn $:> ***** while the prima diauuv A waiters, are good for *er week. Bartenders do (uu aging J60 to $-;euteiai aid*- to their salaries. While mam of the* ' vants keep all thes cam *** ""^ ner, certain emphoto *** J j 1 I ; f 8 ETC 23797 substantial percentage of their tips to their bosses -- or are supposed to. Hat-check girls, lady photogra phers and cigarette girls are sup posed to turn their tips in to their bosses, who are concessionaires. Some concessionaires have a policy that all individual tips over a dollar are split with the girls. Shrewd "nuts-and-butts" salesgirls use this arrangement to their advantage by changing a lot of silver into dollar bills, and passing them in as individ ual tips, which they then proceed to split with the boss. Others don't even resort to such fancy methods. They work with waiters, bus bovs and cashiers to hold their money for them until after work. They don't attempt to hide it on their persons, because matrons could find it during a checkup unless the matron splits with the girls, too. To make things harder for them, their costumes have no pockets. The coatroom concession business in New York is a major enterprise representing millions of dollars in investments. Most large clubs open for business with working capital put up in advance by well-heeled concessionaires. One hat check king owns about 28 concessions in New York City alone, representing an investment of over a quarter of a million dollars a year. Profits from his tipping con cessions made him a millionaire. Incidentally, he never wears a hat. He figures, like Earl Wilson, that he would spend J250 a year for his hat, retrieving it from the check room. Earl Wilson visits an aver age of four clubs a night, five nights a week, for fifty weeks out of the year. He must always remember to tip everywhere he turns or lose a valuable pipe line of grist for his gossip mill. Society people, baseball players. Congressmen and newspapermen on-the-cuff are notably poor tip pers, as are women as a group. The best tippers are seafarers and gam blers -- and waiters and headwaiters. "Diamond Jim" Brady was a re nowned tipper, who is said to have tossed out $50 bills like matchbox covers. Today, Macoco, the South American sugar king is reputed to be the most lavish tipper. It is said that his parties run to $ 1000 or more a night, and that he tips evenwaiter, bus boy, captain, bartender and headwaiter in sight from ten to fifty dollars apiece. Tipping goes much further into our daily lives than taxis and restau rants, of course. Anyone who has traveled by train and used a Pullman has been confronted with the out stretched palm all the way. From the moment a person steps out of a cab into the maw of a railroad sta tion, his bag or briefcase is the cue for a half-dozen handouts before journey's end. On board the train, there comes the ticklish question of how- much to tip the porter. The customarv amount is a half-dollar a night. If there are added services, they call for separate tips. This recalls the amusing storv of the man disembarking from the :oth Century Limited at Chicago, after a run from New York. He was puz zled as to how much to tip the por ter, so he asked the man himself. "George," he said, "what's the average tip for a run like this?" (Continued on page 26) 9 ETC 23798 1 2*;_. rl ^ f1 V- . - -: -- ~_A~ 1,1 -^v --v, m- il ffl lftl I -i EYES FRONT at West Point Change and revision is the order of the day as our raduation day at West Point G this year means more than just Military Academy incorpo the fact that some 870 young men have completed the strenuous rates lessons learned in United States Military Academy ! the war into its curriculum course and qualified for commissions A brief aviation orientation course will replace as second lieutenants in the Regular ;. i the intensive wartime pilot training program Army. It also marks the date upon "STEWART FIELD ^1^6s which the world's foremost school for embryo military officers infor Vest Point mally accepts the challenge of the developing Atomic Age. Throughout all its 144 years of existence, the formidable grey- walled citadel high above the Hud son never has failed to keep in step with the ever-changing means of waging war. And this time is to be no exception. The resultant "new" West Point still will cling to most of its time- tested, albeit ivy-covered, traditions and methods, many of them dating back to the Superintendency of Brevet Brigadier General Sylvanus Thayer almost a century and a quar ter ago. "Brave old Army teams" 10 ETC 23799 r will continue to seek national foot them. The plan calls for Cadets and discussed armed forces merger is ball championships, Cadets will stroll Midshipmen to eat, sleep and study approved or not. West Point officials with their "drags" along Flirtation at the other Academy, and even obli feel that the petty jealousies which Walk on Sunday afternoons, and gates the West Pointer and Annap are apt to crop up between members the Corps will thrill tourists who olis man to yield his best girl as a of the two great institutions over converge on West Point from all "date" for his counterpart if ho rea athletic rivalries will be erased. At comers of the globe to witness a sonable facsimile can be produced. the same time, students will be given dress parade on the famous Plain. Frequent exchange of West Point the opportunity to learn and under But it is in the classroom, in the and Annapolis instructors through stand each other's professional prob laboratory', on maneuvers, during out the academic term is another lems so that no "scandal" such as the special joint training activities with phase of this program. alleged lack of Army-Navy coordi Annapolis Midshipmen and the like This unprecedented bilateral ac nation at Pearl Harbor ever need -- the West Point that casual visitors tion with Annapolis seems bound to befall the United States again. seldom see -- where the United pay dividends whether the much- Few persons are aware of it, but States Military Academy of the Atomic Age will be fashioned- The institution's proposed physical ex Classroom instruction is given to small groups at a time, and each Cadet must rocito daily in all subjects pansion will be the general public's only open reminder that new things are happening at and to West Point. Courses dealing with the atom and with electronics have been incor porated into the curriculum, effec tive this September. Russian has been added to the list of elective languages to be studied. Additional time has been allotted to tracing the develop ment of the art of war, with particu lar emphasis on the study of the combined air-land-sea operations of World War II and logistics. On the tactical side, the Military Academy is keeping one jump ahead of the proposed merger of Armv, Navy and Air Force into a common defense organization. Close working contact with the United States Naval Academy will be the order of Their own special lond-loose program calls for Cadets and Midshipmen to trade places at each other's school the dav beginning this summer, when Second Classmen (juniors) of I both service schools join forces for two weeks of joint amphibious op erations at one of the Naval amphib ious training bases in the country'. I Already' launched is a program under which a thousand or more Cadets and Midshipmen exchange places for several davs as a means of further strengthening the bonds of friendship and stressing the need for constant cooperation between 11 ETC 23800 j, f Hnry S. Bean arry g. rebel as advertising manager and Henry S. Bean as H sales promotion manager are new members of the staff of Ethyl Specialties Corporation, the new Ethyl subsidiary now mar keting Ethyl Cleaner in the northeastern section of the country. Both Mr. Kebel and Mr. Bean have had long experience in marketing packaged goods and are widely known in the wholesale and retail fields. They round out a selling organization which has been active since the Fall of 1945 in laying plans for the introduc tion and marketing of Erhvl Cleaner. Mr. Kebel comes from Thomas J. Lipton, Inc., where he was director of advertising and research for five years. For eleven years before he joined the Lipton organization he was a member of the advertising department of Standard Brands, Inc. Mr. Bean has been associated with the introduction of several new brands through grocery' and drug channels and for the past eight years has been active in the development of sales promotion and merchandising programs for Lever Brothers Company. On Mav 15, the Ethyl Specialties Corporation moved from quar ters in the Chrysler Building to 21 West Street, New York City. West Point carried out an extensive aviation training program during the war at Stewart Field, the Military Academy's own airport at nearby Newburgh. Since 1942, when flight training began, no less than 1100 Cadets have earned their "wings" while attending the Academy. However, in reconverting from accelerated wartime to normal peacetime schedules, West Point is abolishing the program under which it furnished full pilot instruction to air-minded Cadets and graduated them as commissioned officers in the Air Force. In lieu of this training, all Cadets will undergo a one-month orientation course in flying and Air' Force fundamentals, regardless of their desire or intent to become Air Force officers. This course will be conducted during the Second Class summer and will consist of approxi mately 2 5 hours of flight instruction and 60 hours of ground school. In addition, all Cadets during their First Class (senior) year will spend two weeks at an Air Forces Tactical Training Center to undergo ad vanced Air Force training. The feeling at West Point is that this brief introduction to aviation will serve the twofold purpose of (a) predetermining the individual's aptitude for pursuing a flying career upon graduation from the Military Academy, and (b) enabling him to absorb and appreciate somewhat the problems of tactics of combined arms involving the Air Forces. The wartime air training program is being abolished as "impractical and not desirable for peacetime op eration" at West Point. Aside from all other determining factors, the Military Academy is frank to admit that the division of the Corps into so-called Air Cadets and Ground Cadets might establish "class distinc tion . . . that eventually leads to branch jealousies and claims of dis crimination." The policy of non-specialization in aviation also holds true as far as infantry', artillery, ordnance and all other branches of the service are concerned. Cadets will continue to be com missioned into a specific branch of service, depending on their choice of branch and standing in the West Point graduating class. But every effort will be made to present the over-all picrure of the Army, rather than just concentrated training in an individual's own designated field. The business of qualifying graduates for immediate duty with troops of a particular arm of sendee will be left to the Army's special sendee schools as part of the postgraduate work of junior officers. Major General Maxwell D. Tay lor, Superintendent of the Military (Continued on Page 14> 12 ETc 2380j Radio news commentators are constantly popular radio features, due to the unending public interest in the news adio commentators have long been popular with R. the radio audience at large, but during the war thev reallv came into their own. Then, as each succeed ing phase of the war unfolded, millions of people intentlv listened for the latest bulletins and communiques, or avidly sought interpretations and analyses ... or I speculation on the course of the war. But surprisingly enough, since the war's end, there's been no great decline in listener interest. Instead of news and comment on the war, the listening public now wants to hear the latest word about important topics of present concern -- strikes, inflation, reconversion, the outlook for the future at home and abroad. Reflecting the changing emphasis in public thinking, radio news staffs overseas have been trimmed to the point where only the major foreign capitals are constantly covered, while there has been at the same time an intensified coverage of domestic news. To the majority of radio listeners, any popular radio news commentator is simply a familiar voice that comes out of the loudspeaker. Here, as a matter of interest, are | close-up pictures of some of these radio new smen. H. V. Kaltenborn (above) it known a* the dean of the newt tammenlatort. Lowell Thomas (below) it another radio veteran Ir #' - ETC 23802 Above are Walter Winchell (leftI and Richard Harkness. Winchell hat more listeners then any other newscaster \ Bob Trout (left), well-known CBS commentator, is noted for his smooth delivery Gabriel Heatter (lower left) once set a record for continuous on-the-scenes news reporting. Below is Frazier Hunt ,r^/ASHlho> $ fowy William L. Shirer, author of Berlin Diary, covered the Nazi war crimes trial for CBS Radio commentators appeal to the listening audience for a variety of reasons. Some are noted for their style of delivery, others for their interesting handling of the news. Some newscasters specialize in at tempting to predict the course of events, while others concentrate on explaining complex issues in easv-tograsp terms. Interestingly enough, the most popular commentators of all, according to the radio polls, are the so-called gossip columnists. Brie Sevareid tapper left) is chief of the CBS news bureau in Wash ington. John W. Vandercook (upper right) has travelled ex tensively abroad and written a number of books. Raymond Gram Swing (lower left) became noted during the war for his sober news analyses. John B. Kennedy (lower right) is a for mer Collier's editor 16 ETC 23805 st; "AM roue Awake at the Wheel Boredom and Fatigue are the two little gremlins of long, sustained driving. Here are some ways to ward them off By North Clarey So it's three in the morning, and you still have 50 miles to drive. Your head begins to nod. You rub vour face, trying to wipe away that doped weariness. Brother, watch out! Think -- right now -- of the smashed cars, the battered faces, the broken families that follow the freqent headline "... Asleep at Wheel." Don't let yourself be one of these pointless tragedies! Your two enemies are Fatigue and Boredom. They're the gremlins that take the wheel from limp fingers and steer you into a smashup. When you're dog-tired and have to push on, wake yourself up. If a pleasant relaxation comes over vou, don't welcome it. That's the first sign of sleepiness. Stop the car and walk around a bit. A long drink of cold water, a cup of black coffee or strong tea, will often clear away that fuzziness. Wash vour face in cold water . . . Better a partly sleepless night when you get home than a long rest in the hospital, or the cemetery. When vou get back in the car, open the window a bit and take off vour hat. Let the air cool vour scalp. Take a few deep breaths. Blow those cobwebs awav! Maybe you've been forcing your self, trying to make time. Slow down a bit, so you're not using up your energy trying to pick out a dim road or pass other cars. This is true in the daytime as well as after dark. You don't realize it, but after hours of strain your senses of sight and hearing begin to take little cat naps you can't control. Actually, they blank out briefly, then function again. I had a nasty experience of this one time, when I was in a rush to get from New York to Cape Cod. I'd been batting right along for hours, passing everything on the road, even eating a sandwich lunch eon at the wheel with the speed ometer at 50.1 was on a clear stretch of road when -- quite suddenly, as if in a dream -- I saw a line of cars just ahead waiting for a traffic light. My brakes and tires screamed use lessly; the w-indshield slammed me in the face; there was an awful crunching sound of metal, and I re member the white, taut faces of the people in cars heading toward me, waiting to be hit. "Driving fatigue," pure and sim ple. My eyes just hadn't registered the scene ahead, the cars in front of me, until too late. The optic nerves had been taking a cat-nap. What Expert Drivers Do How to avoid this? Pull over, as truck drivers do when they're ex hausted, and take a deliberate cat nap. You'll save time in the end. Another opiate is the steady hum of vour engine, mile in, mile out. The noise of motor and wind in unvaried monotone will half hypno tize you. Change vour pace. Drop to 35 for a while and relax w-hile you studv the scenery; kick it up again just long enough to feel that Taking a deliberate catnap at the side of the rood, for only 10 or J5 minutes, is one way to overcome fatigue 1 17 ETC 23806 you're stretching your legs -- then settle back to an easy cruising speed. You'll get there just about as fast, actually. Some people get drowsy from a radio -- but if you don't, then the music, news, or the irksome hodge podge of cooking recipes and soap operas that monopolize the air dur ing some periods of the day may have a sort of nuisance value for you. You won't fall asleep if you're irri tated enough. Take Turns Driving Best thing of all, of course, is to have some one else spell you at the wheel. Let your wife take it for 30 minutes to each hour of yours, even though her pace and her tech nique with the gearshift set you to biting your fingernails. If you haven't got a wife, or a friend, pick up some intelligent looking hitch hiker. Who knows -- he might be an excellent driver. Try him for 15 minutes on some pretext of looking at road maps, then swap back if you don't like his style. So much for Fatigue. How about the pitfall of Boredom? It's always good to avoid boredom, even if it doesn't take you to the point of drowsiness. We've mentioned a radio and a rider -- both can make some kind of distracting noise to keep your brain turning over idly. Sometimes, by a happy accident, they're inter esting as the dickens. In any case they're a form of company. But when you're left to your own devices, and you're plodding drear ily along an old familiar stretch of highway where you know each bump and traffic light a block ahead, and you've memorized all the bill boards, -- what then? Games, I say. Play games with yourself. Like this: Watch the numbers of the license plates on the rear of the cars ahead of you, or those that pass you. Wait for sets of three's - m, then 222, up to 000 -- and see how many miles, or how many days it takes you to get there. Or watch for letters on the plates, A up to Z. Or look for states that you've been to. Sounds silly, but it's not as silly as driving along with your mouth open and your eyes getting glassy, until the man on the motorcycle snaps you out of the trance with a remark about traffic lights or stop signs. Another cure for boredom is to guess your time on certain stretches. The route will pretty much divide itself into segments according to various landmarks as you go along -- from a certain town with a funny statue in the square, to the route junction fifteen miles on, and from there to the bridge across the reser voir at Highlands, and so on. As you come to each new stretch, guess how BOOKLET OFFERED FREE Many more driving tips, from professional drivers, are con tained in a booklet which Ethyl Corporation is distributing free to motorists upon request. Entided "Professional Driving," the booklet is part of an extensive advertising campaign which Ethyl currently is conducting in leading magazines with a com bined circulation of more than 1 j million copies per issue. Pur pose of the campaign is to en courage motorists to practice good driving habits in order to derive the greatest pleasure out of motoring. The campaign has won the approval of such organ izations as the Automotive Safety Foundation and the National Safety Council. many minutes it will take you at normal speed -- then check it against your watch. If vou're good enough to handle a car just by second nature, kill the Round-the-clock driving is tiring, but can be made safe 18 ETC 23807 time with some practical day-dream ing. Try to puzzle out the tough parts of that letter or report you have to write. Figure a new approach to the people you're going to call on- Work out a mental blueprint for relocating the workbench in the cellar at home, and building a pre serve closet in the old coal bin. Or analyze the mistake you made, last time you think you made a mistake in dealing with some one, and go through the scene again with the dia logue corrected -- maybe you'll pick up something you can use. There are a hundred things you can do, if you seriously turn your imagination to the problem. The big thing is to find an interest in the actual trip, the driving itself, or the route. How long since you last gave any deliberate thought to your driving technique? Spend part of each trip in consciously avoiding the things you secretly criticize in others -- jerky acceleration, unsure shifting of gears, rough braking, cutting in and out without checking your rear view mirror and giving the car behind you a hand signal. See whether you're a zoom-zoom driver --do you keep a light steady pressure on the accelerator, or do you zoom ahead and coast, zoom ahead and coast? Do you unconsciously ride alongside another car at the same speed for blocks, leaving no room for any one else to pass? Try "freez ing" your speedometer. Can you hold it within a notch or two of 40, or say 35 -- mile after mile, up and down each hill, anticipating each change in speed before it registers on the needle? You'd be surprised at the skill and coordination this takes. Sounds silly, does it? At least it passes the time and takes some of the dreariness out of a trip -- and if you're the least tired, dreariness leads straight to drowsiness. But, you ask, what if all vour driving is in city traffic? Even then you don't have to alter nate between fuming at the slow trucks and watching for a pretty girl to cross the street at the stop lights. Carry a book, any kind of book, face down on the seat next to you. And at each red light read another paragraph or two. It's a hell of a way to read a book -- but it's a swell way to take the pain out of driving! Drowsy from driving? Glaneo at a book at ovary rod light TRUCKS DRESS UP, TOO Regional taste* provide the baaia for varying colora on trucka, says the Automobile Manufacturera' Association. Tastes in color vary from conservative Back Bay Boston to color-conscious California. It may be the weather or it may be just that the North and East are of a more conservative bent. But those sec tions of the country proportionately take more dark colors than do the South and California. More and more, owners of truck fleets have adopted colors as advertising trademarks. There are hundreds of such "fleet colors," ranging from the gaudy purple of some florists to the flaming red of several large oil companies. Farmers and small businessmen, who use 2,450,000 of the 4,650,000 trucks in the United States, usually order the more serviceable colors. Dark green and dark blue are bought by two-thirds of such buyers, red by one-seventh, black by an equal number, and the other shades, such as light green, or optional colors such as cream, brown, yel low, orange, and white are ordered by the rest, says the Association. Buyers of large freight trucks prefer red and green. Department stores usually are conservative in their color selections, preferring dark blue, dark green, brown, or maroon. Telephone companies also are conservative, using green and blue-grey. Dairies often use white or cream colors. Many companies such as meat packers and soft drink distributors use bright hues -- but the oil companies use the gayest colors of all. 19 ETc 23808 Oil *?% Explorations along the east ern seaboard illustrate the widening search for new oil fields in the United States By Henry C. Rose f* own along the Florida kevs, A D on a tiny man-made island 120 miles southwest of Miami, a drilling bit bores its way deep into the un derlying strata of rock and sand. Overhead, a towering derrick stands limned against the wind-swept Flor ida sky. The derrick crew, of course, is digging for oil. But before this wildcat well could be drilled, the 500-ton rig, together with other supplies and equipment, had to be hauled in all the wav from Mississip pi; a two-and-a-half mile roadway had to be built between the well site and the main highway; tons of coral rock had to be blasted from "borrow pits" in order to build the artificial island. This is what it sometimes takes to dig a well . . . Out along the North Carolina coast, hard by the old Cape Hatteras lighthouse, another rig is set up and a second drilling crew goes to work. Sixty miles to the North is Kitty Hawk, where the Wright brothers long ago proved their hunch that they could fly. Here, the drilling crew is testing out another kind of hunch -- that oil may be found be neath the Carolina coastline. As it happens, the well turns out to be a dry hole, after a heavy expenditure of time and money. But in the opin ion of the oil company undertaking the exploration, sufficient informa tion has been obtained from the drilling to justify a continued search 20 ETC 23809 1 l MtUete; ^CS/4 for oil in the area. . . the demand for oil is expected to These are two examples of drilling show7 a significant increase. Against operations seen in recent months. projected requirements of 4,680,000 They7 are essentially no different barrels daily this year, demand for from anv of the other 24,000 or so crude is expected to increase to test wells annually drilled through 4,830,000 barrels daily in 1947, to out the country. With this excep t, 160,000 barrels daily in 1948. tion: These wells were put down in As of December 31st last, proven areas where no commercial produc crude oil reserves in the United tion of oil was known before. More, States were estimated at an all-time This first producing Alabama wall was completed in 1944 they typify pan of the oil industry's high of 20.8 billion barrels. Assum effon to increase the number of ing that this reserve position is to be jected over the future, makes it known oil-bearing regions in the maintained, it is interesting to see likely, in the opinion of some ex United States. how much additional oil must be perts, that domestic output will be In exploring new oil frontiers, discovered over the next 20 years, to unable alone to match the demand. spending millions of dollars in the meet the requirements mapped out One oil company economist re process, the oil companies are not so by the economists. cently made some projections of much seeking oil to be used today If these predictions prove correct, supply and demand through 1948. or tomorrow as they are anticipat they mean that the oil industry in Assuming that domestic crude pro ing the likely demand for petroleum the next two decades must discover duction, at economically efficient five, ten, twenty years in the future. at least 30 billion barrels of addi levels, averages between 4,500,000 Numerous estimates of such demand tional crude oil. This would just and 4,550,000 barrels daily these have appeared since the war's end. about match the industry's entire next several years, he estimates that According to one authoritative production in the last 57 years -- it will fall short of meeting total re forecast, by 1965 the country will from 1889 down to the present. quirements by nearly 3% this year; be consuming more than 5,700,000 The oil industry, generally, is not by 7% in 1947; and by 13% in 1948. barrels of crude petroleum daily. concerned over the prospects of To erase this potential deficit, the Which would be 18% above the finding an adequate supply of crude alternatives would be to bring out w 1945 wartime peak and nearly 41% oil to meet these long-range future additional production by means of above the pre-war high of 1941. needs. Leading geologists express Gasoline demand, alone, by that the opinion that at least another 50 time is expected to soar above 2,600,- billion barrels of oil underlie poten The first successful Florida well was completed in 1943 000 barrels daily, compared with the tial new areas in the United States -- previous peak peacetime demand of equal to the entire amount of crude 1,800,000 barrels daily in 1941. oil discovered since 1889 --while Ranking second in demand will be some place the potential reserves at heavy fuel oil which, the estimates as high as 100 billion barrels. show, will amount to 1,240,000 bar But what does concern the indus rels daily by 1965. Together, these try is the fact that existing price ceil two products will account for some ings for oil, in effect since 1941, have 68% of total demand for petroleum hampered exploration and develop products. The remaining 32% will ment of new fields, leading to the include kerosene, distillate fuel oil, fear that domestic production may lubricants and specialty products. suffer over the next several years. Even over the near-term future, The rapid rise in demand, pro- ETC 23810 21 creased exploration, will there be a return to normal economic relation ships. Looking back, the oil industry- experienced a declining rate of oil discoveries during the war years. In 1944, as an example, a total of 511 308.000 barrels of strictly new oil were discovered from the 4,778 wildcat wells that were drilled in that year. This is about equal to 107.000 barrels for every well. But in 1937, when only 2,224 exploratory wells were drilled, 928,742,000 bar rels of new oil were discovered, equal to some 418,000 barrels of oil for every well. Thus, despite a doub ling of the drilling effort, 1944 saw only about one-fourth as much oil discovered per well as in 1937. During the war, drilling activitv was hampered not only by subnor mal prices for crude oil, but also by subsidy payments; to increase over Meanwhile, however, the prices shortages of field crews and drilling all production above present maxi of crude oil and refined products equipment. Despite these obstacles, mum efficient rates, thereby contrib have been held down ever since 1941 the industry managed to drill a rec uting to declines in future produc -- even though all other prices and ord total of 13,400 wildcats -- more tive capacity and, hence, to losses in costs have risen substantially. Illus than in any comparable period in its ultimate recoveries; or to rely on trating this inequitable situation, as history. increasing imports, particularly from of a recent date the Bureau of Labor Looking for new underground South America. Statistics index of petroleum prod deposits to offset the war's drain This developing situation stems ucts stood at an index number of on existing reserves, the industry in part, at least, from the fact that 61.2, while the index for all com extended the limits of previously the price of oil was held down modities stood at 108.9. other discovered fields and spurred wild- throughout the entire duration of words, this meant that petroleum catting in widely scattered virgin the war --at the very time the indus products were selling for about 56% territories. Through such explora try was called upon to deliver the of the level of all other commodities. tory efforts, three new states -- Ala greatest amount of oil in history. Throughout the war, the industry bama, Florida and Virginia -- were First, take a look at production. has repeatedly petitioned for an in added to the list of oil producers, Besides fueling our own war ma crease in oil prices, to offset its making a total of 26 in all. Some of chines, the oil industry furnished the higher costs all around. the recent test wells indicate the major part of the oil needs of our Only recently, the OPA finally directions that postwar drilling is Allies. Estimates are that the United granted some partial relief when it likely to take. States supplied approximately 80% permitted a ten-cents-a-barrel in Some of the most intensive drill 1 of the total oil requirements of all crease in the price of crude. This, ing activity has centered in the the Allies. Actual production of however, is less than a third of what Rocky Mountain area and in west crude from domestic sources in the the industry insists is necessary to ern Oklahoma. four-year war period amounted to spur the search for oil. Not until all Before the war, extensive oil de about 5.8 billion barrels -- equal to price controls are removed from oil, posits were believed to exist in the one-fifth of all the oil produced in it is believed, and the price of crude Rockies; but the remoteness of con this country in the last 57 years. rises to a level which will justify in suming markets, among other fac- ETC 23811 I tors, prevented full exploration. Thus, the mounting war needs for oil heightened the search for oil in that area. In the Anadarko basin of western Oklohama, wartime explor ation resulted in the discovery of one of the state's largest oil fields, the West Edmond, which is said to be the most important oil pool found in the United States since Pearl Har bor. Up to 200 million barrels are believed to be recoverable from the field by primary recovery methods alone, and considerably more by other methods. The Rangely field of Colorado was another notable war time development. The South was another general area of intensified exploration. Mississippi, which first became an oil producer in 1939 when oil was discovered in the Tinsley field in Yazoo county, saw a number of ad ditional discoveries during the war years, the most important of which was the Heidelberg pool in 1944. Just across the border, a field was discovered in Alabama, leading to further exploration there, while in Georgia, exploratory drilling has been going on, although there have been no discoveries as yet. In point of volume of oil discovered, the West Texas fields brought in dur ing the war were the most important of all explorations in the South. These, however, were in a state which already is the nation's lead ing oil producer. Significant Discovery From the standpoint of the future, one of the most significant wartime discoveries may turn out to have been a Florida wildcat that was com pleted in 1943- This well, drilled by the Humble Oil & Refining Co., not simply proved the existence of oil in Florida. It also strengthened the belief of many geologists that a vast new belt of oil may lie along the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic sea board. Another significant wildcat is the test well being drilled for the Gulf Oil Corp. in the Florida keys. The site of the well, 30 miles north east of Key West, is geographically the farthest south that any explora- A seismograph party at work. An intensified program of exploration it indicated when normal conditions return tory well has been drilled in the United States. In the same spirit as other explora tions in virgin territories, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey has been sponsoring a search for oil along the North Carolina seacoast. (Jersey's test well in this area, as well as Gulf's wildcat in the Florida keys, were described in the beginning of this article.) Although this first well was a failure, the company's officials are determined to continue the explora tory effort in the state, and addi tional work along this line is sched uled to be resumed shortly. Similar explorations have been conducted by various companies further north along the East Coast, notably in New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. None of these as yet has proved successful, but they are indicative of the oil industry's longrange efforts to increase the number of oil-bearing regions in the country. Taking the country as a whole, the "hopeful" but as yet non-producing states include Arizona, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Massa chusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Oregon, the Carolinas, the Dakotas and the state of Washington. In most of these areas, both major and minor companies have acquired acreage in recent years, and in several, within the near future, exploratory opera tions will be undertaken. Despite the somewhat lessened de mand for crude oil that has been seen since the war's end, drilling opera tions have continued at a high level. Through the first four months, the number of wells drilled totalled 8,790, against 8,003 in the compara ble period last year. When the pres ent price controls are finally re moved, and normal conditions of supply and demand reassert them selves, one can be sure that a greatly enlarged drilling program will get under wav. 23 ETC 23812 Battle Monument, on historic Trophy Point, honors the memory of West Pointers who died in the Civil War EYES FRONT AT WEST POINT (Continued from Page 12) Academy, puts it this way: "The mission of West Point, as handed down by the War Department, does not make the Academy a mill for producing second lieutenants in any arm of the service. All the emphasis is placed upon giving a broad foun dation of culture, affording the graduate a base upon which to erect a rich and full life of service. It is by the yardstick of this mission that our accomplishments or shortcom ings should be measured." General Taylor, colorful com mander of the joist Airborne Divi sion during its heroic and never-tobe-forgotten defense of Bastogne, is to West Point today what General Douglas MacArthur was to it when the Academy underwent a similar overhauling immediately after the first World War. Then as now, the effort was to make the most of the lessons learned in a great conflict. Upon the capable shoulders of the lanky paratrooper falls the burden of carrying out a four-ply program for developing the modem postwar Military Academy. This program calls for, in General Taylor's own words, "reversion to a four-year course, critical study of the new curriculum, reinforcement of the faculty and a long-range permanent building program." He has been sup ported in his efforts by the report of an expert Board of Consultants, ap pointed by the War Department and headed by Dr. Karl T. Compton, president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In returning to a four-year course after the stepped-up three-year cur riculum of recent war years, West Point has halved its new Second Class. Individual Cadet wishes as to whether he be graduated in 1947 or 1948 were honored as far as pos sible, but some arbitrary transfers were necessary to avoid an unduly small graduating class in either year. Just how fairly the division was ef fected is typified by the case of Cadet Felix ("Doc") Blanchard, allAmerica fullback for the past two seasons. Blanchard expressed the desire to graduate in three vears, even though he forfeits a year of intercollegiate football eligibility, in order to embark upon his career as an officer as early as possible. Aside from approving such revo lutionary changes as the study of atomic energy and joint tactical and academic training with Naval Acad emy students, Dr. Compton's Board of Consultants also endorsed the Military Academy's plan for reor ganizing its faculty, which had gone unchanged for the past 50 years, and of strengthening it to meet the needs of a Cadet Corps almost double its size of only 10 years ago. In many cases, the temporary officers who constituted two-thirds of the war time faculty will be replaced by reserve officers with teaching expe rience and by junior career officers, most of whom served overseas. Creation of the position of Dean, to be filled by a brigadier general, was recommended, as was the addi tion of 19 new permanent profes sors. Several lesser changes, such as consolidating the Departments of Chemistry and Physics into one unit, are being undertaken. Last, but not least, of the recom mendations approved was one af fecting the selection of future Ca dets. It provides that the practice of designating one principal and three alternate appointees to the Military Academy, as such, be given up by the individual members of Congress and placed with the Academic Board at West Point. Each lawmaker still would nomi nate a quartet of young men as pro spective Cadets, but it would remain with the Academic Board to select the most desirable candidate of the 24 ETC 23813 four. If Congressmen prove willing to accept this modification, Dr. Compton's group avers, it would "increase the academic efficiency of the Military Academy and decrease the loss of time and money expended at present on inferior Cadets." The present-day West Point physical plant, devoid of any major construction since 1938, was de signed to accommodate a Corps of 1.960 men, compared to the now authorized strength of 2,496 Cadets. In calling for "prompt action to re store the Academy to its maximum operating efficiency," General Tay lor has voiced the complaint that existing facilities are "crowded and markedly inadequate to meet the requirements for housing, mess and training." He envisions a five- or six-year construction program cost ing nearly fifty million dollars. A Congressional stamp of ap proval on the proposed building program would result in additions to the Cadet -Mess, the gymnasium, and famous Thayer Hotel, where Cadet guests usually make their headquarters. Down would come Professor's Row and the Superintendent's house, in which have lived, during their tours as No. 1 man at West Point, such military masters as Rob ert E. Lee, Douglas MacArthur, and Robert L. Eichelberger. This tract Reading battle mops at night, at these Cadets are doing, is an important phase of the tactical training of land would be occupied instead by 2 j new divisions of Cadet bar racks. New quarters for the Superin tendent and other officials would be provided on the site of the Old Observatory, overlooking Michie Stadium, home of Army football. All these -- the huge construction project, the reorganization of the faculty, the modernization of the curriculum and the return to the traditional four-year course -- will combine to mould the postwar Mili tary Academy. The new West Point also will be men, thousands of men, following in the footsteps of earlier Cadets who since have gained the undying gratitude of a grateful na tion for their leadership in both war and peace. "West Point," says General Tay lor, "succeeds or fails in the future to the degree in which it continues to produce men of broad character, capable of leading other men to vic tory in battle." LANDING CRAFT RELIGION The Biblical prediction that swords would one day be turned into plowshares is being given a modern twist by Father Jean Baptiste Langlois, a French-Canadian member of the Franciscans. He has turned an LST into what he calls an LCR -- for landing craft religion -- and is conducting it 3,000 miles up the Amazon to carry Christianity to tribes never before reached by missionaries. Father Langlois brought the craft from the St. Lawrence through Lake Champlain and down the Hudson with his crew of five, and the 55-foot boat left Hoboken recently on the deck of a Lamport and Holt liner for Para, Brazil. From there, it will proceed under its own power -- while its gasoline supply lasts. The problem of where to get more i6 one the priest says he will meet when he gets there. The Franciscan plans to conduct services at various points, moving on when he has established a mission. He has a two-way radio with a range of 200 miles, and equip ment to install a number of receiving sets. In years of missionary work in the frozen north Father Langlois has mastered several trades. He built a superstructure on the craft and installed living accommodations and a chapel, facing the landing ramp. There are two women in the crew -- the wife of the navigator and Father Langlois' sister, who also holds the title of assistant missionary. Asked when he plans to re turn, the 53-year-old priest said there is never any time limit on a religious mission. "The work must go on," he said, "and we are prepared to stay indefinitely." 