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Commonwealth of Australia. DEPARTMENT OF SUPPLY AND SHIPPING. G. T. ClUPPINDALL. Secretary. MINERAL RESOURCES SURVEY. H. G. RaCGATT, Director. MINERAL RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA SUMMARY REPORT No, 17. ASBESTOS Compiled in association with The Controller of Minerals Production and the Mines Departments of the States and Territories. Compiled December, 1945, by L. C. Noakes. Production Tables and Graphs hy N. H. Ludbrook. Issued under the authority of Senator the Hon. W. P. AshUEY, Minister for Supply and Shipping. By Aflhttilo * 1. F. JOHWrrrw,. Omno'i'vilii Printer. CmWns. (PitntrJ in AuMriU.) ; r. . f . r [ fc t. I *. 0S~ hbi ACKNOWLEDGMENT. ^ Tke co/npihtliou of tkit report la* lee* mod* pouible only Ip He cooperation of CommomoeeUk and State Government lycjxrrtmenii, and of tloee eompaniee entP indisidnal* concerned teith tit prodnrtion, proeenting, marketing and eonnmption of ' m. Tlii etexiHance ; gnU-fnlty orUnOKM'jrJ. \ TABLE OF CONTENTS. > 1. Introduction 2. Uses , ,* #. 3. Industry iu Australia ,, ,, .* 4. Buyer* and Prices 6. Australian Source* .. ,, *9 A. Queensland B. New South Wales * . , , , . C. Victoria ** ,, *, D. Tasmania ,, ,, *# E. South Australia ,* ,, *, . Western Australia , . , , * , G. Northern Territory . . .. H. Papua and New Guinea <>. Australian Production 7. Ov ersea Trade .# S Australian Consumption .. .. 9. General .Summary .. .. 10. References .. ,, ,* Paue. ' .. 5 7/ *9 V - 10 li 12 # m h)24 14 16 * # 18 * * 26 26 A* 26 -I- 27 , , . , 29 , , * , 30 9 9 9 , 30 TABLES AND FIGUBES. Table 1.--List of Asbestos Minerals .. .. .. 5 Tabic ir.--AsIxsIoa Production by Countries .. .. .. .. 6 Table HI.--Grading of Crude Asbestos in Canada .. .. .. 9 Tabic IV.--Australian Production of Crude Asbestos, 1939 to 1945 .. 26 Table V.--Australian Production of Crude Asbestos, by Types .. .. 27 Table VI.--Australian Exports of Asbestos and Asbestos Goods, 1941 to 1945 27 Table VII.--Australian Exports of Asbestos and Asbestos Good*. 1943 and 1941, and Countries to which Exported .. .. ..26 Table VII f.--Australian Imports of Asbestos and Asbestos Goods, 1930 to 1945 28 Table IX.--Australian ImportJ of Asbestos and Asbestos Goods in 1943 and 1944, and Countries of Origin of Asbestos .. .. ..29 Table X.--Consumption of Asbestos in Australia by Uses .. ..29 Table XI.--Asbestos Production, New South Wales .. .. .. 32 Table XII.--As!**tos Production, Tasmania .. .. .. .. 33 Tabic XIU.--Asbestos Production, South Australia .. .. .. 34 Table XIV.--Asbestos Production, Western Australia .. ...35 Table XV.--Asbestos Production, Australia .. .. .. 36 Figure {.--Graphs of Australian Production, Imports, Exports and Consumption of A-d*.*stos .. .. .. .. .. 37 Ki;;ur* 2.--Map of Australia, showjny Principal Localities for Asbestos .. 38 (Sl>. w SUMMARY REPORT No. 17. ASBESTOS. 1. INTRODUCTION. The term *' asbestos " is a commercial rather than a mineralogical one and embraces the fibroos varieties of several minerals of the serpen* tine and the amphibole groups, which are characterized by highly developed prismatic cleavage allowing them to he readily separated into fibres or*filaments. # TABLE I. List or Asbestos Uzxibau. Miami Croop. Miami. Cbetulnl VonmiU. Cbaposltfoa. Serpentine Amnhi- J bole 1 Chrysolite .. Croddolitc .. Amnsite Anthophrllite Tjeinolitr .. Actinolite .. 3MpO.2SiO..2Hf0 .. 2NF (Si04) FeSiO, (MgFe) O.SiO. <MjrFe) O..?i0.* CaU.3MzO.4SiO, .. CaO.3 (MzKe) 0.4SiO* Hydrated msgnesioro foliate SodtHm-iruti silicate Magnesium-iron silicate Mngnwmim-iron silicate Colcium.magQftsium silicate Calcmm.mngnwium-iroD silicate The asbestos minerals are commonly found in narrow veins and occur usually in one ofthe following three forms:-- Cross fbre--the fibres are arranged at right angles to the vein walls; the fibre length is thereby limited to the vein width and is often less, due to a break, or parting, in the vein. Slip fibre--the fibres lie in the same plane as the vein or slippage plane iu which it is formed. Mas* fibre--formed as an aggregate of interlaced unoriented fibres, or as stellate groups of radiating fibres. The commercial suitability of these minerals depends almost entirely on the length, tensile strength and flexibility of the fibres, although colour, impurities and degree of resistance to heat or acids are sometimes important. The fibrous minerals have a fairly wide distribution, but deposits containing fibre suitable for use in industry are comparatively rare. Chrysolite is the most important of the asbestos minerals and is generally referred to commercially as "white" asbestos. It usually occurs in veins, ranging from a fraction of an inch to several inches in width, in serpentine--an alteration product of basic igneous rocks such as gabbro and peridotite or of segmentary rocks rich in magnesium such as dolomite. The veins of chrysotile are generally short and may intersect one another at various angles to form a network, or lie in closely spaced parallel zones forming "ribbon structure". Chrysotile usually occurs as cross fibre, although slip fibre and mass fibre are also found. Massive chrysotile is usually some shade of green, but, when separated, the fibres are white. The better grades of chrysotile fibre are extremely fine and "silky" with high tensile strength and are particularly suitable for spinning.- * *? \-V: !*?> " js 1 o5-n^ 6 Crocidolite and Amastic arc the most important of the aurphibole asbestos minerals. Both arc commonly found as interbedded cross- fibre veins in ferruginous slate or quartzite associated with dolomite. Orocidolite is commercially the more important of the two, and 4s commonly known as "bine" asbestos from the bine colour, which is \ retained in the separated fibres. The fibres are, as a rule, of good \ length and flexibility, and the tensile strength is comparable with \ that of chrysotiie. _ \ Amosite is usually ash-grey in colour. The fibres are white on * separation, pliable and often exceptionally long, though rather coarse in texture. ^ . Anthojmyllile is similar in chemical composition to amosite, bnt with less iron, and commouly occurs as slip or mass fibre. The colour ^ is usually greyish white, but the fibres are white after separation. The/ fibres are generally brittle and weak, although deposits are known froiu which fibres possessing considerable strength ana toughness have been produced. * Tremolite occurs in white to dark grey columnar crystals. The fibres are usually brittle and weak, but are highly resistant to acids./ Actinoltie is similar in chemical composition to tremolite, but with iron replacing portion of the magnesium content. It is usually bright green or greyish-green in colour. The fibres are brittle, but have high heat resistance. Anthophyllito, tremolite ami actinolite commonly occur as slip fibre along foliation zones or shears in metamorphic rocks, although veins of cross-fibre tremolite or actinolite occur in serpentine. Antho- pbjllite also occurs as fibrous lenticular masses in gneissic or schistose rocks. Asbestos is important in international trade, because, with the exception of Russia, the major consumers such as England and the United States of America, have very inadequate domestic supplies. With the exception of those in Russia, most of the other large producing .deposits lie within the British Empire. Recent world production figures are not available, but the following tonnages* are given for recent years. Australian production for 1044 is added for comparison:-- TABLE II. Asuestos pRonvcnnx inr Countries. Countrv. Production of Asbestos, All Tyres. Canada (1SH4) .. Union of .Soviet Socialist Republic* (I93S) Southern Tthoite*ia (1939) Union of South Africa (1940) UtiitvO .State* ot America (19-11) #, SVa/itin.l (1940) Cyprus (1940) .. ,, July (itXtH)................................... Japan (1910) .. ,, Australia <1944) Ton*. 333,009 $4,041 2,064 24,450 21,777 18,57a 9,499 6,752 984 704 * All tonnage* given in this fvj-ort are cx|rft*eil* long tnt (5.240 lb.). The unique variety of propertvk make it art essentia! raw material Asbestos withstands fire and insulate In weight and can be made into pin by soil ami the atf.vk of vermin. '\ are developed varies considerably v and also according to the grade. .- specific applications in industry. Chrysotiie has bv far the wide . about 00 per cent, of the asbestos v chrysotiie is spun into yarn from wit are woven for use in the manufactur* curtains, insulating mats, fire-proof s is also manufactured into asbestos t longer fibre is used in the manufac filhng3 for mattresses and for magnesi 85 per cent, magnesia and 15 per cent Medium-length fibre is extensively agent in cement products, in plaster articles. The major consumption of < industry in the manufacture of wal asbestos products for building, and i cement pipes are extensively used for of their superior resistance to corrosi processed with rubber to make sheet f linings. Similar length fibres are aj? lagging and pipe coverings. Shorter fibres are utilized in the which is used in the production of hob switchboard materials, &c. The devel and clutch facing made from heavy p; created additional demands for the she Waste, "shorts" and plaster grac of asbestos lagging which is widely filler in paints and greases and in o moulded synthetic resin products and t Crocidolite also has a wide range o: used as chrysotiie, due largely to i spinning qualities. On the other ha: chrysotiie in resistance to acids, alkab 'has its own specific uses such as in coverings for mercantile use, in acid res military equipment. The use of cxocid- m Australia at least, is increasing. South African crocidolite has fou been used in the manufacture of asb packings and millboard; in preparation in asbestos products for building. Amosite fibre is inferior in strength crocidolite but commonly occurs in ver\ use in industry, mainly in the manufc weight insulation and iii asbestos-cei 7 2. USES. Tlie unique variety of properties possessed by asbestos combine to make it an essential raw material in certain branches of industry. Asbestos withstands fire and insulates against heat and sound; it is light in weight and can be made into pliable fabrics nnd it resists corrosion by soil and the attack of vermin. Thu degree to which these properties "arc developed varies considerably with the various types of asbestos and also according Jo the grade, so that each type aud grade has specific applications in industry. Chrysolite has by far the widest range of uses and constitutes ubout 00 pci-cent, of the asbestos consumed. Much of the long-fibre chrysotilc is spun into yarn from which fabrics such as cloth and tape arc woven for use in the manufacture of brake linings, gaskets, theatre curtains, insulating mats, fire-proof suits, aprons and gloves, &c. Tarn is also manufactured into asbestos thread and rope. Portion of the longer fibre is used in the manufacture of wick and rope packings, fillings for mattresses and for magnesia block insulation, which contains S5 per cent, magnesia and 15 per cent asbestos. Medium-length fibre is extensively used as a binding aud reinforcing agent in cement products, in plasters and in asphaltic and moulded articles. The major consumption of chrysotile is in the asbestos-cement industry in the manufacture of wallboards, shingles, tiles and other asbestos products for building, and -in piping and conduit. Asbestoscement pipes arc extensively used for gas and water mains ou account of their superior resistance to corrosion. Medium-length fibre is also processed with rubber to make sheet packings, jointing and some brake linings. Similar length fibres are -used in the manufacture of boiler lagging and pipe coverings. Shorter fibres arc utilized in the manufacture of asbestos paper which is used in the production of boiler and pipe coverings, insulating switchboard materials, fire. The development of moulded brake lining and clutch facing made from heavy paper of the millboard variety has created additional demands for the shorter fibres. Waste, "shorts" and plaster grades are used in the manufacture of asbestos lagging which is widely used for boiler insulation, as a filler in paints and greases and in other compositions such as coldmoulded synthetic resin products aud types of flooring material. Crocidoliie also has a wide range of uses, but it is not as extensively used as chrysolite, due largely to its colour and slightly inferior spinning qualities. On the other hand, it is held to be superior to chrysotile in resistance to acids, alkalies and sen-water and, therefore, has its own specific uses such as in flexible boiler aud steam jsipe coverings for mercantile use, in acid resistant packings and in specialized military equipment. The use of erocidolite in asbestos-cement products, in Australia at least, is increasing. South African erocidolite has found a wide application and has been used in the manufacture of asbestos cloth, rope and yarn; in packings and millboard; in preparations for electrical insulation; and in asbestos products for building. Amosite fibre is inferior in strength and flexibility to chrysotile and erocidolite but commonly occurs in very long fibres. It has a restricted use in industry, mainly in the manufacture of special types. of light weight insulation and in asbestos-cement products in which it is rl.n^fisri vi-~'i"V-,'~:y?i'- - * i-' '- * it K I ' % I 8 leaded with chrysotile. However, the producers of amosite in South Africa, which is the only known source of the mineral, have demon strated that amosite can be used satisfactorily in the manufacture of a wide range of asbestos products. ** Anikophyllile has a very restricted use in industry, because the fibres are brittle and weak. It is used to some extent in the manufacture of paints, cements and boiler lagging, and has recently been used in America in welding'rod coatings. Tretnolile and Actinolite fibres are weak and have few industrial uses. Both types have been used as filler in paints and in the manu facture of filter pads for the liquor industry. 3. INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA. The principal producers of chrysotile asbestos in Australia are Asbestos Mines Pty. Ltd., operating at Baryulgil, Hew South Wales, and Tasmanian Asbestos Pty. Ltd., at Zeekan, Tasmania. 'The principal producers of croeidolite are Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd. and West Australian Blue Asbestos Fibres Co. Ltd., both of which operate in the Hamersley Ranges,' Western Australia. Tasmanian Asbestos Pty. Ltd. and Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd. arc both sub sidiaries of the Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd. Asbestos Mines Tty. Ltd. is a subsidiary of both James Ilardie and Co. Pty. Ltd., and Messrs. Wunderlich Ltd. of Sydney. In addition to the above, chrysotile is produced by syndicates oper ating on the Pilbara Goldfield, Western Australia, and amphibole asbestos by individual producers in several States. Where production is large, asbestos is usually mined, cleaned and graded at the mine. Long fibres, usually f is. or longer, arc treated by hand-dressing or cobbing, a process in which the fibre is flattened out and freed from the rock by means of a hammer. If the fibre so obtained conforms to standard lengths, it is sold as crude, but, if ungraded, it i? told as run-of-mine crude. Asbestos ore not dealt with by hand-dressing u treated in a mill which involves, in general, preliminary crushing in jaw breakers and rolls, followed by treatment in a succession of mills and screens which separate the fibres into various lengths. The final separation of the shortest fibres from waste is usually carried out in a trommel. The grading of asbestos in Australia has not been standardized, with the result that care must be exercised in comparing graded products from different sources. Comparison by gTade of Australian with imported asbestos is even more confusing, as both Canada and South Africa, tue two principal suppliers, have their own grading systems. The standard method of classifying fibre adopted in Canada is given here under (Ros., 1931). The equipment used to grade asbestos is known as the standard testing machine. It consists of a nest of four boxes placed one above the other, three of which contain metal screens. The uppermost box. No. I, carries a screen with half-im-h openings. No. 2 box carries a four-mesh screen. No. 3 l>ox a ten-mesh screen and No. 4 box, at the bottom, serves as a tray. The nest of boxes is attached to a machine which induces horizontal shaking at a uniform rate by means of an eccentric drive. The grade of milled fibre is determined by placing a IG-oz. sample of the fibre in the uppermost box and shaking the boxes fit a uniform speed for exactly two minutes. The fibre remaining in each box i$ then weighed and ..... .wiuiia, or 31 per cc in length, 10/16 or G2 ps-r cent, of fibr and J/1G or 7 per cent, of fibre leu th These grades ere arranged into . adopted by Ebodesia, South Africa, Kt the Canadian grading system shown b- Out. TABI Guam* ov Crude . StMdird ItetiguaUoB of Grade. Group No. ! Group No. 2 Croup No. 3 Group No. 4 Crude No. I Crude No. 2 CnuU Rur.-of.3fim- '* Crude* sundry .. Spinning or textile fibre *' ohiisglc fibre Group No. H Paper fibre j Group No. Group No. 7 Unatc, tucco r,r planter .. j rtefiwc or short;; j >'-*nd .. Group No. a __ j Groop No. 9 Gravel mwi atone [ .... e - iu sue nrst eolui Groups 3 to 5 am divided into grades D, ! fibre length. Group U > divided into g divided into grades l), F, II. K, 31. and for weight in Jb. per cable foot (o.g. 7-20). also expressed in the latter way. Exam commonly imported into Australia, namely 4K which contains fibre testing not P which contains fiUc* testing not 7>* which enntaius fibre testing not Chrysotile produced by syndicates field in Western Australia is graded a. Tops -- Scinch and upwards Seconds -- i inch to inch. Thirds -- i inch to inch. Fourths -- i inch to inch. Croeidolite is graded differently, in a greater proportion of long fibre. C Blue Asbestos Ltd. in thi* Hamersley distributed in the following grades:-- Ho. 1 Grade--Average 1-} inch a Ho. 2 Grade--Average inch. . Ho. 3 Grade--Average inch. . Ho. 4 Grade--Below the grade expressed by the four figure* m* obtained. Thus, fibre grading 10-1 contains 5/10 or 31 per cent, of fibre between 3 inch and i inch in length, 10/1C or 02 per cent, of fibre between 1/10 inch and } inch In length and l/Jfi or 7 per cent, of fibre leu.,than 1/10 inch long. These grades are arranged into nine groups which conform with those adopted by Rhodesia, South Africa, Russia and Italy. These groups appear'in the Canadian grading system shown below-- TABLE 111. Grading ok CnrnR Asokstor in Canada. ct*. Standard Designation ol Grade. > Group No. 1 Group No. i Croup No. 3 Group No. 4 (nmp No. A inwip No. a Group No. 7 Cr.mp No. N Group No. 9 CnideNo. 1 Crude No. t Crude Kur.-of-Mine Crwtei Rumlrv .. .Spinning or textile fibre .. Shingle fibre Paper fibre Weste. stucco or plaster .. litfiiAC or shorts Sand .. GrsvW and stone Crude fibre J inch end longer / Crude fibre j inch up to f inch / Unsorted crude* / Crudes other then above j^bres teslinp 0-S-G-2 and over Fibre testing below O-JUfi-2 to and including fi-l^-01-d Fibre testing l<c!ow O-ll-Bi--*i to dml including O-O-b-8 ' Material testing leloiv O-G-S-S to and including G-6-.V11 Material testing tMWi-lf and below and including materia! weighing 35 lb. or lest per cubic foot loose measure Mill product* weighing 35-73 `^h. per cubic foot loose measure witli pre ponderance of roch 1 Mil) product* weighing 75 Jb, and over per cubic foot kvw*: measure Kuch of the group* 3 to ! in the- first eohimit of Table III. is divided intojjrades. Groups 3 to 5 nro ilivhhtf into grade* 0, K. K, M. R. V. in order of decreasing fibre length. Group ti is divider! into grades CU ami CF only. Group 7 is divided into grades f). F, II. K. Jl. and for shorter length* into grades expressing weight in lb. per cubic foot (e.g. 7-20). The grades hi groups $ and 9 are ;il*o expressed in l lie latter way. Example* of the grading given are those t-imnmmly imported into Australia, namely-- 4K which contain* fibre testing not lower than 7D which contain* fibre testing not lower than O-O-.'-U. ?K which 4`outniiw fibre testing not lower than 0-0-4-12. Ohrysotilcproduced by syndicates operating on the Pilbara Gold field in Western Australia is graded as follows:-- Tops -- J inch and upwards. Seconds -- inch to } inch. Thirds -- | inch to inch. Fourths -- i inch to \ inch. Orocidolite is graded differently, mainly because the deposits yield a greater proportion of long fibre. Orocidolite milled by Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd. in the Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia, is distributed in the following grades:-- No. 1 Grade--Average 1J inch at least. All above 1 iuob. No. 2 Grade--Average -4 inch. All above ' inch. No. 3 Grade--Average $ inch. All above \ inch. Grade--Below i iucl:. --Si''" 10 West Australian Blue Asbestos Fibres Co. Ltd. follows the same grading, but docs not produce grade 4. From the consumers' viewpoint, it is essential that fibre sofd in grades be clean and conform to the specifications of the grade. The principal users of chrysotile and croeidolitc in Australia are the \ manufacturers of asbestos-cement prodnets. The principal inanufac- . tarers, who are aUo producers of crude asbestos, arc James Ilurdie and Co. Tty. Ltd., Messrs. Wunderlich Ltd. and Asbestos Products Pty. * ` Ltd. (a subsidiary of the Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd.). There arc nine factories producing asbestos-cement prodnets, three in New South Wales,,,tifo in Victoria, two in Queensland, one in South Australia and one in Western Australia. In 1044, only f> per cent, of the total asbestos consumed in Australia/ came from domestic sources, the remainder being supplied by import^ The position improved slightly in 1045, and further improvement is expected in 104C. Considerable investigation has been carried on by tbc principal manufacturers with the object of determining the prac ticability of using Australian crocidolite in the manufacture* of asbestos-cement products required by tbc building trades. Ay a result, asbestos-cement products, which contain crocidolite, are being manufactured in Australia, and it is considered that both the range and number of products in which crocidolite is incorporated are likely to increase. It appears that the use of crocidolite up to 20, or perhaps 2^, per cent, of the total amount of asbestos fibre used in asbestos-cement products may be feasible. Some time must elapse before this opinion can be confirmed and of course the price of domestic versus imported fibre lias always to be considered. There arc no known deposits of amositc in Australia. The small quantities imported from South Africa are used in insulating com position and in asbestos boiler compounds. Australian Ariostos Pty. Ltd. is producing asbestos yarn in Australia, but no cloth is woven at present, although at least one firm has indicated its intention to 'produce asbestos cloth and woven products in the near future. Twisted and plaited asbestos rope and twisted cord aiu produced by Australian Asbestos Pty. Ltd., Tucks Asbestos Ltd. mid Biturine Lavers Ltd. Australian Asbestos Pty. Ltd. and Tucks Asbestos Ltd. also manu facture asbestos blankets, suits, aprons and gloves, &c. Asbestos packings, jointing, boiler lagging, insnlation material and other asbestos prodnets are manufactured by a number of firms. A dissection of the Australian consumption of asbestos is given in Section S of this report. A. BUYERS AND PRICES. In 1944 tbe major consumers of asbestos in Australia produced approximately 75 per cent, of the total Australian production. The remaining 25 *per cent, was distributed to firms using smaller quantities of asbestos by agents or by rock-milling firms such as McLeod and Co. Ltd., Sydney; Minerals Pty. Ltd., Sydney; Minerals (Vic.) Pty. Ltd., Melbourne; and S. X. Rodda P the PHbara Goldfield, Western A and Co. of Rot-bourne, and cro apart from that mined by Austr and handled by West Australia T>--.iV , v V. V.ouv iOUCfitOS general, price increases with fibre . to long spinning fibre. Present higher than those ruling hefor recently, it may be as well for prr The following are the approx ton delivered to Australian ma Chrysolite.--The cost of Can approximately 20 10s. per ton at grade 7D, from the same source, Rhodesian chrysotile cost 51 per grade 4. In 1030, however, the was approximately 23 12s. per t 3 and 4, cost approximately 35 ai The cost of Australian chrvst in 1043-1945 ranged from approxit or short fibre, to 238 per ton for difference in grading, it is diffienl mid domestic asbestos, but there si} the cost of imported and domestic .Crocidolite.--The price of R o. S at 45 ci.f. Melbourne or Sydney f.o.b. Fremantle. Amositc.--The cost of South A in 1043, was quoted as 30 pur tc Anjosite of tbe same grade cost apn Other Amphibolcs.--The price varies with type and qnalify. Figur. State Mines Departments indicate tl; asbestos, principally anthophyllife f. at 0 to 12 per ion. ^ 5. AUSTRALIA In this section the asbestos minci ks chrysotile, crocidolite and amphib The most important deposits of cl Wales, Tasmania and Western Au production from 1800 to 1944 inclusi' Deposits of crocidolite occur in S tralia, but those in Western Australi The total Australian production fi 3.73C tons. Amphibole asbestos has been pr< tieulurly in New South Wales, but the ISS0 to 3J.}4 inclusive'-was onlv 32f * 9-'- _ * A 11 Melbourne; and S. N. Rodda Pty. Ltd., Melbourne. Chrysotile from the Pilbara Goldfield, `Western Australia, is handled by L. G. Hancock aud Co. of Roebourne, and crocidolite from the Ilamersley Ranges, l apart from that mined by Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd., is produced and handled by West. Australian Blue Asbestos Fibres Co. Ltd. of Perth. The price of crude asbestos varies with the type and grade. In general, price increases with fibre length from waste and plaster grades to long spinning fibre. Present prices of imported asbestos fibre arc higher than those ruling before the war. As prices have fallen recently, it may be as well for producers to keep 193d figures in mind. The following are the approximate costs of asbestos fibre per long ion delivered to Australian manufacturing plants:-- Chrysolite.