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R&S 100930 /.S L || 11 5465 i;)iC MONOMER M.'.ndard Trademark (inside Front Cover) 0 The Dow Chemical Company 1966 * VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER DlWMfc Mwowmiqiahd CRI w ^ L 1 ide j TABLE OF CONTENTS R&S 100931 I. Introduction A. Name 3. Structural Formula C. General Characteristics D. Monomer Stability E. Available Grades XX. Physical Properties & Constants of Pure Vinyl Chloride III. Hazards & Their Control A. Health B. Fire Hazards C. Explosion Hazards D. Polymerization Hazards E. Spills & Leakage F. Special Personal Protective Equipment G. Employee Education & Training IV. Transportation A. Containers B. Unloading Cylinders & Tank Cars 1. Cylinders 2. Tank Cars J. Safety Precautions V. Storage A. Safety Precautions B. Cylinder Storage C. Tanks & Tank Farms VI. Inhibitors A. Inhibitor Removal B. Safety Precautions VII. Operating Equipment VIII. A. Eflection of Monomer Upon Materials B. Pressures & Vents C. Pumps, Piping, Reactors, etc. D. Controls & Operating Areas Waste Disposal IX, Sources of Further Information VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER I. INTRODUCTION A., Name Vinyl Chloride Vinyl Chloride Monomer Chloroethylene Chloroethene B. Structural Formula (/) ^ o o r(WDo C. General Characteristics Pure vinyl chloride monomer at normal ambient temperatures and pressures is a colorless gas having a faintly sweet odor. Vinyl chloride is mildly toxic; prolonged or repeated expo sure^ to vapor concentrations of over 500 p.pm.-are not recom mended; high concentrations cause anesthesia. Vinyl chloride monomer is sold^shipped and stored in the form of a liquid under pressure (Boiling Point = -13.80C). The flash point is -108i-4F j(-78Cj with explosive limits of 3.6Z to 26.4% by volume in air. The greatest hazards in the handling of this monomer are the dangers of fire and explo sion. -more- 2- - R&S 100933 D. Monomer Stability Pure vinyl chloride monomer is chemically quite stable. It does not form peroxides readily by autoxidation and the free radical homopolymerization of pure vinyl chloride is not thermally initiated. E . Available Grades The stability of pure vinyl chloride to autoxidation and thermally initiated free radical homopolymerization permits uninhibited vinyl chloride to be produced, stored and handled safely and satisfactorily. The Dow Chemical Company supplies both phenol inhibited and uninhibited vinyl chloride monomer on a commercial basis. Grade Inhibited Uninhibited Phenol Content Typical Specification 25 "ppri/^ ^ 100 ppm. - Max. 25 ppm. - Min. 0 ppm, 2 ppm, - Max. The availability of uninhibited vinyl chloride monomer from The Dow Chemical Company relieves the customer of the necessity and expense of installing, operating and maintaining phenol removal equipment. -more- 3- II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CONSTANTS OF PURE VINYL CHLORIDE The following Cable contains the latest information available on the properties of vinyl chloride. Some of these properties were determined by Dow while others are calcula* cions, estimations or determinations from the most reliable sources available. PROPERTIES & CONSTANTS OF PURE VINYL CHLORIDE Property Ref* 1. Molecular Weight (1) 2. Boiling Point at 760 mm, C (2) 3. Melting Point,C (3) 4. Odor, uninhibited inhibited (4) 5. Color t (4) 6. Corrosivity (4) 7. Flash Point, Cleveland Open Cup, -78C (1) 8. Explosive Limits, Vol. * y. in air (5) 9. Liquid Density, g/ml at 100C 25C -20C -25C -30C (6) (3) 62,501 -13.80 -153.69 Faint, sweet odor Faint phenolic odor due to inhibitor Colorless Non corrosive at normal ambient tempera* tures when dry. In contact with water at elevated temperatures it accelerates corrosion of iron and steel. / 3.6 - 26.4 0.746 0.9013 0.9834 0.9918 0.9999 J7 CO --4 Q CoO CO -4- Sve Density Chart Figure #1 See Pounds/gal chart Figure 02 Proper t v Ref* 10. Density Change with Temperature (3) (between -30C and -20C) g/ml/C .11 Liquid Viscosity, cps at 100C 25C -10C -20C -30C -40C (3) See Viscosity Chart Figure #3 12. Vapor Viscosity, cps (7) 100C 25C 13. Surface Tension, dynes/cm (3) 100C 25C 14. Refractive Index, D line, t (8) 25C 15. Vapor Pressure, mm Hg (2) 100C 25C 0C -25C -50C -75C -100C See Vapor Pressure Chart Figure 04 0.00164 (approx.) 