25 ETC 23814 THE FINE ART OF TIPPING (Continued from page }) "Two dollars," George replied quickly. The conscientious traveler forked over the two dollars with a wan smile. George looked at it for a while, embarrassed, and said, "Golly, suh, you'se is the fust man evah to pay the average." Hotel guests encounter tipping on all sides. On checking in, very often in recent years, guests surrep titiously slipped the room clerk a bill to get a room. The porter who takes your bag from the entrance to the lobby expects a quarter. Then the bellhop who takes it upstairs and opens the doors, windows and clos ets expects another. Every tray of ice and soda calls for another gra tuity. When you leave, you're ex pected to leave the housekeeper, whom you never see, fifty cents for an overnight stay, and a quarter for every night after the first. No Tips on Planes Air travelers get a break in the tip ping department. It's almost impos sible to give away money during the course of an air journey. Stew ardesses are trained to give you a polite, "Sorry, sir," if you offer them a gratuity for their fine, personal ized service. Ship travel will be resumed soon, and tipping will be a major concern of passengers. They've got to con sider the bellhop, room steward, stewardess, waiter, headwaiter, deck steward and smokeroom steward. Tips depend on the length of the trip, type of ship, class of accommo dations, and the demands made upon the hired help. The customary" tips in pre-war days, first class, were a dollar a day per person to the waiter, fifty cents a dav for the room steward, a dollar or so for the stewardess at the end of the trip, a quarter a day for the bath steward, ten or twenty dollars for the headwaiter, two dollars each for the deck and smokeroom stew ards. If you won a pool or sweepstake, you were expected to leave 10% to the fellow who paid you off. Tipping has geographical pecu liarities. New York cabbies expect a minimum of ten cents a ride up to 50 cents, a nickel extra for every 20 cents after that. In cities like Washington where the zoning sys tem is in effect, a nickel a zone is considered enough. In towns where jitneys take you home from railroad stations, the fee is fixed, and tipping is a rarity. The same differences are noted in restaurants. In New York, Chicago, Hollywood and Miami the high ex tremes prevail. In cities like Phila delphia, Washington, Detroit and New Orleans, 10% is adhered to strictly. Before the war, most res taurants in San Francisco carried signs which read "Tipping is UnAmerican. It is not done here." Waiters and bartenders got good liv ing wages and didn't depend on tips. The war changed all that, however. Restaurant waitresses on high ways where transcontinental busses stop get a cross-section of all kinds. They figure only about 25% of those who stop off for a bite leave a tip. Westbound customers tip much more than Eastbound. "I can always tell a New Yorker by the tip he leaves," a roadside waitress once told me, "but give me truck drivers all the time. They're the best of them all." OUR COVER; Kodachrome view of Niagara Falls from Press As sociation. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3, 4, and j (except inset), cour tesy Tourist Court Journal; Page j (inset), courtesy Court San Rafael, San Rafael, Cal.; Page 6, Wide World; Pages 7-9 and 26, illustrations by Rodlow Willard; Pages 10-11 and 14-25, courtesy West Point Public Relations Office; Page 13 (lower left), 14 (upper left), ij (upper right and lower left) and 16 (bottom), courtesy American Broadcasting Co.; Page 13 (right), 14 (upper right), ij (upper left) and 16 (center right), courtesy Na tional Broadcasting Co.; Page 14 (left center), ij (lower right), 16 (upper right and center left), courtesy Columbia Broadcasting System; Page 14 (bottom), 15 (right center), and 16 (upper left), courtesy Mutual Broad casting System; Pages 17-19, il lustrations by Ruth Jennings; Page 10 (upper), courtesy Gulf Oil Corp.; Page 20 (lower) and 23, courtesy Standard Oil Co. (N. J.); Page 21 (top) and 22, courtesy World Petroleum. I A man, the story goes, once walked into a New York branch of a California restaurant chain which carried the "No Tipping" sign. "I see tips are forbidden here," he remarked happily to the waitress. "Yeah," she snapped, "and so were the apples in the Garden of Eden." 26 ETC 23815 * \ /j/(w THE ethyl brand name GOES INTO MILLIONS OF HOMES KTHYL CLEANER, a new product of Ethyl Corporation, is rapidly becoming a buy-word of millions of American housewives. Ethyl Cleaner was originally developed as a speedy, safe way to wash every part of the car, but housewives soon discovered it faster for dozens of household cleaning vises, too! Ethyl Cleaner is now available in the northeast section of the country .. . backed by a powerful advertising and merchandising cam paign. Demand is growing... and Ethyl prestige is soaring. The Ethyl name, so familiar to car owners, is winning new recognition in the home! 'H R S' A new product of ETHYL CORPORATION DISTRIBUTED BY ETHYL SPECIALTIES CORPORATION ETC 23816  A icbool but has just stopped in front of you to discharge passengers. Which would you do? A Slow down and pan to left. c Stop an^ wail until bus proceeds B Stop, sound horn and then pan. before starting up again. Is he as good a driver as he thinks he is? Do you know somebody who thinks he's the world's best driver? Here's how to take him down a peg. Try this quiz on him. If he's as good as he says he is, be ought to get four out of the five answers right. M The owner of this car has parked it for a moment while he does a bit of shopping. Can you see at least three things he's done (or left undone) that might get him into trouble? Here are three of the standardized UJS. ** road signs. You might be too far away to read them, but their shapes tell the mean ing. One says "Stop!", one says "Slow down!" and one says, "Railroad Cross ing!" Which is which? ^ means? O meanst Q means? M At forty miles per hour, what is the absolute minimum stopping distance for a car after the brakes are applied. IB feet SB feet n 25 feet 7B feet Answers: I' (Q If you're a careful, good driver, you'll atop and wait until the bus proceed* before starting up again. In fact, to pass a standing bus while children are getting off is illegal in many states. 2, (1) He's left the engine running--an invitation to motor thieves. (2) The car is parked on a hill and the front wheels are not turned in to the curb--an invitation to trouble if the car started to roll. (2) Parking in front of a hydrant invites a ticket. 9. O means*'Slow.t" O O "sans "Stopr 4' Under ideal conditions it takes 55 feet to stop a car traveling 40 miles per hour. Under average conditions it would take 97 feet. Neither distance includes the time it takes to get your foot on the brake. 5, (C) is right. The surest way to get top-quality gasoline is to look for the Ethyl emblem on the pump. Experienced driven know that there's nothing like high-quality gasoline to bring out the beet per formance of a car --give you the effortless response that makes for smoother, safer car operation. That's why so many of ^ always ask for ETHYL. Cooperate with the Police Safety Check yCHICK YOU* DRIVING ^CHiCK you* car . . CHICK accidintsi C When you stop for gasoline, the way to get the best is to-- A Ask for "high-test" gas i Look at the prices on the pumps. C Ask for ETHYL. Rill . "Professional Driving"-- a 72-page book packed with facte that will make your driving safer, easier and more economical. Written by expert drivers. Here are some of the chapter headings: "Parking M ade Simple," "How to Handle a Blow out," "If You Drive by Night," "How to Stay Awake." Offered FREE to car owners by ETHYL. Ethyl Corporation Chrysler Building New York 17, N. Y. | | Please send me a free copy of "Profes- | aional Driving." Nome. (puabI sniirr, I I ETC 238J IN THE sm/i/sMs IULY-AUGUST 1946 Addressing the recent summer meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers in French Lick Springs, Ind., Earl Bartholomew, General Manager of Ethyl Research Labora tories, made some predictions of the improvement in fuel economy that will be seen, as automotive engines are designed to take advantage of improved postwar motor fuels. On the basis of exhaustive studies and tests conducted at Ethyl's Detroit laboratories, Mr. Bartholomew predicted a 20% increase in gasoline mileage by 1950. The increase can be realized in automobile engines, he said, through the use of super charging and higher compres sion ratios, and combinations of the two methods. Gasolines having road octane numbers of 90 to 95 will be in common use by that time, he added. The predictions of gains in automotive performance are based on extensive tests, in cluding investigations con ducted on an experimental passenger car engine of me dium size which was rede signed in Ethyl's laboratories. Intended to capitalize fully on the possibilities of postwar motor fuels, the engine showed mileage increases ranging from 18 % at 65 mph up to 25 % at 20 mph. On this basis, a passenger car of 1950, having an engine in corporating such design im provements, will give 25 miles to a gallon of gasoline at 30 mph, it was predicted. It is planned to publish the full text of Mr. Bartholomew's paper in booklet form within the near future. When ready,' the booklet will be distributed to readers of Ethyl News. j i. j r t \ f j i \ 1 INTERCITY BUS INDUSTRY PLANS POSTWAR OPERATIONS 3 Fresh from a war job well done, the bus operators are planning faster, better service for the travelling public and the addition of new and improved equipment. PIPE DREAMS 7 The problem of disposing of the Big Inch and Little Inch pipelines has brought forth some ingenious as well as ingenuous Ideas. OPERATION FALL GUY 10 Initiation of public figures into the Circus Saints and Sinners is an honor heralded by a good-humored barrage of brickbats. BAIT FOR BOOKWORMS 14 More people are buying -- and reeding -- books than ever before, due to the phenomenal success of the Book Clubs and the /ow-cost, pocket-size reprints. RESEARCH IN FUELS 18 This picture story shows one phase of the research activities car ried on at Ethyl's central research laboratories in Detroit. WHERE CREDIT IS DUE 20 Paced by the return of civilian goods to the store counter, con sumer credit is enjoying a vigorous postwar boom. .- In order to widen the fields of reader interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely Interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid,, used by oil companies to im prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earle W. Webb, president; Percy L Griffiths, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Genialex, secretary ETC 23819 mm bus inuusTfiy PLflns posiuiflu oPffiflTions By Arthur M. Hill President, National Association of Motor But Operators* The bus lines will offer improved service to the public by means of new equipment and more efficient operation aced with innumerable prob signs in buses on the road, operators Flems, including the replacement of intercity buses face a serious ob of worn-out equipment, the need ofstacle to certain improvements be Among other innovations planned in addition to new buses and ter minals is two-way radio communi adequate terminal and garage facili cause of restrictions imposed by cation between buses and between ties, and the rising costs of labor, many states. For example, a 40-foot drivers and dispatchers. Several ex motor bus operators of America are bus could include many features not perimental installations are now looking ahead to new and greater possible under the present 3 5-foot being tested in actual service, and a responsibilities in travel services in restriction. The same is true of nationwide communication system the future. width. A limit of 102 inches is is contemplated. The first postwar job of the motor needed in place of the 96-inch limi Two-way radio communication bus industry is to make its service as tation now imposed in all but one is bound to increase efficiency and attractive and efficient as possible to state. One of the postwar jobs, then, quality of service. Advance infor meet the competition from other is to explore the possibility of mod mation on incoming passenger dis forms of transportation. ifying some of these restrictions, tribution will insure prompt con To give the type of service that it which play such a large part in de nections to other points and make wants to offer, some 6,000 new termining the design of a new coach it possible to provide additional sec coaches are needed at an estimated model -- an engineering program tions in case of overloads. Depart cost of $108 million. Another $10 that costs about a million dollars. ing buses can be held when the million must be spent on rehabilitat ing present equipment. Additional expenditures of about $42 million Fully air-conditioned, this new ACF-Brill model is equipped with two-way radio communication are needed to provide adequate ter minal and garage facilities and to un dertake repairs which were halted during the war bv the lack of labor and materials. For smoother rides, the new buses will have improved spring suspen sion. More effective air-condition ing and better seat design will also add to passenger comfort, while the power units will be quieter, more efficient, and longer-lived. But in their plans to put new de *Also Chairman, Executive Committee, Greyhound Corporotion 3 delay time is known, thus avoiding missed connections for passengers. It will be possible to route buses around highway obstacles such as washouts or other hazardous road conditions. Aid can be sent quickly in case of breakdow n or accident. Concurrently with its plans to build for the future and to replace equipment worn out during its war time service to the military and the public, the motor bus industry faces a knotty problem in revenue levels in the postwar period. The bus operators recognize that the end of the war brought the pros pect of a decline in traffic revenues because of increased competition from other forms of transportation, notably the private automobile. Even if the Interstate Commerce Commission is correct in its predic tion that intercity bus travel in the second postwar year may be from 1.5 to 14.5 per cent above the level of 1941, the estimated gross amount of travel would represent an appre ciable drop from the abnormal vol ume of travel during the war. On the other hand, literally thou sands of communities scattered along the more than 200,000 miles of highway served by intercity buses are dependent upon them for their only means of public passen ger transportation. The industry must continue to serve these cities, towns and rural areas, and it hopes to do it more effectively than was possible under war conditions. How best to plan its operations for the future is an immediate prob lem for the industry. If it is to serve the many communities and rural areas dependent upon bus service, and if essential transportation is to be furnished at low rates, it is im possible to continue operations over long periods unless the vehicles have an average of at least 60%. of their seats occupied for the entire run. 4 This new Aerocoach model will have a 200 hp. engine and will be equipped with new type springing Dual engines of 360 hp. will power this new Twin Coach bus. Use of aluminum will keep down the weight of the coach A glimpse of the future in highway transportation is given by this model of a Greyhound Compartment Super Coach ETC 23821 ?- *1 W I The shifts of population and in dustries, together with the develop ment of new communities and the decline of others, make the predic tion of passenger traffic difficult. Furthermore, the coaches to be used represent a large investment and have a useful life of between five and ten years. If a given route or run shows a sudden drop in traf fic, it is seldom possible to make a quick change from a 37- to a 27-pas senger bus in order to reduce oper ating costs. The equipment is too costly to permit the maintenance of large numbers of coaches in reserve for such changes. In similar fash ion, larger buses cannot always be substituted for small ones when traf fic increases. Because it performs an essential public service, the intercity bus in dustry, along with the railroads, the telephone service and others, is sub ject to rigid Governmental regula tion. The intricacies of price control are, of course, an old story to the industry. To provide an essential service and earn a reasonable return on its investment, the industry must plan for the future with its many imponderables. If its predictions are accurate, these objectives will be attained; if they err appreciably, there is no remedy except through the time-consuming process of Gov ernmental consideration of rate changes--during which time sub stantial losses may be incurred. In most instances, the marked in creases in costs cannot be expected to disappear. The upward trend of wage rates throughout the nation's industries generally is certain to be reflected in the prices which the bus industry must pay for muchneeded new equipment and facilities. The industry's own direct labor costs have increased sharply -- more than 53% since 1939. As in the case of most service industries, labor J. COARD TAYLOR 1901-1946 t is with deep sorrow that we record I the death on June 25, 1946 of J. Coard Taylor, who was associated with Ethyl Corporation for the last 20 years and served as vice president in charge of sales since 1937. Mr. Taylor was a beloved and respected member of Ethyl's management staff, who helped to guide the destinies of the Cor poration almost since its inception. He was well known, too, throughout the oil industry at large, and counted many oil men among his wide circle of friends and acquaintances. Mr. Taylor's entire business career was spent in the oil industry. Fol lowing his graduation from Princeton University in 1923, he entered the training school of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey at its Bay way, N. J. refinery, and thereafter entered the employ of the Humble Oil & Refining Company at Corsicana, Texas, where he engaged in field and production work for the company. In 1924, he joined the sales department of Imperial Oil, Ltd., making his headquarters in Toronto, and a year later transferred to Imperial's refinery department in Montreal, where he was engaged chiefly in refinery experimental and research problems. It was during his association with Imperial Oil that Mr. Taylor first came into contact with Ethyl, having been assigned to inquire into the sale of Ethyl gasoline, which at that time had been on the market for only a rela tively short time. As a result of this contact, Mr. Taylor joined the Ethyl organization as its Canadian representative, with headquarters in Toronto. In 1928, he was named Assistant Sales Manager of Ethyl, with head quarters in the executive offices in New York, which position he held until his appointment as General Sales Manager in 1932. In 1937, Mr. Taylor was promoted to be vice president in charge of sales, a position he held until his death. A native of Cranford, N. J., Mr. Taylor was bom on January 1, 1901, the son of Mr. and Mrs. George F. Taylor. He attended Kent School, and was graduated with a B. A. degree from Princeton University in 1923. While in college, he was active in sports, serving on the varsity track team for three years. He was intercollegiate and national champion in the 220-yard low hurdles in 1922 and set the standing Princeton record for this event. Selected to represent the United States in the 1924 Olympics in Paris, he competed in the 400-meter dash but broke his Achilles tendon during the race, ending his athletic career. Mr. Taylor is survived by his wife, Harriette Smith Taylor; his sons, Robert S., 20; George Richard, 14; and Peter Van Voorhees Taylor, 11; his mother, Mrs. George F. Taylor, of Montclair. N. J., and two sisters, Mrs. Ralph M. Watson and Mrs. George Frederick Tinker. He was a member of the Cloud, Canadian, Metropolitan and Princeton clubs of New York, the Cannon Club of Princeton University, the Greenwich Country, Indian Harbor and Beach clubs of Greenwich, Conn., and the University Club of Toronto. In Coard Taylor, Ethyl has lost a man who contributed greatly to the acceptance and success of Ethyl gasoline. We extend our deepest sympathy to his family. He will be greatly missed by his friends and associates. costs are a matter of vital concern to bus companies, since some 40% of total operating expenses goes to pay the wage bill. This high percentage is in contrast to many manufactur ing industries where direct labor costs are a smaller proportion of the total, compared to the cost of ma terial. In addition, most manufac turing industries can look forward 5 ETC 23822 to an increase in the productivity of labor and to reductions in premium overtime pav as the workweek is shortened. This is impracticable in motor bus operation. The reconversion problems now facing the motor bus industry came with sudden impact because the urgency of the war job performed by the industry made it impossible to plan on how to overcome the ob stacles now facing it. As much as any other industry engaged in pub lic service, the motor buses did their full share in the war effort and to their everlasting credit. The strenuous war job of the in dustry began on Pearl Harbor day. On the same afternoon, fleets of buses began rushing troops to gun emplacements along the Pacific Coast. Throughout the war, thou sands of military personnel and in ductees were moved by this highly flexible transportation system. Mile upon mile of new route was estab lished to carry members of the armed forces on official business or on leave between military establish ments and the cities and towns. At the same time the regular serv ice of the industry was doing its Two-way radio communication between buses and between drivers and dispatchers will increase the efficiency and quality of bus service utmost to relieve the tremendous congestion caused by greatly aug mented travel, overburdened rail and plane facilities, and the lack of gasoline and tires for private auto mobiles. During the war years, from 1942 to 1945, the intercity bus in dustry carried more than 31/2 billion passengers on its regular routes alone. All told, the industry's coaches operated some $l/2 billion miles during the same period. This record is all the more impressive considering the drastic handicaps under which this war job had to be done. For all practical purposes new equipment was not to be had. One out of every five coaches still in service at the end of 1945 was living on borrowed time. Long overdue for retirement in many cases, some of them even put back into service after retirement, these coaches were kept on the road only by the in genuity and resourcefulness of the industry's repair crews. When standard replacement parts could not be had, and this was often the case, new parts were made bv the industry's own mechanics, or the old ones rebuilt. Since many of the industry's workers, particularly drivers, were young, the draft resulted in serious manpower shortages which had to be overcome by shortening and intensifying training periods, the employment of older men, and the recruiting of women. More rigorous Governmental controls, notably speed restrictions, also added to the list of wartime problems. The 35-mile speed limit drastically decreased the amount of work each bus and driver could do and thus put a further strain upon the industry's limited facilities. But despite all these difficulties, the job was done, and the experience gained in overcoming them is one of the industry's greatest assets as it faces the future. Notwithstanding the enormity of the problems that must be solved, the intercity bus industry may look forward to making an outstanding contribution to postwar America. The flexibility of its service is in dispensable to the hundreds of com munities in which the bus is the only means of public transportation. It can provide these communities with a service more frequent than is feasi ble in the case of heavy rail equip ment. It can pick up its passengers at the corner drug store or the coun try crossroads, thus saving the trip to a central depot or terminal. It can furnish a cross-country touring service to those who might be un able otherwise to enjoy the advan tages of extended travel because of the higher cost of other means of transportation. For others it can pro vide a comfortable and carefree trip of 5 to 5,000 miles, with leisure for any degree of sightseeing and side excursions. The industry's 2.600 intercity bus companies and their 70,000 employ ees are geared to do this postwar job with the same effectiveness that made its war record outstanding. By Mildred Diefenderfer Ingenious and even fantastic are some of the suggestions for peacetime use of the Big Inch and Little Inch pipelines arbage cans ... heavy tanks... Gthousand-mile pipelines ... If you have an idea for peacetime uses of these items--and you haven't told the Government--you're a rare in dividual indeed. Take a well-intentioned citizen, add a stroke of imagination and an impulse for letter-writing, and you'll achieve the blend of personality that contributes ideas for disposal of war surplus material. Some of the suggestions pouring into the War Assets Administration are truly ingenious--like the scheme for convening left-over snow-shoes into coffee tables. Many, however, are in the tradition of Rube Gold berg, and these contribute little toward the disposal agency's mam moth task of getting rid of from $20 billion to $40 billion worth of war materials with a maximum return to the federal coffers. Idea-generating citizens from coast to coast have written War Assets officials with plans to convert synthetic rubber plants into bubble gum factories; to ease the housing shortage by building four-room houseboats on pontoons; and to make a little extra something for the Treasury Department by erecting bleachers and selling seats from w-hich eager spectators might watch demolition experts blow up explo sive-jammed equipment at surplus ordnance plants. But of the millions of war surplus items which the War Assets Admin- Editor's Note: The War Assets Ad ministration, as the disposal agency for surplus ruiar material, has been studying a number of offers from private industry for the Big Inch and Little Big Inch pipelines. Along with these serious offers it has had dumped upon it many gratuitous suggestions from private citizens. Coming from the inveterate letter writing public, some of these "bright ideas" are truly ingenious; others would do credit to Rube Goldberg. What these letter-writers would have the Government do with the pipelines is the subject of this article. They provide an amusing sidelight on the more sober problem of war surplus disposal. +++ istration has on its hands none has stimulated the writing public as much as the 3,yoo-mile pipeline sys tem which carried more than 400 million barrels of oil from Texas to the New York Citv and Philadelphia areas during the war years. While Washington policymakers fret over wravs and means of putting the 1,340-mile "Big Inch" line and the 1,475-mile "Little Big Inch" line to their "maximum" use for the good of the nation, their grass-roots col laborators keep coming up with their own refreshing suggestions. There's the fellow- from the prairie country who loves the sea side. He'd take the pipelines off the Government's hands and use them to bring the Atlantic Ocean inland. To do this, he'd have the "Big 7 ETC 23824 Inch" suck in salt water along the New Jersey coast and channel it through a chain of sea-water pools girdling the Middle West, and the stimulating tang of the seashore would be provided by using the "Little Inch" line to pipe in salt air. The coal strike led to schemes for putting the $161 million oil lines to use in combatting John L. Lewis. "There's plenty' of hot air on the plains of Texas," one correspondent informed the War Assets Adminis tration. "Why not pump it through to heat the East?" Others thought of a simple solu tion to the coal crisis--just jam natu ral gas into the oil-carrying pipes in Texas and relay it to the manufac tured gas plants of the New Eng land area to avert shut-downs. Then there's the citrus fruit fiend who would use these steel arteries to pump grapefruit juice through from Texas to New York. Or take the plan to lighten Postmaster General Rob ert Hannegan's burdens by convert ing the pipelines into pneumatic mail chutes for rapid "underland" trans mission of both letters and pack ages to their destination. An advocate of thermal baths came up with a proposal to transport mineral waters with curative powers to the metropolitan areas of the East. Outstanding among the admit One Way to Ease the Housing Shortage tedly tongue-in-cheek suggestions is the scheme for running Texas jackrabbits through on the hoof for con sumption in the East. The reasoning behind this is that anything moved far enough becomes a delicacy! Multiple Problems War Assets disposal authorities-- who have considered the jackrabbit plan only in their lighter moments-- ran up against disturbing problems like these: What feeding arrange ments would have to be made? What incentive could be offered to keep the rabbits running? Who could estimate how many more rabbits would emerge in Linden, New Jer sey, than were introduced into the tubes at Longview, Texas? (In an swer to the first question, a counsel for Big Inch Gas, Inc., a serious con tender for the pipelines, ventured the straight-faced opinion that the rabbits could probably' "live on love" during their trip East.) Not to be outdone by their help ful correspondents, the War Assets experts working on the pipeline dis posal problem have come up with a fantastic scheme to top all others and, they hope, to put an end to facetious speculations. They would pour carbonated water into the pipes in Texas, add Bourbon in Kentucky, route the concoction through Pennsylvania's "ice mines" and arrange termini in the nightclubs of New York City. The pipelines have stimulated the 8 ETC 23825 American imagination, but no sur plus program has disturbed the pub lic more than the disposal of the 17,000 homing pigeons of which War Assets officials hope they have seen the last. When 20,000 pigeons were first offered for sale more than a year ago, pigeon fanciers were cool to the proposition because the Army hadn't kept individual pedigrees of the birds. About 3,000 were sold at an average return of $2 a pair, and the remainder kept running up board bills at the rate of $4.92 each a vear -- and having a solitary time of it while awaiting their demobiliza tion at Camp Crowder, Mo. Since these pigeon veterans were eating up more than they were worth, WAA decided on a give away program and announced that unless the birds were spoken for within a 30-day period, they would be done away with. Among the 14,000 letters received in Washington were requests for a total of 300.000 pigeons and all man ner of indignant retorts from bird lovers all over the nation. Stenographers are still staying overtime to answer letters from thousands of children -- many of whom extol the type of homes they would be able to offer the feathered veterans, together with their firm promise that any birds allotted to them would not end up in a pigeon pie. Hard on the heels of these let ters are hundreds more--from the children's parents telling the pigeon dispensers not to heed their off spring's requests since "Junior has too many pets already." But the pigeon file isn't closed yet. In the basement of the over crowded Railroad Retirement Build ing in Washington, where War Assets' national headquarters are located, there is a stack of 60 crates, forwarded by hopeful souls who ex pected to see them returned with a cargo of pigeons. And the pigeon experts--who advised War Assets to require all 4-H Clubs and other claimants to agree to four nestings before the birds are given freedom of the air--keep a fearful eye on the Pentagon Building. For they're convinced that only the sobering effects of family life will keep the feathered GIs from winging back to the Pentagon and other Army centers when they're released once more. And thousands of pigeons converging on even the largest of buildings is bound to pre sent more problems. Constructive Ideas, Too In addition to whimsies and com plaints, the WAA receives many constructive suggestions. A manu facturer with an idea for develop ing a new product frequently writes in to find out what kind of surplus is available. Or, say, a designer, hear ing of certain excesses, submits his plans as a step toward making a pur chase of an available item. This type of correspondence has led to the sale of hundreds of drabcolored life belts to a converter who attached to each a horse's head and tail and then merchandised them through photographs featuring a pretty girl in a bathing suit frolick ing about in the pool of a luxury hotel. These belts are now in use as beach equipment at a number of resorts. Camouflage wire -- which is brightly painted chicken netting -- has been worked up into chic hat dummies for window displays through the use of pliers and exotic lips and lashes, fashioned from a variety of scrap materials. Enterprising developers of new products have used helmets in a va riety of household articles ranging from wall brackets for electric lights to smoking stands large enough to serve as cocktail tables. A manufac turer of men's garters has discovered that the harness on gas masks is made of the same basic material as his product, and thus is at work on re converting surplus harnesses. If your imagination has by now been stimulated into concern over the pile of war surpluses, here's one to go to work on. The Government has in its warehouses thousands of jars of black cold cream, prepared for use by the commandos. To date, the best brains in Washington hav en't figured out what's to be done with them. Maybe some blackface comedian could put them to use. I ETC 23826 ' r l _ It's a three-ring circus--and then some -- when the Circus Saints V and Sinners initiate headliners into their unusual organization \> J III II tftAP M/ua t.r\ il p4l Jc> jfL The lampooning of Harold L. Iekes (second from left, behind fence) was conducted amid a backdrop of "Curmudgeon Oil Corp." gushers Fred Waring made his grand entrance in a. circus band wagon. The "Saints" have outgrown five New York City meeting places y ny similarity between a small- A scale riot and a meeting of the Circus Saints and Sinners Associa tion is not unintentional or a mere coincidence. It's planned that way! For almost two hours at each of their 10 monthly gatherings throughout the year, the Saints and Sinners (1,000 strong) turn the Grand Ballroom of New York's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel into a Grand Brawlroom -- with your favorite entertainer, politician, author, mili tary hero or sports personality7 on the. receiving end. He is the "Fall Guv," paying the price of fame. Anything goes during the hilari ous initiation ceremony, to which 140 headliners from all walks of life have been subjected during the or ganization's 14 years of existence. Governor Raymond Baldwin of Connecticut, for instance, ended up by losing his trousers, while Ad miral C. H. Woodward was "put to sea" on dry land in an old-fashioned wooden washing tub. Although it is one of the country's best known fun-making groups, the Saints and Sinners Association also accomplishes a serious mission. It spends thousands of dollars annually to care for friendless circus veterans, it contributes $500 each month to a leading charin', and each year it treats hundreds of children to the circus at Madison Square Garden. 10 ETC 23827 John Kieran, who knows all the an swers, was put in a cage apart from other mere mortals. Alfred G. Vanderbilt followed Kieran as "guest of honor" This was the setting as Jack Dempsey took the count a second time as "Fall Guy." Saints and Sinners was organized primarily to render financial assistance to aged and homeless circus performers, but also aids many leading charities and sponsors an annual kiddies' circus party Crusading Columnist West brook Pegler reposes in a "prisoner's box" below a portrait of labor chief John L. Lewis. Jimmy Walker, club proxy, is the "Judge" Former New York Yankees' manager Joe McCarthy was labeled "The Giant Killer." Babe Ruth, Lou Little end "Happy" Chandler also are members of the "Saints" Both ventriloquist Edgar Bergen and his famous dummy, Charlie McCarthy, were initiation "victims." They followed Jim Farley on the list of "Fell Guys" Em.reror Hirohito's pet mount, iahey gat around to riding a i tie Waldorf-Astoria ballroom, r F D. Benhem leads the way BfilT Bcciiicimi By William A. McGarry ^jy Book dubs and the low-cost, handy reprints have changed America into a nation of readers and caused book sales to skyrocket to dizzy heights nce upon a time, Americans But they were all agreed on one O used to be called uncultured thing --it couldn't last. People in because they didn't read as manthyis country simply wouldn't read able about the publishing industry than any other nationwide business enterprise. The WPB obtained the books as did the Europeans. But now books, was the general feeling. first inkling of how many books ac that charge is no longer true. Ameri Along came 1944, and books were tually were being sold in this coun cans have taken to reading and buy selling even faster. And so in 1945. try when it got the Census Bureau ing books so avidly that one puzzled At the moment there is a slight let to make a sample survey for 1942 publishing executive remarked, down in demand, but not nearly and 1943. The survey revealed that "They must be eating them." enough to enable production to 1,149 publishers, representing 92% The publishers, the booksellers, catch up with consumption. It has of the industry, sold 424,096,000 the critics and the authors thought given the publishers a breathing copies in the first of those two years it was only war demand when a spell in which to analyze what hap and 510,819,000 in the second. new, amazing all-time high in book pened to transform what was for Statistics are not available since sales was registered in 1943. Most merly a hazardous hit-or-miss busi then. But the best informed opinion of them didn't know what the total ness into a bonanza. is that book sales crossed the 600 was; many didn't even know that Books by American publishers on million mark last year, which is a new high had been reached. All how to do anything from running equal to about four books for every thev were certain of was that books a peanut stand to a steel mill ad man, woman and child in the coun were selling, literally, faster than mittedly are the best in the world. try. No other nation has ever come thev could be hauled off the presses. But there is less information avail within shooting distance of that Volumes are packaged securely for mailing to members of record-breaking mark. book dubs. One group sends out some 75,000 books daily What sent the book business into I high gear, however, was not the tra ditional outlet for books: the neigh borhood book shop. There are still only about 5,000 retail book stores in this country. Most of them are still "bookish." They are, for the most part, austere, reserved, intel lectual and almost esoteric. Obvi ously they are not set up for the physical task of shoving across the counters the half a billion books which people today are buying. The answer, thus, is the book clubs, the first of which, the "Book- of-the-Month Club," was founded 14 ETc 23831 Book*of-the-Month Club judges pick the volume to be lenf their million-plus members. Harry Seherman, extreme right, founded the Club 20 years ago Modern printing presses are working overtime to meet the huge demand for books 4* by Harry Seherman in February, 1926. It is difficult to sav how many clubs there are because they are con tinually increasing. Established en terprises in the approximate order of their age are the Literary Guild, controlled by Doubleday and Co., and its two associates, the Book League of America and the Double day Dollar Book Club; the Peo ples Book Club, o\vned by Sears, Roebuck and the Cuneo Press and managed by Simon and Schuster; the Classics Club and the Detective Book Club, headed by Walter J. Black; the Book Find Club; the Labor Book Club -- sponsored by the United Automobile Workers; and the Limited Editions Club. It costs $10 a month to join the Limited Editions Club. There are now 1,500 members --and a long waiting list. Membership is free in most of the others, the subscriber merely agreeing to purchase so many books a year. In many in stances he can return the book if he Book-of-the-Month held its mem 600,000 copies of Thomas B. Cos doesn't like it, and cancel his sub bership to 600,000 during the war. tain's historical novel. The Black scription when he pleases. It took the lid off last year and is Rose. A few months later it The latest club, now being or now over a million members strong. notched its sights again higher and ganized by Martha Huddleston of Literary' Guild and its associates tossed off 775,000 copies of the first Pocket Books, is the first to apply were the first to cross that line. They edition of Daphne du Maurier's the idea to the pocket-size, 25-cent mail out some 75,000 books a day. The King's General. reprint field. It is the Teen Age There are nearly four million book All of this was done by the appli Club, aimed at students in High and club members in the country now, cation of smart mail order merchan- Junior High Schools, and one ex and all concerned are confident pert's guess is that when it gets going there will be five million by the end it will distribute a little matter of a of the year. Literary Guild broke million books a month. all records by a first print order of dising and advertising techniques. The book publishers have put out thousands of books on merchandis ing, but never thought before of ap plying it to their own product. The point is, however, that all of those sales have served only to emphasize the fact that the saturation mark is not yet even in sight. In the six months after its Guild distribution, for example, The Black Rose sold 700,000 copies, largely through the retail book stores. It is still well up on the best-seller lists. The phenomenal success of the book clubs has not been without some criticism. Some literary people have charged that it is unwise for a small number of groups, in a very real sense, to mould the reading tastes of the public. They feel that it is intellectually, politically and soci ally unsound for them, no matter how ethical, to select what the pub lic should read. The book clubs, in turn, have sev eral answers to these charges. One is that they constantly conduct im partial surveys among their readers, asking them what kinds of books they want to read. Their most im portant answer is that, largely through their efforts, the sale of all new books, even the poor ones, is increasing to new records. Indeed, book sales have been soar ing to such high marks that, a short time ago, the book publishers de cided it was high time they found out what, precisely, was their poten tial market. Many of them had been going along in the belief that a cer tain Columbia professor was sub stantially correct when he said the business of books was supported in this country by a mere 200,000 peo ple. At any rate, the publishers set up the American Book Publishers' Council under the direction of Harry F. West, formerly a Lippincott editor who also knows market- ing surveys and merchandising through long experience. The Council has gathered a tre mendous amount of information which is still in the prpcess of analysis. It is seeking a lot more. About the only conclusion Mr. West has reached is that this sudden avid ity for books does not represent a "new" market in the sense that motor cars and radio were new in their time. It has been there all the time, he says. Astronomical increases in periodical sales ever since the turn of the century prove that the habit of reading has been rising in this country hand in glove with educa tion and the general rise in literacy. Book club records show this was under way long before the war. Ex cept for what has been happening in the pocket-size reprint field, it might be argued that even more standard books could have been sold if so many men hadn't gone to the wars. Book publishers refuse to think of these pocket-sizers as books, since 70% of them are sold like magazines and through periodical and news distribution channels. Yet there is no question but that, while the two-bit reprints are not in com petition with standard books, the tail is beginning to wag the dog more and more. People who never even thought of buying a real book before are now buying -- and read ing -- the reprints. It is estimated that the total sale of reprints this year will reach 110 million. During the war the Coun cil on Books in Wartime sent 105 million copies of 934 titles to service men; these were the Armed Services editions. Thus, the by-product is now a big business in itself. Bantam Books is owned jointly by Curtis Publishing Company and Grosser & Dunlap, and is controlled by Random House, Scribner, Lit tle Brown, Harper and the Book-ofthe-Month Club. Pocket Books were first put on the market by Robert F. de Graff of Garden City Publishing in 1940, and Marshall Field now has a stake. Penguin, Dell and Avon -- the three others of the big five pro ducing 25-cent reprints --all have hookups with periodicals, standard book publishers and distribution agencies. It is estimated that these books are now on sale at no less than 90,000 stores or stands set up initially to The highly-popular pocket-size books, such os this customer is inspecting at a newsstand, usually sell far only 25 cents 16 ETC 23833 0 distribute cigars, cigarettes, chewing gum, candv, razor blades and any other small item in universal demand with a rapid rate of turnover. If con verts to books are being made any place, it is here. Some of the buyers throw their volume away after read ing it. But when a buyer becomes addicted to a certain writer of de tective fiction -- and has read all the reprints -- he is a made-to-order cus tomer for the next full-size volume by the same writer. At the outset of the war the major bottleneck in book and reprint publishing was the paper shortage. Now there is another -- machinery to print and bind the books -- and even the first shortage has not been ended. By the time both are broken, the publishers hope to be ready with merchandising plans for their booksellers compara ble to those being applied to the re prints. Booksellers at first were in clined to criticize the clubs, but since the sale of all books has in creased, few sellers are doing so now. Some retailers have even wanted the publishers to give them a one- to three-month head start on the book clubs. They had to be shown that it was a club's selection that made the best-seller, proving that business begets business. It goes without saying also that since the book club buys an edition outright, paying anywhere from $30,000 up, it takes precedence over retail customers who order a few copies at a time until the book be gins to move. As for the critics, the author who gets a book club order for 100,000 copies and up is in a po sition to vawn when the highbrows sav his book is poorly written, shows no promise and is generally no good. So, for that matter, is his publisher. Plans for the application of mod em merchandising ideas to books have been proposed without num v, tWj-t*,*4 "Another Beif Se/fer?' SIVIC ber during the past quarter of a cen tury. It is at least that long since Nelson Doubleday suggested a fund of a million dollars or more, to be contributed pro rata by all publish ers, for a national "read a book a week" advertising campaign. The new Book Council hasn't come to that yet, but many of the things it is planning are in line with Mr. Doubleday's suggestions. Sale of reprints through news agencies and chain drug stores is new. But another method that was killed off by the war flooded the country with 2j-cent books from the outset of the depression until the paper shortage developed. It was operated by the National Home Li brary Foundation at Washington, D. C., and functioned through 27 educational and parents' groups. The Foundation put out original books on economics and other top ics of current interest as well as re prints of the classics, with initial printings of 100,000 copies. Today Pocket Book and Bantam imprints run to 300,000 copies, which are usually sold out within four months. Book club choices ore sent to about four million mem bers every month. Enrollment in most clubs is free, and subscribers may drop out any time 1 It % |C v ftfl B ieiH -n 17 ETC 23834 m trl K`1 RESEARCH Scenes of Our Detroit Labs lliustrc For experimental pur poses, as well as for tests of fuel quality, gasoline samples are divided into their com ponents of different volatility, in fraction ating columns like this W hen an automotive enginee'r or petroleum technologist sur veys the future -- and forecasts defi nite gains in automotive efficiency -- such predictions are not simply mathematical extrapolations of past trends. They are the result of painstaking research and investiga tion, of analyses involving the appli cation of basic thermodynamic principles, and of countless experi ments and tests on fuels and engines. A case in point is the recent paper delivered by Earl Bartholomew, General Manager of Ethyl Research Laboratories, before the Society of Automotive Engineers, wherein he predicted a gain of 20% in gasoline mileage within the next few vears. A few highlights of his address are reported in the story on the second cover of this issue. Mr. Bartholomew's paper covers a field of investigation of major im portance in fuel and engine re search: maximum realization of the potentialities of high antiknock fuels. More specifically, the paper report's on investigations of four types of base stocks which refiners might use in varying proportions for the production of future motor gasolines. These investigations were based on the recognition that the Experimental fuels of differ ent types are studied in spe cial research engines to deter mine their potentialities over a range of compression ratios, supercharge pressures, and en gine speeds. The test engine can be operated at closely con trolled speeds up to 3000 rpm 18 ETC 23835 IN FUELS >trate! 