Document j12LZpZQbZqooxkBqxKZgb1Z

1 TRANSACTIONS 29th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL SESSIONS CHICAGO OCTOBER 7-11, 1940 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago Copyright, It40, Notional Safaty Council, Inc. Mntod In th U. S. A. " S EXHIBIT II Foreword THE Transactions of the 29th National Safety Congress and Exposition of the National Safety Council, (fclohor 7-11, 1940, are published in two volumes. Volume I contains the General Sessions and the meetings of the various In dustrial Sections of the Council. Volume II contains the Street and Highway Traffic, the Commercial Vehicle, the Transit, the Child Education and the Home Safely Sessions. Volume I is distributed automatically to all industrial mem bers of the Council. Volume H is sent to members who are believed to be interested chiefly in the sessions it contains. However, other members of the Council may obtain Volume II upon request. Many Council members have found it advantageous to dis tribute copies of the Transactions Volumes to the individual executives, foremen and supervisors of their organizations, who make use of the practical safety information the vol umes contain to organize accident prevention programs. The volumes contain a vast amount of standard reference ma terial. Extra copies of the Transactions may be obtained as follows: Volume I, one to 10 copies at $2 each; 11 or more copies $1.75 each. Extra copies of Volume II may he had at 75 cents each. THE Transactions are a condensed record of the proceed ings of the Congress. The papers and addresses and many of the discussions have been edited to delete extraneous matter, abbreviate the less imjxirtant portions, and empha size those parts of particular usefulness in promoting effec tive safety organization and other accident prevention meas ures. The volumes are, therefore, a somewhat abridged ver sion, compact, practical, and of particular value to the stu dent, the supervisor and the executive in achieving more thorough accident prevention success. The original manu scripts are available for additional reference, if desired, in the files of the National Safety Council. , THE National Safety Council, at its Congresses, seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aims of the Congress or which may be contrary to the Council's policies. However, it cannot accept responsibility for all the views expressed either in the papers presented or in the discussion's based upon these papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicaso, Illinois 41- 14254 II Contents Council Officers and Directors......................... Council Purposes and Program......................... Annual Meeting of Members............................ Annual Banquet....................... ...................... 4 9 11 27 General Subject Sessions-- Agricultural Safety.................................... Building Maintenance.............................. Eye Protection ......................................... Fire Control and Prevention.................... 29 47 63 79 '0 Fundamental Causes of Accidents........... 91 Governmental Safety Service in Industry ,107 v!* Health Service in Industry.................... .119 Industrial Nursing................................ Maintaining Interest in Safety................ .129 .151 Occupational Disease ]............... .165 Off-the-Job Accidents ............................. .183 Plant Transportation ....................... .. j , .197 Psychology and Safety (Early Morning!: Classes) .................................. .................;... 209 Safety Belts.................................... ..............!...245 Safety Supervisors , >. t 1 j . * j; "'M "i" U ip 1,^53 Safety Training......................:. J. . v: 11!|:. fib :261 Visual Education........................... 5.......... :. .277 Aeronautical Section............................. . .........................285 A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section........... t...3oi Automotive and Machine Shop Section ...........................305 Cement and Quarry Section................ , ...........................319 Chemical Section .................................. ..................... I. .327 Construction Section ................ ......... .............. ...353 Food Section......................................... ...........................375 Marine Section...................................... ...........................397 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section ................................................................... 427 Metals Section ........................................... ............. 445 Mining Section......................................... i j.. I; i i,. 497 Paper and Pulp Section........... Petroleum Section.................. Power Press Section................ Public Utilities Section........... Refrigeration Section............. Rubber Section....................... Steam Railroad Section........... Textile Section....................... Wood Products Section........... Safety Exposition Exhibitors. Index ....................................... 549 591 625 635 659 671 697 723 ,739 ,743 .749 Ik IIB National Safety Council, Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS Association of Iron and Steel Engineers Robert W. Campbei.i. Lew R. Pai.mer OFFICERS (1940-1941) Coi.. John Stii.wrix, President Nfo H. Dearborn, Vice-President for Education I. W. Miixard, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer G. T. H em.muth, Asst. Vice-President for Finance and Asst. Treasurer Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Lew R. Palmer, Vice-President for Community Councils and Public Relations A. V. Rohweder, Vice-President for Home Safety R. T. Solensten, Vice-President for Membership Leslie J. Sorenson, Vice-President for Public Safety W. H. Cameron, Managing Director and Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1940-1941) H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. J. I. Banash, Past President H. K. Bennett, Safety Dept., Automobile Club of Rhode Island C. W. Bf.roquist, Past President H. W. Boookss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company H. E. Bolt, South Bend Civic Safety Council Chas. S. Bowden, Public Utilities Section F. W. Braun, ASSE-Engineering Section W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. L. C. Campbei.i., The Koppers Coal Company Robert W. Campbei.i., Past President D. B. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association Ned II. Dearborn, New York University Lewis A. Df.Blois, Past President , Marcus A. Dow, Past President Harold F. Enlows, The American National Red Cross Cadwalladrr Evans, Jr., Mining Section D. D. Fennell, Past President H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Carp. E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Company Harry Guilbf.rt, The Pullman Company Julien H. Harvey, Greater New York Safety Council G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago Rapid Transit Company 4 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Harold G. Hoffman, New Jersey Unemployment Compensation Com mission Walter G. Kino, Past President Wm. C. Knof.i.k, Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President Thos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Public Roads Administration Robf.rt A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport Dr. Miller McClintock, Yale University I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Chas. A. Mh.lf.r, Petroleum Section Harold L. Miner, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Hon. Eliot Ness, Director of Public Safety, Cleveland E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Pettibone, Past President G. H. Pff.if, General Electric Company Ai.bf.rt S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. R. J. Reigf.luth, Construction Section Lt. Col. Henry A. Reninger, Past President A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Company Charles B. Scott, Past President Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association Carl L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council C. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, Traffic Engineer, Chicago Col. John Stii.well, Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valley Safety Council J. R. Tf.nney, Steam Railroad Section C. P. Tolman, Past President George G. Travf.r, Greater Chicago Safety Council V. I. Trotter, Automotive & Machine Shop Section Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau R. V. Wright, Railway Age Magazine Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1940-1941) H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. Frank E. Ames, Marine Section A. L. Armstrong, Rochester, N. Y. Vern W. Aubf.l, Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce J. I. Banash, Past President D. A. Barrett, Camegie-Illinois Steel Corporation Ernest W. Bf.ck, United States Rubber Company s OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued H. K. Bennett, Safety Dept., Automobile Club of Kliode Island C. W. Bergquist, Past President E. F. Blank, Jones fit I-aughlin Steel Corporation H. W. Boggess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company 0. C. Boii.eau, Wood Products Section H. E. Bolt, South Bend Civic Safety Council C B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation Chas. S. Bowden, Public Utilities Section F. W. Braun, ASSE-Engineering Section Irvin A. Brinkman, Metals Section Joseph A. Brophy, Elizabeth Safety Council F. S. Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Company W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. L. C. Campbell, The Kopppers Coal Company Robert W. Camprell, Past President Raymond A. Carey, Evanston Safety Council Ray Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Robert I. Catun, Aetna Casualty fit Surety Company D. B. Chant, Paper 8t Pulp Section Dean M. Clark, Food Section Wm. M. Clark, St. Joseph Safety Council Edward L. Cook, Rochester Safety Council J. E. Cuujney, Bethlehem Steel Company . Ned H. Dearborn, New York University Lewis A. Df.Bi.ois, Past President C. W. Df.mpesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corporation R. A. Dittmar, Cement fit Quarry Section Milton W. Dobrzensky, East Bay Safety Council C. R. Dooley, Socony Vacuum Oil Company, Inc. J ames B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company Marcus A. Dow, Past President Ralph W. Eij.is, Jr., Springfield Safety Council St Hampden County Safety Council Harold F. Enlows, The American National Red Cross Cadwat.i.ader Evans, Jr., Mining Section D. D. Fennell, Past President Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Company Edmund Fitzgerald, Safety Div., Milwaukee Association of Com merce Victor B. Fitzpatrick, Richmond Safety Council Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome fit Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Arthur C. Frf.y, Worcester Safety Council Lyle H. Gift, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council Randolph L. Gilman, Rahway Safety Council Henry J. Gorman, Blackstone Valley Safety Council W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Telegraph Company H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Company Harry Guilbert, The Pullman Company D. T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Company Juuen H. Harvey, Greater New York Safety.Council G. T. Hellmuth, Chicago Rapid Transit Company J. C. Herbert, Greater Los Angeles Safety Council Harold G. Hoffman, New Jersey Unemployment Compensation Com mission J. Andrew Holley, Child Education Section Oliver Hopkins, Rubber Section S. B. Horrkll, The Carey Salt Company Merrick Jackson, Employees' Publication Section W. Floyd Jackson, Delaware Safety Council Wm. F. James, Philadelphia Safety Council Jasper B. Johnson, Madison County Safety Council Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio H. H. Kelly, l1. S. Interstate Commerce Commission Walter G. King, Past President Wm. C. Knoei.k, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm. S. Knudsen, Detroit Industrial Safety Council C. L. LaFountaink, Great Northern Railway Company Roy Lee, Contra Costa County Safety Council Arnold Lockerby, Grand Rapids Safety Council John E. Long, Past President J. W. Lord, Commercial Vehicle Section Thos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Public Roads Administration Hon. Arthur W. Magf.e, Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, New Jersey Roy S. Marshall, Seattle Traffic Si Safety Council R. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport H. N. McClellan, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission, Ltd. Dr. Miller McCi.intock, Yale University David L. Millar, St. Louis Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Chas. A. Miller, Petroleum Section Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours fii Company R. B. Morley, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations C. L. Murray, Mason City-Cerro Gordo County Safety Council Gen. Daniel Needham, Massachusetts Safety Council M. C. Nelson, Des Moines Safety Council Hon. Eliot Ness, Director of Public Safety, Cleveland Frank S. Newell, Toledo Safety Council E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Opr, The Detroit Edison Company Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life fit Affiliated Companies Lew R. Palmer, Past President David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council V. G. Pendleton, Power Press Section C. E. Pettibone, Past President G. H. Pfeif, General Electric Company Judge Harry H. Porter, Street fi: Highway Traffic Section A. A. Rai.i., Refrigeration Section 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Ai.rfkt S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. R. J. Keicf.luth, Construction Section Lt. Col. Henry A. Rf.ninger, Past President A. V. Rohwf.df.k, Duluth, Missahe & Iron Range Railway Company Henry G. Schafknf.r, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section Charles R. Scott, Past President Earl S. Shartzer, Utica Safety Council Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association John R. Shfrwood, Baltimore Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoijdy, Bethlehem Steel Company Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council Adolph Skinner, Safety Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce Carl L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council (. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. Arthur V. Snell, Chattanooga Safety Council R. T. Soi.enstkn, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson, 7'raffic Engineer, Chicago John B. Spence, Kansas City Safely Council E. C. Spring, Philadelphia, Pa. Col. John Stilwfll, Consolidated Edison Company of N. Y., Inc. Edmund C. Stone, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valley Safety Council J. R. 'Penney, Steam Railroad Section Arthur M. Tons, Consulting Engineer C. P. 'Pm.man, Past President George G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safety Council V. 1. 7'rottfr, Automotive & Machine Shop Section Wilfred E. Vot.ler, Albany Safety Council Dr. B. L. Voshuroh, General Electric Company J. ('. Ward, Superior & Douglas County Safety Council Stanley Warzala, Chemical Section Dr. C H. Watson, Past President W. B. Weaver, Textile Section T. Anglin White, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau R. V. Wric.ht, Railway Age Magazine Arthur 11. Young, Past President K. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Cotnmerce 8 Council Purposes and Program The National Safety Council is a non profit, cooperative association whose objec tive is the elimination of accidents. To achieve this objective the Council advocates the following program of safety activities: 1. Creating Interest in Safety. People will try to prevent accidents only when they are convinced of three things: (a) that acci dents are really a serious problem, threaten ing personal happiness, industrial efficiency and economic security; (b) that accidents don't "just happen," hut that each one has definite, ascertainable causes; (c) that acci dents can be prevented. The basic require ment in a national safety program, there fore, is a dramatic and effective presentation of these facts to more and more people. 2. Finding Accident Causes. Accident causes are not the same in any two plants, in any two cities, in any two schools. They are not the same from one time to another. Every industrial plant, every city, every school and every other public or private or ganization, therefore, must study the causes of accidents in its own group, so that pre vention efforts always will he directed at the things really responsible for accidents. 3. Maintaining Interest in Safety. Peo ple retain interest in very few things of which they are not continuously reminded. Therefore, it is the task of the newspaper, the radio, the magazine, the school, the public speaker and every other educational influence to keep reminding the worker, the driver, the pedestrian, the housewife and the school child that freedom from accidents de pends on personal caution, and that the safe way is the right way and the best way-- from the standpoint not only of human sat isfaction, but of social efficiency and econ omy. 4. Engineering Improvement. Many arcidenls occur because equipment is faulty. The punch press is unguarded, the auto mobile brakes are worn, the stairway is crudely built, the propeller is defective, the stop sign is obscured. The avoidance of accidents, therefore, requires that safety be built into every piece of machinery, every home, every school building, every highway. We must insist that the things we buy-- whether a stepladder or a stop sign, a band saw or a blast furnace--be safe things. And we must be willing if necessary to pay a higher price because of this built-in safety factor, realizing that it is true economy to do so. 5. Training for Safety. Many accidents occur because the injured person or some other person acts in an unsafe manner. This unsafe act often is committed because the person involved never has been taught how to do the job in the safe way. Therefore. Iioys and girls, men and women, must be taught how to work, how to drive, how to cross the street, how to live safely. This teaching and training is a joint responsibility of industry, of schools and colleges, of gov ernmental groups and of parents in the home. 6. Supervision for Safety. Many who know well the safe method of performing an act nevertheless are involved in accidents because, due to hurry, fatigue, thoughtless ness or some other reason, they do not per form the act in what they know is the safe way. Therefore, we need good foremen in industry, alert patrol boys in our schoois, diligent police officers on our streets, thoughtful parents in our homes. These, through wise guidance of those under Iheir supervision, can greatly minimize the chances of accident. 7. Legislation for Safety. Avoidance of accidents requires the adoption and scien tific enforcement of sound legislation--legis lation on traffic, on industrial matters, on public transportation, on home construction and maintenance, and on many items of per- 9 300 29!h Satunui! Safety Ciuire.cs ttir subjects in which course; arc Riven are: shop mathematics, pliysics, materials and methods of aircraft inspection, C'.A.A. rules and regulations, aircraft radio, internal combustion engines, etc. Farh apprentice is at the .same time carry ing on his regular work schedule in the shops; is assigned to assist a qualified li censed mechanic, and his classroom work does not interfere except to the extent that he is excused from the shops if a class in which he is enrolled is conducted during his work shift. An apprentice's work assignments are ar ranged so that the work he is doing at any given time is closely related to the subjects he is studying in class; likewise, the entire training program is set up to provide for an apprentice spending a given number of months in each department of maintenance. who seem to possess most completely these qualifications. In a further effort to place only the best in the school, arrangements arc made to administer dexterity and manip ulatory tests to each of these men in an effort to secure some indication of his true mechanical aptitude and intelligence. These tests are so inclusive and broad in scope that they require eight hours to administer, and were chosen upon the recommendation of experts in vocational guidance and em ployee selection. The applicants finally selected are em ployed as stockfunners or cleaners, where they have the opportunity to familiarise themselves with the various airplane and engine parts. They serve in that capacity generally for 10 or 12 months, at which time they are placed in the apprentice mechanics' training school. As the program has developed, the prob lem of selecting capable and dependable persons to place in the apprentice training school has itself become somewhat difficult, because the persons selected must possess the intelligence and mechanical aptitude necessary to master a highly technical craft, All shop supervisors who have apprentice mechanics working under them, make a periodic report to the supervisor of appren tices and the Apprentice Committee con cerning the apprentice's rating on appear ance, cooperation, conduct, health, initiative, quality of work, ability, and desire to learn as well as the stability, energy, and per and actual performance. severance to complete a four-year training program. Persons placed in this school who tio not have the tenacity to see it through, represent a rather substantial loss in time and money. Experience has indicated that those appli Throughout the entire four-year training program, the apprentice is taught theory and principle in the classroom and has practical instruction and experience in the shops. Though Braniff Airways has found that this method of selecting and training poten cants who perform best are those who have tial mechanics requires a considerable had at least a high school education with amount of time and some expense at the some mechanical training and experience. Further, it is found that those applicants from families mechanically inclined gen outset, it has likewise found that the per sons so selected possess the necessary qual ifications to capitalize on this extensive erally prove more satisfactory. Keeping these things in mind, Braniff Airways carefully selects from the rather large group of yqung men who apply, those training program and that in the long run, a considerable amount of time and money is saved and a more highly capable airplane mechanic is generally produced. adjournment American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--K. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. I'ire-C'lmirman--H. J. Griffith, Jones Ik l.atigliliii Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. PtiY-C'/imniinii--Wills Maci.aChi.an, Hydro Electric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., Canada. Secretary--(,, E. Burns, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., (ileus Kails, N. Y. Cyku. Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. *). 1. BanasH, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. *E. W. BkcK, United States Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. H. R. Bixi.br, Union Carbide & Carlion Corp., New York, N. Y. *C. II. Boui.bt, Wisconsin Public Service Cor])., Milwaukee, Wis. E. W. Bui.eard, E. O. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) George M. Burns, Kansas City Safety Council, Kansas City, Mo. (Kansas City Chap ter.) Frank J. Conroy, Union Carbide Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chap ter.) Thos. R. Donoghue, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Creighton, Pa. (Western Pennsyl vania Chapter.) *R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of California, San Francisco, Calif. J. A. Downey, Jr., Sloss Sheffield Steel ft Iron Co., Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama ('hapter.) Chari.es D. Farlin, Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y., New York, N. Y. (Metropoli tan Chapter.) H. F. Gh.bf.rt, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. j. (New Jersey Chapter.) Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) C. L. Hightower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. (Gulf Coast Chapter.) *R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter.) Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *M. G. Lj.oyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. J. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. *A. S. Reguea, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. V. Roiiwf.dkr, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. it. i,,jRover, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Cor])., New York, N. Y. *G, E, Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. *C W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind ), Chicago, 111. *H. S. Smith, Union Carbide & (arbon Corp., New York, N. Y. *K. F. Tiiai.ner, Htiick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. C. W. Van Wagoner, Traders & General Insurance Co., Dallas, Texas (Southwest Chapter.) *S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Wiij.iam P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 'Past (Jencral Chairman 301 302 29th National Soffly Congress Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Vice-Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones Sc Latighlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa Wiu.s Maci.achi.an, Hydro-Klectric Power Commission, Toronto, Ont., (Canada. Secretary, G. E. Burns, National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Chapter Representatives--E. W. Bui.i.akii, R. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) R. M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa, (Philadelphia Chapter) E. R. Granniss, National Conservation Bureau, New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) C. I.. Hightower, United Gas Pipe l.inc Co., Shreveport, I.a. (Gulf Coast Chapter). Evf.rf.tt F. Kino, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter). G M. Kintz, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Dallas, Texas (Southwest Chapter). G. G. Oi.oham, Kansas City Power Si Light Co., Kansas City, Mo. (Kansas City Chap ter). C. C. Ruduick, U. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Chapter). James L. Shores, Alabama Power Co., Birmingham, Ala. (Alabama Chapter). Thomas W. Thorpe, Colgate-Palmolive-Pect Co., Jersey City, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter). J. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter). Members at Large-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Cyrii. Ainsworth, American Standards Assn., New York, N. Y. H. R. Bixi.er, Industrial Relations, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, N Y. W. Df.an Keeper, Safety Engineering Dept., Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chi cago, 111. T. E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. E. Long, The Delaware Sc Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany. N! Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. W. P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co , Pittsburgh, Pa. Vast General Chairmen-- I. I. Ranasii, Chicago, 111. F.. W. Beck, United States Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. C. B. Boui.et, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of California, San Francisco, Calif. R. McA. Kf.own, Wisconsin Industrial Commission, Madison, Wis. M. G. Leoyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty Sc Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. A. S. Rf.gui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. I). L. Royf.r, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. H S, SmitiI, Union Carbide Sc Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. F. Thai.ner, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. TUESDAY EVENING SESSION October 8,1940 The Annual Meeting of the A.S.S.E.Engineering Section of the National Safety Council convened with F. W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wisconsin, Gen- eral Chairman, presiding. All reports hat been mimeographed and copies were aval able at the meeting, . i.s.s.k I'.nginccring Section 303 ........ ....... uurmg rne past year, fol lowing which he called up Mr. C. B. Boulef for the report of the Nominating Committee. Mr. Boulct presented the report on behalf of other members of the committee, includ ing R. E. Donovan, Chairman; D. L. Royer, C. W. Smith, and A. S. Regula. The com mittee's list of officers, as elected, is pre sented elsewhere in these pages. The General Chairman then presented the speaker of the evening, Dr. Phillips Thomas, Research Engineer, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., who spoke on "New Horizons of Science," demonstrating and illustrating his address most effectively. The resume given below is a summary of his points, provided for this record by the pub licity department of the Westinghouse or ganization. By DR. PHILLIPS THOMAS Research Engineer, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. Death rays that protect life and labora tory tools that guard against mechanical defects have demonstrated that industrial research is building a safer world on this side of the Atlantic and is helping defend our gains. Dr. Thomas used a one-man traveling laboratory to buttress his assertion that peacetime research is a major defense line in the American pattern of life. "Many re cent developments of the laboratories," he said, "arc so closely related to military de fense that they cannot be revealed, but it can be said that practically every important peacetime engineering achievement of the past 10 years will have an important, if in direct, bearing on our national defense, fatal to bacteria." In the demonstration apparatus, electrical energy is stored in a condenser until it jumps across a spark gap with a loud crack. At that instant, the stored up energy is released through a spe cial Sterilamp, concentrating its radiation in one powerful shot. Sterilamps are now used to reduce infec tion by killing air-borne bacteria in hospital operating rooms, to preserve the cleanliness of utensils and glasses in restaurants, and to retard mold growth on food. They have made possible a short-cut process in tender izing beef by controlling mold growth and reducing the aging or ripening time from several weeks to a few days. enabling this country to build stronger and Using the rays from a flashlight to play better designed defense weapons." a set of chimes, the lecturer demonstrated a possible means of secret communication Death Ray Guards Health over short distances in war maneuvers. In Dr. Thomas flashed upon a screen a mag nified view of ultraviolet radiation in action killing teeming microscopic life in a drop of the demonstration, visible light energized photo-electric cells, but he said it would lie possible to use invisible infra-red light. Infra-red rays can be made to vary in in water. Striking faster than lightning, the tensity with the sound waves of a spoken radiation literally exploded its victims. message, transferred invisibly over space, ' At one moment, onlookers saw swarms of tiny ovate organisms known as paramccia, and then reconverted to sound waves at the receiving end, he pointed out. marrying across the lighter! screen. Then, with a sharp report, a "Sterilamp" burled alhaviolct radiation at the organisms. l;i less than a thousandth of the time required In blink an eye, they were dead. "The Sterilamp," Dr. Thomas explained, ' "was developed by Westinghouse to produce 'rtraviolet radiation of a wavelength most Atom smashing is another field of re search which is already producing peace time benefits, and may prove to be impor tant in future defense plans. "By constant experimenting," he said, "physicists are learning better to duplicate nature's work and change one element into another. Thus they are able to create new products and processes." Aeronautical Section Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--C. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Jackson Heights, L. I., N. Y. Vice-Chairman--Major R. W. Sctiroeder, United Air Lines Transport Corp., Chicago, III. Vice-Chairman--Jf.romf. Lf.ijf.rer. Civil Aeronautics Board. Washington, D. C. Secretary--Eowaro T. Paxton, Pan American Airways, New York, N. Y. Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--Major R. W. Sitikofper, United Air Lines Transport Corp., Chicago, Vice-Chairmen--Tom O. Haroin, Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc., Kansas City, Mo. Jerome Ledf.rer, Civil Aeronautics Board, Washington, D. ('. Secretary--Edward T. Paxton, Pan American Airways, Inc., New York, N. Y. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 9, 1940 The session was called to order by Major R. W. Schroeder, Vice-President for Safety, United Air Lines Transport Corporation, Chicago, who presided. After commenting briefly on the objectives of the Congress. and especially on the participation of the airlines of the country in the nationwide campaign for accident prevention in all in dustries and pursuits, Major Schroeder in troduced the first speaker. Uniform Airport Traffic Control By MAJOR JOHN BERRY Manager, Cleveland Airport, Cleveland, O. Uniform airport traffic control must of ecessity be Federal control. In 1929 there was installed at the CleveW Airport, over the objections of the Air- and the Department of Commerce, a control tower whose primarv purpose at (bat time was to prevent collisions on the port and to expedite the landing of trans its for plane-train connections. As traffic built up we developed a system fcr coordinating and distributing informafca along the airways which centered at Qtvtland. A record was kept of (lie ships these airways, the altitude at which they were flying, their destination, arrivals at their terminals and in a limited way carrying out the functions which have since been de veloped by the Airway Traffic Control Sec tion of the Department of Commerce. The primary function of an Airport Con trol Tower is to supply information to the pilots of the various airplanes landing and taking off from an airport. It provides the order in which planes are to take off, when ever such action is necessary, and of neces sity determines the question of priority. The increase in numbers of privately op erated airplanes, coupled with student flying 2R5 304 29lli National Safety Cmu/ress With a model resembling a Riant toad stool, Dr. Thomas demonstrated how the 60- foot "atom-smasher" Reiterates its tre mendous voltage for bombarding the atom and producing radio-artivc materials. offer resistance to vibrations, but when the rod is magnetized these miniature magnets line up in an orderly fashion and let the energy from the hammer blow pass through the rod, causing it to vibrate. A direet current generator provided elec trical charges for the miniature "atom smasher" used in this demonstration. These charges were deposited niton an endless belt and carried up the "stem" of the model into a hollow copper dome at the top. The ac cumulation of charges increased continu ously and passed to the outside of the dome, from which they were shot into the air. Dr. Thomas estimated that the model is able to generate 100,000 volts. Balls Lose Bounce Dr. Thomas next shortened and length ened a nickel rod by talking through if, con verting it into a microphone. He lirld one end of the rod in his mouth, and as he talked the mechanical force of the sounds changed tile rod's length. The amount of magnetism induced in the metal by a perma nent magnet surrounding the opposite end of the rod was also changed, generating a sufficient voltage in a small electric coil to "broadcast" Dr. Thomas' words through a loud speaker. A recent research development was deserilieil as taking the bounce out of electrical relays and reducing wear on electrical con trol equipment. Dr. Thomas contradicted one of the rules of gravitation by making two steel balls of identical weight and size roll down an incline at different speeds. The research engineer explained that the fric tion of loosely packed powdered tungsten inside one of the halls absorbed part of its energy of motion, slowed it to a walk. Wcstinghouse engineers, he said, have used this principle of energy absorption to pre vent electrical relays bouncing apart when In another spectacular demonstration of a scientific tool now jierforming inqxirtant routine work in factories, Dr. Thomas focused the flashing light of a "Strohoglow" lamp on a disc rotating 1,800 times a min ute. At this speed, a complicated design painted on the disc appeared to stand still, because the light was timed to flash every revolution of the disc. By doubling the number of flashes of light, Dr. Thomas made two designs appear in place of one. The Strohoglow, he explained, is used in industry to study the operation of rotating machine parts in motion. they are closed. Then, to show electricity in a playful Magnetism was put to work in another kind of energy control. Vibrations in a nickel rod were damped or sileneed as long as the rod was not magnetized. But as soon as Dr. Thomas placed the rod in a magnetic coil and turned on the current, it resounded clearly when struck with a hammer. This phenomenon was explained by the presence in the rod of countless invisible magnetic particles, which are in disarray as long as the rod is unmagnetized, fn this state they mood, Dr. Thomas literally blew out the electric lights--and blew them on again. This, he explained, was not magic, but simply the application of a breath relay. A specialty prepared surface on which mois ture of the breath is condensed does the trick, providing a partial conductor for a small amount of electrical energy so that currents can flow. This device lights a cold cathode glow tube, which causes a relay to put on the light or turn it off. ADJOURNMENT Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1939-1940 General ( hairnuw--J. (*. Bower, Wcstinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., F.a*t Pitts burgh, 1*3. Hice-Chairman--L. <. Seaton, Genera! Motors Corp., Detroit, Midi. Secretary--V. I. Trotter, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Midi. News Letter Committee--H. B. Duffus (Chairman), Westinglionse Electric & Manufac turing Co., Springfield, Mass. W. T. Buckeridge, Nash-Kclvinator Corp., Detroit, Midi. W. H. Marshall, Yellow Truck & Coach Co., Pontiac, Mich. J. E. Moore, Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Midi. Engineering Committee--Davui Mould ((luiirnum), General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. R. Bozkll, Whitehead Si Kales, Kcorse, Mich. *K. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Health Committee--Dr. A. I.. Brooks (Chairman), Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Dr. John W. Hilbf.rt, The Studehaker Corp.. South Bend, I ml. Dr. S. F. Meek, Chrysler Corp,, Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee--L. R Loomis (Chairman). Tcrnstedt Manufacturing Div., Gen eral Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Poster Committee--L. C. Roberts (Chairman), Nash-Kclvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. Edward Mandry, Truscon Steel Co., Youngstown, Ohio. Meredith Spear, A. C. Spark Plug Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. Program Committee--C. E. Wooukvkr (OifliVfmwJ, Bttick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. C. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamisport, Pa. C. B. Cornell, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Midi. Publicity Committee--H. A. Zacmari (Chairman), Henrv Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. Rorf.rt H. Erwood. Budd Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich. Statistics Committee--Oscar Lehman (Chairman), Chrysler Corp., Jefferson Plant, Detroit, Mich. George Starling, Harrison Radiator Corp., Lockport, Nf. Y. Members at !&rge-- *L. E. Avkrill, Chicago Eye Shield Go., Detroit, Midi, *W. A. Beoiii.l, Chrysler Corp., Do Soto Div., Detroit, Mich. *M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. *Hoyt I.. Frachkr, Detroit Steel Products, Detroit, Mid). *G. A. Kufchenmeister, Dominion Forge Si Stamping Co., Walkerville, Ont., Canada. *M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. *H. L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Carl L. Storck, Delco Products I)iv., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. *R. F. Thai.nf.r, Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. *C. T. Winkc.ar, Chrysler Corp,, Detroit, Mich. 'Part Oenrrat Chairman 305 306 29th National Safety Congress Automotive and Machine Shop Section 307 Officers 1940-1941 Ceneral Chairman--V. I. Trottf.r, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--Paul S. Streckf.r, Grand Rapids Stamping Div., General Motors Corp., Grand Rapids, Mirh. Secretary--C. E. Woolikvfr, Hoick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. Nt7V3 Letter Committee--H. B. Duffus (Chairman), Westinghouse Electric & Manufac turing Co., Springfield, Mass. W. T. Buckf.ridge, Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. W. H, Marshai.1., Yellow Truck & Coach Co., Pontiac, Mich. finpineering Committee--David Mould (Chairman), General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. R. Bozeli, Whitehead & Kales Co., Detroit, Mich. J. E. Moore, Cadillac Motor Car Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. 0. B. Tybring, International Business Machines Corp., Endicott, N. Y. Health Committee--Dr. A. L. Brooks (Chairman), Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Dr. John W. Hilbert, The Studebaker C'orp., South Bend, Ind. Dr. S. F. Meek, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee--L. B. Loomis (Chairman), Ternstedt Mfg. Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. E. E. Grf.ene, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. K. N. Seari.es, American Car & Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. /'osier Committee--L. C. Roberts (Chairman), Nash-Kelvinator Corp., Detroit, Mich. P. V. Railey, Remington Rand, Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Den Munyan, Jr., De Soto Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Program Committee--O. F. Lehman (Chairman), Jefferson Plant, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Edward Mandry, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Frank F. Ratiimf.i l, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Lester, Pa. Meredith Spear, A. C. Spark Plug Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. Publicity Committee--H. A. Zachar (Chairman), Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. Geo. L. Eaton, The Singer Manufacturing Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Statistics Committee--C. B. Cornell (Chairman), Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Midi. Roy P. Hatch, United Shoe Machinery Corp., Beverly, Mass. George W. Starling, Harrison Radiator Div., General Motors Corp.. Lockport, N. Y. Members at Ijsrge-- `L. E. Avf.rill, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich, 'W. A. Bechill, Chrysler Corp., De Soto Div., Detroit, Mich. < }. C. Bower, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. 'M. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Fracher, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. *G. A. Kuechenmf.istf.r, Dominion Forge Sc Stamping Co., Walkerville, Out., Canada. 'M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. `Harry L. Sain, Industrial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. *R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. 'Carl L. Storck, Delco Products Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. 'R. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Div., General Motors Corp., Flint, Mich. *C. T. Winegar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Ptl General Chairmen WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 9, 1C>40 The opening session was called to order by General Chairman J. C. Bower, Super visor of Safety, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh, Pa., who presided. The opening remarks of the General Chairman included a welcome lo delegates and guests, and dwelt briefly upon the activities of the Section and of Sectional Committees during the past year The report of the Nominating Committee was presented, and officers of the Section for the coming year were formally elected, (ho lisl appearing elsewhere in this record. The Chairman then introduced the first speaker. Specify the Safeguards By C. TH1EDE Chief Tool Engineer, Chrysler Jefferson Plant, Detroit For many years we have been stressing the importance of safeguarding the operators of machinery. Although we still have serious ac cidents I am very glad to say that the number has been greatly reduced, due to the per sistent work of the National Safety Council and to the fact that the causes of these seri ous accidents could easily be traced because the reasons for them were obvious. Great ef forts were put forth to reduce these expen sive accidents through specifying adequate i safeguards. Hut unfortunately our accident rcjrorts still show thousands of injuries to operators' hands and arms, due to faulty design in fix tures, tools, faulty methods of piling and handling stock, etc. The majority of these injuries are scratches, small cuts and abra sions. We have instructed the operators, time and again, to report to the First Aid De partment to have these small injuries dressed; hut we all know that these instruc tions arc not followed, and the total time and money that arc lost, due to these small injuries brooming infected, is tremendous Those conditions will continue if wc do not put forth as much effort in specifying the safeguards for equipment and other sources that arc causing these small injuries as we did in specifying the safeguards for equip ment that was causing the major accidents. A point that is often overlooked by ma chine designers and should be examined ttesely by tbe purchaser is the accessibility o( the cutting tools. The machine should be designed so that all tools can lie readily changed when they become dull. If it is difficult to change tools you are building a hazard into a machine, because the operator will, sooner or later, injure his hands in changing tools and he is also likely to leave the tools in too long. There are always some parts on a machine that arc subject to wear or adjustment. The machine should be so designed that the parts that have to be replaced or adjusted are readily accessible to the repairmen. Here again, if it is difficult to repair or adjust a machine, necessary repairs are delayed, ad justments arc made haphazard, and acci dents will result. We have all seen an oper ator prepare to place his work in a chuck and then the chuck starts to revolve. The reason for this was because the adjusting screws or collars on the clutch were hard to get at and a poor or hurried adjustment was made. All outside corners of machines and fix tures should have a liberal radios to re move sharp corners that have lreeii respon sible for accidents in the past. The machine designers lately have gone further than this on some machines. They have closed up the entire column to give the machine a stream lined appearance. In order to repair or ad just the mechanism inside the column, open ings have been cut in the column and these openings have neat fitting covers that are held in place by a row of bolts around the rover to make an oil tight joint. Some of these covers are quite heavy and they should he fitted with a hinge so that 31# 29th National Safety Congress 1. His intellectual habits are slightly above the average, but not beyond the grasp of most of his workmen if they try to attain higher standards. 2. His physical habits are better than the lie can do every job better than bis best men. 8. He exhibits intent to be fair in every < decision. (He will be forgiven if he fails to I exhihit fairness only if it docs not happen too often and there is never any evidence of Cement and Quarry Section average of the group he supervises. intent to be unfair.) .1. His moral habits are above average but The range of each of these qualities is he is not a moral prude and does not try determined by the way the group thinks. to reform or condemn his workers. This may seem too low for some of us. Officers 1939-1940 4. His emotional habits are such that he keeps "an even keel" but can show righteous indignation or shed a tear of human sympa thy when everybody knows the situation de One supervisor said, "If f must have my personality attributed to me by that bunch, then 1 don't want a personality." Maybe that is why his 86 men disliked him and General Chairman--P. N. Rushneu., Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mu Vice-Chairman--R. A. Dittmar, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Hudson, N. Y. Vice-Chairman--*0. M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton. Pa Secretary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. mands it. 5. His dress and appearance is neat hut not out of keeping with his job. (In some mills a foreman must wear a suit of clothes rather than overalls.) 6. He speaks with his men rather than to or ot them in a language marked by correct diction, enunciation, and pronunciation. (He may swear at them if he smiles when he does so.) why he had a very bad record of efficiency News Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q. Canada. and safety of production. The fact is that unless you are willing Engineering Committee Chairman--*1. II. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Bttfj falo, N. Y. to have your personality attributed to you by the group you lead, you have no right Membership Committee Chairman--"Henry A. Reninoer, Lehigh Portland Cement Co.. Allentown, Pa. to be called the leader. Not only do you have no right, but you actually will not be Program Committee Chairman--H. ('. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. the leader, even though you may be desig nated as such. If and when you are per sonally accepted by the group to whom you must sell your ideas, you will sell them if Publicity Committee Chairman--David Adam, Lawrence Portland Cement Co , North ampton, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. Wi Adams, U. S. Rurcau of Mines, Washington, H. C. Members at Large-- 7. He is a good judge of proper perform they promote efficiency on the part of the ance and knows how to direct it, but he Tit. Avnsoe, Lone Star Cement Corp., New York, N. Y. *W. H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. loses respect if be insists on showing that individuals. E. D. Barry, Universal Atlas Cement Co., New York, N. Y. J. R. Bovn, National Crushed Stone Assn., Inc., Washington, D. C. *R. B. Fortuin, Pennsylvania-Dixic Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. ADJOURNMENT *Ai.f.xanoer Foster, Jr,, Warner Co., Philadelphia, I'a. *F. B. Hunt, Dewey Portland Cement Co., Davenport, Iowa. S. W. Stauffer, National Lime Assn., Washington, 1L C. *F. E. Town, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Manitowoc, Wis. *A. L. Wortiien, The New Haven Trap Rork Co., New Haven, Conn Officers 1940-1941 general Chairman--R. A. Dittmar, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Hudson, N. Y. Vice-Chairman--O. M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. Vice-Chairman--W. M. Poweu., Medusa Portland Cement Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 1Secretary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, III. Hews Letter Editor--Jack Df.mpstf.r, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q., Canada. inginecring Committee Chairman--Tu. Avnsoe, Lone Star Cement Corp., New York, N, Y. Membership Committee Chairman--*Hf.nry A. Heninofr, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. program Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. NMieity Committee Chairman--David Adam, Lawrence Portland Cement Co., Northamp ton, Pa. tafisticr Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Iembers at Large-- f*W. H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. E, D. Barry, Universal Atlas Cement Co3.,1N9ew York, N. Y. 'Past General Chairman 320 29th National Safety Congress Cement and Quarry Section m J. K. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Inc., Washington, I). (\ *I\ N. Bushneu., Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis Mo. *R. B, Fortuin, Pennsylvania-I)ixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. *F. K. Hunt, Dewey Portland Cement Co., Davenport, Iowa. S. W. Staufff.r, National Lime Assn., Washington, D. C. L. P. Warner, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. *A. L. Worthf.n, The New Haven Trap Hock Co., New Haven, Conn. *J. B. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., RufTalo, N. Y. 'Past nrn*r*l Chairman can expect to get maximum results unless the condition' and the attitudes that make for maximum performance arc provided. Effect on Safety Work Industry faces severe tests in the new conditions hound to arise as the result of today's great stresses and responsibilities. Equipment is being returned to service in a hurry that has not seen service in years. Augmented working forces are taxing work ing facilities and sanitary facilities. same period last year. Home deaths had increased 8 per cent, traffic deaths had in creased 5 per cent, and occupational deaths had advanced a whopping 14 per cent. In this emergency, industry must take ad vantage of the latest developments in per sonnel methods produced by extensive in vestigation and research. Application by in dustrial plants may include the making of job analyses and job classifications, the de velopment of job specifications and rating Chief among the problems facing indus scales and tests for selection. It is equally WEDNESDAY AETEjRNOON session trial safety forces is that of labor turnover. desirable that analysis of relations between High levels of production will bring hack functions, physical factors anil human facul (H-tobc-r 9, 1940 old employers whose skill has been dulled l>y periods of idleness or employment on other kinds of work, and new and unskilled ties be made bv small plants as well as large. Cement and Quarry Industry The opening session was called to order by General Chairman P. N. Bushnell, Man ager, Safety and Personnel Department, Missouri Portland Cement Company, St. Louis, who presided. Chairman Bushnell welcomed the delegates, and made a brief report of activities of the Section during the past year. He commented upon many of the hard-working committees, and urged an increase of teamwork for the heavy times ahead, in which cement companies will have large opportunities for cooperation for safety and national defense. The list of officers for the coming year, as recommended by the Nominating Com mittee, was presented and formally endorsed by the delegates. Chairman Bushnell then introduced the first speaker. workers who have little, if any, knowledge of the hazards of their new jobs. Conscrip tion may magnify this problem even though the government is expected to carry on its plans for military training activities with the least possible interruption to industries engaged in defense production. The problem of education and training to increase the average skill and knowledge of lptrsonnel, with regard for the needs of the j plant, is highly important. Education and In World War I the Portland eement in dustry was considered non-essential. Fuel was rationed and the eement business marked time while other industries were op erating full blast to supply war materials. In the present program, however, our in dustry can perform an essential service in our country's defense. Wc have at otir command the latest, most powerful weapons for the war on accidents Analysis of Cement and Quarry Industry Accident Experience By I. F. LeGORE I training provide an opportunity for selfIdevelopment by the employee which is a Jrequisite for both real interest in his job Imd competent handling of the work he has --new developments, new findings, new ex periences, new tactics. The swing has been to selectivity and specialization; the rifle method rather than the shotgun. Safety Engineer, Portland Cement Association, Chicago llo do, and does much to develop and main- The aim of the selective program is to Ihin morale. narrow the problems of hazards, both en Uppermost in the mind of every one of us are two vital safety problems: (1) The emergency problem of national defense, and (2) The perennial problem of industrial ac cident prevention. In a time of stress it is essential that things go smoothly at top speed. In such a time, delay is dangerous--accidents that cause loss of time, damage to equipment or spoilage of materials might be called un intentional sabotage. The war on occupa tional injuries which wc have waged in the past has been good training for the stream lined war we are going to have to wage to conserve men, materials and time in the year ahead. The tax program necessary to pay the cost of the national defense program will not take into account waste that adds to the cost of doing business. We all know that effort and funds ex pended for accident'--for medical attention, for compensation to injured employees, for machinery repair and materials spoilage--are I Morale, which I interpret as proper atti- vironmental and human, and to strike hard time and funds thrown out the window. Itadc not only towards the job to be done at the important ones first. For three years Accidents are pure waste; there is no return lot also towards the whole setting in which the Accidpnt Prevention Bureau of the on expenditures required to repair damage Ibt task is placed, is a condition of complete Portland Cement Association has hammered that could have been and should have been Itooperation and is as important to the suc- relentlessly at the nine fundamental causes anticipated. toslul safety program as is adequate skill. Accident prevention means conservation of vital resources. Measures taken for the Skills, motives and attitudes are the forces Ifbt make for success in any undertaking. prevention of accidents, whether for guards, Modern warfare makes new demands of accidents and the four causes of severest injuries. They have been spotlighted re peatedly in every publication sponsored by the Bureau, in the revitalized June NoAccident Campaign, in conferences on safety personal protective equipment such as ton the human mind and character. Ai- for supervisors, in regional safety confer goggles, hard hats and safety shoes, for im ody, the distractions caused by news from proved machinery and equipment of safer btf-tom countries where some employees ences of top plant leaders throughout the country. design, and for better processes that enable Bwe`relatives and friends, by prospects of work to be done with greater ease and dis Bcription for military training, and by patch, represent investment in material and. t general hustle and uncertainty have con- personnel resources on which there is iuted to a rising accident trend in the important return. Not the least important dividends are returnable in the improved: B>*try generally and are conspiring to reBne the favorable trend the Portland morale that is bound to result from the tnt industry has been able to report for telligent, competently administered sa program. No one in business, in nat" defense activities, or any other Mnl years. During the first seven months HlM, all accidental deaths in the United Hhks had increased 7 per cent over the That this program has Keen effective is evidenced by the fact that injury frequency and severity rates were reduced almost onehalf in the three-year period since 19.16. Decline in those rates for the third succes sive year established 1939 as the safest in the 27-year history of accident prevention in our industry, with 4J4 men injured per million man-hotirs worked and a severity of ahont 2 days lost per thittisand hours 320 29tli National Safety Congress ent pointed out that comprehensive job analyses have often been made a*' a method of establishing equitable wage rales; hut an even more important development of these studies is the study of job hazards. Job analysis had !>ccn found by many to he val uable in determining whether new methods or equipment would make johs safer. K\pericnccd employees should l>e freely con sulted in preparing the job descriptions on which studies are based. A. S. HETHERfNfiTON spoke highly of the PCA Foremen Conference training course in instructing foremen to Ik* compe tent teachers and stated that it has been demonstrated that foremen who arc experts in the work performed in their departments may not have adequate teaching ability. It was felt that current emphasis on the re sponsibility of foremen seeks to develop greater competence in discharging duties and influencing employees rather than to overload supervisors. Opinion was divided as to whether fore men's meetings should lie held on company time. Those who hold them on company time reported no difficulties arising from this practice. Those companies holding safety meetings outside of working hours usually provide dinners and sponsor a brief social program in the course of the evening. ADJOURNMENT Chemical Section Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--RAi.ru O. Keeper, Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--Stanley Warzala, The Calco Chemical Co., Inc., 15onml Brook, N. J. Secretary--I'. W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Sews Letter Committee--S. W. Gurney (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Pos ton, Mass. *A. L. Armstrong, Rochester, N. Y, R, S. Mackif, General Electric Co., Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. P. V. Th.uen, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. P.m/incering Committee--I). S. McEachern (Chairman), American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y. F. W. Jurick, The Westvaco Chlorine Products Corp., Carteret, N. I. *S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. I>ata Sheet Committee--Piajmer Wheeler (Chairman), American Cyanamid Co., Linden. N. J. S. M. MacCutcheon, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. Health Committee--Dr. Leonard Gref.nrurg (Chairman), New York State Department of Labor, New York, N. Y. *J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del. Membership Committee--C. E. Sevrf.ns (Chairman), Monsanto Chemical Co., Merrimac Div., Everett, Mass. W. L. Hammf.rsi.ey, Electric Storage Rattery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Poster Committee--H. R. Bixi.f.r (Chairman), Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. John Clements, Michigan Alkali Co,, Wyandotte, Mich. Ralph L. Rogers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Torn. Publicity Committee--S. D. Kirkpatrick (Chairman). Chemical & Metallurgical Engineer ing, New York, N. Y. A. L. Watson, Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa, Clarence Wigi.e, Niagara Alkali Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Safety Instruction Card Committee--E. F. King (Chairman), Lever Brothers Co., Cam bridge, Mass. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Jersey City. N. J. K. E. Roor, Willard Storage Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Statistics and Contest Committee--R. C. Stratton (Chairman), The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. H. L. Miner, E, I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. * Pmr (rrneral Chairman Officers 1940-1941 (Genera! Chairman--Stanley Warzala, Calco Chemical Div., American Cyanamid Co., Round Brook, N. J. Vice-Chairman in Charge agara Falls. N. Y. of Program--F.3W27. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co., Ni Secretary-- S. W. Gurney, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Roston, Mass. 328 29th National Safety Congress News I.eiter Commit lee- -J amks J. Dukhan (Chairman), Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corp., South C harleston, W. Va. R. S. Mackif, Incandescent I.amp Dept., Ciencral Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. J. H. Tayi.oh, Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Engineering Committee--D. S. McEachern (Chairman), American Cvanamid Co., New York, n! Y. Haroi.d W. Baker, Kastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. K. W. Jurick, Westvaco Chlorine Products Corp., Carteret, N. J. *S. E. Whitino, Lif>erty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Data Sheet Committee--S. M. McCutcheon (Chairman), The Dow Chemical Co., Mid land, Mich. Ralph O. Keefer, Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. Health Committee--Dr. Lf.onard Grfenrurc, (Chairman), N. Y. State Department of I.abor, New York. N. Y. John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Memhershift Committee--C. E. Sf.vrens (Chairman), Monsanto Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. W. L. Hauuf.ksi.ev, Electric Storage Battery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Easier Committee--H. R. Bixi.f.r (Chairman), Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. John Clements, Michigan Alkali Co., Wyandotte, Mich. Ralph L. Rooers, Jr., Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. Euhlicity Committee--S, D. Kirkpatrick (Chairman), Chemical & Metallurgical Engineer ing, New York, N. Y. A. L. Watson, Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, 1'a. Clarence. Wiole, Niagara Alkali Co., Niagara Kails, N. Y. Safety Instruction Card Committee--E. F. Kinc. (Chairman), Lever Brothers Co., Cam bridge, Mass. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton, N. J. K. E. Roof, Willard Storage Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Statistics S' Contest Committee--R. C. Stratton (Chairman), The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. 'Pit*! (ipnefal Chairman TUESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION (Ictoher 8, 1940 The opening session was a special lunch eon meeting, attended by a large number of delegates. General Chairman Ralph 0. Keefer, Purchasing Agent, Aluminum Com pany of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., presided. Following the luncheon, the Chairman wel comed the delegates and guests, spoke briefly of the Section's activities during the past year, and then introduced the speaker of the oceasion, Mr. O. S. True, whose ad dress is given below. The Use of Rubber and Rubber Compounds in the Chemical Industry By O. S. TRUE United States Rubber Company, New York, N. Y. Strictly speaking, rubber as such would of little value to the chemical industry. It owes its valuable properties to an ability to combine chemically with certain sub stances such as sulphur, and to its ability to incorporate with and to hold in uniform ( henneal Section 329 dispersion certain reinforcing materials such as carbon black. Also the quality and dura bility of modern compounds has been much improved by the addition of small quantities of accelerators and anti-oxidants, for the most part complex organic materials which improve the uniformity of the cure and in crease the resistance to natural aging. Uuhher can be compounded so as to pro vide substantial resistance to corrosion and abrasion, as well as high dielectric, low co-efficient of heat transfer, and marked ability to absorb vibration and shock. These properties make rubber of value to the chemical industry. With regard to corrosion, an ever-present problem in the chemical industry, rubber can lie compounded to satisfactorily resist the following: 1. Most inorganic acids--including hydro chloric, phosphoric, dilute sulphuric, etc. 2. Most organic acids--such as acetic, formic, tartaric, etc. 3. Inorganic basis--caustic soda, etc. 4. Inorganic salts--chlorides, sulfates, etc. 5. Organic salts--acetates, tartrates, etc. 6. Bleach solutions--hypochlorites, chlo rine solutions. No one compound is satisfactory for use in connection with all of the above classifi cations hut a suitable cnmjMiund can he ob tained for each individual requirement. Rubber is not suitable for use with the following: 1. Strong oxidizing agents--such as nitric and chromic acids. 2. Aromatic hydrocarbons--such as benzol and toluol. 3. Aliphatic hydrocarbons--petroleum and its derivatives. Rubber has one further limitation which should he home in mind; namely, tempera ture. While compounders have improved the'temperature resistance of rubber, 180 to 200 degrees F. must still Ik* considered the practical maximum for industrial rubber floods, if long life is to he obtained. For present purposes, some generaliza tion may 1>c made. There is the type abradon caused by a material sliding over a sur face. a shearing action, and there is the type caused by impinging of a material against a surface, abrasion due to impact. Between 11iv two extreme types is an infinite number of combinations. Different rubber com pounds arc necessary for different types of abrasion, but unless the impact is so severe as to cut the rubber to pieces, the projvcr compound has a very high degree of re sistance to abrasion. Without qualitative tests it is not possible to say just how much more resistant rubber is than some other material, but such tests can he made if nec essary. When corrosion and abrasion are both present, rubber is an ideal material al though if the corrosive action is so severe as to make necessary a compound designed pri marily to resist corrosion, it might be nec essary to sacrifice some abrasion resistance. With regard to dielectric for potentials up to 10,000 volts, rublicr is generally consid ered the best available commercial insula tion. Furthermore, rubber ran he com pounded to provide low water absorption, thus maintaining its high insulating factor, a characteristic not enjoyed ly most other insulating materials. Rubber insulation finds its most common use with electric wires and cables, although it has also wide application in connection with electro chemical proc esses where resistance to corrosion and to stray current losses are both important. The ability of rubher to absorb vibration and shock is due to a high degree of resil ience. If displaced under load it immediately returns to its original position when the load is removed. The movement is accomplished with a minimum of internal friction. This characteristic enables engineers to design rubber springs and vibration dampeners, a recent application of rubber that is proving very beneficial in many of the process indus tries. Rubber may be considered a good thermal insulator with coefficient of heat transfer corresponding approximately to that of as bestos This permits transfer of solutions through rubber lined pipe with small loss of beat content, and evaporation in rubber lined vacuum crystallizers without excessive radi ation. On the other band, low beat transfer precludes the possibility of temperature con trol by indirect heating in rubber lined jacketed kettles or similar equipment, it !>eing necessary to maintain temperature by beating coils or direct injection of steam. Rubber compounds vary in tensile strength from 2,000 to 10,000 lbs. per sq. inch, in elongation or stretch from 800 per cent to Construction Section Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--R. J. Keigf.i uni, C. W. Blakeslec & Sons., New Haven, Conn. Vice-Chairman for Heavy Construction--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bcthle hrm, I'a. Vice-Chairman for Highway Construction--S. E. Anderson, Harrison Construction Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman for H. S. Engineer Department--Major W. E. Lorenci-, Corps of En gineers, War Dept., Washington, I). C. Vice-Chairman for Building Construction--E. Prrou, Clicschro, Whitman Co., Inc., I.ong Island City, N. Y. Secretary--*W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of Amerira, Inc., Washington, I). C. Men's Letter Editor--'Edgar N. Gouwtine, 232--30th Avc., San Erancisco, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman--Samijf.i. E. Edge, New Haven Gas flight Co., New Haven, Conn. Program Committee Chairman--`John Russet.!.. Public Service Electric Sr Gas Co. Newark, N. J. Statistics Committee Chairman--E. C. RiruNf.FR, Koppers Co., Seaboard Div.. Kcarnv, N-J. Visual Education Committer Chairman--S. M. Lauderiiai.e, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington, D. C. Engineering Committee--C. H. Ili.ACK (Chairman), Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. James A. Burbank, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford. Conn. E. J. Cuandei.l, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Robert McKini.f.y, General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich. Tmosus Soiu.e, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Erancisco, Calif. Officers 1940-1941 GeneraI Chairman--R. J. Keigki.uth, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. Vice-Chairman for Heavy Construction--W. A. Hazard, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Vice-Chairman for Highway Construction--S. E. Anderson, Harrison Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman for U. S. Engineer Department--Major W. E. Lorence, Corps of En gineers, War Dept., Washinlgton, IJ. C.! Vice-Chairman for Building Construction--F. L. Huri.butt, The Patent Scaffolding Co., ' Chicago, 111. Secretory--*W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Washington, D. C. News Letter Editor--*Edc.ar N. Goi.dstine, 232--30th Ave., San Francisco, Cali f. Membership Committee Chairman--Samuet. E. Edge, New Haven Gas Light Co., New Haven, Conn. Program Committer Chairman--James A. Burbank, Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. 