0.100 0.185 0.248 0.274 0.303 0.340 0.0138 0.0108 5.4 16.0 1.3642 16,617 2,943 1,293 470 130 24.4 2.5 R&S 100935 R&S 100936 CM -5- Pro-vrtv Ref* 16. Change in Boiling Point with Pressure, dt/dp C/mm hg (3) 25C -13.37C 17. Heat Capacity (Liquid), Cp, cal/mole/deg (3) 100C 25C 18. Heat Capacity (Vapor), Cp, cal/mole/deg (9) 100C 25C t t Latent Heat of Vapori zation, ^ Hv, cal/mole (3) 100C 25C -13.8C 20. Latert Heat of Fusion, A Hm, cal/mole (3) 21. Heat of Formation, A Hf, 298K, kcal/mole (3) (10) 22. Free Energy of Formation AFf 298K, kcal/mole '(3) 23. Heat of Polymerization, A Hpkcal/mole (3) 24. Critical Temperature. tc, c (11) Critical Pressure, P , atmospheres c (U) 0.01355 0.03423 26.25 20.56 14.88 12.82 3310 4710 5250 1172 8.480 12.386 -25.3 m 0.5 147 56 R&S 100937 CO CM 6- - Property Re f* 26. Critical Volume, vc, cc/mole 27. Critical Compressibility (PV/RT), Z (U) (ID Volumetric Shrinkage upon Polymerization, approximate, % (3) 29. Dielectric Constant at Frequency of, (3) 10r anH 17.2C 10J anu -21C 30. Dissipation Factor at Frequency of, 105 and -21C (3) 1. Solubility - Soluble in CC, ether, ethanol and mos organic solvents 32. Solubility of water in Vinyl Chloride, % (1) * References see Page No. 179 0.29 35 6.26 7.05 0.0011 0.11 -7(3 4)* III. HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL ' 33 C C/5 tooo ~ A. Health The following .statements on health hazards are as complete as our information permits. The precautions for safe handling and use are necessarily general in nature since detailed recommendations can be made only for the specific exposures and circumstances of each individual use. When present in sufficiently high vapor concentrations, vinyl chloride has an anesthetic action. The present Thres hold Limit Value (TLV) recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists for repeated 7-8 hr. daily exposures is 500 pp.m. However, there are indications that on the basis of more recent data this level may be lowered. Concentrations of greater than 500 p.p.m. may cause warning symptoms of dizziness, disorientation, and disturbances of equilibrium and coodination similar to drunkenness. Vapor concentrations approaching the lower explosive limit may cause helplessness and unconsciousness on very short exposure. Pure uninhibited vinyl chloride has a weak sweet odor, while the inhibited grade has a faint phenolic odor due to the presence of the phenol inhibitor. Uninhibited monomer on the skin is not absorbed, but may cause local irritation, frostbite, or freezing because of the rapid vaporization. Inhibited vinyl chloride on the skin may also cause local burns due to the presence of the phe nol inhibitor. Any skin area splashed by liquid monomer should be washed with generous anounts of water. A liquid monomer * References see page 26. R&s 100939 8- - splash in the eyes should be washed with water for at least 15 minutes and the patient placed in the hands of a physician. f...... If after 15 minutes -signs of tissue damage to the eytf. are still i t>/ ` , j' apparent the washing should,continued* Clothes or bandages wet with the monomer should be removed immediately to prevent phenol burns of the refrigeration effect caused by the absorbed vinyl chloride. Contamination by inhibited monomer should always be treated in the same manner as phenol contamination. Anyone displaying evidence of vinyl chloride intoxication should be put at rest in an uncontaminated atmosphere. If confined in an atmosphere of high concentration where escape is impossible, deep anesthesia is possible. In such an instance, the patient should be placed at bed rest, preferably with the head slightly lower than the feet. If respiration has ceased, artificial respiration should be given. In either case medi cal attention should be obtained immediately. B. Fire Hazards Vinyl chloride should always be handled with full recog nition of its volatility and its flammability. In general, precautions should be taken both to keep the material enclosed and to eliminate all sources of ignition. Tn small labora tory operations, where vinyl chloride vapors may escape, re liance must be placed upon the elimination of sources of igni tion and the provision of sufficient ventilation to keep es- x caping vapors at non-flammable levels. Vinyl chloride vapors -9- can form flammable mixtures with air at all temperatures above -78C. Fires involving large quantities of liquid are difficult 4 to extinguish since vinyl chloride is not miscible with water and is lighter