0 Phase of Ethyl's Research Endeavors new motor fuels becoming available in the present era not only w'ill be of higher laboratory octane number than previously, but also may differ from one another substantially in j chemical composition, thereby re- ^^ quiring extensive studv to achieve j fullest benefit of their road anti knock quality. Exploring the potentialities in the utilization of postwar motor fuels, the paper discusses the possibilities for increased automotive power and higher fuel economy by means of supercharging and higher compres sion ratios. Work on special labora tory engines and on dynamometer and road tests of experimental auto mobile engines is reported. Further, the paper includes a forecast of the trend in the average octane number of motor fuels, and it presents some problems in engine design which will be encountered in realizing the potentialities of postwar fuels. The work discussed in Mr. Bar tholomew's paper is all part of the continuing research work at the Ethyl laboratories in the broad fields of fuels, engines and lubricants. The pictures on these pages show' some aspects of the equipment in opera tion at the Detroit Laboratories in research on fuels. The picture at the right show* a singlecylinder test engine used to determine the antiknock value of gasoline by a laboratory method. Above is another knock-test engine equipped with a spe cial manifold intended to simulate the effects of incomplete vaporization and distribution in a multi-cylinder engine 19 ETC 23836 ! Sparked by a return of normal times and peacetime goods, consumer credit is again coming into its own t's no surprise that, since war's After a four-year recess in credit I end, the consuming public has sales due to government restrictions, been on a buying spree, as civilian shortage of merchandise and war merchandise has returned to the time prosperity, consumer credit store counters. What is surprising seems destined to gain greater is that, despite their immense liquid popularity than ever. Regulation savings, more and more people are W, which increased the amount of buying goods -- on credit. Since last deposit and decreased the length of September the volume of credit or time to pay off credit sales, has not installment sales of consumer goods yet been removed. But the pool of has risen steadily. The trend of busi purchasers has been swelled by the ness so far in 1946 indicates that this returning millions of servicemen and year will see over ten billion dollars women, and many of them are nurs worth of radios, furniture and auto ing their savings. Long-absent items mobiles sold on time. of merchandise -- and many new A. B. Buckeridge, general man ones -- now appearing on the market ager of the Credit Bureau of Greater in rising numbers are swelling the New York, largest in the country, sea of purchases and with it the wave states that during the month of April of credit sales. his agency alone processed 3500 in This is not at all surprising to the quiries daily, 50% to 70% more credit agencies. Credit people say than during the same month last that as the river of civilian goods year. Trade clearances, the common starts flowing, the bridge of pur type of credit inquiry, ran 100% to chasing will span it only with the 200% higher. The trend is the same hefty keystone of credit to support throughout the 1400-odd members it. They discount the argument that of the Associated Credit Bureaus of the huge personal cash reserves of America, and the hundreds of inde Mr. and Mrs. John Citizen mean in pendent organizations which supply definite cash-buving sprees. The credit information to retailers, traditional American attitude, they wholesalers and lending agencies. sav, is "Sure, I've got the money, but why spend it all when I can get things on credit." Judging from the intensive cam paign going on right now to woo more and more millions of buyers into the credit habit, storekeepers and lending agencies are only too glad to risk their money on you. The reason is the evidence of dec ades of credit experience. Mr. and Mrs. America's credit is 99.6% per fect -- among those granted credit, that is. During the war, even that careless or delinquent 4/ioths of 1 % of the people by and large tried to clean their slates. The percentage of losses on credit sales dropped to i/ioth and i/25th of 1% in many areas, with many stores reporting perfect collection rates. , Collections may not always come that easy. Credit men point out that people whose buying habits were bad before the war will inevitably return to those same ways as soon as financial flushness fades. Storekeep ers, particularly newlv established veterans, must be on the ball, keep ing tabs on potential losses. The per centage is so small, however, that some 10,000 banks in the nation are going hammer-and-tongs after con sumer credit business. They are lur ing old borrowers back with prom- 20 ETC 23837 ises of loans without co-signers. They are going to lend money for everything under the sun, because they know that their small margin of interest on such loans is still higher than their return on tradi tional triple-A investments, such as government bonds. Don't think for a minute, though, that a store, a bank, or a finance company7 is going to lav $300 or $500 on the line, or deliver the new porch furniture, just because you have an honest face. Before you are enriched in worldly goods or cash, they will know a great deal about you and vour past history. Some of the things they may find out you probably wouldn't tell your best friends. On the whole, though, they merely verify your credit ex perience, or find out enough per tinent facts about you to guide them. In addition to their own prelim inary facilities, practically all of the banks, many finance companies, and hundreds of thousands of retailers all rely on credit bureaus to give them clear-cut, up-to-date reports on vour paving habits. In most cases they have a complete file on you within a few days. In New York, where the volume of department store credit sales is so terrific, they receive file reports bv teletype, HOW TO KEEP YOUR CREDIT GOOD 1. Pay your instalments promptly. Pay open charge accounts within 30 days. Pay off bank loans on their due date. 2. Pay rent and utility bills promptly, because your habits in these items are often included in credit reports. 3. Don't return too much merchandise if you're buying on a charge account. 4. Keep your personal checking account in good order. Returned checks, for whatever reason, count against you. 5. When applying for credit, don't hide any pertinent information, such as any other loans, notes or mortgages you may be paying off. you apply for a personal loan is to check its own records for previous loans. If your reputation with them has been excellent, they may go no further, and you'll have a check within 3 days. If you're a newcomer, they refer to their own clearing house of credit information which will tell them only of your previous bank loans. If you're a first-timer, they call on the credit bureau. The 1350 members of the A. C. B. A. have over 50 million names on record -- enough to cover virtually every working person in the United States! Not all of these people are working, however. Many are house wives using their husbands' reputa tion to buy with. Thousands die weekly, and thousands move to new territories, straining the energies of file clerks to keep their records up to date. It is a common occurrence in the credit bureau to have a request from some out-of-town bureau -- as far away as Honolulu -- for a file on a person whose last charge account was in New York. The complete file is forwarded. This transcontinental exchange goes on continually, so that a credit appli cant need never worry about hav ing moved. Since banks are currently expand ing their consumer credit activities, they are interested in vour paying habits at retail stores; so they usu ally ask a credit bureau for a Trade Clearance. These memos list every known store account you have had telephone and messenger the same day you apply for credit. Depart ment stores can pass on you while you're debating the make of radio or kind of drapery material to buy. The first thing a bank does when since your name was on record with the Bureau. If it has never been tabbed, the bank gives them your references, which may include shops. A few quick phone calls and vour record is down for keeps. Any lawsuit you may have been involved in, as a result of a charge account, 21 ETC 2383 is listed, as well as judgments of anv type. Defalcations of rent, broken leases, tiffs with the government for unpaid taxes, all are typical deroga tory listings on your chart. Department and retail stores get this same type of report. Finance companies are more interested in anv litigations that may have been filed against you, and they draw heavily on the "Litigation Broad cast" -- a comprehensive file of every known lawsuit, whether it has to do with charge accounts or not. Points that grantors of credit watch for particularly are periods of payment, whether it has been nec essary to dun repeatedly, and whether accounts have been skipped entirely. Credit bureaus usually operate efficient "skip tracing" serv ices, which bring home the bacon in at least 25% of the cases. Department stores scan such no tations against your charge account listings as "30-60," "60-90," "90120," "Unsatisf." They'll probably grant credit without qualm to peo ple in the first two groups, will be a little cautious with those in the third, and will probably turn down the fourth group -- unless there are mitigating factors. They bend over backwards to give credit applicants a^ break. If someone has had judg ments against him -- and made good --it won't hurt his chances for credit in most places. Banks demand prompt payments,with short periods of grace. They rarely let a customer go beyond the second installment period before clamping down. Stores can let a cus tomer go only 40 days without pav ing a due installment, according to the terms of Regulation W, which prohibits them from making further credit sales to the delinquent. In about one out of ten cases, the store or financial agency is not quite able to make a decision based on the sketchy information of the Trade Clearance, and they ask for a Spe cial Report, either a dated one of prior years or one right up to the minute. These cost much more than Trade Clearances, but supply prac tically the entire personal history of the credit applicant. Credit bureaus have trained re porters -- the New York Bureau has over fifty in normal times -- who in vestigate people for these "Specials." It's easier for a humble clerk to buy on time than for the flashy type with a glib line They go through a routine set of interviews -- with the landlord, a neighbor, the local grocery store, drug store, employer and a fellowworker. After talking briefly with these people, they can size up an applicant pretty well. In addition they track down such information as the type of house and apartment he is living in, the rent he pays, how long he has lived in one place, how often he has moved. They trace his occupations back as far as ten years, although five is adequate in most cases. Where possible, they state his earnings, either from his job, pro fession, business or outside interest. Such information, added to the Trade Clearance, is usually sufficient to allow the credit manager of a store, bank or finance company to make a decision. The Credit Bureau never decides whether an)- person should be granted credit. Anvone about whom there is still doubt, af ter Trade and Special investigations, represents a tough decision. There's no one so scorned as the woman who has been told she can't buy that gown on credit, after all. Yet the sad fact is that there is always a small fringe of people who try to beat the laws of supply and demand, and out live their income, with the inevitable black eyes on credit reports. No one need fear, however, that his case history will be misused. There have been no reported cases of wrong uses of credit reports, de spite the fact that some of them con tain enough dynamite to wreck a reputation. To the Credit Bureau a case like this is just another file card in its miles and miles of cabinets. Today, with normal times reap-* pearing, the average person can go out and buy that new car, take a vacation, furnish a house, buy new clothes, purchase a refrigerator, all on the strength of his credit. Wher ever he goes, he's pretty sure to be told, "Your credit is good!" OUR COVER: Kodachrome view of Sleepy Hollow, N. Y., from Press Asso ciation OUR PICTURES: Pages 3-4 (top and center), courtesy Bus Transpor tation; Page 5 (bottom) and 6, courtesy Beaumont and Hohman; Pages 7-9, illustrations by Rodlow Willard; Pages 10-12 and 13 (bottom), Page 13 (top) N. V. Herald-Tribune photo, Page 13 (.center) Acme photo, all courtesy Circus Saints and Sinners; Pages 14, 15 (upper left) and 17, courtesy Book of the Month Club; Page 15 (lower right) courtesy Literary Guild, Page 16, N. V. Times; Page 17, Sid Gordin cartoon, courtesy N. Y. Times; Pages 20-22, illustrations bv Ruth Jennings. THIRD COVER: Scene on Route 7 near Pownal, Vermont, by Gustav Anderson, A. Devaney, Inc., N. Y. 22 ETC 23839 23840 Many states give driving examinations before they grant a driver's license. Well-trained and experienced drivers can readily pass these of ficial tests. But here's a test that will make even you experts think a bit. Three answers right out of five is good--four is excellent -- and if you get them all perfect, you're either a wonderful driver or you peeked at the an swers at the bottom of thin page. J, You are driving fifty miles an hour in open country. You come over the crest of a hill and see thi* cow about 150 feet ahead. Could you stop in time to avoid a oow-lision? Q Yea Q No A woman and a child start to cross the road ahead of you. You are driving 35 miles per hour, and you blow your horn when you are 100 feet away (about half a city block). How many seconds have they to get out of your way if you do not alow down or stop? 1 second 2 seconds 5 seconds 10 seconds 4e What is the best thing to do when you hear a siren? A Stop where you are. B Keep on going C Listen to determine where the sound is coming from and then decide what to do. D Pullover to die right and stop. 1 No. You would travel about 75 feet before you could get your foot on the brake, aod under average road conditions it would then take at least 148 feet to stop--a total of 223 feet. 2* Barely 2 seconds. i* The sedan. Unlees there is a traffic signal, stop sign or other regulation, the car on your right has right of way ... but remem ber it's always better to yield the right of way than take a chance. 4. **D" ie right--emergency vehicles should be given the right of way without question. Generally this means puUing over to the right and stopping--so long as you do not block an intersection. 5* The pump on the right--the one with the Ethyl emblem. Millions of experienced drivers look for the Ethyl emblem wher ever they drive. They know that high-quality gasoline in a properly tuned engine makes for a more responsive car and there fore a safer car. They make it a point to always ask for Ethyl. Cooperate with the Police Safety Check V CHICK rout DJUVINO VCHICK YOUR CAR. ..CHICK ACOOINTSI 5* At which of these two pumps would you stop to get this service station's highest quality gasoline? The pump on the left. The pump on the right. Fill 72-Page Beak "Professional Driving" will give you the fine points of safe driving. Fully illustrat ed. Typical chapter headings: "The Dangerous Houra," "Driving Tips for City Traf fic," "How to Handle a Blow out." Offered free to all car ownere by ETHYL. Send a postal card or clip coupon. r-----------------------------------------I Ethyl Corporation Chryaler Building, New York IT, N. Y | Please send me without obhgation a free j copy of "Professional Driving." I Ham* J | Addre iPleaeePnni. | f'.ity. Znnt Ktnte. ETC 23841 _ - -r^~ ' - IN THE SEPTEMBER 1946 Horold B. Hunt, supervisor of employee benefits at the Ethyl manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, com pleted last month his 37th year of service, first with the Du Pont Company and later with Ethyl Corporation. He has the distinction of being Ethyl's oldest employee, in point of service, and the only holder of a 35-year service pin recognizing his combined record with Du Pont and Ethyl. The only job "H. B." ever applied for during his 56 years was the one he took in 1909 as clerk in the glycerin refinery of Du Pont's Repauno plant in Gibbstown, New Jer sey. Subsequently, he served at the refinery as stock clerk, chief timekeeper and night supervisor. During World War I, he was resident auditor cov ering two Du Pont plants in Hopewell and Penniman, Vir ginia, and in December, 1918 he was transferred to the old Dye Works (now known as the Chambers Works) at Deep water, New Jersey. From the Dye Works, where he was supervisor of timekeeping and employment, the total daily output of five drums of tetra ethyl lead was shipped to Dayton, Ohio, where Ethyl gasoline was first introduced and a blending plant was set up to manufacture Ethyl fluid. Later, the blending operations were moved to Deepwater. In 1937, Du Pont sent Mr. Hunt to Baton Rouge as super intendent of its personnel at Ethyl's new tetraethyl lead plant and in 1945, when Ethyl assumed operation and man agement of the entire plant, he became an Ethyl man. FOOTBALL GOES BACK TO COLLEGE 3 Record crowds, faster.and smarter gridiron play, and plenty of competition for Army are in the offing this Fall. IT'S A GOOD BUSINESS 7 The importance of a service station -- as a career for youth and as a vital part of a community -- is told in a new Ethyl movie entitled "Looking Ahead." THE PRESIDENT MEETS THE PRESS 10 History in the making is often unfolded at the President's press conference. Covering the weekly event calls for top-notch report ing ability. THE ENGLISH HAVE A WORD FOR IT 14 Americans and Britishers are supposed to speak the same lan guage -- but they don't when it comes to an automobile. OCCUPATION PANORAMA 16 A year after its formal surrender, Japan remains a strange but interesting land to our GIs. This picture story shows many of the sights now so familiar to our occupation troops. THESE DRIVERS KNOW HOW 19 Among the safest and most able drivers are the men who operate the notion's trucks. Pre-employment aptitude tests and method ical vehicle checkups are two of the reasons why. In order to widen the fields ef reader interest In Ethyl Newt, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers net ossociated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors ef the Nawt welcome articles ef timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to im prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earl* W. Wtbb, president; Ptrcy L. Griffith*, vic prtiidtnt ond tr*o*urr; Julion C. Gonxoltz, secretory ETC 23843 The Army-Navy contest will be tops, as always r GOES BACK TO COLLEGE SHERING IN ITS PHASE of the SO- tersectional battles have been re U called postwar Golden Era of scheduled, including Fordham vs. Sports, intercollegiate football holdSst. Mary's and Notre Dame vs. out the promise of a bigger and bet Southern California. Several West ter show than ever to the record- Coast teams will add an international breaking throng of nine million fans tang to the game by meeting the which is expected to overflow the University' of Hawaii and the Uni nation's major games this Fall. versity of British Columbia, while From coast to coast and border up-and-coming Ohio Wesleyan trav to border, say the experts, the col els to Cuba to engage the University lege brand of gridiron play will be of Havana gridders. brainier, faster and more colorful than even in pre-Pearl Harbor sea $30 Million Gate sons, with at least a score of teams Followers of the sport will pay ready and able to challenge West somewhere in the neighborhood of Point's two-year stranglehold on $30 million for the privilege of sit national championship honors. ting in on the outstanding gridiron Since Japan's sudden capitulation attractions, but latecomers had bet came too late to have any effect on ter hurry. The Georgia Tech-Navy the 1945 campaign, the collegians game, for one, is a sellout and has are looking ahead to the first season been since mid-July. not completely hampered by war In anticipation of record crowds, siiyce the draft started plucking stu the major institutions of higher dents from the classrooms. learning have earmarked much of Football's "return to normalcy" is the $25 million they plan to spend in to be a bang-up affair, from the postwar expansion of athletic facili viewpoint of both the players and ties for enlargement of their grid spectators. iron plants. Cornell and Purdue are Most of the popular pre-war in but two of the colleges to announce they' will increase the seating capac ity of their football stadiums. The tempo of collegiate football this year will be speeded up some what as a result of action taken by the Football Rules Committee. Rule changes will render the widely used "T" formation more deceptive and also will encourage the employment of down-the-field laterals. Under the new rule, the "T" back in position a yard or less from the scrimmage line no longer is obli gated to receive the snapback. The former rule served as a dead give away, since a backfield player within three feet of the scrimmage line was bound to take the pass from center. In an apparent move to encourage lateral passing and razzle-dazzle passing plays, the penalty for an il legal forward pass has been reduced from the loss of a down at the point where the entire play' started to a mere five yards from the spot of the illegitimate toss. Still other rule changes provide for larger numerals on the front and back of players' jerseys, and for an increase in the 3 ETC 23844 I a* This bit of action occurred in the last Fordham-St. Mary's game in '42. Resumption of intersectional rivalries is a highlight of the coming season "Doc" Blanchard Ibelow, left) and Glenn Davit will be on hand again as Army seeks to extend its IB-game winning streak of the past two years * *_**. * number of legal time-outs from three to four each half. Comes the end of November and fans will know the answers to such burning questions as: Is Army strong enough to go through a third straight undefeated-untied season? Can Herman Wedemeyer and the other all-America backs of last year retain their high regard in the face of keener competition? Is it true that the "T" formation has spent it self and now is on the way out? But, at the moment, the biggest questions are which players will miss the draft this Fall and how much help can be expected from the gridders who responded to Uncle Sam's call and now are back in college. The coaches wish they knew either answer, but are frank to admit they don't. In the case of returned veter ans, the mentors agree that players will be stronger of body and more alert. However, there are those who argue that prolonged absence from the game will reap a heavy toll among the older, albeit more phys ically fit, ex-servicemen. The only certainty in this confus ing situation is that the football des tiny of virtually every college and university in the land will swell or ebb according to what players re main available and what calibre of play the war veterans demonstrate. Because of the unknown quantity represented by former and prospec tive GIs, pre-season ratings mean less in 1946 than ever before. Prac tically the only basis for seeding the various elevens is the national cham pionship form sheet of last year, when Army, Alabama, Navy, Indi ana, and the Oklahoma Aggies emerged as the five top teams in the reliable annual Associated Press poll. Michigan, St. Mary's, Penn, Notre Dame and Texas were ranked sixth through tenth, in that order. An Ethyl News survey conducted among 24 leading colleges in all sec tions of the country indicates that fans would do well to string along with the two A-bombs of the grid iron world -- Army and Alabama. The Cadets have gone through their past 18 games without a blemish, and seem capable of extending that skein this season. However, success will not come as easily as it did in the past, even with "Touchdown Twins" Glenn Davis and Felix (Doc) Blan chard and a handful of other poten tial all-Americans available. Reports have it that Columbia, for one, fully expects to halt the West Point jug gernaut when the two teams clash next month. Army Coach Blaik's most serious losses are among the guards and tackles, and unless he comes up with suitable replacements for all-Ameri cans DeWitt Coulter, A1 Nemetz and Johnny Green, Army may find itself in trouble more than once. Coulter, a 230-pound tackle, flunked out of West Point and since has signed a lucrative contract f re portedly at $19,000) with the New York Giants pro eleven. Green, a guard and 1945 team captain, was ETC 23845 lost by graduation, as was Nemetz, a tackle. Official word from the Univer sin' of Alabama is that "we expect to be even stronger than the 1945 eleven which was undefeated in 10 games, including a 34-14 trouncing of Southern California in the Rose Bowl." The Crimson Tide is intact except for left end Rebel Steiner, who was drafted in March. That means that Harry Gilmer, the most efficient forward passer in modern annals, will be in there pitching again, while 240-pound all-America center Vaughn Mancha serves as 'Bama's defensive bulwark. Behind Army, in the East, should come Penn, Navy, Columbia, Yale and Cornell, with Temple and La fayette as dark horses. Penn-men of all-America stature include tailback Bob Evans, a standout in the New Year's Day East-West game, tackle George Savitsky' and guard Joe Dickerson. Columbia will depend heavily on halfback Gene Rossides, fullback Lou Kusserow and tackle Werner Hasselman, just back from the wars. Kusserow, incidentally, turned down an appointment to West Point. Although not to be sold short, the Navy squad has been riddled by graduation losses and the continuing epidemic of resignations which broke out in mid-season 1945Among the most recent to depan from the Naval Academy, via the resignation route, were star groundgainer Clyde Scott, halfback Bob Kelly and triple-threater Bob Hoemschemever. Scott will play for Arkansas LT. this year, while Kelly has returned to Notre Dame, where he was all-America in 1944. Hoemschemeyer, a freshman sensa tion at Indiana University two years ago, before entering the Naval Academy, has turned professional. The onlv pre-season bright spots at Annapolis were the availability of Dick Scott, Mancha's closest rival for national recognition in the pivot spot, and the transfer of ace backfield man Lynn Chewning from VMI. In the South, Alabama will find the sun is not the only hot 'rung in Dixie. North Carolina, Duke, Ten- nessee, Georgia and Georgia Tech all possess the stuff that champions are made of, and are ready to prove it. Coach Snavely, in his second year at North Carolina, has quarterback Charley Justice, the ex-Bainbridge Naval flash, and Sid Varney, a better-than-average guard. Duke boasts potential standouts in end Kelley Alabama's banking on ace passer Harry Gilmer (right) for another Rose Bowl bid. 'Bama beat Southern Cal the 1946 bowl clastic What will be I946's mostdisputed play? Last year it was: Did Tony Minisi of Navy stop Phil Colella before the letter crossed the goal line for Notre Dame (below)? The referee ruled Minisi had, and the game ended in a tie ETC 23846 5 i ^, j] I ,, | r ; j Mote, guard Ernie Knotts and backs George Clark and Fred Palladino. Georgia, the Oil Bowl champion, has Charley Trippi at his halfbackspot again, which is enough said. Michigan's voung team appears to be the cream of the Big Ten, al though the race for this Conference diadem looms as the tightest in years. Defending champion Indiana U. still has the services of all-Big Ten guard Howard Brown and full back Pete Pihos, as well as the good right arm of Ben Raimondi. Purdue will be very much in the' running, sparked by speedster Ed Cody, passer de luxe Bob DeMoss and pos sibly Bob Pfohl, shining light of the 1945 Merchant Marine Academy squad, and Dick Barwegan, allAmerica guard for the Boilermakers in 1943. In addition, Purdue has an Added speed and deception ore given the "T" formation under a new rule. This style of play is illustrated above The list of New Year's Day "bowl" tilts grows each season. Below is Oil Bowl action as Georgia defeated Tulsa, 20-6 nexed Clyde Grimenstein, who scored eight touchdowns for Army from end last year before failing in his Military Academy studies. Returnees to the University of Il linois campus include Buddy Young, one of the fastest ball-carriers in the country, and Alex Agase, an allAmerica guard at Illinois in 194: and the same at Purdue the follow ing season. Ohio State is pinning much of its hopes on Warren Amling, collegiate football's No. 1 tackle, and Cecil Souders, a triedand-true wingman. Notre Dame, as usual, should be tops among the Midwestern inde pendents. The Irish are "loaded," and might well be the country's ranking team if Army and Alabama fall by the wayside. All-America John Mastrangelo will put in an other season as guard, next to center George Strohmeyer, who played service ball with the Iowa Seahawks. Backfield men who have returned to South Bend include Johnny Lujack, George Ratterman, Bob Kelly, Bob Livingston, Emil Sitko, Jim Mello, Gerry Cowhig and Bill Gompers. Notre Dame's concern is not a short age, but an overabundance, of ca pable manpower. In the Missouri Valley Confer ence, the powerful Oklahoma Ag gies figure as a "shoo-in" again if Bob Fenimore goes untouched by the Selective Service system. "Rapid Robert" is hailed as the greatest of fensive performer in college football history. Other leading teams in the Missouri Valiev region will be Iowa State, Missouri, Oklahoma and Drake.' Texas and the Texas Aggies domi nate the football picture in the Southwest. Dana X. Bible, who is winding up a 34-vear coaching ca reer, has his fingers crossed that the Longhorns' star back, Bobby Lavne, (Continued on page 22) 6 ETC 23847 The vital role service sta tions play in everyday com munity life is vividly por trayed in a new Ethyl movie IT'S A GOOD as America once more becomes a S3 jt\ nation on wheels, after almost four years of war-restricted driving and lack of automobile manufac ture, the service station operator is learning all over again how vital a role his place of business plays in the everyday life of a community'. Nothing can illustrate the true importance of the service station more graphically than a mental pic ture of how a community would be prostrated if, Aladdin's lamp-like, every one of its service stations was suddenly' wiped out of existence. Mass transportation would come to a virtual halt, and business would be at a standstill. Food and other essen tial commodities, lacking trucks to deliver these goods, would rot in storage places. The sick would suf fer needlessly for want of a doctor who could not reach them in a hurry. In short, a city' or rural area without ready access to gasoline and oil would become a paralyzed seg ment within a matter of hours. The greatest service that any sta tion has to offer is service to the community'. More than "filling 'er up" for Dr. Smith and replacing the spark plugs for Mrs. Brown, service to the community is helping Bill In Cthyl's latest film, en titled "Looking Ahead," a young man learns that oper ating a service station in reality means participating in the life of a community ETC 23848 Jerry, hero of the film, learnt the importance of service sta tions from his father -in law Taking a fob in a neglected station, Jerry sets about to brighten it up. The proprietor had failed to appreciate that cleanliness is a big factor in attracting trade His father-inlaw's model place of busi ness, shown here, gave Jer ry many valu able tips. He soon had his boss's shabby station back on its feet again Jerry's reward comet when he is made a partner. Oppor tunity, he finds, is unlimited in the service sta tion business Jones plan his route to that upstate fisherman's paradise, and directing an out-of-town motorist to a reli able hotel or tourist home in the locality. Service to the community also is suggesting to customers that they use only the best fuel and the best tires, batteries and accessories in order to obtain full value for their service station dollar. To encourage continued "service to the community" on the part of service stations, Ethyl Corporation stresses this theme in a new sound motion picture which is being made immediately available to oil com panies and other interested groups. This latest addition to the Ethyl Film Library, which includes a number of movies for use by the oil and automobile industries, farmers and the general public, is entitled "Looking Ahead." The picture is keyed to interest both present and prospective service station men, especially those who are veterans of the recent war. For mer GIs planning to enter the busi ness will find in "Looking Ahead" an oral and visual explanation of some of the steps that must be taken to make a service station a success ful venture. In the case of veterans who were members of the service station fraternity before joining the armed forces, this same message will serve as a "refresher course" in what is required of an up-to-date station. There is no attempt to glamorize service station workers or present them as something they may not be, but the human interest story of the film brings home the fact that their job is a dignified and profitable one and consists of more than "pumping gasoline and wiping windshields." On the other hand, the movie con tains many suggestions that service stations, if they have not done so already, might put into practice to 8 ETC 23849 increase not only public esteem but sales as well. It takes a bit of convincing -- a year of it on the screen, in fact -- to prove to Jerry, the "hero" of the movie, that "a fellow has a better chance of becoming his own boss in the service station business than any business I know' of." That was im portant to him, Jerry explains, just as it is important to a lot of Jerrys in real life. Part of the convincing process was learning that gasoline is the life blood of the nation, and that it takes plenty of hard work, knowledge and money to convert crude oil into a fuel that flows out of a pump and into the tank of an automobile. While he was coming to appre ciate the full importance of the oil industry, Jerry also had an oppor tunity of learning how to put a run down service station on its feet again. Hank, his boss, just could not see any reason for going out of the wav to attract business. "They come and they go" was his outlook in re gard to customers. But Jerry had different ideas. Simply by treating customers with courtesy, and by us ing a broom and some elbow grease to produce a clean station and spot less rest rooms, he soon had Hank's place on a paying basis. The next step was to install a complete line of. products and accessories that sell themselves. It wasn't long before their station became one of the busi est in the community. Ethyl's new film imparts informa tion w'hich all service station men should have if they are to be able to discuss their products with cus tomers and thus do a better selling job. For instance, it is brought out that at least one million persons earn their living in the oil industry, and that the industry's investment in machinery and equipment necessary to get its u'ares to the consumer runs into the billions of dollars. Step by step, "Looking Ahead" audiences see w'hat happens from the time a crew of geologists ex plores territory that appears to con tain oil until the finished product is in the hands of the service station operator, ready for sale to a waiting public. Actual photographs of test wells, laboratory samplings, refiner ies and service stations illustrate the story of finding, producing and mar keting gasoline and oil, as it is told by one of the characters in the mo tion picture. Animated sketches are emploved freely to describe the four main types of gasoline refining processes -- additional information which serv ice station personnel should know if thev are to talk about their busi ness intelligently. Again step by step, the film shows what takes place as the crude oil is scientifically and chemically con verted into gasoline by each of these four processes -- the straight-run, the thermal cracking, the catalytic cracking and the polymerization methods. Most of the gasoline used today is a blend of gasoline made by two or more of these processes, and Ethyl fluid generally is added to the finished product to increase the antiknock quality of the fuel. "Looking Ahead," which was produced by Audio Productions, Inc., for Ethyl Corporation, is being offered by Ethyl as a service to the oil industry and as a tribute to the men who staff the country's service stations. Ethyl's hope is that the service station operators who see the pic ture will obtain from it knowledge that will help make their business of even more "service to the commu nin'" than it already is. STEAMBDATIF RETURNS A hundred and thirty-five yean ago Nicholas Roosevelt, granduncle of the Rough Rider, launched a colorful chap ter of American history when he took the "New Orleans" to the city of that name from Pittsburgh. She was the first steamboat to travel the Ohio and Mississippi riven. A small library has been written about the fleet of paddle-wheelen that followed her, on conquest or pleasure bent, and its part in the winning of the West. The War Between the States put an end to the best days of steamboating on the Mississippi. But now excursion and cargo boating are being revived, not only on the Father of Waten, but also on the Ohio and Tennessee. A scenic para dise and a fisherman's dream has been created along the latter stream by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The vast area in which its waters have been impounded already is being called "the Great Lakes of the South." A new fleet of steamers carrying 300 passengers each, and narrow enough to negotiate the various straits, will oper ate excursion schedules from Knoxville -- where the Ten nessee joins the Ohio -- to Paducah. The Tennessee Water ways Conference, representing all the interests in the Valley, is fostering this and other projects. In addition, some of the historic old lines are coming back. The S.S. "Gordon C. Greene," long famous as the flagship of the Greene Line, has been refitted and streamlined and is now operating out of Cincinnati all the way down to New Orleans. Likewise the old "Golden Eagle" of the Eagle Packet Company, still sound and seaworthy, has been given new engines and completely modernized. She also is sailing the Ohio and Mississippi. Other cruises in both directions are being scheduled from St. Louis. All the towns along the way that once were stopping places for the show boats are sprucing up to welcome a flood of tourists -- and the mil lions they will spend in seeing this historic part of America. 