'Past General Chairman 354 29th National Safety Congress Statistics Committee Chairman--F. J. C'kandku., Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Visual Education Committee Chairman--S. M. LAunpRDAi.F, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington, IX C. Engineering Committee Chairman--C. H. Biack, Stone St Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. *pMt (Jencral Chairman TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8,1940 The opening session was called to order by General Chairman R. J. Reigeluth, Vice President, C. W. Blakeslee St Sons., Inc., New Haven, Conn., who presided. Chairman Reigeluth reviewed in some detail activities of the Section during the past year, and mentioned special work of many Sectional Committees. He spoke encouragingly of ac cident prevention plans for the future. He then introduced the first speaker. Organizing a Steel Erection Job for Safety By W. A. HAZARD Engineer of Erection, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. We must concede that safety in any con struction operation is very largely a matter of judgment on the part of the superin tendent or foreman in charge. No matter liow many rules are promulgated, or how carefully the instructions are given, unless the superintendent or foreman is safety con scious, it cannot lie expected that the men working under his direction will give much serious thought to safety for themselves, or for others associated with them. What plan or method then is to be pur sued to instill safety mindedness in our em ployees? In organizing a job for safety, one of the first things necessary is to provide a set of rules, though I prefer the word "Code," by which certain standards arc established, which arc to be followed throughout the operation. Most of us are familiar with the A. G. C. ('ode, and there arc others similar to it, all of them excellent for the purpose intended, but they were not prepared with the primary idea of having them placed in the hands of the individual workman. Realizing that finally it is the workman who can to a very large degree control safety conditions on the job, we have devel oped and printed a Safety Code of conven ient size to fit the pocket, and intended for the individual use of the men. As soon as a man is signed up on a job, he is given this booklet and asked (mind you not ordered) to read it over at his leisure. The first printing of this Code was made in March, 1938, and so far, nearly 5,000 copies have !>ccn put into the hands of our employees. It has long l>ecn an established rule with the Bethlehem Steel Company that before a man is put to work he must undergo a physical examination, to determine his fit ness for the particular job to which lie is to be assigned. A few years ago our company decided that this procedure should he ex tended to include the men in the field. This action, however, presented a problem that has been difficult of solution, especially on small jobs located in comparatively isolated territory. Strenuous opposition has occasion ally been encountered from the men them selves, and in some localities certain organ izations have refused to allow their members to submit to these examinations. We have been insistent that this rule be observed, and with the able assistance of our medical de partment, it is now possible to have every Construction Seelion 355 man examined by a competent doctor before he is allowed to go to work. We are convinced that physical examina tions arc essential for the protection of the workman, as well as the company. It is un fair to a man with defective vision, poor hearing, or a heart condition, to send him aloft on an erection job, while the same man, once the condition is detected, may be able to render valuable service and be safely employed on ground work. The records of these physical examinations arc considered confidential, and are known only to the medical department of our company. almost from the start of his job, is obliged to work over other men; I regret to say that we have yet to find many contractors in the building line who seem inclined to fur nish similar protection to their employees. Is it because acridents caused by falling ma terial as a result of the erector's operation arc not their responsibility? I do not at tempt to answer, but no matter how care fully we police our jobs to endeavor to pre vent the possibility of such accidents, they do happen all too frequently; and many serious injuries result, most of which would not have occurred if the victims had been pro The chief surgeon of the company selects vided with proper head protection. a doctor in the vicinity of the operation, in advance of the starting of work, advises him of the standards which have been established for fitness of the employee, and supplies him with the necessary forms for reporting these examinations. This same doctor is also designated to render service in all accident cases on the job. This procedure relieves the superintendent of the responsibility of seek ing the proper medical service, and also es tablishes a uniform standard for measuring the fitness of our employees. As soon as the job is organized, usually during the first week of operation, a job safety committee is formed. The foreman is always chairman, and the timekeeper the clerk or secretary. The committee members consist of the pushers and two or more of the workmen, the number being dependent U|w>n the size of the operation and the total number of men on the job. On the smaller jobs, where only a few men are involved, the entire crew constitutes the committee. The steel erector is faced with, two prob lems when organizing his job. He must pro vide suitable protection for his own em ployees, and in addition he is compelled to protect the employees of other interests. The latter case often proves the more difficult of solution. The site of the joh is frequently found with old lumber full of nails, surplus material and all sorts of litter scattered aliout, as a result of the operations of others, and there have been a number of instances whore we have Iwen obliged to as sist men to clear up the site, as a protection to our own employees. One of the first rules in the code provides that the men employed on our operations Meetings of the committee are required to he held weekly, or bi-weekly in some in stances, for the sole purpose of considering safety on the job. Accidents which have occurred since the last meeting of the com mitter, whether major or minor in character, are analyzed, and the opinions of the mem bers as to the possibility of avoiding such occurrences in the future, are obtained. We firmly lielievc that free discussion of acci dents on the joh, while the incidents are fresh, helps materially to fix ideas of safe practice and safe working conditions in the minds of the men, and affords opportunity to point out what results from carelessness of the men themselves in the conduct of the operation. must wear hard hats. These hats are fttrmshed by the company, and it is the duty of the foreman to sec that every man has his hat before he is allowed to go to work. It requires! a long struggle to convince the men that this protection was being furnished for their own good; it was only after a few ac cidents had occurred, when men were struck the head by falling materia! and avoided mtious injury by wearing these hats, that this ^position began to disappear. Now comes the second problem--protecfci for the "other fellow." The steel erector, The secretary keeps the minutes, which he later transcribes; and copies are sent to headquarters. These meetings arc held at any convenient time of the day or week, it being left to the discretion of the foreman as to the time, and a record is kept in the general office of the number held each month on each job. During the first six months of this year 453 such meetings were held. When this committee idea was inaugu rated, it was thought that the foreman, as chairman, would be able to initiate and carry through the discussions, since it was sup- 396 29th National Safety Congress serious accident. Now "Speed too fast for conditions" would certainly be used in for mulating any definition of what speeding is. that the other driver or pedestrian is deaf, dumb, blind, ami knows little about the traffic laws. I. GORDON (Bureau of Safety, Chi Four simple fundamentals and yet they cago) : That is my question and I am com cover the whole gamut of safe driving. plimented that you have answered it like f did, when it was asked me at a safely meet ing. 1 said that f had just IKnight a new automobile and I would consider five miles an hour speeding. Of course, 1 got a hig laugh out of 250 people. They said, "Wait until you get used to it and then seventy-five will be the speed perhaps." I said, "Wait a minute. You did not wait until I had finished. Five miles an hour is speeding if you are going around a corner where there are children or pedestrians." In other words, the answer was "under the conditions." Incidentally, I want to refer to an exhibit I have here, which we use in our plants for accident demonstration purposes. When a man comes in to tell what hapi>ened in con nection with an accident, he takes these cut outs with which you can make any type of street intersection, reverse curve, or what have you. It is made to scale, so that lie can place the pieces in position to show locations of cars and other objects involved. Stopping distances are also shown on this chart. If your man says, "1 was going down the street at so many miles per hour," here arc the distances and you can very soon tell At a safety meeting yesterday we heard him that lie was traveling too fast. a man say that he came to the safety meet ing at seventy-five miles an hour. He was in a hurry to get here- coming to a safety meeting lie came up lichind a truck. He did not know that there was another truck in front of this one, hut suddenly the fellow in front took a notion that he wanted to talk to the fellow in the rear and they both slackened up until he had to cut away in order to avoid an accident. But he was com ing to a safety meeting, traveling seventyfive miles an hour, too fast for any safety man. CHAIRMAN HAVKN: That is abso MR. BRODERICK: Along many high ways you will see a "50 miles" sign here, then 35 miles, then 20 and then 40. Why should there not lie a federal law governing all these things all over America, so that when a man goes from one state to another he does not have to pick up a pilot like a ship does when going into a new port? There ought to be a federal law, a general law, governing the entire motor traffic so that you could go from state to state and be perfectly safe provided you keep within that law. lutely right. I am going to take the liberty CHAIRMAN HAVEN: I think that the of repeating four rules of safe driving in National Safety Council for at least fifteen our defensive driving program, which cov years has l>cen working with various en ers this very important question. We are forcing bodies to bring about uniform traffic trying to get across to our employees in laws and they are making wonderful strides. side the plant, as well as to our salesmen Now. that would be an ideal condition and drivers, the idea of defensive driving. (1) probably it will come sometime, whether it Maintain an area of safety in front, back will be a federal regulation or not, but just and both sides of your car. (2) Drive at a remember that after you do have the law speed consistent with road surface, visibility you still have Mr. John Jones and Bill and traffic conditions. (3) Forget who has Smith and the rest of those fellows to edu the legal right of way and do the common- cate, and the way to' educate them is right sense thing of staying out of the other fel in your own establishments where you are low's way. (4) Drive your car on the theory working with a large number of tieople. ADJOURNMENT Marine Section Officers 1939-1940 (aural Chairman--Byron O. Pickaro, Waterfront Employers' Association of the Pacific Coast, San Francisco, Calif. Advisory Committee--E. C. Hoi.df.n, Jr., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. E. W. Fiskf, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Frank H. Cocan, The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co , Hoboken, N. .1. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Eng., New York, N. Y. Vice-General Chairman (Executive)--R. J. Baker, American Merchant Marine Institute, fnc.. New York, N. Y. Vice-General Chairman (Membership)--T. E. Buchanan, The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Vice-Gcneral Chairman (Programs)--C arl E. Hoi.mf.s, Marsh & McLennan, Tnc., New York, N. Y. Vice-General Chairman (Coastal Regions)--Rear Admiral R. R. Waf.scoi, United States Coast Guard, Washington, I). C. Editor, "Marine Safety" News /.r//rr--Henry IIi ai kmone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Secretary--W. P. Brass, U. S. Navy Dept., Washington, D. C. Chairman, Atlantic District--). P. Roney, The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. (Retired) Vice-Chairman, Atlantic District--Wh.i.ard F. Jones, Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. Chairman, Pacific District--Francis J. McGowkn, Waterfront Employers' Assn, of the Pacific Coast, Long Beach. Calif. Vice-Chairman, Pacific District--Georoe W. Ai.rin, Ames Terminal Co., Seattle, Wash. Chairman. Gulf District-Frank E. Ames, Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., New Orleans, La. Vice-Chairman, Gulf District--L. B. Pate, Mississippi Shipping Co., Inc., New Orleans, La. Chairman, Great Lakes District--W. C, Garrutt, Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-Chairman, Great Lakes District--George Martinson, Pickands Matlirr Sr Co., Cleve land, Ohio. Chairman, Ohio Valley Region--G. O. Grikitn, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh Pa. Vice-Chairman, Ohio Valley Region--Joseph E. Jackman, McCrady-Rodgers Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Chairman, All Inland IVatcrways--Major W. E. Lorkncf, Corps of Engineers. War Dept., Washington, D. C. C/imVmau, Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Dhision--H. C. Houghton, Bethlehem Steel Corp, Quincy, Mass. Chairman, Committee on Publicity and Publications--Harold I. Harming, Marine Prog. ress, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Committee on Maritime Associations--C. H. Callaghan, The Maritime Asso ciation of the Port of New York, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Committee on United States Government Bureaus-- Commander R. S 1mki.ii, U.S.N. (Retired), Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Engineering and Minimum Standards--A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York. N. Y. Chairman, Statistics Committee--Benjamin H. Sf.i.f, The Travelers Insurance Co New York, N. Y. 397 398 2Vth Sathuuil Safety Congress Chairman, Marine Education Committee--H. L. Si-ward, Yale University, New Haven, C 'onn. Vief'Chairman, Marine Education Committee--F. (\ Crk<;ory, Waterfront Employers' Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Chairman, Industrial Relations Committee--R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of ( alif., San Francisco, Calif. Chairman, Stevedoring ( ommittee--E. IV llntot-s U. S Employees* Compensation ( om- mission. Washington, D. C. Officers 1940*1941 General Chairman--Frank E. Ames, Manager, Safety Dept., Lykes Bros. S. S. Co., Inc., New Orleans, La. Advisory Committee (Past General Chairmen)-- Byron O. Pickard, Waterfront Employers' Association of the Pacific Coast, San Francisco, Calif. Captain F'.dwaro C. Hoi.df.n, Jr., United States P.&I. Agency, Inc., New York, N. Y. Captain FL W. Fiskf, Jr., Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., New York, N. Y. John S. IIwnter, The Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Captain Frank H. Cooan, Manager, Marine Dept., The Delaware, Lackawanna, anil Western R.R. Co., Hoboken, N. J. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Engineer, New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Executive)--Fra.sk J. Tayi.or, President, American Mer chant Marine Institute, Inc., N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Membership)--Cornelius H. Cai.i.achan, Manager, The Maritime Association of the Port of New York, New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Industrial ft Public Relations)--T. E. Buchanan, General Manager, Marine Dept., The Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Assistant General Chairman (Programs. Meetings)--Care E. Hoi.mes, Claims Dept., Marsh & McLennan, Inc., New York, N. Y. Secretary--Haroi.L) M. G. Wick, Asst, to the President, American Bureau of Shipping, New York. N. Y. Editor, Marine News Letter--Captain Henry Blackstonk, United States P. & 1. Agency. Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Admiralty ft Maritime Counsellor--Henry Eidenhach, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Coastal Regions--Rear Admiral R. R. Waeschf., Commandant, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. Director, Atlantic Region--Willard F. Jones, General Manager, Marine Dept., Gulf Oil Corp-, New York, N. Y. Director, Gulf Region--L. B. Pate, Vice-President, Mississippi Shipping Company, New Orleans. f,a. Director, Pacific Region--F, J. McGowen, President, Waterfront Employers' Association of So. Calif., Long Beach, Calif. Director, Great Lakes Region--W. C. Garik/tc, Casualty Manager, Pittsburgh, S. S. Co. DirCelcetvoerla, nOd,hOiohiRoi.ver Region--G. O. Griffin, Safety Director, Dravo Corporation, Neville DirIse.c, tPorit,tsAbullrgIhn,laPnad. Waterways--Major W. E. Lorknce, Safety Officer, Corps of En gineers, War Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committer American Merchant Marine--Rear Admiral Emory S. Land, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Chairman, United States Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Marine Section ................. .. 11/111 Kurgo v esseix--L, M'tain I,oi;an Cresap, Marine Snpt., Isthmian S. S. Co., New York, N. Y. Utairntan, Stevedoring Committee--Captain H. P. Patterson, V.P., The larka Corpora tion, New York, N. Y. (hairman. Statistics and Contests Committee--Benjamin H. Self, Manager, Safety En gineering Department, The Travelers Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. C hairman, Poster Committee--John Wriuht, Manager, Claims & Insurance Dept.. Vmcri- can Export Lines, Inc., Jersey City, N. J. ( hairman. Publicity Committee--Harold I. Haruinc, F.ilitor, "Marine Progress," New York, N. Y. (hairman. Engineering Cmmjuitec A. J. Smith, Marine Engineer, Marine Oflire of Amer ica, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Tankers Committee--U. N. Rlakesi.f.f, Manager, Dept, of Accident Preven tion, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Railroads ft Lighterage Committee--Captain Frank H. Cooan, Manager, Marine Dept., The Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western R.R. Co., Hoboken, N. I. Chairman, U. S. Navy Yards Safety Committee--W. P. Bious, II. S. Navy Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Maritime Associations Committee--Frank C. Greuory, Waterfront Employers' Association of San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif. Special Maritime Advisor--Professor H. L. Sfwarii, Yale University, School of Engi neermg, New Haven, Conn. Chairman, Naval Committee for Safety in National Defense--Captain C. W. Fisher, U. S. Navy, Director of Shore Establishments, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. Chairman, New Ship Design ft Construction Committee--Commander H. I/. Vickery, U. S. Navy, Commissioner, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Technical Committee--James L. Bates, Director, Technical Division, U. S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C. Chairinan, Ship Inspections Committee ft U. .S'. Government Bureaus--Commander R S. Field, U. S. Navy (Rtd.), Director, Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Dept, of Commerce, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Committee on Education ft Training of Licensed Personnel--Captain I. H. Tomb, U. S. Navy (Rtd ), Supt., New York State Merchant Marine Academy, Fort Schuyler, Bronx, New York, N. Y. Chairman, Committee on Education ft Training of Unlicensed Personnel--Comm a ni ier W. M. Derby, U. S. Coast Guard, Chief of the U. S. Maritime Service, Washington, D. C. Chairman, Minimum Safety Standards Committer--F,. P. Heroes, U. S. Employees' Com pensation Commission, Washington, D. C. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1940 The opening session of the Marine Section ns called to order by Major W. E. Utencr, Safety Officer, Corps of Engineers, United States War Department, Washing ton, D. C,, who presided. Chairman Lorence welcomed the delegates, briefly commented on the extensive and diverse program which had been prepared for the several meetings, and then introduced the first speaker, Major Elliott Vandevantcr. 4 44 2Vth National Safely Congress limply crralcd another hazard, Iterative there was a temptation for yonn^Mere to jump <m the moving vehicle. They have evolvctl a new type of step tar that the moment the truck MR. HANAll: Can you tell me where 1 can sec one of those in ofieration in this area? MR. Cl .OVER: I can send you some Metals Section starts up, one revolution of the wheel, the pictures of them. step drops out of position anti remains that MR. HANAU: I will be glad to have way until the truck comes to a standstill them. Officers 1939-1940 attain. MR. TF.FFT: Mr. Lee referred to visual MK. LEE: I was in one of the large plants here in Chicago where they use quite a few trucks that run around through the depart ments. At intersections of the aisles they had large mirrors at such an angle that the education, f would like to tie that up with a discussion of aprons, if I may. Cuts from beef lxining operations are rare, but when they happen they arc horrifying. I know of one man who bled to death in ten minutes. fellow coming up one aisle could see the He cut a big artery. fellow coming from another direction Do you think it would be of any value if MR. HANAU: 1 would like to ask one of the leather men or tanning men whether they have ever seen a guard on a staking ma chine or roll jack as specified in, I think it is, A S A. standards, which says that a fence should be provided around the thing so that a man can't get his hand tinder pictures were taken of beef Itoning opera tions to show the men how many times a day that knife almost cuts them but doesn't, and use those in a slow motion picture? Then they might take to some of the aprons a little bit more readily than they do at the present time. that. I have seen pictures of them, hut I MR. LEE: I think so. My suggestion don't recall seeing one that worked. CHAIRMAN SCHAFFNER: Mr. Clo ver. can you answer that? MR. CLOVER: As to the Slocum staker you have in mind, where a man puts the hide in on the side and has to work it through-- MR. HANAU: Either the side or front. There is an amt that comes down. would be that you have the still picture or the stereopticon slide first, liecause it seems to me that is the best medium for detail in formation and round tabic discussion. Then, after that, show the movie. The movie, in the first place, would be too fast. If you have it first in the still picture and go through the fine points and what he did and what he should have done, anil so forth, then show him actually doing it in the pic MR. CLOVER: I don't know of any ture, I think that would be ideal. Vteneral C...h..a..i.r..m...a..n--Ii. (MEvmi, Jones & Langhlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintnsli-Hnnphili Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Secretary ami Xm's Letter Jiditor II. J. Spmkrer, Youngstown Sheet St Tube Co., Ka<t Chicago, Ind. Contest Committee--N. R. MacHosk (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna. N. Y. T. O. Armstrong, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Springfield, Mass. F. J. Conroy, Union Carbide Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 'Engineering Committee--R. T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. W. A. Jarvis, Chase Rrass St Copper Co., Waterlmry, Conn. |foundry Committee--J. H. Hoi.zroc (Chairman), Chain Rett Co., Milwaukee, Wis. H. S. Simpson, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, 111. Health Committee--Dr. A. G. Rammer (Chairman), Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harbor, Ind. Dr. ij. H. Chivers, The Crane1 Co., Chicago, 111. Dr. T. Lyi.k Hazlett, Westinghonsc Electric St Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. Membership Committee--E. A. Ellis (Chairman), Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. C. A. Rianoii, H. H. Ro!>crtsou Co., Anibridgc, Pa. J. M. Rrooks, Michle Printing Press St Mfg. Co., Chicago, IN. foster Committee--J. P. Gatherum (Chairman), Great Lakes Steel Corp., Kcnre, Mich. C. I). Dorwohtii, Alan Wood Steel Co., Conslinhocken, Pa. John P. Leonard, Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Program Committee--Earl Fyi.kr (Chairman), Carnegie-lliinois Steel Corp., Gary, Ind. J. E. Cum.inry, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. W, J. Hoofe, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Cleveland, Ohio. T). V. Mf.dalie, Interlakc Iron Corp., Chicago, III. ?*6ftcify CmmiuBee--H. H. Henry (Chairman), Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. E. E. Greene, The Timken Holler Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. J. A. Coi.trin, The National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. guard that is put at the point of operation. MR. TEFFT: I had in mind that you imhvay Car Huilders Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. They do bring the guard up to a certain point on the arm, and they cover the fly wheel lielow. As to actually guarding tho would have to take a motion picture because those fellows work so fast you can't see where the knife is. If you took the motio* Co., Pullman. Chicago, 111. $tofw/ic.r Committee--John P. O'Kourk (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Mr!. point of operation on this staker, I don't picture, then you could pick out the proper C. S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. believe it has been done. With the exception of sole leather, the glazing jacks have been guarded. They are guarded at the point of operation by having a basket type guard around them, with provision made at the front, point of operation, to slide the skin from the left to the right or the right to the left, whichever way it is. If their hand >r the skin of the hide is jerked in, tile hand is knocked loose before it goes into the roller. There are some very good guards that you can make up to suit your condition. stills and make the stills from your niotir* pictures. MR. LEE: Yes. MK. HANAU: I saw a demonstration at that yesterday, in the Metals Section. So body took some shots of a punch p operator. He caught a particular operati lie was interested in and then he made loop film; in other words, he cemented J two ends and kept running in through machine. It was very effective H. L. Rogers, Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. fmbers at Large-- *C M. Aj.i.kn, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. *F. ('. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. *E. F. Blank. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. R. A. Ciiaepin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. H. M. Cmoohan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. *H. W. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. John P. Kir, American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. R H. Ferguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. George T. Fonda, Wcirton Steel Co., Weirton, W. Va. S. E. Hawkks, Macwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. H. G. Hensel, The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Chicago, III. ADJOURNMENT *Pit Ufnrral Chairman 445 4-lfi >9lh National Safety Cani/ress *K. A. I-M'fkmaN, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, III. I\ K. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, Pa. *J. A. NoKTHWtwm, Re'hlebem Stir] (0...Sparrows Point, Mel. *). A. Oartfx, Carnegie-lUinois Steel Corp., lfittslmrgh, Pa. H. L. Rfrrassifr, Wheeling Steel ( orp., Wheeling, W. Va. Jacob L. Hidinckr, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. Robf.ut L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel & Railway Supply Co., Louisville, K>. Mkix E. Tkammku., Republic Steel Corp., Alabama City, Ala. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Frfo E. Warr, Carnegie-lllinois Steel (`orp.. Homestead Steel Works, Mimball, Pa. Officers 1940-1941 Ccneral Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Markintosb-Hempbill Co., Pittsburgh, l'a. Vice-Chairman--II. J. Spoerer, Youngstown Sheet St Tube Co., E-ist Chicago, Ind. Viee-Chairman--K. II. Ferci/Son, Republic Steel Corp., Clevclan<l, Ohio. Secretary unit Nines Letter liitilnr--John I'. O'Rohrk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows CoPnoteinstt, CModm. mittee--E. A. Ki l ls (Chairman). Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. J. M. Brooks, Michlc Printing Press & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. HoMi.n I- Km.I Us, Sheffield Steel Corp., Kansas City, Mo. Engineering Committee--J. K. Cuieinfy (Chairman). Hethlehem Steel Co.. Bethlehem, Pa. Metals Seellon 447 Members at t.arge-- *C. M. Aei.kn, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. *F. G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. *E. F. Bi.ank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, l'a. *R. A. Chaffin, Continental Slecl Corp., Kokomo, Ind. J. A. Coetrin, The National Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. H. M. Croohan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. *H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. `John P. Em, American Steel St Wire Co., Chirago, III. *Georc.f. T. Fonda, Weirton Steel Co., Wierton, \V. Va. *JI. J. Griffith, Jones Sr Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. S. E. Hawkes, Maewhyte Co., Kenosha, Wi. *11. G. Hf.nrfe, Youngstown Sheet St Tube Co., Chicago, Ml. *F. A. Lauf.rman, Republic Steel Corp., Chirago, 111. P. M. McMahon, Superior Steel Corp., Carnegie, I'a. *J. A. Northwoop, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Md. *J. A. Cartel, Camcgic-lllinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. `Rorert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel St Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. `Mf.ee E. Trammeee, Republic Steel Corp., Alabama City, Ala. *j. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Fred E. Warr, Carnegie-lffitmis Steel Corp., Homestead Steel Works, Munhall, Pa. *Pa*t General Chairman J. P. Gatherum, C.reat Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. Ross Lkffi.kr, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. C. S. Phh.i.ips, Revere Copper tv Itrass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. foundry Committee--J. H. Hoi.znoi; (Chairman), ('bain Ilelt Co., Milwaukee, Wiv H. S. Simpson, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, III. Health Coimnittci--Du. T. I.yi.e Hazektt (Chairman), Wcstinghousc Electric St Manu facturing Co., East Pittsburgh, I'a. I)k. J. H. Chivers, Crane Co., Chicago, 111. I)H. A. (i. Rammer, Inland Steel Co., Indiana Harlwir, Ind. Membership Committee--Frank W. Kkesey (Chairman), Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., AlTiq.u(i>p,paA, rPmas.trong, Westinghousr Kleetrir & Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mass. fostRereeCseomII.mLititoeve-n,NK. rpIfu. hMlieacSItIeoesl kCfotr7pi.m, rIliimrnniiitJig, lHiaemth,leAhleam. Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October?, 1940 The session was called to order by Cen tral Chairman H. J. Griffith, Manager of Safety and Welfare, Tones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa., who pre sided. Chairman Griffith, in commenting on `'Activities of the Metals Section" during the past year, took the opportunity to praise the chairmen of many standing committees. The Report of the Nominating Committee was called for, and officers for the Section were elected, as presented elsewhere in fl;s record. I'. J. Conrov, Union Carbide Co., Niagara Kalis, N. Y. C. l>. Dorwortii, Alan Wood Slecl t o., (onslioliocken, l'a. ProgWra.mJ. CHoomomveit,teCeh-a--sJeAIetroanssL.&KCihojpnpoeerrC(oC.,hCaliermvealann),d,InOlahniod. Steel Co., East Chirago, Ind. "True or False?' If, T. Dye, Republic Steel Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. H. II. Henry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. PubJliocihtyn CP.omLemoitnteaerii,-WBl.awA-.KJnaorxviCso,f,( PViitntsinbimurigiJh,, CPhaa. se Itrass .V Copper Co., Watcrbuijr, The session had been planned as a Panel j Discussion of a mnnlier of safety problems, oiw a "Quiz." These problems had been [ ktwogrsphed and distributed to the dele t bun. C. A. Hianciii, II. II. Round son. Amhridge, l'a. I. I'. Coi t.tNs, Youngstown Sheet St Tnlie Co., Youngstown, Ohio. tes, who found below each problem the l*onkHTrue or false?" The list complete is LW follows: Haihvay Car Huiltlers Committee--P, J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Man rt When new machinery is installed, the StuaftaisctitcusrinCgomCom.,itPteuel--lmFanar, eChKicyaegeor, I(fCf.hairman), Camegie-lllinois Steel Corp, Oary, InJL; IWcty Engineer should have final sav as to mota or not the machinery is safely E. K. I/RKKnf, The Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. HfcnM before it is put into production. I). V. Medaeif, lntcrlakc Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. II. L. Rerrasshh, Wheeling Slecl Corp., Wheeling, W, Va. K True----- ------ False_______fc.jt When an employee works on an opera- p*s| llfnrral ( liainurxn Ipi which necessitates the wearing of goggles, he should he allowed to pick the type of goggle which he is to use. T rue . False 3, When a new employee is put to work, (he foreman should give him instructions in accident prevention and not merely show him the operation and tell him to be careful. True False 4. Education in off-the-job accident pre vention is an essential part of a plant safet; program. True ___ "False. Mining Section Officers 1939-1940 (rcneral ( lunrman -Angus I). ( amprkli., McIntyre Porcupine Mine**, ISchumacher, Out., Canada Vice-Chairman--( aowali.adkr Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Vice-Chairman--W. 1). Hasfi.ton, Pickands Mather Ifc Co., Duluth, Minn. Vice-Chairman--*N. P. Rhinf.hart, West Virginia State Dept, of Mines, Charleston, W. Va. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Daniel Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wash ington, D. C. Engineering Committee Chairman--John Trkwef.k, Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. Health Committee Chairman--IV M. Arthur, American Zinc Comjiany of Tennessee, Mascot, Tcnn. Membership Committee Chairman--Heath Ci.ark, Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Co., In diana, Pa. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--I. 1. Forbes, IT. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistic,* Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--1. T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pitts burgh, Pa. I Members at Large-- Thomas Allen, State Inspector of Coal Mines, Denver, Colo. *J. W. Ai.t, Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Midi. *(i. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. Fred E. Bedai.e, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mom. *L. C. Campbell, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *W. H. Comins, National Lead Co., Texarkana, Texas. M. L. Coulter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. C M. Ffllman, Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. *C. W. Gibbs, Duquesne Light Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. *R. Dawson Hall, "Coal Age," McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., lm\, New York, N. Y. H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Coppcrhill, Tenn. *H. C. Henrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. C. I*'. Kfck, Jamison Coal & Coke Co., Latrnhe, Pa. Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, IV *Gf.o. Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. X. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada. William G. Metzger, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyoming. R. H. Skip, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J. L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. 0. V. Simpson, The Koppers Coal Co., Morgantown, W. Va. Howard I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. 'Past General Chairman 497 L 4<W 29th National Safety Congress Officers 1940-1941 hrnertil Chairman--('aiiwam.adkk Evans, Jr., The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. I irst Vice-Chairman--W. I). Hasei.ton, Pickands Mather & Co., Duluth, Minn. Second Vice-Chairman--*N. P. Khinf.hart, West Virginia State Department of Mines, Charleston, W. Va. Third Vice-Chairman--John Trf.wf.ek, Honvestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. Secretary and News Letter Editor--Daniei. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washing ton, D. C. Engineering Committee Chairman--M. I- Coui.ter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., In diana, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. A. L. Murray, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--*L. C. C'ampbeu., The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Arams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Program Committee Chairman--J. J. Forbes, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Members at Large-- J. W. Ai.t, Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. *P. M. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Tenn. *G, J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. Fred E. Bedai.e, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boaroman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. Angus D. Camprf.u., McIntyre Porcupine Mines Ltd., Schumacher, Out., Canada. *W. H. Comins, Baroid Sales Div., National Lead Co., Taxarkana, Texas. M. L. Coui.ter, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. C. M. Feuxan, The Montreal Mining Co., Montreal, Wis. *C. W. Gibbs, Duquesnc Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. *D. Dawson Hai.i., "Coal Age," McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. H. T. Harper, Tennessee Copper Co., Copperhill, Tenn. *H. C. Hf.nrie, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bishee, Ariz. Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. George Martinson, Pickands Mather & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. C. E. McKnight, Lake Shore Gold Mines, Ltd., Kirkland Lake, Ont., Canada. Wilijam G. Mf.tzgfr, The Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa 1). D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyoming. R. H. Seif, The New Jersey Zinc Co., Franklin, N. J. L. T. Sicka, St. Josepli Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. Howaro I. Young, American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co., St. Louis, Mo. 'I'*'! firneml Chuinnsn MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7,1940 The session was called to order by Gen eral Chairman Angus D. Campbell, Safety Engineer, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Ontario, Canada, who presided. In his opening remarks the Chairman sketched activities of the Section and Stand ing Committees during the past year, and then introduced the first speaker. Mining Section 499 A Course of Training Foremen for Safety Work By F. E. BEDALE Assistant to General Manager, in Charge of Safety, Consolidated Coal Co. Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. Before one can even start the education of the foreman a great deal of ground work must be done--a price must lie paid for safety. A safety program must lie decided upon and unless the executive officials realize that such a program is merely a sound and profitable operating program and are will ing to coo|)crate and stand behind such a program, the desired results cannot he obtained. A department of safety should be organ ized with a director or chief reporting di rectly to someone of the higher executive officials. This department should have suf ficient mine ins|)ectors, ventilation inspectors ami other field men to properly cover the various njicrations of the company. There must lie an office force sufficient to study and properly assemble the information turned in by the field force. The first work of the safety department is to study the past record of the company. This study should cover the various acci dent causes. The official foreman organiza tion should lie studied; many of these men will, or should be excellent material for the program that is to be carried out. The study of the foremen on the job is a diffi cult one and must not be hurried, it may lake a year or more. You must have a re port of the conditions found under each foreman, meet them personally and find out whether they are popular with their men; whether they are able to have orders car ried out, or whether they are considered "easy marks." The health, habits and thou sand and one little things that go to make up- personality should be ascertained for each foreman. Arrangements must be made to have a report covering each and every accident that occurs and a method of classifying these in juries. This process, carefully carried out will automatically determine where and how injuries are occurring. A method of permaRuitly classifying your foremen should he wde. This is done by keeping a record of ach individual foreman, charging to his ac count cadi personal injury occurring under Iris jurisdiction. The causes of these acci dents will probably disclose just where each foreman needs training and education. This preliminary work will determine, to a large extent, just how the foremen on the job will fit into the new company policy. Whether new foremen are employed or whether the old ones are retained, the max imum benefits cannot he realized unless care ful consideration is given to fundamental qualifications. Intelligence and a magnetic personality, in addition to experience, must he weighed carefully. A well rounded high school education is desirable, its equivalent should lie required. Each foreman under ground should hold a first grade mine fore man's certificate, a first aid certificate and a mine rescue certificate. Ambition and a sense of loyalty to the company and its operating policy arc essential qualities if the educational effort is to bear favorable results. As the work progresses the first step toward the education of the foremen is the preparation of a set of safety standards and operating rules. This involves an enor mous amount of study and work. The safety standards and operating rules must cover all phases of operation underground and on the surface. They should be gone over by the entire executive staff, criticized, cor rected and revised; then sent in preliminary form to the superintendents, foremen and others for criticism and suggestions, until finally you have what is really a text Ixmlt for your operations. By the lime the safety standards and op erating rules are prepared you will have completed your preliminary study of the foremen and laid the ground work of mak ing them receptive to a safety education. You have impressed upon them that safety is pure operation with care and common sense, that safety and good mining arc synonymous and that safety and mining ef ficiency are usually found together. The next fundamental step is to place a complete set of the operating rules in the 5IX 2Vlli National Safety Congress U. Brown, Carlton K., and Sclircnk. H. H. C ontrol of l)iM Front Blasting hy a Sjry of Mit: Bureau of MiriM Rfjrt of fnvfcticafioiN .11#W. |0W, 13 |vp. .\6. Jhw*ion, Joint A., Agnrw, Wing f,. and Moner. McHenry. Stemming in Metal Mines, I'roitress Report 1: Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigation* 3400, 1040. 27 pp. .1 / >.f OUKNMH iV T Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1939-1940 6eneral Chairman--]). B. Chant, Ontario Pulp ft Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--Clayton O. Hraatz, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Kothsehild, Wis. -Secretary amt Program Committee Chairman--C. O. Hoi.mkr, Minnesota 8c Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. New* Letter Editor--I). A. McAlary, Fraser Companies, f.td., Madawaska, Maine. Contest Committer--A. Scott Down (Chairman), Frit* Publications, Inc., ChicaKo, III. H. I). Rogers, Bird ft Son, Tnc., East Walpole, Mass. K. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. Data Sheet Committee--R. G. McGivney (Chairman), Oswego Falls Corp., Fnlton, \. V. .(. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. I). T. Mf.any, New Brunswick International Paper Co., Dalhousie, N. B,, Canada. James W. Towsen, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co., New York, N. Y. fitgineering-Safe Practices Committee--Arthur Murray (Chairman), Container Corp. of America. Chicago, III. M. W. Dundorf., Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. Francis T, Rooney, George Banta Publishing Co., Mcnasha, Wis. G. R. Vaughan-Evans, Anglo-Newfoundiand Development Co., Ltd., Grand Falls, Newfoundland. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Louis H. Frf.ciitung, Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. Statistics Committee Chairman--Fred W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Publicity Committee--Walter E. Strong (Chairman), Menasha Products Oiv., Marathon Paper Mills Co., Menasha, Wis. A. S. Cook, Quebec Pulp ft Paper Safety Assn., Quebec, Canada. M. I.. Mammf.n, 401 Pittock Block, Portland, Ore. Rolanii W. Richardson, The Gardner-Richardson Co., Lackland, Ohio. Safety Instruction Card Committee--R. W. Crouchfr (Chairman), Minnesota ft Ontario Paper Co., International Falls, Minn. Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothc, Ohio. G. J. Bienvknu, Gaylord Container Corp., Bogalusa, La. S. H. Brown, Union Bag & Paper Corp., New York, N. Y. H. P. Hfurnkr, The Flintkotc Co., New York, N. Y. Arthur E. Winsi.ow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Waterville, Me. Pistud Education Committee--Julius A. Draper (Chairman), Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., Grand 'Mere, P. Q., Canada. Don F.. McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co,, Parchment, Kalamazoo County, Mich. I). S. Garber, Hummel ft Downing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp ft Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec, Canada L, R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. K. G. Urfer, Hawley Pulp ft Paper Co., Oregon City, Ore. hit Gcorral Chairmen-- Gfsirlf. J. Aiiams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Rorf,rt M, Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper ft Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. 549 50 29th National Safety Congress Wai.trr A. <f.FASOK, HainnuTfitiU Paper To., Krie, Pa. K. K. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, Ohio. M. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark <Vrp.t Necnah, Wis. (r. VV. Phii.ups, The Champion Pajwr Sr Fibre Co., Canton, N. (\ j. J. Pv.zak, ( onsolidatcd Water l*wer & F^per Co., Wisconsin Kapids, Wis Samuf.i, Pruyn, Finch, Pruyn Sr Co., Inc,, Glens Falls, N. Y. S. F- Shattuoc, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Necnah, Wis. Gforc.f. E. Wiujamson, Strathmore Paper Co., W est Springfield, Mass. Officers 1940-1941 leneral Chairman--I). B. Chant, Ontario Pulp Sc Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, f"Oiren'tt.',hCaiarnmaadan. in Charge of Membership--Clayton O. Braatz, Marathon Paper Mills SeCcor.e,taRryothasncdhildP,roWgirsa.m Committee Chairman--Roi.and W. Richaroson, The Gardner- Richardson Co., Lockland, Ohio. Sines Letter Editor--J. F. Berry, Alton Box Board Co., Alton, III. Cnntrst Committee--A. Scott Down (Chairman), Fritz Publications, Inc., Chicago, 111. B. 1). Rogers, Bird & Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. Pata Sheet Committee--R. G. McGivnky (Chairman), Oswego Falls Corp., Fulton, N. V. O. C. Brown, Strathmore Paper Co., West Springfield, Mass. j. Hasttnos, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Midi. O. T. Meant, New Brunswick International Paper Co., Dalhousie, N, B., Canada B. J. McG.osky, Hoberg Paper Mills, Green Bay, Wis. W. B. Place, Kieckhefer Container Co., Delair, N. J. James W. Towsfn, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co., New York, N. Y. Engineering-Safe Practices Committee--jtit.ius A. Draper (Chairman), Consolidated Paper Corp., Ltd., Grand'Mere, P. Q., Canada. M. W. Dunpore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. J ames J. Hanks. American Paper Sc Pulp Assn., New York, N. Y. C. O. Hoi.mer, Minnesota Sc Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. D. A. McAi.ary, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Edmtindston, N. B., Canada. GE.. AK..PVacaku, oKhimanb-eErvlya-nCkl,arAkn(golnrp-N., cNwefeonuanhd,lWaitids. Development Co., Ltd., Grand Fall*,* HealthNeCwomfomunitdtelaendC. hairman--Dr. J-ouis H. Frechtmng, Oiampion Paper Sc Fihre Co," St1altaismticilstonC,oOmhmioi.tter Chairman--Frkh W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. j Publicity Committee--Walter F,. Strong (Chairman), Mena'ha Products Div., MarathsiJ Paper Mills Co., Menasha, Wis. 1< R. P. Almour, Fibreboard Products, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. J. Fitzgerald, Bowater's Newfoundland Pulp & Paper, Ltd., Corner Urirok, Ne foundland. O. R. Hartwig, Crown Zellcrhach Corp., Portland, Ore. Safely Instruction Card Committee--R. W. Croiicher (Chairman), Minnesota & Onti Paper Co., International Falls, Minn. Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillirothc, Ohio. G. I. Bienvf.nu, Gaylord Container Corp., Bogalusa, La. 11. P. Heubner, The Flintkole Co., New York, N. Y. John M. Lavin, St. Croix PaiH-r Co., Woodland, Maine. C. J. Monk, Racqnrttc River Paper Co., Potsdam, N. Y. Arthur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth K- Whitney Co., Waterville, Maine. Paper am! Pulp Section 551 Pisual Education Committee--L. R. Simpson (ChairmanJ, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. A, S, Cook, Quebec Pulp Sc Paper Safety Assn., Quebec, Canada. I). S, Garber, Hummel & Downing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. J. W. Kuebler, Dixie-Vortex Co., F.aston, Pa. J. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec, Canada. Don E. McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Parchment. Kalamazoo County, Mich. 11. L. Wood, American Coating Mills, lne,, Elkhart, Ind. Past General Chairmen-- George J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Robert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis. Kenneth L. Faist, The Champion Paper Sc Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. \V u.tek A. Gleason, Haminertnill Paper Co., Erie, Pa. E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, Ohio. M. G. Hoyman, Kimberly-Clark Cor))., Neenah. Wis. G. W. Phillips, The Champion Pa|er & Fibre Co., Canton, N. C. .1. J. Pi.zak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuel Pruvn, Finch, Pruyn it Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. S. F. Shattuck, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis. George E. Williamson, Strathmore Paper Co.. West Springfield, Mass MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1940 The opening session of the Paper and Pulp Section convened with General Chairon 1). B. Chant, Ontario Pulp Sc Paper Makers' Safety Association, Toronto, On tario, Canada, presiding. CHAIRMAN CHANT-. Wc are very glarl to see so many here at this first scswxv We have an old custom which we Wre followed for a number of years: that *, for each person attending this first session t our Congress to rise in turn and introface himself, naming his company affiliatwv let ns again follow the custom this jar. (The members arose individually and inHduced themselves.) CHAIRMAN CHANT: As your General ttairman, 1 look hack over the |iast year ih mingled feelings of satisfaction and re- t: satisfaction because of progress made, 4 regret over lost opportunities and faile to accomplish some of the things we Mhoped we might achieve. TV year has not been a normal one, m our industry or the economic life North America. There is no need for tne to detail to you the disturbing elements which have made themselves felt with grow ing force as the flames of war rose higher and higher with each month since the At lantic City Congress. No doubt the months ahead will also bring many surprises and many new and difficult problems to each of us. To me, however, there is something par ticularly encouraging in the way the work of the National Safety Council has been steadily pushed forward during these evil days. With so much of the world's area seemingly abandoned to the forces of de struction and violence, the knowledge that here in America thousands of men and women are voluntarily giving unselfishly of their time and efforts for the betterment of human welfare, safety and health, must con stitute a sure guarantee that those great democratic ideals of liberty and justice, to which your nation and mine are dedicated, shall forever prevail, and, come what may, that "government of the people, by the peo ple, and for the people shall not perish from the earth." 5<X> 29th National Safety Congress I am no artist hut 1 can copy pretty well. Some safety posters issued by tin* f ouncil I have reproduced and then had mimeographed in two colors, naturally with French wording. CHAIRMAN CHANT: I am familiar with some of the difficulties that Mr. Cantin am! his associates in the province of Quebec have had in obtaining suitable poster ma terial. I am much interested in what he has accomplished. 1 know that pressure has Wen put on our section poster committee or Visual Education Committee for several years hack so that we might, through them, reach the Council poster department with the view of getting posters put out by the Council worded in French. Rut we run up against the fact that the demand for such material is limited and the (`ouncil can't afford to make up such material in small quantities. The answer seems to lie in the fact, as shown hy Mr. Cantin, that the company itself lias to do much of this sort of thing. In time wc may In* aide to do something about this through the Council. At least I hope so. The first requirement toward that end, of course, is to get more members'-- more Council mendiers and more section members--from those localities where such posters are required. If wc can gel to the point where wc can say to the t ouncil, "Wc need 1,500 or 2,000 of these French posters every month," then they may be aide to sup ply them without too much expense, hut when it is only a matter of supplying 25 or 50 such posters, then the Council naturally informs us that it cannot afford to do so. Is there anything else, gentlemen? If not, may 1 again thank you all for coming here and express to you my appreciation for the very free and worthwhile discussions that we have had at these meetings? You have all taken a splendid part in them and I am sure wc will go home with some new ideas to make use of in our own work, as well as with some very happy recollections of this congress. MR. STRONG: Gentlemen: I think that this group should express to l)oug Chant a vote of thanks for bis continuous efforts in holding this group together and building a program and giving us the fine meetings which we have had. Suppose wc give him a rising vote of thanks, (The audience arose and enthusiastically applauded.) CHAIRMAN CHANT: Thank you very much, gentlemen. It is undeserved hut ap* predated nonetheless. ADJOURNMENT Petroleum Section Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--C. J. Nosmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento, C alif. Vice-Chairman for Production--H. T. Markek, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Vice-Chairman for Pipelines--C. A. Mili.ek, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Vice-Chairman for Manufacturing--J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Phila delphia, Pa. Vice-Chairman for Marketing--F. R. McLean, While Star Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. News letter Editor--H. B. Williams, Pan-American Refining Corp., Texas City, Texas. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. P. Sutton, Ohio Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio. Health Committer Chairman--I)r. I. W. I.onc, Gulf Oil Corp., Port Arthur, Texas. Industrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--H. F. 1 Iisciiinokr, Shell Oil Co., Inc., St. Louis, Mo. Program N. V. Committee Chairman--J. H". B" rown, Tide'Water Associated Oil Co., New York, Puhlieotion Committee Chairman--J Okla. ('. Yoono, l ide Water Associated Oil Co., Tulsa. Statistics ( ommittec Chairman--Hai>le:y H. Myers, Sinclair, Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Visual Education Committee Chairman--T. S. M M-nrr, |., Houston Oil Co. of Texas, Houston, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--J. W. Lord, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Great Lakes Division Chairman--Frank Harrison, Pure Oil Co., Chicago, III. Gulf Division Chairman--W. I. Kent, Magnolia Petroleum Co., Dallas, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--F. K. Dai.rympi.k., Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Kne England Division Chairman--John W. Welch, Cities Service Oil Co., East Brain tree, Mass. Pacific Coast Division Chairman--A. J. Martinson, California Petroleum Safety Board, Inc., Los AtiReles, Calif. [ fast General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. .1. H. W. Boc.c.ess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. R. S. Bdnsib, Standard Oil Co. of N. }., New York, N. Y. A, W. Dreei.and, Ixine Star (las Co., Dallas, Texas, j J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. | R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Franeisco, Calif, f C. L. Hkhitower, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, I.a. f G. 0. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla. f. Geo. F. Prusrinci, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif, f R. B. Roaper, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. I E.J. Senne, 61 Park Avenue, Baldwin, N. Y. I C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (1ml.), Chicago, III. I D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. [SKrrfury--H. N. Bi.akesi.ee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. 591 592 29th National Safety Congress Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--Chas. A. Miu.hu, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Vice-Chairman for Production--H. T. Markf.e, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Pice-Chairman for Pipe Lines--J. 1.. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman for Manufacturing--J. HowAnn Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Phila delphia, Pa. Vice-Chairman for Marketing--F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio I)iv., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. News 1.etter F.ditor--George A. I.exaniieii, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Boston, Mass. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. W. Wfi.iti, Cities Service Oil Co., East Braintree, Mass. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. J. W. Long, Gulf Oil Corp., Port Arthur, Texas. Industrial Data Sheet Committee Chairman--J. I.. Risingf.r, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc.. New York, N. Y. Program Committee--J. L. Manes, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas. H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. F. R. McLean, White Star-Ohio Div., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., Detroit, Mich. J. Howard Myers, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla Visual Education Committee Chairman--T. S. Maffitt, Jr., Houston Oil Co. of Texas, Houston, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--A. H. Vineyard, Shell Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. Great Lakes Division Chairman--J, W. Atkins, The Texas Co., Loekport, 111. Gulf Division Chairman--Harvey B. Wii.uams, Pan American Refining Corp., Texas City, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--Hadley H. Myers, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. New England Division Chairman--J. J. Rfju.y, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Roston Mass. Pacific Coast Division Chairman--Barton Catf.r, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. 1. H. W. Bogcess, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa. Okla. R. S. BoNSiBf Standard Oii Co. of N. J., New York, N. Y. A. W. Breei.and, Imne Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. J. H. Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C, L. Hightower. United Gas Pipe Line Co., Shreveport, La. G. O. Lockwood, Continental Casualty Co., Tulsa, Okla. C. J. Nobmann, Shell Oil Co., Inc., Sacramento. Calif. George F. Prussing, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Roarer, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E, J. Senne, Baldwin, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago. III. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. N. Blakesi.ee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. Petroleum Seetiie MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 7, 1940 593 The o)K.niiiR session was called to order tiy Vice-Chairman Charles A. Miller, As sistant to the Manager of Personnel, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas, who pre sided. This session had been devoted largely to annual reports by Standing Committees of the Section, the following being sched uled : I'ipelines: Vice-Chairman Charles A. Mil ler. Production: H. T. Markee, Supervisor of Safety, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Manufacturing: J. Howard Myers, Suitervisor of Safety and Fire Protection Di vision, The Atlantic Refining Co., Phila drlphia. Marketing: F. R. McI.ean, Safety and In surance Departments, White Star-Ohio Di vision. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Detroit. Cleaning Gasoline Storage Tanks Used for Leaded Gasoline By OSCAR B. LEWIS Manager Safety Department, Ethyl Gaaoline Corporation, New York City For a number of years the medical depart ment of the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation has been studying the hazards connected with the cleaning of tanks that have contained leaded gasoline. With the cooperation of the petroleum industry data have been ob tained which in our opinion show that a definite hazard exists. Serious cases of lead poisoning- -several fatal--have occurred from exposure in tanks that have contained leaded gasoline, hut these have occurred only when such tanks atere cleaned without following our rec ommended safeguards. To aid the petroleum industry in estab lishing safe practices in cleaning gasoline tanks that have contained leaded gasoline, e are summarizing briefly the results of a recent analytical study of samples of sludge, scale and water bottoms for such tanks: An appreciable number of samples of `<Mge had an inorganic lead content suffi ciently high to be considered dangerous, but practically all such samples came from re finery tanks into which litharge had been introduced. No significant difference in orIMiic lead content was found to exist be tween sludge of tanks used for mixing Wed gasoline and sludge of storage tanks. y loth types of tanks may contain dangerous amounts of organic lead compounds. N'eitlier the organic nor the inorganic lead content of the sludge was significantly af fected by size of tank, frequency of clean ing, geographical location, length of service or by steaming. Any tank that has contained leaded fuel may offer serious danger of lead exposure. This danger is due to vola tile organic lead compounds in the sludge, and to tile presence of these compounds in the scale as well. There may lie additional danger from inorganic lead compounds in the water iKittoms and sludge, as the result of the use of lead compounds other than tetraethyl lead, in the treatment of gasoline. It is apparent, therefore, that i:o tank used for leaded gasoline may he assumed to he free from a lead hasard. This applies with equal force in the ease of refinery, terminal, hulk, trackside nr any other tank which is entered for cleaning or repair. One of the most discussed phases of tank cleaning is steaming, and the part it plays in the process of freeing tanks from gases which might cause fire or explosion, or as phyxiation. In the latest A.P.I. manual dated August, 1931, the following appears on this subject. I. "After all lines are hlauked, the bot tom manheads are opened as the first step in ventilating the tank. If steam is used to heat the tank preparatory to ventilation, the top manheads are usually left closed and the steam is introduced through a swing line or other bottom connection. 02-1 i9th National Safety Congress and the Universal Safety Emblem, which were given to winners of first place in the contest; and of Certificates of Merit, each a handsome lettered scroll, which were given to winners of second and third places. In the lists below, winners of first place are indicated by the numeral (1), and win ners of second and third places by the nu meral (2) and (3) respectively. Manufacturing Department Group A 1. Hope Construction and Refining Com pany, Pittsburgh, Pa, 226,417 hours, no in juries. Oil & Gas Pipe Line Department Group A 1. Stanolind Pipe Line Company, Tulsa, Okla, 3,547,300 hours, 13 injuries. 2. Humble Pipe Line Company, Houston, Texas, 4,348.990 hours, 32 injuries. 3. Magnolia Pipe Line Company, Dallas, Texas, 2,731,114 hours, 23 injuries. 1. Standard Oil Company of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, La.. 7,371,365 hours, 6 in juries. Retail Marketing Department 1. Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas, 336,718 hours, no injuries. 2. Standard Oil Company, Indiana, Chi cago, III, 12,445,593 hours, 23 injuries. 3. Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas, 8,941,060 hours, 24 injuries. Manufacturing Department Group B 1. The Ohio Oil Company, Findlay, Ohio, 1,339,707 hours, 3 injuries. 2. Pan American Petroleum Corp, New York, N. Y, 400,023 hours, 1 injury. 3. Indian Refining Company, I-awrenceville. III, 1,194,977 hours, 3 injuries. Wholesale Marketing Department Group A 1. Continental Oil Company, Ponca City, Okla, 4,680,606 hours, 8 injuries. 2. General Petroleum Corporation of California, Los Angeles, Cal., 2,032,418 Oil & Gas Pipe Line Department Group B 1. Kaw Pipe Line Company, Tulsa, Okla, 266,628 hours, no injuries. 1. Tide Water Pipe Line Co., Ltd, Brad ford, Pa, 208,577 hours, no injuries. 1. Sinclair Wyoming Oil Co, Tulsa, Okla, 201,678 hours, no injuries. * 1. Charleston Oil Company, Charleston S. C, 108,120 hours, no injuries. 3. Union Oil Company of California, Los 1 Angeles, Cal, 4,313,872 hours, 28 injuries. Producing Department Group A 1. Continental Oil Company, Ponca City. Okla, 2,730,567 hours, 12 injuries. 2. Stanolind Oil and Gas Company, Tulsa, Okla, 3,777,851 hours, 23 injuries. 3. Gulf Oil Corp, Gulf Production Div, j hours, 4 injuries. Houston, Texas, 3,736,734 hours, 25 injuries j 3. Standard Oil Company, Indiana, Chi Producing Department Group P cago, III, 29,647,376 hours, 88 injuries. 1. The Atlantic Refining Company, Dallas. Wholesale Marketing Department Group B Texas, 1,140,704 hours, 4 injuries. 1. Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Co, Fort Worth, Texas, 227,365 hours, no injuries. 1. Globe Oil & Refining Co, Wichita, Kan, 156;756 hours, no injuries. 3. Panhandle Refining Company, Wichita Falls, Texas, 757,464 hours, 2 injuries. Natural Gasoline Department 1. Shell Oil Co, Inc, Mid-Continent Ter ritory, St Louis, Mo, 335,645 hours, no in juries. 1. General Petroleum Corporation of California, Los Angeles, Cal, 267,335 hours, no injuries. 2. Hope Construction and Refining Co, Pittsburgh. Pa, 493,797 hours, 2 injuries. 3. Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Compaq Fort Worth, Texas, 416,508 hour's, 2 we juries. Drilling Department 1. Standard Oil Company of Louis'" Shreveport, La, 125,919 hours, 1 injury. 2. Cities Service Gas Company, Ba ville, Okla, 120,692 hours, 2 injuries. 3. Gulf Oil Corporation, Gulf ProdDiv, Houston, Texas, 1,162,557 hours, injuries. ADJOURNMENT Power Press Section Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--M. R. Zelder, Edison General Electric Appliance Co, Inc, Chicago, III. Pice-Chairman--G. H. Berry, Western Electric Co, Chicago, 111. Secretary and News Letter Editor--O. C. Boii.kau, RCA Manufacturing Co, Inc, Cam den, N. J. Engineering Committee--Louis Boraks (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Boston, Mass. F. W. Fiske, The Brewcr-Titchcner Corp, Cortland, N. Y. Exhibit Committee--E. C. Woodward (Chairman), Edison General Electric Appliance Co, Inc, Chicago, III. E. F. Ardahl, John Deere Harvester Works, Deere & Co, East Moline, III. J. G. Frederickson, Chicago Hardware Foundry Co, North Chicago, 111. C. J. Kolb, Colonial Radio Corp, Buffalo, N. Y. Health Committee--Dr. R. J. Df.Motte (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co, Pullman, Chicago, 111. E. E. Greene, Timken Roller Bearing Co, Canton, Ohio. Industrial Data Sheet Committee--W. J. Graves (Chairman), Michigan Mutual Liability Co, Detroit, Mich. W. C. Baker, Whiting Corp, Harvey, 111. R. W. Hobson, Gorham Manufacturing Co, Elmwood, Providence, R. 1. Membership Committee--C. E. Libby (Chairman), Scintilla Magneto Div, Bendix Aviation Corp, Sidney, N. Y. B. A. Grainger, Bendix Products Div, Bendix Aviation Corp, South Bend, Ind. A. J. Lawrence, American Forging & Socket Co, Pontiac, Mich. Poster Committee--N. V. B. Ziegler (Chairman), Aluminum Company of America, New Kensington Works, New Kensington, Pa. Thos. D. Law, Oneida, Ltd, Oneida, N. Y. H. A. Zachari, Henry Vogt Machine Co, Louisville, Ky. Program Committee--E. C. Schultes, Jr. (Chairman), Hager ft Sons Hinge Manufac turing Co, St. Louis, Mo. M. J. Feldman, General American Transportation Corp, Chicago, 111. C. S. Phillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc, Rome, N. Y. Publicity Committee--G. B. Tybring (Chairman), International Business Machines Corp, Endicott, N. Y. J. B. Kapp, Fisher Body Cleveland Div, General Motors Corp, Cleveland, Ohio. H. A. McDonald, Erie Forge Co, Erie, Pa. Safety Instruction Card Committee--J. R. Cox (Chairman), Fairbanks Morse Co, Beloit, Wis. C. A. DeMonge, Kelsey-Kayes Whcei Co, Detroit, Mich. A. H. Pfeiffer, Harnischfeger Corp, Milwaukee, Wis. ! Statistics Committee--P. J. Brand (Chairman), Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co, Pullman, Chicago, III. B. J. Hinf, Scovill Manufacturing Co, Waterbury, Conn. Members at Large-- j. D. Berman, Western Electric Co, Chicago, III. H. C. Howsam, Hubbard Spool Co, Chicago, III P, G. Hunter, Motor Wheel Corp, Lansing, Mich. G. A. Kuechenmeister, Dominion Forge & Stamping Co, Walkerville, Out, Canada. *T. 0. Meisner, American Can Co, Chicago, 111. Rut Ourral Chairman 625 <)2<) 29th National Safety Congress *B. K. Rockhoff, Detroit Steel Product* ('<>,, Detroit, Mich. *S. H. Sl.AVMAKfH, I'airhanks Morse Sc Go., Beloit, Wis. H. L. VfTS, Aluminum Manufacturing Co., Manitowoc, Wis. *E. J. Wau.man, Gr<>at Lakes Plant, American Forge Div., American Brake Slim* & Foundry Co., Chicago, 111. Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--V. G. Pendleton, West Lynn Plant, General Electric Co., West Lynn, Mass. Vice-Chairman--E. G. Schultes, Jr., C. Hager St Sons Hinge Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Secretary--G. M. Berry, Western Electric Co., Hawthorne Works, Chicago, 111. News Letter Editor--K. W. Woodward, Edison General Electric Appliance Co., Inc., C hicago, 111. Engineering Committee--Louis Boraks (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance C o., Ilostnn, Mass. I\ W. Kiske, The Brewer*Titchcner Corp., Cortland, N. Y. A. O. Olson, Koehring Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Exhibit Committee--K. F. Ardahi. (Chairman), John Deere Harvester Works, Deere & Go., East Moline, 111. Harry H. Davis, Johnson Bronze Co., New Castle, Pa. C. J. Koi.b, Colonial Radio Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Ileaith Committee--Dr. R. J. DkMottf. (CAmVwmiJ, Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, III. Dr. R. L. Nichoi^s, American Can Co., Chicago, III. Industrial Data Sheet Committee--*W. J. Graves (Chairman), Michigan Mutual Liability Co., Detroit, Mich. * R. W. Hobson, Gorham Martti factoring C o., Elmwood, Providence, R. 1. C. H. Krantz, Reeves Steel Si Manufacturing Co., Dover, Ohio. Membership Committee--B. A. Grainkek (Chairman), Bendix Products Div., Bendix Aviation Corp., South Bend, Ind. J. G. Fkeuerjocson, The Chicago Hardware Foundry Co., North Chicago, 111. f'aster Committee--J. B. Kapp (Chairman), Fisher Body Cleveland Div., General Motors C orp., Cleveland, Ohio. R. H. F'krouson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. H. A. Zachaki, Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky. Program Committee--W. C. Baker (Chairman), Whiting Corp., Harvey, III. M. J. Feldman, General American Transportation Corp., Chicago, III. (*. B. Tybkinu, International Business Machine Corp., Endicott, N. Y. Publicity Committee--N. V. B. Zikolkr (Chairman), Aluminum Company of America, New Kensington Works, New Kensington, Pa. H. A. McDonald, Erie Forge Co., F'rie, Pa. t\S. Pun urs. Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Home, N. Y. Safety Instruction Card Committee--C. A. DeMonuk (Chairman)! Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich. E. E. Gref.ne, Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio. C*. K. Herbert, Bituminous Casualty Corp., Rock Island, III. A. H, Pkkiefkk, Ilarnischfegcr Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Statistics 0>wwi//rr--J. D. Herman (Chairman), Western Electric Co.. Hawthorne Works, Chicago, III. B. J. Hine, Scovill Manufacturing Co., Waterbury, Conn. Jitembers at Large-- P. J. Brand, Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Pullman, Chicago, III. *H. 0. HoWsam, Hubbard Spool Co., Chicago, 111. *PaM (Ipneral Chairman Power Press Section <\17 *P. G. IIuntkr, Motor Wheel Corp., Lansing, Mich. G. A. Kueschenmeistf.r. Dominion Forge Sc Stamping Co., Ltd., Walkerville, Out., Canada. *T O. Mkisnkr, American Can Co., Chicago, 111. *B. F.. Rockkoff, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. *S. H. Slaymaker, Fairbanks Morse & Co., Beloit, Wis. *E. J. Wau.man, American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co., Chicago, HI. *R. M. Zf.i.der, Edison General Electric Appliance Co., Chicago, 111. Past (lenrral Chairman TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION (Jctober 8, 1940 The opening session of the Power Press Section was called to order by General Chairman M. R. Zcldcr, Personnel Man ager, Edison General Electric Appliance Company, Inc., Chicago, who presided. Tn his opening remarks the Chairman took th * opportunity to review briefly some activities of the Section during the year, and men tioned the work of many Standing Com mittees. Officers of the Section to serve dur ing the coming year were elected, as listed elsewhere in tins record. The Chairman then introduced the first speaker. The Safeguarding of Fast Punch Presses By W. A. VOLLMER Safety Engineer, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Before the most practical methods of punch press guarding can be applied, it is necessary to realize why and how accidents happen. I understand that about 85 per cent of all accidents that occur are due to either hu man or mechanical failures. If this is true, then the supervisor and mechanical appli ances can Iw relied upon only to a very lim ited degree. If methods of die construction and of guarding can be adapted that will reduce the need for supervision and the use of mechanical movements to a minimum, the operations will he more foolproof and there will be a minimum of potential hazards. In order to accomplish this, it should lie Hr duty of those responsible for designing dies to try ami think of some method of 4e construction that will enable the operator feed the die and have some method of tomatic ejection to unload the finished hree without making it necessary to place hands at the point of operation at any line during the cycle of the operation. This On be done a large percentage of the time. \ After this has been done, a basket cn' dnere guard can be used. This guard, when properly made and adjusted, is sta tionary and surrounds the die on two sides and the front and built high enough to en close all of the potential hazards from the holster plate up to above the clamping bolts on the ram. No moving parts being exposed, there is little chance of the operator lieing inj tired. In most cases where basket guards arc used on dies constructed as just mentioned, the operator is not only protected against being injured hut the speed of the opera tion is increased. There are different types of practical ejectors that can he used, such as air ejec tors, pick-up ejectors, clearance ejertors and ejecting by bringing the finished piece to the top of the stroke and stripping it from the punch by aid of the knock-out liar in the ram or by stripping il with a plate stripper or stripping fingers. Otic method of feeding is to use a gravity chute feed. An apron with side guides is extended to the front of the die. The die is then placed oil an inclined press. The piece to be worked on is placed on the apron ami slides under the basket guard that surrounds Public Utilities Section Officers 1939-1940 iGcnmj/ c hairman--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, HI. |EiiY-C/mirmu--Chari.es S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance, Ohio. j-Wcfiiry--P. L. G. Hasskarl, Pennsylvania Power St Light Co., Allentown, Pa. |f/7iWen"n// Committee-- E. R. Kkoi>p, Union Electric Co. of Mo., St. Louis, Mo. Paul R, Kuhn, Pennsylvania Edison Co., Altoona, Pa. A. A. Rale, Kansas City Power St Light Co., Kansas City, Mo. iPalfi Sheet .S'ttb-C'ommiiicc--K. ('. Bookman (Chairman), Virginia Electric St Power Co., Richmond, Va. W. H. Brown, Northern States Power Co., Minneapolis, Minn. |-W`Cv Instruction Cord Sub-Committee--W. Bruin Wright (C hairman), Eastern Shore Public Service Co., Salisbury, Md. T. |S. Shinn, Carolina Power St Light Co,, Raleigh, N. C*. 1). E. Woods, Central Power St Light C o., Corpus Christi, Texas. jEibibit Committee--J. F. McC'aiik (C hairman), Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. .X I). Hall, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J. John P. McCann, New England Power Service Co., Boston, Mass. |fifn Strip Committee--E. A. Rust (Chairman), Erie County Electric Co., Erie, Pa. H. H. Berman, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light St Power Co., Baltimore, Md. H. K. Shedo, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Ulueficld, W.i Va. Ihtilth ( ommittee--Dr. Hart K. Fisher (Chairman), Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, 111. Htmbership Committee--Wm. L. Conk (Chairman), Utah Power & Light Co., Salt Lake : (ity, Utah. L. P. Hoffman, Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Florida, fcw Letter Committee--E. S. Miner (Chairman), American Telephone St Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. A. A. Kmnc.e, Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. J. B. Porcher, Ohio Edison Co., Akron, Ohio. J. 0. Speed, Alabama Power Co.. Birmingham, Ala. J. E, Stott, Georgia Power Co., Atlanta, Georgia. |f*trr and Safety Kinks Committee--W. H. Kussmaui. (Chairman), Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond, Ind. W. L. SMmi, Los Angeles Department of Water St Power, I*os Angeles, Calif. |Ngraw Committee--D. (\ Dun<*\n (Chairman), Appalachian Electric Power Co., Blue ifld,W. Va. , tM. Chase, Central Vermont Public Service Corp., Rutland, Vt. (ieoRGEG. Wai.drop, City Light St Water Utilities, Fort Wayne, fuel. J.L Weeks, South Carolina Electric St Gas Co., Columbia, S. C. rily Committee--J. C. Martin (Chairman), Bureau of Safety, Inc., Chicago, III. [MC. Stiles, Ebasco Services, Inc., New York, N. Y. rtwj and Context Committer--1. M. Orts (Chairman). Public Service Corp., Newark, Pj. J. D. Eu.is, Northwestern Electric Co., Portland, Oregon. D. F. McMvrchy, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Trim. 635 636 29th Xatinnat Safety Congress Members at Large-- H. J. Uurton, ( onstmirrs J'owcr ( Jackson, Midi. C\ H. Davis, Commonwealth Helicon Co., (Iiirago, III. (... H. Dinsmohk, Wisconsin Power & Light Co., Madison, Wis. K. 1\ Durh-f, Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y., Inc., New York, N. Y H. W. Lukck, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, III. C. N. Rakkstkaw, Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Cleveland, Ohio. J. M. Struck, St. Joseph Railway, Light, Heat & Power Co.. St. Joseph. Mo. Councilors (Past General Chairmen)-- John J. Rarada, The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. E. S. Braumont, The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago, III. C. B. Boui.et, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. G. A. Doki.i.kr, Dayton Power & Light Co., Dayton, Ohio. J. B. Dount.AK, The Philadelphia (ias Works Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. E. J. Krf.h, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wh.i.s Maci.aoh.an, Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Out., Canada. B. B. McCuu.ont, Bureau of Safety, Inc., Chicago, 111. R. S. Metzokr, Toledo Edison Co., Toledo, Ohio. Georuf. Oip, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. F. M. Pfim'Kr. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago, 111. C. J. Rtm.AND, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas. C. B. Scott, Bureau of Safety, Inc., Chicago, III. H. F. Wf.rr, West Penn System, Pittsburgh, Pa. Special Representatives-- C. J. Gffvert, C onsolidated Edison Co. of N. Y., Inc., New York, N. Y fA.G.A.) W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. (EET) Officers 1940-1941 Getteral Chairman--Charles S. Bowden, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance, Ohio. Vice-Chairman--P. L. G. Hasskari., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co., Allentown, Secretary--D. C. Duncan, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Bluefield, W. Va. Engineering Committee--J. F. McCabe (Chairman), Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, H. H. Bf.rman, Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Co., Baltimore, Md. W. P. Binks, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, Tenn. E. C. Bookman, Virginia Electric & Power Co., Richmond, Va. Paul R. Kuhn, Pennsylvania Edison Co., Altoona, Pa. A. A. Rah, Kansas City Power & Light Co, Kansas City, Mo. P. K. Stiles, Eliasco Services, Inc, New York, N. Y. J. M. Strike, St. Joseph Railway Light, Heat & Power Co, St. Joseph, Mo. Daia Sheet Sub-Committee--J. T. O'Brien (Chairman), Jersey Central Power. & Co, Asbury Park, N. J. , J. G. Dickinson, Wisconsin Electric Power Co, Milwaukee, Wis. E. L. FlTznERAi.n, Ohio Edison Co, Springfield, Ohio. W. H. Kussmaui, Northern Indiana Public Service Co, Hammond, Ind. Safety Instruction Card Sub-Committee W. Bkii.i v Wright (Chairman), Eastern S' Public Service On, Salisbury, Md. H. R. Crain, The Ohio Power Co, Canton, Ohio. J. E. O'Brien, North Penn Gas Co, New York, N. Y. I). E. Woods, Central Power & Light Co, Corpus Christ!, Texas. Exhibit Committee--J. B. Porchf.r (Chairman), Ohio Edison Co, Akron, Ohio. J. D. Mali, Atlantic City Electric Co, Atlantic City, N. J. B. A. Thornton, Indiana Si Michigan Electric Co, South Bend, Ind. Public Utilities Section 637 Him Strip Committee--L. P. Hoffman (Chairman). Florida Power Sc Light Co, Miami, Florida. J. L. McNealey, Columbus it Southern Ohio Electric Co, Nelsonville, Ohio. H. C. Ross, Pacific Gas & Electric Co, San Francisco, Calif. H. E. Siiedd, Appalachian Electric Power Co, Bluefield, W. Va. Health Committee--Dr. Hart Fisher (Chairman), Chicago Rapid Transit Co, Chicago, III. Membership Committee--J. O. Speed (Chairman), Alabama Power Co, Birmingham, Ala. W. L. Smith, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. D. W. Prairie, Northwestern Electric Co, Portland, Oregon. D. A. Fleming, Rural Electrification Administration, Washington, D. C. News Letter Committee--J. M. Orts (Chairman), Public Service Corp, Newark, N. J. W. H. Adams, The Manufacturers Light & Heat Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. A. Kunge, Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo. P. J. McMahon, Sanitary District of Chicago, Chicago, III. J. J. Steuerwald, Indianapolis Power & Light Co, Indianapolis, Ind. Poster and Safety Kinks Committee--E. M. Chase (Chairman), Central Vermont Public Service Corp, Rutland, Vt. Raymond Roluns, Missouri Public Service Corp, Warrensbnrg, Mo. J. E. Scott, Georgia Power Co, Atlanta, Ga. J. L. Weeks, South Carolina Electric & Gas Co, Columbia, S. C. Program Committee--E. S. Miner (Chairman), American Telephone ft Telegraph Co, New York, N. Y. P. A. Alberty, The Ohio Fuel Gas Co, Columbus, Ohio. George G. Waldrop, City Light & Water Utilities, Fort Wayne, Ind. Publicity Committee--J. P. McCann (Chairman), New England Power Service Co, Bos ton, Mass. E, R. Kropp, Union Electric Co. of Missouri, St. Louis, Mo. Statistics Committee--E. A. Rust (Chairman), Erie County Electric Co, Erie, Pa. W. L. Cone, Utah Power & Light Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. John MacLellen, Ontario Hydro Power Commission, Toronto, Ont, Canada. T. S. Shinn, Carolina Power & Light Co, Raleigh, N. C. Members at Large-- H. J. Burton, Consumers Power Co, Jackson, Mich. C. H. Davis, Commonwealth Edison Co, Chicago, III. C. H. Dinsmore, Wisconsin Power Ik Light Co, Madison, Wis. E. I'. Durfee, Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y,, Inc, New York, N. Y. C N. Rakestraw, Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co, Cleveland, Ohio. Cmmcilors (Past General Chairman)-- John J. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Co, St. Louis, Mo. E S. Beaumont, The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co, Chicago, 111. C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp, Milwaukee. Wis. G. A. Dof.ller, Dayton Power Sc Light Co, Dayton, Ohio. J. B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co, Philadelphia, Pa, Roy m. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co, Philadelphia, Pa. E J. Krfii, Philadelphia Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. , Wills Maci.achlan, Electrical Engineer, Toronto, Ont, Canada. B. B. McCulloch, Bureau of Safely, Inc, Chicago, III. R. S. Mftzckk, Toledo Edison Co, Toledo, Ohio. George Opp, Detroit Edison t o, Detroit, Mich. H. A. Ptoi.fmy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, HI. C. J. Rutland, Texas Power Sc Light Co, Dallas, Texas. C. B. Scott, Bureau of Safety, Inc, Chicago, III. H. F. Wf.bb, West Penn System, Pittsburgh, Pa. I Representatives-- R A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111, (A.G.A.) W. R. Smith, Public Service Electric & Gas Co, Newark, N. J. (E.E.T.) Ill Rubber Section Officers 1939-1940 General Chairman--K. W. Mokke, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence. R. I. Secretary--C. W. Ufford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby. Ohio. Ntws Letter Editor--Ralph S. Karnum, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--D. G. Wf.i.ch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., iluffalo, N. Y. Health Committee--Dr. W. S. Ash (Chairman), U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mirh. Dit. P. A. Davis, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Dr. J. Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--John L. Guides, Amrriran Hard Rubber Co., Ilutlcr, n.j. Publicity Committee Chairman--K. M. Wtimed, The Dayton Rublicr Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Statistics Committee Chairman--G. E. Teai., U. S. Ruhlier Co., Naugatuck, Conn Members at Large-- J. J. Loge, General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. J. E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co., Passaic, N. J. W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Urban L. Mouse, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. C. Pritchard, Ball-Rand Plant, U. S. Rubber Co., Michawaka, Ind. Wii. Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Paul Van Clfjef, Van Cleef Bros., Chicago, 111. Past General Chairmen-- i ' E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Midi. C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co., Watertown, Mass. J. T. Kidney, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Co., Providence, R. I. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--Ralph Farnum, U. S. Rubber Co., Detroit, Mich. Secretary Sr Engineering Committee Chairman--D. G. Welch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Hems Letter Editor--John L. Grider, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. Smith Committee--Dr. W. S. Ash (Chairman), U. S. Rubber Ov, Detroit, Midi. Dr. J. Newton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Newton, Mass. mbership Committee Chairman--K. C. Loomis, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. HUicity Committee Chairman--R. M. Weimek, The Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. Sktistics Committee Chairman--G. E. Teai, U. S. Rubber Co., Naugatuck, Conn "j at Large-- E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co, Grand Rapids, Mich. *C F. Horan, Hood Rubber Co, Watertown, Mass. J. J. Loge, The General Tire & Rubber Co, Akron, Ohio. J.E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Co, Passaic, N. J. *Pwt Onrral Chairman 671 '>72 29th National Safety Congress Rubber Section W. II. MacKay, Dunlop Tire it Rulilier Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. 673 I 'khan L. Moi.f.r, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio R. W. Mobsf, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Wii.uam Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. asked some of the following tiuestions. They will get glorious results for us if we will follow a plan: has to step up to a man and give him a wholesome greeting with a smile. It doesn't C. W. Cfford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. What makes this employee tick? If l am cost much. That is the initial step. That Paul Van Ci.eff, Van Clecf Brothers, <'hicaf?o, 111. ' Pat flencral Chairman Koing to make him safe while lie is in my employ, 1 must know him. , What is bis education ? What experience corresponds with the salesman getting favor able attention from his prospect. Then yon are going to create the proper has he had prior to coming to me? atmosphere before you start to talk to that MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION ()ctol>er 7, 1940 Then you should ask and be satisfied to know, what are his tendencies toward soci ety; toward work and toward management? What is his temperament? Is he the kind man about the job. If you are in super vision, if you are up there because of your craftsmanship, your judgment and because you are a skilled handler of men, you must take a step down to that fellow's level when The opening session of the Rubber Sec first made a brief resume of the activities of tion was called to order by the General the Section during the past year, taking the of a fellow when things get going a little bit tough who will be the emotional type, who Mows up, or is he the plodder type that you step in to create atmosphere. He can't come up to you in your thinking, in your planning or in your conversation. You might Chairman, R. W. Morse, Director, Work opportunity to mention the good work of you can count on and rely on in an emer be thankful he can't. If he could he would men's Compensation & Safety Departments, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. Akron, O., who presided. The Chairman various Standing Committees. Hr then in troduced the first speaker. gency, like a fire, and know full well you have a level-headed man pitching for you who will do exactly what you told him to fk>? he competition for your job. It is necessary for you to come down to his level. Then the next thing you can ask yourself is what are the dangers of the job; and What are his supervisory needs? If you that doesn't only mean physical dangers. It Getting Safety Off the Defensive By A. C. HORROCKS have a hundred men working for you no two takes in mental dangers ami you can watch have the same needs when it comes to super- 1 that man's attitude and help to lift the vision. worry from his mind. How does he present his problems to me ? A short time ago we had one of the gen Public Relation* Department, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O. That tells me a lot about how that man's eral foremen notified that an employee of mind works. | eleven years' service in his department had If you are in supervision, you were placed breakdown of that was given to him hy aa How must 1 approach him? What plan ! [broken the machine for the third time. Now, there because you possessed, first of all, craftsmanship; second, judgment; and third, because you were a skilled handler of men. Your most acute need then is to learn to use what you already know. Up to the present time we haven't had a technique for men in supervision to use in handling other men. We have told them they were chosen because they had devel oped a fine craftsmanship. We also paid tribute to the fact that they had a keen judgment and knew how to render decisions. We also told them they were skilled handlers of men and promptly started to take away the personal contacts they had. We decided it would be a fine thing to have a personnel director, and the hiring and the firing was taken away from the foreman. He wasn't to set any piece work prices or day rates. The time study man, the efficiency department did that. He no longer had anything to do with the pur chasing of materials used in his department. The production control department esti mated his needs and the purchasing depart ment bought them. He didn't have anything to say about his monthly budget and the accounting department. By and large, he of progress have l made for him? Jack was a big raw-boned Pennsylvania found himself assuming the role of being responsible for his production mindedneti or, in other words, he was charged with the responsibility of getting the work out. But of the three M's of industry--Mn\ How important it is in this new day be muse there is a pattern or common pro cedure, which applies to all foremen-work- meu contacts, and it is as fine and swift in the final conclusion as the steps to a sale, Dutchman, who stood about six feet and weighed about 225 pounds, and there was no fat on him. He was the kind of a fellow who had come up from the ranks years ago. He knew his job, he thought he knew how Material and Money--Man is by far the which are: Favorable attention, interest, ap to handle men. most important. So I am asking those supervision to get hack again to the contacts that mean so much to them and to realiae that your most acute need is to learn to use what you already know. What I mean bjr that is that you are a skilled handler of men. The success of a safety man revolve* around his contacts with the indivuM preciation of value, desire, decision, action, satisfaction, confidence. My next statement is probably one that ywi would like to challenge until you hear the explanation. Listen carefully: Producfion-mindedness is at once an asset and a fahility. An asset when service is cheer Jack had listened to some of this develop ment, and he retncmi>ercd a chance statement made hy the lecturer to the Goodyear su pervisors. He had happened to say those words: "Remember, foreman, a good man doesn't go wrong in a few days* time with out there being a sufficient reason." workmen, and the success of a productiw fully built into the product, and pride in So Jack said, "AH right," to the inspector foreman likewise devolves around that worth hat is turned out, Iwrattsc we know the wlto had just brought the news to him, "1 man. CMMtmmg public is able to get out of the will fix him," and out of his office he went vtkle the service we built into it. A lia- We recently made a survey in sevenM cities, large, small and medium size, in wife Wity when our drive is emphasized and ous industries, to find out what the fa+V m are Machine, considered as only a cor in the when we ignore the human feelings man's job was as he contacted men, and the hundred and five duties that were lirtifjf the human element. and came over toward the workman stand ing with his hack up to the window, con templating the destruction of the machine. Jack took in the picture and he walked a little more slowly, then this thought flashed wc found ninety-six of them to he hi So it seems to me the production-minded contacts. fervisor in this new technique, in order to Therefore, T wonder in the promotion fj Mfce men conscious of what they owe soci- danger consciousness if we have sr Ky. in order to make it a sacred place, in wier to make Ihcm conscious of danger, into his mind: "A good man doesn't go to pieces in a short time without a good rea son." He said, "Jim, it looks to me as though you had had a pretty rough night at sea last night. This is the third time this week that you have smashed this machine." 606 29th Katimial Safety Congress inft rooms as they are less susceptible to the rashes. The dark skin races appear to lie resistant to determatitis causing materials. Fn eases where the vapor or gas given off is a cause, ventilation will help. Protective clothing ami gloves may lie worn on some jobs; The use of protecting creams is being tried. This should be watched with great care. A cream may collect and increase the strength of the material causing the rash. The use of a bland cream during non-work ing hours may improve the skin to the point paper is well worth the time it takes to read it. * Steam Railroad Section Reference has been made to plastics and > plasticisers. Up to the present time, I have \ had very little to do with these materials ; hut T hear a little here and a little there, j Officers 1939-1940 Many of these materials arc synthetic in \ origin and when not properly handled and J| used may cause dermatitis. A factor of increased sensitization has j licen mentioned in connection with derma- 1 titis from organic accelerators. Patch test- j Gtttral ( /imVnidii--K. L. Hknky, Chicago St North Western Railway Co., Chicago, 111. tkt-Chairman--I). G. Phillips, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. tretary and Pines Letter Editor--P. F. Buckle, Chicago, Burlington St Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, III. fcgram Committee--J. R. Tknnky ((hairman), Western Maryland Railway Co.. Hagers town, Md. where it may better resist the disturbing material. Cleanliness, an ideal for all health haz ards, is just as important in the rubber inmstry for protection against dermatitis as any element. This refers to the cleanliness of Ihe *machine, the workroom and the worker. In connection with this reference to cleanliness, your attention is called to the paper presented by Drs. Ktauder and Gross at the Health Service in Industry Section a year ago which appears in the Transactions of the 28th National Safety Congress. The ing has done considerable to hear out this ; contention. A person who has been slow in , giving a reaction to the first test, may later 'j become hypersensitive to the materials used. ; In fact, some workers have been forced to < give up the line of work they are doing be- l cause a return to work causes an immediate'! recurrence of the rash, usually in an ag gravated form. Variations of reactions in varying seasow; may he noticed. We often see a little ept- 4 demic of rashes in the spring where theJ same people have worked for months on the same material. | P. F, Bucklf., Chicago, Burlington St Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. 0. F. Gnaihnger, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, 111. bershtp Committee--Robert Scott (Chairman)' Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., Wilmington, N. C. A. 0. Beck, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Que.t Canada. F. A. Rogue, Chicago, Rock Island St Pacific Railway Co., Chicago, III. Sk&sHcs Committee--T. H. Cakrow fC7icrirninJ,Thc Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, F. R. Bradford, Boston St Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. IX G. Phillips, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. 'test Committee--C. L. LaFountainf. (Chairman), Great Northern Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. L. R. Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of U. S., New York City. T. H. Carrow, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. A. V. Koiiwf.der, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. Robert Scott, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., Wilmington, N, C. i Vr Committee--L. J. Benson (('hairman), Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul St Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, HI. ADJOURNMENT .1 C. H. BlaKKMorr, Norfolk Si Western Railway Co., Roanoke, Va. \Y. F. Lofgrfn, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis tSj Omaha Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. t Practices Pamphlet Committee--T. K. Gaci: (Chairman) t Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, III. W. J. Flannigan, Northern Pacific Raiway Co., St. Paul, Minn. F. A, Bonus, Chicago, Rock Island St Pacific Railway Co., Chicago, III. ations and Elections Committee--\V. C. Shklvkk (Chairman), Union Pacific Rail- told Co., Omaha, Nebr. M. T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. H. A. Daakk, Erie Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio. k Committee--Dr. I. S. Cijttf.r (Chairman). Chicago & North Western Railway Cft, Chicago, 111. D*. Harvey Bartle, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. Dt. A. W. Walker, Southern Pacific Railway Co., San Francisco, Calif. Officers 1940-1941 Chairman--J. R. Tf.nnky, Western Maryland Railway (!o., Hagerstown, Mil. hairman--(). F. Gnadingrk, Elgin, Jolirl St Eastern Railway Co., Joliet. Ml. y mid News Letter Editor--J. E. Low;, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp., my, N. Y. m Committee--P. F. Bucki.k (Chairman), Cliieago, Hurlington St Quinev R R. Co., sro, III. F. ,V liman:, Chicago, Rock Island St Pacifte t'o., ( liieago, III. 697 6`M 2Vth Rational Safe! v Cant/re.ss I. M CiUii.n, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Nchr. Membership Committee--Roufrt Scott (Chairman), Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co., Wil mington, N. C. A. V. Rohwf.df.r, Duluth, Missahe ft Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. Statistics Committee--T. H. Carrow (Chairman), The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia. !'. R. Bradford, Poston ft Maine Railroad, Poston, Mass. D. G. Pim.ups, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. Contest Committee--C. I.. La Fountains (Chairman), Great Northern Railway Co., Paul, Minn. L. G. Bentley, The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., Richmond, Va. G. W. Ei.ste, Jr., Raltimore ft Ohio R. R. Co., Baltimore, Md. L. R. Palmer (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of U. S., New York City. . I. I. Suavely, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railway Co., New Haven, Confi.' Poster Committee--L. J. Benson (Chairman), Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul St Pacific1' R. Co., Chicago, 111. C. 11. Blakemore, Norfolk ft Western Railway Co., Roanoke, Va. W. R. Lorc.REN, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis St Omaha Railway Co., St. Paul. M" Safe Practices Pamphlet Committer--T. K. Goar. (Chairman), Chicago, Burlington Quincy R. R. Co., Chicago, HI. W. J. Fi.annic.an, Northern Pacific Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. G. C. Jf.fff.rir, Atchison, Topeka ft Santa Fe Railway System, Chicago, III. dominations and F.ledions Committee - -H. A. J)aake (Chairman), Erie R. R. Co., land, Ohio. M. T. Fulton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. F.. L. Henry, Chicago ft North Western Railway Co., Chicago, III. Health Committee--Dr. I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Rail , Co., Chicago, III. Dr Harvey Parti.e, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia. Pa. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8,1940 The opening session of the Steam Rail road Section was called to order hy the Chairman, F-. L. Henry, Superintendent of Safety, Chicago St North Western Railway Company, Oiicago, who presided. He outlined briefly some of the activities of the Section during the past year, and took the opportunity to mention the work, many Standing Committees. He then_ duced J. R. Tenney, Supervisor of Western Maryland Railway Company, gerstown, Md., Chairman of the P Committee, who assumed the Chair. Tenney introduced the speakers. The Effectiveness of Grade Crossing Protective Devices the Viewpoint of State Authorities By WARREN HENRY Assistant Chief Engineer, Illinois Commerce Commission, Springfield, IIL The art of grade crossing protection has itiade rapid advance in the past few years and I Mieve it is fair to say that the state of public opinion on this point has advanced fully as much. It was not long ago for in stance that a major obstacle to progress in this field seemed, to some of us at Ir prevalence of what was often called claim agent point of view, that is an : emphasis upon legal liability rather public safety. Another very persistent mental Steam Railroad Section 699 ........... i.- ticjimteiy on the way out, that we are only concerned with giving %hway users and especially automobile divers a fair warning, that he may avoid |Wmg hurt or killed on a crossing, and that * is no concern of the public authority -ether the driver obeys or disregards ings so given. Right here is a division the liability and the public safety ` of view. I lie primary purpose of grade crossing protective devices is to promote public safety, that is to reduce the exposure of the public to conditions of hazard. In that fun damental view there should he no difference of opinion Iwtwcen state authorities and anyone else, railroads or others who are dealing with this problem. The factors which make for effectiveness Very possibly the victim of an accident or non-effectiveness are not all mechanical Ihe may be only one of the victims) lias ones. Many of them are human factors, and - so negligent as to be chargeable with are not as readily subject to control as are disaster. It may have been his fault, but the mechanisms employed. The fact that occurrence was by no means his own there arc human factors, however, is not a and the business of no one else. There has lieen altogether too abundant stration of the fact that it is quite matter that can be disregarded, and more over it does not follow that human factors may not he dealt with, anticipated, studied, and, to some extent, controlled. sible for anyone to drive an automobile the path of or against a railroad train This is a very essential aspect from the a crossing without injuring, or at least standpoint which I am endeavoring to pre ssing upon, the rights of others. Trains sent. From this standpoint we are not so been wrecked many times by such a much concerned with what ought to happen mg and both passengers and mem- as with what does generally happen; not de of the crew killed or injured. pending so much on what a motorcar driver ought to do as what the ordinary human collision recently occurred in which heing is likely to do; not dealing with a train struck a small truck at a grade ; adjacent to the business district of al Illinois city. The streets were full >(oplr. The truck was totally demolished the two occupants killed. The motor of theoretical personage, who is at all times vigilant, watchful, alert and has his mind on what he is doing, but rather with the com mon ordinary run of mortals who arc sub ject to shortcomings, frailties, lapses and track was thrown through the air and infirmities which are the comon heritage Id violently against the side of a hotel, of mankind and also of womankind. there be any doubt that the guests and ts of this hotel who were thus en- An accident occurred near the outskirts i, as well as numerous other people of a small city in western Illinois at the vicinity had an interest in the transac- crossing of a minor, gravel surfaced local that regardless of who was at fault, street, with the tracks of a main line rail die safety had been gravely endan- road. The crossing was marked only by regulation crossbuck signs and it was not thing which is somewhat of a block is a confusion between ocof accidents and public safety, s of the public can he in very grave without an accident actually happritThe practical importance of this lies ' common disposition to regard the ac record at a particular crossing as the and measure of hazard. Not that Undent record can be disregarded at; but where we are working fundafor the public safety the major should be upon producing roniliiart accord with safety rather than tssnedial measures designed to meet combinations of events. such a crossing as would usually he. pro tected by gates or signals. An oncoming train would lie clearly visible for a distance of something like a mile at all points along the street within some 300 feet from the crossing. The driver of the car was a local resident. Accompanied hy his wife and their four children he was on an ordinary neigh borhood errand, shortly after one o'clock in the afternoon. They stopped at a house near the crossing, where a neighlmr joined the party and then the car proceeded first to make a right angle turn onto the graveled street, some 220 feet from the crossing, and then to drive this 220 feet to the crossing in full view of an approaching local freight train. It seems quite impossible that the INDEX A Actitlrnt Statistics: Fundamental Causes of Acci dents. Panel Discussion, 91*105. Practical Uses of Accident Cot Data in the Safety Program (Draper), 564*569. Practical Uses of Accident Cost Data in the Safety Program (Grant), 56.1*564, 566*569, Adams, (>.: Water Utility, 644*646. Aeronautical Section: Mtnutea, 285-300. Officers^ 285. Aeronautics: Copilot Material and Training (Bryan), 29S-296. Pro|K)*al* for Safe Regulation of ('barter Op erator (Whitney), 292*294. Regulation of the Charter Operator (l-edcrcr), 288*292. Training Mechanics for Safe Air Transport Operation (Healey). 297-299. Training Mechanics for Safe Air Transiwtrt Service (Smith), 299*300. Pniform Airport Traffic Control (Berry), 285- "After the Whistle Blows**: Contests and Co operation. Panel Discussion, 186-187. (emigration with Public Officials. Panel Dis cussion, 193*196. The Value of After-Work Safety Lecture*. Panel Discussion, 187*189. The Value of *'<)ff*Duty" Safety Program*. Panel Discussion, 183*185. Agricultural Safety Session: 29*46. A.S.S.E,*Engine*rmg Section: Minutes, 301-304. Officers, 301*302. ! Anderson, K. H.: Interest of Rural Youth Organ rations in Farm Safety, 41*42. Annual Meeting of Members, 11-26. Airom: See Clothing. Armstrong, T. O.: Ask the Employee, 492*49,5. Aatomotive and Machine Shop Section: Minutes, 305*318. ttfficers, 305-306. Auinmntive and Machine Shop* -Power Press See* non*: Joint Session, 313-318. B fcks E.: How the Public and Authorities Can Aid in the Railroad Safety Program, 720*722. Jwguet. 