than water (will float on top of water). Most small fires can be extinguished with carbon dioxide or dry chemical agents if properly applied. Adequate fire extin guishing equipment of carbon dioxide or dry chemical type, fixed or portable, should be provided. Water spray can be used for the control of fires and the protection of equipment and vessels involved. Diking and drainage should be pro vided for confining and disposing of the liquid in case of tank rupture or spills. Precautions should be taken to guard against vinyl chloride entering general sewer systems (See E.). In event of a fire no unauthorized person should be permitted to enter an unventilated area until the space has been thoroughly sprayed with water to remove gases such as hydro^/en chloride, phosgene, carbon monoxide, etc. generated from the fire. C. Explosion Hazards Vinyl chloride is a gas at normal atmospheric temperature and pressure. The gas will burn very readily in proper mixtures of air or oxygen. The explosive limits are: lower 3.67, upper 26.47* by volume in air. An explosion hazard can R&S 100940 -10- cxist when drawing samples or venting to the atmosphere. handlirg this material. I D. Polymerization Hazards Pure vinyl chloride monomer is quite stable (see X D, Monomer Reactivity) and offers essentially no hazard from autocatalytic polymerization when stored properly. The essential requirements for the safe storage and prevention of polymerization are to store the monomer in the absence of air (oxygen) and moisture and to prevent contamination with free radical initiators or other catalytic impurities. E. Spills 6t Leakage If spills or leaks occur, all sources of ignition must be removed from the area immediately and only properly pro tected personnel should remain in the area. Spills, unless very large, usually evaporate rapidly, but ample ventilation must be provided to prevent the accumulation of toxic or explosive mixtures. Spills and leaks must not be allowed to enter the sewer system because of the explosion hazard involved. An approved flammable gas indicator can be used In testing for vinyl chloride leaks. -11- R&S 100942 Clothing and shoos contaminated with vinyl chloride spills should he removed immediately and the body washed thoroughly to remove any material which may have penetrated to the skin. Clothing and shoes should not be worn again until tree of vinyl chloride and inhibitor if present. Disposal of the contaminated shoes is recommended if the spilled monomer was phenol inhibited. Equipment leaks involving the inhibited monomer can create a special hazard as phenol could accumulate by eva poration at the site of the leak in sufficient quantities that it could cause local burns of the skin or> contact. In case of such accumulation of inhibitor, the area should be thoroughly hosed down with water after all traces of mono mer have evaporated. Indent of contact with phenol, the person should immediately be washed with generous amounts of water and medical aid summoned. F. Special Personal Protective Equipment Self-contained breathing apparatus or air- or oxygen- supplied masks equipped with full face pieces and approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines for this purpose, should be used under the following conditions: 1. In emergencies/ when the vapor concentration is not delinite1y known. 2. When file vinyl chloride concentration Is greater than 27. by volume. -12- i. '..';K,n the oxygen content of the air may be less than 16/o by volume. 4. When the exposure period is to be over 30 minutes duration. 5. In tank and equipment cleaning and repair work under conditions outlined in 1, 2, 3 and 4. Industrial canister type masks, equipped with full face piece and approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, fitted with the proper canister for absorbing vinyl chloride vapor, will afford protection against concentrations known not to exceed 27, by volume when the oxygen content of the air is greater than 1670 by volume. In all other cases a selfcontained breathing apparatus or air- or oxygen-supply mask should be used. Chemical cartridge repirators approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines may be used to avoid inhaling disagreeable but harmless concentrations of vinyl chloride vapor for short periods of time. G. Employee Education and Training All personnel in areas where vinyl chloride liquid or