Document gg4xGEB1b4BDEdD0Ldq9YQMJ

Thursday May 27, 1982 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT USG-1502 Part' 5V Environmental Protection Agency Friable Asbestos-Containing:' Materials In Schools; Identification and Notification CS014 2477 23360 Federal Register / Vof. 47, No. 103 / Thursday. May 27.1962 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 763 [OPTS 61004B; TSW-FRL 2064-3] Asbestos; Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools; Identification and Notification EPA has prepared several major support documents for this rule. These documents have been added to the rulemaking record. Copies may be obtained by calling EPA at the telephone numbers given above. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.* OMB Control Number (2000-0463). I. Introduction AGENCY: Environmental Protection The purpose of this rule is to protect Agency (EPA). users of school buildings from unwitting ACTION: Final rule. exposure to concentrations of airborne asbestos which occurs when friable summary: EPA issues this rule to reduce asbestos-containing materials are risks to human health from exposure to damaged or disturbed. Compliance with asbestos-containing materials in school this rule will both ensure that these buildings.'The rule requires public and materials are identified and that school private elementary and secondary users are notified of their presence so schools in the United States to identify tha( they can prevent or reduce release friable asbestos-containing building of asbestos. This rule is needed because materials, maintain records and notify many school districts have not employees of the location of the friable responded adequately to EPA's effort_ materials which contain asbestos, under the Technical Assistance Program provide the employees with instructions (TAP) to encourage schools to identify on reducing exposures to asbestos, and these materials and notify employees of notify the School's parent-teacher their presence. association of the inspection results^ Each locsl education agency is School districts are encouraged to required to: (1) Inspect ch areas of each consult with EPA Regional Asbestos school building wiuiia the agency for' Coordinators when complying with the friable materials applied to structural rule and. where asbestos-containing surfaces in the buiicmg- [Z] Take at least materials are found, to consult with EPA 'three samples of each mstinc: type of regarding corrective actions. A school friable material found: snti 'di.Have that has already inspected, sampled. , those samples analysed for their and analyzed the friable asbestos- asbestos content using polarized light containing material according to the microscopy augmantsc by x-ray procedures in this regulation need only- diffraction if necessary. Each local comply with the recordkeeping and education agency shall also keep a notification provisions of the rule. record of the nndinga of all inspections, Schools that determined that they contain no friable asbestos-containing materials prior to the effective date of this rule, need only certify these results and retain the certification statement in sampling, and analyse: conducted in accordance with this rule. After inspection, sampling and analysis have been completed, if a school does not have friable asbestos- their files. Schools need not repeat sampling and'analysis under any, circumstances. oates: This rule becomes effective June 2&.1982. Local education agencies must comply with all portions of this rule by May 27.1983. ADDRESS: The public record for this rulemaking is located at Rm. E-107. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St SW., Washington. D.C. 20460, and is open to the public from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, except legal holidays. containing material, no further action is required. However, in a school with friable asbestos-containing materials, the local education agency is required to inform all employees of the location of these materials and io provide each custodial or maintenance employee with a copy of "A Guide For Reducing Asbestos Exposure". See 8 76-3.111 (b) . and (c) of the rule (proposed 763.0(b)). The parent-teacher groups of schools found to contain friable asbestoscontaining materials shall be notified of the presence of friable asbestos. The purpose of notification is to inform FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT! people where there is a potential Douglas G. Bannerman. Acting Director. problem from the release of friabia Industry Assistance Office (TS-799), asbestos fiber in schools: In order to Office of Toxic Substances, reduce the costs associated with Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. notification, the Agency has decided not E-511, 401 M St SW,, Washington, D.C. to require notification where there are 20460. Toll free: (800-424-9065), In no friable asbestos materials. Washington. D.Cl: (554-1404), Outside Compliance with these requirements- the USA: (Operator--202-554-1404). will ensure that potentially hazardous materials ere identified and that school users are notified of their presence so that they can reduce or prevent the release of asbestos from them. This should eliminate much unnecessary exposure due to lack of knowledge of the presence of asbestos. Many of the friable asbestoscontaining materials in schools do not require abatement or removal. A reasonable effort by school officials to manage the materials can prevent damage to or deterioration of them and the consequent release of asbestos and exposure of school users. This iB particularly the case where access to the materials is limited (e.g., material in a boiler room or behind a false ceiling) and the persons using the area