--The cost of Canadian shingle fibre, grade 4IC, was approximately 20 10s. per ton at the end of 1045 and refuse or shorts, grade 71), from the same source, cost 17 10s. per ton. At this time, Rhodesian chrysotile cost 51 per ton for grade 3, and 36 per ton for grade 4. In 1030, however, the cost of Canadian shingle grade 4K was approximately 23 12s. per ton and Rhodesian chrysotiTe, grades and 4, cost approximately 35 and 23 per ton respectively. The cost of Australian chrysotile delivered to Australian plants ii 1043*1045 ranged from approximately 30 per ton for fourth grade, r short fibre, Jo 23S per ton for first-grade long fibre. Owing to the difference in grading, it is difficult to compare the prices of imported ;<ud domestic asbestos, hilt there appears to be little difference between the cost of imported and domestic short and shingle grades. CrocidolUe.--The price of No. 3 grade (Australian origin) is quoted at 45 e.i.f. Melbourne or Sydney and of No. 1 grade 30 per ton i'.o.b. Fremantle. Amo.uir.--Tut* cost of *Sonth African ainusiic, landed in Australia in 1043, was quoted as 30 per ton for the highest grade imported. Amosite of the same grade cost approximately 29 per ton in 1939. Other Amphibolcs.--The price of Australian amphibole asbestos varies with type and quality. Figures given in the annual reports of the State Mines Departments indicate that during 1942 and 1943 amphibole asbestos, principally nnthophylliro from Western Australia, was valued at 0 to 12 p*r ton. 5. AUSTRALIAN SOURCES. In this section the asbestos minerals will he treated iu three groups a? chrysotile, crocidolite and amphibole asbestos. The m<vit important deposits of chrysotile asbestos are in New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia, and the total Australian production from 1899 to 1944 inclusive was 6.3S0 tons. Deposits of crocidolite occur in South Australia aud Western Aus tralia, but those in Western Australia are by far the more important. The total Australian production from 1915 to 1944 inclusive was 1.736 tons. Amphibnlt* asbestos has been produced in every State and parri-tlnrly in New Smith Wols. but the total Ans1r:ili;tii production frmu '"'i |'.*r4 inclusive w:w only 329 ton?. 1i /6 - * 12 A. Qceexslaxd. Asbestos minerals have been recorded from numerous localities, but no deposits of commercial significance bare been discovered, Most of the occurrences' are associated with serpentine which occurs at intervals near tbe coast from Brisbane to Bowen. The roost important belt tins in tbe Stock-hampton district and extends from Kepj?i Bay north-west to Marlborough. Both chrysotile and ampliibole asbestos have been recorded, but the chrysotile fibre so far examined is very short and the amphihole asbestos (antbophyllite) is relatively deficient in tensile strength aud flexibility. Anthophyllit*has been- found in serpentine at Canooua, 40 miles north of Rockhamp ton, but tests by consumers indicate that the fibre is too weak for industrial use. Chrysotile and ampliibole asbestos (authopliyllite) have been found in the Kilhivan serpentine belt, which, though of less extent than that of Rockhampton, is considered to be not without promise. Chrysotilt- has also been reported in serpentiuc in the Clermont district. * Ij. New South Walks. Both ehrysotile and amphiboly asbestos have been produced in New South Wales. (i) Chrysotile. Clirysotile was first produced in 101$. but production ceased in 1023, to be revived in 1031 and again in 1942. Production totalled 3,343 tons to the cud of 1044. The commercial deposits aud numerous Other occurrences arc asso ciated with serpentine or nltrabasic rocks. These rocks occur in three main groups and comprise the Gordonbrook belt on the Clarence River, north-eastern New South Wales; the Great Serpentine belt, which runs through Barraba, about 200 miles north-north-west of Newcastle; and tbe Guudagai-Wallendbeen belt, 200 miles west-south-west of Sydney. In addition, Terpentine outcrops in the Orange district and near Broken Hill. Boryulgil.--Raryulgil is a small village .-situated 52 miles by road north-west from Grafton. The chrysotile deposit oc.cnrs in serpentine, which is part of the Gordonbrook belt, half a mile north-west of Baryulgil Post Office. It was first developed during the 3014-1918 war, but there is no record of production from this centre prior to 1042. Fn 1010, Messrs. Wunderlich Ltd. commenced further development of tbe deposit and in 1942 produced 105 tons of fibre. Milling plant was installed in 1043 and production of fibre was increased to 405 tons in 1043, 347 tons in 1044, and 254 tons in 1945. In 1944, Messrs.Wunderlich Ltd. and Messrs. James Hardie and Co. Piy. Ltd. formed a new company to work this deposit (Asbestos Mines Pty. Ltd.) and a development programme is now being carried on. Tlie chrysotile occurs in a stockwork of veins up to 1 inch or more iu width and is mined by opencut. In 3943, the maximum depth reached in the workings was approximately 45 feet. Chrysotile has also been reported 2 miles south of Baryulgil. . Wood's Reef.--Wood's Reef is in tbe Great Serpentine belt, but after 2,47S tons of chrysoti as the east of production was too imported from South Africa. Chiysotile occurs in steeply l derived from poridoute. Vein \ 1-2 inche*, cud the bulk of fibre Milling rock was extracted froi 70 feet, aud constituted slightly 1< lion of fibre from milling rock milled and graded on the propen for the manufacture of buildin fibre remaining is, however, rep for the manufacture of asbestos-c Broken Hill.--Red Hill is a ) district and lies mile south of of Broken Hill. Ohrysotile was d towards the end of last century, b same serpentine, proved more attr asbestos were produced, but no fr ehrysotile occurs iu veins near the Red Ilill is formed, hut the fibre by metamorphism. Serpentine occurs in other loco small masses, sills or dykes--the 1 by 200 feet wide. Chrysotile is : localities, namely, Rockwell Pad. Broken Hill, where a little prospec The information available sug such as were produced in 1931, co favorable exposures, large eommerc (it) Amphihole, Production of ampliibole asbestt mittent, and only 203 tons have beer. Orange.--In the Orange dist; asbestos (probably tremolite) have south-east of Orange, and from Lev town. Production commenced in 1' with a total production of 131 tons t production of 313 tons of tremolite si in 1942. Rockley.--At Hockley, IS mil asbestos was produced in 1942, but tremolite variety and is found in ass< has low tensile strength and has litt although a small amount of fibre of in the production of powder for use Gundagoi.--Amphihole asbestos Jones Creek, 3 miles north-west of G 1918, this deposit was the only sou was worked intermittently between * vV`. -* P 13 . Wood's Reef.--Wood's Beef is situated 12 miles east of Barraba and is in the Great Serpentine belt. Production was commenced in 1918, but after 2,478 tons of chrysotile had been extracted, ceased in J.923, as the cost of production was too high, compared with the price of fibre imported from South Africa. \ Chrysotile occurs in steeply iucHned cross-fibre veins in serpentine, derived from peridotite. Vein width was recorded as not more insu lt inches, and the bulk of fibre treated as not more than inch long, j Milling rock was extracted from quarries, to & maximum depth of 70 feet, and constituted slightly less than half the rock mined. Kxtroc- tion of'dibre from milling rock averaged 5 per cent. The fibre was, milled1 and graded on the property and, for the most part, was suitable for the manufacture of building materials (llaggatt, 1024). T^e fibre remaining is, however, reported to 1m talow the grade desired for the manufacture of asbestos-cement products. / Broken Hi!!.--Red Hill is n prominent feature in the Broken Hill district and lies 1 mile south of the Meuindie Road, 10 miles cast of Broken Hill. Chrysotile was discovered and prospected at Red Hill towards the end of last century, but deposits of platinum, found yh the same serpentine, proved move attractive. In 1931, 8 tons of chrysotile fedtestos were produced, but no further production has resulted. The rdirysotilc occurs in veins near the edges of the serpentine boas of which Red Hill is formed, hut the fibre ha* Wen rendered strong and hard by luctamorphism. Serpentine occurs in other localities in the .Broken Hill district as small masses, sills or dykes--the largest not exceeding 2,040 feet long by 200 feet wide. Chrysotile is recorded from at least one of these localities, namely, Rockwell Paddock, about 13 miles south-west of Broken Hill, where a little ni-ospccting was done prior to 1014. The information available suggests that although small_tonnage4, such as were produced in 1031, could probably he won from the most favorable exposures, large commercial production is not likely to result. (ii) Avnphibofe. Production of amphibole asbestos began in 1SS0 but has been inter mittent, and only 203 tons have been produced to the end of 1944. Orange.--In the Orange district, small amounts of ampbiboie asbestos (probably tremolite) have been produced from Byng, 10 miles south-east of Orange, and from Lewis Ponds, 9 miles east of the same town. Production commenced in 1919 and has continued sporadically, with a total production of 131 tons to the end of 1942. In addition, the production of 213 tons of tremolite schist was recorded from this locality in 1942. Rockley.--At Hockley, 1$ miles south of Bathurst, ampbiboie asbestos was produced in 1942, but was not sold. The asbestos is the tremolite variety and is found in association with serpentine. The fibre has low tensile strength and has little^ if any, application in industry, although a small amount of fibre of similar quality was used in 1943 in the production of powder for use in munitions work. Gundagai.--Ampbiboie asbestos (actinolife) occurs in serpentine at .Tones Creek, 3 miles north-west of Gundagai railway station. Prior to 1918, this deposit was the only source of asbestos in the State, ami was worked intermittently between 1SS0 and 1921. when production : L f: r : i 14 ceased, for a total of 72.4 tons of fibre. At Jones Creek, the asWstos occurs as cross- and slip-fibre reins and pockets in serpentine derived from pcridotitc. The mineral varies in colour from white to pale or bluish green, some fibres being vitreous and brittle, others soft liktrfelt. The white variety 'is noted as generally superior to other varieties, but all have little tensile strength and are probably suitable only for such\ uses as the manufacture of boiler lagging. A maximum fibre length of . over 2 feet has been recorded from thu locality. Major production from tliis area is unlikely, although small amounts ? 1 of actinolitc could probably be won. Prospecting might reveal other types of asbestos. * C. Victoria. No asbestos has been produced in Victoria, and no deposit of, commercial importance is known. j 2). Tasmania. Both chrysotile and ampbibole asbestos have been produced in Tasmania where both varieties arc everywhere associated with serpentine. / Asbestos production in Tasmania prior to 191S, is recorded as the quantity of crude ore and not as the quantity of fibre produced. To obtain the complete figures given below, the quantity of fibre produced prior to 39JS lias been estimated as 10 per cent, of the ore treated. (i) Chrysotile. \ Chrysotile has been prod need during the periods 1S99J-1901, 3936-1919, and again since 1041. The total production to the end of 3944 was 534 tons. Of this, 3C5 tons were produced between 1916 aud 3919 when Australian asbestos was in high demand. Deposits arc associated with scrpentiniml ultrabasic rocks in three localities: -VnderAon's Creek in the Beaconsfield district, the Zeehnn-Rciuson Bell area, and at Asbestos Point, in Macquarie Harbour. Anderson's Creek.--This locality. 2.5 miles west of Bcaconsfield and 25 miles north-west of Launceston, has been the principal producing centre for chrysotile, with a total of 402 tons. Chrysotile was first worked in 3S99, but major production commenced in 3917 when the first asbestos mill in Australia was erected in the area. Production proved too costly, however, and ceased in 1919, when the mill was removed to Bnrraba, New South "Wales. Attempts have since been made to revive the industry, but the deposits apparently afford insufficient concentration of fibre. Chrysotile occurs in a belt of serpentinized peridotite and pj'roxenite about 5 miles long by a mile wide, into which small dykes of grnuitizod rock have been intruded (llcid, 1919). Veins of chrysotile occur throughout the serpentine, but show preference for those areas where alteration of the peridotite is most complete, and for those in proximity to granitoid dykes. The mineral usually occur? as white or pale-green cross fibre, inch to J inch long, and grades from stiff vitreous material to fine silky fibre. Veins vary in width from thread* to several inches and do not usually show parting, so that vein width equals fibre length. Slip fibre is also found, but is commonly associated with quantities of magnetite. The bulk of fibre produced was f inch to 1 inch in length and was reported a variety of serpenti-n-e---w- eit*h" i"ni,cv cipal minerals associated with thi Production figures from the indicate that of all rock quarried, yielded 10 per cent, of fibre. T. 0.S2 per cent, o: rock mined, ' production. Although small parcels of big this area, it does not seem likely profitably resumed. Available n pceted serpentine exist, but any considerably higher content of cl; examined. Zeehon-Renison Bell Area.