vapor may be present should be thoroughly indoctrinated. Safety in use of vinyl chloride depends in large part upon safe practices in handling the monomer. Only reliable, pro perly trained personnel should be given the responsibility of controlling the flow of monomer to and from cylinders, tank c"*s, tanks and reactors. In addition, each person in a vinyl chloride area should know the location and uae of pers nal protective equipment, fire fighting equipment, alarms, ava- R&S 100943 -13signals x safety showers and first aid measures. IV. TRAN'S PORATION (34)* A. Containers Vinyl chloride monomer is shipped in ICC approved cylinders and tank cars designed to carry liquefied Ay oe*^ gases under pressure. The types of tank cars currently usec^Xare I c <.-*-/ O AH or "L' x'eCA340W, and ICC-105A300W. The usual cylinder.* iW ICC-4B300 * ,1 -P, - vt ./ C /T (without brazed seams) with^--capacity of -either 200 ox--300' pounds. All parts of valves, safety devices, tank cars, cylinders, etc., must be of a metal or other material which will not cause the formation of explosive/,acetylides or alum inum chlor alkyls. Each shipping container must bear the ICC red label for a flammable compressed gas. The Manufacturing Chemists' Association recommends the following in addition to, or in combination with, any label, warnings or other statements required by statute, regulations or ordinances. R&S 100944 VINYL CHLORIDE DANGER: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE HIGHLY VOLATILE Keep nwny from heat, sparkB and open names. Keep container closed. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid prolongs-i broathlng of vapor. References see page 26. SMHii -14- Tank cars and railroad cars carrying one or more containers of vinyl chloride must bear the ICC M DANGEROUS11 placard. , 37 Co CO 0oo Sco 01 B. Unloading Cylinders ar-d Tank Cars 1. Cylinders cylin PRECAUTION! Never allow air to enter a vinyl chloride See Figures 5 and 6 for cylinder dimensions and a recom mended unloading system. Cylinders should be emptied through the dip pipe while in an upright position. A water bath heated to a maximum of 50C. (122F-.) may be used to empty the cylinder by means of the monomer vapor pressure. Check valves must be installed in the feed lines from the cylinder to prevent reactants from entering the. cylinder. When the cylinder is empty, the valves should be closed. Air should never be allowed to enter the cylinder and no attempt should ever be made to mix gases or liquids in a cylinder. Monomer inventory in a cylinder should be determined by weight only. ., i (iV-iirt /ifA'U. *C,J Cylinders must not be filled except by or with the consent of the owner, and then only in compliance with ICC regulations. ruin Mia R&S 100946 % -15- 2. Tank Cars Detailed instructions for unloading tank cars containing flammable liquids may be found in MCA Manual Sheet TC-4 or ICC regulations, Sec. 74-560 to 74-563 inclusive. A diagram of a vinyl chloride tank car unloading station is shown in Figure 7. (Insert Figure 7) No heat should ever be applied to a tank car containing vinyl chloride monomer. An inert gas or vinyl chloride gas may be used as a pressurizing medium to empty the car. Cy linder nitrogen may be used for this purpose or larger sys tems may have a suction line connected from the storage tank to a compressor which discharges vinyl chloride gas to the vent connection on the tank car. The use of a for^warding pump in conjunction with the compressor is recommended to expedite the unloading of the "jumbo" tank cars (20 and 31 ,000 gals, capacity) now being used for vinyl chloride. -16- Sieei centrifugal pumps with mechanical seals are recommended for this use. The pump should be located as close to the tank car as possible in order to minimize pressure drop. The pressure on the car is not to exceed the service pressure for which the car was designed. Positive vinyl chloride or inert gas pressure should be left in the tank car. In no case should air be allowed to enter the car. Some tank cars are equipped with excess flow check valves that close if -the discharge rate is too great. If this should occur, the outlet valve must be closed until the pres sure is equalized and the excess flow valve opens. C. Safety Precautions 1. Ground all cylinders, tank cars, tanks, piping, pumps and equipment. 