can be instructed to avoid contacting or disturbing the material and to take necessary precautions when their jobs require that they work with the material. EPA strongly recommends that, where a local education agency determines that a management program for friable asbestos-containing material is the most appropriate response, the local education agency should institute a program to advise and educate its employees of the need for caution and proper procedures. Such a management program should also include a provision for periodic rsavaluation of the material to determine whether the management program has prevented-further damage cr deterioration. Some asbestos-containing materials identified when complying with this rule may he determined to require corrective action such as removal, encapsulation with a sealant which improves the cohesive strangth of the material, or enclosure behind a barrier to prevent access. EPA has issued guidance both for identifying materials which should be controlled because of greater exposure potential and for procedures to be used when engaging in corrective activities (see "Asbestos-Containing Materials In School Buildings: A Guidance Document," which can be obtained by calling the toll-free number. Supervisors of public school districts and private schools will be automatically sent the Guidance Document and need not call). Chapter 7 of the Guidance Document lists the factors which should be considered when determining whether to take corrective action. Abatement is often needed whenever the friable asbestos-containing material is visibly damaged and easily accessible or has inherently poor cohesive strength. Material which is separating from the surface to which it is applied, is . separating into layers, or is otherwise i CS014 2478 FederafrReglgter /. Vol. 47, ,No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations 23361 heavily damaged should be considered for removal. If damage is due to water, the cause of the damage (e.g,, a roof leak) should also be corrected. Again,the amount of asbestos-containing material requiring abatement compared to the total amount of material in school buildings is small Local education agenciea which desire assistance in determining an appropriate course of action for particular materials should contact the Asbestos Coordinator at the USEPA Regional Office in their area. The addresses and phone numbers of the Asbestos Coordinators are: EPA Region I Asbestos Coordinator Air and Hazardous Materials Division JFK Federal Bldg. ' Boston. MA 02203 (817) 223-0585- EPA Region II Asbestos Coordinator Room 1013 Woodbridge Avenue Edison. NJ 08837 (201) 321-6668 EPA Region in Asbestos Coordinator Curtis Building Sixth and Walnut Streets Philadelphia. PA 19106 (215) 597-9859, 597-8883 EPA Region IV Asbestos Coordinator 345 Courtland Street Atianta^GA 30365 (404) 881-3864 EPA Region V Asbestos Coordinator 230 S. Dearborn St Chicago, IL 80804 (312) 886-6003 EPA Region VI Asbestos Coordinator First Intemat`1 Bldg. 1201 Elm Street Dallas. TX 75270 (214) 787-2734 EPA Region VII Asbestos Coordinator 324 East 11 Street Room 1500 Kansas City, MO 64106 (818)374-6538 ^ EPA Region VUI Asbestos Coordinator I860 Lincoln Street Denver, CO 80295 (303) 837-3928 EPA Region IX Asbestos Coordinator 215 Fremont Street San Francisco, CA 94105 (415)974-8123 EPA Region X Asbestos Coordinator 1200 Sixth Avenue Seattle, WA 98101 (206) 442-2888. Although this rule does not require reporting of information to EPA, school districts are encouraged to contact EPA for assistance. EPA has worked closely with many States in providing training andtechnical assistance to school districts. Tee Regional Asbestos Coordinator will provide technical recommendations, provide additional State or iocal asbestos experts for assistance, or. in some cases, be able to provide training to the locai education agency on the factors affecting abatement decisions. EPA is extending the compliance period for this rule by six months to ensure that school districts have suif.dent time to consult with the Agency, if desired, after finding asbestos in their schools. A. Background "Asbestos" refers to a group of hydrated mineral silicates which readily separate into fibers. Asbestoscontaining materials have been used widely for fireproofing, thermal and acoustical insulation and decoration in building construction and renovation. These materials usually were applied by spraying, but also have been trowelled onto overhead surfaces, steel beams,' ceilings, walls, furnaces, and pipes. Asbestos is a known human carcinogen. Extensive epidemiologic evidence demonstrates that Inhalation of asbestos can lead to pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, lung cancer, aabestosis, and other diseases which are serious, irreversible, and often fatal. Asbestos has been responsible for the premature deaths of many perrons who worked with the types of insulating materials now found in some schools; The potential for release of asbestos fibers from asbestos-containingmaterials depends In part upon the characteristics of the material which contains the asbestos fibers. Soft, crumbly materials tend to release fibers more easily than do hard, cementitious materials. This regulation addresses friable materials, which are defined as ail materials that when dry may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure. Asbestos fibers are extremely durable, and their size and shape permit them to remain airborne for long periods of time. Fibers become suspended in the air by disturbance of the friable asbestoa-containing materials or deterioration causing the material to release fibers, and by.reauspension of previously released fibers that have settled onto floors.ahd other