-- occur at two localities within a hel east of Zechnn. Both areas arc Ik The main group of deposits is Zcelian near the southern end of t Bay railway line. A fibre-extract; and to the end of September, 1945, produced. The asbestos is assoc: dyke-like bodies witbin the m mineralization in the pyroxenite b<> irregular, and in some places is altogether. Several of these pyre Four of the most promising depo ground openings and by opencuts; Tease are poor. Ore lias been won underground developmental openin U rejected at the mine. The ovei Production in 1944 was 103 tons of The other chrysotile-bearing Ioc above group on a northerly spur association of fibre with pyroxenite i across the fibre-bearing zone and tin Asbestos Point.--Asbestos Poii south-western shore of Macquarie IT. Strahan. A lony'narrow dyke of j to 300 feet wide, forms Asbestos Po southerly strike for at least half a n prospected in pits and costeaas aloj but the host concentrations of fibre r small area half a mile to tbe south. Chrysotile occurs mainly in cros inches in width--the average being 1 aolid material is pale yellow, but quality white fibre. Long slip fibre the quantity available is relatively sir possibly* 20 tons, was extracted by 1 3JO5 ro bare satisfaciorystrength and flexibility. Magnesite and picrolite, a variety of serpentine with incipient fibrous structure, are the, prin- Ainat IDlBCrsl6 *?1a Production figures from the principal workings during 1917-1919 iifiK-at* that of all rock quarried, only 5.15 per cent, was milled, and it yielded 10 per cent, of fibre. Thus recoverable fibre constituted only 0.S2 per cent, of rock mined, with a correspondingly high cost of production. Although small parcels of high-grade fibre may be produced from this -area, it does not seem likely that large-scale production could be profitably resulted. Available records suggest that areas of unpros- peeted serpentine exist, hut any new deposits would need to have a considerably higher content of chrysotile than those which have been examined. Zeehon-Renison Bell Area.--Deposits of chrysotile arc known to eeur at two localities within a belt of serpentine situated about 5 miles vast of Zeehan. Both areas are held by Tasmanian Asbestos Pty. Ltd. The main group of deposits is situated about 5 miles north-east of Zcehan near the southern end of the Bcnison Bell tnuuel on the Emu Day railway line. A fibre-extraction plant was installed here in 1942 and to the end of September, 1945, a total of 063 tous of fibre had been produced. The asbestos is associated with pvroxonite which forms dyke-like bodies within the main serpentine mass. Chrysotile mineralization iu the pyroxenite bodies and in the adjacent serpentine is irregular, and in some places is limited (o the walls or is lacking altogether. Several of these pyroxenile ladies outcrop on the lease. Four of the most promwing deposits have been developed by under ground openings and by opencuts; surface indications elsewhere on the lease .are poor. Ore has been won from several openents and from the underground developmental opouings. Barren and low-grade material U rejected at the mine. The overall grade of the pre bodies is low. Production iu 1044 was 103 tons of fibre, and in 1945,'276 tons. The other chrvsotile-bearing locality is situated 2 miles east of the above croup on a northerly spur of Mount Itazorhack. The same association of fibre with pyroxenite is apparent. An adit has been driven across the fibre-bearing zone and the grade of the ore appears to be low. Asbestos Point.--Asbestos Point lies west of Birch Inlet on the south-western shore of Macquarie Harbour, and is reached by boat from Strahau. A long narrow dyke of partly serpentinized pyroxenite, up to 300 feet wide, forms Asbestos Point itself and can be traced along a d southerly .strike for at least half a mile. Veins of chrysotile have been nr prospected in pits and costeans along the exposed length of the dyke, re but the best concentrations of fibre occur on Asbestos Point and over n ;y small area half a mile to ibe south. Chrysotile occurs mainly in cross-fibre veins ranging from to 14 u inches in width--the average being less than 4 inch. Tbe colour of the j-olid material is pate yellow, but teasing produces a mas- of good :lv quality white fibre. Long slip fibre is also found iu the deposits, but Uo the quantity available is relatively small. A small amount of chrysotile. i.rwsjldv 20 tons, avu* extracted bv hand cobbing prior t 1920. Tin.* 1C proportion of fibre in tbe rock broken appeared sufficiently high for economic mining but tbc limited development did not establish reserves of profitable ore. ^. Further development was carried out in 1941 by Minerals (Vie.) Pty. Ltd., and in 1942 by the Colonial Sugar defining Co. Ltd., and trial samples of 4.3 and 7 tons respectively were extracted. The grade of the fibre was reported to be good, bnt prospecting in tbe Zeebnn district proved more encouraging and development at Asbestos Point was suspended. ? Spero River.--Clnysotile has also been reported in serpentine at the- mouth of the Spero River, approximately 20 miles south of Asbestos Point, but has not been considered sufficiently promising to warrant development. (ii) Amphibole. Amphiboh asbestos occurs in serpentine of the Be&consficld area, hut the only production recorded is 61 tons extracted during 1937-1938. The occurrence of amphil>ole asbestos at Spero River offors definite prospecting possibilities, but, in other localities, prospecting has yet failed to reveal a concentration of reins sufficiently large for commercial purposes. Anderson's Creek--A totai of 6.23 tons of amphibole asbestos w* produced in 1937-1935 from a quarry in serpentine towards the north western end of the outcrop at Anderson's Creek (see page 14 for other details). The fibre is recorded as white, though much is discoloured, and. in general, is similar to the actinolite asbestos produced at Gundagai, New South Wales. Both cross- and slip-fibre types arc reported to occur in steeply inclined veins which show a degree of structural regnlariry unusual in asbestos deposits (Reid, 1919). Some of the fibre shows considerable length (6 inches to 12 inches), others range from 4 inch to 3 inch, but all lack strength and flexibility. Talc, picrolite and a hard folspathic rock are associated with the. asbestos. The extent of the deposit is not known but, as already stated in this report, the demand for this grade of fibre is very limited. E. South Austrama. The total amount of asbestos produced in Smith Australia to the end of J944 was 756 ton*. Production has fallen sharply since 1943. and only C tons were produced in 1944. Future production will probably he small and dependent on individual producers or small syndicates. Crocidolite has been the most important variety mined, although small quantities of both rhrysotile and amphibole asbestos have been produced. (5) ChrysotHe. Cowell.--Chrysolite asbestos has been found in an area of Pre- Cambrian xnetnraorphics in the vicinity of Cowell, 6 miles north-west of Franklin Harbour on tbe eastern side of. Eyre Peninsula. The deposits are all within 15 miles of Cowell, and have many features in common. The country rock which is white, crystalline, magnesian marble, has been serpentinized in patches and along crush zones, and veins of cross-fibre ehrysotih* occur in the serpentine, particularly where alteration is most complete. Extensive surface prospecting has taken place in four localities since JtJ29, but n total of only 15 tons of fibre has been produced. This was use cal equipment. The working of and the erratic distribution of tk deposits of commercial value naa Chrysotile occurs on Section 1 of Cowell, but it is reported tha cent, and milling rock only 15 to 1919). It h:is been suggested tb are associated may have commer small quantities of asbestos coul. 1923). (H) Croeidolife. Crocidolite occurs over a vrid mctamorphics which extends nor miles. Deposits have been prospt 47 miles north-east of Adelaide, ; Fibre has been produced from on and from Oraparinna Station, n Robertstown.--Crocidolite lu 400 acres in the Hundred of Bri. miles north-north-east of Adelahh veins in altered magnesian lime narrow belt conforming to the - >f C2S tons of asbestos has been p The fibre is usually fine and ; grey in colour (Jack, 1921). A showed the fibre to be well suit; chemical constitution differs froir a considerably higher alumina magnesia. The best concentration of fibr micaceous schist along a fault zoi foot long, but, in general, the dej per cent, ore (Dickinson, 1943). About 41 tons of fibre were < 3 9.'2. Amalgamated Asbestos Ii plant in 1940 and extended the v reported to contain 1.5 per cent, indicating that jj> per cent, of all between 1932 and the end of 194( sidcrably higher than tbc value o. arc developed for this asbestos at of mining, there is a chance quantities. Tn 1943, only 13 tons were pr puny before operations ceased, t Only 6 tons of fibre were produce* Oroporinno.--At Oraparinna 54 tons of crocidolite were produc altered magnesian limestone assoc dilation has been recorded. The t 17 lias been produced. This was used locally in the manufacture of electri cal equipment. Xiie working of these deposits has been unremuneralive and the erratic distribution of the fibre does not encourage the hope that deposits of commercial value may be found. -* Chrysotile occurs on Section 1Z# Hundred of Minbrie, 6.5 miles wc^t of Cowell, but it is reported that fibre would constitute only 0.25 per cent, and milling rock only J5 to 20 per cent, of all rock broken (.Tackt 1919). It has been suggested that tue marble with which the deposits, are associated may have commercial value as a building stone and that small quantities of asbestos could he produced ns a by-product (Jack, 1923). > (i)" Crocidolite. Crocidolite'occurs over u wide area within a belt of Pre-Cambri4n tnetamorphics which extends north from Encounter Bay for about/400 miles. Deposits hare been prospected is many localities between Truro, 47 miles north-east of Adelaide, and Blinman, 220 miles farther north. Fibre has been produced from only two localities, namely, Bohertatown ;;nd from Ornparinna Station, near Blinroau. .j Robertstown.--Crocidolite has been found over au area of/about 400 acres in the Hundred of Bright, 9 miles north of llobertstown, 83 miles north-north-east of Adelaide. It occurs in masses and in slip-fibre wins in altered magnesian limestone and in decomposed slate, in m narrow belt conforming to tin- strike of the mctnmorphics. A total ..f 628 ions of asbestos lias been produced in the area to the en^of 1944. The fibre is usually fine ami silky, up to 4 inches long and French grey in colour (Jack, 1921). A series of tests conducted in Adelaide showed the fibre to be well suited for use as a heat insulator. The chemical constitution differs from that of norma! crocidolite by having a considerably higher alumina content, at the expense of iron and magnesia. - Tim best concentration of fibre was reported to occur in a band of micaceous schist along a fault zone in the limestone, 2 feet wide and 50 feet long, but, in general, the deposit* consist of scattered masses of 5 per cent, on: (Dickinson, 3943). About 41 tons of fibre were extracted by small producers prior to 3932. Amalgamated A-Owstos Industries, K.L., installed a treatment plant in 1940 and extended the workings. The total rock mined was reported to contain 1.5 pev cent, fibre and 25 per cent, milling rock, indicating that 75 per cent, of all rock broken was waste. Production lietween 3032 and the end of 3943 was 581 tons, but the cost was con siderably higher than the value of the fibre recovered. If special uses are developed for this asbestos at a price commensurate with its cost of mining, there is a chance of further production of limited quantities. In 1943, only 11 tons were produced from the area, 9 by the com pany before operations ceased, and two by an individual producer. Only G tons of fibre were produced in 1944. Oroporinno.--At Ornparinna Station, IS miles south of Blinman. 54 ton* of crocidolite were produced in 1941 from Teins and pockets in altered magnesian limestone associated with slate, but no further pro duction has been recorded. The vein fibre was nsuallv short and silky. M' i & * '. it 3f *?