2. Eliminate all sources of ignition in the area 3. All piping from cylinders or tank cars to storage or reactors should contain check valves. 4. Do not allow air to enter cylinders or tank cars. 5. Do not heat tank cars. 6. Do not heat cylinders with anything but 50C., or cooler, water baths. V. STORAGE A. Safety Precautions All vinyl chloride storage areas should he selected in accordance with local codes and authorities having jurisdiction.* * References see page 26. R&S 100947 -17- i s Lance may be1 obtained from such organizations as the WilLonal. Board of Fire Underwriters, Factory Insurance Associa tion, or Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. All electrical equipment, motors, lights and flashlights used in an area where vinyl chloride is stored or handled should conform to the National Electrical Code for Hazardous Areas. All areas where the monomer is stored should be clearly posted as a hazardous area and the burning characteristics of the liquid clearly defined for the benefit of fire departments. B. Cylinder Storage Cylinders containing vinyl chloride should be stored in an upright position outside of buildings in an isolated and well ventilated area. It is preferable to store cylinders in the open, but they should be protected from the direct rays of the sun and from the accumulation of dirt, water, snow or ice on valves or safety devices. C. Tanks and Tank Farms Figures 8 and 9 illustrate one type of storage facility recommended for vinyl chloride monomer. R&S 100948 -18- R&S 100949 Vinyl chloride monomer may be stored at normal atmos pheric temperatures in steel pressure vessels. The monomer must be protected from contact with moisture, air, sunlight, and other initiators, to prevent quality degradation during storage. All tanks, piping, instrument leads, relief valves and equipment in contact with the monomer should be of steel and designed to have a working pressure of at least 138 psi. No copper or copper bearing alloys, aluminum or aluminum bearing alloys should be used in the storage facilities in contact with the monomer or its vapors. Cast iron is not recommended for use in flanges or fittings. All liquid inlet lines should enter the bottom of the tanks or extend to the bottom of the tanks to prevent the accumulation of static charges or> filling. In addition all tanks and filling equipment should be grounded. y ^ *' tl r- t / j. i/ I I O'l) 1 The tanks should be equipped with^ft combination aSj] 138 psi. frangible disk,, and--pressure relief valve. In case excess pressure ruptures the safety disk, the pressure relief valve will prevent the loss of the entire contents of the tank after the excess pressure has been relieved. These tanks are de signed for skin temperatures up to approximately 130F. In localities where surface temperatures may go above this valve, the tanks may be cooled with a water spray system. The tanks should not be filled to more than 907 of volume capacity. A blanket of inert gas or vinyl chloride vapor must be -19- L.;l. i Lned in the tank at all times. No air should be allowed to enter the tanks at any time. Relief valves specifications should conform to the requirements of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Unfired Pressure Vessel Code and may be sized in accordance with Volume 1 "Flammable Liquids," of the National Fire- Codes published by the National Fire Protection Association. Tanks may be gauged with nitrogen bubbler gauges. Adequate diking and drainage should be provided under the tanks to confine and dispose of the liquid in case of vessel rupture. A water spray system is recommended as a method of keeping the metal tank cool in case of fire. All outlet lines from storage tanks should contain check valves to prevent contamination of tank contents. Before a tank is put into vinyl chloride monomer service, it should be purged with an inert gas until free of air. Tanks of 50,000 gallons or less capacity are ordinarily constructed in the form of horizontal cylinders. Above 50,000 gallons, a Hortonsphere or other special shape should be considered. VI. INHIBITORS A. Inhibitor Removal Inhibited vinyl chloride, as it is shipped, contains 25-100 p.p.m. phenol. The inhibitor is usually removed before the monomer is polymerized. R&S 100950 -20- Thc most convenient method of removing the phenol in hibitor is by use of a caustic wash. A diagram of an inhibi tor removal system is shown in Figure 10. In this process the monomer is mixed