9 ETC 23850  ->*1 Covering the President's press conference calls for top-notch reporting ability by Washington correspondents You may be safer in your auto mobile doing 60 miles an hour than you would be at a White House press conference during a critical moment of current history. For the highly competitive news gathering system turns the polite gentlemen of the press into a fren zied mob with a dangerous glint in their eyes as they tear from the President's private office to the toofew telephones in the White House press room. Zke PresidentMeets the Press Veteran United Press correspon dent Merriman Smith once tripped over a ladder left by White House painters in his rocket-like exit from a Presidential press conference near the war's end. His wrenched shoul der required extensive medical care. There are other instances of bruises, contusions and minor abra sions resulting from the split-second race to get the chief executive's words clattering over teletype ma chines across the nation and around the world. The starting gun for this elbowing shuffle through the narrow corridor to the White House lobby and the subsequent dash to the press room comes with the words "Thank you, Mr. President," the traditional "thirty" closing press conferences. But let's start at the beginning ... Presidential press conferences are weekly affairs, attracting from one to two hundred reporters. The oval shaped executive office has held as many as three hundred for crucial pronouncements during the war. There are always guests -- mostly By Mildrd Diefendtrfer home-town editors and publishers, the "bosses" of accredited corre spondents, visiting newsmen or members of foreign delegations brought across the street from the State Department. Writing White House news is an exclusive affair. The White House Correspondents' Association lists 680 members, but only about 400 of them are accredited to the White House. Each must undergo a thor ough Secret Service investigation, and it often takes from four to six months for a reporter to get a "per manent" White House pass, com plete with picture and fingerprints. In the meantime, he uses a tempo rary card. On press conference days, a steady stream of newsmen trickles through the northwest gate and up to the West Wing where the press room and executive offices are located. At the door, they're greeted by softspoken Sergeant Bowles, a long-time Secret Service man whose decep tively quiet manner and sincere friendliness conceal an efficient "once-over." Visitors are taken in tow by white-haired, pipe-smoking John Simmons who escorts them to a special waiting room between the crowded lobby and the President's office. Morning conferences usually be gin at ten o'clock, afternoon ones at four, alternating weekly to give morning and evening papers the news "breaks." A half hour before the appointed time, reporters gather around the massive round table of carved mahogany which dominates the leather-chaired lobby and serves as an impromptu hat rack and "perch" for casual reporters. There's mounting tension as the press conference hour nears; beneath the hum of conversation is an under tone of expectancy, for no one can foresee what news -- perhaps of world-wide importance -- may be waiting for them at the end of the east corridor. Then a guard opens the corridor door and the rush is on. Reporters k.._Sia r hold up their passes for the guards to see and a Secret Service man with a mechanical counter keeps an accu rate check on the number entering the famous oval executive office, where history is made daily. The "special" correspondents for newspapers, from cities like Birming ham, Tulsa, Portland and Phoenix, arrange themselves in rows at a re spectful distance from the massive desk with its few adornments. On the walls of the room, in place of the full-sailed ships of Roosevelt's days. are prints of war planes; in place of the dozens of personal mementos and smoking paraphernalia which littered F.D.R.'s desk, President Truman's is practically barren. On a table behind him are pictures of his wife and mother and daughter. The front row is reserved for the White House "regulars" -- men who cover the official mansion and its occupant whether he's in Washing ton or Independence or Potsdam. Among them are Ernest Vaccharo of the Associated Press, who covered This White House table is weighted down with reporters' hats and coats while a press conference is in session President Truman, flanked by members of his Cabinet, telling his press conference the war in Europe is over Senator Harry Truman's war profits investigation when the well-known Mead committee was known as the Truman committee; United Press's Merriman Smith and International News Service's Robert G. Nixon, as well as a handful of the older re porters. When the last reporter has filed in, Bill Donaldson, superintendent of the House of Representatives' press gallery, intones "All in." The press conference is on. The present occupant of the White House seems to enjoy his verbal bouts with the press. Mr. Truman springs to his feet, grins a greeting, and makes w hatever offi cial announcements hp may have. Then he tells the reporters that he's ready for their questions. Only an accredited correspondent may interrogate the President. His replies --all his statements, in fact, -- can't be quoted directly unless he authorizes a direct quotation. Some times he will signify that his answ er is "background information," which means it may be attributed to the much-quoted "White House spokes men" or "official sources." When the news begins to wear thin, after tw enty or thirty minutes of rapid-fire questions and less hur ried answers, the correspondents' spokesman ends the session with "Thank you, Mr. President," and the scramble for telephones begins. Painstaking preparation that does n't show up at the actual conferences helps them run smoothly. Presiden tial press secretary Charles Ross -- w ho as St. Louis Post Dispatch cor respondent attended hundreds of Roosevelt conferences -- early in the day "briefs" Mr. Truman on subjects that are likely to be uppermost in reporters' minds, so the President can mull them over a bit. But the conferences themselves are unrehearsed and completely in- 11 ETC 23852 Merriman Smith (right), one of tf>e newsmen who regularly cover the President, introduces his young son to the chief executive formal. There is always some goodhumored joshing, and if Mr. Tru man draws fewer laughs than his predecessor, neither does he bring on the grumbles which often rever berated from F.D.R.'s stinging criti cism of the press. No w'ritten questions are submit ted in advance. The late Presidents Harding and Coolidge and ex-President Hoover demanded written questions after Harding made an error necessitating correction, but Roosevelt went back to the informal questioning method and encouraged conferences in which there was an easy interchange of ideas between him and the correspondents. If the President has a long state ment for release, or the texts of some pertinent letters, they are mimeo graphed for distribution when re porters leave the conference. This is directed by Ross's assistant, Eben Charles G. Ross, President Truman's press secretary, pores over a stack of mail that fol lowed a radio talk Ayres, who handles all press routine and substitutes when necessary at the White House press secretary's daily briefing sessions for reporters. When the President's press con ference breaks up, reporters for the news services -- AP, UP, INS, Reut ers, Transradio -- dictate their bulle tins over direct telephone circuits to their offices. Leading papers such as The New York Times, Herald Tribune, Baltimore Sun and Wall Street Journal have direct telephone wires to their Washington offices. The other reporters await their turns in front of the two public telephones or go back to their Washington offi ces to write their stories. Members of the President's staff frequently attend press confabs. Ringed about Mr. Truman is ^semi circle of chairs. Back of his desk may sit his close personal friend, Secretary of the Treasury John W Snyder; Presidential secretaries Bill Hassett and David Niles, Ross and Ayres; the Presidential military aide, Gen. Harry Vaughan, or the naval aide, Capt. James H. Foskett. Once in a while, Mrs. Truman sits in. Mr.'Truman also is flanked by two Secret Service men whose eves rove over the roomful of reporters, alert for anything. On a recent humid day when a reporter fainted in the heat of the closely packed room, the Secret Service men were at his side before he fell. Once at their phones, reporters dictate in bulletin form the top news of the conference. Detailed stories follow, but there's no time to write them out. The reporter dictates as his eyes scan his notes. Grammatical polishing must wait for later revi sions. A typical bulletin: "PRESIDENT TRUMAN TODAY SIGNED THE BILL REVIVING OPA." White House conferences are still largely masculine affairs. Among the scattering of "regular" women re porters attending them are Elisabeth May Craig, a Maine correspondent who always asked President Roose velt at least one question; petite Ruth Moore of the Chicago Sun; Doris Fleeson of the Bell Syndicate; Lucy Jones of U. S. News; Bess Furman of The New York Times and Lillian Lovell of the French news agency. To the biggest news beat in Wash ington come top-notch columnists such as Mark Sullivan, David Law rence, Drew Pearson, Marquis Childs, Ernest Lindlev and Walter Lippmann, and radio commentators like Richard Harkness, H. R. Baukhage and Raymond Swing. When all of the country is await ing news of vital importance, report ers sit in "death watch" around the too-small press room or the lobby, waiting for the call to a special press conference, such as the ones which announced the end of war with Japan, and the formation of a na tional wage-price policy during the critical steel strike. 12 ETC 23853 Theodore Roosevelt is credited tackling them. Both resort to criti intelligence, encompass all men, all with being the first chief executive cism, but there is genuine good feel things. His eye scans the earth, sur to hold press conferences, although ing in the press relations of this ad veying its tragedies and comedies, its his barber chair seminars -- to which ministration as in the last. men of wealth and of poverty. onlv his close friends and coirespon- Franklin Roosevelt summarized "In the beginning he chiselled in dehts favorable to the administration this appreciation in his tribute "To living rock the news of the first were invited -- could scarcely be The Reporter" presented bv him to dawns of promise. In the great end compared with the free-for-alls at Walter Davenport, who is now edi ing, he will write `thirty' -- his own which the second President Roose tor of Collier's magazine. mystic symbol of conclusion -- and velt parried verbal blows with his "He is everywhere," wrote the the strange history of man will be vitriolic newspaper critics. late President. "His perception, his complete." But it was a woman -- the calico- 4 gowned, poke-bonneted publisher of an early 19th centurv journal called the Paul Pry -- who first established a reporter's prerogative to get an answer from the nation's President. Ann Royall had a few questions concerning John Quincv Adams' stand on the Bank of the United States, and to get them answered by the President himself she conducted the most embarrassing interview in American history. President Adams was inhibited bv neither the Secret Service nor a bathing suit when Ann Royall got her questions answered, while he floundered neck-deep in the muddv Potomac River and she sat comfortably on the bank -- on his clothes! How do the Presidents regard the reporters, and vice versa? On the whole, each has a marked respect for the other's problems and means of 13 ETC 23854 This was the scene os newsmen awaited the White House announcement that Japan had surrendered. Left, John Quincy Adams and Theodore Roosevelt. Below, the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, as they had a joint press conference c16 Sacdc0 w 1*ave cl TUont By Bernard L. Miller ... and when they speak of a "dickey," a "bonnet," a "boot" or a "wing," believe it or not, they mean a part of an automobile betweenrawing a distinction led by "quaint" designations for D the "English language" and the familiar parts and assemblies. Usu "American language" is usually acally, it only takes a quick mental companied by a gentle smile to indi juggle to realize that the British cate that it really isn't so. But anyone "windscreen" is our windshield, and who has dealt with the British in the "windscreen wiper" is our wind automotive matters knows that the shield wiper. But when you run difference is not only real and con across a thing called a "scuttle," and ward of the windshield we call a cowl, and the "dickey" is nothing but a rumble seat. Like bright pieces out of a philol ogist's collection are such odd "Brit ishisms" as "wings" for front fenders (rear fenders are "mudguards"), "bonnet" for the hood, and "de mister" for the apparatus we never call anything but the defroster. fusing, but amusing, bizarre, and even fascinating. An American reading British auto motive literature is continually start another called a "dickey," you must stop dead. A trip to the fattest dic tionary finally reveals that the "scut tle" is British for that area just for "Appurtenances," No Doubt To the English motorist, tires are "tyres," and they are never whitewalled, but "white-sided." The heat indicator on his instrument panel is a "water thermometer," and the trunk of his car is a "luggage locker" or "boot." Bv this time, every Amer ican knows that English "petrol" is gasoline and a "lorry" is a truck -- but who would ever guess that a "saloon" is a sedan, and a "caravan" is a house trailer? You can fairly hear the throaty British intonation through "kerb" for curb, and "sparking plugs" for spark plugs. "Dynamo" sounds a little closer to the truth for the thing we call a "generator" on an automo bile, but there's more poetry in the American "shock absorber" than in the British "hydraulic damper." The action exerted on a wrench 14 ETC 23855 is what gives the tool its American name, but the British like the way the tool sits on, or encompasses, a nut or bolt; so they call it a "spanner." Likewise, our storage battery takes its name from the fact that it's a batten- of cells hung together to "store" and generate electricity. The British note the function and call it an "accumulator," although lately they've swung into the habit of calling it a batten7, too. The British name for the little vest that is fastened to the front of the radiator grill, to aid warm-up of the engine in winter, is "radiator muff." With less imagination, we call it a radiator cover. In the same wav, the various parts and panels of the body and the body trim, for which we don't seem to have any name at all, the British call the "coachwork." Inside the car, we talk about leg room; the British call it "leg reach." Under the car, the large round cylinder in the exhaust pipe that quiets the uproar of the engine, and which we call a "muffler," is known in England as a "silencer." Our hydraulic brakes are their "hydro static brakes." The oil pan fastened to the underside of the engine is a "sump" in England. ' Although the British "rev up" is often used interchangeably over here with step-on-the-gas, and you could guess that "change down" or "change up" is English for shifting gears, quiz yourself on "top up" and "flat out." You're wrong. "Top up" means to fill the battery with water, and "flat out" means to go at top speed. In the early days of the automo bile, at the turn of the century, Brit ish and American nomenclature was practically identical -- both borrow ing heavily from the French, who were at that time the leaders of the infant industry. But the passing years saw the gap between the lan guages widen. It was mostly a case of the "American" automobile lan guage drawing away with the vastly greater use of the automobile in this country. Today, British motor journals, in language and usage, are strongly reminiscent of our own motor pub lications of the years 1895-1905. This is no criticism of the British maga zines. The automobile in England, not having reached the U. S. state of "vulgarization," the British jour nals are written for the more literate class. The pages are sprinkled with classical allusions, and quotations in the original Latin and Greek are not at all uncommon. Although a rose by any other name smells and so forth, the whole difference in attitude, as well as lan guage, between the British and our selves can be summed up in the names given to styles and models. We talk casually of "tudor" and "four-door" models; the British still call them "two-seaters," "four-seat ers," "tourers," and "sport models." Cunning, what? I ETC 23856 :i * I||cCUPATIOI A young sidewalk merchant with her wares --a typical Tokyo street scene ta our GIs Lrt, --| Japan, to our occupation for year ago this month, a simple cere A mony on board the battleship Mis souri marked the end of the war in the Pacific. It marked, too, the beginning of the occupation of Japan, certainly one of the most crucial of all Allied postwar tasks. Within the past year, much has been accomplished toward the twin goal of eliminating Japan's war potential and re habilitating her civilian economy. The demilitarization of Japan has been completed, the major war criminals have been rounded up, the fanatical societies Photos and Text by Con Gebbie, former OfRcer-in-Charge, YANK Magazine, Tokyo Masked street carnival actors stage a mock drunken dance (upper left). In photo upper right, two Geishas (pronounced "gay-shas"I pose in front of a group of actresses. On festi val days, the Japs delight in parading through town beside richly decorated replicas of temples (lower left). A sight familiar to GIs is the aged Jap male puffing on his tiny pipe (lower right). The pipe holds one-tenth as much tobacco as found in a U. S. cigarette ETC 23857 PANORAMA is still a nation of contrasts have been disbanded, and a more demo cratic form of government is taking shape. At the same time, the reconstruction of Japan's domestic industries has begun, new homes are being built for her bombed-out civilians, and efforts are be ing made to increase the supply of food and other essentials. Serious shortages still exist in food and coal, for example, while unemployment is at an all-time high. Yet, for all the prob lems still to be solved, Gen. MacArthur's occupation forces can point back to a year of great accomplishment. 1 ' -*' -M T* Remindful of fh ruins of Athens are the remains of this temple at Naha on Okinawa (directly above). Top, a Japanese peasant pauses in his labors, which last from sunrise to well after sunset. This Gl Iright) is checking his guide book for the right words. The language difference, a big obstacle, is being overcome Country roads in Japan ore extremely nar row. This native Heft), attired in his long black kimona, walks along a rural high way beside stacks of drying rice straws. The photo directly below shows a typical street scene on Tokyo's bomb-blasted Ginza. Bottom, a makeshift hut does this civilian until a new one can be had. A quarter mil lion housing units are to be built annually Life in Japan is never without in terest for the American soldier of occupation. In the time he has been on duty there, he has had an oppor tunity to observe the Japanese at close range. Yet their customs and habits are an unending source of fascination -- and bewilderment. Even today, a year after the war's end, the veteran GI will stop and stare when a kimona-clad Japanese girl clacks down the famous Ginza Street on her high stilted wooden shoes called "getas." The soldier is fully used to the kimona and the girl, but he will never quite under stand how she keeps from falling on her pretty' face. He sees it a hundred times a day, yet it never fails to intrigue him. He knows full well that many Japs are near starvation and he ap preciates their hunger and willing ness to do anything for an Army ration or a bar of chocolate. But he will never understand why a hun i! gry Jap, given his choice, will al most invariably choose tobacco over food. The Jap craving for tobacco seems insatiable. Well housed and well fed, the American soldier is the physical envy of nearly every Jap. Though the average GI would rather be back home, he is finding Japan a land of strange customs and people, but an interesting place. r It's no coincidence that truck operators are among the best -- and safest -- drivers on the road I THESE DRIVER!; KNOW HOW nknown to many people, truck U drivers are among the most safety-conscious groups on thaes to his mental and emotional back a driver's ability to understand and highway. Handling heavy loads of ground for the job. These tests cover to handle a vehicle expertly. freight, and with delivery schedules attitudes toward other users of the Skill tests, generally given on to meet, theirs is no easy job. Yet, if highway and toward pedestrians and company property, include the most they're safe, dependable drivers, as traffic situations. Too, they take in difficult aspects of driving, such as indeed they must be, it's because the applicants' knowledge and un clutch control, smooth stop in a lim they're trained that way, purposely. derstanding of traffic regulations ited distance, and backing up to a As pan of the general effort, and of accepted driving practices. loading platform. For the traffic test American Trucking Associations, in There are also laboratory tests to the applicant is taken over an estab cooperation with truck operators, determine any mental, emotional, lished standard route and required is constantly working in many di and physical limitations that may to turn, climb and descend a grade, rections to promote increased high exist. Faulty attitude, insufficient and maneuver in traffic. way safety. The organization has traffic knowledge, or personal limi Then one of the most important been sponsoring a short course for tations which can neither be cor of all examinations is given to a truck fleet supervisors at various col rected nor compensated for, dis driver, that is, of his ability to keep leges throughout the country. The qualify an applicant. a constant check on his vehicle and course is based on the recognition In addition, a series of road tests to recognize a need for repairs. that, to be fully effective, safety are given, consisting of skill tests, Based on Interstate Commerce Com habits must begin long before a traffic tests, and vehicle-defect tests. mission regulations, either a pre driver even leaves the garage. Their combined scores will measure pared written test or a presentation The course is intended to promote the scientific selection of drivers of commercial vehicles. Motor carriers which have adopted the safety prac Over-the-road trucking operations, under all sorts of highway conditions, require skillful driving. Pre-employment aptitude tests insure that an accepted driver is a safe driver tices taught in the course have re duced accident frequency by as much as 50% in one year. As a result of the techniques learned in the ATA course, truck ing company supervisors are able to give prospective truck drivers a series of scientific tests which de termine an applicant's fitness for driving a truck. In that way, truck ing firms reduce the frequency of traffic accidents -- in advance. After the initial routine process of selection, an applicant is tested FOOTBALL GOES BACK TO COLLEGE (Continued from page 6) will not be spirited away by his draft board, and that the U. S. Navy will release all-everything end Hubert Bechtol in time for play. Layne has the makings of the nation's best allaround back of the upcoming sea son. He was responsible for all 40 of the points Texas scored in drub bing Missouri in the Cotton Bowl classic last January first. The Texas Aggies expect tackle Monte Moncrief and halfback Rob Goode to lead the way in A & M's attempt to wrest the Southwest Conference crown from Texas U. Southern California, with its Rose Bowl lineup hardly altered, gets the nod as the Pacific Coast's best. Coach Jeff Cravath has a pair of crackerjack ends in Jim Callanan and Don Hardy, a 1944 all-America tackle in Johnny Ferraro, and an allCoast backfield trio of Mickey McCardle, Ted Tannehill and Gordon Gray. UCLA, however, has declared it self a contender not to be over looked, now or at bowl team selec tion time. It lists center Don Paul and flanker Tom Fears as allAmerica candidates, and proudly as serts that, Davis and Blanchard not withstanding, "there may not be an equal anywhere" to the UCLA backfield combine of Johnny Roesch and Cal Rossi. In its bid for Coast honors, the University of Washington has switched Alf Hemstad, ace guard, into the "T" formation quarterback slot, with John Zeger, late of the Fourth Air Force eleven, assuming top status among the guards. Also on hand will be Bill McGovern, a pivotman of the top drawer. Of the non-Conference teams, St. Mary's squad of young sophomores should show the way again, espe cially if Wedemeyer lives up to ad vance notices that he will be better than ever in '46. Out to make a name for itself, too, is the University of San Francisco eleven. Its ambitious schedule includes intersectional tus sles with Mississippi State, Detroit and Kansas State, the latter being perhaps the "travelingest" team of the season. Besides California, the Kansas State club will perform in six other states. Many colleges have hung out the "welcome home" sign for pre-war coaches back from the armed forces, while countless others have new' mentors altogether. Among the re turned veterans are head coaches Eddie Anderson at Iowa Univer sity, "Hook" Mylin at Lafayette, Bob Nevland at Tennessee, Jack Hagerty at Georgetown, Wallace Wade at Duke, Frank Leahy at Notre Dame and A1 Humphreys at Bucknell University. The new coaches include Frank Wickhorst at California, Ray Wolf at Florida, Tom Hamilton at Annap olis, Jim Tatum at Oklahoma, "Biggie" Munn at Syracuse, Henry Fmka at Tulane, John Barnhill at Arkansas, "Buddy" Brothers at Tulsa, Clark Shaughnessey at Mary land, Wes Fesler at Pittsburgh. Charlie Soleau at Franklin & Mar shall and Bemie Masterson at Ne braska. The year's most unique switch occurred at Ohio State, where 1945 head coach Carroll Widdoes exchanged places with Paul Bixler, his assistant. All in all, the 1946 intercollegiate gridiron party shapes up as quite a success. Whether you sit behind the goalposts in a J1 .50 seat or whether you occupy a $6.60 box location, the football you see this Fall w'ill be the best since Rutgers and Princeton got together for the first college game 77 years ago. OUR COVER: Kodachrome view of Yellowstone Park from Press Asso ciation. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3, 4 (left), 5, and 11 (upper), Press Asso ciation; Pages 4 (right), 6 (upper), 10, n (lower), 11, and 13 (except inset), Acme Newspictures, Inc.; Pages 6 (lower), and 13 (inset). Wide World; Pages 14-1 j, cartoons by Rodlow' Willard; Pages 19 and 20, courtesy American Trucking Associations; Page 21 (upper), courtesy Intemational Harvester Co., (lower), courtesy General Motors Corp. Third Cover photo from Press Association. 22 ETC 23861 SEPTEMBER 2, 1945. The surrender documents that ended the war in the Pacific. wouldyou letdtireyournwcai! rr^'" P1CtUMHvi^Mu* thuro are showing extremely TMZe' As an experienced driver your- god dr,vlf l^et/" mu difficulty in picking Six",STMKT---->*-- ANSWIIS DON'T let Jimmy, Lucy or Frank drive. Here's why: IT'S OKAY to let Ralph or Linda drive. Here's why: a nice lad, but a bit too romantic when be'* driving. That one-arm technique at the wheel ia bad business on today'* busy highways . . . and might even rate a sum mons in many states. has the unhappy habit of turning her head and taking her eyes off the road when she has something to say. Even if she were going only 30 miles an hour, she'd travel 225 feet in the five seconds her head is turned. shouldn't use a flame when the car is in motion. The glare will temporarily blind him. He'd be much safer using an electric or fiameless lighter to light his '`smoke" ... and he certainly should keep one hand on the wheel. fUpL Kf stopped at the side of the road for a little cat-nap to rest his eyes and avoid fatigue. That'* one of the smart est thing* anybody can do on a long drive, both for the sake of safety and for the enjoyment of the trip. shows a lot of good driving sense, too. Note that she's getting her gasoline from the pump with the Ethyl em blem. Millions of experienced driver* look for the Ethyl emblem wherever they drive. They know that highquality gasoline in a properly tuned engine makes for a more responsive car and therefore a safer car. It's the mark of a good driver to o*A for Ethyl. nil "PROFISSIONAL DRIVING"--a new 72-page book on driving, written and illustrated by experts. Read it yourself and then pass it along to somebody else. Typical chapter headings: "How to Handle a Blowout," "Fanning the Brakes," "Driving Needn't be Tiring," "Parking Made Simple." Offered free to car owners by Ethyl. Send a postal card or mail coupon below. Ethyl Corporation Chrysler Building, New York 17, N. Y. Please send me a free copy of "Professional Driving Name____________ Address^ Print)- City j ETC 23863 Ten years ago this month, Andrew Joseph Helouin, Sr., became the first Baton Rouge resident employed for the then unconstructed Ethyl Corpora* tion plant in that city. Today, Mr. Helouin holds the distinc tion of being the oldest Baton Rouge employee. He is with the Medical Department. Mr. Helouin didn't wait for an employment office to be opened. He went to the train to meet Dr. T. L. Watson, who was to take charge of medical examinations for prospective workers, and the late William Irwin, who was Ethyl's assist ant resident manager at the time of his death. After his qualifications were reviewed, Mr. Helouin was hired at once. There was a lot of work to be done in a hurry. Mr. Helouin worked from six in the morn ing until late at night, helping Dr. Watson with physical tests for the hundreds of applicants at the employment quarters. Later, after hospital facilities were constructed, Mr. Helouin settled down to do his part in the steady growth and expan sion of the plant's employee services. The company plans to build a new Medical and Personnel Unit and Mr. He louin is looking forward to working there. Mr. Helouin studied phar macy in New Orleans, and was a druggist for many years in St. Gabriel, White Castle and Baton Rouge. Before go ing to work at the Ethyl plant, he worked for the Solvay Chemical Company. IN THE gm/l/SMS OCTOBER OILDOM'S FIRST CAMERAMAN 3 Not every industry had a photographer on hand to photograph its birth and early childhood. The oil industry did have one, however, in the porson of a country cameraman named John A. Mather. His exciting life story is told in this article. MAGIC IN AGRICULTURE 8 What the amazing new science of Farm Chemurgy means to the farmer, the manufacturer and the general public is related in Ethyl's latest movie. SUCH LANGUAGE] 12 If you should find yourself saying "Roger," "On the ball" or the like, you're just one of the millions of Americans who have added G! Joe's pet slang terms to their vocabulary. WHIRLWINDS ON WHEELS 15 Miniature racing cars that zip along at more thon 100 mph repre sent one of the country's newest sport-hobbies. "ACCIDENTS" --MADE TO ORDER 18 There are those who will go to any extreme in faking an accident -- all-in the hope of collecting insurance money -- but sooner or later they get caught in the act. In order to widen the fields of reeder Interest In Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers net assodoted with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed In signed articles are the authors'. The editors of the News welcome articles of timely Interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl Fluid, used by oil companies to im prove the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earls W. Wsbb, president; Percy L- Griffiths, vice president and treasurer; Julian C. Consoles, secretary ETC 23865 istory owes a great debt of much of the early romance and ad Hgratitude to a man named venture of oiL Mathew B. Brady. Were it not forAlthough Brady and Mather were studio back in Titusville, Pennsyl vania. Brady had a staff of 20 camera men to assist him; Mather worked this Gvil War photographer, and the contemporaries, there were great .alone. Brady became famous 'crude cameras and developing differences in their backgrounds and throughout the country; Mather re . equipment he trundled around the m their manner of working. mained a relatively obscure country - battlefields in horse-drawn wagons - Brady, in 1861, was an experi photographer, hardly known or ap 80 to 8j years ago, there would be enced and fashionable photographer preciated beyond the region where no pictorial record of die ter-' ; rible War Between the States. Thanks to Brady, who fol Here it the life story of an unusual pioneer--the only man to compile an extensive pictorial record of the birth of the oil industry in America. For over a half a lowed die ebb and flow of die century, he travelled up and down the oil fields of epic struggle on the side of the Union armies, there is Pennsylvania, taking pictures of every point of interest. Thanks to his eiTorls, the oil industry has a priceless picture album of its humble beginnings in the 1860's preserved for posterity a faithful record of that fratri cidal conflict. and its adventurous growth in the following decades. But while he left behind an extensive collection of pictures, comparatively little has been known about the man himself. Only by patient digging in musty files In like manner, the petro has enough information come to light to piece together leum industry7 is indebted to;` the life story of the man. This article is the result of that research. a photographer named John , The author is Professor of History and Political A. Mather, who was a con Science at Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., and Cura tor of the Drake Well Memorial Park, Titusville, Pa. temporary of Brady. Thanks7; he worked and lived. Yet, through Mather's ef forts, probably no industry has as fine or as extensive a pictorial record of its begin nings as the petroleum industry. Throughout his career (he died in 1915 at the age of 88), Mather roamed up and down the storied oil fields of north western Pennsylvania, every where taking pictures. Most of these pictures were made to .Mather, there is preserved in glass of distinction; Mather was hardly by the then revolutionary wet-plate plate negative many of the vivid more than an amateur and an itin method, which required immediate scenes accompanying the birth of erant photographer. Brady had spe development of the negative but the petroleum industry in America. cially built wagons to haul his equip permitted any number of prints to Mather lived and died in the historic ment and serve as his darkroom on be made. In the course of his work, oil fields of Pennsylvania, from the battlefields; Mather had a horse Mather took pictures of pioneer oil which today's full-grown oil indus and wagon and a little house-boat men and their families; of famous oil try first sprang. Through the eves which carried him from place to wells, fields and farms; of the pio of his camera he saw and captured place in the oil region, and a modest neer pipelines of his day, and of the F ETC 23866 band of teamsters who battled their coming; and of a host of other people and places that made Penn sylvania famous for oil. Anyone familiar with the history of oil has doubtless seen a picture of the Drake well, completed in 1859, which was the first successful oil well to be drilled in the United States. That picture was taken by Mather--but it is not of the original Drake well. The reason is that the well's original derrick and engine house burned down shortly after Drake struck oil. The structure, however, was immediately rebuilt and Mather was the first to take its picture. Mather also photographed Colonel E. L. Drake, after whom the well is named, and "Uncle Billy" Smith, originally a salt well driller, who in drilling the Drake well be came the first oil driller in history. Except for losing out on the orig inal Drake well, Mather caught in his camera sight many of the wells which were to become milestones in the panoramic history of oil. He photographed the first great flowing wells along Oil Creek--the Empire, the Sherman, the Phillips, the Woodford, the Noble and Delameter. The Empire well came in dur ing 1861 at about 3,000 barrels per day. The Noble and Delameter came in during 1863 at about 4,000 barrels daily, and depending upon the price of oil, made its owners anywhere from $ 15,000 to $45,000 a day. The operators of some of these wells were unable to cope with such an unprecedented flow of oil. The re sult was that large quantities spilled over into Oil Creek where school children -- and adults, too -- would scoop up the oil in buckets and sell it, earning anywhere from $30 to $50 a day in the process. Mather photographed the famous United States well, developed in 1865, which inside of a few months created Pithole City, one of the greatest oil boom towns of all tiiqe. Three months after that well was brought in, Pithole City boasted 50 hotels, a daily newspaper, a water works system, a population of 15,000, and the third largest postoffice in Pennsylvania. Six months later -- after the oil prospectors be gan drilling into one dry hole after another -- most of the people de serted the town, until eventually it became a ghost town and is today simply farming land. Other Famous Pictures In 1863, Mather photographed the famous Reed well on the Smith farm along Cherry Run, which was the first well to be "torpedoed" to in crease its output. Five years later, he photographed the famous Harmonial well at Pleasantville, which started the oil rush to Pleasantville and is one of the first instances on record of an oil field being opened up by spiritualistic means./More over, Mather photographed*the fa mous "646" mystery well in the Cherry Grove district in 1882. This well marked the beginnings of the oil scouts; it also marked the begin ning of frenzied speculation in oil. Mather also photographed the fa mous Phillips, Armstrong, and Christy wells in the Thom Creek district near Butler in 1884, which proved to be the largest wells (from four to eight thousand barrels a day) brought in up to that time. In short, Mather followed the Pennsylvania oil fever wherever it erupted, slowly trudging along in his overland wagon or poling his flat-bottomed house-boat along the reaches of Oil Creek. He photo graphed, in their heyday, such fa mous oil towns as Titusville, Pleas antville, Oil City, Red Hot, Pioneer, Petroleum Center, Pithole City, Bradford and Shamburg. And he photographed many famous oil pio neers as well. Among the pioneers who posed for their pictures was W H. Ab bott, who with James Parker and William Bamsdall, built the first re finery in the oil region. Another was John D. Archbold, later president of Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), while a third was J. J. Carter, founder of The Carter Oil Co., which is todav Jer sey's oldest producing subsidiary. A fourth was Cyrus D. Angell, wellknown oil producer and originator of the oil belt theory (whose "hunch" led to the discovery of oil in West Virginia and southeastern Ohio). There were, also Lewis Emery, Jr., well-known oil producer and refiner in the Bradford field and one of the founders of the Pure Oil Co.; James Tarr, whose oil-rich farm on Oil Creek made him a fortune, and D. H. Cady, prominent oil man, who had one of the most extrava gantly furnished homes in Titusville, and who became immensely wealthy from his business dealings. Mather photographed countless other figures, big and little, during the half century he worked at his calling. At one time he had nearly 20,000 negatives on hand, but a large number of them were lost in the fire and flood that swept Titusville in 1892. The several thousand that re main constitute a priceless picture album of the early days of the oil industry. Mather's fame rests on his work as a country photographer, vet his original ambition was to follow in his father's footsteps as a paper man ufacturer. It was entirely bv chance that he turned to photography. Bom at Heapbridge, England, in 1827, Mather was one of a family of six sons and a daughter. His father served as the superintendent of Ridgely & Sons' paper mill, one of the largest plants in England. In his 4 ETC 23867 &7te Ctfatononial ty(e/f T/te ff64ff ETC 23868 3d MAGIC IN AGRICULTURE The fascinating story of Farm Chemurgy-- what it is, what it holds in store--is told in a new Ethyl movie soon to be shown Foreign crops like these are being introduced in the U. S. because of industrial poten tials discovered by Chemurgy Plants yield many different products. Among them are dextrose, used in medicine, and materials for plastics armers and manufacturers be ready for showing, is the latest in Fhave an unseen magician work Ethyl's series of moving pictures ing for them. He can make uselessmade especially for farmers, farm things valuable and he can make equipment dealers and other groups good things even better. He has with a stake in agriculture. even been known to make some In unfolding the story of Chem- thing out of practically nothing at urgy, "Magic in Agriculture" is a all. particularly timely film. This is be This magician has it within his cause Chemurgy touches upon so power to provide a more abundant many phases of agriculture. At the life for farmers. He can show manu present time, Chemurgy is impor facturers how to make new prod-, tant because it suggests to the farmer ucts, and new ways to make fa new ways to promote soil conserva miliar things. And for the rest of tion by showing him how to in us, he opens up the happy prospect crease his income with new crops of better homes, better clothes, bet that are both profitable and soil ter health and better living. replenishing. In the long run, Chem- This magician is a new science. urgy w'ill help the farmer to stabil Its name is Chemurgy7, or more ize his income by7 providing him properly7, Farm Chemurgy7. with new7 cash crops and finding Chemurgy7 means putting science new industrial uses for his old ones. to work for the fanner and the manufacturer, creating new7 outlets Experiments on Foreign Crops for all kinds of agricultural prod For example, one of the most in ucts. Through its magic, countless teresting parts of the picture deals new crops are being developed -- with foreign crops which, success valuable to the farmer because they fully grown here, will both relieve are profitable, and valuable to in our dependence upon overseas im dustry because they can be turned ports and at the same time provide a into finished goods. At a wave of its new source of income to farmers. wand, countless new industrial uses From China has come the rung are being found for old-established tree, and from northern Europe the basic crops. As a result of its magic rape plant, valuable for their oils touch, even former waste products needed in quick-drying paints, and of the farm are being turned to im in soaps and special lubricants. India portant uses. has contributed a pod-bearing plant Altogether, the story of Chem