&' i c 'Z T9. IS but fibre up to 4 iuchcs long was reported from the pockets (Cornelius, 1941). The grade of the asbestos was high, but the deposit was too small to justify development. n (iii) Amphibole. \ l)e|>osits of amphibole asbestos have been prned up in two \ localities near Adelaide within small bolt of Lower l'rc-f'nnihrian metamorphies. A total of 59 ton$ of fibre was produced betweeu 1935 , > and 1940, but production was not continued. ' Kenton Valley.--At Kenton Valley, Hundred of Talunga, about 20 miles easT-north-cast of Adelaide. 27 Ions of asbestos were produced between 3937 and 1939. The fibre occurred in lenticular voius and masse? in the metmuorphics and was probably the anthophyllite variety/ (Ward, 1937//). A definite ore zone was discernible iu the workings/ but asleslos>bcaring rock constituted only about 5 per cent, of all rock mined. Lyndoch.--Amphibole slK\stos has been worked on the banks of the North Para River, at Lyndoch, 2S miles north-north-east of Adelaide. The asbestos occurs in well defined cross-fibre veins in a talc schist formed by alteration of an impure magnesian limestone. Vein fibre up to (> inches in length has been noted. Asbestos was al-o found widely disseminated in the talc-schist ns well as in adjacent mien schists. The variety of the asbestifonn amphibole is not /dated, but may have been actinolite, since the later mineral was found in some plaee\asaoeiatod with asbestos in the talc schist (Ward, 19376). The deposit was worked iu 3936-37 and again in 1940 for a total production of 32 tons of fibre. F. Western* Avstuaua. Three kinds of commercial asbestos arc produced iu Western Aus tralia. In the past, chrysolite has been the most important with a total production of 2,4SS tons from 3 90S to 1944, but future production will be very small compared with that cf crocidoKtc, of which large deposits arc now being developed. Crocidolite was first mined in 1937 and a total of 3,054 tons has been produced to the cud of 3944. Deposits of anlhophyllite and fibrous actinolite have been found at several localities in the Central and South-Western Divisions of the State, but, in general, the quality of the fibre is poor and the only production recorded is a total of Cl tons of anthophyllite between 3939 and 3944. (i) Chrysolite. Pilbaro Goldfield.--Numerous deposits of chrysotile asbestos occur in the area between Roebonrue and Nullugiue which are in the Tilbara Goldfield and 200 miles apart. The deposits occur in serpentine and arc usually in the form of lodes developed in shear zones or adjoining the walls of a dyke. They show more definition and structural regularity than is usual in deposits of chrysotile and many have provided milling rock averaging 20 to 50 per cent, fibre. Intermittent production from about 10 small deposits lctween 390S and 3944 amounted to approximately 2,4SS tons of chrysotile. Only 12 tons were produced iu 1944, however, and future production will probably be of this order since the deposits are small and most of the easily accessible higli-gntc of production L high, due to of the past production has not After a comprehensive i Inspector of Mines, Western production of chrysotile might scale than heretofore, provide/ a guaranteed market existed considered that the mines mo. were Nunyerri, Marshall's (. Queen, but estimated that the the cost of mill equipment, won 3943). In the vicinity of Lionel, ( liar in the Tilbara Gold-field, 1 from shear zones iu serpentin; mosing veins formed lodes up t varying in dip from 35 degrees t but averaged 20 to 50 per eei olive-green, much of it fine an veins varying from J- inch to 4 : About 1,000 tons of fibre Laby milling and milling in the pc. 1943. Only 12.25 tons were pi\ is likely to Ik; small since most has been removed. Chrysotile of n very high gnu 35 miles west-soutli-west of Ala dykes of dolerite intruded into occur on the sides of a doleritinorth-cast and dipping sotith-cn* lodes arc parallel to the dyke wa of cross-fibre chrysotile forming N. 1 Lode, lying on the hangii richer deposit and hv 393$ had l of 3,300 feet. Good fibre was r< of the lower levels, then under wa Most of the fibre exposed in access) to be brittle. No. 2 Lode prove/ curried out. Abtmt 2 miles south ranging from 2 to S feet in width has been traced for $00 foot. In t and ranged from to l inch in 1 Presumably surface exposures development. The Soanesville deposits were 3943, and yielded 264 tons of filu The principal workings changed figures indicate that the total am exceeded the value of all fibre prof Small quantities mnv be prtulnc sible high-grade ore is virtually ex high-grade material remaining oi . j> 4 -- v * rt'I!. -t ,,1 U >$ -Ml iie -la the in V-nr iiou ?% >!]y will .* of 19 ibe easily accessible high-grade material has been removed. The cost of production is high, due to the remoteness of the areas, gnd much of the past production has not been profitable. After a comprehensive investigation in 1943, C. F. Adams, Inspector of Mines, Western Australia, formed the opinion that the production of chry?otii might he re~org:tuized on a considerably larger scale than heretofore, provided labour and funds were available, and a guaranteed market existed for all grades of fibre produced. * He considered that the mines most likely to repay further development wc uayerri, Marshall's (lloebournc), Picsse's Xuck and Fibre Queen, but estimated that the total outlay on the project, including the cost of mill equipment, mould be in the vicinity of 25,000 (Adams, 1943). In the vicinity of Lionel, CO miles by road south-east of Marble liar in the Pilbara Gold-field, high-grade ehrysotile has been produced from shear zones in serpentine. Closely spaced parallel or anasto mosing veins formed lodes up to C feet wide, striking north-west aud varying in dip from 35 degrees to vertical. Fibre content varied widely, but averaged 20 to 50 per cent. The fibre, was yellowish-green or olivc-grccn, much of it fine and flexible, aud occurred in cross-fibre vein? varying from } inch to 4 inches wide (Wilson, 1922). About 1.000 ferns of fibre have been produced from the TAonel area hv mining and milling in the periods 3919 to 392S, 1937 and 393S, and 1943. Only 12.25 tons were produced in 3943, and future production is likely to ! small since most of the. easily accessible high-grade ore lux !< removed. C'hrvsotile of a very high grade lias been produced from SoancsvUle, 35 miles west-south-west of Marble Bur, where it is associated with dykes of dolerite intruded into serpentine. The two principal lodes occur on the sides of a dolerite dyke, about 100 feet wide, striking north-i-c-t and dipping south-east at approximately 70 degrees. The lodes arc parallel to the dyke walls and consist of closely spaced veins of cros--fibre ehrysotile forming a handed formation a few feet wide. 2Co. 3 Lodi-, lying on the hanging wall side of the dyke, proved the richer deposit and by 193S bad been mined at intervals over a length of 3,3flf* fw*t. Good fibre was reported to be still available on some of the low- r levels, then under water, but it was not profitable to mine. Most of the fibre exposed in accessible workings at this time was reported to be brittle. Xo. 2 I.ode proved poorer and little development was carried out. About 2 miles south-west of these workings a third lode, ranging from 2 to S feet in width and carrying 5 to 30 per cent, fibre, has been traced for SCO feet. In the exposures, the fibre was weathered and ranged from J to 1 inch in length (Finucane and others, 1939). Presumably surface exposures did not justify more extensive development. The Soaiiesville deposits were worked intermittently from 190S to 1943, and yielded 204 tons of fibre valued at approximately 17.000. The principal workings changed hands several times and available figures indicate that the total amount spent on the deposits greatly exceeded the value of all fibre produced. Small quantities may be produced in the future, but readily acces sible high-grade ore is virtually exhausted in the principal lodes, and high-grade material remaining on lower levels would probably be * I 1 * R 'My- 2u unprofitable to mine. Tlic mine is situated in extremely rough country and the approach road is reported to be almost impassable (Adams, 1943). At Dead JhiUock li'e/J, 10 miles south-west of Soancsvillc, about 20 tons of chrysotile hare been produced from small lodes and patches of asbestos occurring in serpentine in three, principal localities. In the OHrim' deposit, short lodes of chrysotile occur within a total length of 1,300 feet. They occur in serpentine a few hundred fent from the contact of a large intrusive body of granite and arc usually associated with small dykes of the same rock, ilost of the fibre produced came from one high-grade shoot, about 25 feet long, which was stojxv) out from the 50-ft. level to witlun 15 foot of the surface. The fibre* was of excellent -quality and ranged from inch to 11 incites long. Other cxj>osures on the property shelved fibre of fair quality { to 1 inch long, but the supply was not large. On the Fibre Queen property, deposits of chrysotile occur in serpentine associated with granite dykes, over a total length of 400 feet. Again, one high-grade shoot supplied all the fibre produced. These workings v.*or not accessible in 193S. Other exposures on the property showed .?owe veins of fair quality, but, j most, the fibre was brittle (Tinuram* and others. J939). At I'iatsr'M (Jn-xt. longue of serpentine, 150 to 200 fee* with*, intrudes talc schist, ;,ml deposits of chrysotile were found in the serpentine close to tin- contact. Short lodes averaging 18 to 24 inches were exposed over a total length of S00 feet, but the percentage of fibre present was described as " moderate The fibre was usually short, though of good quality (Finucanc and others, 1939). The roads providing access to the deposit- are now in bad condition. . ?n the records of production, it is difficult ro separate production at Dead Bullock "Well from that at Soanesvillc, but the total from the former district is approximately 20 tons, produced in three years, 1931, 1933 and li'SG. Xcar-surfnce ore from the small high-grade riioots- has apparently been exhausted, and unless other similar shoots can be found, production will probably not be revived in the future. Chrysotile deposits were also found near SfrcUey Fool, 28 miles north of Soanesvillc, and 40 miles west of Marble Bar. A lode 3 feet wide, carrying about 30 per cent, of fibre up to $ of an inch long, vva.t reported in ii)27 (Wilson, 1922). The deposit was considered very promising tk*n, but apparently subsequent development has proved disappointing. At Roehonrnv, approximately 9 tons of chrysotile have l>een produced from small lodes in serpentine within 5 or 6 miles of the township. Adams (1943) report* that- a semi-circular belt of fibre-bearing country, several miles long, lies 5 miles from Boebournc township. Gouging has iK-f.n carried out in this l*>lt east, south-east and south-west of the town ship, largely on claims of which there is no record. "Wilson (3922) rojiorted that- the two most important lodes occurred G miles south-east of Koehonrne and lay on either side of a pegmatite dyke striking northcast. Asbestos veins extended over a total width of 25 feet in the eastern lode, although the length of fibre was only about ;{ inch. In 1923, the deposit was regarded as promising on account of its apparent awe and favorable location, bu been disappointing since the < Koobonrne district is 0.85 tons in A.small syndicate worked J/< road from Roebourne, with a niu two shoots about J2 feet npa; 290 feet and 150 feet respective (Adams, 1943). The production may have come from this property At Sherlock, 35 miles cast-sou were found on a low hill of 6crpont lodes occurred dose to the graui off-shoots from the main granite ! was short and of poor quality, an. shoot of higher grade fibre 111 (Finucane and others, 1939). A total of 614 tons of chrysotfl 1925 and 1935. A revival of pro and quality of the exposed deposits higher grade shoots probably persi< but mining would be too costly. Approximately 302 tons of ch Kttnyfrri, 90 miles by road south-c small scale is still in progress. Sc-v narrow ridge of serpentine about west and bounded by granite to th found over a total length of 2,500 ftof . three lodes striking approximat tested over a length of 490 feet an inches. Some good fibre up to 21 general, the fibre was poor and bri 350 feet with an average width of was poor and the maximum length > the most important, with a length front 12 to 30 inches. The lode ha; entire* length by pits and shafts and depth of 130 feet. Fibre remaining . was mostly short jvtfd brittle, but pat( long, wore present in some of the un I'atchcs of good quality fibre we exposures, but, in general, the fibre (Finucane and others, 1939). A total of 362 tons of chrysotile h. 338 tons of which wore won betvcei mill was in operation. The mines w was subsequently transferred to Lkn Ranges. Production was resumed on