with water and sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide macts with the phenol to form water soluble sodium phenate. The monomer and water phase are then sepa rated by a series of decanting steps. (Insert Figure 10.) R&S 100951 B. Safety Precautions Caustic or sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali. Whether as a solid, a dust, in solution or as a mist it has a marked corrosive effect upon living tissues. Theses are particularly susceptible to injury. skin in toxic amounts. Caustic is not absorbed through the -21- Sodium phenate is highly toxic and for all practical purposes must be considered as hazardous as phenol. It is readily absorbed through the skin in toxic amounts. However, its presence in small amounts in strong caustie solution does not add significantly to the hazards of the caustic alone. MCA Safety Data Sheet SD-4 and Dow Chemical Company Technical Data Bulletin Form No. 125-152 should be consulted t for additional information on hazards and their control when handling phenol. Full face shield, rubber gloves, rubber boots and rubber apron are recommended when handling caustic (solid or solu tions) or mixtures of sodium phenate and caustic. In case of contact, immediately flood the skin and/or eyes with water for at least 15 minutes and summon medical aid. Speed is im portant. A more detailed description of hazards and firstaid measures regarding caustic are given in the M.C.A. Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-9. It is recommended that this bulletin be consulted for operating directives. h>pended caustic-sodium phenate mixtures should be steamed to remove any traces of vinyl chloride before they are dis charged. A holding tank following the steaming step is recommended so that mixture to be wasted can be discharged or treated at a uniform rate. VII. OPKRATING EQUIPMF.NT A. Kfleet of Monomer Upon Materials srrc u Dry vinyl chloride is noncorrosive to iron and at-Mrl at R&S 100952 R&s 100953 copper acetylides and vinyl chloride could react directly with aluminum to form explosive aluminum chlor alkyls. Some types of gaskets, seals, and packings that are accep table for use with vinyl chloride are Teflon, lead, asbestos, carbon or their equivalents. Mechanical seals, asbestos or Teflon packings are recommended for use in pumps and rotating shafts. B. Pressures and Vents All equipment should be designed with due recognition of the high vapor pressure of vinyl chloride and suitable safety factors allowed. Each vessel, reactor, pipe line, pump or piece of equipment that can be sealed off by means of valves must be vented to the atmosphere or back to storage with a frangible disk and/or pressure relief valve. It is recom mended that these safety devices be placed In pairs to faci litate inspection, cleaning and replacement. Figure 8 illustrates the pressure release mechanism on a storage tank. The same system may be used on other types of equipment. R&S 100954 -23- Pressure relief valves and safety disks on reactors or equipment where personnel or sources of ignition may be present should be vented off through staclcs to a safe area. C. Pumps, Piping, Reactors, etc. Steel is recommended for pipe lines, flanges, pumps, tanks, valves, etc., where atmospheric temperatures prevail. Cast iron is not recommended. At temperatures above atmos pheric, especially if moisture may be involved; glass, por celain, baked phenolic or nickel linings may be necessary. Centrifugal, positive displacement and gear pumps are all acceptable for use with vinyl chloride monomer but should be equipped with mechanical seals. Teflon lined steel ball valves or plugcocks are recommended for vinyl chloride use. Lubricated valves are unsatisfactory as they have to be lubrica ted after every turn. D. Controls and Operating Areas Conventional process controls and recording instruments are acceptable for use with vinyl chloride, with the exception that copper or aluminum and their alloys should never be allowed to come in contact with the monomer or its vapors. Instruments, controllers and control centers should be located in areas where operating personnel will not be subjected to undue hazards. -24- Oporating areas should be well ventilated to prevent the accumulation of toxic or explosive concentrations of vapors in case of a leak or fspill. Vents and stacks from safety `valves and frangible disks should extend