called guar, from which a milling urgy7 is a fascinating industrial ro company extracts a starch-like ma mance. What it has already accom terial used in making papers, cos plished, and what it holds for the metics and many drug store items. future, are told in a new film. The Chemurgists found in a Rus "Magic in Agriculture," which has sian dandelion a new source of rub been produced by Ethyl Corpora ber, and two companies have already tion. The film, which will shortly explored its possibilities, processing 8 ETC 2 3 8 7 J and fabricating rubber from these roots into tires. Another promising . plant is ramie, which comes from China, and whose fibers can be woven into a strong, light sailcloth, and into ropes, nets and fishing lines that will not rot. Crops such as these mav not seem yen' important to farmers, long ac customed to growing the conven tional wheat, corn and cotton, vet several of them promise to develop into profitable secondary crops at least, if not into major cash crops on their own. Chemurgv, as "Magic in Agricul ture" explains, comes from an old Egyptian word, "chemi," meaning chemistry, and from the Greek word, "ergon," meaning work -- and so we see that Chemurgv' liter ally means putting science into har ness. Since 1935, a concerted move ment has grown up around the sci ence, sparked by the National Farm Chemurgic Council. The Council, which is composed of industrialists, farmers and scientists, has sought not only to acquaint the American people with the meaning of Chemurgy, but also to stimulate research and development along its branches. To date, its accomplishments already mean annual income for farmers and industry running well into the mil lions of dollars. "Magic in Agriculture," which was produced by Audio Produc tions, Inc., required an enormous amount of planning and research. As a first step in preparing the picture, it was necessary' to find out every thing that had been printed and said about Chemurgv. More than five months alone were spent poring over booklets, reports, speeches and bulletins, and interviewing farm or ganizations. industrial companies and various research laboratories. The National Farm Chemurgic Council and the U. S. Department of Agriculture provided splendid cooperation, giving freely of their time and their technical advice. In dustries and farm groups also pro vided invaluable assistance. Many industrial processors of farm prod ucts showed how they fit into the Chemurgic picture, and furnished practical information and back ground. Moreover, various manufacturers cooperated by sending in samples of raw materials and products made possible by Chemurgv. Among the strange assortment received were phonograph records, combs, dresses, building materials, ropes, rolls of paper, pills, rayon stockings, corn syrup, bottles of ink, jewelry, piles of oat hulls, sheets of plastic, Here ore the basic components of plants which Chemurgy re-arranges in developing new raw materials for industry New outlets for old crops end supplementary income for farmers are among the aims of the Chemurgic movement -L ETC 23872 bundles of cotton lint, chicken the well walls sealed eliminates the quickly. Dextrose saved thousands feather yam, sugar cane, cakes of danger of collapse. of lives of wounded men in the war. soap, and automotive parts. In addi From starches, surprisingly Com is the source of a substance tion, to make the picture as authentic enough, come certain sugars, among known as zein. When mixed with al as possible, the movie sound trucks, them dextrose, a pure sugar used to cohol, zein becomes a kind of shel camera crews and other technicians keep tobacco moist. Dextrose is also lac, or it can be used to strengthen were taken to a farm to photograph used in the leather industry to make phonograph records. A new prod the appropriate farm scenes. new shoes soft and to keep the soles uct made from the lowly corncob . All in all, it took nearly a year from squeaking. Dextrose, or glu and the otherwise useless oat hull is before the last scene was shot and cose, can be injected into the human a liquid called furfural, important in the final editing completed, but it blood stream to restore strength making high grade lubricating oils. was time well spent. In "Magic in Agriculture" Ethyl believes it has the most comprehensive and authen tic moving picture yet made about the amazing new science of Chem- urgy. The picture is built around a typi cal farm family and their 14-year- old son, Tommy, who sees little promise in the future of farming -- and no connection at all between agriculture and industry. Tommy is ' > I wide-eyed with astonishment, how I ever, before the picture ends. In the opening scenes Tommy leams how Nature herself is a i* ' Chemurgist of no small ability. A cow, for example, unconsciously converts the basic chemicals of plants -- their cellulose, sugars, starches and other elements -- into milk. Man, with his knowledge of chemistry, Tommy discovers, can also change Nature's basic building Typical of the research facilities devoted to Chemurgy is this Department of Agriculture laboratory in Philadelphia Ethyl's latest farm movie took nearly a year to produce. Here a camera crew is getting ready to shoot a scene materials into new and useful prod ucts. Take, for example, starch, which comes from corn and pota toes. Besides its age-old use in launder ing, starch is now used to strengthen textile fibers, to bind sand used in moulds for casting engine parts, and to provide the adhesive element in medicinal tablets. Vast quantities of starch are used by the food industry. In drilling for oil, starch is added to drilling mud to seal the sides of a well, so that the lubricating fluid does not seep away and expose the drill head to overheating. Keeping Another familiar crop with many new uses is cotton. The soft bolls can be made into a light but extremely strong plastic that replaces light weight metals in a wide variety of wavs. Short cotton lint fibers are turned into an insulating material. Linters -- the shreds of cotton sticking to the seeds --were once thrown away, but they now emerge as rayon fabrics through the magic of Chemurgy. From the cellulose in cotton we also get explosives, mo tion picture films and countless varieties of plastics. Among dairy products, casein -- an ingredient of skim milk -- is now used in huge quantities as a binder for color pigments, for coating spe cial printing papers, and for mak ing plastic buttons, jewelry, and other attractive articles. One of the newest products from casein is a fiber called Aralac, which has most of the qualities of wool. Farm wastes have the peculiar habit, under Chemurgy's magic spell, of turning into the most un expected things. Among the latest developments is a use for chicken feathers, which have been made into another new experimental yam. Com stalks, wheat straw, and ba gasse -- the stalks of sugar cane -- become paper, corrugated fiberboard and building boards. These wastes, moreover, are even put to good use in servicing farm machinery. Com cobs ground up with rice hulls produce a soft-grit blasting material said to be ideal for removing carbon deposits from en gines without pitting highly pol ished surfaces. Besides telling of these individual accomplishments, "Magic in Agri culture" emphasizes the place of the scientist in the Farm Chemurgic team--showing how he discusses and plans research projects, conducts his experiments, and finally turns his test tube accomplishments into com mercially successful products. These laboratory sequences were photo graphed in the Department of Agri culture's eastern regional laboratory in Philadelphia, a $2 million plant. In everyday life, research is carried on by hundreds of industrial labo ratories as well as by the Depart ment of Agriculture. The National Farm Chemurgic Council, in addi tion to sponsoring many projects, acts as a clearing house for informa tion about Chemurgic develop ments. Two industries which play a direct role in the advancement of Farm Chemurgy are the oil industry and the farm equipment industry. Thanks to power-driven farm ma chinery, fanners are getting more production in the aggregate and higher yields per acre. And through the use of such economical, laborsaving machinery, not only are they able to produce enough of basic foodstuffs, but also to turn part of their acreage over to crops which have industrial uses. One of the big contributions of farm machinery manufacturers, in this direction, has been the development of the high compression tractor engine powered on gasoline, which greatly increases the power and efficiency of farm equipment. Illustrative of the importance of modem, powered farm machinery to Chemurgy', it would have been impossible for the soybean to be come one of our most important crops unless the equipment com panies had developed suitable har vesting equipment. Only 20 years after its introduction here, the soy bean reached an annual production of 200 million bushels in 1945. In the automobile industry' alone it is the father of car lacquers, window trim, horn buttons and even upholstery. Meanwhile, the farm equipment in dustry is constantly studying other new crops in order to anticipate the farmer's need for new machinery. For its part, the oil industry not only has offered farmers continually improved gasoline, but has perfected better oik and greases to prolong the life of their equipment. New prod ucts of the oil companies designed to help the fanner in many ways in clude rust preventatives, stock sprays, and insecticides. To portray the central characters in "Magic in Agriculture," actors were selected from among top pro fessional The role of the boy, Tommy, was taken by Robert Antoine, juvenile star of such Broadway hits as "Song of Norway," "Tomorrow the World," and "I Remember Mama." Tommy's sister Sue is Phyllis DeBus, who has been cast in "Lady in the Dark," "Janie" and "Strange Fruit." Tommy's father, Harry Martin, is played by Joseph Draper, who just finished a year on Broadway in "Po lonaise," while his mother in the pic ture is Florida Friebus, an actress of considerable experience, who served as understudy for Ruth Hussey in "State of the Union." The part of Uncle Jim Martin is taken by Rusty Lane, Broadway actor in "Decision," and more recently a USO show di rector. Fred Stone, the county agent in the picture, is played by Anthony Ross of the prize-winning play, "The Glass Menagerie." Alexander Lockwood, who appeared in such stage successes as the Maurice Evans' production of "Hamlet," takes the role of Bill Jamison, a farm equip ment dealer. "Magic in Agriculture" makes the fifth in Ethyl's series of farm movies. Others are "This Is Our Land," "Old MacDonald Had a Farm," "At Your Command," and "Masters of the Soil." n ETC 23874 ^NGI/AGt It'll never be the same--the American language, we mean-- thanks to the slang terms that sprang up during the war orld avar ii did more than sim Americanisms, and many of them W ply change our way of living. already have earned a lofty niche in It put new words in our mouths. the vocabularies of millions of civil Whether we realize it or not, most ians, especially the men and women of us are saving many things a lot who were in uniform during the differently than we did just before conflict. Some of the slang terms will Pearl Harbor. "Okay" has moved fade or die out altogether after a few over and made room for the airman's years' usage, but others will maintain "Roger." "On the ball" has all but such widespread popularity that replaced "Get hep." "You've never lexicographers will have no choice had it so good" has sidetracked but to put them in their dictionaries. "Quit your bellyachin'." And these Perhaps the most commonly ac are just a few examples of the new cepted slang word of the past war twist the American "slanguage" has is "snafu." It spells out -- politely -- taken. "Situation normal, all fouled up" in The reason, of course, is that military circles, and now is used by many of the countless new slang civilians to denote a confused situa terms which sprang up in the ranks tion or, as a noun, to describe a per of our armed forces have been read son who created the "snafu." The ily accepted on the home front. The serviceman's practice of con cocting his own special words and phrases is as old as the military pro fession itself. From Revolutionarv War days through the recent global struggle, our men under arms have taken delight in bestowing pet names on their weapons, their different pieces of clothing and equipment, the places they've been, the intensity of their servitude^in the armed forces, and almost everything else comprising their soldier or sailor life. The second World War popular ized more than its share of these word gained such popularity that it was the title of a Broadway show and later a Hollywood motion pic ture. The paradoxical "Situation normal, all fouled up" carries the connotation that Army and Navy official matters are not "normal" un less they are snarled in red tape or otherwise befuddled. Bevond "sna fu," there is the superlative "tarfu" -- meaning "Things are reallv fouled up" -- which covers a case of hope less confusion. "Bunk fatigue," the most pleasant job in the Army, has been carried over into the new postwar world as a synonym for sleeping or resting, while "hitting the sack" is another w'ay of going to bed, verbally. To 12 i ETC 23875 J, many veterans, each and every meal is just plain "chow" instead of break fast, dinner or supper, and canned milk is called "armored cow" and butter "grease." Further, a lavatory is an Armv "latrine" or a Navy "head," and the laundry is a "button chopper," as it was in the service. Reconversion days also find the ex-serviceman and wartime civilian alike asking not so much "What d'va know?" as "What's the latest G-2?" This expression is derived from the fact that G-2 is the Army's Intelli gence section. See for Yourself If you still are not convinced that the war has had a marked effect on your vocabulary, be you veteran or not, count up the number of times during the past week you gave out with an "Oh, my aching back" (a complaint when misery is piled upon misery), "You've had it" (missed out on something), or "Sweating it out" (enduring a mental or physical hard ship). Initials always have enjoyed a re spectable position in the parlance of the sendees, even in official com munications. An Army Regulation is an A. R., the commanding officer is the C. O., the Quartermaster is referred to as the Q. M., and so on. By the same token, the uniformed men and women of the recent war often used initials in their talk, either voicing the letters separately or combining them to form a slang word, such as "SOP" for "Standard Operating Procedure." It is a safe bet that "G. I." will be retained as the designation for American servicemen, particularly those in the Army, for a long time to come. Still other examples of "ini tial slang" apparently destined to hold their own are "T. S." and "S. O. L.," both of which are expres sions of little solace to a person ex periencing a spell of bad fortune. The more refined version of S. O. L. is "strictly out of luck." "A. W. O. L." is spoken either by the initials or as one word, and when used by civilians refers to an absentee, just as an Army "av-woll" is Absent With out Official Leave. In civilian as well as Army life, "R. H. P." says laconi cally, "Rank has its privileges" -- with all its attendant woes for the enlisted man or civilian counterpart. Not all, or probably even most, of the slang terms employed by GIs in World War II were coined by them. But the common acceptance of these colloquialisms today is due certainly to the use, if not the over-use, given them by the members of the armed forces. Although new techniques of warfare, different types of weapons and equipment, local battle condi tions and the like encourage the in vention of new words, many of the soldier's and sailor's unorthodox ex pressions are carried over from war to war. "Tell it to the Marines" and "red tape" date back to Spanish-American War years and may have been in use even before then. A "bunk" was a bed to the Amer ican soldier in both World Wars, and the personal identification discs issued by the Army were and still are known as "dog tags." Bayonets, al though not used as much these days, continue to be called "persuaders." In both wars, too, chaplains were affectionately referred to as "Holy Joes" and "sky pilots," and "Jerry" meant a German fighting man. The other way around, however, Dad's "corned willie" of 1917 was "Spam" to his soldier son, the mod em artilleryman shortened still fur ther the abbreviated name for a high explosive shell from World War I's "Hi-Ex" to "H. E.," and "GI Joe" generally replaced "doughboy" as the universal designation of all men in uniform, regardless of branch. In cidentally, the appellation "dough boy" goes back at least as far as the Civil War. It was applied first to the large, globular brass buttons on the infantry uniform of that era, but soon became a nickname for the in fantryman himself. World War I brought into promi nence such current widely used phrases as "Give her the gun" and "Nothing to write home about," the latter having been the chronic com plaint of soldiers in their letters from overseas. There was, they informed 13 ETC 23876 their families and friends, "nothing to write home about because the food is lousy, the trenches are muddy and smelly" and so forth. Out of the war of almost 30 years ago we also added to our national vocabulary the word "jake," mean ing that something or everything is all right. The best guess is that this was as close as the average American doughboy ever got to pronouncing the French word "chic." American sailors who sank the Kaiser's sub marines were credited with being the first to "pound my ear" when they meant sleep, and the first to label an empty beverage bottle a "dead soldier." vicemen in reporting an unsuccess the "Male Call" strip drawn exclu ful business adventure, love affair, or^ sively for GI publications by Milton experience of any kind. Caniff, creator of "Terry and the Members of the armed forces of Pirates." World War II managed to circulate In the Navy, the chief, albeit un their own slang terms amongst them intended, cartoon character slang- selves quite thoroughly via the popularizer probably was "Dilbert." word-of-mouth method, but some He was the zany used in Navy De of the credit for spreading and keep partment pamphlets to illustrate how ing alive those expressions must be NOT to fly a plane, how NOT to given to many of the cartoon char rescue one's self after a disaster at acters that appeared in service news sea, and how NOT to do a million papers and magazines. The prime and one other things. purpose of these pen-and-ink fig While soldiers and sailors have ures, of course, was to provide a some slang words in common, each couple of laughs or a few seconds of branch of the armed forces boasts a light reading, but their use of a bit jargon all its own. Among the few of slang in even one strip invariably expressions which both the Army was enough to insure the success of and Navy use are "Snafu," "hash that word or phrase. mark" (a service stripe) and "knock Among these characters were off," meaning to stop doing a par "Willie and Joe," who helped soldier ticular thing. Navy men continue to Bill Mauldin win the Pulitzer Prize use their own slang in civilian life, and who now are carrying on their just as Army vets employ theirs, but comradeship as civilians in many it is the lingo of the soldier that is daily newspapers throughout the more apt to "latch on" permanently country; Dave Breger's "Private in the postwar world due, if for no Breger" (now "Mr. Breger" in the other reason, to the fact that the civilian press) and "Miss Lace," the overwhelming majorin' of men tantalizing and alluring heroine of wore khaki. Terms That May Stick It is anybody's guess, which, if any, of the slang terms employed so universally during the recent war will stick in our civilian vocabular ies. But right now, in addition to the many others, the expression "brass hats," which was applied to the policy-makers and top officers of the Army, is enjoying widespread usage as a name for any group of "big shots." "Egg in vour beer," meaning too much of a good thing, also is holding its own in the postwar world, as is the term "higher than a Georgia pine," referring to an un duly excited person. And "Maggie's drawers" -- the red flag used on the rifle range to indicate a miss -- is the favorite phrase of countless ex-ser 14 ETC 23877 V WHIRLWINDS ON WHEELS By Paul Chandler Designing and racing miniature cars that can do better than 100 mph is today an up-and-coming sport and hobby ulliver, a large and awkward Building them and racing them is G fellow who did more than his a hobby sport of hundreds of Ameri share of traveling in weird fictionacal ns. The sport is still quite new. It lands, arrived among the little people first thrived in the years before much too soon. World War II began, and it was re The Lilliputians, you will recall, vived only this past summer. During were six inches tall and were strange the war, rationing hurt some, mak and wonderful people. Gulliver was ing it difficult to get the tiny engines, struck by their progressive ideas of the few ounces of rubber for tires, government, society and science. and the fuel. But what really stopped Amazing as thev were, however, the activity was the induction into mili Lilliputians had no automobiles. tary service of most of the men who Even today, many years after Gulli build the cars. ver wound up his wanderings, the The fastest of these motorized only cars fit for a self-respecting jack-rabbits incorporate the most Lilliputian are built in the United streamlined automotive design pos States. Here they spin about tiny sible. They're nothing more than big tracks spotted across the continent raindrops -- rounded in front, taper from New York to California. ing to a point behind, with no cock We're talking about model cars, pit or any other protuberance to three or four inches high, weighing give wind resistance. Only a fraction about five pounds, and capable of of an inch of tire touches the road. speeds in excess of ioo miles an It's the closest thing to a motorized hour! bullet ever built. Top, a lineup of entries in a race. Inset, a push is needed to get a car underway Building things in miniature, of course, has been a hobby of men for many centuries. Model cars are not new either, but organized competi tion among them is just getting started. There is a national organi zation that establishes rules for rac ing. Local clubs keep the competi tion alive on a regional basis. Cars are separated by "classes," depend ing on the type of design. Detroit, the "Motor City," has a large and active group of model au tomobile designers and racers, as might be expected, but the most suc cessful racing is done iq California. On the Pacific Coast, weather does not interrupt racing in the winter, whereas in other parts of the coun- 15 ETC 23878 try the cold months are used only for tinkering and designing in the workshops. There are no indoor tracks in existence. It takes a special kind of track for these cars. The best one is located at Detroit's Rouge Park, scene of the national races. It was built for the Detroit Model Racing Car Associa tion by the city Department of Parks and Recreation. In actual competition the tiny cars race only against time, not against other cars. Engines are warmed up bv placing the rear wheels against a large revolving wheel. When the engine is warm, the car goes to the track, which is brick, circular, and an eighth of a mile long. The car is hooked to a slender airplane cable extending from a steel post in the middle of the infield. The owner pushes the car until the engine coughs and roars, and the tiny vehi cle flashes away with a mightv noise. The cable and the center-post are part of an elaborate timing device. An intricate series of electrical con tacts at the center-post relays im pulses with each revolution around the track to a timing station en closed in a small hutment outside the track. Electrical watches there meas ure the blinding speed of these giantthroated doodle-bugs. Most races are for half-mile or mile distances. There are no brakes in the car. When the finish line is crossed, a cord hits a tint- spoke which extends upwards from the car engine. The spoke is connected to a switch which turns off the ignition. The car coasts to a stop many laps hence. There are three classes of model cars. The fastest is the "spur" class, socalled because a tiny spur gear con nects between the engine and the transmission. In this type the onecylinder engine lies on its side, oc- ETC 23879 i cupying space that in big cars would be occupied by a driver. The fuse lage has no breaks in it whatever -- just a sheer, shining droplet designed purely for speed. A car built by Dick McCoy of Pomona, California, holds the speed record for the "spur" class -- 114.38 miles per hour. A second class is the "stream liner." In it the engine sits upright, with a conventional crankshaft and transmission arrangement, but here again the cockpit is eliminated, to cut down wind resistance. "Stream liners" have gone 103.9 miles per hour. Miniatures in the third class -- "conventional" -- are exact dupli cates of full-size racing cars, com plete to every detail of windshields, hoods, driver's seats, and exhaust outlets. These are the cars the Lilli putians could have used. When lined up on the hot, oil-smelling, red-brick track, the scene is like looking at Indianapolis' famed "500" race through the wrong end of the field glasses. Miniature auto racing is a sport that draws its value from the same sources as full-sized auto racing. It's a hobby that keeps technical minds alert, and it's a microscopic portion of the fabulous industry' for which America is famous -- planning and building automobiles. Because it is done in miniature, it provides many opportunities for experiments that are impossible in large cars. It is safe to predict that from the sport will come revolutionary ideas that will prove useful to automotive manu facturers and designers. One of the close secrets of the game is that of fuel formula. Each builder spends hours of his time with test tube and eye-dropper, carefully compounding fluids from alcohol, castor oil, and other chemi cals, always seeking something that will give him more power and speed. Fuel tanks hold only a thimbleful of liquid, and no model auto racing man lets it be known just what he is using in his car. Most of the cars have a thumb sized Hornet engine that develops one horsepower at 18,000 rpm's. Rubber tires weigh three or four ounces. Tinv gears and other parts, requiring perfect balance and strength, and microscopic* toler ances, are made by hand in private workshops. The finished car is an amazing tribute to the sublime pa tience, meticulous planning, and tireless manual labor of the builder. Materials for a car cost only $50 or $60, but no price can be placed on the hundreds of hours of individual labor that are spent on each auto mobile each year. Like all hobby sports, it involves whole families. In California, New York, and Michigan, wives, sons and daughters help in the workshop. On Sundays and other racing days, they all go to the track, picnicking and joining w'ith other families in con versation. Meanwhile, the man of the house sends his car into compe tition, and there learns of the suc cess or failure of his workbench creation. All the way through, it's Ameri can. Even Gulliver would have been impressed. This miniature racing car track in Detroit's Rouge Park is one of the best in the country. The cars race against time, net against ether miniatures "ACCIDENTS trapping the driver inside. All the evidence pointed to an unfortunate mishap. But besides life insurance, a sizable automobile insurance policy was in volved. And because of this, the Association of Casualty and Surety Executives entered the case, as one of a number of functions it performs for a group of casualty and surety By Paul D. Gr**n insurance companies. Checking the events of the night of the accident, a claims investigator ot long ago, a man was found from the Association learned at a N dead in a wrecked and badly nearby roadside diner that the dead burned automobile, apparently thme an had purchased a cup of coffee victim of a highway accident. A and a sandwich less than 15 minutes short time later, his brother, a doc before the crash -- and that he was tor, filed a claim for the dead man's accompanied by a man who vaguely $120,000 worth of life insurance. resembled him. The diner attendant The doctor, incidentally, had been also recalled that the deceased man paying the premiums on the insur had acted somewhat strange on the ance. way out. In view of the amount of insur Inspection of the ill-fated car re ance involved and the violent nature vealed a peculiar fact --the front of the death, a life insurance investi part had been burned completely, gator was assigned to the case. His whereas the rear, where the gas tank brother, the doctor told the investi was located, hardly had been gator, had gone out for a drive by touched by the flames. It looked himself the night in question. It ap suspiciously like a fire set by human peared that the car hit a telegraph hand. The body was burned so badly pole, somersaulted and caught fire, that an autopsy was impossible, but there were no crushed bones or bul lets to indicate foul play. Finally the investigator, seeking witnesses to the accident, located a small boy who claimed he saw a man set fire to the car, after jumping out of it and letting it crash into a tele phone pole. Faced with the suspicious angles worked up by the investigator, and the eye-witness account of the youth, the doctor broke down and confessed. He had taken his brother for a drive, stopped off in the diner where he drugged his coffee, and then drove him to his doom. This is a typical example of how assiduously insurance investigators, acting very much in the manner of detectives or FBI agents, but with out their official status, break many insurance frauds. They are em ployed by the Association of Cas ualty and Surety Executives, which was formed in 1929 to expedite the settlement of claims when they are legitimate, and to track down frauds when they are patent. The Associa tion, a non-profit organization, per forms these and other cooperative tasks for its 66 stock casualty insur ance company members. The Association handles some 800 fraud cases a year, averaging over a score of criminal indictments, and can point to hundreds of cases where it has saved its member firms hun dreds of thousands of dollars in claims they would otherwise have paid. These savings are reflected in lower costs of operation' for the surety companies and in lower pre miums to policy holders, who bene fit when insurance risks are kept at a minimum. The Association has ten 18 ETC 23881 Made to Order Insurance fakers often go to fantastic- lengths to collect money on phoney accidents, but they're almost always caught branch offices throughout the coun try, each staffed with from four to fifteen operators for handling claim investigations alone. Many of the agents are former FBI men or muni cipal detectives. In the Association's Claims Index File are records of some three million claims served upon 250 casualty companies in the past 15 years, which furnish a birdseye view of the whole claims picture. Insurance fakers are forever beat ing the underbrush of finance to scare up new schemes or revive old ones, according to Wayne Merrick, general manager of the Association's Claims Bureau. Their methods are as endless as a circle, and just as roundabout in many cases. An example of the ex tremes to which they go is the man on the Association's blacklist who practically sold his soul for the sum of $8,000. He virtually destroyed half of himself in a bloody trail of faked accidents, all self-induced. These included chopping off a finger at a time until he was missing six, then a toe at a time until he was minus eight, then part of an ear, the remainder of one hand, and slices of his thighs and legs. Because it is the easiest to fake, the most common type of phoney accident is the injured back. One quack, who eventually was sent to the hoosegow, specialized in this form of claim. For several years, he collected $200 here, $100 there, and so on before deciding to try for the jackpot by having his back almost broken while falling off a bus. After the accident, he was declared by his doctor to be almost completely para lyzed from the waist up, and unable to work again. The insurance investigator, suspi cious because of the claimant's rec ord of frequent accidents, delayed the settlement while he checked into the case. The investigator happened to live in the same town as did the injured man, and, upon making inquiries, he learned that the man's plight had evoked the sympathy of the com munity. Baskets of groceries were sent to his house. Welfare agencies did what they could for him. The parish priest sought assistance for the man and his family. Finally, the crippled man was able to get a job in a nearby city -- an office position, he said. His son drove him to work in the morning, and brought him back at night. Once home, the disabled man would col lapse into bed, exhausted by the exertion, so his wife claimed. But one day, the investigator fol lowed the car to the man's place of work. He saw it stop after it had passed the town limits, and the father swap places with the boy and drive to his job. It turned out that the man was a carpenter on a build ing project, and his apparent injury did not prevent him from clamber ing nimbly around girders and framework in a most industrious manner, for eight working hours. That was enough for the insurance investigator. He soon broke the case. It is not uncommon for a man to seek damages on the same injured part of the body time and again. One accident "victim" collected 12 times 19 T ETC 23882 for back injuries, which he faked, and nine times for hand injuries, and three times for one finger alone. All told, he garnered almost $3,500, be fore he cooked his own goose. In attempting a phoney fall from a trol ley car, he misjudged his step and his right foot went under the car wheel and was severed. When he presented his claim for this, his pre vious false claims came to light -- and he was tried, convicted and im prisoned for five years. Frequently, insurance swindlers are able to continue their skulldug gery for a long time by operating on a national scale, employing countless aliases, and never repeating an acci dent in the same city. One such woman faker sued bus, railroad and trolley companies from coast to coast before she was arrested in Pitts burgh after a lengthy search by in vestigators. Like many' insurance swindlers, she also was found to have a criminal record on other counts. Lawyers, doctors and hospital at tendants have often been involved in fraudulent accident cases. Records show hundreds of instances where "ambulance chasers" encouraged people to present damage claims for imaginary accidents, or where doc tors falsely testified to the extent of accident injuries. The Association of Casualty' and Surety Executives has done much to stamp out such rack ets by causing the ousting of scores of lawyers and doctors who have thus forsaken the ethics of their pro fessions. The Association has numerous wavs of determining fraud in insur ance claims. It is suspicious of a person who will settle for much less than his original claim. It orders extra medical tests to verify the orig inal doctor's report. Also it relies heavily on repetition, figuring that if a person presents more than three claims within a short period of time, it is no longer a coincidence. It gets on the claimant's trail, and tracks down the giveaway facts. To aid in smoking out. frauds, the Association refers to its voluminous Claim Index File, which turns up repetitious claimants. A man who operated under 23 aliases made 38 claims from February 1941 to June 1944, collecting some $1,425 in small sums. Ironically, several of his aliases were listed in the Index. One com pany actually had a claim from him made under an alias -- which was how it reported it to the Association -- but it had made out his claim check for $175 in his correct name, at his own request. Had the com pany notified the Association of this fact, the fraud would have been de tected then, because this man's real name already was on file. Instead, he got away with the deception until he made the mistake of using the same alias twice. That finally landed him in jail. An "Angel" Nine Times Over One of the most colorful charac ters ever turned up in an insurance fraud investigation was a character who used nine aliases -- all of them with the name "Angel" in them. He finally was caught and convicted on a charge of using the mails to de fraud. Almost immediately thereafter, other crimes came to light. It devel oped that he had posed as a Collector of Internal Revenue, and collected fees for tax claims he supposedly' squashed for unwitting citizens. A thorough investigation of this man covered ten states, disclosing that he had made damage claims in all of them to 14 separate companies. He also had obtained employment in hospitals under the guise of being a doctor, and had married four times but only bothered to be divorced once. The payoff was that he evaded the draft as a 4-F by' faking epileptic fits. All of this was revealed because an alert manager of the Claims Bu reau became suspicious when the man tried to settle a $200 claim for twenty-five cents on the dollar. An attorney who became a per sonal injury' specialist was disbarred and fined some $1,200 after an Asso ciation probe uncovered a long list of malfeasances on his part. He not only built up phoney cases of acci dents -- and found people who were willing to perjure themselves for illicit claims -- but put in 12 separate accident claims for himself. He was apprehended when one of his con federates, angry because the lawyer withheld too large a share from a fake claim settlement, tipped off the Claims Bureau to the racket. Some insurance frauds are readily unmasked, attesting to the stupidity of the people who try' to make a living outside of the law. One man who claimed he lost the end of a finger while working, and collected $310.50, eventually was proven to have suffered the injury while fixing his car. He worked in collusion with his foreman, who certified that the accident occurred on the job. The man was ordered to pay back the settlement plus costs. Another claimant, using the com mon dodge of the injured back, was photographed with a movie camera climbing a tree -- strange actions for an incapacitated man. Products' liability claims -- find ing strange objects in food and drinks -- are the most common type of insurance claim but the easiest to defend. Because of the huge number of such claims, however, a number of food products companies retain specially-trained lawyers full-time to handle the hundreds of such claims that are filed against them each year. Not one in a hundred result in a payment. 20 ETC 23883 OILDOM'S FIRST CAMERAMAN (Continued from page 6) road stations, teamster wagons, re fineries, pipelines -- all formed a wonderful panorama for his camera ! sight. Through his travels by wagon (and by barge along Oil Creek), Mather became one of the most widely known figures in the Penn sylvania oil region. Often he would be hired to take a picture of a new oil field or installation. But many's the time he snapped a scene just for the satisfaction of having taken it, thereby preserving it for generations to come. For a man as captivated by the lure of oil as Mather, one would have expected him to take a fling in many a wildcatting venture. Actu ally, he had at least one fleeting chance to reap a fortune, but missed out because of a baby. The golden opportunity that came -- and went -- took shape in the person of a hard-bitten oil pros pector named J. W Sherman, who was drilling on the Foster farm along Oil Creek. Operating on the proverbial shoestring, Sherman was down to his last dollar and needed to buy a horse to supply the power for his rig. Stopping in at Mather's f shop, Sherman offered him a oneeighth interest in the well for $68, the price of a horse. Mather had the money and the inclination to buy the interest. But just at that moment, a woman with a baby entered his studio and asked to have the baby's picture taken. Thinking that Sherman would wait, Mather went ahead with his work. But Sherman, meanwhile, stepped outside, saw a man sitting on a horse across the street, and offered him the one-eighth interest for his horse. The deal was made, and as luck would have it, three days later Sher- _L ;i II k man tapped a vein of oil, which spouted some 1,500 barrels of oil a dav. For that one-eighth interest, the man who traded Sherman his horse made about 5175,000. Mean while, Mather received one dollar for the picture of the babv. But what he lacked in financial reward, he made up in many excit ing experiences. One of his most thrilling had to do with a photo graph Mather had taken of the Reed well in 1863. That well was famous because it was one of the first to have a charge of gunpowder low ered into it and exploded, in the hope of increasing its flow of oil. It was also to be a bone of contention in the bitter litigation that ensued in the 1870's over the patent rights involved in torpedoing oil wells. In the midst of the protracted court fight, Mather was offered $500, by one of the litigants, to give him, or destroy, the picture he had taken of the Reed well. Mather promptly refused. He was told that if he did not comply, another pho tographer would be brought to Titusville to put him out of busi ness. Again, Mather refused. Sure enough, within a short time another photographer appeared in town and set up shop in competition with Mather. At first, Mather was at a loss as to what to do, but one dav he had a clever idea. Only recently he had purchased a pistol flashlight, a new development in photography, and now. Mather decided to have some fun at his rival's expense. The next dav, as his competitor was passing by, Mather hailed him, quite amiably, and offered to take his picture bv a new-fashioned method. The man agreed, and un suspectingly seated himself in a proffered chair. Suddenly Mather whipped out his pistol flashlight, pointed it at his rival's head, and shouted, "I've got you just where I want vou at last." As the victim sat speechless, Mather gave him a sermon in "pure oil country code," and when the man seemed at the point of collapse, Mather raised his pistol and pressed the trigger. There was a blinding flash -- and a scream -- and the frightened victim lost no time in fleeing from his "murderer." Mather was never more to be bothered bv this competitor. Mather took one brief , flyer in oil, during the oil rush to Pithole Citv in 1865, but it was unsuccess ful. Returning to his regular busi ness, Mather remained a photogra pher the rest of his life, content to photograph the lusty adventure of the oil fields rather than to risk his scant savings. In the early seventies, he married Miss Mattie Tarr of Cherrytree township; they had one child, a daughter, later Mrs. Willard H. Hunt, of Philadelphia. Mather never made much money from his photographic studio; it provided him with barely enough to keep him going from month to month. Yet he had a full life, a rich life, a life spent in the romance of oil. Mather died on August 23, 1915, in his 88th year, and was buried in a rural cemetery between Cherrytree and Dempseytown, Pa. Of his work there were many tributes. Said a writer in 1913, "John A. Mather has made it possible for the historians of the day to embel lish American history with true scenes of the commencement of the world's now greatest industry." His pictures, w'rote the editor of the Titusville Herald in 1896, "are the most delightful souvenirs of the primitive and halcyon days in the petroleum industry, which are gone never to return." It is impossible to tell how many pictures Mather made in his life time. During the fire and flood at Titusville in June, 1892. he lost over 16,000 negatives, but nearly 3,000 others relating to the oil region w ere saved. As he grew older and less ac tive in business, he wanted to dis pose of the negatives so that they might have a permanent home after his death. In 1912 he tried to sell them to the State Museum at Har risburg. An official representative was sent to Titusville to examine his collection but, "owing to insuffi cient funds," the State Museum could not purchase the collection. After Mather's death in 1915, the Drake Memorial Association pur chased the negatives for $100. When Drake Well Memorial Park near Titusville was established in 1934, the entire collection was placed in the Drake Museum where they are to be found today. Altogether there are 3,374 nega tives in the Museum, of which 2,229 have been identified and labeled. Most of them are in excellent condi tion; some have been cracked in handling; and the emulsion on some is slowly crumbling. New negatives need to be made in order to pre serve forever the work of John A. Mather. They constitute a priceless pictorial record of one of the most exciting eras in American history. OUR COVER: Kodachrome view of combining wheat in North Dakota, courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3. 