a rose to 29 tons in 1943. In 1943, "So. who extended previous workings by tv lower adit level to bloek out approxir < J' QSzQkl 21 Am and favorable location, but development is presumed to have lee disappointing since the only production recorded from tin* Kocbourne district is 0.85 tons in 3923 and 8 tons in 3942. A small syndicate worked Marshnil's mins, C miles south-west by road from Koclwnrne, with a reported small profit. Fibre occurred ic two shoots al>ut 12 feet apart, which were mined for lengths^of 200 feet and 150 feet respectively to a maximum depth of 40 feet (Adams, 1943). The production of 8 tons of fibre recorded in 1942 mar have conu* from this property. "At Xhcrluck, 35 miles cast-south-east of Koebotune, asbestos lodes were found on,a low hill of serpeutine adjoining granite. The principal lodes occurred close to the granite-contact or were associated Xvith off-shoots from the main granite body. In general, most of the fibre was short and of poor quality, and production was limited to a small shoot of higher grade fibre in each of the -throe principal lode* (Ftnueane and others, 1939). , A total of 814 tons of cbrysotile was produced at Sherlock between 2925 and 1935. A revival of production is unlikely since the grade and quality 'of the exposed deposits appear generally poor. The small higher grade shoots probably persist below the level of the old stopes. but miuing would be too costly. Approximately 3G2 tons of elirysotilc have been prodiiced from Xntnjtrri, 90 miles by road south-east of Roebourne, and mining on a sit.all scale is still in progress. -Several asbestos lodes were found on a narrow ridge of serpentine about 250 feet wide, trending east and west and houmhd by granite to the north and south. Deposits wen* found over a total length of 2,500 feet, but the main workings consisted of throe lodes striklug approximately north-west. 2?o. 1 Lode was tested over a length of 400 feet and showed an average width of 12 inches. Smiie good fibre up to 21 inches long was reported, but, in general, the fibre was poor and brittle. Kb. 2 Lode was traced for 150 feet with an average width of 9 inches, hut the quality of fibre was poor ami the maximum length half an inch. Ko. 3 Lode prored the most important, with a length of 500 feet and a width ranging from 12 to 30 inches. The lode has been mined at intervals over its entire length by pits and shafts and develojted by adits to a maximum depth of 130 feet. Fibre remaining in the surface exposure? iu 193S was mostly short and brittle, hut patches of good fibre, up to 2} inches long, were present in some of the nnstoped sections of the lode. Patches of good quality fibre were noted in the other lodc3 and f;X|K>sures, but. in general, the fibre was short and of poor quality (I'inueime and others, 1939). A total of 3G2 tons of cbrysotile has been produced from Nunyerri, 338 tons of which were won between 1934 and 1937, when a small mill was in operation. The mines wove closed in 1937, and the mill was subsequently transferred to Lionel' and later to the Hamersley Itanges. Production was resumed on a much smaller scale in 1941 and rose to 29 tons in 1943. In 1943, Ko. 3 Lode was worked by two men. who extended previous workings by two winzes and a drive below the Tower adit level to block out approximately 100 tons of ore (Adam*. I*.'. Ir - ?* - -T X ISP % 22 1943). The nucleus of a small treatment plant has been assembled and production is expected to continue, although only 2 tons of fibre were produced in 1944. ** Ashburton Gold-field.--Deposits of chrysotile asbestos occur along\ dolerite dykes intruding dolomite near Mcilgn 'Station, 120 mile* by `` road -south-east of Onslow, in the Aliburtoa Coldfield. The principal deposit is known as the Silver S/teen, where asbestos veins occur along bedding or joint planes in the dolomite on cither side of a dolerite dyke, SO feet wide, striking north and dipping almost vertically. Veins extended about 17 feet from the coutact, but the fibre tended to become, more brittle with distance from the dyke wall. The main wonkings extended for about 2S0 feet along the eastern / side of the dyke and reached a maximum depth of 57 feet. The fibr^ ranged from to 4 inches long and was of excellent quality, but the main shoot was apparently exhausted, since the fibre remaining in 193S was nearly all brittle. Patches of high-grade fibre were noted elsewhere in the eastern lode, but the asbestos veins are strictly limited to the extent of the dolomite, which here extends for only 500 feet along the strike of the dolerite and is only about 100 feet thick. I'Jx]K>sunv <m the western side of the dyke wore not encouraging, although a little.sloping was done (Finuoaue and others, 1930). Chrysotile wa* produced from the Silver Sheen deposits in\1933, 1036 and 1037, with a total production of about 1C tons. Small amounts of good quality fibre could doubtless be produced from the eastern'lode, hut its limited depth, as well as the high mining costs, preclude any significant production. Another deposit of chrysotile occurs about 1 mile west of the"Silver Sheen workings, on the western wall of a dolerite dyke, but little development had W*u done in 193S. The fibre showing was short, but of good quality. <it> Crocidolite. Hamersley Ranges.--Crocidolite occurs in the Hnmersley Rouges in the north-western part of the State. The fibre is found in beds of tbe Nullagine Series which form a belt ISO miles long and 20 to 30 miles wide, trending cast-south-east from Mill-stream Station, approximately 45 miles south of Roebourne, to the Ophthalmia Ranges. The deposits are strikingly similar to those found in the Griqua Town Series in South Africa (Hall, 1930), from which the greater part of the world's crocidolite is obtained, although the Hamersley Range deposits appear to have a higher proportion of Jong fibre. Seams of cross-fibre crocidolite are found in thin beds of ferruginous quartzite, in -proximity to beds of dolomite in bluish riebcckite rock, and in the absenc-e of igneous intrusions, are held to be metamorphic products induced by the pressure of overlying strata. The beds are horizontal or dip at low angles, and asbestos-bearing horizons with characteristic marker beds, are exposed for considerable distances in the walls of gorges cut hv northerlv flowing tributaries of the Fortesmte River (Fimuranc, VMM, Miles, 1942). 1I Since 1937, at ha<t 1,034 t breaking out ore along la*uch underground mining. The res are undoubtedly large, 'fhe total recorded .product to tint ol 1944 is produced prior to 3939, have c The Asbestos, Molybdenuu small mill in the vifinify of . it in J942. In 1943, Western J.td. took over the mill and \ in production has resulted. A s<? Ltd. is also mining in the are of the two companies rose to 2the Jialf-year ending 30th June, total for the year is 1,117 tons. A detailed geological surve; possible, the relationship of the and the probable reserves of ore of great importance. Most of t but a local market will probably of short fibre (see *page 10). Seams of crocidolite have be- namely, Yampire Gorge, Wi: Marramam-ba. Famptre (lorye lies 30 miles Station, which is 180 miles by r of crocidolite have been exposed 3 miles, and occur in two stratign The lower horizon lias been bem upper, or southern, end of the gc of riebcckite rock 4.5 feet spar seams of crocidolite ranging fron dip gently to the north and the of the gorge. A little over three-quarters of z is exposed in the gorge and has i 2 milt's. In moit of these workir bed of riebcckite rock with one or it, the aggregate thickness of fibre interval of 2 to 4 feet. The le inches (Finummr, 1939)- The is not shown in the records, but Y. most important centre, partieuhi installed in the urea. In Wilfenootn's Uortjc, 37 miles ; asbestos seams occur 350 to 200 fee horizon contains a prominent mark* overlutn by 10 to 15 inches of dc quartzite lies the Main .Seam of c s-' ,, ....> 0 V .4 3 Ji> QSdJkt . -vsSv Since 1937, at least 3,054 {oils of crocidolite lnivo been produced by d breaking out ore along Itcncltcs in the cliff face with no systematic underground nlining. The reserves of fibre, though not yet estimated, are undoubtedly large. \v I The total records! production of crocidolite from the Hamersley itanges to the end of 19-J4 is 3,0.54 tons, but several hundred ton's, produced prior to 19*9, have obviously not been recorded. %t Tlie Asbestos, Molybdenum aud Tungsten Co. Ltd. installed a small mill in the vicinity of Vampire (Jorge in 3939, and improved it" in 1942. In. 1943, Western Australian Blue Asbestos Fibres Co. J.td. took over the mill and properties, and a considerable increase in prodnctiondias resulted. A second company, Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd. is also mining in the area and the combined annual production of the two companies rose to 249 tons in 1944. Tlieir production- for the half-year ending 30th dune, 1945, was 37S tons, and the estimated total for -the year is 1,117 tons. A detailed geological purvey is needed Jo determine, :v/iar : possible, the relationship of the various asbestos horizons, their extent and the probable reserves of on?. The development of markets is also of great importance. Most of the long fibre will have to be exported, but a local market will probably be available for a considerable quantity f short fibre, (see page 10). Seams of crocidulite have been worked in four principal jlocnlitics, namely, Y/impire Gorge, lYmenoom's Gorge, Dales Gorge and Marramumbu. Vampire Gorge, lies 30 miles by road south-east of Mulga Downs Station, which is ISO miles by road south-east of Boeboume. Seam* of crocidolite hove been exposed in the gorge over a total length of 3 miles, und occur in two strotigraphical horizons 350 to 200 feet apart. Tin* lower horizon has been benched intermittently for a mile in the upper, or southern, cud of 1lie gorge, and consists of two marker beds of riebeekitc rock 4.5 feet apart with which arc associated several seam* of crocidolite ranging from } inch to 2 inches wide. The beds dip gently to the north and the lower horizon passes under the floor of the gorge. A little over three-quarters of a mile to the north, the upper horizon js exposed in the gorge and has been benched at intervals for nearly 2 mile?. In most of these workings the horizon consists of a marker bed of riebeekite roc); with one or two seams of fibre above and below it, the aggregate thickness of fibre being about 2 inches over a vertical ` interval of 2 to 4. feet. 'Flic* length of fibre varies from $ to 2-J inches (Finueane, 1939). The production from individual localities is not shown in the records, but Vampire Gorge has probably bet-n tin- most important centre, particularly since 1939, when a mill wa installed in the area. In U'i7/cm/oi\ Gorge., 17 miles by road south-west of Mulga Station, asbestos seams occur 150 to 200 feet above the floor of the gorge. The horizon contains a prominent marker, consisting of 6 inches of quartzite overlain by 10 to 15 inches of dolomite and immediately below the quartzite lies the Main Seam of crocidolite. This has been exposed i I V. i; -- i-. t: s j 24 ill benches for 1,400 feet and occurs in flat attenuated louses. 400 to 500 feet long with the maximum development of fibre, up to 2 inches long, in the central portion of each lens. ** About 4.5 feet above the Main Seam lies the Lower Ribbon, con sisting of four to seven seams over a thickness of 18 inches, carrying fibre y to -$ inch long. Twenty to thirty feet above the marker an Upper Itibhon. I'' inches thick, is found, consisting of 8 to 10 seams carrying fibre to 1J inches long. It may be jossible to mine the Main Seam and the Lower Ribbon together in a 6 to 7 foot face in several places in Wittcnoon's Gorge, with a possible fibre recovery of 4 to u per cent, of all rock mined (Tinucaue, 1030). In Dale's Gorge, 0 miles cast of Yampirc Gorge, crocidolite seams have been worked intermittently over a distance of miles. The asbestos horizon consists of several scams associated with two marker beds of dolomite over a vertical interval of 50' feet. The dolomite beds arc C to 10 inches thick and 20 feet apart. The persistant seams are-- (i) The Top Seam. JO feet above the upper dolomite marker. (ii) Malbvrg's Seam, 15 feet below the upper dolomite marker. (iii)' A small seam of asbestos, usually known as " The Stringer ", 7.5 feet Iteloiv the lower dolomite marker. (iv) The Main Bottom Seam, 10 foet below the lower dolomite marker (Kinucane, 1930). Small seams are also found over an interval of 10 feet below the Main Bot tom Seam. Malberg's Scam has been worked at intervals for over 2,000 feet. The fibre length ranges from to 21 inches. The Main Bottom Scam has been benched at intervals for over 1,200 feet and has yielded fibre ranging from 1 to JJ inches in length. A little benching on the Top Seam showed fibre length between 1} and li inches (Fimiuam-, 1939). Dale's Gorge was not regarded as favorably as Yampirc or Vrittenoom's Gorge in 1942 on account of the difficulty of access and the smaller nggregare length of fibre exposed (Foxall, 1912). Seams of crocidolite have been found over a distance of 9.5 miles in low hills which trend cast and west, about 2 miles south of Marromamha Ilomisiead, 05 miles west of Wittcnoom's Gorge. The .Vnllagine beds in which the seams occur are considerably more dis turbed than those in which deposits oecnr to the cast, and show easterly or north-easterly dips ranging from 15 to 20 degrees. Tim structure has not been elucidated, but the absence of .reversals of dip suggests that asbestos occurs on several distinct horizons.