27*28. *her, M. 1.: Nutrition for Industrial Work* er*,l48*i50. J.: Correcting Unsafe Practices Through Methods Study. 630-633. w^kri, A. A.: Safety Accomplishments During the Past 25 years by an Old Timer, 522*527. "tty. D. H.: The Public Aspects of tirade rowing Accidents, 707-709. "Ale. F. E.: A Course of Training Foremen fw Safety Work, 499*502. h Safety: Important Factors in Testing Safety Belts (James), 247*250. Safety Belt Anchors--Design, Quality, Place ment and Maintenance (Manes). 245*247. Safely Belt Materials (Soutar), iiO-252, *want H. If.: Coal Bunker Case, 646*647, lierjr, Maj. J.: Uniform Airport Traffic Control, llitlume. 1*.: Textile Safety Through the l*1aiti Nurse, 728-730. Hoanltnau. J. L.: What Should a Mine Safety Inspector Ixmk For? 516-519. Bonestrel, Brig. Gen. C. H.: Safety and Wai. 15. |7. Hnnghurr, ('. A.: What the Foreman Can ami Cannot Do for Safety, 253*257. Braun. F. W.: Review of 1939*40 Accidrnt Kxperi* .me, 557-562. Breweries: Safe Practices in Refrigeration of Breweries (Kierrtan), 663*665. Brown, A. L.: Spontaneous Ignition and It* Control, 82-86. Bryan, O.: Copilot Material and Training, 295. 29<. Building Maiutennnce Session: 47-62. Burger, J. J.: Kliminating the Causes of Textile Accidents, 730-732. Burn*: Why ('an a Small Electric Burn Can*e Death When Large Burns from Flame* Do j Not? Panel Discussion, 385. c Cadman, R, M.: The Problem of Underground i Service Station Tanks, 614*620. ' Cameron, W. T. 1 Standardizing! State Industrial Safety Requirements, 115*117. Cement and Quarry Section: Minutes, 319-326. Officer*. 319-320. Cement Industry.^ Analysis of Cement ami Quarry Industry Accident Experience (LrGore), 320* 323. Creating a Safe Working Force. Panel IB* cussion, 325-326. Physical Control of Accident Hazard*. Panel Discussion, 323*324. Minin*: Chain Block and Chain Inspection. Panel ( Discussion, 302^393. Chemical Industry: The Safe Disposal in Chem ical Plants of Empty Containers Including Tanks, Drums, Cans, Bottles, Gas Cylinders, Dismantled Equipment, and Old Pipe Line* (Jones), 341*346. `Die Use of Rubber and Rubber Compounds in the Chemical Industry (True), 32R.33.1. Chemical Section: Contest, 336*338. Minutes, 327*351. I tfficers, 327*328. Child Safety: How to Enlist the Support of School Children in Accident Prevention (Mev- ers), 717-718. Clarke, J. O.: Safety Requirements of the Fed* eral Fond, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 377*381. (Untliing: Aprons ami Glove* for Employees Using Cutlery. Panel Discussion, 439. Personal Protective Equipment Suitable for Men Handling Lumber. Panel Discussion, 740*741, Safety Shoes. Panel Discussion, 437-438, 440. Safety Shoes for Wood Handlers, 580. Coal: Coal Bunker Case (Berman), 646*647. Colleges and Universities: interest of Agricultural College* in Farm Safety (lehmamt), 42*45. Commercial Fleets: See Drivers and Driving. Committees: Safety Committee*. Panel Di*cu* siuu, 154*157. 750 _'Wi A nlioiwl Sajet\ I'mifjrrs.t ( oiwrurhon Industry The Maintenance of hirst Aid I tmt* for Compressed Air Workers (Krqtiarth), 367 371 Grgamring a Steel Krection Job for Safety (Hazard ), 354-358. Safety Feature* in the Construction of Hiwa**rc flam (Walters), 372 171. Safety Pay* Dividend* M owjwr .mil 1 .ocher), U,\ \f>7. See also Shipbuilding < "ohmni< lion Section: Minutes, 353-37 1. Officers. 353 354. ( nntest.s Chemical Section. 336-338. A Competitive Safety Program that is Working (Sturtevant), 726-728. Marine Section, 425-426. Metal* Section, 461-46.1 Method* of Developing a (Competitive Safety Program (Monroe ), 724-726. Paper and Pulp Section. 581-583. Petroleum Section, 622-624. Plant Safety Contest*. Round Table Discus sion, 5R4-588. Presentation of the Edward Benton Fritz Memorial Trophy, 582-583. Public Utilities Section: 649-650. Rtthhrr Section, 670 680. Safety Contests, 160-162. Contusion*: The Control of Sprains and Strain* (Wittmer), 121-125. Conveyor*: Safe Handling: of Bulk: Materials (Robertson), .554-557. Cmhitt, W. A.: lessons from Safety Experience, 647 640. tWper, I. W. and Locher, 11. O.: Safety Pay* Dividend*, 363-367. (rane*: Analyst* of a Locomotive Crane Accident. Panel Discussion. 92-97. Electrical Hazard* of Overhead Traveling Crane* {Schlossberg), I99-20L Cylinder*: The Safe Disposal in Chemical Plants of Empty Container* Including Tanks. Drum*. Can*. Rattle*, (in* Cylinder*, Dismantled Equipment, and Old Pipe Lines (Jones), 341. D Dairy Product*: See Milk and Dairy Product*. j)am*t See Construction Industry. j)avrd*on. Dr. M.: Industry'* Obligation to M*we Adequately Protect the Worker's Eyesight, 63-67. pavi*. II. G.: Work of the Farm Equipment Institute in Farm Safety, 34-36. Derby, \V. N.: Safety Education and the Train ing of Seamen, 418-420. perinaiiti*: See Health Hazard*. Detectors: See Gases, tisripline: Panel Di*ctt**ion, 4M-455. toors- Swinging: and Revolving Pool* in Publir Buildings, 50, 53, 56-57, ,, traper, J, A.: Practical Use* of Accident Cost Data in the Safety Program, 564-569. Driver* and Drivings Analysis of a Truck Driver Accident. Panel !)i*cu**ion, 101-103. Are Women Worse Driver* than Men? 196. The I.CC. Drivers' Log. Panel Discussion, 3R4 3R5. What i* Speeding? Panel Pi*cu*sion, 395-396. Drum*: See Tank* and Drum*. Duggan, J. J.: Accident Prevention Through Periodic Test and Inspection of Machinery and Equipment, 333-336. Dusts: Du*t Cleaning Equipment. Panel Pi*. ru**ion, 387*388. Maximum Allowable Concentrations f Danget- ou* Dn*ts and Ga*e* (Hamilton), 110-114. Pulmonary Disease* in the Mining Industry (Saver*). 530*54S E Eaton, R. S.r Accident Prevention Through Fir*t Aid, 733-735. _ ... Economics of Safety: An Executive Look* at Safely (Nagler). 638-641. Safely Pays Dividends (Cowper and luicher). 363 367. . , ,, .. Education of Workmm: A ( our*e of * >',nuin* Foremen for Safety Work (Bedale), 499*502. Method* and Technique*. Panel Discussion. 261-276. . The Training Program. Panel Discussion. 26'* 276. Electrical Equipment: llarard* and Proper Mainte nance of Portable Electrical Equipment (Shepard), 346*351. , Electrical Industry: See Public Utilities. Electricity: Effect of Electric Current, land Discussion, 388-389. Elevators: Elevator Problems, 57-61. Employees: Ask the Employee (Armstrong), 492- 495. Enlisting Emjjlnyee* in the Accident Prevention Program. Panel Discussion, 600-610. Merit Rating System*, 267*269. Methods of Maintaining the Interest of Maw a^ement and Employees. Panel Discussion, Employees Training: See Education of Workmen. Employee*' Publication*: How l^arge Should Plant be Before it Has a House Organ/ Panel Discussion, 38S-386. , Engineering: Correcting Unsafe Practices Throng* Methods Study (Bates). 630-633. Safety in Original Design (North), 676-679. Engineers: Confession* of a Consulting Safety Engineer (Goldstine), 360-363. See also Supervisor*. ....... - . . Erickson, T. A.: Minnesota 4-K Clubs Safety Program, 39-41. Executives: See Management. Exhibits: Safety Kx|>o*itton Exhibitor*. 743*747. Eye Protection Session: 63-77. . Eyes: Defective eyesight a* a Contributing Came of Accidents, 76-77. Eye Examination Program. 66-67. Jn What Operation* and Occupations do E Injuries Occur Most Frequently? 68-69. New Concepts of Visual Performance in In dustry (Kuhn), 129*131. Visual Acuity and Job Placement, 75-77. C .. hI.m I .rtITtrlAt F Falls Persons: Percentage of Women having M cidents. Compared to Men. 53. Slippery Floors, Rug* and Mats as Acciaew* Causes in Public Building*, 50-54. harm Safety: Farm Accidents Why *hey and Who i* Responsible for Corrective An** (Mohler), 29*33. r . er.ru-. Governmental Interest in harm Safety t*w Interest^ of Agricultural Colleges tn Fan* Safety (Lehmann), 42-45. _ , ,, u Interest of American National Red fro** Farm Safety (Thrush), 37-39. _ ,, __ Interest of Rural Youth Organizations in haw* Safety (Anderson), 41*42. ,, Minnesota 4*U Club* Safety Program (Em* son), 39-41. _ .*.. u Work of the Farm Equipment Institute Farm Safety (Davis), 34-36. ,. . Work of the Illinois Agricultural Assoctatti* in Farm Safety (Seagraves), 33-34. Fatigue: Fatigue and It* Relation to Oecupatw** Disease. Panel Discussion, 169-172. Index 751 Frclcr.il Dfl.arlllifnls: The Coa-t Oiiarcl Reserve A Safety Organization (Waesche). 4(MM11. Safety Activities of the U. S. Army Engi neers Problem* and Proposed Solution* (Van(lervanter), 400*402. Fire (onirol and Prevention Session: 79-90. Fire I roteciiou: Dust Cleaning Kiiuipmrnt. Panel Discussinn, 3R7-3A8. Experience with the Water Spray for Fighting Oil Fires. Panel Discussion, 383-384, 386. Industrial Fire Drills, 390-392. Precaution* to be Taken by Users of Hand Fire Extinguishers (Lange). 86-90. Slionjatirnu* Ignition and Its (onirol (Brown), MJiaf Fires of f,a*t Year Have Taught Us (Fleming). 79-R2. When and Where and if So, What Fire Reg* illations are Needed for Producing Field*? (Trussing), 598*600. rust Aid: Accident Preventioo Through First Aid (Eaton), 733*735. Fust Aid Training as an Aid in Promoting Accident Prevention (Fisher), 119-121. ndier. Dr. H. E.: First Aid Training as an 121 ,n Accident Prevention, 119- Flcming, T. A.: What Fires of Last Year Have Taught Us, 79*82. Floors: Slippery Floors, Rugs and Mats as Acci dent Causes in Public Buildings, 50-54. What Type* of Floor Surfaces Tend to Re* r !luc^ bn^iHiig. Panel Discussion, 440-441. TMI48 I50,,,On *r Workers (Barl>er), Food Industry: Eliminating Accident Hazards in Soybean Processing (Schwarcman), 381-382. *he Water Spray for Fighting Oil rires. _ Panel Discussion, 383-384, 386. Safety Requirements of the Federal Food Drugs and Cosmetic Act (Clarke), 377*381, twl Section: Minutes, 375-396. Officer*. 375-377. Foremen: A Course of Training Foremen for Safety Work (Bedale), 499-502. How Convert the Foreman? 274-276. What the Foreman Can and Cannot Do For Safety (Boitghner), 253-257. See also Supervisors, foundries: See Metal Industrie*, luel: See Coal. Iniitl.imrmal Causes of Accidents Session: 91-105. G bteijens, A. K.: Light-Antidote for Accident*, 125-128. (Wbutt, W. C.: Physical Examinations- -Standard Requirements- jbxpense, 405*407. (*e: Advantages That Have Been Gained Due to the Invention and Use of Methane De tectors (Zorn), 527-530. Maximum Allowable Concentration* of Danger ous Dusts and Gases (Hamilton), I10-J14. Qovm: Safely in the Manufacture of leather (iloves (Granuiss), 432-435. See also Clothing. Hides: Does a Deposit Charge for Goggles Tend to Keep the Men from Using Them? Panel Discussion, 457-458. Mining F.xperience, 73-74. The Pro and Con of the Compulsory Goggle Rule, 69-72. See also Eyes. oMuine, fc. N.: Confessions of a Consulting Safety Engineer, 360*363. Caremmental Safety Service in Industry Ses sion: 107*117. e*te Crossings: The Effectiveness of tirade Crossing Protective Devices from the View point of State Authorities fHenry), 698-702. Effectiveness of tirade Crossing Protective De vice* from the Viewpoint of the Railroad Engineering Department (Post), 702-707. Enforcement as a Factor in Grade Crossing Safely (KremD, 710-711. The Public Aspect* of (Jrade Crossing Arc-i* denis (Beatty). 707 709. Crunnis*, E K.: Safety in the Mntmfnelme of Leather (iloves, 432-435. (.`rant, E. K.: Piactical Use* of Accident Cost Data in the Safety Program, 563-564. 566-569. Griffin, G. <>.: Hazards of River Transportation, 407-JOK. Guard*: Safety in Original Design (North), 676679. Soecify the Safeguards (Thiede), 307-309. Gurley, r. (*.: The Public's Responsibility in the Railroad Safety Problem, 712-/15. Gymnasiums: Floors in Gymnasiums, 53.5t. H Hamilton, Dr. A.: Maximum Concentrations of Dangerous Industrial Dusts and Gases, 1HC 114. Handling Materials: Safe Handling of Bulk Ma terial* (Robertson), 554-557. Safe Handling of Unit Materials (Long), 552- 554, 556-557. j Hazard, W. A.: Organizing a Steel Erection Job1 for Safety, 354*35b. Head Protection: What Protective Equipment Should he \Vorn to Prevent Head Injuries. Panel Discussion, 435-436. Healey, T. J.: Training Mechanics for Safe Air, ! Transport Operation, 297 299. j Health Hazards: Cleaning Gazoline Storage Tanks Used for Leaded Gasoline (l*ewis), 593 5QH.1 Dermatitis in the Rubber Industry (Ohetz),, 688-692. Discussion of Dermatitis (Shirley), 692-696. Fatigur and Its Relation to Occupational Dis ease. Panel Discussion, 169-172. Health Hazards in Spray Painting. Panel Discussion, 165-169. The Heart and Heart Disease in Industry (Mil ler), 144-147. I ..cad in Industrial Processes. Panel Discussion, 174-177, 181. The Maintenance of First Aid Units for Com pressed Air Workers (Kequarih), 367-371. Maximum Allowable Concentrations of Dan gerous Industrial I)u*t.* ami Gases (Hamil ton), 110-114. Protection for Welders, 180181. Pulmonary Disease* tn the Mining Industry (Sayers), 530-548. Should Occupational Diseases be Cotisideied as Industrial Injuries' Panel Discussion, 178-180. Skin AITeo|iou>>. Panel Discussion, 177*178^ 181, The Toxic Limits of Common Solvents. Panel Discussion, 172 174, 176 177, 181-182. Traumatic Neurosis (Pntlnck), 135-139. Health Service in Industry Session: 119-128. lirnrie, H. The Necessity of Active Par ticipation of Management in Safety Work, 508-511. Henry, \V.: The Effectiveness of tirade Crossing Protective Device* from the Viewpoint > ol State Authorities, 698*702. Ilickok. S. (!.: Safety Successes in the Textile Industry Are Recognized, 736*738. Home Safety: Home Safely Inspections. Panel Discussion, 192-193. Horrocks, A. Getting Safety off the Defen sive, 672-676. Hospitals: What are the Common Causes of Accidents in Ihthlic Buildings ami How Can They be Corrected? Panel Discussion, -19-62. ;>2 JVlIt Xuliniiul Safi'lv Cniu/rrss What art* flu* I onimon Cau-ex of \c<i dent- m Public Buildings ami How < an Th-\ he torrefied* Panel Discussion, 10-63 <it also Public Building*. lloUM* Organs: Ser Employees' Publication-. Housekeeping: Plant Housekeeping. Round T;i1I* I )ixrii*sion, 588-58') Safeiv Stunt* That Have Helped Maintain Good I hm-rkecping. Panel ! >i*nixxinti, Ill <tumhlc Cost* Two Finger*. Panel Dixu*-ton. 480-183. HulKert, Dr. H. S.: psychology ami Safety. Lecture*. 200*243. |[nm.iii Element: See Personal Factor**. . ilm'llniti, F. I/.: Up* ami Howni; Some Fact** \lMif Ladder*. K Kiernan, B. 1,.: Safe Practices in Refrigeration of Breweries, 663-665. Kreml, Lieut. F. M.: Enforcement as a Factor in tirade Crossing Safety, 710-711. Kuhn. Dr. 11. S.: New Concept* of Visual Per formance in Industry. 120-131. L I |.v: Set* Refrigeration. Ire Cream: See Milk and Dairy Products. Industrial Nursing Session: 120*150. industrial Relation** A*k the Employee (Arm* "*j strong), 402-405.1 ' Employee Welfaie Sv-iem*, 1(53-1(54. In.pei lion: Accident Pteventinn Through Periodic IV-t and Inspection of Machinery ami Kijiiip- mini (Duggan), 333-336, t ( hain Block and Chain Inspection. Panel Pis- ! ctixsion. 302-303. How Safety Inspections Prevent Accidents (Storey), 416-417. _ Parking and 1*petiion of F.roployee*' Cars. Panel Discussion, 180*102. Preventing Power Press Accidents Through li Periodic Machine Inspections!1 (McDonald I. i ii 300311. What a Mine Safety Inspector Should 1*ook fnt in Bituminous Coat Mine* (1,indle>). *?n522 What Should a Mine Safely Inspector l.nnk For? (Boardntanl, 516-519. What Should an Anthracite Mine Safety In spector Imok For? (Peteron), 511*516. Insurance: Accident Prevention Through the Eyes of an Insiiranee Executive (MacDonald). i,n (.22- n\e-tigntmn of Accidents: 254*256. Violent in Plate Mill. Panel Discussion, 171- 1477. Accident on Coal Bruin?. Panel Discussion. 188 101. A Coupling Accident. Panel Discussion. 483. 188. Fundamental Clauses of Accidents. Panel Dis cussion, 01-105. The Safety Supervisor's Fart in the Investi* nation of Accidents (Zeilingrr). 257-250. Muting Machine Aeridmt. Panel Discussion, 177 180. **tMnillr Cn*i4 Two Fingers. Panel Disems* no), 480 481. (.adders: Ups and Downs; Some Facts Almtit I .adders (Hurlbutt). 358-360. Lange. H. W.: Precautions to Im* taken hy User* of Hand Fire Extinguishers, 86-00. Le Lore, I. F.: Analysis of Cement ami Quarry Industry Accident Experience, 320-323. Lead: Cleaning Gasoline Storage Tanks Used for leaded Gasoline (i^ewis), 593-5W. Leather Industries: Safety in^ tjhe Maniifactiirr of leather (Roves (Granni*), 432*435. Leather Industries Section: Seet Meat Packing. Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Ledbetter, R. (*.: Hazards of Car Icing ami Jhetr Elimination, 660-663. Lederer, !.: Regulation of the Charier Operator. 288-202. Lee, J. II.: The Use of Visual Aids in Accident Prevention, 278*280. ,. la*e. Com. R. C.: Train Seamen for American Ships, 423*425. . Lehmann, E. W.: Interest of Agricultural Col leges in Farm Safety, 42-45. Lewis, O. B.: Cleaning Gasoline Storage Tank** Used for leaded Gasoline, 5*3-508. Lifting: The Control of Sprains and Strain* (Wittmer), 12l*12'5. Lighting: Light Antidote for Accidents (Gael jens), 1.25-128 f.indley, J. L.: What a Mine Safety Insiiector Should Look for in Bituminous Coal Mine*. 520*522. Linemen: Lessons from Safety Experience ((or hitt), 647-649. Logging: See Worn! Products Industry. . Long, J. A.: Safe Handling of Unit Material*. Me MacDonald, R. R.: Accident Prevention Tilton,* the Eves of an Insurance Executive. 620 622 MncEachrfn, Dr. M. T.t The Industrial Nurr Perspective, 140-143. McCrory, S* It.: Governmental Interest m I ana Safdy, 37. , ,, . . McDonald, J. (*.: Preventing Power Press Am denis Through Peiiodic Machine Inspcriion*. 309-111. ,,, McLean. F. R.: The Effects of Legislative Trend, on Safely, 610-614. J j.urn's, S. V : Important Factors in Testing Safety Belt*, 347*250. June*. C L.: The Safe Disposal in Chemical Plants of Empty Containers Including Tanks. I hums Cans, Bottles, Gas Cylinders, Dis mantled E<|tnpinent, and Old Pipe Lines, ill. t U. |om-s, I E : What Do We Actually Know Ahoui It>i<if r.sl.ng? 50 507 M Maintaining interest in Safety: Mat.iHauung Safetv Interest in the Small Plant (witson), 463-46fc Methods of Maintaining the Interest ot Man agement and Employee*. Panel Di*cn*ia r.i hi 7M ing and Logging Operators. Panel Discussion. '.7 1-576. Mahiiaining Interest in Safety Session: HI 161. .Maintenance: See also Building Maintenance. Management: Conserving Our Greatest Asset Man I'ower (Mitchell), 18-26. Ttir Education of Ship Owners in Safety (Martinson), 402-404. An64 EI. xecutive lawk* at Safety (Naglci). 658 Management and Employee Responsibility In H8 {Jrj*,v`*n,ion of Personal Injuries (Miner). Management's Responsibility for Safety (Rnhrerl. 628-630. Methods of Maintaining the Interest of ManW'nieut and Employees. Panel Discussion, Uie Necessity of Active Participation of Man- agenuut in Safety Work (Henrie), 508-5U. Manes, J. L.: Safety Belt Anchors Design, (Quality, Placement ami Maintenance, 215 Marine Industry: The Coast Guard Reserve A Safety Organization (Waesehe), -100411. The Education of Ship Owners in Safely (Martinson), 402-404. The ('inure Safety of the American Mcrehani Marine (Pearsall), 420-423. Hazardls ,( River Transtwrtation ((Iriffin), 407408. How Safety lns|ections Prevent Accidents (Storey) 416*417. Kaiwk Jackets for River Work, 401. Safety Education and the Training of Seamen ^ (Derby), 4 IK-420. Safety in Ship Design and Construction (Vick* cry). 412-416. Tram Seamen for American Ships (Lee), 423- Marine Section: Contest, 425*426. Minutes 307-426. Officers 307-300. Martinson, The Education of Ship Owners m Safely, 402-404. Maddl, j, K.: The Railroads' Anti-Trespass Program, 718*720. Mmi Packing Industry: Aprons and Gloves for Employees Using Cutlery. Panel Discussion. '''Joy mi Handling Live Stock (Smith), )2S '*afeiy in the Meat Packing and Tanning Inniistries. Panel Discussion, 435*444. ''hipping Accidents. Panel Discussion, 430-441. M*at Packing. Tanning and leather Industries Section: Minutes, 427-444. Officers 427. Mrrrantile Establishments: What are the Common (attsrs of Accidents in Public Building* and How Can They be Corrected? Panel Din* inssion, 49-62. Mn.il Imhislries: Accident in Plate Mill. Panel Discussion, 471*477. Wiileni mi Coal Bridge. Panel Discussion. INK.491, 'rrident Prevention in the Steel Industry I Tower), 458 461. Analysis nf a Steel Plant Accident. Panel Discussion, 07-101. Ihm to Build a Safely Program for the Small rmmdry (Rentschler). 467-470. sM-tv an Operating Problem. Panel DUriix. 171-10 J. Milling Machine Accident. Panel Discussion, 77 180. Mttal* Section: Contest, 461*463. Minnies, 445*495. `Nfcrrs, 445-447. Lieut. 11. E.: How to Enlist the Support #f School Children in Accident Prevention, 717 718. JtA ami Dairy Products: Safe Practices in Dairy and Ice Cream Plant* (Que*neh. W.5 666. ..... . , V J- *'* * in Industry, 144-147. .mil iicnn insense Miner. E. S.2 "Mow ii ITap|>ened," 642. Miner, II. E.: Management ami Employee Re* s|ousjhility in the Prevention ot Personal Injuries, 338-341. Mining Industry: Advantages That Have Been Gained Due to the Invention and Use of Methane Detector* fZorn), 527-530l Goggle Experience in the Mining Industry, 71- 1 he Necessity of Active Participation of Man agement in Safety Work (Henrie), 508*511. Pulmonary Disease* in the Mining Industrv . (Sayers), 530-548. Safely Accomplishments During the Past 25 Years by an Old Timer (Bawden), 522-527. U hat a Mine Safety Inspector Should Look for m Bituminous Coal Mines (Lindleyl. 520-522. , y What Do We Actually Know About Roof Testing? (Jones), 502-507. What Should a Mine Inspector Look For? (Boardman), 516 510. What Should an Anthracite Mine Safety In spector Look For? (Petcraon), 511*516. Mining Section: Minutes, 497-548. Officer.*, 407-408. Minor Injuries: The Control of Sprains and Strains (Wittmer), 121*125. Mitchell, W. E.: Conserving Our Greatest As set Mat) I'ower, 18-26. Mobler, J. (*.: Farm Accident* Why They Oc cur am! Who is Responsible for Corrective Action,! 20-33. Monroe, P. J.: Methods of Developing a Competi tive Safety Program. 724*726. Morris. F.: why Should We Prevent Accident* in Public Buildings? 47*49. 'lotion Pictures: See Visual Education. Motor Vehicle Industry: Accident Prevention Measures (Mould), 311-313. ,! Motor Velude*: Parking and Inspection of Em ployees' Cars. Panel Discussion. |89*p)2i, Mould, D.: Accident Prevention Measures. .Ill- Municipal Employees: See Public Employees. N Nagler, K. R.: An Executive Imoks at Safety, 638-641. National Defense: Conserving Our Greatest A**rt Man Power (Mitchell), 18-26. Safeguarding Manpower for Greater I'rodue tion (Zimmer), l<)7*110. ! Safety and War (Bonesteel), 15*17. National Safety Council: Director*, 5-8, 14-1' Executive Committee, 4 5. Honornry Metnlicra, 4. Nominating Committee Report, 14-15. t Ifficyrs, 4, 27. President'* Annual Address (SlilwellL ll-IC Purposes and Programs, 9*10. Resolutions Committee Report, 25-26. Noise: Effect of Factory Noise in Regard to Fatigue, I7L North, K. A.: Safety in Original Design, 676* 679. Nurses: The Industrial Nurse's Perspective (Mac- Kachern), 140*143. Nutrition for Industrial Workers (Barber), 118-150. Textile Safety Through the Want Nurse (flethune), 728*730. Nurses Session: See Industrial Nursing Session. 75 \ JV/h A iilininil Safrlv Cont/rcxs o Ohetr, Dr. \V. K.: Dermatitis in the Rubber In dustry, 688-692. Occupational Disease Session: 165-182. Off-thc Job Accident* Session: 183-106. Office Buildings: What are the Common Causes of Accidents in Public Building* and Mow ('an They be Corrected? Panel Discussion, 40-62. Organization: Enlisting Employees in the Acci dent Prevention Program. Panel Discussion, 600-610. Organizing a Small (irotip. Panel Discussion, 194-395. Organizing a Steel Erection Job for Safctv (Hazard). 351 358. P Packing Industry: See Meat Packing Industry, Paint: Health Hazards in Spray Painting. Panel Discussion. 165-169. Pater and Pulp Section: Contest, 581-583. Minutes, 549-590. Officers, 549-551. Paper and Pulp Wood Products Sections: Joint Session, 569-581. Pawr Industry: Nip Hazard*, 559-562. Practical Uses of Accident Cost Data in the Safety Program (Draper), 564-569. Practical Uses of Accident Cost Data in the Safety Program (Grant), 563-564, 566-569, Review of 1939-40 Accident Experience (Braun), 557-562. Safe Handling of Unit Materials (Long), 552554, 556-5S7. Safety from Woods to Mill. Panel Discussion. 572-581. See also Wood Products Industry. Parking: Parking and Inspection of Employers* Cars. Panel Discussion, 189-192. Pearsall, C. H. C.: The Future Safety of the American Merchant Marine, 420-423. Personal Factors: Effect of World Unrest. Panel Discussion, 393 394.^ How Does Personality Affect Your Accident Record? Panel Discussion, 384, 389-390. Human Behavior and Safety (Schaefer), 313- 318. Mental Hygiene and Individual Differences Com plicated by Divided loyalties and the Un usual Stresses of the Times (Hulbert), 228. 235. Mental Hygiene of the Industrial Worker (Hulbert), 219-227. Mental Mistakes Which Cause Factual Acci dents (Hulbert), 209-219. Personality and Its Modifications Habit Pat terns, Adult Education, Its Techniques and Its Limitations (Hulbert), 236-241. Peterson, C. 'A.: What Should an Anthracite Mine Safety Inspector Look For? 511-516. Petroleum Industry: Accident Prevention Through the Eyes of an Insurance Executive (Mac Donald), 620-622. Cleaning Gasoline Storage Tanks Used for leaded Gasoline (Lewis), 593-598. The Effect of legislative Trend* on Safety (McLean), 610-614. Enlisting Employees in the Accident Prevention Program. Panel Discussion, 600-610. The Problem of Underground Service Station Tanks (Cadman), 614-620. When and Where, and if so. What Fire Regu lations are Needed for Producing Fields? (Trussing), 598-600. Petroleum Section: Contest, 622-624. Minutes, 591-624. t )fficer*, 591-592. Photograph.*: The Practical Application of Pho tography to Safety (Wagner), 277*278. Physical Defects: Eye Examination Program, 66- 67. Physical Examinations: Follow-Up of Findings on Physical Examinations (Sander), 131-135. Physical Examinations--Standard Requirements Expense (GarbutO, 405-407. Pipe Lines: The Sate Disposal in Chemical Plants of Empty Containers Including Tanks. Drums, Cans, Bottles, Gas Cylinder.*, Dis mantled Equipment, and Old Pipe Lines (Jones), 346. Plant Transportation Session: 197-207. Plays: Mr. Pro and Mr. Con Discuss Safety, 655-657. Plzak, J. J.: Just What is the Safety Suj*r- visor*.* Place in the Operating Organization? 259-260. Pollock, Dr, L. J.: Traumatic Neurosis. 135-139. Post, W. M.: Effectiveness of Grade Crosdn* Protective Devices from the Viewpoint of the Railroad Engineering Department, 762707. Posters: Safety Posters--Their Development and Use (Woodbury), 280-283. Power Press Section: Minutes, 625-633. Officers, 625-627. Power Pres.*-- Automotive and Machine Shop Sections: Joint Session, 313-318. Power Presses: Accident Prevention Measures (Mould). 311-313. Analysis of a Punch Press Accident. Panel Discussion, 103-105. Preventing Power Press Accidents Through Periodic Machine Inspections (McDonald). 309-311. The Safeguarding of Fast Punch Presses (Wi nter), 627-628. Printing Industry: Health Hazard* in the Print ing Industry, 175-176. Prizes: See Rewards. Trussing, G. F.: When and Where, and if What Fire Regulations are Needed for Pro ducing Fields? 598-600. Psychology: See Personal Factors. Psychology arid Safety: lectures (Hulbert), 269- 243. Public Buildings: What are the Common Cauws of Accidents in Public Buildings and Hw Can They be Corrected? Panel l)iscu*w 49-62. Why .Should we Prevent Accident* in Putoie Buildings? (Morris), 47-49. Public Employees: Water Utility (Adams). 64t 646. Public Safety: Cooperation with Public OffirisK Panel Discussion, 193-196. See also "After the Whiatle Blows." Public Utilities: Conserving Our Greatest A**rt - Man Power (Mitcheif), 18-26. !wessons from Safety Experience (Shores), 64* 644. ,,_ Mr. Pro and Mr. Con Discuss Safety, 6J5-4JJ, Public Utilities Section: Contest, 649-650. Minutes, 635-657. Officers, 635*637. Publicity: Effect of World Unrest. Pane! cussion, 393. Public Opinion iFrowns on Recklessness (SeW, 685-687. Punch Presses: See Power Presses. Purchasing: The Controlling Factor When P chasing Safety Equipment. Panel DIscimn 454. Quarry Industry: Analysis of Cement and Industry Accident Experience (l*eGore, 323. Quarry Section: See Cement and Quarry Index 755 VMrvnei. f.. <.: Safe Practices in Dairy and lee (`ream Plants. 665-666. 0'irslionnaires: Ask the Employee (Armstrong). 402-495. "True nr False?'* Panel Discussion, 447-458. Schaefer. V. G.t Human Behavior ami Safctv. 313-318. Schlossberg, V. E.: Electrical Hazards of Over head Traveling Cranes, 199-203. Schwarcman, Dr. A.: Eliminating Accident Haz ards in Soybean Proceasing, 381-382. Seagraves, C. M,: Work of the Illinois Agri cultural Association in Farm Safety. 13 34. Selz, L, II.: Public Opinion Frowns on Reckless ness, 685-687. Service Station*: The Problem of Underground feilroad*: How the Public and Authorities Can Aid in the Railroad Safety Program (Bales), 720-722. Service Station Tank* (Cadman), 614-620. Shepard, R. B.: Hazard* and Proper Mainte n35a1n.ce of Portable Electrical Equipment, 346- How to Enlist the Support of School Children in Accident Prevention (Meyers), 717-718. Inadequacy of Law Enforcement As a Solution to the Trespass Problem (Spitler). 715-717. The Public's Responsibility in the Railroad Ship-building: Safety in Shin Design and Con struction (Vickery), 412-416. Shirley, Dr. J. N.r Discussion of Dermatitis, 692-696. Shoes: See ('Jntliing. Safety Problem (Gurley), 712-715. The Railroads' Anti-Trespass Program (Masked), 718-720. Shores, j. L.: Lesson* from Safety Experience, 642-644. Silicosis: See Dusts. Trespasser Accidents. Panel Discussion, 711-712. See also Grade Crossings. lehigeration Industry: Hazards of Car Icing and Their Elimination (Ledbetter), 660-663. Safe Practices in Ice Plants (Wright), 667- 669. Safe Practices in Refrigeration of Breweries (Kiernan), 663-665. ldrijfration Section: Minutes, 659-669. Officer*, 659-660. It.n..t...c..h.l.er, P... sE>..;: Hnooww ttoo tBfuuiilldd aa SSaaffeettyy PPro gram for thhe* SQmma.ilil Fou-n*d--ry, 467-4--70. wqtiarth, Dr. W.: The Maintenance of Fi Aid 371. Units for Compressed Air Workers, F33i'6rs7t- tevirch: New Horizons of Science (Thomas), .103-304. Imdutions, 26. trspomibiiity: Management and Employee Re- sjKmsihility in the Prevention 1 of Personal Injuries (Miner), 338-341. Management'* Responsibility for Safety (Rohrer), 628-630. The Placement of Accident Responsibility (VanCleef), 680-685. tnasciutwm: Pole Top Resuscitation Develop ments (Smith), 651-oSS. levants: Drawing of Prizes or Sweepstakes, .556. See also Contests. laWnson, J, F.: Safe Handling of Bulk Ma terials, 554-557. krer. P. L.: Management'* Responsibility for Safety. 628-630. hbet: The Use of Rubber and Rubber Com- Krtds in the Chemical Industry (True), 333. Her Industry: Dermatitis in the Rubber In- toury (Obetz), 688-692. 0Hcu*Mon of Dermatitis (Shirley), 692-696. Skin Affections: See Health llarards. Small Plants: How to Build A Safety Prngimn for the Small Foundry (Rentschler), 467470. Maintaining Safety Interest in the Smalt Plane (Wilson), 463-466. Smith, II. R.: Safety in Handling Live Stock, 428-431. Smith, R. J.: Training Mechanic* for Safe AitTransport Service, 299-300. Smith, W. R,: Pole Top Resuscitation Ib-velopments, 6.51-655. Solvents: Health Hazards in Spray Painting. Panel Discussion, 165*169. The Toxic Limit* of Common Solvents. Panel Discussion, 172-174, 176-177, 181*182. Soutar, A. S.: Safety Belt Material*, 250-252. Soybean.*: Eliminating Accident Hazard* in Soy bean Processing (Schwarcman). 381-382. j Speed: What is Speeding? Panel Discussion, 395. 396. Spitler, W, I.: Inadequacy of Law Enforcement 717.a Solution to the Trespass Problem. 715- Spontaneous Ignition: Spontaneous Ignition :ind It* Control (Brown), 82-R6. Sprains: The Uontrol of Sprains .uul Stratus (Wittmcr), 121*12-5. Spray Painting: See Paint. Standards: Standardizing State Industrial Safety Requirement* (Cameron), 115-117. State Requirement*: Standardizing Stale In dustrial Safety Requirement* (Cameron), 115 117. Steam Railroad Section: Minutes, 697-722. Officers, 697*698. Steel Industries: See Metal Industrie*. Stilwell, Col. John: Annual Address, 11-14. Stores: See Mercarttile Establishments. <!Wr Section: Contest, 679-680. Hmutes, 671-696. Officers, 671-672. Rook*: Safety Rule Book*, 157-160. Storey, ('apt. W. W.: How Safety Inspections Prevent Accident*, 416-417. Strains: See lifting. Stnrtevant. R. I.: A Competitive Safety Program that is Working, 726-728, Suggestion Systems: Handling Suggestions 16k Supervisors: Getting Safety off the Defensive (Horrock*), 672-676. Ju*t What is the Safety Supervisor's Place in 2th6e0. Operating Organization? (Plzak), 259- Belt* Session: 245-252. Directors: See Engineers; Supervisors. The Safety Supervisor's Part in the Investiga lion of Accident* (Zeilinger). 257-259. Stunts: Safety Stunts That Have Helped (aintain Good Housekeeping. Panel Discusa, 44J, Supervisors Session: 253*260. Training Session: 261-276. . I>r. O. A.: Follow-Up of Findings on kntcal Examinations, 131*135. Discussion on Power Saw*, 570. Dr. R. R.: Pulmonary Diseases in the Main* Industry, 530-548. Tanks and Drums: Cleaning Gasoline Storage Tank* Used for Leaded Gasoline (Lewis), 593-598. The Problem of Underground Service Station Tank* (('adman), 614-620. 7?<i Vth Xulinmil -Vii/V/v Ctiiii/i'css 'I he <ufr lhw],os| in Chemical Plants of Empty < ont;iinrrS' Including Tanks, Drums. Cans. Holtl*-. (ias Cylinder*. Dismantled Equip ment, ami Old Pine Lines (Jones), .141-146. Tanning Industry: Safety in the Meat Packing aitn'd; 'I nutting mi Industries. Panel UmeusMon. Tanning Settionr See Meat Packing, Tanning and I .rather ludustnes Sertion. Telephone and Telrgraph: laessnn* from Safety Experience (Unrlnlt), 647 640. Textile Industry: A Competitive Safety Program that is Working (Sturtevant), 726-728. Eliminating tile Causes of Textile Accidents ( Burger), 7.10-7-12. Methods of Developing a Competitive Safety Program (Monroe), 724-726. Safety Successes in the Textile 1ndu*lty are Recognized (Hirkok), 736-738. Textile Safety Through the Plant Nurse (Bethtme), 728 710. Textile Section: Minutes, 723-7.18. Officers. 723-724 * Thiede, (.: Specify the Safeguards, 307-.10O. Thomas, Dr. P.: New Horizons of Science. .10.1- 101. Thrush, K W.: Interest of American National Red Cross in harm Safety, 37*39. TooN: Hazards ami Proper Maintenance of Portable Electrical Equipment (Shepard), .146t'l. 'Vow ei. \V. S.: Accident Prevention in the Steel Industry, 438-461. I'lnffic: See Parking. Traumatic Neurosis (Pollock), 135-139. 'Pre-passing: See Railroad*. Trmks Hand: Industrial Hand Trucks Their Sr>a`fj.e Construction and Use (Ziolkowski), 107- Safe Handling of Unit Materials (Long), >5>.3.S1, 336-537. Tinj-ks Power: Industrial < Power Trucks Their" i^afe Use ami Operation (Wooliever), 303-i ,*ti7. Power Truck Operators. Panel Discussion, 442 m. tit. True, O- S.: The Use of Rubber and Rubber Com pound* in the Chemical Industry, 338-331. '"True >! I'alsi** Questionnaire: 447-438. u V. S. i loverumettt: See Federal Departments. w Warsche, Rear Adtn. R. R.: The Coast (iuard Reserve A Safety Organization, 409-411. Wagner, ('. I,.: The Practical Application of Photography to Safety, 277-278. Wagons: Tail Light* for Wagons. Panel Discus sion, .186-387. Walters, J. K.: Safety Feature.* in the Construc tion of lliwassee Dam, 372-374. War: See National Defense. Water Works: Water Utility (Adams), 644-646. Welding: Protection for Welders, IR0-18I. Whitney, O. J.: Proposal* for Safe RegtilttiM of Charter Operator, 292-294. Wilson, L. C.t Maintaining Safety Interest in tW Small Plant, 463-466. Wittmer, Dr. J. I.: The Control of Sprain* aad Strain*, 121-125. Wood Product* Industry: Camp Facilities fr*a a Safety Standpoint. Panel Discussion. MI- 573. Discussion on Power Saw*, 370. Facilities for First Aid in the Camp, in tW Meld and During Transportation. Panel Ike cossion. 573-574. Has the Mechanization of Woods Operation Mgr Effect on Accident Experience ? Panel Dis cussion, 576-577. . . , j, Hazards Involved in Felling Operation*, <14 579. Personal Protective Equipment Suitable Men Handling Lumber. Panel Di*cu**i*fc 740-741. Promoting Safety Consciousness Among Lumto ing and lagging Operator*. Panel Dtsca* xifltt, 374-576. Safe Methods of Trading and Unloading l^fs 580 381. Safety from Woods to Mill. Panel l>i*vn**i** 372-581. Safety in Lumber Remauitfarturing Operatic** Panel Discussion, 740-742. Safety Shoes for Wood Handlers, 580. Wood Product* Section: Minutes, 730-742. Officers, 739-740. Wood Product*- Paper and Pulp Section*: Session, 569-581. Woodbury, E. I.: Safety Poster* -Their Deed opmeut and Use, 280-283. Wonhever, C. K.: Industrial Power Trucks- TW Safe Use and Operation, 203-207. Wright, \V. B.: Safe Practices in, Ice P1a*v 667.660. TRANSACTIONS 29th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS STREET AND HIGHWAY TRAFFIC, COMMERCIAL VEHICLE, TRANSIT, CHILD EDUCATION AND HOME SAFETY SESSIONS CHICACO OCTOBER 7-11, 1940 v Van Cleef, P.: The Placement of Accident Re sponsibility, 680-685, Vandevanter, F,.: Safety Activities of the U. S. Army Engineer* - Problems and Proposed So lutions, 4Q0-402. Virkrry, (lorn. H. L.: Safety in Shilp Design nml Construction, 412-416. Visual Education: The Use of Visual Aids in Accident Prevention (Lee), 278-280. \ i-n.il Education Session: 277-283. \ ollmer. W. A.: The Safeguarding of Fas* Punch Pi.