outside of oper ating areas. Personnel protective equipment, fire fighting equipment, safety showers, eye showers, medical equipment and facilities, and a warning and evacuation alarm should be quickly accessible to all personnel working in the area. VIII. WASTE DISPOSAL Because of the volatility of vinyl chloride monomer there is usually no waste disposal problem. In case of spills and leaks, the monomer usually evaporates rapidly. If large quantities of vinyl chloride are to be disposed of, they may be allowed to vaporize slowly in an isolated area where there is no chance of ignition or of over-exposure by per sonnel. Under no circumstances should monomer be allowed to enter the sewer system because of the danger of explosion. Waste caustic and sodium phenate from the inhibitor re moval system must be treated as phenol waste. Detailed infor mation on disposal of phenol wastes from monomer purification is available from Plastics Development and Service, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. IX. SOURCES OK FURTHER INFORMATION R&S 100955 -25- Additionnl information may be obtained from the following organizations: The Dow Chemical Company Plastics Development & Service Midland, Michigan National Board of Fire Underwriters 85 John Street New York City, New York Factory Insurance Association 175 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, Illinois Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies 184 High Street Boston, Massachusetts Manufacturing Chemists' Association, 1825 Connecticut Avenue, N. W. Washington 9, D. C. / Interstate Commerce Commission Washington, D. C. 20423 Inc. Vinyl and Related Polymers by Calvin E. Schildknecht John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1952) National Fire Protection Association 60 Batterymarch Street Boston, Massachusetts 02110 R&S 100956 -26- REFERENCES (1) R. R. Dreisbach; American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series No. 22 (1959) (2) R. A. McDonald, S. A. Shrader, D. R. Stull; J. Chem. Eng. Data 4, 311 (1959) Antoine Equation for calculating vapor pressures of vinyl chloride. Log. Pmm = 6.85978-892.23/(238.04+t) (t*C) (3) Unpublished Data The Dow Chemical Company (4) M. C. A. Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-56 (1954); Properties and Essential Information for Safe Handling and Use of Vinyl Chloride. (5) T. Numano, T. Kitagawa; Kogyo, Kagaku Zasshi _65, 182-4 (1962) ) M. C. A. Res. Proj.; Selected Values of Properties of Chemical Compounds, June 20, 1956 (7) P. Zaloudik; Chem. Prumysl 12, 81-3 (1962) (8) A. W. Francis; J. Chem. Eng. Data j>, 534-5 (1960) (9) K. A. Kobe, R. H. Harrison; Petroleum Refiner _30 No. 11,151 (1951) (10) (11) Average from J. R. Lachnor, E. Emery, E. Bohmfalk, 492-5 (1956) and J. R. Lachner, H. B. Gottlieb, J. D, 2348-51 (1962) 4 J. D. Park; Park; J. Phys. Chem. 60, Trans. Faraday Soc. 58, Calculated by Lydersen's Method; A. L. Lydersen; U. of Wisconsin. Eng. Exp. Station Report No. 3, April 1955. R&S 100957 # 0958 (sales offices) Plastics Department The Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan 48640 NOTICE: The information contained herein is believed reliable, but no warranty is given, nor is freedom from any patent to be inferred. Printed in U.S.A. Form No. 170-34A 3 6 - & -/J 7 S / THE MIDLAND August 2, 1966 DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY \J Mr. Ezra Monroe Executive Research 566 Building Vin^l Chloride Monomer 170-233 The aforementioned bulletin has been routed as indicated on the attached routing sheets. Pj.ease send us a letter of approval. Thanks, l Oi > L Dexter Bartlett Plastics Section Public Relations P-eaartizeat 433 Building Phone: 6-3077 Attachment re R&S 100959 wcrarrMWaraa MWMm no:.. iifo : ' a ;: . n ^ / ' Aj*!- jCi I; l ~T<F7, ; i* Tn:: / TiO\ * ' PATL \ Ti -- ^ C-Oi^El' " WnHE A\3 .'. ".i,.\ : a, *RCaA&.E t-. j* 7' C. 3i?A-.',-.=.'.T a?;ov-: ir.if - ., . o.is fivc.o^t/, ow`\ ,,,: TA i V. A *./. ' PtOGwCT !*< 9+*> c u,t: > 6-SO/7 03 C 03 o o CO OCD i,- ' '.;o * X ID LAND August 4, 1966 Dexter Bartlett Public Relations 433 Building H / PAPLR: Vinyl Chloride i\ onon or 170-233 This paper is approved tor prcsentatiun and publication outside of The Dow Chemical Cion.pa ev. We are retaining three copies lor our files. Id. k onroe Research Information Services executive Research kt 36-B-l 1, 7f. 1 To Be Published: Sales 'hleraturc R&S O o Oto)