- .Swims had beer, exposed on several prospecting areas in 1942, the best of which showed an aggregate of 9 to 10| inches of fibre over a vertical interval of 8 to S.5 feet. In some of the exposures the fibre was weathered and discoloured, but, in general; the quality and length appeared satisfactory. The deposits, as a whole, were regarded more favorably than those exposed in Yampirc*, "Wittenoom's and Dale's Gorges to the east, since they appeared to offer a better concentration rc ft of fibre, caster mining and in lay in the fact that the distance be reduced to about 100 miles 1*. tiii)- Amphibole. South-West Division.--Anr gmis>*, 2-5 miles rn.rth of tin* lit miles by rail north-north-east tion is taken front an nnpublb Raggatt (1943). "Asbestos oc< The former type is found in gen irregular, roues of a soapy rock altered bands of amphibolite sci m place, the fibrous structure of appears rather as a striated grey sheen. However, the fibre may I The asbestos rock occurs in lengt to the fibres determines the le: available. There would lie no 2 and 3 inches long. * The inode of occurrence of ththe slip fibre, but the rock matrix to that in which the slip fibre o- Asbestos has been projected b but development is limited to si of the fibre is of poor quality, but tensile strength and can be used c< of slip fibre can probably be won production of mass fibre would req rock. A total of 5C tons of fibre 1. 24 tons in 1942, 9 tons is 1943, . is now held under sub-lease by a small scale is expected to contiuuc. At GootnaUing, 7G miles norfhoccur in a narrow belt of tale rock trends in a north-westerly dircctio Goomalling Station. The dominan bearing zones up to 3 feet wide wei cuts, but much of 4he fibre was of or partial alterjftiou to tale. T1 sufficient tensile strength and fiexit the manufacture of fibro-cement a; to the records, however, no nsbei deposits, which suggests that the qua is only small. Other Locolities.--Anthophyllu at Jfount MagttH, BOO miles east-noT of the occurrence are available. Deposits of fibrous actinolite ai localities near Yerilla, 75 miles nor long slip fibre and shorter cross fii brittle and silicified form. ,*'*'* i*.-' VO * ASrQ69 25 w ih i ,| i .............. ...nmupuiumww .m u iw of fibre, easier mining and much easier access. Another advantage lay iu the fact that the distance by road from Hoebournc could-possibly be reduced to about 100 miles by following a new route (Foxali, 1942). (iii) Amphibole. \ South-West Division.--Antluiphyilim (l`-|>o>its j:tv- lotuid in griMihr gneiss, 2.5 mites north of the Hindi Hindi railway siding, which ia 13S miles by rail north-northeast from Perth. The following descrip tion is taken from an unpublished report on the deposits by II. G. Ifaggatt (1943). "Asbestos occurs both as slip fibre and mass fibre. The former type is found iu gently inclined, but warped and somewhat irregular, zc*te3 of a soapy rock which are believed to represent highly altered bands of amphibolite schist in acid granite gneiss. As lies in place, the fibrous structure of the mineral is not very apparent. It appear* rather as a striated grey to very pale green rock with a faint sheen. However, the fibre may be readily teased out with the fingers. The asbestos rock occurs in lengths of several feet, but joiuting normal * to the fibres determines the lengths of individual groups pi fibre available. There would Ik* uo difficulty in selecting fibres between 2 and 3 inches long. * The mode of occurrence of the mass fibre is not as clear as that of the slip fibre, but the rock matrix iu which it is found apjMsars similar to that in which the slip fibre occurs". . Asbestos has been pro.-specfcd by shafts over a total lengtlj of a mile, but development is limited to shallow shafts and open cuts. Much of the fibre is of poor quality, but in at least one section it has-unusual tensile strength and can he used commercially. A considerable amount of slip fibre cau probably he won by mining and hand-picking, but the production of mass fibre would require machinery to separate fibre from rock. A total of 50 tons of fibre has been produced from Hindi Bindi; 24 tons in 1942, 9 tons in 1943, and 23 tons in 3944. The property is now held under sivb-lease by a new operator and production on a small scale is expected to continue. At Gootntdling, 76 miles north-east of Perth, anthophyllite deposits occur in a narrow belt of talc rock, probably altered serpentine, which trends in a north-westerly direction and crosses the railway line near Goomalling Station. The dominant country rock is granite. Asbestosbearing zones up to 3 feet wide were reported in small shafts and open cuts, hut much of the fibre was of inferior quality due to weathering or partial alteration to talc. The best fibre was reported to have sufficient tensile strength and flexibility for use as an insulator or in the manufacture of fibro-eement articles (Wilson, 1923). According to the records, however, no asbestos has bsen produced from the deposits, which suggests that the quantity of higher-grade fibre available is only small. Other Localities.--Anthophyllite has been reported in serpentine at Mount Magnet. 200 miles east-north-east of Geraldton, but no details of the occurrence arc available. 1 Deposits of fibrous actiuolite arc known in serpentine at several localities near Ycriltn, 75 miles nortb-nortli-cast of Kalgoorlie. Both long slip fibre and shorter cross fibre are reported, but mostly in a brittle and silicified form. s jwih w w j b w j iiiiw iw iw w h 26 Fibrous crinolite, associated with magnesite and dolomite, occurs in serpentine, 2 miles north of Goongarrie, 50 miles nortli-north-west from Kalgoorlio. A lode 18 inches wide was exposed in an open..nut in 3023, but the grade of fibre was not specified. Some fibre may have been produced and sold, but there is no record of the amount. Tim occurrence of fibrous actinolite iu serpentine has also been reported from fiutung, 20 mile.* east of Kalgoorlie, where 5 tons of librv were produced in 1939, and from llaunnn'x Lain and other i<M-;:]:iies in the C'oolgardie district. 3 > G. Northern Territory. Antllophyllite occurs in association with serpentine at Jlarl's Range., approximately ISOimilcs north-east of Alice Springs. At one locality : mt'es north-north-east from Mount Palmer, nnthophyllitc is showing freely throughout a serpentine body 500 feet long by 60 feet wide. . The authophyllite occurs in narrow ramifying veins of cross fibre and in wider vein? (6 inches to 2 feet) of slip and mass fibre. Wins have been exposed in a number of costcans and pits to a maximum depth of 7 feet, but all the asbestos showing is weak and brittle. No attempt has been made to produce fibre from the deposit. U. Papua and New Guinea. L'ltrubasic locks arc known to occur in both Papua aud New Guinea, but as yet there is no reliable evidence that they contain desposits of asbestos. 6. AUSTRALIAN PRODUCTION. Tbc total production of crude asbestos in Australia from 1SS0 to the cud of 3944 is 8,445 tons, consisting of 6,3S0 tons of cbrysofctle, 1,736 tons of erocidolite and 329 tons of amphibole asbestos. Peak production was in 1921, when 1,182 tons of fibre were produced, of vhv-h 915 ton? came from chrrsotile deposits at liarraba, Now South Wales. Production fell sharply when mining at Barraba ceased in 1923, and for the next sixteen years, i.c., to the end of 1939, the average annual production of fibre was 132 tons. During the Second World War, production increased from 78 tons iu 3939 to 764 tons in 1944, and in 1945 the production was approxi mately 1,700 tons. A further increase is expected in 3946. The production of asbestos since 1939 is summarised in Table IV. (For detail* of the production of crude asbestos in Australia from 1SS0 to 1944 see Tables XT.-XXIY.) TABLE IV. I'KourcTiON of Ceut>e Asbestos 1939 TO 1945. Tear. Tens. 3939 .. .. 1940 .. .. .. 1941 .. 1942 .. .. 1943 .. .. .. J944 1945 (c.-timated in part) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 78 .. 489 .. 252 .. 331 .. 078 .. 7C4 .. 1,700 *k It is worthy of note that the erocidolite iu the Australian pr 1935 in that erocidolite has beco; with .ehrysotile in the total prodv T.A AUST&ALrAX PaooccTiox i Type. Chrysolite Crod<IuJito Other Amphibole Total .. .^ Production iu the immediate still further the relative importance output. In 1945 erocidolite const: the total productiou aud this percer. 7. OVERSE The following information on bees obtained from the CommStatistics:-- Exports. Australia's export trade in botl is small, and has shown a marked do the export of asbestos goods may of recent exports of crude asbesto Tables VI. and TO. /' TABL Austhajjan Exports op Asbestos .' Vcm eodinc 30th June. 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Total Cra Ton*. 284 102 27 87 202 *_ -- Siii^l______ I t? s*% i a) in: *ir ie 27 It is worthy of note that the relative importance of chrysotilc and crocldolite in the Australian production of asbestos lias altered since 193a in that crocidolitc has become of approximately equal importance with chrysotile in the total production. This is illustrated in Tabic V. TABLE V. Australian PaobccTiox of Cmms Asbestos, by Tyres. > Type. 1 Ciirjsottic Crocidolitc Other Arupliibolr Total 191S-35. 103S-44. Tom. I*er cent. Tom. rcr --7-- 4,939 90.6 1,341 42.2 * . .. 109 2.1 1,027 Go 1.3 20$ G.6 S.1I3 100.0 3,170 ^100.0 Production in the immediate future seems certain to emphasize jtiJl further the relative importance of crocidolitc in the total Australian output, l'u 1945 croeidolite constituted approximately 60 per cent, of the total production and this percentage is likely to increase in>2D46. 7. OVERSEA TRADE. The following information on exports and imports of asbestos has been obtained from the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics:-- Exports. Australia's export trade in both crude asbestos and asbestos goods is small, and has shown a marked decline since 1930. Jn post-war years, tin* export of asbestos goods may show an upward trend. Figures of recent exports of crude asbestos and asbestos goods are given in Tables VF. and YIT. TABLE VJ. Australian Exports os Asbestos ani> Asbestos <s<oi*x. 1041 to 1945. Year cadi&s SOU* June. Total Crude Asbeatoi. Tour. Value A. Total Value of A*l**t<>* Goods. Total Value oi Exports. Value A. Value A. 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 284 10,092 08,001 79,193 102 4.IU4 108,987 113,091 27 017 29,929 30.570 87 2,455 20.881 29,336 202 7.R43 20.20.$ 34,051 ____________ L.- k x $ t D5~d2k 2$ Exports of crude asbestos were not recorded cs a separate item prior lo 1st July, 1937. r The value of exported asbestos goods was 4.2,224 In 2929-30 and A.2,437 in 193S-39. The average for the ten-year period was A.3,47S. TABLE VTT. AC&TU.WJAN KxrOHTS OK ASBESTOS ASIlKSTU* GOODS', lO-i-'i SSI* 1P44, and CocxmiKS to which Kxpoktro. > Country io which Exjjortwl. Calendar Year 1943. You*. Value IX. Calendar Year 1944. Tens. Value A. Crude United Kingdom .. United States of America Zealand Total Total value of export*! AfU-n- tos goods Total value of c-V^in* 1 23. S 0.1 13.9 43.S - 1,330 0 187 1.523 24,759 2f.,3s2 68.3 3.35 99.5 171.15 .. 4,293 362 1,419 6,074 18,285 21.359 Imports. .Imports into Australia both of crude asbestos and asbestos goods have increased markedly since 1932, and in the year ended 30th June, 1945, reached a maximum value of 795,787 sterling. Imports,, par ticularly of crude asbestos, are expected to remain at a high level especially until the immediate post-war housing programme has been completed. Tables Till, and IX. summarize the available information on imports of crude asbestos and of asbestos goods. TABLE VIII. Australian i.Mi'OKTS ok Asbestos and Asbestos Goods, 1930 to 1945. T. AUSTRALIAN 1mk>kts of Aswrsto.s and Countries Counter <vf Oriuiti. Crvde Canada New Zealand Jtliodwia (Syutlnrm) Union of South Africa United Kingdom .. Unitori States of America Total | C*. Ton 5,450 8.118 Kl8. 7. 1. 