5. 7, 21, courtesy Drake Well Memorial Park Museum; Page 9 (lower) and Page 10 (upper), courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture; Pages 12-14, cartoons by Rodlow Willard; Pages 15, 16 (upper) and 17. cour tesy Detroit News; Page 16 (lower). Press Association; Pages 18 and 19, illustrations by David Shaw. 22 ETC 23885 Ethyl Baton Rouge Plant Employment for Ethyl Corporation's tetraethyl lead manu facturing plant at Baton Rouge was started ten years ago this month (see Page 2). The photo above is the latest aerial view of the Ethyl plant, as it stands today. The Ethyl property is bordered on the left by the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad and on the right by the tracks of the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad. Tetraethyl lead is manufactured in the five large buildings at left center. To the left of these buildings is the blending plant for mixing tetraethyl lead with ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride and dye to form Ethyl fluid. Tanks above the blending plant are for storing the finished product. Just behind the tetraethyl lead plants is the alloy plant for prep aration of lead sodium alloy, used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead. Across the railroad tracks at the bottom of the photo is property of the Louisiana Division of the Standard Oil Company of ISew Jersey. Pipe lines from this refinery bring crude propane, ethylene and hydrogen to the ethyl chloride plants of Ethyl Corporation (shown at extreme right). Pipe lines from the Solvay plant (at the extreme left of the Ethyl property, but not pictured) carry salt brine to the sodium plant (slightly right of center). Just in front of the sodium building is another plant for making ethyl chloride, using alcohol as a raw material instead of refinery gas. Hydrogen chloride and salt cake are produced in the HC1 plant beyond and to the right of the sodium building. ETC 23886 i Are better drivers then ^ ? THE MORE STATISTICS we dig up on this subject, the more confused we get. The ladies produce reams of figures showing that women drivers have fewer accidents than men. The men coun ter by saying that such figures don't mean any thing because men operate cars and trucks under the most difficult conditions--day and night, through rain, fog, ice and snow. Since there are undoubtedly good and bad drivers of both sexes, we'll leave it to you to out who in your family knows the most about driving.See who scores highest on the quiz ques tions below--dad, mother, brother or sister. , If a certain car with Cret-rate brakes running 20 miles per hour on a dry road can be stopped in 14 feet, how many feet would it take to stop it at 40 miles per hour (not counting driver's reaction time) ? M /* / SO .fKPt 73 f*et Colorful autumn leaves a drive in the country particularly enjoyable at this time of year, but what does a capa ble driver do when leaves cover the road ahead? by Philip Mongone. Hot by Sally Victor. * 56 feet. *** Slow down. Leaves are slippery--- CO particularly when wet--end can cause a Q bad skid. Yes. Courts have held that when a collision occurs, it is the fault of the peroon who had the "last clear chance" to avoid it. 4. Don't count it against your score if you didn't know this answer. Few peo ple outside the petroleum automo tive industries know the reason why gasoline quality leveled off--and even slipped back a bit--this year. The cause - hns henn Government rationing cf lead. one of the materials needed to make Ethyl antiknock fluid, and oil refiners have not been permitted to raise pre mium gasoline as high as they would like to. Meanwhile, the Ethyl emblem is your assurance of your oil company's beet gasoline at all times. Worn or out-of-adjustment brakes --probably on the front wheels. a. Too much speed for the curve. b. Under-inflated tires. 7/ With some power on. Feeding gas gives extra traction, helps prevent skid ding. Use your brakes before you hit the curaa. ................ ....................... ............. The driver of the sedan has deliberately run through a red light. By stopping short, the driver of the converti ble can avoid a collision. If she fails to do so, can she be held liable--oonaidering it was the other driver who ran through tbs light? Yes iVo 4* After the war every body expected gasoline refiners to offer supergasolines. Why has gas oline quality remained at its preaent level for the pest few months instead of soaring to new heights? 5. If the steering wheel of a car pulls to one side when you atop, what would you suspect the cause to be? a. Worn steering knuckles, e. Worn or oux-o/-adjust ment brakes. b. "Frozen" differential gears. d. Loose steering gear. e. Give two possible mesons why the tires of a car will *'squeal*' when rounding a corner. tm One way to round a curve is to take your foot com* pletely off the gas and proceed without power. Another is to reduce speed before entering the curve and pro ceed with some power on. Which method will help you around the curve better--reduce possibility ofskidding? C. With power off. b. With some pmt'er on. FREE.. "Professional Driving'' --a 72-page book that will make your driving safer. easier and more econom ical Here are some chspier heading*: ``How to Handle a Blow out.`"'park ing Made Simple." "DrinneTipe for Cit.v Traffic. '' Offered FK to ear owners by Ethyl. Ethyl Corporation Chrysler Building, New York 37. N. y Please send me a free copy of "FrofeanooaJ Driving." ETC 23887 IN THE NOVEMBER 194 William K. McCulloch, Jr., who hat been associated with Ethyl Corporation for the last 14 years, has been named to the newly created post of Sales Promotion Assistant to the General Sales Manager, Julian J. Frey. In his new assignment for Ethyl, Mr. McCulloch will act in a liaison capacity between the sales organization in the field and the executive offices in New York on various pro grams. His duties will include the analyses of sales promo tion ideas and programs sug gested by the various Division offices for consideration and adoption by the company. Moreover, he will aid Division Managers in putting into op eration the sales promotion plans developed or adopted at sales headquarters. A native of Owensboro, Ky., Mr. McCulloch is a graduate of Sewanee Military Academy and the University of the South, both located in Se wanee, Tenn. He taught school in Allenhurst, N. J., for a year after graduation from college, and then joined Ethyl in Octo ber, 1932. Hs was associated with the Ethyl exhibit at the Chicago World's Fair, and in 1934 was assigned to Ethyl's Kansas City Division as a field engineer. Except for two and a half years in the Navy as a lieutenant during the recent war, Mr. McCulloch remained with the Kansas City Division until his appointment as Sales Promotion Assistant. MEXICO'S INDUSTRIAL BOOM 3 Our neighbor to the South is making great strides -- with the aid of U. S. capital -- in a program to industrialize and modernize the country. NEWSPAPER FOR NOMADS 8 It's called The Hobo News, and is hardly an orthodox journal. But it is read almost as avidly on Park Avenue as in the freight yard "jungles." WHEN THE DRAGON SHIPS CAME 12 It now appears probable that America was "discovered" by the Vikings, some 500 years before Columbus set sail. ICE CREAM SODAS FROM THE SEA 16 Maine fishermen are taking more than lobsters and mackerel from the sea these days. They're raking in a seaweed that has many strange, but important, uses. MOTORCYCLES ARE BACK 19 Postwar interest in the motorcycle is running high among com mercial users as well as sport enthusiasts. In order to widen the Helds of reader Interest in Ethyl News, we frequently publish articles contributed by writers not associated with Ethyl Corporation. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the euthors'. The editors of the News welcome articles af timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of Ethyl brand of antiknock compound, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Earle W. Webb, president; Percy l. Griffiths, vice president and treasurer; Julion C. Gonzalez, secretary ETC 23889 MEXICO'S INDUSTRIAL BOOM By Henry E. Bose A host of new factories are sprouting up south of the border, financed by American companies 6 C Qaludos Amigos" -- the new U welcome Mexico has been tendering foreign businessmen in growing numbers -- is paying hand some dividends. Reflecting the more favorable attitude toward foreign ers, together with cooperative gov ernmental policies, the southern republic has made great strides toward improving living standards and the general status of its people. Much remains to be accomplished, but .Mexico has charted its course toward modernization and industri alization. It is difficult to walk a block in Mexico City without hearing the crash of falling walls, the hum of a riveting hammer, or the rolling rat tle of a cement mixer. Old buildings are being demolished and replaced bsv new ones. Mexico Citv already is a different metropolis, and the story is the same for other cities. But this is only one evidence of Mexico's intentions for the future. Industrialization is a vital cog in her drive for better living conditions. Some Americans regard Mexico as an agricultural country, vet not more than 25% of her land can be placed under cultivation. This vear, in fact, she is importing com, wheat and sugar -- three of her own prin cipal crops. Before the war, the Mexican Government and Mexican capital ists conceived a plan for broad in dustrialization which is taking shape now. Most of the projects have been predicated on the utilization of do mestic raw materials and labor, plus inducements of tax exemptions. What Mexico has been seeking is capital and technicians, while it fur nishes the raw materials and labor. Availing themselves of the oppor tunity, American firms have been making substantial investments in Mexico. Using their industrial know how and their resources, they are improving old industries and estab lishing new ones. Under Mexican laws foreigners mav conduct business on the same basis as Mexican nationals, except for certain provisions with regard to financial institutions, agriculture, mining, oil, forestry', water power and land ownership. These do not prohibit foreigners but outline vari ous requirements which must be met, usually as to joint participation in capital. In some cases, the Mex- ETC 23 Typical of the many new manu facturing facilities being erected in Mexico is this new Celanese plant in Guad alajara, state of Jalisco. Others include metal prod ucts, electrical equipment, paper and chemical plants Loading rails tor the Mexican National Railways at the Mon terrey steel works. Like other industries, the steel industry has undergone a big expansion 7! lit 4 ican Government, through govern mental banks, becomes a partner in the newly established enterprises. Mexican nationals usually partici pate to the extent of 51% of capi talization. The two inducements held out to American capital lie in the fields of income taxes and import duties. By an act of 1941, Mexico's De partment of National Economy is empowered to grant five-year tax exemptions from federal taxes to new or essential industries, and in many instances relief from import duties on machinery and raw mate rials has been provided. Thereafter, the new businesses are subject to in come taxes varying from 3.8% to 30% (the first 2,000 pesos of income are exempt). In the United States, on the other hand, present normal and surtax business levies average 38%. Moreover, the Mexican Gov ernment has assisted financially in Among the public works projects completed during the war was this new dam in the state of Sonora PS hi N many projects, establishing severs national financial institutions to an the economic growth of the nation The southern republic's invita tion to foreigners to participatt with domestic capital in her indus trialization, instead of establishing wholly foreign-owned companies, has proved successful. The Ameri can investments, it is believed, will be safeguarded against expropriation and other policies which in the past adversely affected American inter ests. Today there are about 200 com panies in which American capital is interested. They include such indus tries as mining, metal products, tex tiles, electrical equipment, paper, aluminum, chemicals, airlines, con struction materials, rubber goods and foodstuffs, and also railroads and public utilities. American companies with pro ducing and/or distributing interests in Mexico run the gamut of all in dustries. Among them are American Smelting & Refining Co.; GardnerDenver Co.; General Electric Co.; International Business .Machines Corp.; Safety Car Heating & Light ing Co.; United Shoe Machinery Corp.; Allis Chalmers; Babcock & Wilcox; Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.; Standard Sanitarv Manufac turing Co.; Abbott Laboratories; Bauer & Black; Johnson & Johnson, Plough, Inc.; Sharp & Dohme; Col gate-Palmolive-Peet Co., Ford; Gen eral Motors; and numerous others. Among the larger enterprises are the Altos Homos Steel Co. in which American Rolling Mill Co. has sup plied capital and technical direction, the Mexican Celanese Co. in which the Celanese Corp. of America has rim ETC 23891 largely contributed; and Atenquique Pulp and Paper Co. in which American Cvanamid is participat ing. Moreover, there are interests in Mexico bv Reynolds Metals Co., Aluminum Co. of America, Con tinental Can Co., Johns-Manville Corp., E. R. Squibb & Sons and Westinghouse Electric, among others. In all, since 1939 some 400 manu facturing enterprises (including do mestic companies) have been organ ized in Mexico with capital esti mated in excess of 400 million pesos (roughly $80 million). In this devel opment the government has been extremely helpful by granting spe cial franchises and tax exemptions. These industries in Mexico yield much larger profits than in the United States. Net profits would average from 13% to 20%, and in some instances profits have been suf ficient to pay off the original invest ment entirely in the space of two or three years. American investment in Mexico was particularly noticeable during the war when, because of onerous taxation in the United States, capital was seeking a better return. More over, Mexico benefited from the huge wartime sale of raw materials, metals and manufactured goods to the United States. It was practically a one-way street -- all exports and Above, silver mines in the state of Durango. Mexico is one of the richest countries in the world in mineral resources end is the lead ing silver producer. Below, a sec tion of the new Pan-American high way in Oaxaca state, showing the rugged terrain that had to be cut ETC 2389 no imports -- and the southern re public in consequence has built up enormous gold and bank credits in the United States. One leading banker estimates these credits in ex cess of $500 million. A big business in itself, Mexico's tourist trade also zoomed during the war. American tourists could not make their usual trips to Europe, be cause of the war, and so, instead, flocked to Mexico and other Latin American countries. North Ameri can "touristas" streamed in bv plane, train and bus, and 1945 was a banner year for Mexico. It is estimated that tourists spent about 300 million pesos (about $60 million) in Mexico last year. Tourists provide a big busi ness for Mexico, and large metro politan centers as well as numerous shore and vacation points are enjoy ing a tremendous upsurge in busi ness. New hotels and restaurants were established, only to be overtaxed. Reservations at many hotels had to be made, and still must be made, in advance. And the Mexican Govern ment is doing everything possible to encourage and expand this business by offering inducements to tourists. Besides its industrial development and the encouragement of tourist trade, Mexico has also embarked upon a vigorous public works pro gram. Through the use of a master plan, it has developed blighted areas by widening streets and making new street openings. Its parks are another example of its many civic improve ments. Moreover, the expansion of hornt industries, in addition to new fac tories, office buildings, etc., means more water systems, power plants, highways, railroads and airlines. The federal government has appro priated 300 million pesos (J60 mil lion) for public works construction this year. Other funds to be acquired through sales of bonds will be used for construction of highways and for the development of electrifica tion and irrigation projects. Even ports will be expanded and stream lined. At Vera Cruz it is expected that port facilities will be tripled at a cost of several million pesos bv the construction of new wharves, warehouses and improved railroad yards. The petroleum industry of Mex ico, which has been operated by the Government since the American and British oil properties were ex propriated in 1938, may witness greater exploration to develop new oil producing areas. Only recently the Mexican Government invited bids for private exploration, but only bv Mexican capital, for the first time since expropriation. No bids were received, however. Financially, Mexico is one of the few countries to enjoy a balanced budget, and it has only a small in i' Continued on page 24) JUAREZ--"TOURItTA" HAVEN Thirty yards across the Rio Grande River from El Paso, Texas, lies the Mexican city of Juarez (see opposite page.) This "tourista" haven likes to think of itself as being "the heart of the Old World," but actually it is a far cry from the Mexico pictured in tourist folders. Juarez is small, clean and modern, but it also is commercial. Its main streets are lined solid with curio shops and bars, and in the streets themselves are pushcarts by the hundred. From these side walk vendors visitors may purchase a cheaper replica of the jewelry, fine Mexican silver, leather goods, liquor, and French perfumes to be found in the shops a few feet away. Before the Pan-American highway was pushed through to Laredo, Juarez was the chief jumping-ofT place to interior Mexico. Today, it is largely a convenient tourist shopping center. Travelers, staying at a modern hotel in El Paso, can ride into Juarez by trolley in five minutes for only 12 cents. Every adult is allowed to bring back S100 worth of gifts and souvenirs each month, although only one bottle of liquor per person is allowed in this quota. While not "Old Mexico," Juarez is a city of romance and everlasting appeal. Music constantly fills the air, due to the many street musicians who wander throughout the town, and the curio shops and bars are a subject of renown for the American "tourista" with a camera. ETC 23893 Even Hobos have their own tabloid, The Hobo News. Its slap-happy pages cheer up 90,000 readers every week The Hobo Nows is printed in New York City at this plant near the edge at Manhattan's cabaret belt RDINARILY YOU WOULDN T ex you a hint that this is no ordinary O pect that driving a jalopy journal. He calls it The Hobo News. headlong into a pillar supporting aYnou might expect that the bright elevated railroad would have any green and pink and flaming orange thing to do with starting a newspa pages would have something to do per. But sleepy-eved Pat Mulkem with America's knights of the road, knows differently. He's founder, but that's only half the story. owner and publisher of a tabloid unique not only in the way it began, Appeals to Anybody but completely unorthodox by al This breezy sheet doesn't forget most any other standards you can the restless men who ride the blinds imagine. and live in hobo jungles, but it also Pat doesn't recommend an auto appeals to anybody who likes a curi mobile accident as a sure way to ous concoction of jokes and car catapult yourself into a successful toons, leggy pictures and girl an, business venture. If you take what articles of tear-jerking sentimental comes along, he figures, and make ity, tips on horses, Broadway gossip, the best of it, you'll come out all poetry7, homespun philosophy, shon right with a little luck. stories and plugs for worthy causes. That's the philosophy Pat has Bums and bankers, high school kids steered by since the days when he and housewives, crooks and commu was a hobo, wandering as the spirit ters -- more than 90,000 of them moved all over the country7. He's altogether -- read The Hobo News still a hobo at heart, and proud of it, in every big citv and many smaller but probably a better businessman towns from coast to coast. than he realizes. Twelve years ago Pat Mulkern hit Pat's paper, just bv its name, gives New York with $1.32 in his pocket. Today his building at 115-119 West 52nd Street, where The Hobo News is published, is valued at $150,000; his presses and equipment at another $150,000. Pat claims the good will of his paper alone is worth $200,000. If you had told him back in 1934 that he ever would have that much in worldly goods, he would have suggested you find a nice, quiet sani tarium and the best doctor around. Pat hit the "el" pillar the same day he hit New York. He'd just come from his home town of McKees Rocks, Pa. Riding with him in the jalopy were his wife, Lucy, and a fellow hobo and good friend, Boomer Rodgers, known as the Poet Laureate of Freight Yard Jungles. The "el" post survived the crash. Luck caught up with Pat, how ever, disguised as a junk dealer who offered $30 for the remains of the car. And Luck got Pat a job as janitor of a West Side tenement a few hours later. The pay was two basement rooms, rent free. When he was a boy Pat had been a printer's devil. He also had worked in printing plants and newspaper offices here and there during his hobo days. As an easy way to make a little money, the Mulkerns and Rodgers decided to start a printing venture of their own. Pat took $15 of the $30 they had received from the junk dealer and bought a small secondhand press. Their first publication was a one- ** ; 8 etc 23895 Pat Mulkern, right, the paper's founder, and Cliff Mack, editor, scan page proof* Pat dishes up Mulligan stew for his partnet, Boomer Rodgers, left, and hungry Cliff Working in the plant fakes muscle. Irene Lohten once was a strong lady in a circus Hobo Philosopher Roger Payne buys a copy of the paper from Ralph Johnson, peddler page sheet of old and familiar ballads like "The Cremation of Sam Mc Gee" and "The Face on the BarRoom Floor." After they had run off a hundred copies or so, Pat and Boomer would peddle them on Broadway for a nickel. The take was good. They continued the sheet for a couple of years, whenever they felt like it, printing as many copies as they could sell. One day, Pat and a group of hobo friends were spending a lazy after noon at home reminiscing about past adventures. Eventually the conver sation drifted around to Pat and Boomer's ballad sheet. Among the hobos gathered that afternoon was one Sundown Slim, who never used a short word when a long one would do. When the idea came up that the ballad publishers ought to print a newspaper with a hobo twist, Slim was especially en thusiastic. The others soon joined in. "I've got it!" Slim yelled. "I cere brate that the paper should be called `The Hobo News'." And it was. The first edition was a single sheet folded to make eight pages. The paper was a screaming yellow. The headline, which took up half the front page, was "Fair to Fair With No Fare." It told hobos how to bum their way across the country for the forthcoming expositions at New York and San Francisco without spending anything for a railroad ticket. Dan O'Brien, whose long white beard had earned him the title of "The Bernard Shaw of the 'Bos," was the author, writing from rich personal experience. A number of excellent cartoons and jokes studded the first issue -- good because they had been noncha lantly lifted from the best magazines. Even now Pat laughs when he thinks of how freely he used his scissors in those early days. "And why not?" he asks. "The best at any price -- and no price, so much the better." Loaded down with i ,000 copies of their new paper, laboriously run off on the little press, Pat and Boomer and their friends began hawking the sheet in Union Square, Columbus Circle, Broadway, the Bowery, city parks, and wherever gentlemen of leisure mighj be found. Copies sold for ten cents each, and went like a four-star extra. Everyone relaxed after the first flush of success. They had money in their pockets. Editions were pub lished only when Pat and the rest felt in the mood, seldom more than once every three months. It was sim ply too much work. Within a year, however, the pat tern of the paper's future was rea sonably well established -- a lot of cartoons and jokes lifted from maga zines and other newspapers, a gener ous emphasis on pictures of young ladies clad in a minimum of gar ments, racy sketches about one thing or another, occasional poetry, and, of course, articles and drawings about hobos and life in the open spaces. New Printing Press The Hobo Nevis sold so well and the dimes piled up so rapidly that Pat and Boomer bought a new print ing press, for $3,200, paying $400 down. As time went on, they began to talk about other fields to conquer outside New York. They decided on Chicago. Armed with an untoucha ble thing called a Pullman ticket, Boomer set out for the Windv City, taking with him 10,000 copies of the paper. Threadbare clothes and down-atthe-heel shoes helped Boomer make the familiar rounds of Chicago's flophouses without attracting undue attention. He casually jingled a pocketful of $20 or so in quarters, nickels and dimes under the noses of the city's destitute. When they asked how he happened to have so much money, Boomer simply re plied, "By selling that screwball paper, The Hobo Nevis, of course." He signed up salesmen by the dozen, and disposed of his 10,000 copies in no time. Today one former rod-rid ing hobo distributor in Chicago is rich enough never to travel any wav except by plane -- and he pays his fare. The same circulation-building stunt was tried in other cities. Later on, Pat and Boomer made arrange ments with regular newspaper dis tributing agencies to handle deliv eries from New York. But aside from newsstand sales, The Hobo Nevis is peddled by the same hobos who always have been the backbone of the paper's circulation department. Cheered by their success in the national field, Pat and Boomer, who by this time had formed a kind of partnership, set out to go to town with their newspaper. Editions be gan to appear once a month. Pat bought articles, poems and cartoons from hobos and struggling young writers down on their luck. No one knows just how it happened, but when word got around that the paper was buying free-lance stuff, contributions also started to come in from would-be artists, writers, and gag men in jails all over the country. Pat estimates that 20 per cent of his present 150 correspondents are under lock and key. He's proud of the fact that wardens have given his paper credit for helping in the re habilitation of some prisoners. Circulation continued to climb to ward the 50,000 mark. By the fall of 1940, the sheet had outgrown its little basement apartment on West 17th Street. One day Pat asked Harry Baronian, his promotion man, how much money they had in 10 ETC 23897 i the bank. When Harry told him my Manville, and married him - and advises people, with a nice moral pat, $18,000, Pat couldn't believe it. so today there is a new "Wandering to "choose a goal somewhat above i Then, taking a deep breath, he said, Mind," Ann Suplock. your present capacity, but not im- i "We're going to move uptown. Up Jack Kennedy's Broadway col-. possible to attain." Cheek by jowl town and spread out among the umn is as flippantly chatty as those with a rib-tickling story about dish swells." appearing in more orthodox jour- washing in Albuquerque will be a It wasn't long before The Hobo nals. A good many readers used to ballad about the evils of drink, a STeies had its own plant and offices pore over the late Jack Harris' tips crack at the housing shortage, and at 105 West 52 nd Street, on the edge on horses, written in a pithy, slang- the observation that "if we don't of the city's nightclub belt. A studded style. One of the best regu- give away our `atoms' we'll always canopv stretched over the sidewalk. lar features about hobos is the Chi- have pleasant `eves'." A red neon sign blazed the paper's cago Kid's "Hobo Days," a series of The Hobo News seldom bothers ! name to passers-by. To all who whimsical and nostalgic reminis- to print news as such -- it has always i stopped to look, there was the cences of life on the road. paid little or no attention to events f paper's slogan in gold letters across of the day. But before the war, when the plate glass window -- "A Little Loafing Theme Popular pat bought an article called "To Hell Fun to Match the Sorrow." The A good deal of the humor in The with Hitler," it gave him an idea. He prosperous little tabloid now came Hobo News stems from its play on splashed the title all over the front out twice a month. inertia, like the drawing of a swash- page. Whenever the Nazi dictator Four years later, Pat put up $100,- buckling wife lecturing to her hus- perpetrated a particularly flagrant 000, all of it in cash, and moved to band who is reclining on a couch, crime, Pat yanked the headline out still larger quarters a few doors "John," says the missus, "I wish sci- and used it over again. He therefore away at 115-119 West 52nd Street. entists would discover a way of claims the distinction of being the That's where The Hobo News is splitting you and releasing your first editor to repeat a headline. He published today as a weekly. energy!" Another favorite cartoon still repeats stories and cartoons he In spite of its fancier home, the subject, naturally enough, is the pre- particularly likes, paper is much the same as it has al dicament of hobos hitching rides on Pat thinks his best idea during the I ways been. Pat and Boomer, their freights, trying to grub meals, and war was the one he used after Italy editor, Cliff Mack, and Fred Mar having brushes with The Law. surrendered. The front page carried shall, circulation manager, are much The articles, poems and anecdotes pictures of Mussolini, Hitler and too shrewd to forget the ingredi are an odd assortment of humor, up- Hirohito, with a big "X" through ents of the frothy recipe that swelled lift, patriotism, romance and adven- II Duce's photo. The caption was the circulation to a high of 123,000 ture. Readers are warned that "love "One Down, Two to Go." The same before newsprint allotments were will die sooner from surfeit than idea was picked up by others news- cut. The only changes have been in from starvation." A typical squib (Continued on page 26) the improvement of the contents. The paper pays more now for its articles and cartoons, and has signed up more writers with professional experience. Editor Mack is a former Time magazine and New York Mir ror man. Pretty Georgina Camp bell, who wrote a lively, informa tive and semi-philosophical column called "The Wandering Mind," used to work for Town and Country. Once she interviewed Lord Halifax, who confessed on the front page that he's a hobo too, because he "roves about and lives awav from home." Next she interviewed Tom- The freights roll by while this hobo enjoys his paper ETC 23898 Did the Vikings discover America? Mounting evidence is turning a legend into a fascinating chapter of history soil and chopped away the en croaching roots, uncovering at last a 200-pound block, 31 inches long, 16 inches wide and six inches thick. The surface was covered with strange hieroglyphics. By John E. Kolly Olaf's ice-blue eyes danced. The sweat on his forehead came from t was hot that summer day in more than the midsummer sun. Bur I 1898 as Olaf Ohman, a rugged ied treasure! Someone had hidden Scandinavian immigrant, cleared a chest of gold! What else could this away the land for his new farm in strange marker mean? The stories frontier Douglas County, Minne about America were true! sota. Sweat rolled off his broad back. Armed with pick and shovel, the Perhaps he wondered whether he'd frantic farmer made the dirt fly. been a fool to leave the Old Country Hours later, bitter with disappoint for this wilderness, where he'd had ment, Olaf had to admit that no pot to work harder than ever before in of gold was buried here. An empty his life. And yet America was a land hole in the ground w as all he had where everybody was supposed to to show for his trouble. get rich, and where a pot of gold But the stone that hid no gold for awaited every fortune seeker. Olaf has since proved to be of price His axe bit into a ten-inch poplar less value. For it is one of many growing on a knoll, the white chips clues which have convinced many flying in all directions. The tree shuddered, swayed and fell with a crash into the underbrush. Olaf historians that Columbus was really a Johnny-come-lately to America. Today it is almost indisputable that leaned on his axe-handle for a few' the first Europeans to set foot on moments to catch his breath. Then North America landed nearly 500 he noticed in the loose earth around years before the Captain from the stump the comer of a rough Iv Genoa, leaving behind them in squared stone. scribed stones and other indelible Curious at first but w'ith growing relics. excitement, Olaf scraped aside the Oddly enough, it is also just as certain that the first actors in the great drama of the white man's con quest of the New World were the Norse ancestors of Olaf Ohman and his fellow Scandinavian pioneers who came to build their homes in the same territory, centering around the Great Lakes, once explored by the Vikings. Shortly after his discovery, Olaf took his stone to the neighboring town of Kensington. Here someone remarked that the curious inscrip tion was like ancient Scandinavian wrriting known as runes. Interest in the tablet soon spread to learned circles. Experts here and abroad looked down their noses at the "discovery," claiming that the stone could not possibly have been carved by early Norsemen. Minnesota, they, con tended, was too far away from the coast, where wandering Nordic sea farers might have landed. The year, 1362, w'as inscribed on the stone in a strange hieroglyphic. Carefully inspecting this, archaeolo gists like Hjalmar R. Holand of Ephraim, Wisconsin, traced it to the same form of runic writings used in certain districts of Norway and Sweden during the fourteenth cen tury. Since then the doubting I I Thomases have had much less to say. primitive enough in the Norway challenged. One of the earliest was The inscription on the Kensing and Sweden of those forgotten days, a small oval slab of sandstone un ton stone tells a laconic story of but it was certainly more advanced earthed by Abelard B. Tomlinson disaster to a group of Norse ex than the civilization of the Indians. in an upper vault of the great pre plorers nearlv 600 years ago. Some The red men could not write. The historic Indian mound at Grave of them had gone fishing, and when Norsemen could and did. The runic Creek, Moundsville, West Virginia, they returned to their camp they symbols of Scandinavia can be traced in 1838. found "ten of our men bloody and to several ancient alphabets, includ About the size of a hen's egg, the <4 dead." Presumably the victims had ing the writings of the Phoenicians. stone bears a runic inscription re been massacred by Indians. This is Other characters come from letters counting a religious observance by believed to be the first written ac on early Greek and Roman coins. Norse explorers in the eleventh cen count of a tragedy that was to be The Kensington stone was by no tury. For years the experts scratched repeated so many times in the later means the first Norse relic discov their heads, wondering how a tablet colonization of our country. ered in North America, nor was it of this kind, if it were genuine, ever Civilization as we think of it was the first to have its authenticity found its way into a mound obvi ously built by Indians. Since then at least four more similar tablets have been dug up in Indian mounds WE ARE SWEDES AND 22 NORWEGIANS ON in the same area. $ goatt ok 22 uottmm p A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION FROM :4l>Xyff kfPX R>?FR4: opdagtiaeftrd fra V1NLAND THROUGHOUT THE VEST- WE Yitrx4MP-'Y*kt*Yi* winUod of wot we CAMPED BY A LAKE WITH TWO STONE ISLETS ONE rx'tmwtk'F-ha m-*p bide lager wed 2 duren DAY'S IOUKNEY NORTH OF THIS STONE. W*1:ftlHt:t4RR:PR4:m4-'4tH` dip rise norr in deni wen WE WERE OUT FISHING ONE DAY AND UPON YhYJrR5 44sFTHF:4V-MtW:ElflRf wi war ok fuke en dagh apcir RETURN TO CAMP WE FOUND TEN OF OUR MEN Y|:44Y:FfY:F'Xf:9'YXVRilH: wi kom hem fio 10 mia rode BLOODY AND DEAD. AVE MARIA. Later excavations in the Middle West, also at Indian mounds which were built long before the English or French or even the Spanish came, have brought to light many more articles undoubtedly of European manufacture. Copper kettles, silver bands, axes, and knives with antler handles fashioned in the Norse man ner have been discovered buried next to Indian relics. How can these circumstances be explained? To the red men the mounds were sacred places, graves, sanctuaries and if bktd og ded AVM SAVE US FROM EVIL safe deposits, all in one. It was the Indians' custom to bury there me fraelae if illy THERE ARE TEN OF OUR PARTY BY THE SEA TO LOOK t f-YXVi :Y+: *XY+T: Xt= har 10 mint we hawet it ae mentos of valorous enemies. It is a natural assumption that the weapons, implements and inscribed stones of l AFTER OUR SHIPS, FOURTEEN DAYS JOURNEY LIR:Y4!H: HAIITF apcir wore skip M dagh rise FROM THIS ISLAND. DATED 1J62 :4Y:>tt4:$*:X*fUrFFF: fram dcna oh ahr >362 the fierce Norsemen would have been highlv prized souvenirs of bat tle. During the past hundred vears, many more relics have been found over a wide area along both sides of The Kensington Stone tells how Norse explorers were massacred 13 ETC 23900 The Indian mound at Grave Creek, W. Va., where a tab let with Norse writing (insetl was discovered. Many I !l Viking weapons have been found in the Middle West , ` lil the Great Lakes and around the headwaters of the Mississippi. A large number of these relics were once used by Norse warriors. Weapon for weapon, they are identical with Scandinavian arms preserved in European museums. They also vary among themselves as types in use from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries, the exact period when the Norse settlements in Western Greenland were sending out parties to explore Leif Ericssons' glimpsed "Vinland the Good." A year after the discovery of the Kensington stone, Nels Windjue unearthed a fourteenth centurv spearhead in good condition in Trempealeau Countv, Wisconsin, 40 miles east of the Mississippi. Hans O. Hanson, a farmer of Ulen in Clay County, Minnesota, found a thir teenth century sword in 1911. Ted H. Field, a Madison, Wisconsin, at torney, owns a Norse battle-axe, found at Kensington, and of a tvpe in use during the same period that the Kensington stone was inscribed. New discoveries are continuing. In 1930, J. E. Dodd was working 14 his mining claim at Beardsmore, On tario, north of Lake Superior. As he started to sink a shaft at the foot of a hill marked by a strong vein of wjhite quartz, his pick struck a great two-handed sword with its blade snapped in half, an axe-head, and the metal handle of a shield. The rel ics date from the eleventh century. They were probably buried with a fallen Norse warrior. And only last summer, Richard S. Sackett, field director for the Min nesota Historical Society, an nounced that he will lead an expedi tion to a Red River valley swamp near Fargo, North Dakota, where a Viking ship is said to be lodged. The ship has been described and its loca tion plotted by Vernon Jampsa, of Minneapolis, an oil company engi neer, who said he found the ancient craft in 1914 when he was a boy. Hardy, rough and fearless, the early stalwart Nordic adventurers must have come to North America via Greenland. There the Scandi navians had established two colo nies of several thousand people in 985 A. D., when the climate is believed to have been somewhat warmer than it is today. The settle ment at the southern tip of the coast existed until at least J432. The second colony, on the west coast at Vesterbygd, prospered until about 1342. In some year around 1000 A. D., the explorer Leif Ericsson was blown off his course by a gale, and so instead of landing in Greenland, he discovered the mainland of America, which he named Vinland for the grapes he found growing everywhere. Others followed his lead, and a small settlement was established, but it was abandoned three years later because of the hostility of the Indians. Various sites from Labrador to Rhode Island have been claimed as the Norse landfall. ETC 23901 Leif Ericsson's discovery must have whetted the imaginations of more than a few Greenland settlers. Sagas relate that the way to the New World from the Greenland outposts was through a narrow channel of mountainous seas and swirling currents, a place of "insup portable ice and boundless gloom." This was obviously Hudson Strait, whose Atlantic mouth was nearly opposite Vesterbygd. A number of the more adventurous colonists, however, were willing to risk the passage to find the warm, lush land to the south and west. How many of these pioneers re turned to Greenland with tales of vast forests, rolling hills, boundless lakes and mighty rivers, we do not know. We do know, however, that when King Magnus Erickson, lord of Sweden and Norway, sent an expedition to Vesterbygd in 1354 to put an end to religious dissension, the community was deserted. Other settlers reported that the colonists had "sailed to join the people of Vinland." Many years later, on the .southern shore of James Bay, ex plorers found blue-eyed "white Indians," possibly the descendants of Vesterbygd settlers. The leader of the King's expedi tion of 1354 was Paul Knutson, a prominent courtier. Some historians trace his course in search of the Ves terbygd colonists through Hudson Bay, up the Nelson River, and across Lake Winnipeg and lesser water ways to the region of the Great Lakes. One theory is that the Ken sington stone was inscribed by a member of his party. Other Norse expeditions to the mid-continent area probably found their way via Hudson Bay too. At any rate, the first French and English explorers in the Great Lakes region found their white skins and strange clothes no novelties to the Indians. "Men in wooden boats" had been there before. Jean Nicolet, in the service of Champlain, heard of "men of the sea" when he reached Wisconsin in 1634. A Winnebago Indian legend told of bearded whites who had come down from the north, ages before, to battle the red men. In upper New York State, where Norse relics have been uncovered, the Six Nations had a fearful mem ory of the "Stone Men." Manpower and Gunpowder If the Northmen came to midAmerica, why did they fail to con quer and colonize the new