-v.-^. 627-628. z X.eilinger, A. H.: The Safety Supervisor * Pan# the investigation of Accidents, 257-259. /.'{turner, V. A.: Safeguarding Manpower Urealer Production, 107-110. Xiolkowski, (*. S.: Industrial Hand Truck* Safe Construction and Use. 197-199. Zorn, J. H.: Advantages That Have Beeni Due to the Invention atid Use of MriM* Detector*. 527-5.10. ! NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago CopyrtgM, IH0, National Safaty Council. Inc. Frintud In tha U. S. A. >M\ JVth Xatitniul Safrlv ( ont/rcss llm ventilating current Ik* interrupted fur a period of 24 hours and with the same amount of methane being lilwrated, there would he 5,760,000 rti. ft. of explosive mix ture. Should this Ik* contained in an entry 10 ft. square, the length of the entry would Ik* approximately 11 miles. Methane detectors are now available which will automatically indicate and record iw'rrcntages of methane. One type may Ik* located in working sections on cutting and loading machines, in the last breakthrough and along haulage roads. This can he ad justed to give a warning !>y a signal light or other means at any predetermined meth ane concentration. !;or example, at 1 per cent or any specified percentage between .5 l*r cent and 3 per cent, it will operate *-lHTial electrical circuits through suitable relaxs to rut off the power in a section or give warnings in other parts of the mine or to the outside. Methane recorders for con tinuously indicating and recording methane in main returns particularly have been per fected recently and are designed to be lo cated in fan houses or other convenient places. There is no relation Indwccn the volume of methane given off in a coal mine and the chemical composition of the coal, as both bituminous and anthracite mines produce methane, and methane has 1k*<*ii found in metal and other mines when tunneling through carbonaceous shales. The common occurrence and cxplosibility of methane are responsible for numerous mine disasters and every precaution should he taken to keep it within safe limits. This can best he done by the use and guidance of methane detec tors. Pulmonary Diseases in the Mining Industry By DR. R. R. SAYERS Director, United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Although the attention of those interested in diseases peculiar to mining has been focused recently on one dust disease--sili cosis--other respiratory diseases may cause more suffering and economic loss. The in creased incidence of these diseases usually is attributed to exposure to almormal air conditions underground, such as sudden changes from high to low temperatures, ex cessive dust, and noxious gases. The prin cipal respiratory diseases to which the miner is subject arc bronchitis, influenza and pneu monia, pulmonary tuberculosis, anthracosilieosis, and silicosis. Although the mor tality statistics in some of the tables in cluded in this paper are old they have been corrolxirated by later, less complete data. Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes due, among other causes, to thr inhalation of irritants such as dusts (organic and inorganic). Occupations that entail exposure to atmospheres polluted by irritating gases carry with them the risk of bronchitis. According to Collis,' it cannot he distinguished clinically from bronchitis occurring among the general population and its association with the inhalation of dust or gases usually is unrecognized. During middle life bronchitis causes much recurrent invalidity and incapacity. Mortal ity records compiled by Collis' indicate that it is of a chronic traumatic origin asso ciated with irritating atmospheric condi tions, rather than of an infectious origin. Statistics for bronchitis for the general population and for workers exposed to dusts in Great Britain* for 1921-23 show the role played by dusts in the increased incidence of the disease in certain industries. The comparative mortality per thousand (ages 26 to 65) for those in occupations exposed to siliceous dust was 214, for those exposed to nonsiliceous dust 59.5, and for the gen eral population 49.6. (See Table 1.) In this connection it is interesting to note the mortality statistics per thousand (ages 26 to 65) for coal 'miners of counties of Wales (in which most of the coal mined is anthracite) compared with those for two other groups in England and Wales.4 The figures for coal miners are 112 for all un derground workers and 139 for hewers and getters compared with 46 for males in the same social class and 50 for all occupied and retired males. (See Table 2.) In a study by the United States Public Health Service* 35 cases of chronic bron Mininii Sri ti'Hi 531 Table 1.--Mortality per 1,000 from Bronchitii in Dusty Occupations and in the General Population, by Age Groups Occupations ex|>osed to Siliceous dust................ . Nonsiliceous dust................. Oeneral imputation.................. 20-- 1.1 0.5 Aces at Death 251.0 1.7 35-- 13.7 4.9 5.4 45-- 44.6 12.8 13.3 55- 153.7 41.8 28.8 Comparative Mortality I igure 20- 65 214.0 5(>.5 49.6 chitis were found among 344 employees of two anthracite mining companies examined. In the study conducted by the Bureau of Mines and the Public Health Service at Picher, Okla.,* the highest incidence of sili cosis or tuberculosis, or both, was found among men who reported having had bron chitis, pleurisy, and asthma. Ttble 2.--Comparative Mortality Fig ures for Bronchitis per 1,000 of Certain Groups in England and Wales Bronchitis All underground workers.......... 112 Hewers and getters................... Males in same social class............ 139 46 All occupied and retired males... 5(1 Ratio of rate for hewers and get ters to rate for same social class. 302 1 In three countie* in Wale*. Influenza and Pneumonia Figures of mortality available for 4,700 miners insured in the group department of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company' show that in the last quarter of 1918 during the influenza epidemic 64 of these miners died of influenza or pneumonia. This is equivalent to an annual death rate of 50 per 1,000. Among all occupied males aged 15 years and over, the rate from influenz.apneumonia in the same 3 months was 22 per 1,000 or less than half as high. In the age lieriod 45 to 65 years the rate among bitu minous coal miners was about four times as high as among all occupied males in the same age group. (See Table 3.) Influenza and pneumonia, as reported, were responsible, in the years under study, for 31 per cent of the mortality in the group of bituminous coal miners at ages 16 to 70 in Indiana, Missouri, and Wyoming com pared with 19 per cent among both farmers and "all other males" at these ages in the same counties. (See Table 4.) Table 3.--Influenza-Pneumonia Mortal ity among Bituminous Coal Miners-- October to December 1918 \ge Period All Ages* Annual Death Kate j>er 1,000 Bituminous Coal Miners 50.1 All Industrial White Males 22.3 In 1918, the year of the great epidemic, influenza and pneumonia deaths constituted 55 per cent of total mortality exclusive of accidents among the bituminous miners in rontrast with 27 per cent among the farmers and 34 per cent among all other males. These percentages were not as high as the figures for Wilkes-Barre. The fact that the soft-coal counties under consideration are largely rural areas may have made some difference. 15-25 25-45 45-65 29.5 62.1 44.4 1 Fifteen year* and over. 17.5 32.6 11.7 In the epidemic year 1920, the proportion of deaths from influenza and pneumonia was smaller than in 1918, but, as was "found for the anthracite miners, the bituminous group showed a wider difference in the pro- 5U JOlh Xatiniial Suffix Cuiu/rrss Table 4.--Percentage of Deaths from Influenza and Pneumonia (After Deducting Accidents) Among Bituminous Coal Miners Compared with Farmers, and With Other Males in the Same Areas of Several Soft-Coal Producing States' Minintj Sccfinn 533 Table 5. Mortality per 1,000 from Pneumonia and Influenza in Dusty Occupations and in the General Population Male (troups Under Comparison 16-70 16-.'0 Arps - - .'1-40 41.10 51-60 Bituminous coal miners........... .'1.1 49.4 44.7 25.1 19.7 Farmers.................................... 18.7 .'8.4 .'2.4 19.7 12.4 All other males .. .................... 18.6 .'0.0 29.0 16.0 11..' rh* tlruih h`<*mu1h for u.ft-coal niim'rn wrre obtalnM from 15 coal-|>rnilirrltiK counties of ItuHnna, 1916* /. Inrlunivf. K r*al c'iiMiti*m>f Mlnwniri. IQt7-21. inclusive, and (hr 6 princhml rnnl-produchiK counties ..f WvniitinK, I9J9-/.I. inrtmm* The rrrnnl for farmers ami lot "all other males" was obtained from the iil>vr-mi-ntii>nri| ronl-initiinu r.nn(le*. and also from 5 aitrlmll lira! counties of Wyoming. IOIO-25 portion of deaths from this ratisc compared with "all other males'* than in 191ft. The percentages in 1020 were 20 for the softcoal miners and 16 for "all other males." In this epidemic the bituminous miners at ages 40 to 60 suffered heavy excess mor tality from influenza-pneumonia, hut the differential mortality \va not quite so great as at ages 16 to 30. Among hewers and getters of soft coal in England and Wales, fhc death rale from inIhicn/a and pneumonia, 1021-23. was about 12 per cent greater than among males of comparable social status (social class 3). The difference was found to be 5.8 times the probable error of the difference which is certainly a significant variation. Thus, an abnormal mortalit> from influenza and pneumonia is consistently indicated among mint'?* of io;il both amhracile and bitu minous in Kngland as well as in America The pneumonia mortality figures in 192123 for occupations in (treat Britain exposed to siliceous and nnnsiliceous dust compared with those for the general population were given by Collis1 ns 134.3, 76.0, and 85.3, re flectively; similar figures for influenza were 47.1. 49.6. and 36.5. respectively. (See Table 5.) According to Brundage,* an outstanding feature of the statistics of death for liardroat miners in the United States is their extraordinary mortality from influenza and pneumonia not only during influenza epi demics hut at other times as well. In a study by the Public Health Service at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., in 1915-23 and 1906-25* ft was found that influenza and pneumonia were responsible for 40 per cent of the total deaths compared with 25 per cent among males at ages 15 to 65 who had been en gaged in pursuits other than coal mining in Wilkes-Barre and vicinity. The percentage of deaths from influenza and pneumonia for these two groups by ages for the years mentioned was 19.3 for anthracite miners compared with 13.3 for males in other in dustries. (See Table 6.) Tuberculosis In 1925 Collis* said that for coal miners generally the tuberculosis rate apparently is low although miners at the coal face suffer from the disease more than other coal mincfs underground and workers above ground. Results of more recent investigations seem f> contradict the assumption that tuliercujusis does not occur among coal miners. An investigation hv the Welsh School'of Med icine, reported in 1937," indicates that this supposed exemption of coal miners from tuberculosis may he due to a nii- or partial diagnosis. This investigation revealed a high incidence of tuberculosis (35 per cent if the "probable** cases arc included) among the pneumoconiotics of the South Wales coal fields and supports the theory that coal dust modifies the tuberculosis, leading to failure to recognize the disease or to the mistaken diagnosis of "bronchitis." Studies by the United States Public Health Service"'1 revealed that 6 per cent of hard-coal miners examined had clinical pulmonary tuberculosis. The average prev alence in the adult male population of the United States is about 2 per cent. The prev alence of pulmonary tuberculosis among hard-coal mining employees at ages below 35 was slightly less than that found through studies among male adults in the general population. In the age group 35 to 44, how ever, the prevalence of tuberculosis was Occupations excised to Siliceous dust........ Nonsiliccous dust.. OenernI imputation. . Occupations excised to Siliceous dust.............. Nonsilireotis dust___ Oenernl imputation... Pneumonia Ages at Death Comparative Mortality Figure 120- 25- .'5- 45- 55- 20-65 14.4 .'0.6 47.2 .'8.7 9.6 1.'. 7 28.7 2.'.9 4..' 11.5 19.6 24.2 25.7 134.3 76.0 85.3 1: llllt'liza 1.1 7.7 11..' 8.7 18.' 5.4 4.8 1.1.7 10.6 14.9 2.0 5.2 7.7 9.7 12.0 . .... ._ 47.1 49.0 36.5 about twice, at ages 45 to 54 about 5 times, and for ages almve 55 it was about 10 times the rate found in the general population. The highest prevalence of clinical pulmonary tuberculosis occurred among the rock work ers (men who had been employed in rock loading or rock extraction for more than 2 or 3 years). After 20 years' service,, of which more than 2 or 3 years were in rock work, 37 per cent presented evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. In a group of 135 completely disabled former anthracite work ers, which did not include any known eases <>f tuberculosis, 10 per cent proved positive for pulmonary tuberculosis. These findings would appear to corroborate those of the Welsh National School of Medicine that in dicate that the supposed exemption from tuberculosis of coal miners is erroneous due to incorrect diagnosis. There is evidence that the almve increased incidence of tu berculosis is .associated with exposure to silica dust. The incidence of tuberculosis is much higher in metal mines than in coal mines, due no doubt to exposure to dust containing a higher concentration of silica. An investi gation in 1914 by the Bureau of, Mines in cooperation with the Public Health Service of pulmonary disease among the zinc miners of the Joplin, Mo., district, revealed a high death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis. The mortality rate for tuberculosis for Jas per County was 2008 per lOO.tfX) for 191! and 1912 and 229.7 for 1913, according to statistics of the State Hoard of Health," On the other hand, according to the Jasper County Antituhcrculosis Society, during the calendar year 1912 there were 720 deaths among miners who had worked 2 years or more underground in Jasper County. Not all Table 6.--Percentage of Deaths from Influenza and Pneumonia among Anthracite Miners and among Males in Occupations Other Than Mining in Wilkes-Barre and Vicinity (irotips 1 Inder Comparison Antlinrnrite miners............ Males in other industries. .. 15-64 .'9.8 25..' IS-24 45.2 28.7 Ages 25-.'4 .'5-44 67.9 42.9 46.2 .'1.0 45-54 .'1.8 16.8 55 64 19.' 1.'.' ,,'0//t Xatinitnl Safely Cnnt/ress Table 7.--Mortality per 1,000 from Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Dusty Occupations and in the General Population < >rni|>atinnK exposed to Siliceous dust. \onsilireou8 dust < ienernl population. . Ages at Death 20 25- 35- 45- 55- 20-65 25.6 63.4 141.0 211.6 150.6 592.2 13.6 26.3 46.1 56.4 29.9 172.4 20.6 37.6 43.6 39.0 22.7 163.5 of these 720 deaths occurred in that county hut they had contracted the disease there ami some of them had moved away. Of 93 miners in the Joplin District examined bv han/a in 1914," 64 showed definite symp toms of pulmonary disease ami .V) of the 64 had the classical symptoms of pulmonary inlwrctilosis. In a study hy the Bureau of Mines and die Public Heaith Service*1 in Butlc, Mont., during 1916 to 1920 the death records of the State Hoard of Health were examined. These showed that during 1915, 122, during 1916, 126, and during 1917, 169 Butte miners died of tuberculosis. The significance of the death from tuberculosis of 169 miners in 191/ i* indicated hy comparison with the rec ords of other regions. In 1917 approxi mately 14,000 men were employed under ground in Hutte mines; with 169 deaths from tuberculosis for the year, the rate per 100,000 was 1,207. The tuberculosis death rate of Michigan for the 10-year period 1910 to 1920 was 97.4 per 100,000; hence the tuberculosis death rate of Hutte miners was nearly 13 times as great as that of Mich igan. The part played hy dust, especially dust containing silica, in the production of pul monary tuberculosis is shown clearly by figures for Great. Britain for 1921-ZV* The death rate per 1,000 for ages 20 to 65 Was 592 2 for those exposed to siliceous dust, 172.4 for those exposed to nonsiliceotts dust, and 103.5 for the general population; for ages 35 to 44 the figures were 141.0, 46.1, and 13.6, respectively; for ages 15-54 the figures were 2lt.6, 56.4, and 39,0, respec tively; and for ages 55 and over the figures yrerr 1506, 29.9, and 22 7, respectively. (See 1*ahlr 7.) According to ('oilin' the prevalence of hronchitw, pneumonia, and tu1crculoMw i* high among those exposed to silica dust hut the incidence of these diseases is not always the same under other conditions such as exposure to other dusts, heat and fume, or working indoors. (Sec Table 8.) Anthracosilicosis l;rom 1931 to 1937, 87 per cent of the total deaths in Great Britain due to silicosis occurred among the coal miners of South Wales; two-thirds of the deaths and dis ease occurred in the Swansea Division; and 89 per cent of the medical certificates granted in the Swansea Division related to anthracite collieries.*1 In the United States the chronic disease among miners due to breathing air contain ing dust generated in the various processes involved in the mining and preparation of anthracite is called anthracostlirnsis. This is a descriptive title for the form of pneumo coniosis commonly called miners' asthma. The disease was found in about 23 per cent of 2,711 employees of three anthracite min mg companies studied hy the United State* Public Health Service in 1933. AIkmiI 63 per cent of those hav'ng nnlhraeosilicmi* showed evidence of disability, compared with less than 10 per cent in the control group Moderate and marked degrees of disability handicapped aproximatcly 21 |W*r cent of those with anthracosilicosis compared with less than 2 per cent of the men serving a* controls. Wide differences were found in the ex tent of physical impairment in the several occupational groups. The highest rate of disability from all causes combined wa* found in the group of men that had changH more than 5 years before the date of ex amination from very dusty to relatively non* dusty occupations in the industry. In a Minint/ Seeliim 5.15 Table 8.--Prevalence of Bronchitis, Pneumonia and Tuberculosis Under Certain Conditions of Exposure Exposure Outdoor and indoor life. Indoor industries................ t'nal trade . ........................ Alcohol trade.......... Meat and fumes Bust of 1. Animal origin................ . 2. V egetable husks and debris, materials....................... 3. Silica................................ Bronchitis low low high moderate high low high high Pneumonia low low high high high low* medium high Tulverculosis low liiRli low' liiRli low low low high mmilier of instances the change in occupa tion probably was made on account of physical condition. Miners at the coal face, rock workers, and men who had had appre ciable exposure to harmful dusts in other industries also showed evidence of much Hrcater physical impairment than was found in the control group. Moderate or marked physical impairment from any cause was found in 1.7 per cent of the control group, in 9.9 per cent of the regular miners, and among 12.6 per cent of the rock workers. There was a marked tendency toward in crease in the proportion having physical im pairments with increase in the number of years of employment in anthracite. This tendency is manifested whether one con siders disability of any kind, disability in which pulmonary infection was contributory, or disability due largely to tuberculosis. In och case the occupational groups arrayed themselves according to extent of physical impairment as follows: (t) Rock workers; (2) regular miners; (3) all others exposed to more than 100 million dust particles per critic foot of air; and (4) men in haulageways except rock workers. The pathology of anthracosilicosis as nberved in these cases is essentially a deposi tion of coal dust in the lungs, accompanied hy an extensive fibrosis, both diffuse and wtdnlar, with associated functional and dottnerative changes, (silicosis modified by tori dust). That excess mortality from respiratory 4vases as a whole is experienced by Amer ican hard-coal miners is clear from the Undies made hy the Public Health Service* The anthracite miners' proportionate mortal ity from all respiratory diseases was about l'/i times that of the other adult males in the same region. When proportionate mor tality was computed for ages 16 to 65 in Wales,* it was found that respiratory dis eases accounted for 53 per cent of the deaths of anthracite miners compared with 38.2 per cent among males in the same social class. The proportion among hewers and getters of anthracite therefore was 1.4 times that of men of the same social status. Silicosis There are various definitions of silicosis hut all agree that the cause of the disease is the inhalation of silica or quartz dust." Silicosis is a well-recognized clinical and pathological entity at least as characteristic as that of any cause of death known to epidemiologists." The definition of silicosis, adopted at the International Silicosis Con ference in 1930 and reaffirmed at the 1939 Conference and generally accepted is; "Silicosis is a pathological condition of the lungs due to inhalation of silicon diox ide. Tt can be produced experimentally in animals." The first investigation of silicosis iri the mining industry in the United States was made in 1914-15 hy the Federal Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the United States Public Health Service in the Joplin (Mo.) mining district." As only a few men were examined at that time, it was decided to examine a larger number to gain a more accurate idea of the prevalence of consump tion among the miners of this district. From NOo 6 oo cn * O '3o5 3u io O5J 3 o H o co <N z o aa 2oooi a s oO o vi JsJ.c2 & 3 'oC rt 'a V ; O' o a ?c2 .s t> QM Co IS a3 O O* V h 29th National Safety Congress Mining Section 537 'N o r*i yO>' -oO o O' 6o IO '"'1 o' o") >o *rj *d *! rs o ~o -o' NO o O VO -O PO O' "o' oo -t r>J O "o *0 N o o o 3 T> ol 3 8V) 3 8 J (/) Xo30.l co cl 3 a & 2 Vc V May !5 lo December 31, 1915, 720 miners whom were employed in metal mine*. Tu 'fhe first step is to determine what dusts were examined: 45.7 per cent had silicosis berculosis death* were fourteen times the are harmful and in what concentrations. The and tuberculosis and 5.3 per cent had tu expected among copper miners nine times procedure is somewhat as follows: It is ob berculosis." A later report (1917) of this the expected among gold and silver miners, served that respiratory diseases appear more same investigation by Lanza and Childs" and eight and a half time* the expected frequently or with greater severity among included the results of the first detailed among iron miners. In an earlier study* workers in certain industries or in connec X-ray studies of silicosis made in the United covering the years 1915-1926, there were 18 tion with certain operations within an in States. time* a* many deaths as expected among dustry. The physician attempts to determine tad and zinc miners. the extent of the injury to the health of Investigations of mining conditions by Harrington and Lanza" in Butte, Mont., in 1921, revealed that 42.4 per rent of 1,018 miners examined showed definite signs of lung damage due to dust. From July 1, 1927, to June 30, 1932, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., the TriState Zinc & Lead Ore Producers Associa tion, and the Federal Bureau of Mines op erated a cooperative clinic at Picher, Okla ," to demonstrate to industry a workable method for diagnosis of silicosis, lo educate workers in preventive measures, and to serve as a mode! to industries presenting a dust hazard. Of 27,553 individuals exam ined during this period 5,366 had silicosis, An analysis hy the field division of the Saranac Laboratory91 of the roentgenogram* of 5,000 white miners exposed to the in halation of harmful concentration of silica dust shows that the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis lesions increases as the degree of reaction to dust progresses. In this group of miners tu!>erculous lesions were found in approximately one-fourth of those with first stage silicosis, one-half of those in the second stage, and 65 per cent of those in the third stage.91 Prevention of Dust Diseases in Mining The data given in this paper point to dust those exposed and the cause. If the cause appears to he exposure to excessive dust, the engineer samples the air to determine the kind, amount, and size of the dust pres ent. The physician and the engineer can correlate the results of their investigations to determine allowable concentration* of du*l. exposure to which is not likely fo cause harmful physiological reactions. The en gineer i* then in a position to devise meas ure* for the reduction of the dust to a harmless concentration. The aim, of course, should he to eliminate the du*t entirely or to reduce the dust to a concentration that will not cause disability during the working lifetime. 742 silicosis plus tuberculosis, and 320 un complicated tuberculosis. as the greatest contributor to the excessive mortality from pulmonary diseases experi enced in the mining industry and to silica Allowable Concentrations of Dust in Mining The chief cause of disability in silicosis is tubercle infection. The silicotic lung appears to be a more favorable medium for the growth of the tubercle bacillus than the normal lung, not because it is fihrotic, nor because its lymphatic drainage is interfered with, but because it contains silica." Ap parently silica dust possesses this character istic of increasing the liability to pulmonary tuberculosis. That this is true is indicated by the statistics quoted in this paper which indicate also that silica dust increases the liability to other respiratory diseases, (flee Table 9.) dust as the immediate cause of the disease silicosis. Therefore, the principal method of preventing these disease* is to eliminate as far a* possible or reduce to harmless con centration the dust in the breathing zone of the worker*. Experience has shown that the properties of a dust that determine its ca pacity to produce injurious effect* are its composition, the quantity suspended in the atmosphere breathed hy the worker, and its particle size. Although any dust may he harmful to Wrath under certain conditions, a* indi cated hy the data presented here that show Investigations conducted over a period of years show that exposure to certain concen trations of harmful dust* for a certain time causes varying degrees of respiratory dis ability hut that below these concentration* disabling pulmonary disease* do not occur within a working lifetime. The classical ex ample of this is the experience in Smith Africa with the reduction in mortality from silicosis that has followed the reduction in air dustiness in the mines of that country. The reduction in the incidence of silicosis in the South African mine* attests the ef fectiveness of the control measures em The results of virtually all studies are in a Higher incidence of pulmonary diseases in ployed and the practicability of using a defi agreement regarding the high mortality rates oncilicfou* dusty industries than in the gen nite dust concentration as a guide in setting from tuberculosis for industries in which ual population, physiological studies reveal allowable limits of air dustincs* in the pre large numbers of men arc exposed to a fat, mining the harmfulness of a dust is vention of pneumoconiosis in dusty indus Te*5 silica hazard. These rates are so high that they leave no room for doubt of the came- proportional to its content of free silica or tries. The production rate of silicosis in the tartz. in particles small enough to enter scheduled mines of South Africa*9 in 1932- and-cffcct relationship between the hazard fa finer spaces of the lungs, and in high 35 was 9.59 per 1,000 compared with 21.95 JU and the high mortality." 3 faint studies made by the Actuarial So- wtmjdi concentration to overcome the nor in 1917-18. (See Table 10.) mal defenses of the respiratory system. The incidence rates for silicosis uncom S :ty of America and the Association of o fe Insurance Medical Directors" revealed The prevention of dust diseases is the plicated by active tuberculosis among South faction of the physician and the engineer, African miners in 1936-1937 wa* between 8 Ia at there were 65 deaths where 6 were ex- 3 cted (about 11 times the expected num- 55 r) from tuberculosis in 1925-1936 arnoc* group of underground miner*. most of wrking together to determine the extent of and 9 per 1,000 per annum " Tlu* liability fa dust hazard in industry and method* for among the whole body of miner* to con h control. tract the disease in 1936-37 was Ics* hy 65 5.3S 2Vth iXational Safety Congress Table 10.--Average Number of Miners Examined Annually and Production Rates for Silicosis in Each Triennial Period Since 1917-18 lYriod 1917 to 1920 24 I9.M-26 Average Number of Miners Kxamined Annually 14,07(1 13,260 12.523 Production Kate of Silicosis l>er 1.000 21.95 19.16 44.28 Period 1926-29 1929-32 1932-35 Average Number of Miners 1'xamined Annually 14,624 16,774 20,139 Production Rate of Silicosis |>er ] ,000 21.11 13.87 9.59 per rent than it wa in 1920-2.1. Among the "new Hand miners" who entered the indus try by way of initial examination since 1916 and who have heen exposed solely to the progressively improving occupation condi tions that have obtained since that date, the liability to contract silicosis was less by 87 per cent than the similar liability among all miners working for an equal period in 192023. These "new Hand miners" constituted 77 per cent of all working miners examined. The group of prc-1916 miners, who in 1935- 36 constituted less than 17 per cent of the total number of working miners contributed nearly 78 per cent of the new rases of sillcosis. Among men employed for more than 25 years in dust containing less than 5 per cent free silica, the proportion of persons found with anthraeosilieosis under different con centrations of dust was as follows: 5 to 99 million particles, 7 per cent; 100 to 199 mil lion particles, 54 per cent: 200 to 299 million particles, 71 per cent; 300 or more million particles per cubic foot, 89 per cent. With the exception of miners, their help ers, and rock workers, about 25 per cent of all the men employed underground devel oped anthraeosilieosis after a working period of more than 25 years. This group was ex posed to dust having a quartz content of about 13 per cent. In the study hv the Public Health Serv ice" of anthracosilirosis among hard coal miners silicosis was not found in a control group of mining employees whose dust ex posure averaged less than 5 million particles per cubic foot of air. The prevalence of anthracosilirosis among the entire group of employees was found to be about 23 per cent. Among all except rock workers, less than 2 per rent of the men developed anthracosilirnsis when the- duration of employment was less than 15 years, regardless of the amount of dust in the air. The prevalence of anthraeosilieosis among persons who had been exposed for more than 2 or 3 years to dust of which about 35 per cent was free silica, varied from 10 per cent among those who had worked in concentra tions of less than 200 million particles per cubic foot for less than 15 years, to 92 per cent among those who had been employed for more than 25 years in dust concentra tions exceeding 300 million particles per cubic foot, more than 2 or 3 years of which lime was spent in rock work. Age per se appeared to play a minor role in the development of anthraeosilieosis. Among men exposed 15 to 2-1 years to .lust containing less than 5 per cent free silica, 14 per cent of those who had worked where the average dust count was 100 In 199 million particles per cubic foot, 29 per rent of those exposed to 200 to 299 million particles, and 58 per cent of the men who had worked for this period in more than ,100 million particles per cubic foot, devel- .ijved anthraeosilieosis. Analysis of the data for the purpose ot determining safe limits of dust exposure in dicated that employment in an atmosphere containing less than 50 million dust partide* per cubic foot would produce a negligible number of cases of anthraeosilieosis when the quartz content of the dust was less thin 5 per cent. In the gangways where the silk* content of the dust was about 13 per cent a safe limit appeared to l>e 10 to 15 million Mining Section 5,V> Table 11.--Pneumoconiosis Cases Occurring Among 798 Workers Exposed to Mixed Dust, Classified by Average Dust Concentration, Length of Employment, and Number of Workers Exposed Average Dust Concentration (Million Particles |>cr Cubic Foot) 09: Number of pneumoconiosis cases Number of workers ex|>o5e<l....... Percent with pneumoconiosis___ 10-24: Number of pneumoconiosis cases Number of workers exposed....... Percent with pneumoconiosis___ 25-49: Number of pneumoconiosis cases, Number of workers exposed....... Percent with pneumoconiosis___ 50 and over: Number of pneumoconiosis cases. Number of workers exposed....... Percent with pneumoconiosis.... _Years in Industry* . -- - ------------- ---------- -____ ______ . _____ 0-4.9 5-9.9 10-14.9 15-19.9 20 and Over 810 0 56 0 29 9% 0% 0 13 0% 0 o8'-; 0 123 0% 0 94 % 0 66 0% 292 6.9% 4 23 17.4'.; 0 43 <>% 0 45 0% 3 31 9.7% 4 u 27.3%, 6 18 33.3"r 0 45 <>% 4 44 9.1% 5 25 20.0''; 4 8 50.0% 4 6 66.7';; particles per cubic foot. The limit of tol eration for rock workers was set tentatively at 5 to 10 million particles per cubic foot of air. Similar results were obtained by the Public Health Service in an investigation of pneomoconiosis among mica and prrmalite workers. (See Table 11.) The relation of the average dust concen tration and duration of exposure to the per centage of workers found to have pneumo coniosis was as follows: Of those who had worked in an average concentration of 50 million particles of dust per cubic foot of *r, 9 per cent had pneumoconiosis in 5 years, 20 per cent in 10 years, 50 per cent in 15 years, and 66 per cent in 20 years. Of those who worked in an average concentra tion of 25 million particles 10 per cent had pneumoconiosis in 10 years, 27 per cent in 1$ pears, and 33 per cent in 20 years. Of those who had worked in an average con centration of 10 million particles of dust, 7 per cent had pneumoconiosis in 15 years and 17 per cent in 20 years. (See Fig. i.) The data obtained in other studies of dusty rides, anthracite mining, asbestos textile mwiiifacture, and the pottery industry have ben treated in a similar fashion and have yielded similar, although usually less reguW. results The position of the threshold value below which no eases were found and the magnitude of the trends between per cent affected and both time and intensity of ex posure varies in different sets of data, de pending, to a large extent, on the chemical nature of the dust to which workers were exposed and possibly on the regularity of employment. It is tempting to seek to summarize the data of table 12 and figure 1 into a simple mathematical relation such as the follow ing: With each twofold increase in average dust concentration above 10 million particles per cubic foot, the probability of finding cases of silicosis (in men exposed for com parable lengths of time) is approximately doubled. Application of the standard meth ods of curve fitting would yield more re fined descriptions of these data. Neverthe less, it does not seem to l>e advisable to set tip any mathematical treatment because, of all the men who entered the industry, only the. survivors have heen studied. There is no adequate way of finding out whether or not men who dropped out of the industry wore in a lietter or worse state of health as far as silicosis is concerned than men who remained in the industry, and thus there is no way of introducing a correction for this element of selection into a mathematical 540 29th National Safety Congress Mining Section Table 12.--Period Worked at Face by First-Stage Silicotics 541 Average Number Job Number of ot Years Men -- Shovelers' hel|>ers (bruno men).. . ft. 8 X Shovelers... . 8.4 428 Orillers' helpers (dummies) 8.4 79 Trackmen... Roof trimmers................... 9.8 11.4 52 2ft Average Number Job Number of nt Years Men Machincmcn (drillers). Powdermen........ Shovel bosses.. . . Uronnd bosses.................. 11.4 11.5 15.8 10 ft 348 24 21 54 Figure 1.