14,397 Value f imported Asbestos good* .. Total value imports . .8. AUSTRALIAh Consumption for 1944 ond of crude asbestos, of which 9C poi in Australia during 1914. This in the stocks held between the be " apparent consumption " obtaine the figure for imports nnd subtr: fore, approximately D5 per cent. Australia was provided by import production. Some aznosite was ii other amphihole used was produced According to reports by the pui in 2945 was approximately 18,00' was satisfied by production from of consumption met from Australi increase in 1946 (sec page 10). An analysis of Australian cons is given in the following table:-- Year ending 30th iusw. Tata) Crude AibcsU*. Total Value of Imported Asbestoa Oovd*. Tout Value of Imports. Ton*. Value Sts;. Value Si?. Value Stg. X' TABI CONSUltlTJOX OK ASRESTO Vie. 1930 1939 Aimti.il average-- I94i1 1941 1945 2.523 9,217 4,001 13.254 15,231 12,135 18,714 12,229 16,809 60,428 178,494 71,150 203,191 411.994 357,946 504,305 344,448 509,207 77,955 03,233 6S.484 jr.0,473 121,923 153,377 171.758 139,585 226,520 138,383 271,727 139.604 393,604 533.922 611,323 730,063 4S4.033 795,787 1 ! Aebe^tos-crmeiit products, btiilcfii pipes, &c. .. Millbonrri Boiler lading, packings, innitalic Brake linings .. Plastic n-spiialt, asKestos-cencnt. Rope yarn, gaskets, aslx.-stos do 29 TABLE IX. AUSTRALIAN Iill'OKTS OK AfiUKSTOS ANI> ASBESTOS GoOS IX <043 ANII 1044 AND COUNTRIES OK ORIGIN OK ASBESTOS. - r------------------------------------- Calendar Year IMS. Calendar Year )M4. Otiriu. Tun*.. Value tHUi- Toms. Value RStg. \ Crude A*>xtint. Canaria New Zealand .. Rhodesia (Southern) Union of South Africa United Kingdom, .. United State* of America 5,4-W x.iis.a Nis.n 7.05 1.85 102,3M 320,336 24,200 6C7 SCO 6,044.0 2.15 5,232. ftt 1,781.2 24.4 C.15 150,317 25 . 220.403 60,255 1,00! ^os Total 14,397 447,SOS 14.091.35 438,95$ Value of imported Aafacato* good* .. Total value imports *, 137.877 885,745 ,. 184.41$ / 6^3,370 . .8. AUSTRALIAN CONSUMPTION. Consumption -for 1944 ond 1945.--Approximately 14,S00 tons of crudr iisbcsfos, of which 90 per cent, was chrysotile, were 'consumed in Australia during 1944. This figure does not allow for variations in the stocks held between the beginning and end of 3944 and is the "apparent consumption" obtained by adding domestic production to the figure for imports and subtracting the exports. In 3944, there-: fore, approximately 95 per cent-, of the crude asbestos consumed in Australia was provided by imports and only 5 per cent, by domestic production. Rome amositc was imported, but all the crocidolife and 1 other amphiholc used was produced in Australia. :i According to reports by the principal users of asbestos, consumption :i in 1945 was approximately IS,000 tons, of which about 7 per cent, was satisfied by production from domestic sources. The ]>ercentage of consumption met from Australian sources of supply is expected to increase in 1940 (.see page 10). An analysis of Australian consumption of erode asbestos by uses is given in the following table:-- TABLE X. Consumption ok Asbestos in Australia my Uses. Approximate Per. l!u. centage of Total Coiuoti)|>tion. Abc*to*-cement products, building material. pipe*, Ac. .. MiJIfxjani Boiler lagging, packings, iiuuilatkm material Brake linings .. Plastic asphalt, asbestovcenient, kc. Rojw yam, gasket*, asbestos cJothmg, Ac. 95.0 2.0 1.0 .1.0 0.3 0.) 100.0 $!;!> f f / t 30 Anticipated Future Consumption.--The Apparent consumption of `crude asbestos in 1939 was approximately 0,000 tons, against 14,$00 ions in 1044, and IS,000 tons in 1940. It is likely that consumption will remain at the 1045 level in the immediate post-war period rather than decline to the pre-war level. However, a fall in consumption may he anticipate! when post-war housing requirements have been largely satined. \ 9. GENERAL SUMMARY. A*be|tds occurs in every State of the Commonwealth, hut with the exception of the crocidolite deposits in the Hamcrslcy ranges, Western Australia, which aye very large, available reserves arc Itelievcd to be / relatively small. / Consumption of asbestos in Australia has increased markedly since 1931, and reached approximately IS,000 tons in 1945. Consump tion is likely to continue at this level for several years. ^ Production of asbestos from domestic sources prior to 3943 rarely exceeded a few hundred tons, except in 1920-22, when it averaged approximately 1,000 tonsyer annum. In 1943, production amounted to CIS tons-, and in 1944 to 704 tons. Production in 1945 was approxi mately 1,700 tons aud a further increase is expected in 1946. A recent development in the industry is the use of crocidolite frjom the Hamersley Ranges in asbestos-cement products manufactured in Australia. This use appears likely to become general--up to 20 or perhaps 25 per cent, of the quantity used in asbestos-cement products subject to the products so manufactured standing the test of tinic.and provided the crocidolite can be produced at a -price comparable with that paid for imported chrysotile. I Assuming the above usage becomes general, Australia will still need to imj>ort chrysotile to the extent of at least 70 per cent, of the total annual consumption of asbestos. Australian production of chrysotile is not likely to amount to more than 5 jx:r cent, of the requirements of Australian industry. All the abort-fibre crocidolite aud other ampbihole asbestos required can be supplied from domestic sources, hut oversea markets will have to be found for most of the Australian production of long-fibre crocidolite, which may eventually reach 2.000 to 3,000 tons per annum. 10. REFERENCES. Iu addition to the references listed below, information on the deposits has heen drawn from unpublished reports by officers of Mineral Resources Survey. Information has also heen taken from reports prepared by officers of the Mines Departments of the States and Territories, und of mining companies, which have been made available by' courtesy of the various departments and organizations concerned. The annual reports and other publications of the State Mines Departmen is and current mining literature have also been freely consulted. | | $ S LIST or .vt;tmJlf.t.fC, .j>. 3S.1044. <.'iirv*>tile A-l**- rorueliu*. II. S>.. HH. AOmslos "}*< /Ter. .Yd. 74. j*. US. S. !t,, :s,.t V. .it'*/. Jtin. lit r, |>ickins/m. S. It., 1943. .Vo. ?.<#. j*. M>. H. S.. 7It, p. fCf. A*be*to* Min*' Fiiuimw*. K. 4.. Sttlliviiit. C. J.. aihI Toll of t}** I'iJliar;: a ml Ahktrt<tt C4tl V. .In*/., /*/. M`, Aa*t. Vo. I-}. Kittueane, K. .1., 1U31K Tim Itltic AsW UV-tyro Australia. A tv. Geo!. at If. A uk(. Vo. 4i>. Koxall, 4. S.. 19-42. The liftie AsW-tos their Kcoiiomje Imjtortunce, Grot. Hu Hall, A. J... 1 A.J>o<tos in the (Cnton of South Africa, Geol- ft'urr. . Uowlin>;. O. V,.. Ke[Kirt on tlw J and Foreign Oumtrie*--A*Ueto*. Jm Jack. It. L., 1910. on a l>i.*c*>v<e of AlinUrir. . .In*/. 21iu. AVr. .Vo. 3> Jncfc. 1. !.. 1921. le|Krt on the A-he- 2. *nl :U, Htuulml of Kright, X. -4i Jack, It. I... 1923. Ilopnrt on Mineral t of Afiiihrit?, S`. Aust. Jtin. Jicv. Vo. JJ1' Mile*. K. It.. 1942. The Him* A*be*r***.-I5i Hamcrsley ltnnjn*.*. Western Austntlu Uajynll, If. fi.. 1924. Ariiesto.*, Kinerr, F Vo. j y Itajrjrnlt. If. (J.. 1U2S. Mineral Industry of ltchl. A. McIntosh. 1019. Asbestos iw t Tun. A** //. Vo. 8. UvU. A. M-Inl.*A. V. The IMmdss } iUm*. J. I*.. Ornsotn* Aslet*>* i .1/i/m.v Hfunrh h`cp. A"o. 707, Ii>. 40-ol- Sitnp*>, 1C. S,, The Lionel Aslwrsto- /rf. Mii* U`. .lust, for 1021, {- !' Twelves too*. IV. U.. It* 1T. , Alwto* at - Mia. AVjt. .Vo. .}. Waul. I*. K.. \W." l<ty. Kenton Valley A .V*/. ii->, j. r.i>, Wark. 1.. K,, 1 !>:;7 (M. A'-ln-sto-s D<'[n**1 C Par* Kivrr, .*>. Aunt. Jfitt. //cr. .Vo. SO. f Wilson, H. (*.. 1!>22. The Asbestos Hc|**s<it Coldri-M*. X*<rll-\Vcst Division. Ann. /> p. III. Wilson. It. t\. {{i>)<>rl on A-W-tn* 1timr* U`. A *-. fur 1022. p. fi7. UST 07 REFERENCES. s Adam*. V. Y-, UUf. Ohrysotile AAicsto?. .1 mm. Rep. licpf. Hiurn, IK. Ausl. for 1043, p. 3S. t'oniclius. H. H., 1041. Asbesto* Deposit on Oraparimia Station, R. Ansi. Mi#. /.Vr. Xo. |t. r.S. iih-kiusoii. S. 15.. and (.`oriM-lio*. if. S.. It) t:t. A*Wt*s Mine. Hundred ot Brijrh^, R. Aunt. .Uin. Her. Xo. 7/j, p. 83. Dickinson. S. B., 1043. Asbestos Mine, Hundred of Bright. R. AhkI. Mtu. Rev. Xo. 7S. j>. SO. Finuean?. K. .1.. Sullivan, C. A., "ml Telford. B. .7.. 1030. Tlie Ohrysotile Deposits ol the Pill.;,ta < ml Ashburton Goldfields. .Irr. Oral, nix! Ueopkyx. Star, of X. A*/.. Rep. IK. Anst. Ko. .f. Fiuticauti. K. J,, 1030. The Blue Asbestos 'Deposit* of the Hamentley Ranges, Western Australia. Act. Ceol. end Oeopkt/s. Rare. of X. Au*/_ Hep. IK. AW. .Vo. 40. Kuxall, J. S- 1042. The Blue Asliestos JX-pofit* of tin* Hamersley Ranges and their Economic Imjiortunce. G'rol. Sitrr. If. Ausf. Hull. Xo. 100. Hall, A. I-- 1030. Asbestos in the Union of South Afriea, Dept. Mines & lad.. Union f South Africa, Ccol. Rurr. Men. Xu. J2, p. 47. Howling, G. K-, 1037. Report mi the Mineral Industry of the British Empire and Foreign Countries--Asbestos Imp. /*/. Mineral Rev. J>cpt. lack, R. 1910. Rej*ort on a Discovery of slos in Section 1b, Hundred of Minhric. R. Am*/. Min. Her. Xo. 30, p. 38. lack. 11. It. 1021. Ixejsjrt on the Alesl*s (Crochlolitol })eirsdts on Section# 2.\ and 3.\, Humliv-d of Bright, R. Aunt. Min. Per. Xo. 33, p. 48. tack. R. I... 1923. Be)*.it on Miin-ial (`latin X>. IHiflfi. .Section In, Hundred of Minhric. N. Aunt. Min. Per. Xo. 33, p. 51. Miles. K. R.. 1042. The Blue Asbestos-Bearing Banded Iron Formations of the liuniersJev Range*. Western Australia, Orvl. Sure. IK. .4net. JltiU. Xo. 100. Raggatt, H. ft.. 1924. A.*l**tos. Kmerv, Fluorspar. &t\. Ocol. Rurv. XJ2.W. JUtU. Xo. l.\. Raggatt, H. <*.. 1928. Mineral Industry of N.S.W.--Asbestos, Cent. Sure. XJ>.IK. Reid. A. McIntosh, 1919. Tqs. Rep. Xu. -S'. Keid, A. McIntosh, 1023. Xo. 30. Asbestos in the Ihnnuisfiold District, Ccol. Ritrv. The Dundns Mineral Field. Ocol. Rurr. Tatt. Hull. UnsS, .7. C.. 193J. Cbrysotile Asbestos in Canada, Dept. of Mines, Canada, Mine* iimnrlt Pep. No. 707, pp. 49-51. Simpson, E. S.. 1922. The Lima:! Asbestos Field. I'ilbara Goldfield, Ann. Pep. Dept. Mine* IK. .lw*f. for Wilt, p. lUS. Twclvctree*. W. H., 1917. _ Asliwtos at Anderson's Creek. Cent. Surv. Tax. Min. Res. Xo. .}. Ward, L. K., .1937 fa). Kenton Valley Asbestos JVi*>sit. S. Aunt. Min. Per. Xo. Co. p. 1*0. Work, L. K.. 1937 (f). A*betns Rejmsit North-east of Lyudoeh on the North Para River, R. An*/. Min. Per. Xo. 0G, p. 58. Wilson, B. (\, 1022. The AsWstos J)e|K*it$ of the 1'ilbnra and West Pilbara Goldfields, North-West Division. Ann. Pep. Oept. Mines IK. A<*/. for 1021,' p. 111. Wilson, R. C.. 1923. Re|*ort on Asbestos at Goomalling. Ann. Rep. Dept. Mines IK. Am*/, for 1022, p. C7. % 35 s^cw5Dv>mwpcvr>a`5swi*d*t-Nw^<^Oa*tovcfc^t>fv^Oink-;oiw'60'^05iw'rt:-*fwi!^*!vo, xt-!e^'a!Poj 2 ft So / 88 5S3S&3333883833S38S333S883! I I 5" :2SS3ii2832=:SSg3S5?i23S25 j * -- oi -- -- -- S4 -- -- -- -- -- 04 r ! 5^5 t> s 2 ttrne^ne Retwaaoel*t '{)`-f -rco 88888885 `SSSSnSSSSm Se=o SKSX 11 8 -? * Jatus <1 a I*-fteOoiC>DoOa S3? 1*S1| *6 8 ? fr.| I5| 5=1 88 :88SSSP:88SgSg8g888S8 8883 IKX2: -I _3 SJ !sr*5 * -rsi 0i>0--oL9nS4 --4a~--"PpOcOs--~rt--i"iSnIOs4--o0Oo--eeia'l3ti-a---MiCl- -- cooe5pes--ei*cfoseio'aa- --83}88 *v g |afc 8 so' -- -- sr^m t/, sj* H.2 ar *S i* rs ( ^--a SsIo-- -- roo^m -- t 2"22m22 : > -- SI M > -- 04 8883 -- oi . g88 19 04 8 2 88 S' .Sxr** Pi !ls oS -sTPr.O--NSJoWoXOoIJ-Sn'OoO^Sns--i 88 *<ri 882=338588 88 8 4 0n_4sS1M49--09----pn>Sse---3................... *88 * * * SI 3 I `O T i~ X -- 01 ro -- >a T r- :c p -- 04 012J 2* oic^rtrotoroTarteartW:?"^" -3 ij 4>i .i ;Tr-> * ly^'i so TABLE XV. AsEiimiM I'ropttctiox--Auktilaija. C'rtvjilolilr. Tow. * XA. <3wy*<*lle. Ton*. 4A. Ai|tMlolf. Tabs. ix. TotaF 'Ton*. LK. i<%n .. 1**1 .. . .. Isvt-M * . iS'Ci .. lSi-S0 > .. |5HMI .. *, ,, Iwl .. |w2-06 1907 .. 100S .. 1909 .. . ,, *. 1010-14 ion .. O.S*. 1010 .. 21.00 101: .. 101s .. .. .. lino .. 192i .. 1021 .. 1022 .. l!i2;i .. 1024 .. 102.*. .. *, 5.00 2.(K 7.3.7 4.00 1020 .. 1027 .. 102* .. 1020 .. ,, io:m .. ,, 1031 .. 1032 .. 1933 .. 1034 .. 103.". .. 1936 .. 1037 .. 103S .. 1030 .. 104(1 .. 1041 .. 1042 .. 1043 .. 1944 .. 1.00 20.00 13.00 35.90 70.00 11 .00 02. 00 67.00 401.00 200.00 142.00 193.00 279.00 Tot..!.. 1,736.00 ,, ,. ,* #. ** 20.00 12.80 t .. 4.63 .. , ,, ,# , . 40.00 2.83 ,, ,, 5 ,, 210 1.50 # , 27.10 294.40 , , 247.00 on S12.50 71 1,140.35 742.6$ ioi 318.85 so 73 58 50.74 103.34 10.80 11.70 .. 255.95 82.30 18 121.07 130 109.95 M3 266.00 .3- 09 155.00 141.00 C.7S 138.00 l,ol4* 28. (HI 2.034 68.(hi 1,613 13,83*1 6.129 4.00 8...50 3,832 128.00 10.333 476.25 10,0.32 461.99 *, 363 113 43 ,, 99 1,600 1.34 *. 30 271 5,130 4.656 14,626 37,021 tn.ois 8.299 2406 1/41 2,728 304 782 14,721 4,728 1,592 1,762 4,917 2,975 2,889 3.668 1,950 2.SS1 232 ,9 295 4,830 19,36.3 16.778 53.6SO 6,389.(HI 182.508 12.10 ,, 7.50 .. 6.00 .. 4t .. #9 5.00 15.00 ,% 0.50 #, 10.00 44 12.00 8.00 40.00 . .. 4 50 ,. .. 44 %9 . 4.00 26.00 13.25 7.00 28.00 37.00 61.00 9.00 23.00 329.00 tnrom|>Wc. 323 12.40 ,, 75 7.50 ,. 90 6.00 .. 20.00 12.SO . . 4m .65 50 5.00 40.00 4 150 17.4S3 5 0.S5 22.50 100 37.10 29-1.40 48 239.00 64 823.50 276 1.182.35 742.68 326.20 77.58 50.74 20 109.84 10.80 11.70 255.95 82.30 122.07 129.95 279.00 155.00 I7G.<0 36 238.00 192 163.00 146 173.25 40 7S0O 240 489.00 370 251.50 C29 331.00 87 67$.25 226 763.99 323* 7T 90 363 113 ITi .. 50 1,600 301 .. 10 240 371 5.130 4,704 14,780 37,36S 19,018 S.460 2,286 1,(41 2,748 304 782 14,721 4,728 1,610 1,892 5,030 2,975 3,248 4.382 3,156 5.981 1.SS5 16,076 6,794 11,291 29.785 27.056 3,167 8.445.(Hi 241.415