lands? The answer lies principally in two words: manpower and gunpowder. As Scandinavian seapower de clined, the Norse kings lost interest in their American colonies, sending only one ship a year to Greenland. Troubles at home eclipsed thoughts of empire. Plague decimated the people -- the Black Death in Europe and smallpox in the Arctic. No re inforcements came to help the little groups continuously battling wellarmed savages. When the Spaniards, French and English landed, they had firearms. It was relatively easy for them to beat back the Indians with such superior weapons. The earlier Norsemen, although well armed with lances, battle-axes and spears, were no better equipped than the Indians, and of course vastly out numbered. Horses, too, played their part. Mounted Spanish warriors under Cortez in Mexico terrified the Aztecs. If the Norsemen had been in the saddle instead of coming up rivers and across lakes in their lean dragon-ships, their story might have ended differently. The Norse invasion came too soon. Otherwise we might be living today in a country called "Vinland the Good." "I'm depending on their overconfi dence to breeze me in the winner" 15 ETC 2390 oy johnson stood at the little R. dock watching the dory come in. It was a grey dory, high-sided, and deep in the water with its load. The fisherman rowing it was lean and weathered, dressed in a non descript plaid flannel shirt and high rubber boots -- the trademark of the Maine waterfront man. He stood up to row, bending forward against the oars. Without raising his voice he spoke across the water: "Fine mo'ning, Roy." Roy raised his hand to answer, ap The tea moss, for which fishermen collect two cents per pound, is washed and re-washed in wooden tubs labove) Below, odd-looking wheelbarrows cart the clean seaweed to fields for sun-drying. Washing and drying require five days praising the load in the dory. Twelve hundred pounds, looked like. Twelve hundred pounds of slippery, green ish-brown seaweed. Worth $24 de livered to the dock. Why? That's what the fisherman asked, as he and Johnson turned away from the dock, toward the office building to collect his check. "Been sellin' sea moss to yuh five-six weeks now, Roy. What d' y' do with it?" The other man -- in a blue busi ness suit, stocky of build, silver hair trimmed short -- turned a wry and friendly smile to him. He made a start on the telling of it, then inter rupted himself. "No, wait," he said. "Might's well i'jl I start at the very beginning." And pointing along a narrow peninsula of white beach where they stood, with the Atlantic on one side, and a little inlet on the other, he unfolded the story of an infant industry with a fascinating future -- extracting money from the sea. ETC 23903 tow used chiefly to improve ice ream and syrups, the gummy fluid >f a seaweed found off Maine soon nay be added to foods and drugs The peninsula is at Small Point, Maine, near the community of Bath -- but if it were at Kure's Beach in North Carolina there would be many striking points of similarity with the Ethyl-Dow plant there, where bromine was first commer cially extracted from the sea. There is a pumping station which takes sea water from the ocean side and sup plies it to processing vats. From these it flows into the inlet across the peninsula. The raw material comes from the ocean (although it is a marine growth rather than the water itself), and the finished product is used as an additive to improve other liquids in widespread commercial use. The sea moss company is a sub sidiary whose entire output of the marine growth goes to the parent organization. tracted from a seaweed called kelp. At Small Point, on that strip of sandy peninsula barely four feet above water at high tide, a new American industry is being bom. At present all moss treated at the plant, known as Marine Growths, Inc., goes to the firm which owns it -- Bowey's, Inc., manufacturer of soda fountain supplies. In its first experi mental season, the plant processed 60,000 pounds of wet moss. Next year it is aiming at more than three million pounds. In time, if enough moss can be gathered and dried, there will be dozens of new uses for that extra carrageen gum -- in cheese, ice cream, facial creams, and even medi cines. There is a practical possibility, for instance, that it will replace agar in the drug, dental and food fields. For years the Japanese supplied us with most of our agar; the American industry is just getting started. In Maine, Irish moss is gathered bv local fishermen using long-handled rakes specially designed of wrought iron -- broad, flat, comb-like, 1 5 to 18 inches across. Working at low tide, when they can reach the moss, they tear it from rocks and ledges (submerged islands) in the cold coastal waters that produce the world's tastiest lobsters. When the tide gets too high, they row the moss over to Small Point and collect two cents a pound for it. A beginner may get 300 pounds on one tide; a good mosser may fill his boat with 1,200 to 1,500 pounds. The fisherman's big boots clumped slowly along the boardwalk as he and Johnson moved up the beach. He pulled out a cigarette and ob served, "Roy, that's int'restin'. But what d' y' do with it hee-ah?" His talk was the mixture of clipped and drawled syllables you hear "down east" so often. During drying, the seaweed must be raked and turned every few hours. A sudden rainfall would spoil this field of moss Acts As a Binder The raw material is carrageen: a short, fringy, tenacious variety of seaweed known as "sea moss." And the liquid it is used mostly to improve is chocolate syrup. Certain food products like ice cream or soda fountain syrups need a binder, a sort of emulsifying agent to keep them in suspension so the tiny floating panicles in the mixture won't settle to the bottom. Research men looked everywhere for some thing to act as a binder and a preser vative. They finally found it in Maine -- under water. Sea moss con tains a gummy fluid just as trees con tain sap. On the Irish coast, house wives have used it for a hundred vears in cooking or making home remedies. On our own West Coast, a somewhat similar gum is being ex 17 Johnson chuckled and pointed to the beach, where a rectangle the size of a tennis court was covered with blackish, crisp-looking seaweed. "That's black-dried -- what your load'll look like after a day's drying. Then we dump it in those wooden tubs you see along here, for washing in salt water. Then it's spread out and dried again, washed again, dried again -- a five-day job. The final dryings are on canvas, to keep the sand out. And every few hours we have to rake it, turn it over for the sun to get to it. There's an art." He picked up a handful from the end of the drying-line. It was pale amber -- ready for hand-picking, to remove foreign growths or shells, then bal ing up for shipment. The fisherman puffed his ciga rette, watching the beach crews at work -- some raking, some carrying the moss to the washing tanks in jumbo-tired, basket-like wheelbar rows, dumping it out for drying again. Most of them were high school youngsters or war veterans. One of the best rakers was an attrac tive, light-haired girl in dungarees. "Whole thing seems mighty sim ple," he decided. "Sounds like a good idee-ah." "Yes, guess it sounds so." The manager scratched his silver hair. "Actually, it's dumed far from it. See that big cloud over east? If the wind should swing around and bring that rain over here, I'll lose a thou sand dollars this afternoon." Pointing to a patch of whitish-looking moss ahead of them, he explained that rain or fresh water will bleach carrageen to a translucent, milky blue-white in just one soaking. The bleaching pan of it is fine -- but fresh water unseals the pods of the moss and lets the gum run out, like a tree bleeding after a cut. There's also the problem of sup ply, he added with a grin. Fishermen are fishermen, and it takes a lot of convincing (usually several weeks of poor hauls) to make them forget fishing temporarily and go poking around in a skiff, raking up seaweed. They can work only for about four hours, at low tide, when the underwater plant they want is near the surface. They have to use a special rake, which means laying out about $10 at the start. Their boats, moreover, must be scrubbed clean of oil or fish. Musf Work With the Tide These mossers cannot work a sandy, muddy or stony bottom -- just rocks and ledges -- or the moss will be full of loose gravel, stone and grit. Boats can be brought in at the wharf to unload only during the flood tide, when the inlet is full. Moss won't keep more than 24 to 36 hours without being dried; it will heat up and decompose in its own juice. So if a man is too distant or misses the tide for delivery, he must "black-dry" it himself along some clean beach, preferably on canvas, then cover it or move it inside a clean shed at night to make certain no rain falls on his haul. And to cap it all, the moss can be gathered and proc essed only about four months of the year. How much can an experienced mosser make in a season? That de pends on how long he stays with it. One of the best gatherers cleared $ 150 one week -- then the herring started to run again, and he was off after them. "Seems we give vou a lot of trouble, Roy," said the man in the big boots. "Seems you do," grinned the plant manager. "But that ain't near the end of our trouble." He told a little about the actual extraction problems, after the dry moss had been delivered to the par ent company. There are two tech niques for removing the sap -- a me chanical process using filter presses, and a chemical process in which the precious gum is dissolved out in alcohol, then precipitated. Both are full of technical headaches. Throughout the operation, the gum is highly unstable. After it is dried to a flaky powder and stored, it still is highly unstable. Then it is added to a perishable, unstable food product such as chocolate syrup, and Presto! it becomes a different thing. Not just an emulsifier, an efficient binder -- but a wonderful stabilizing agent itself. The two men paused at an open door in the last shed along the line. Inside, under electric lights and practically hemmed in with a moun tain of dried carrageen, a half dozen middle-aged women stood alongside a moving conveyor belt. Past their eyes traveled an endless supply of moss. Their hands darted into it, scuffled it, came out triumphantly with foreign matter that had escaped the washing -- other growths such as "green hair" or "foxtail," and more shells. Young men scooped the cleaned product from the floor with blunted pitchforks and piled it up on the looming mountain. At the same time, others were digging away the other side of the mountain. Into bales the moss went, and the men stamped it down to pack it tight. "All ready to be shipped," said the manager. "And paid for," observed the fish erman. "Let's get your pay. while we're at it," said the manager. "You'll have a nice check this week." "That's good, Roy," said the fish erman. "I can use a good check. The mackerel are runnin' again. I'm goin' out for them, and I might be a couple weeks without much money." 18 ETC 23905 The motorcycle once more is a peacetime business and sport ma chine after faithful service in the war ack at the turn of the century, B when the automobile industry was in its infancy, another gasoline burning "contraption on wheels" was bom in a quiet New England college town. This latter transporta tion baby --the American motor cycle--and the automobile since have experienced parallel growths in '* many respects, not the least of which was their common success in over coming the doubt and suspicion which attended their introduction to a public still unused to any but horsedrawn vehicles. MOTORCYCLES ARE BACK Today, the motorcycle is a vet By Hiram K. Smith, Jr. the stamina required for long-dis eran of two world wars and almost in metropolitan cities and other tance runs. And it is of such size and half a century of peacetime service. heavy traffic areas. construction that it can wiggle and It served faithfully in the recent All over the country, membership dart through traffic with compara conflict as a vehicle for Military in motorcycle clubs is mounting so tive ease, or, at the other extreme, Police work, dispatch and messenger rapidly that it is virtually impossible travel terrain that might prove im service, scouting, convoy escorting, to obtain an accurate count. The passable for other vehicles. and general transportation. Its speed, most reliable estimate is that the Oddly enough, all these qualities its maneuverability, its "gradability" total of both men and women riders which make the motorcycle so at and its compacmess made the mo is increasing at the rate of about 10 tractive to police departments and torcycle an indispensable machine in per cent annually. business houses have been developed whatever climate and under what Two years ago, motorcycles regis by riders who use the machine solely ever conditions our land forces tered in this country totaled 165,675. as a sport mount. Approximately 70 fought. By last year, the figure was close to per cent of all motorcycles licensed The reconversion period finds the 200,000 unit mark. The majority in the United States belong to indi thousands of new devotees to mo of these motorcycles, of course, was viduals who make riding for sport torcycling anxiously awaiting the used for sport and pleasure, al their chief avocation, and it is from day when supply equals demand so though a substantial percentage was the performance of their "wheels" they can fulfill a newborn desire to in the service of commercial estab in hillclimbs, cross-country runs, own a modern version of the "bicy lishments, law enforcement agencies, closed track races and the like that cle built for two." Too, on the basis and other non-pleasure users. engineers have compiled most of * of its years of dependable service, As a vehicle for commercial use, their data for improving the vehicle. the motorcycle is being evaluated the motorcycle has much to offer in According to an official of one anew by many businessmen as the the wav of economy, safety, speed of the country's two major motor possible solution to their special and reliability. It is inexpensive to cycle manufacturing concerns, the problems of pickup, delivery and operate and upkeep cost is relatively motorcycle was so far advanced as courier-communications, especially low. It is easily handled. It possesses a result of pre-w'ar testing and 19 ETC 23906 checking in sport competition that wartime research failed to develop any changes that might be incorpo rated in his company's 1946 models. The motorcycle used by the armed forces in the past war dif fered in some respects from the peacetime sport model, but these changes were made to conform to military specifications only and do not portend any radical departure in the style or construction of future civilian models. One of the more important war time developments was that of equipment to suppress ignition sys tems. Motorcycles, tanks and ar mored cars operated in close coop eration with one another in combat, and it was essential that motorcycle ignition systems operate as quietly as possible so they would not inter fere with radio reception in other military vehicles or prove traceable through enemy radio detection de vices. To many people, the motorcycle looks like a glorified bicycle with a motor attached. Actually, it is far more than that. But, interestingly enough, the American motorcycle owes its existence to the bicycle in more ways than one, for it was pro fessional bicycle riding that led to the development of the first practi cal motorbike. In the 1890's, bicycle racing was the rage in America. Race promo- During the recent war, motorcycles were used not only as messenger vehicles, but for convoy and escort work as well ters, ever seeking to stage better races and new attractions, hit upon the idea of employing motorcycles as "pacers" to break the wind for competing bicyclists, thereby en hancing the possibility of a new rec ord being set. Motorcycles were practically unheard of in the United States at that time, but some motorpowered bicycles had made their appearance in Europe. Usually the small gasoline motors failed to run either well or long. Of those that did work, the French-made DeDion was considered the best. Motorcycles for pacing were im ported from the Continent, but rather than speeding up bicycle rac ing and making the competition more interesting, they actually slowed down the competitors and confused the onlookers. The cycles with motors suffered so many break downs that the spectator became be fuddled by an ever-changing parade of pacers in each race. Further, the bicycle rider usually overhauled his pacer and finished the race unaided. The failure of foreign motorbikes to perform efficiently turned Carl Oscar Hedstrom, one of the topranking professional bicycle riders of the day, to the task of designing a gasoline engine that would power the two-wheelers satisfactorily. To gether with a riding mate, Hedstrom had used a tandem powered by a DeDion motor with more than average success in pacing, but he saw much room for improvement in the French-made engine. Hedstrom set about constructing a machine of his own, and in Decem ber, 1899, completed the "bike." He took it to New York, and during the 1900 bicycle racing season at the old Madison Square Garden it per formed with signal success as a pacing vehicle. A bicycle manufacturer, George Hendee, became so impressed with ; I j J 20 ETC 23907 d Motorcycles daily serve many useful purposes in rural areas, due to their ability to travel over almost any kind of terrain Men end women from all walks of life, such as movie stars Robert Taylor and Barbara Stanwyck (below), are "bike" fans Hedstrom's motorbike that he in duced Hedstrom to develop a single seat motor-driven "bike" that could be produced in volume -- not for pacemaking but for general sale to the public. All through the winter of 1900-01, in a shop in his home town of Mid dletown, Connecticut, Hedstrom worked on his motorcycle. Finally, when the engine was finished, he assembled it to a bicycle frame, tested it successfully, and then shipped it off to the plant of the Hendee Manufacturing Company (now the Indian Motorcycle Com pany) in Springfield, Massachusetts. There, the machine was tested again, this time publicly with Hedstrom in the saddle. The puny one-and-threequarters horsepower engine was a far cry from the modem motor, but it was strong enough to take the "bike" up hills without pedaling. To Hendee and Hedstrom, public re sponse was enthusiastic enough to warrant putting the machine .into production. Their motorcycle was given the name "Indian," and in the first year of manufacture, 1901, three ma chines were produced. The follow ing year the company made 143 motorcycles. During this time, two Milwaukee friends, William S. Har ley and Arthur Davidson, had been perfecting a vehicle of their own design. They formed a partnership and in 1903 began commercial pro duction of the Harlev-Davidson mo torcycle. Indian and Harley-Davidson now are the only two popular makes manufactured in the United States, but such was far from being the case at one time. During the decade end ing 1912, no less than 30 to 50 differ ent manufacturers entered the mar ket as the success of the motorcycle became assured. For any one of several reasons, most of them de- 21 ETC 23908 nature. Wherever the hillclimbers are in action -- on inclines like those near Muskegon, Michigan; Homell, New York; and Rock Island, Illinois -- there too is a crowd, seeking some of the biggest thrills in the entire world of sports. Motorcyclists who ride for pleas ure are among the safest drivers on the highway, and are noted specifi cally for their consistency in giving the proper hand signals. In 1942, members of 442 of the nation's mo torcycle clubs compiled the enviable record of only one accident in every' 315,459 miles of driving. Aside from the operator himself, parted from the scene almost as Thirty years later, speedster Joe there are many reasons for motor quickly as they had arrived on it. Petrali bettered Curtiss' time for the cycle safety on the road. The chief The majority of these ill-fated com one mile straightaway, and it is his factor undoubtedly is that cyclists panies produced standard mounts, mark that is recognized nationally. have unobstructed vision in all direc but the variety of vehicles manufac Mounted on a stripped-down stand tions at all times. tured by them ran the gamut from ard make machine, Petrali did the Motorcycle enthusiasts include three-wheelers designed especially mile in 26.07 seconds. His run was men and women from manv walks E for gentlewomen to monsters made in 1937 on the famous white of life and of all ages. Rov Rogers, created for the "daredevil" type of rider. Motorcycle racing, as a sport, sand course at Daytona Beach, Florida, where Sir Malcolm Camp bell and others have set racing car the cowboy motion picture star, is an old hand at the game, as is or chestra leader Vaughn Monroe. came into prominence as soon as the speed records. The famed pianist-conductor, Jose first machines were produced, and In motorcycle racing, riders are Iturbi, is another avid rider. many of the earlv records were set by men who later achieved fame in automobile and airplane racing. In 1904, Glenn Curtiss, the pio neer aircraftsman, established a classified according to their experi ence and equipment. Class A and B equipment is of professional and spe cial design, while Class C machines are stock. Riders in Class C are The appeal of the motorcycle is strong, and for tens of thousands of men and women there is no thrill equal to that of motorcycling along the open road or in competition. It speed mark of 10 miles in eight min utes 54 1/5 seconds --a record that stood until 1911. Curtiss also once held the distinction of having trav eled one mile straightaway faster than anv other motorcy cle rider in history. He covered the mile in rated as expert, amateur or novice, and may compete in most of the many different types of motorcycle competition. Among other events, cross-country runs and tourist tro phy races are open to riders of stock machines. The tourist trophy is significant that even greater popu larity appears to be in store for the American motorcycle as it ap proaches its 50th year of service to the nation -- both as a commercial vehicle and as a machine of sport and pleasure. I 26.40 seconds, or a little more than event is conducted on a permanent 136 mph, using a home-made ma course laid out to simulate almost chine. Curtiss undertook the sprint every possible riding condition and CORRECTION as a means of testing an eight-cyl situation. inder airplane engine he had just de Hillclimbing is one of the most The cover picture for the Oc tober issue of Ethyl ISetcs was inadvertently mistitled. The signed. The engine was installed in a popular and grueling tests of both picture should have been de reinforced motorcycle frame, and rider and machine stamina, and Curtiss literally flew over the course much technical information has been scribed as a threshing scene. We regret the error. at Ormond Beach, Florida. gained from competitions of this 22 ETC 23909 J Teasers Brain By Ren Dieke Count five points for each correct answer. If your score is 50, you know what's going on. If it is 75 or over, you're exceptionally well-in formed. If you score 90 or over, show it to the boss -- you're ob viously underpaid. 1. What is the Russian equivalent of The Associated Press: (a) Pravda (b) Tass (c) Irves- . tia 2 Can you place the following men in the order in which they lived: (a) Jesus (b) Confu cius (c) Mohammed 3. To what island group does Bi kini belong: (a) Marshall Islands (b) Caroline Islands (c) Gilbert Islands 4. What is a burgee: (a) a Scotch accent (b) a swallow-tail or triangular flag (c) an Austral ian sandpiper 5. Where is the statue of The Minute Man: (a) Boston (b) Concord, Mass. (c) Philadel phia. 6. There are four different groups of instruments -- wind, brass, string, and percussion. Can you tell to which the following be long: (a) piccolo (b) zither (c) tympany (d) viola (e) comet 7. These ill-assorted pairs have the same surname. Can you identify them: (a) Herschel and Van (b) William H. and Bette (c) G. B. and Wilbur (d) George C. and Herbert (e) Bertrand and Rosalind 8 What is a plantain: (a) owner of a plantation (b) a tool for smoothing wood (c) a species of banana 9. Who was the first recognized heavyweight boxing champion: (a) Sullivan (b) Corbett (c) . Fitzsimmons 10 Can you finish these similes: (a) flat as a .............. (b) high as a .............. (c) mad as a .............. (d) snug as a.............. (e) blind as a .............. |-A -=^22 ~18L- 11. Can you answer the riddle of the Sphinx of Thebes, which was: "What creature walks in the morning on four feet, at noon on two, at evening on three'' 12. Camp Shanks, N. Y., has ended its career as a POW camp. Early in the war it was a famous POE. What do the designations POW and POE stand for? \ *SL 13. What is an abacus: (a) a Roman meeting place (b) a frame with sliding counters for arith metical calculations (c) a South African antelope 14. At least nine Presidents of the United States were generals. Can you name five? 15. Who is Secretary General of the United Nations: (a) Ar kady Sobolev (b) Gen. Sir Alexander McNaughton (c) Herbert Evatt (d) Trygve Lie 16. Identify these abbreviations: (a) ILGWU <b) AMA (c) CAB (d) PAC (e) FM 17. Can you name the authors of the following best sellers: (a) The Arch of Triumph (b) The Egg and I (c) The Anatomy of Peace (d) Show Boat (e) For Whom the Bell Tolls 18. Name the sports in which the following are famous: (a) Tami Mauriello (b) Gardner Mulloy (c) Craig Wood (d) Glenn Cunningham (e) Leo Durocher 19. What is the capital of the Virgin Islands? 20. How many miles of telephone wire are there in the United States: (a) 50,760,00 (b) 95,150,000 (c) 113,000,000 ANSWERS 1. Tass 2. Confucius, Jesus and Mohammed 3. Marshall Islands 4. A swallow-tail or triangular flag 5. Concord, Mass. 6. Piccolo -- wind; zither and viola -- string; tympany -- percussion: cornet -- brass 7. (a) Johnson (b) Davis (c) Shaw (d) Marshall (e) Russell 8. A species of banana 9. John L. Sullivan 10. (a) pancake (b) kite (c) hatter (d) bug in a rug (e) bat 11. Man -- as a baby on his hands and knees, in his prime on his feet, and in his old age with the aid of a walking stick. 12. Prisoner of War and Port of Embarkation 13. A frame with sliding counters 14. George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Zachary Tay lor, Franklin Pierce, U. S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur and Benjamin Harrison. 15. Trygve Lie of Norway 16. (a) International Ladies Garment Workers Union (b) American Medical Association (c) Civil Aero nautics Board (d) Political Action Committee (e) frequency modulation 17. (a) E. M. Remarque (b) Betty MacDonald (c) Emery Reeves (d) Edna Ferber (e) Ernest Hem ingway 18. (a) boxing (b) tennis (c) golf (d) track (e) baseball 19. Charlotte Amalie (formerly St. Thomas) 20. 113,000,000 CSESB5H525Z5Z5Z5252SB5H5H5H5HSa5HS25HSHSH5Z525HS25H5H525Z5B5HSH525HSHSB5HS25H5HSE etc 239 Along with its manufacturing industries, the Mexican movie industry also is coming of age apparent deficit of $52 million was more than offset by tourist trade and immigrant remittances from Mexi can railway workers and farm hands employed in the United States. Mexico's exports consist princi pally of minerals, precious metals and other raw materials, although textiles, some early vegetables and various industrial products are growing in importance. Some of the country's larger textile mills are sell MEXICO'S INDUSTRIAL BOOM that for food around 355 and that for clothing around 442. ing goods to the United States and Europe. Among its imports are listed chiefly foodstuffs, manufactured IContinued from page 6) % During 1945 the country exported goods, machinery, automobiles and an estimated $268 million and im parts, and tools. terior debt. There are no restrictions ported $320 million of goods. The For a long time, Mexico has de- on exchange and for several years now the peso has been stably quoted at 4.85 to the dollar. A reading room in a Mexican library. The Government is attempting to teach ell illiterates to read end write Like her neighbors on both sides of the border, Mexico has experi enced a price inflation incident to her war-generated prosperity. But H Mexico's inflation is similar to that of the United States, stemming from a more-or-less temporary shortage of goods. This kind of inflation is vastly different from that plaguing many countries in Europe, which as a result of the war, are literally im poverished. How inflation has affected Mexico is demonstrated by the fact that in the interior of the country the peso will purchase only half as much as it did in 1940. In Mexico City, on the other hand, the condition is far more serious. There, the cost of liv ing, as measured by indices of the Mexico City' Chamber of Com merce, has gone up two-and-a-half to three-and-a-half times compared with 1934. Today the cost of living in Mexico City stands at an index number of 362 (1934 equals 100); 24 The new Mexican children's hospital is so designed that sunshine reaches every room veloped an economy based on diver sified products of mining, temperate and tropical agriculture, stock rais ing and such specialties as petroleum, henequen fibre and chicle. Her pres ent revitalization as an industrial economy is a complete turnabout from that which has existed for many years. At the end of the 19th century, in fact, Mexico was, indus trially, one of the most advanced of Latin American nations, but the en suing years of political instability put a damper on that progress. Now the country is headed for industriali zation with renewed interest and vigor. ' > With more than 90% of its ap proximately 23 million population of pure, or mixed, Indian blood, there has been a high percentage of illiteracy. The Government has been especially concerned with this prob lem as well as with efforts to raise living standards of its people. In 1944 President Camacho, asserting that what the country needed "is to learn to read and write," decreed that all illiterates between 6 and 40 years must learn to read and write and that all literates should be re sponsible for teaching them. The educational campaign was officially launched on March 1, 1945, and is being pursued vigorously with good results. Numerous schools are being erected throughout the Republic. Leading Cities of Mexico Mexico City, the capital, is the oldest metropolis in North America and the heart of the country. It is also the largest city and the center of the economic, industrial, financial and social life of the nation. Ranking next is Guadalajara, the capital and principal city in the State of Jalisco, which is famous for its ceramics. Guadalajara's other industries in clude breweries, textile and flour mills, foundries and tanneries. Third is Monterrey, capital of the State of Nuevo Leon, a large railway center where the biggest iron and steel works are located, as well as lead smelters, refineries, flour and cotton mills, soap and tobacco factories, ce ment works, a brewery and an im portant glass factory. Other large industrial cities are Merida, an important market for henequen and chicle; Tampico, the chief northern Gulf port; San Luis Potosi and Vera Cruz. The new president-elect of Mex ico, Miguel Aleman, 44, is one of the country's "new generation." His aim is to make Mexico more modem and stronger. To aid in this endeavor he has tendered a welcome hand to foreign capital, oft declar ing that "any type of foreign invest ment, if linked with the life, insti tution and laws of the country, will have full protection." Barnyard Golfers Now it appears that the "horseshoe" vote may be an import ant factor in the 1948 elections. News that President Truman had caused to be laid out a horseshoe pitching court on the grounds of the White House brought out the fact that there are three million active horseshoe pitchers using the public courts in the United States. This doesn't include the farmers and village dwellers, virtually all of whom take a fling at the game now and then. Frank C. Menke, sports historian, says both horseshoe and quoit pitching can be traced back to the Greek and Roman discus throwers. Camp followers and slaves couldn't buy a discus. But when horseshoes were invented--about 200 B.C., according to a coin in the British Museum -- peo ple began picking up discarded shoes and bending the ends to form a circle. Since horseshoes are much lighter than the 4 pound 7 ounce discus, pitching for accuracy took the place of throwing for distance. The first horseshoe pitching club in the United States was established at Long Beach, California, in 1900. In 1909, the first "international contest" was announced by the little town of Bronson, Kansas. That put the town and Frank Johnson, an Iowa farmer, on the map. He won the tourna ment, held the title for ten years, and then refused to defend it further in order to give someone else a chance. 25 ETC 23912 -0. NEWSPAPER FOR NOMADS (Continued from page it) papers and cartoonists -- with no credit to The Hobo Nens, Pat re marks with some irony. What makes the paper click with so many people is the way it delib erately avoids anything subtle or sophisticated. Much of the humor, especially the cartoons, can appeal only to the most naive, but you never miss the point of anything the tabloid prints. Pat Mulkem knows that the world is made up of the common man, who likes the simple, the direct, the homespun and the heartwarming. Because Pat has never forgotten his own thin days on the road, he insists that most of his salesmen be hobos. He has some 6o-odd in New York alone, and they sell about 35,000 copies a week. Among the peddlers are Roger Payne, who has two degrees from the University of Cambridge; an ex-captain of a mer chant vessel, and a midget called Smitty. To give his peddlers a break, Pat dates all editions of his paper six weeks ahead, so that everybody will have plenty of time to unload them. But Pat and his staff will tolerate no bums. There's a sign in the office that reads; "No Papers Sold to Drunks, Mission Stiffs or Jungle Buzzards." The plant makes no pretense of being an orderly newspaper shop. It is run literally in hobo style. Pat's desk is a welter of ashtrays overflow ing with cigar butts, photographs. OUR COVER: Autumn Scene by J, J. Fanta. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3-7, 24, illustrations by M. J. Davis; Pages 3, j (lower), 24 (upper). Wide World; Page 4, courtesy U. S. Department of Commerce; Page 5 (upper), courtesy Pan American Union; Page 11, H. Armstrong Rob erts; Page 13, Hjalmar J. Holand; Page 14 (top), Gertrude Shaw; Page 15, cartoon by J. Wade; Pages 19, 20, 21 (upper), courtesy Indian Motorcycle Co.; Page 22, courtesy Harlev-Davidson Motor Co.; Page 23, illustrations by Ruth Jennings; Page 24 (lower), courtesy Library of Congress; Page 25, courtesy Institute of Inter American Affairs. clippings, odd socks, beer bottles, curios and patent medicines. A fond ness for Mulligan stew means a stove in the comer for meals at odd hours. Boomer Rodgers, although officially treasurer, sweeps out the office, makes coffee, or does errands when ever the urge strikes him. Hobos wander in and out at all hours of the day or night (the plant operates around the clock, more or less) to get warm, to doze in a chair, or to sit and chat with Irene Lohsen, in the composing room, who used to be a circus strong lady. A big tom cat named Hobo appeared off the streets one day and has stayed on ever since, along with a nondescript mongrel called Hoboette. Like ev eryone else on the staff, they come and go as they please. Pat can't stand the sight of a time-clock. If it's a dull day, Pat w'ill take his feet off his desk, yell at his crew, and announce that "it's time to have beers on me." So across the street they go, toss off a few, and then call it quits. Sometimes they all go to a show. Pat's generosity extends to $ 100 Christmas bonuses for the staff of 18 persons. His payroll runs to $1,500 a week. Everyone on The Hobo Nevs wishes more people knew what a hobo really is. The definition given by one correspondent, they think, is a good one, and it also helps ex plain why the paper prints what it does. Here's the idea, as published in a recent issue; "A hobo is not a tramp, a bum, or a ne'.er-do-well. He is not a social outcast or an enemy of society. Usually he is a migratory worker who rides the rods between jobs. Some of- the most famous people in America were represented in this category at one time or another. "The true hobo orientates himself with society at large and leams how to live in harmony with his fellowman. He refuses to push others around and develops a hard enough outer shell to prevent others from shoving him around. He develops a love for poetry and art and music and the sciences. "After he has seen things and ex perienced life in the raw, he settles down to useful endeavor. If he is the type of hobo who rides the rods, he does not always remain so. But whatever type he is, he has tasted of the rich experiences without which life is impossible of full develop ment." What looks like a tangle of fuel lines, on the opposite page, is actually a part of a unique "service station in daily use at the Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratories in Detroit. Shown is the "selector" portion of the fuel distribution system, with which lines for the supplying of gasoline to engines in the dynamometer laboratories may be connected with a minimum of time, effort or probability of error. Connections provide for the supplying of gasoline from any two of 24 underground tanks or from eight drums to any multi-cylinder engine dynamometer. The fuel system of which the `"selector" is a part was designed especially for safe and efficient storage, blending, and handling of many different fuels used in research pertaining to engines, fuels and lubricants. 26 ETC 23913 Check youranswers with these-- Mr. A is a candidate for the tow truck if he doesn't keep his tires inflated. That soft tire on his left front wheel may heat up, blow out--and then any thing can happen. Mr. B isn't likely to be a tow truck cus tomer, because he regularly brings his car in for a check-up--keeps his brakes adjusted, bis engine tuned up and everything else shipshape. CMiSS pulls up too close to the lowered gates at a railroad crossing. If her nice new car should be bumped from behind and pushed into the path of a train, it might take more than a tow truck to get it unscrambled! Mr. D forgets to turn on his lights be fore he pulls away from the curb. An other driver may not see him, and the tow truck will get a new customer. Mr. E isn't likely to have trouble. How do we know? Just look at the gasoline he's buying. A man who knows the value of good products--Ethyl gas oline, high-quality oil, batteries, anti freeze, tires--is more apt to keep his car trouble free. By spending a few ex tra pennies in the service station, he often saves dollars on the road. Mr. F has put off getting new wind shield wiper blades. He won't be able to see a tree that's down across the road ... so he'll soon be looking for a tele phone to call the tow truck. FREE "Professional Driving*'--a new 72-page book. Typical chapter headings: "Hon to Handle a Bleu* out." "Fanning the Brakes"Driv ing Needn't be Tiring." Offered free Tito car owners b\ ETHYL. I Ethyl Corpotooon Corymler Building, New York IT. S. 'i . I PltlM swxl m* * free eopy of "pToft-ional Drmng." Name. City___ - ETC 23915 oo API IN CHICAGO SOUVENIR CONVENTION ISSUE n s in etc 23917 | twenty-sixth annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, held at the Stevens Hotel, Chicago, November 11-14 last, will be long remembered In the oil Industry. Attracting a record-breaking gathering of oil men., the meeting received progress reports on various phases of oil technology, listened to discussions of contemporary problems, and heard Industry leaders and public figures weigh the future outlook on Important Issues. Among other notable develop ments, the annual meeting saw the adoption of an unprecedented public relations program, which Is designed to give the American public a better understanding of the oil Industry and Its philosophy. This Issue of the ithyl News has been prepared as a purely In formal report of the API meeting. A pictorial souvenir of the con vention, It Is devoted to pictures of everyone -- delegates and speakers -- whom It was possible to photograph at random. In It we hope we have captured some of the flavor of the enthusiasm which characterised the fruitful sessions. THl EDITORS ETC 23918 Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 405 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N.Y. Earl# W. W#bb, pr#*id#nt; Ptrcy L Griffiths, vie* pr#sldont and tr#asur#r; Julian C. Gonial#*, s#cr#tory. CONVENTION BOONO API REGISTRATION Menherrfiip Applahons API REGISTRATION w \ I Sunday, the day before the annual meeting opened, was a quiet one in the registration room compared to Monday (see page 8). The Sunday registrants (above) included Harvey A. Craig, of Republic Steel; R. H. Tecklenborg, of R. H. Tecklenborg Co.; and H. E. Howard of Howard Supply Co. All hail from Los Angeles. rom virtually every state in the Union, and F many foreign lands, including Argentina and Czechoslovakia, came the men and women who at tended the 26th annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute. They converged on Chicago by train, plane, automobile and bus. Some arrived days before the convention got under way, to attend committee meetings. For the most part, though, "delegates" did not show in strength until the meet ing's opening day, Monday, November 11. Most of the record-breaking 3,889 persons who registered during the four-day meeting had been able to reserve hotel rooms in advance. Others were not so fortunate. However, thanks to the willing ness of room-holding oilmen to "double up," and to the untiring efforts of the API housing commit tee, no one had to sleep on a park bench. Relaxed in the 20th Century observation car en route to Chicago (upper photo) are W. H. Bratches of Shell Oil, flanked by J. R. Taylor and George Bowden, both of Socony-Vacuum. Below, S. S. Smith, of Shell Oil, ond Monroe Spaght, vice president of Shell Develop ment Co. ETC 23919 Henry L. O'Brien, vice president of Cities Serv ice Co., checks his train reservations at Grand Central Terminal. i, 3 Among those aboard the 20th Century Limited, which served as the unofficial "API Special" out ) of New York, were H. S. Merriman, of Soconyf Vacuum, and Frank Kerns, of the Texas Co. i Enjoying a hearty laugh as the New York-Chicago express roils westward are William R. Argyle, of Sinclair, and two Socony- ] Vacuum executives, W. M. Holaday and Dr. L. C. Beard, Jr. W. W. McFarland, a vice president of Cities Service Oil Co. (Pa.), makes a point during a friendly get-together in the Limited club car. L. to r. are L H. McMa hon, of Amoco; John Brandli, of W. G. Post, Inc.; C. M. Davison, of Standard of Jersey; Walter Warnock, of Socony-Vacuum; Mr. McFarland, and J. R. Sloane, of the Oil Trad ing Co. 5 The Tulsa "delegates," above, chatting with the engineer of their train, are Clyde Pape, an independent producer; 0. M. Bradley and 0. 