--Relation of average dust concentration and duration of dust exposure to the percentage of workers found to have pneumoconiosis. Based on data pre sented in Table 11. treatment. It seems to lie preferable to pre sent the facts as simply as possible, to gether with the precautions to be kept in mind in studying them, and to emphasize that the principal use of these data is to show the degree of improvement in health to be expected in the future if dust forma tion and dust dispersal are brought under control in these and in similar industries. Methods of Dust Control After the physician and engineer have learned by observation and experimentation what kinds of dust are harmful and in what concentrations, it is the function of the en gineer to evaluate the hazard in a particular industry, plant, or mine and devise measures for its elimination. The first step is to be come thoroughly familiar with the industry being studied to determine the dusty occu pations, the number of persons in each, and the various activities ami time devoted to each activity in any one occupation.*1 The amount of harmful dust created by various activities can 1>r determined by tak ing samples of the atmosphere in their vicin ity and counting and identifying the dust particles Sampling of air is also a means of checking the efficiency of any control meas ures that may 1>c adopted. Several devices are available for collect ing and counting dust samples. The im- pinger, however, is the instrument used most frequently in the United States. The Bureau of Mines and the Public Health Service have issued publications describing the method of sampling dust by the impiinger (as well as by other methods) and pro cedures for counting and identifying the particles.*4* ** Dust sampling is complicated by the fact that air dustiness fluctuates rapidly from moment to moment. A single dust count rep resents only the amount of dust in the at mosphere at the time and place of sampling and gives no indication of the average ex posure of the worker over a period of years, especially if he has not worked continuously at one joh. The ultimate lung injury that lie may suffer will depend upon the inte grated effect of the dust over a long period ** A projKT measure of dust exposure re quires a picture of tthc variations in dusti ness. The best procedure is to determine the dustiness during different stages of an operation and, with the aid of a time study, break down the worker's day according to the time spent in each step; from these data the average dust exposure of the worker can be calculated. Prilling.--Experience in South Africa1* with new methods of sampling have revealed that more dust is produced by rock drill* than had been suspected, the difference con sisting entirely of dust too fine to he de tected by the older methods. The importance of control of drilling dust as a measure of the prevention of silicosis is demonstrated by the fact that the incidence of silicosis has remained consistently and considerably higher among machine drillers than among those who have never worked machines, and the excess incidence among machine drillers has been in direct proportion to the amount of time spent upon rock drilling. Until relatively recently drilling of holes for blasting was a negligible producer of dust or air dustiness in coal mines especially other than anthracite mines. The handoperated auger drill produces very little fine dust, hut with the extension of mechanized mining power drills are becoming more and more essential and some of them are heavy producers of finely divided dust; this is especially true of reciprocating drills of the jackhammer type drilling dry and using compressed air in the clearing of holes either in coal or in roof or floor material. Blasting,--The exceptionally heavy inci dence of silicosis among rock drill miners in the early period of the gold-mining industry in South Africa*" was due to the exposure of the rock-drill miner not only to drilling dust hut to high concentrations of dust from blasting, and frequently to the inhalation of .varying amounts of the irritant fumes pro duced hy blasting, owing 1o the methods of Wasting thf-n in use. Blasting produces large quantities of very fine dust, flic finest frac tions of which lend to remain suspended in the mine air for a long time, unless removed b\ ventilation. Shaveling or Mucking.--In the Pirher, Okla.. study." it was difficult to show the relationship of the duties of the men to silicosis because of frequent change of oc cupation. All examined were divided into two groups--those exposed to large amounts of dust (those employed at the face) and those exposed to relatively small amounts (those away from the face). In the order of exposure to the dust hazard, the men at the face included shovelers' helpers, shovelers, drill helpers, machincmcn, trackmen, roof trimmers, powdermen, shovel bosses, and ground tmsscs. According to analysis of the occupations of face workers the hazard was greater for shovelers' helpers and shovelers than for machincmcn if length of time re quired to produce first-stage silicosis is a criterion. It is noted from tabic 13 that the average mimltcr of years worked hy shovel ers' helpers and shovelers was 6.8 and 8.4 years, respectively, while that for machinemen was 11.4 years. Loading and Pauling.--Under some con ditions hand loading of roa! throws into the air of the working place considerable quan tities of dust, but the amount is about onetenth that caused hy some types of mechan ical loading. The greatly increased occur rence of dust from mechanical loading is due not only to the stirring of the dust into the air by the loading machines themselves hut also to the greater rspiditv of breaking down ami taking coal from the face regions which increases other dust producing proc esses. especially Masting, cutting, and liatiling.** Poorly constructed or )vnorly maintained pit cars or over-topping of coal in cars al lows fait off or fine material to sift through to the tracks to be ground under the wheels of rolling equipment or the hoofs of mules and then to he thrown into the air hy speed ing cars or shuffling mules or men.3* 542 29th National Safety Congress Where conveyor* (either the shaker or belt type) are used they form potential sources of dust clouds at the points where the coal is dropped or thrown which occurs at the discharge ends only. Also, where conveyors arc used conditions at the face differ from those experienced with the older methods of working in that the miners are closer together, there is a tendency with the more systematic working for a larger number of the men to perform dust-raising operations at the same time, and the air speed at the faces is higher.*5 These condi tions, if not controlled, tend to increase the dust exposure to the face workers. Machine coat cutting.--When coal-cutting machines came into the picture early in the present century to supersede in large part both hand cutting and blasting off the solid, the really heavy producer of coal dust that the worker has had to endure was at hand, and this was especially true of the chain machines operated by electricity. Top cut ting is the worst offender in so far as im pregnating the air with dust is concerned, shearing occupies an intermediate position, and undercutting is the least offensive in this respect. However, undercutting ma chines under some conditions (such as cut ting dry in friable coal with dull bite in a confined place with little or no circulating air) may produce air dustiness so dense as to reduce visibility almost to zero with available types of mine lighting and to cause between 100,000,000 and 500,000,000 (or even more) dust particles to !>e carried per cubic foot of air of the fare region." Methods of Control The principal measures for controlling dust in mining operations arc ventilation, wet methods, proper blasting practice, the use of personal respiratory protection, and physical examination. Ventilation.--The more or less generally accepted conclusion that coal miners suffer less from miners' consumption than metal miners, who either die early in life or are incapacitated in middle age, is due almost entirely to the superior working conditions in coal mines as a result chiefly of ventila tion. Approximately in order of their impor tance. the main features that affect air in metal mines are (I) movement, (2) tempera ture. (3) relative humidity, (4) gases, and (5) dusts. In coal mines the order of imliortancc would probably be (1) movement, (2) gases, (3) dusts, (4) relative humidity, and (5) temperature.*' The matter of movement of air from the surface, through the working faces or places, and then back to the surface is by all means the most important consideration in effecting adequate ventilation of mines and in protecting the health and forwarding and maintaining the working efficiency of the underground workers. If adequate quantities of pure air are directed to the places where men work, most of the requirements of health and many of the demands of safety will l>e well served.*1 Ventilation probably is the most effective dust-control measure although under some conditions it ranks second to wet methods. Where ventilation can be applied effectively, dust can be removed from the air or its con centration can be so diluted as to render it almost harmless." IVet methods.--As dry drilling is the dustiest operation in mining, wet drilling will keep air dustiness within safe limits if used with care and judgment in collaring wet, using plenty of clean, dirt-free water, and keeping the drills in good repair with ade quate regulation of the proportion of water and compressed air flowing through the drill steel." In tests by the Bureau of Mines" the dust concentration in the air during actual drill ing decreased as the water flow through the drill increased. The water flows for stopers was 0 to 3 gallons per minute, and that for drifters from 0 to 1.02 gallons )>er minute. The rate of decrease for stoper drills was greater for water flows from 0 to 1.3 gal lons per minute than for higher water flows. The rate of decrease for drifter drills was similar to that for stoper drills at cor responding water flows and rainer constant for water flows of 0 to 1.02 gallons per minute. The results of this study shows that as water flow through the drills was increased the dust concentrations in the air decreased, hut they do not show whether the decrease was caused directly by the increased water flow, by some condition influenced by varia tion in water flow, or by a combination of these factors. In most pneumatic rock drills air passes Mining Section 545 rlirnugh the drill steel wi)h the water. Ordi narily some of the high-pressure air sup plied to the drill for its operation escapes into the hack end of the drill steel, even vhen the operating throttle is not in the blowing position, and travels up to the face nf the hole being drilled. The amount of air tseaping is affected by the water flow through the drill steel; as the water flow through the drill steel increases the air flow decreases. Mining officials in South Africa concluded that such air leakage, although proltablv facilitating removal by the water nf the cuttings from the hole, was respon sible for entrapping fine dust and blowing it into the air during drilling." Conse quently they have devoted much attention to designing drills that permit the minimum practical air leakage through the drill steel and have established regulations on the use nf such drills. Canada is also doing much work along this line, and recent reports state that such drills are practical and pro duce about one-fourth the dust concentra tion of corresponding drills without the "dustless-head" features." The results of this study show that op erators can reduce dust concentrations re sulting from drilling by increasing the water flow through the drill steel, either by increasing water pressure or by the use of water tubes of larger inside diameter. Tests also have been conducted by the Bureau of Mines" on the effectiveness of spraying water along the outside of the drill steel compared with that of standard wetdrilling practice. The tests show that spray ing water along the outside of the drill steel should not take the place of regular wet drilling. However, if a method is developed by which the device may be used on holes of any inclination, it might prove to be a valuable accessory to regular wet drilling in collaring and drilling the first 2 feet of a bole. Tests show that the greatest amount of dust is thrown into the air of a working place in drilling the first 2 feet of a hole." Wet drilling standards have been adopted in New York State for drilling in various classes of rock. The requirements for drill ing in Class II rock (rock containing more than 10 per cent free silica) in confined areas, which include the use of mechanical ventilation, are quoted below." 1. "Wet drilling shall mean the continu ous application of water through the central hole in the hollow drill steel to the bottom of the drill hole. The central hole in the steel shall not be less than A" diameter. 2. "The water flow shall be maintained continuously whenever the drill is in opera tion, including the period of collaring or starting the drill hole. The valve in the water line shall be of such design that it has only two fixed positions, namely, closed and completely open. Six months after date of approval, all wet drills shall be equipped with a combination air throttle and water valve of such design that the required rate of water flow through the drill steel will be insured whenever the air throttle is in the operating positions, half speed as well as full speed. 3. "The water shall be clean and bacteria free and shall be delivered to the drills under pressure from an adequate source of supply. Portable water tanks for individual drills shall not be used unless approved by the In dustrial Commissioner. "Wet drilling in Class II rock in confined areas shall he used with mechanical ventila tion, or in confined areas under decking by natural ventilation, if approved by the Indus trial Commissioner and subject to the fol lowing provisions: 1. "The rock surfaces for a distance of 30 feet from the heading or other drilling area shall be maintained in a damp condi tion. 2. "Hand-held drills (maximum piston Imre, 3") minimum rate of water flow through drill steel, 0.75 gallon per minute; maximum rate of air flow through drill steel at full speed, 2.0 cubic feet per min ute; maximum rate of air flow through the drill steel at half-speed operation, 1.0 cubic foot per minute; minimum rate of general ventilation in the drilling area, 500 cubic feet per minute per drill and shall he in creased if found upon tests by the Industrial Commissioner that the dust concentration is not in accordance with the requirements of the Code. 3. "Drifter-mounted and wagon-mounted drills (maximum piston bore, 4") minimum rate of general ventilation per drill in tlm drilling area, as shown in the table `1-imita tions in Air and Water Flow Through Steel.' 4. "In the case of positive-pressure ven tilation, the air must be well distributed over the drilling and must not create drafts L 514 29tli National Safety Congress Mining Section 5 15 at the various drilling positions, in a man ner satisfactory to the Industrial Commis sioner. The intake for the ventilating sys tem must be located at a point free from contamination with dust or provided with an efficient filter. 5. "In the case of exhaust ventilation, the location of the intake pipe or pipes must be Mich as to insure the removal of air from the entire drilling area in a manner satis factory to the Industrial Commissioner. 6. "The required ventilation may be ob tained by means of a recirculating air-clean ing apparatus provided the dust concentra tion in the air at the breathing zone of the drill operators is maintained at a level below that required in Rule 33-2.3 and the appa ratus is otherwise acceptable to the Indus trial Commissioner. 7. "The above rates of ventilation shall he increased whenever necessary to reduce dtist concentration to the amount permitted hy Rule 33-2.3." Proper blasting practice.--Methods of controlling dust and fumes in mines by proper blasting practice have been deter mined by members of the Rurc.au of Mines staff by observation and experiment.*'* If at all feasible, blasting should be done at the end of the working shift or on an off shift, and the dust- and gas-laden air should he removed or thoroughly diluted before the men return to work. Ventilation is an es sential agency in cleansing the air where blasting has been done Results of investi gations by the Bureau of Mines* show settling rate of dust after blasting under the following conditions: 1. The atmosphere was bratticed off for 3 hours while the dust samples were being taken. In this period, under these conditions, the dust concentration dropped from ap proximately 5,000 million particles per cubic foot to 50 million particles per cubic font. 2. The atmosphere was bratticed off until 2d minutes after blasting when the brattice was raised and natural ventilation (which was virtually negligible except for eddy currents was allowed to dilute the dust laden air. It required 2 hours and 20 min utes after blasting for the dust concentra tion to drop from approximately 5.000 mil lion particles per cubic foot to 50 million particles per cubic foot, and 2 hours and 50 minutes to drop to 15 million particles per cubic foot. 3. The atmosphere was bratticed off until 37 minutes after blasting, when the brattice was raised and 10-inch canvas tubing in far less than if the mucking had been done dry. stalled to about 50 feet from the face. At In general, the larger the quantity of ex 46 minutes after blasting, about 1,000 cubic plosive used, the more finely divided the feet of air per minute was forced into the blasted material, the more heavily the air face. It required 66 minutes after blasting will be impregnated with dust and smoke, for the dust concentration to drop to 50 and the greater will he the quantity of million particles per cubic foot, and 70 min poisonous gases left at the place; hence, utes to drop to 15 million particles per cubic methods should be used that will lend to foot. reduce the quantity of explosives used and The accompanying table shows the time, in minutes, required foT the dust concentra tion to drop from 825 million particles per cubic foot to 50 million and to 15 million particles per cubic foot under the three dif ferent conditions: of gases amt dust produced. In dim con nection it will he found that the use of stemming or of some types of blasting plugs now available will confine more definitely 1 the explosive, hence, increase its efficiency ] and reduce the quantity of explosive used | and also reduce the amount of poisonous gas produced and possibly reduce the vio Time, in minutes, to drop from 825,000,000 Ventilating particles per cubic foot Condition to-- No ventilation............ 121 181 Natural ventilation... 105 135 Mechanical ventilation 20 24 lence of the blast and its tendency to raise dust and disseminate it into the surrounding air. It would lie well for users of explosives to investigate types of explosives that arc known to give off minimum quantities of harmful gases on detonation and to use them; also, the discontinuance of the use of In addition, the place (walls, floor, roof or top, and timbers) should be wetted thoroughly before blasting is done, and a water blast should he used during and after the blasting. The region should he wetted thoroughly when the men return to the face region after blasting, and the muck pile should be kept well wetted at all times while it is loaded out, as the water not only lays the dust hut also either absorbs or otherwise aids in diluting or eliminating hie and the substitution of electric blasting would aid in reducing the amount of (toisonus gases from blasting. Explosives that have been held in storage too long or that have been stored under unfavorable condi tions as to moisture, temperature, etc., are likely to give off maximum quantities of harmful gases, if they detonate at all; hence, utmost care should he taken in the 'wing of explosives to sec that they are n* held too long before being used. harmful or poisonous gases that follow Personal respirator protection. This blasting and that usually cling to the blasted rthod of control of air dustiness is unsat material. isfactory in underground mining except for Tests* on the effectiveness of a spray of water mist in reducing the concentration of dust in the air after blasting and during mucking of the blasted material were con ducted in three headings in medium hard to hard rock. The use of the spray apparently temporary use in emergencies. Although 4a*t respirators give adequate protection against dust, they afford the wearer essentally no protection against toxic or asphyx iating gases, and are too cumbersome and comfortahle for constant wear. made it possible to reduce the concentration The Bureau of Mines has established a of dust generated and thrown into the air fbedule of minimum requirements for during blasting more than 99 per cent from fchanical respirators, one type of which is the amount present when the spray was not W protection against dust generated hy dis- used. Dust dissemination during mucking fcgration as in drilling and blasting, of material sprayed several hours before 'bout 30 respirators have been approved mucking was begun was much less than dcr this schedule. during shoveling of material thoroughly sprinkled just before and during mucking: and, of course, the dust present after use of either the spray or the sprinkling method i* Physical examination.--Although strictly 1wking physical examination is not a dusttrol measure, it is an important means of tomnining the efficacy of the methods cm- ployed to reduce the dust hazard. If work ers exposed to dust arc examined period ically increased incidence of respiratory disease can Ik* discovcml and measures taken to reduce the amount of dust in the air or remove any affected workers to a les* hazardous environment. In South Africa all white applicants for underground work arc examined and certi fied to he physically fit and free of any dis ease of the respiratory organs and then re examined every 6 mouths to determine and report all eases of simple silicosis, tubercu losis with silicosis, and simple tulierculosis that may have developed. In this way comparable records can lie obtained for measur ing the degree of pneumoconiosis and the extent of impairment of working capacity among employees from year to year. Com parably records will not lie obtained unless periodic examination* arc conducted in a standardized way, preferably hy a |K*rmanent medical Imard composed of physicians spe cially trained and having adequate experi ence in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Summary 1. The principal pulmonary diseases to which the miner is subject are bronchitis, influenza and pneumonia, pulmonary tuber culosis, anthracosilicosis, and silicosis. 2. Statistics indicate that much higher morbidity and death rates from pulmonary diseases are experienced in dusty than in nondustv industries, especially where silica dust is used or produced. 3. Investigations by the Public Health Service reveal that hard-coal miners suffer a high mortality rate from influenza and pneumonia not only during influenza epi demics but at other times as well. In 191523 and 1906-25 influenza and pneumonia were responsible for 40 per cent of the total deaths among hard-coal miners compared with 25 per cent among males at ages 15 to 65 who were engaged in pursuits other than coal mining. Six per rent of hard-coal miners hail pulmonary tiitx'rcii!n*is com pared with 2 per cent in the adult male population of the lhutcd State*. The rate for metal miners is still higher. 4. Anthracosilicosis was found in about 23 per rent of 2,711 employees of three anthracite mining companies studied hy the United States Public Health Service in 1933. 54() 29th National Safety Congress About 63 jwr cmt of those having anthracosilicosis showed evidence of disability, compared with less than 10 per cent in the control group. Moderate and marked de grees of disability handicapped approxi mately 21 per cent of those with anthracosilicosis compared with less than 2 per cent of the men serving as controls. 5. The occupational groups in anthracite mining, arrayed by the Public Health Serv ice according to extent of physical impair ment, are (1) rock workers, (2) regular miners, (3) all others exposed to more than 100 million dust particles per cubic foot of air, and (4) men in haulageways except rock workers. 6. The principal pulmonary disease in nietal mines is silicosis and the chief menace in silicosis is tubercle infection. Apparently silica dust alone increases the liability to pulmonary tuberculosis. Joint studies made by the Actuarial So ciety of America and the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors" revealed that there were 65 deaths where 6 were expected (about II times the expected number) from tuberculosis in 1925-1936 among a group of underground miners, most of whom were employed in nietal mines. Tuberculosis deaths were fourteen times the expected among copper miners, nine times the ex pected among gold and silver miners, and eight and a half times the expected among iron miners. In an earlier study" covering the years 1915-1926, there were 18 times as many deaths as expected among lead and ?inc miners. 7. As dust is the greatest contributor to the excessive mortality from pulmonary diseases in the mining industry, the prin cipal method of preventing these diseases is to eliminate as far as possible or reduce to harmless concentrations the dust in the breathing rone of the worker. cosis when the quartz content of the dust i less than 5 per cent; when the silica con tent is about 13 per cent 10 to 15 million particles ap|>ears to be a safe limit. 10. The amount of harmful dust created by various activities in mining can lx* de termined by sampling the atmosphere in their vicinity and counting and identifying the dust particles. Sampling of air is also a means of checking the efficiency of dust con trol measures. 11. The impinger is the dust-sampling in strument used most frequently in the United States. 12. The dustiest operations in mining art dry drilling, blasting of dry rock or ore. shoveling or mucking, loading and haulage, and machine coal cutting. 13. The principal measures for controlling the ill effects of dust in mining operation* arc ventilation, wet methods, proper blast ing practice, the use of personal respiratory protection, and physical examination of workers. 14. The efficiency of these measures in the reduction of the incidence of dust disease* is attested by the experience in the mines el South Africa where among the whole body of miners the liability to contract silicosis* 1936-37 was less by 65 per cent than it w* in 1920-33. Among the ``new Rand miner** who entered the industry by way of initial examination since 1916 and who have ' ex[ioscd solely to the progressively improsning occupational conditions that have ob tained since that date, the liability to tract silicosis was less by 87 per cent the similar liability among all miners ing for an equal period in 1920-23. Th "new Rand miners" constituted 77 per i of all working miners examined. 8. The aim should be to eliminate the dust entirely from the air breathed. Where this is not always feasible it may be possible to reduce the dust to a concentration that will not cause disability during a working life time. 9. Analysis of data collected by the Pub lic Health Service to determine safe limits of dust exposure indicate that employment in an atmosphere containing less than 50 million dust particles per cubic foot pro duces a negligible number of cases of sili Concluaion The mortality and morbidity from inonary diseases are excessive in the industry as a result of exposure to amounts of dust in the air breathed, fore, control of the dust hazard is t to prevent these diseases. No single of control is applicable to all dusty tions and processes, therefore, all the of prevention must be practiced to s success in the solution of the problem. Mining Section 547 REFERENCES 1. Collis, Edgar L. Occupational Dust Dis eases: Bull. Hygiene, vol. 6, 1931, pp. 663-670. 2. CoUis. The General and Occupational Preva lence of Bronchitis, and It* Relation to Other Respiratory Disease*: Jour. Indust. Hygiene, vol. \ 1923-24, pp. 264-276. 3. Colli*. The Mortality Experience of an Oc cupational Group Exposed to Silica l)u*t. Com pared with that of the General Population and an Occupational Group Exposed to Dust Not Con taining Silica: Jour. Indut. Hygiene, vol. 15, 1933, pp. 395-417. 4. Rrundage. Dean K. Mortality of Coal Miners: I'nited State* Public Health Bull. 210, 1933, 17 pp. ix. Meriwether, F. V., Sayers, R. R., and l-aiua, A. J. Silicosis and Tuberculosis Amonc Miner* of the Tri-State District of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri. II. For the Year Ended June 39, 1929: Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 552, 1933, 28 pp. 19. Kettle, F.. H. Experimental Silicosis: Jour. Indttsi. Hygiene, vol. 8, 1926, p. 491. 20. l^mra, A. J., and Vane, R. J. Industrial Dusts and the Mortality from Pulmonary Dis ease: Am. Rev. Tuberc., vol. 39, 1939, pp. 419-436. 21. Cummings. Donald E,, Downs, Robert N., and Berg, Melvin. Tuberculous Lesions in Male Industrial Workers: Am. Rev. Tuberc., vol. 3Q, 1939, pp. 439-455. L Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation. Thf Health of Workers- in Dusty Trades. Ill Ex|osure to Dust in Coal Mining: United States Public Health Bull. 208, 1933, p. 10. 6. Sayers, R. R., Meriwether, F. V., l^ama, A. J., and Adams, W. W. Silicosis and Tuberculosis Among Miners of the Tri*State District of Okla* Wii, Kansas and Missouri-- I, for the Year Ended Jane 30, 1928: Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 545, *33, 30 pp. 7. Dublin, Louis I. The Mortality of Bituminous CaaJ Miners from Influenza-Pneumonia, October w December, 1918: Jour. Indust. Hygiene, vol. I. 1919.20- p. 483. *. Colli*. Edgar L. The Coal Miner: His Health, Diseases, and General Welfare: Jour, lado't. Hygiene, vol. 7, 1925, pp. 221-243. 9. Sen, Prafulla Kumar. Pneumoconiosis in 5wh Wales Coal Miners and Its Relation to Tuberculosis: Jour. Indust. Hygiene, vol. 19, 1937, W- 225-257. 22. Union of South Africa. Report Upon the Work of the Miners* Phthisis Medical Bureau for the Three Years Ended 31st July, 1935: Pub lished by the Government Printer, Pretoria, S. A., 1936, 76 pp. 23. The South African Mining and Engineering Journal. The Incidence of Silicosis: A statistical Examination of the Position - Progressive and Noteworthy Reduction Mining Industry's Initia tive in Investigating the Dust Problem: Vol. 49, I93K, p. 717. 2-t. Bloomfield, J. J,, and DallaValle, J, M. The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust: United State* Public Health Bull. 217, 1935, 167 pp. 25. Brown, Carlton E., and Schrenk, H. H. A Technique for Use of the Impinger Method: Bu reau of Mine* Inf. Circ. 7026, 1938, 20 pp. Schrenk, H. H., and Felcbt, Florence t*. Bu reau of Mine* Midget Impinger: Bureau of Mine* Inf. Circ. 7076, 1939, 7 pp. It. Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation, AMbraeo-Silicosis Among Hard Coal Miners: Tasted States Public Health Bull. 221, 1935, 114 Foster, Wilder D., and Schrenk, H. H. Petro graphic I (identification of Atmospheric Dust Par ticle*: Bureau of Mines Rept. of !nve*tigation* 336R, 1938, 10 pp. It. l-anza. A. J., and Higgins, Edwin. Pul* tMaary Disease Among Miners in the Joplin ' Mftfkt, Missouri and Its Relation to Rock l)ust a the Mines: Bureau of Mines Tech. Paj>er 105, . IHJ, 41 pp. U. Harrington, P., and Lanza, A. J. Miners* tbastmsption in the Mines of Butte, Montana: Ivsm af Mine* Tech. Paper 260, 1921, 19 pp. U Roberts, John. Silicosis: A Review is Given Recent Researches on the Cause of the mm..--*: Colliery Guardian, vol. 147, 1938, pp, 9*. Lama, A. J. (Editor). Silicosis ami A*haaww: Oxford University Press, I93K, 439 pp. II Calli*. Edgar L, The Statistical Charac* dWcs af Du*t Phthisis (Pulmonary Silicosis): ladust. Hygiene, vol. 8, 1926, pp. 457-465. H K., l-anza, A. J., 1-aney, F- B., and lha. 0. S. Siliceous Dust tit Relation to Pul* -JMwy Disease Among Miners in the Joplin PisRftM. Hhtouri: Bureau of Mines Hull. 132, 1917, k If Lama. A. J., and Childs, Samuel B. 1. ' * Consumption: A Study of the Disease Zinc Miners in Southwestern Missouri, --ootgen-Ray Findings in Miners' Consumpr (Tatted States Public Health Bull. 85, 1917, 26. Drinker, Philip, and Hatch, Theodore: In dustrial Du*t, (936, 316 pp. 27. South African Mining and Engineering Jour nal. Miners' llithiaia and Working Conditions: Vol. 40, 1938, pp. 521-523. 28. S.A.M.E, Journal. Future of the Miners* Phthisis Problem: Vol. 49, 1938, p. 13. 29. Harrington, I). Formation, Collection, and Treatment of Coal Dust in Mines: Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7049, 1939, It pp. 30. Davie*, A. L. Airborne Goal Dust: Abate ment of the Nuisance in Intensive Conveyor Min ing: Coll. Guard., vol. 153, 1936, jq>. 755-758. 31. Harrington, I>. Mine Ventilation: Bureau of Mine* Inf. Circ. 7047, 1939, ]6 pp. 32. Brown, Carlton E,, and Schrenk, H. H. Relation of Dust Dissemination to Water Flow Through Rock Drills: Bureau of Mine* Rept. of Investigations 3393, 1938, 6 pp. 33. Johnson, John A., and Agnew, Wing G. Du*t Produced by Drilling When Water ts Sprayed on the Outside of the Drill Steel: Bureau of Mines Kept, of Investigations 3478, |939, 6 pp. 34. Industrial Bulletin. Standards for the Test ing of "Wet" Drilling Equipment and "Wet Meth ods" of Dust Control: New York State Dept, of f*abor, vol. 17, 1938, pp. 63-64. 5 IK 29th National Safety Congress 14. Brown. Carlton E., and Srlirpnk, H. H. ( ontrol of l)u*t From Blasting bv a Spray of Water Mi*!: Bureau of Mine* Rej*t. of TnvrMicalion* 11HH. 1018. 13 pp. .16. Johnson, John A., Atfnew, Wini* (., and MoVter, McHenry. Slemminff in Metal Mine*, I'roRres* Report 1: Bureau of Mine* Repf. of Investiualion* 3400, 1040, 27 pp. Paper and Pulp Section .WJOURNMHNT Officers 1939-1940 Ccneral Chairman--I). B. ( hant, Ontario Pulp & Pa|>er Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Ont., Canada. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership--Clayton C). IIraatz, Marathon Paper Mills Co,, Rothschild, Wis. Vrrcldry mid Program Committee Chairman--C. (). Hoi.mkr, Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. .Vnc.r letter Editor--i X A. McAi.ary, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Madawaska, Maine. Contest Committee--A. Scott Dowd (Chairman), Fritz Publications, Inc., Chicago, 111. B. 1). Rogers, Bin! & Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. F. H. Rosebush, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. Potn Sheet ( ommittee--R. G. McGivney (Chairman), Oswego Falls Oorp., Fulton, X. Y. J. J. Hastinc.s, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich, 1). T. Meany, New Brunswick International Paper Co., Dalhousie, N. B., Canada. James W. Towsf.n, West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co., New York, N. Y. bnginecriny-Safe Practices Committee--Arthur Murray (Chairman), Container Corp. of America, Chicago, III. M. W. Dundore, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. Francis T. Rooney, George Banta Publishing Co., Menasha, Wis. (>. R. Vaughan-Evans, Anglo-Newfoundland Development Co., Ltd., Grand Falls, Newfoundland. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. Louis H. P'reciitung, Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. ''Misties Committee Chairman--Fred W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Publicity Committee--Walter E. Strong (Chairman), Menasha Products *Div,, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Menasha, Wis. A. S. Cook, Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety Assn., Quebec, Canada. M. I.. Mammf.n, 401 Pittock Block, Portland, Ore. Koi.and W. Richardson, The Gardner-Richardson Co., Lackland, Ohio. Safely Instruction Card Committee--R. W. Crouchek (Chairman), Minnesota & Ontario Pa|ier Co., International Falls, Minn. Ernest Augustus, The Mead Corp., Chillicothc, Ohio. 0. J. Bienvenij, Gaylord Container Corp., Bogalusa, La. S. H. Brown, Union Bag & Paper Corp., New York, N. Y. H. P. Heubner, The Flintkote Co., New York, N. Y. Arthur E. Winslow, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., Waterville, Me. Visual Education Committee--Julius A. Draper (Chairman), Consolidated Paper Corp., I.td., Grand 'Mere, P. Q., Canada. Don F,, McDowell, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Parchment, Kalamazoo ('minty, Mich. D. S. Garber, Hummel & Downing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. .1. R. Latter, Anglo-Canadian Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd., Quebec, Canada. I.. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., Monroe, La. k. G. Urekr, Hawley Pulp (tc Paper Co., Oregon City, Ore. fast (ieneral Chairmen-- (iroRGE J. Adams, International Paper Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Rorert M. Altman, Marathon Paper Mills Co., Kothscliild, Wis. KrNNtTil L. Faist, The Champion Paper & F'ibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio 549