0. Bovaird, of Bovaird Supply Co.; and Carl White, Jr., president of Franks Manufacturing Corp. The group reached Chicago in lime to see an Armistice Day ceremony (below) in Union Station. Right, API-ers from the East load into a taxicab at LaSalle Street depot. Swinging up the Union Station ramp beside the Tulsa Special are P. C. Lauinger and John Reilly, of Oil and Gas Journal; Paul Hedrick, of The Tulsa World; Arch Foster, of Oil and Gas Journal; and V. R. Oakley and R. E. Stewart, of Bareco Oil Co. Obtaining suitable accommodations for those with out hotel rooms was a major headache for the API housing committee. Top right, J. C. Wick of Gulf Oil (right), a member of the committee, discusses the problem with H. B. Richardson, reservation manager of the Stevens Hotel. Center, a group of Gulf Oil men, sweating out hotel space: Blaine B. Westcott, of Pittsburgh; P. H. Bohart and S. G. Sanderson, of Tulsa, and R. P. Higgins, of Los Angeles. Below right, housing cemmitteeman W. J. Arnold, of Pure Oil, makes a telephone call on behalf of an API room-shortage victim. A. E. Watts, executive vice president of Sinclair Oil, was among those who registered the first day. He is shown here (left) with API President William R. Boyd, Jr. One of the early registrants wa: E. A. Landreth at Land reth Co., For Worth (striped suit). He was one o 1,35? who checked in the first day Second day registration totalec 1,891. The third day total was 519, and the fourth day 120. The final official registration tally was 3,889 persons, surpassing by 748 the pre vious record registration set at the annual meeting in Los Angeles in 1935. ' i' Harry A. Gilbert, of the Oil Transfer Corp., New York, and Or. Joseph E. Pogue, vice president of Chase National Bank, New York, engage in a bit of pre-convention conversation. Dr. Pogue is recognized as one of the top authorities on the economics of the oil industry. Registration began in earnest on Monday morning, and continued all through the day. By closing time, the API staff rightfully pre dicted the Chicago meeting would be the best attended of all 26 annual conventions. PUBLIC RELATIONS Claude Robinson, president of Opinion Research, Inc., is shown as he announced the findings of the public opinion survey conducted by his organization for the oil Industry. Mr. Robinson was the lead-off speaker at the Tuesday evening general session on Public Relations. * The overflow audience at the Public Relations general session found laugh ter, as well as a moral, in a skit presented by a cast of Chicago radio performers. The action related the tribulations of an executive whose com pany had "no need" for a public relations program. nationwide public relations pro A gram to tell the story of the oil industry's social and economic con tributions was adopted at the API annual convention this year. Full support to the nationwide project was given by the Board of Directors upon the recommendations of a committee assigned to the problem. Tuesday, Claude Robinson, presi dent of Opinion Research, Inc., re ported the findings of a survey of public opinion made by his organi zation on behalf of the oil industry'. The survey, one of the most thor ough ever undertaken, provides ac curate samples of opinion represent ing various geographical areas of the country as well as of particular groups of the public, including oil industry employees and people who ETC 23924 public understanding and support. The Fred Eldean organization has been engaged to aid in the indus try's program. At the public relations forum, Fred Eldean discussed the program and emphasized the importance of "selling" to the individual com panies the idea of "talking about the industry." Don E. Gilman traced the role of the trade association in supporting the industry plan, and the vital part regional organizations The leading character in the skit, bespectacled and self-centered, was the perfect example of how NOT to build good public relations. can play in promoting better public relations for all parts of the oil in live in communities where the oil industry is prominent. Reporting for the API advisory sub-committee on public relations, which had been instructed a year ago to study the problem and pro pose a program, Robert T. Haslam, chairman of the committee, outlined the recommendations for better paper demonstrated that in the case of the oil industry, familiarity pro motes more favorable opinion. The report of the survey presenting the findings is entitled "Those Who Know You Well, Think Well of You." Emphasizing that "Petroleum Is Progressive," a comprehensive grass dustry. Discussing the role open to each company in terms of five fun damentals for doing the public re lations job ahead. Ethyl's Ralph Champlin stressed the point that only through the combined efforts of every company in the oil business can the maximum value of the pe troleum industry's newly adopted program be achieved. public relations for the oil industry. roots campaign will be undertaken. Because of sudden illness, his paper A field staff of trained public rela was delivered to the Tuesday night tions men will work with individual meeting by George Freyermuth. companies, trade associations, trade i Pointing out the areas of misunder papers and molders of public opin standing where the greatest lack of ion. Editorial background data will knowledge of the oil industry's be prepared on each subject on policies and practices exists, the which the industry needs greater Above, Robert T. Haslam, chairman of the API Public Relations Advisory Sub-Committee. Left, API President Boyd discusses the public relations survey with Claude Robinson. 10 ETC 23925 r Franklyn Waltman, of Sun Oil (above), presided at the Public Relations forum. Part of the audience which at tended this session is pic tured at right. Speakers at the Public Relations forum, sponsored by the API Committee on Public Relations, were Ralph C. Champlin, of Ethyl Corp. (left); Fred r Eldean, public relations counsellor; and Don E. Gilman, of the Western Oil and Gas Association. An audience participation forum followed the addresses. 11 ETC 23926 II M Five oil editors formed hall the panel of expert! for the audience participation forum. They were (above): P. C. Lauinger, of Oil and Gas Journal; Warten C. Platt, of National Petroleum News; Ray l. Dudley, of Gulf Publishing Co.; Keith J. Fanshier, >f the Chicago Journal of Commerce; and Milbum Petty, of Petty's Oil Letter. Franklyn Waltman, Sun Oil; George Freyermuth, Standard Oil (N. J.}; Daniel McCarthy, Socony-Vacuum; and John Dupree, Ivy Lee and T. J. Ross. Robert T. Haslam, vice president of Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), and Conger Reynolds, public relations director of Standard Oil Co. (Indiana). Left, one end of the table at a meeting of the Public Relations Advisory Sub-Committee. 12 ETC. 2392' The five public relations men rep resenting industry who partici pated in the public relations forum were: Edgar A. Waite, of Standard of California; John Wieiand, of Standard of Ohio; Clarel Mapes, of Mid-Continent Oil and Gas As sociation; John Dupree, public re lations counsel to Socony-Vacuum; and Conger Reynolds, of Standard of Indiana. S. A. Baxter and Keeton Arnett of the Fred Eldean public relations firm. Richard Rollins, public rela tions director of the Atlan tic Refining Co. (right), con fers with J. W. Rees, of Pure Oil Co., and F. H. Marling, of Pure Oil Co. ETC 23928 Another meeting of the Public Rela tions Advisory Sub-Committee, with Chairman Robert T. Haslam at the head of the luncheon table. 13 14 i ( REPORT TO THE API~ how he gained a Soviet visa on Premier Stalin's orders. y tradition the opening address opposed to "any proposal for the B at API annual meetings is the Federal government to `take over' report of the Institute's president tothe oil industry or the gas industry." its membership. In pointed and chal He asked the petroleum industry's lenging remarks, William R. Boyd, "active and sincere support" of state Jr. said that, with "the stimuli of conservation laws and regulations as patriotic and filial devotion" of war a means of rendering ineffective time past, there now is a real need "any clamor for independent Fed "for finding a proper and adequate eral action." Other speakers were unifying force for protecting our H. E. Babcock, chairman of the industry against the debacle of a Cornell University board of trus depression and against any move tees, and John Strohm, reporter and ment to regiment and control it." photographer just back from an ex It was his confident belief, he said, tensive tour of the Soviet Union. "that with the right kind of leader Tribute was paid to the men and ship our industry can overcome women of the oil industry who every obstacle with which we are served in the armed forces during confronted." the recent war. John Wieland of In a speech read for him, Secre Standard of Ohio read "A Salute to tary of the Interior J. A. Krug as Oil's Heroes," commemorating the sured those gathered that he stood 6,310 oil men who did not return. A Standard Vacuum Oil Co. foursome (in the foreground): H. W. McCobb, L. W. Elliott, president, Albert H. Tomlinson, and Harold M. Davidson. Oildom's tribute to its war dead was delivered by John Wieland of Stand ard of Ohio. 15 ETC 23930 One corner of the room as the Board of Directors met to consider the problems and policies placed before it for decision. Two meetings and a luncheon were scheduled for the Board during the annual convention. Lacey Walker and William R. Boyd, Jr., (shown right) were re-elected secretary and president of API, respectively. Other officers elected were: Dr. Rob ert E. Wilson, chairman of Standard of Indiana, as vice president for refining; B. L. Majewski, vice presi dent of Deep Rock Oil Corp., as vice president for marketing; Jake Hamon, of Cox and Hamon, Dallas, as vice president for production; B. Brewster Jen nings, president of Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., as vice president for transportation; and L. S. Wescoat, vice president of the Pure Oil Co., as treasurer. Two well-known figures ore pictured together--Amon Carter, Fort Worth publisher, and Daniel Moran, president of the Continental Oil Co. H. D. Collier, Standard of California chairman, and G. L. Neely, also of Standard of California, confer under an exhibit of oil paintings. ETC 23532 lPI R| C. K. Hewes and William Graham, of Richfield Oil Corp., Wilmington, Calif., and O. F. Campbell of Sinclair Refining, East Chicago. ) A group of Standard of Indiana representatives huddle with Charles W. Saacke of the Davison Chemical Corp., Baltimore (left). The Standard of Indiana men are M. T. Carpenter, W. L. Webb, W. S. Nordberg and O. L. Hurley. Atlantic Refining Co. men all -- W. W. Scott and Edgar Kraus, of Dallas; R. C. Harris, of Philadelphia; and B. E. Moir, of Dallas. ii John Kendrick of Co lumbus, O.; John Eaton of Bethlehem Supply Co., Tulsa; and S. M. Weckstein of Timken Roller Bearing. ETC 23933 Both Rockwell Manufac-| turing Co. employees are George L Geuss, of New | York, and C. K. Madison, 18 of Houston. HALF-CENTURY of mutual Al achievement and advancement c by the automotive, rubber and pe troleum industries was saluted at the Wednesday evening general session. Leaders of each of the three in dustries concerned participated in the program, which bore the title: "Working Together For Fifty Years -- The Automotive, Rubber and Petroleum Industries." Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., chairman of General Motors Corp., spoke for the automotive industry; T. G. Graham, vice president of B. F. Goodrich ' Co., for the rubber industry; and Reese H. Taylor, president of Union Oil Co. of California, for the pe troleum industry. All three speakers referred to the common interests and the common problems of the fields of endeavor which they represented, and each foresaw still greater opportunities to serve the public interest as the automotive, rubber and petroleum industries continue to work to gether in the years ahead. WORKING TOGETHER Top, part of the assemblage which attended the Wednesday evening general session, at which Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., chairman of General Motors Corp. (right), was a speaker. ETC 23934 John M. Crawford, chair man of Parkersburg Rig & Reel Co., watches Earle W. Webb, presi dent of Ethyl Corp., light a cigarette for L. S. Wescoat, vice president of Pure Oil Co. L W. Collins of the American Petro leum Industries Committee; John Downing, a vice president of Stand ard Oil of Kentucky; and Baird H. Markham, director of the APIC. Charles F. Roeser, of Fort Worth, as he I left a convention session. The Committee on Auto motive Research in ses sion. K. G. Mackenzie (top right) presided as chairman. Top left is W. T. Gunn of the API staff, committee secretary. 21 ETC 23936 22 ETC 23937 W. R. Boyd 3rd, a lieutenant colonel during the recent war and now with Cities Service, visits with oil-minded naval and military men. L. to r., Boyd; Capt. Ralph E. Wilson of the Army-Navy Petroleum Board; Col. Web ster Anderson, chief of the Fuels and Lubrication Branch of the Quartermaster Corps; Col. Gus Vogel, ANPB executive officer, and Col. O. F. Kotick, chief of the ANPB planning division. Kenneth W. Yeates, president of the Wa satch Oil Refining Co., Salt Lake City, shakes hands with James E. Boudreau, of Ethyl. Dr. Gustav Egloff of Uni versal Oil Products, and Charles Becker and Louis Mittelman, both of Tide Water. In photo at far right: Robert B. Bossier of the Brundred Oil Corp., Oil City, Pa.; Charles B. McClintock, consulting engineer of Oil City, and J. Paul Jones, of the Pennsyl vania Grade Crude Oil Association. 23 peaking at the final general session, Eugene Holman, S president of the Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), said the oil industry has four main responsibilities: "To continue to supply our customers with oil in quantity and quality at reasonable prices; to see that our stockholders receive a fair return on the money they have invested in the oil industry; to maintain labor policies that are progressive and enlightened; and to plan our future development along lines that will give the industry the productive capacity and adaptability needed to cope with any emer gency or danger that may face our nation." Outlining the problems facing the oil industry, Ralph T. Zook, of the Sloan and Zook Co., said that the indus try's basic objective must be to "develop productive capacity to assure this nation of an adequate supply of petroleum and products for any emergency." Warning that "the surest way to invite a disastrous import policy is to let our domestic productive capacity become inade quate for our needs," he said that "the best wav to pre vent such a development is to drill -- continuously and vigorously -- for new reserves." In the concluding address, J. Howard Pew, president of the Sun Oil Co., warned that "the battle to subject our industry to a super-state cartel has just begun." Said he: "If we are permitted to proceed along that highway of spirited competitive enterprise, then all the bright hopes for our industry will be fulfilled and we shall multiply many times our past contribution to raising the standard of living and assuring the national defense of the American people." A feature of the closing general session was the pre sentation of a gold medal and scroll to Henry Ford by the API. Henry Ford 2nd accepted the honor on behalf of his grandfather. J. Howard Pew, president of the Sun Oil Co., was the session's third and last speaker. ETC 23939 A view of a section of the audience which attended the Thursday morning "Looking Ahead" program. Henry Ford 2nd accepts from API President Boyd the gold medal and scroll honoring Mr. Ford's grandfather for his "vision, couroge, and independence." Below, the reverse sides of the API Dis tinguished Achievement medal. ,tjO &SSg*\**** v'" ^ tl VoW* * , wVM""" '"V. Henry Ford, recipient of the gold medal in ab sentia. Presentation of the award, the first of its kind by API, will be a feature of each an nual meeting. ^W"h y.. V'*1 ETC 23940 A. W. Peake, president of Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), gives a "how" greeting to E. G. Seubert, former pres ident of the Indiana company. George A. Hill, Jr., president of the Houston Oil Co. of Texas, and Robert H. Colley, president of the Atlantic Refining Co. J. W. Warner and Leonard R. Leonard, of Tide Water Associ ated; M. H. Robineau, president of Frontier Refining; and James Boudreau of Ethyl. 26 ETC 23941 Carl L. Mayhall, vice president of the Anderson-Pritchard Oil Corp. R. L. Wheeiock, of Wheeiock & Collins, of Cor sicana, Texas, converses with another Southwesterner--Frank Phillips, chairman of Phillips Petroleum Co. J. A. Padon, vice president of Warren Petroleum Corp.; Kenneth V. Zwiener, vice president of the Harris Trust and Savings Bank of Chicago; and Paul Ryan, of the Ryford Oil Co. L. J. Drake of the Union Tank Car Co., and R. G. A. van der Woude, president of Shell Union Oil Corp. 27 ETC 23942 m 'S' & s Frank H. Dunn, president of Wilcox Oil Co., Tulsa, and R. R. Irwin of Socony-Vacuum, Kansas City. Sporting broad smiles are E. B. Reeser, director of Bamsdall Oil Co., and War ren Platt, editor and publisher of National Petroleum News. O. C. Schorp, president of Carter Oil Co., Tulsa. L. B. Simmons, chairman of Rock Island Refining Co., Duncan, Okla., bends an ear for Oliver Klinger, publisher of Oildom. ETC 23943 W L. L. McWilliams, of Phillips Petroleum Co., read a paper on the Source and Purification of Gas Supply. c PRODUCTION our important sessions on va crating practices in gas-condensate F rious phases of production reservoirs, while a third presented were held during the API meeting".A Study of the Flow of Homo At the opening session on produc geneous Fluids Through Ideal Por tion problems, a paper dealing with ous Media." the Silica Arbuckle Pool in Kansas The Symposium on Secondary provided a case history for analysis Recovery heard nine papers on va of the relation between well spacing rious aspects of the subject, while and ultimate oil recovery for this the session on Drilling and Mate important type of reservoir. A sec- rial Problems included papers on ond paper contained a review of op- "Corrosion and Preventive Meth ods in the Katy Field" and "Prac tical Aspects of Directional Drill ing." The final session was devoted Paul D. Torray, consulting anglneer of Houston, presiding at the Tuesday symposium on Secondary Recovery. to a four-part discussion entitled "Maintaining and Increasing Injec tion Rates of Water-Input Wells." K. H. And resen, of South Penn Oil Co., as he presided at the session on Production Tech nology. J. F. Buckwalter, of Ryder-Scott Co., read a paper on Advan tages of Increased Injection Rates at Water-Input Wells. Printed copies of speeches and papers delivered^ at the Produc tion sessions were collected by the audiences for future reference. Jake L. Hamon, of Cox and Hamon, Dallas, newlyelected API vice president for production. Drilling and material problems were discussed at Wednesday's Production session. Among the speakers was R. C. Buchan, of Hum ble Oil and Refining (standing). Seated are chairmen J. M. Cooper, of Gulf Oil Corp., and Lot Bowen, of Western Gulf Oil Co. ETC 23945 HERE AND THERE E. L. DeGolyer of DeGolyer and MacNaughton, Dallas, holds a Stevens mezzanine confab with Fred F. Murray, president of the Oil Well Supply Co., Dallas. J. E. Heston of Petroleum Advisers, Inc., New York; Ralph J. Schilthuis of Humble Oil & Refining Co., Hous ton; R. W. French of Continental Oil Co., Ponca City; and Robert L. Kidd of Gities Service Oil Co. (Del.). Below, a trio of Pure Oil Co. representa tives: I. W. Alcorn, of Houston; Kenneth Covell, of Chicago; and Ira H. Cram, of Chicago. Smiling happily in the center of the group shown in lower right photo is Frank Porter, president of Fain-Porter Drill ing Co., Oklahoma City. Puffing on his cigar is Oliver B. Hopkins, of Imperial Oil, Ltd., Toronto. C. S. Sanders of Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., Tulsa, is at the right, while back to the camera is W. H. Ferguson, exec utive vice president of Continental Oil Co. ne of the social highlights of the API O annual meeting was the Tuesday after noon buffet party jointly sponsored Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., The Continen tal Supply Co., and Emsco Derrick & Equip ment Co. The party, largest of the convention, was held in the grand ballroom of the Stevens. To cater to the huge throng which attended, tables filled with hors d'oeuvres and other delicacies were set up in the center of the ballroom. Solid masses of ice, shaped in many designs, formed part of the decoration scheme for the food tables. by At the top and upper left are general scenes of the buffet party. Among those present (below left) were F. M. Sowle, vice president of the Na tional Bank of Tulsa; F. M. Mayer, president of The Con tinental Supply Co., Dallas; Francis L. Jehle, of Globe Oil and Refining, Wichita; and D. F. Haynes, of Humble Oil A Re fining Co., Houston. ETC 23947 Two Lane-Wells Co. represent atives--M. T. Higgs of Houston and J. D. Hughes of Los Ange les--smile broadly for the cameraman with Carl Reistle -and Bowman Thomas, of Hum ble Oil & Refining Co. t The party meant get-together time for H. C. Clark, of Abegg and Reinhold, Los Angeles; Gavin Witherspoon, of Bahrein Petroleum Co., New York; Ro land E. Smith, of Globe Oil Tools Co., Los Angeles; and Felix Dreyfus, of The California Co., New Orleans. This party group includes Roy Rodolf, of Gardner-Denver Co.; N. A. Endicott, of The Continental Supply Co.; Hugh Glen, president of Emsco Derrick & Equipment Co.; G. V. Leece, vice president of GardnerDenver Co.; H. S. Cole, vice president of Thompson-Carr, Inc.; and E. F. Schaefer, executive vice president j t < REFINING W. M. Holaday, of Socony-Vacuum, presid ed at the Refining Division session on Gasoline. 34 ETC 23949 Two refining group sessions were held during the API meeting the first consisting of a Symposium on High-Temperature Analytical Distillation and the second dealing with gasoline. Discussing future trends in avia tion at the latter session, Dr. C. C. Furnas, director, Cornell Aeronau tical Experimental Station, said that the development of lighter weight aviation gasoline offers great poten tialities, because it would increase the useful payload of a plane. He foresaw 4,000 planes in commercial service the next few years, besides 300,000 to 400,000 private planes. Other papers discussed various technical phases of the industry's wartime refinery operations and methods, and their bearing on post war operations. John C. Day of Western Petroleum Refiners Asso ciation, Tulsa, hands to W. T. Gunn, API director of the Division of Refining, the report of the Division's nominating committee. The audience at the symposium on High Tem perature Analytical Distillation hears C. R. Reed, of the Texas Co., Beacon, N. Y., offer a paper. if i m- Guest speaker Or. G C. Furnas, of Cornell Universlty,discussed the Future Trends In Aviation. H. M. Trimble, of Phillips Petro leum, delivered a Status Re port on the CFR-AAF Volatility Flight Test Studies. Correlation of Operating Vari ables in the Polyform Process was the title of a paper pre sented by Joel H. Hirsch, of Gulf Research. P. J. Harrington, of the Stand ard Oil Development Co., read a paper on Miscellaneous Fractionating Techniques. This was the scene as the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Research on the Composition and Properties of Petroleum met in session. Harold M. Smith, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, is addressing the group. F. D. Rossini, of the National Bureau of Standards, 35 ETC 23950 i f; 1 ii |i 4 J. E. Ford, Jr., of Houdry Process Corp., New York, with I. A. Anson,.vice presi dent of Bell Oil and Gas Co., Tulsa, and Elmer M. Cooper, of the Chanute Refin ing Co., Chanute, Kansas. Jane Jordan, of Ethyl's Detroit Re search Laboratories, and Howard Dr. L. C. Beard, Jr., of Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.; H. R. Warrick, the Texas Co.; Gage Averill, American Cyanamid, all of New York, with R. W. Schlessler, V. Smith, of the Kendall Refining Co., Bradford, Pa. assistant professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State College. f t u 'T i Two Skelly Oil Co. men -- E. K. Anderson and G. E. Canaday. W. K. Warren, president of Warren Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, with John M. Lovejoy, president of Sea board Oil Co. Mr. Lovejoy has been named head of a committee of 34 oil executives who will direct the industry's new public relations program. J. B. Bother, Jr., of Socony-Vacuum, Brooklyn, and Robert J. Askevoid, of Pure Oil Co., Chicago, snapped outside the grand ballroom. A lull in traffic along the third floor corridor lead ing to assembly and ball rooms, where many of the group sessions were held. 37 ETC 23952 i BUREAU CHATS' BUFFET API ANNUAL MEETING time also was PAW "alumni'1 reunion time. The occasion was an extra-cur ricular event called the Bureau crats' Buffet. More than 200 former members of the Petroleum Administration for War attended the party, which was held after sessions Tuesday after noon. It was the first such gather ing, on a broad scale, of men once associated with the wartime Gov ernment agency, and was purely a social affair. There was plenty of music and refreshments, but speech making was not allowed. Representation from all sections of the country was excellent, and virtually everyone present expressed the hope that the PAW buffet would become a permanent fixture of future API annual meetings. Talking things over at the PAW buffet are Paul Raigorodsky, president, Glen Rose Gasoline Co.; Bruce K. Brown, vice president, Standard of Indiana; James E. Pew, of Sun Oil; D. E. Buchanan; and E. 1. DeGolyer, of DeGolyer and Mac- Naughton. A. P. Frame, vice president of Petroleum Ad visers, Inc., who was PAW director of refining; E. O. Jones, of Ethyl, who was special assistant to the PAW director of refining; and Dustin Wilson, of A. G. McKee & Co., who was assistant PAW director of refining. Robert E. Allen, director of information for the API, was among the guests at the buffet party given by former PAW people. 38 The Bureaucrats' Buffet brought together B. H. Barnes of Gulf Oil, Pittsburgh; George A. Wilson, Jersey Standard, Baton Rouge; William Argyie of Sinclair Oil, New York; and Walter Hochuli, of Texas Co. Raymond B. Kelly, of Pure Oil, Fort Worth, and Charles B. McCIfntock, a consulting engineer of Oil City, Pa. L. A. Mekler, a Chicago consulting en gineer, also attended the buffet. "Hail, Hail . . The former PAW supply and transportation group ganged up at the buffet. The party was held in the tower of the Stevens. Talking over their days with the PAW are C. P. Parsons,'Hughes Tool Co.; Frank A. Watts, of Humble Oil; Greer W. Orton, of the Texas Co.; and David t. Trax, of Gulf, Tulsa. Below, left, are Carleton Speed, Jr., of Speed Oil; Leatrice Hollenbeck, of Sunray Oil; and Earl Petty, of Washington, D. C. t; A. C. Sailstad, Leonard Refineries; i; Philip Denton, Sinclair Refining, Chi cago, and E. F. Underwood, of Skelly Oil, Kansas City, formed this huddle. > i f i!I i 40 Fayette B. Dow, Association counsel, is snapped with J. Howard Marshall, president of Ashland Oil & Refining Co. William Mendius, Sinclair Refining, East Chi cago; Dustin Wilson, Arthur G. McKee & Co.; C. M. Ridgeway, Pure Oil, Chicago; and Harold V. Nyland (back to camera), of Sinclair Refin ing, East Chicago, made a foursome. E. V. Weber, president of Eureka Oil Co., presided at the Marketing session. MARKETING B. L. Majewski, vice presi dent of Deep Rock Oil Corp., the new API vice president for marketing. he marketing session was fea Ttured by a panel discussion on distillate heating oils. Stressing the growing importance of this market, one speaker urged that fuel oil be marketed by brand name, while a second cited ways that fuel oil can meet the competition of gas heat. A third speaker said that low-cost oil heat equipment is needed to cap ture the small homes market, while a fourth discussed proposed changes in fuel oil specifications. Raymond Shaw, president of Chek-Chart Corp., was another speaker at the marketing session, talking on "Balanced Selling in Ser vice Stations." V/ ' Raymond Shaw, president of the Chek-Chart Corp., spoke on Bal anced Selling at Service Stations. A Lw k l*- i-' - -* Above, W. A. Matheson, of the Oil Heat Institute (standing), and Jack iv * L. Minner, of Shell, and Eric V. Weber, meeting chairman. Left, L. B. Fox, of Socony-Vacuum; John R. Sherwood, of Sherwood Brothers; and Robert Gray, of Fuel- oil and Oil Heat magazine. 41 ETC 23956 HRt AMP THCKS) Chester C. Oberly, chairman of Tokheim Oil Tank & Pump, and E. S. Higgin botham, also of Tokheim, relax be tween sessions. A busy place at mealtime was the Oak Room of the Stevens. Here, a hostess lines up a group of diners. I j; k J. C. Case, of Socony-Vacuum, and A. Jacobsen, president of Amerada Petroleum Corp., New York Activity during the joint committee meeting on tanks and tank weld ing. Wearing the earphones is F. G. Wilson, liquid fuels engineer, Air Transport Command, Washington, D. C. Walter Samans, of Sun Oil, is at the blackboard. Left of him is Oscar B. Lewis, of Ethyl. H; B. Catlow of Republic Supply chats with Tom W. Nelson of Gulf Publishing in an elevator at the hotel. on i >940-194 Looking down at the Stevens lobby are Ciarel Mopes and H. L. Kennedy, of Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association. Glancing at the API bulletin board, F. E. Holsten, of Southern Oil Service, got a chuckle out of the inevitable, ubiquitous "Kilroy was here." F. LeRoy Nelson, organist at the Stevens, obliges with a request for a selection. L. P. Calkin, of Phillips Petroleum; Harry Kaley, vice president of Ethyl; and Joseph H. Salmon, of Shell Oil. 43 ETC 23958 Fred E. Cooper, Tulsa oil field equipment dealer; R. E. Meinert, vice president of the Lion Oil Co.; and Chris Zeppa, of the Delta Drilling Co., Tyler, Texas. Clyde E. Wallingford, of the Ohio Petroleum Marketers Association; Earl Lamm, of NPN; and R. J. Rogers, of the Indiana Petroleum Association. 44 Clyde J. Merrill, of the Atlantic Coast Oil Conference; Marc Braeckel, vice president of Richfield of New York; W. C. Burns, president of Richfield of New York; and W. R. Quattrocchi, New York. ETC 23959 Standard of Indiana was host to the API Board of Directors at din ner in the Stevens tower. Partak ers of the refreshments included (right) E. B. Reeser, director of Barnsdall Oil Co.; H. R. Straight, chairman of Cities Service Oil Co. (Del.); J. French Robinson, presi dent of East Ohio Gas Co.; and Dewitt T. Ring, of Preston Oil Co. Being served a helping of hors d'oeuvres are W. H. Ferguson, ex ecutive vice president of Continen tal Oil Co., Denver, and Reese H. Taylor, president of Union Oil. The heads of four oil companies get to gether at the Standard of Indiana dinner for the API directors. Frank Phillips of Phillips Petroleum (back to camera) greets Daniel Moran of Continental Oil, while William G. Skelly of Skelly Oil and William K. Warren of Warren Petroleum wait to say "hello.'' 45 Harry F. Glair, of Standard of Indiana; E. G. Seubert, former head of the Indiana com pany, and E. B. Reeser. TRANSPORTATION addressing the transportation sesXxsion, Fayette Dow, counsel to the API, declared that transportation is in the early stages of a legislative battle over future government pol icy. Outlining the stand of each type of carrier, he said that all agree the coming era will be one of unparal leled competition. Donald G. Conn, of the Trans portation Association of America, sounded a warning against govern ment ownership of transportation. S. F. Niness, of Leaman Trans portation Co., outlined the present state of development among for-hire motor carriers of petroleum prod ucts, and discussed their future plans. H. H. Anderson, of Shell Pipe Line Corp., reviewed wartime de velopments in pipe-line technology in the light of their postwar appli cations. J. K. Kellogg, of K. L. Kel logg & Sons Drilling Co., Long Beach, Calif., looks over the registration list. Intent listener at right, above, is Wil liam G. Kinsolving of Sun Pipe Line Co., Philadelphia, snapped at a session Thursday. At right, a huddle of Ethyl area sales managers: James E. Boud reau, Central area; Richard Murphy, Eastern area, and S. M. Wagner, West ern area. ETC 23962 * in v, The 25 Year Club of the Petroleum Industry held its seventh dnnual dinner and business meeting on Tuesday evening in the Casino Club. Above is a general view of the dinner meeting of the Club, which is composed of members of the in dustry with at least a quarter-century of continu ous service. Left, Holbrook T. Ashton congratu lates Daniel J. Moran, his successor as president of the group. Mr. Ashton is general manager of the Lubrite Division of Socony-Vacuum, and Mr. Moran is president of Continental Oil Co. J. A. Lentz of Continental Oil Co., Denver, and O. J. Shaw of Lincoln Oil, Lincoln, Nebr. Marion J. Greenwood, vice president of Utah Oil Refining Co., greets Harry Kuhe of Ethyl. 48 ETC 23963 AGRICULTURE he first group session on Agri Tculture ever conducted at an API annual meeting w as held Mon day afternoon under the auspices of the Institute's new Agricultural De velopment Committee. Addressing the meeting, John L. McCaffrey, president of Interna tional Harvester Co., approved the Committee's objectives and sug gested still other aims the group might accomplish to the benefit of both the farmer and the petroleum industry. The other speakers were Arthur Turner, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Ladd Haystead, farm editor of Fortune magazine. The chairman and vice chairmen of the API Agricul tural Development Committee. Lloyd H. Geil, of Standard of Indiana; George Krieger, of Ethyl Corp.; and Carey F. Ramey, of Standard of California. Guest speakers at the Agricultural group session were Ladd Haystead (left), farm editor of Fortune magazine; Arthur W. Turner (center), chief of agricultural engineering, U. S. Department of Agriculture; and John L. McCaffrey (right), president of the International Harvester Co. 49 ETC 23964 HERE AND THERE) t ? V! V '> John A. Ritter, of the Sun Oil Co., Dallas. 'yr'o-.- -' Descending to the Stevens lobby ore W. C. Wenzel, Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil As sociation, Oil City, Pa., and John Harper, president of Harper Oil Co., Long Island Crty;N. Y. A'few-steps behind, at extreme left, is R. J. Pfeiffer, of Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., Tulsa. D. P. Barnard, Standard Oil of Indiana, and G. G. Lamb, chemical engineering professor at Northwestern, head for the grand ball room to attend one of the general sessions. George Calingaert, director of chemical research for Ethyl, and William H. Hubner, of Ethyl's New York office, compare notes between sessions. Oil man of the future? Young Jimmy Faw cett, of Chicago, looks over some trade magazines be fore taking in the Wednesday night ses sion. ETC 23965 L. C. Welch, of Standard Oil of Indiana, presiding at the Lu brication session. Among those present at the "Lubricate for Safety" meeting were the inter ested listeners shown at right. Below are three of the speak ers who participated in the "Lubricate for'Safety" sympo sium: A. L. Weist, Shell Oil, San Francisco; J. Willard Lord, At lantic Refining, Philadelphia; and J. M. Koch, Quaker State Oil Refining Corp., Oil City, Pa. c LUBRICATION he necessity for lubricating an automobile every 1,000 Tmiles, as advocated by the API, was discussed from the technical, marketing, and safety viewpoints at a Monday evening group session. The main problem, it was brought out, is to gain accep tance of the fact, by the motoring public and service sta tion personnel, that frequent lubrication means a longer life for the vehicle. ETC 23 966 v One of the social events of the API meet ing was the Wednesday afternoon party tendered by Clark Brothers Co. Among those present (left), were David Hutchcrafj of Clark Brothers; J. B. O'Connor of Dresser Industries, Cleveland; C. Paul Clark, presi dent of Clark Brothers; and F. W. Laverty, also of Clark Brothers. Taking time out during the busy con vention schedule are two Universal Oil Products Co. representatives -- W. Meredith Behrens and Charles Lowry, Jr. Listening intently to William R. Quattrocchi of New York City (right) em phasize a point is Howard V. Smith, of the Kendall Refining Co., Bradford, Pa. At a convention party were Jo seph H. Salmon, of Shell; Julian J. Frey, general sales manager of Ethyl; Harold R. Berg, Southern area sales manager for Ethyl; and Robert Cass, of White Motor Co. 52 ETC 2396' i retirty mg aft ser ;siry. | ia t I' c TAXATION peaking before the taxation group session, L. S. S Wescoat, vice president, the Pure Oil Co., dis cussed the threat to free enterprise that lies in state control or ownership of service stations along limited access highways or in municipal parking areas. He urged the preservation of free enterprise in connection with all types of modem traffic facilities. Robert Ramspeck, executive vice president of the Air Transport Association, registered his organization's op position to a tax on fuel used to operate airplanes, point ing out the inequities of such a levy. Speaking on "The Outlook for Tax Revision," Dr. Harley L. Lutz, of Princeton, said that "an axe must be used" on the 1948 federal budget, "if we are. to have anv tax reduction at all." Edwin S. Hall, chairman of the American Petroleum Industries Committee, presided at the Taxation session. At the left is Dr. Harley L. Lutz, professor of public finance at Princeton, a guest speaker. Lee S. Wescoat, vice president of Pure Oil and chairman of the API Committee on Highways, ad dressed the Taxation meeting. Leaving the Taxation meeting are A. J. Rumoshosky, of the API staff; H. R. Fuller, of the Ohio Petroleum Marketers Associa tion; Joseph P. Walsh, of Sinclair Oil; Jo seph E. Keller, of the National Petroleum Association; J. R. Schulz, of Socony-Vacuum; and R. D. Stafford, editor of Super Service Station magazine. Also heard at the Taxation ses sion was ex-Congressman Robert Ramspeck, executive vice presi dent of the Air Transport Associa tion of America. 53 ETC 23968 Greer W. Orton, of the Texas Co.; Richard Murphy, of Ethyl; H. B. Nichols, of Cal-Tex; H. E. Hanson, of Standard of Indiana, and J. C. Donnell 2nd, vice president, the Ohio Oil Co. Jean Milam and Helen Kohl pin buttons on David E. Fields, of Tulsa Boiler & Machinery, before an ex hibit on gasoline taxes prepared by the AP1C. E. A. Evans and F. H. Ayden of C. C. Wakefield & Co. pause to admire a painting by Thomas Benton. The painting was one of a group placed on display during the convention by Standard Oil Co. (N. J.). BEHIND THE SCENES One of the big jobs at the API meeting was in making available, to the press and to dele gates, copies of the addresses delivered by speakers. Here, the mimeographing staff is hard at work. At the right is Eloise Michel, who is one of the oldest employees of the API in point of continuous service. Among the hard-working API staffers at the conven tion were J. A. McNally, Lacey Walker and Ernest Collenburg, shown here checking a day's regis tration list. Briefcases bulging with material, Joseph L. Dwyer, of the API staff in Washington, emerges from a Board meeting. .. - * Wit Xi r : X Vi lr&' J y.y i * * J J. S. Cooke, another of the API old-timers, has attended every annual meeting ever held. Millie Hearns was one of the staff who registered the steady influx of ar rivals during the API meeting. 55 ETC 23970 oncurrently with the API an and neighboring communities. Rep C nual meeting in Chicago, Open resentatives of the petroleum and House was held at Ethyl Corporaautomotive industries were invited ban Detroit have been in operation more than four years, the Open House marked the first formal pub tion's central research laboratories to inspect the modem research es lic showing of the facilities at their in Detroit for a period of three days. tablishment on Nov. 14 and 15. new location. This delay in the Visitors on Nov. 13, the opening Although the Ethyl laboratories "housewarming" was necessary be day, included citizens of Femdale on West Eight Mile Road in subur cause heretofore time and effort could not be spared, first from war work and then from reconversion activities. Holding a place of honor in the laboratories' main lobby during Open House was a newly-sculp tured bronze plaque of Thomas I Midgley, Jr. Midgley discovered the antiknock qualities of tetraethyl lead, the prime ingredient of Ethyl brand of antiknock compound. Charles F. Kettering has his name added to the list of those attending the Open House. 57 ETC 23972 el id I 8 : * i' S' v^'-t Top left, Earle W. Webb, president of Ethyl Corpora tion, stresses a point during an Open House conver sation with Earl Bartholomew, general manager of the Ethyl research laboratories, and Charles F. Ket tering. Above, Arthur Felt, supervisor of engine tests in the Aeronautical Laboratory, discusses a twospeed inductor engine with D. O. Nichols, Jr., and H. C. Mougey, both of General Motors Research. Left, Arthur Zeitz, an Ethyl engineering trainee (right), explains the control panel of a CFR engine to two executives of the Triangle Refineries, Inc., Houston. They are ). Howard Barksdale, vice presi dent, and R. L. Grogan. Left, J. D. Hadley, of the Michigan Petroleum Association. Above, J. R. MacGregor, of the 58 California Research Corp. (in car), and J. M. Campbell, of GM Reseorch. ETC 23973 Above, E. J. Frueh, of Triangle Refineries, and E. G. Richardson, president .of Trans central Oil Corp., are shown a super charged test engine by Robert Stevenson, of Ethyl. Above right, H. E. Anderson of Inspecting molecular models of fuel constituents (above) are D. P. Barnard, of Standard of Indiana; his wife; and R. K. Scales, of Ethyl. Above right, J. N. Zoil, of Gulf Refining, and Dr. Vincent Hnizda, of Ethyl. Right, M. C. Thomp son, Jr., and M. H. Campbell, both of Standard of Ohio, and L. E. Baker, of Sinclair. W. A. Florence, of General Motors Re search, Examines part of the refrigera tion equipment for the "cold room" of the Ethyl laboratories. James Mason, of Ethyl, points to an engine used in connection with the equipment for studying manifold distribution. His interested Open House guest is Dr. Robert Hatte, head of the Cranbrook Institute of Science In Detroit. Upper right, George E. Phillips and W. H. Scharff, both of Standard of Indiana, inspect the controls for cycling engines being tested for performance and endurance characteristics. Lower left, F. O. Lewis, of the Dayton (Ohio) Power and Light Co., is shown by L. Volberding, of Ethyl, how compression pressures of engines in cars are measured. At extreme left is Prof. C. W. Goode of the Uni versity of Michigan. In lower right photo, William Zechel, L. H. Fralling. and Fred Dietz, all of Packard Motor Co., find Interest In the "Indoor Highway" exhibit. The "Indoor Highway," which automatically con trols the speed and load of engines on dynamometers, duplicates actual on-the-rood driving conditions in these laboratory tests. The "Indoor Highway" pneumatic con troller for engine speed and load, in accordance with data obtained from actual road performance, Is explained to J. S. Blank, of Pure Oil Co., Toledo, by M. J. Anderson (left), of Ethyl. In photo top right, J. S. Wintrlngham, of Ethyl, describes equipment used In studying manifold distribution to A. C. Korte and H. A. Farr, of the Carter Carburetor Co., St. Louis. Right, Fred Green, of Ethyl (white coat, foreground), tells C. A. Kushler and A. R. Decker, of the Champion Spark Plug Co., how the fuel system distributor supplies fuel to the multi-cylinder engine dyna mometers from underground storage tanks or from drums. All five of the men pic tured right played a part in the birth and growth of Ethyl Corp. L. to r., T. A. Boyd, of GM Research; John B. Macauley, director of engineering research for Ethyl; Charles F. Kettering, director of GM Research; Harry Mack, manager of Ethyl's Dayton division; and Earle W. Webb, president of Ethyl Corp. 61 ETC 23976 In this group of Open House visitors, viewing a piece of the Laboratories' testing equipment, is A. L. Helli- inspecting the Jet Tube, used to assist in the development of fuels for jet aircraft engines, is R. P. Perkins of Dow Chemical. ***?*'# 0Mtortt*sust* U* afmjtJdf brk-Jrt j r Hi*-Mi ssist in Jircraft mical. k THE MIDGLEY PLAQUE IN MEMORY OF Thomas Midgley, Jr., at an associate and in grateful recognition of our debt to his creative talents and his many contributions to this company in science and business, this bronze plaque honoring him is placed in the main lobby of the Ethyl Research Laboratories in Detroit that all who enter may be inspired by the memory of his achievements. ETC 23978