surfaces. Resuspension of asbestos fibers that have settled may result from many different activities, including dusting, sweeping, vacuuming, and even ordinary movement in the vicinity of the settled fibers. This process of release and resuspension of asbestos fibers results in continued dispersal of asbestos fibers throughout the building. B1 EPA's Program EPA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register of September 17,1980 (45 FR 81966) regarding the identification of friable asbestos-containing material in schools. EPA held a public hearing on this proposal on November 17, I960, and has received comments from 83 parties on the proposal. EPA has analyzed and responded to these comments in "Analysis of Comments on the Proposed AAo for Identification and Notification of Friable Asbestos-Containing r,lBierial3 in Schools" (hereinafter "Analysis of Comments"). EPA'S Science Advisory Board. (SAB) reviewed the "Support Document-- Asbcstcc-Containing Materials in Schools--Health Effects and Magnitude of Fxposura" (hereinafter "the Technical Support Document") which was published with the proposal and which presents EPA'a findings on the risk of exposure to asbestos in schools. The SAB met on December 2-3,198a to discuss the document with EPA personnel. The SAB found the risk assessment scientifically credible and made several recommendations for improving the document EPA has considered these recommendations when preparing the final Technical Support Document published with this rule. The transcript of the meeting and a report of the SAB'S recommendations with respect tathe document have been added to the rulemaking record. This final rule implements that proposal, which was made after the Agency had operated a Technical Assistance Program (TAP) for 18 months to help school districts Identify and correct potential hazards due to asbestos in schools. The TAP continues to provide assistance to schools. In each EPA Regional office, there is a person to respond to inquiries and help school officials locate necessary services. In addition, each EPA region has a technical advisor, hired and trained CS014 2479 23382 Federal Register / VoL 47, No. 103, / Thursday, May 27] 1982 / Rules^and Regulations under a grant to'the National Retired Teachers Association/American Association of Retired Persons, to assist schools. A number of comments on the prbposal urged EPA not to impose regulations in this area, some arguing that the TAP is sufficient EPA finds, however, that it is necessary to promulgate this rule because many schools have not been inspected adequately. For example. EPA estimates that 30 percent of the schools in the 11 States in EPA Regions V and VI had not been inspected as of August 1981. If this proportion applies to the nation as a whole, 33,000 public and private schools remain uninspected. Further, ajiumber of States either have not surveyed their schools at all or have not surveyed their schools adequately, such as the case in. one State where analysis.of samples looked only for chrysohle asbestos (see Analysis of Comments, pp. 2-3}. In May of 1979, EPA distributed , "Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings: A Guidance Document" (hereinafter "the Guidance Document") to school districts across the country. EPA also has prepared "Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools: Guidance for Asbestos Analytical Programs," which provides additional guidance on taking samples of friable materials and on selecting . laboratories to analyze these samples. General information on EPA's TAP. copies of the Guidance Document, and a list of laboratories may be obtained by telephoning the numbers given above. Finally, EPA operates a toll-free, technical assistance number (800-334-- 8571, extension 6741) especially for school districts and laboratories which need up-to-date information on analysis, including results of subsequent rounds of the quality assurance program. Comments on the rule stated that EPA should do moreto ensure proper analysis of samples of friable material, . perhaps including certification of laboratories or analysis by EPA laboratories. EPA finds that with the guidance,and assistance ETA provides: school districts can obtain satisfactory analysis of their samples when acting in accordance with the requirements of this rule (seeAnalysis of Comments, pp; 35-38). - C. Education DepartmentAssistance On May 18,1980, the UiL Congress passed the Asbestos School Hazard Detection and Control Act of 1980. In the Federal Register of January 18,1981 (46 FR 4538),. the Education Department (ED) issued rules to implement a Federal grant and loan program under the Act to assist local education agencies in - . detecting and controlling asbestos a. Health effects. A detailed hazards. Funds have not been discussion of the health effects findings appropriated by Congress for this appears in Chapter 3 of the Technical program. Support Document Although several Comments on EPA'a rulemaking comments strongly criticized several suggested that the ED program makes aspects of the Agency's proposed rules under the Toxic Substances findings on the health effects of asbestos Control Act (TSCA) unnecessary. EPA (see Analysis of Comments, pp. 9-10), no finds, however, that the availability of one contested the finding that exposure grants, if funding occurs, to cover one- to asbestos increases risks of developing half the cost of detection programs is not asbestosis, pleural and peritoneal in itself sufficient incentive to ensure mesothelioma, and cancers of the lung, that schools will be inspected and larynx; oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, school employees notified. Since ED colon and kidney. Nor did anyone does not have authority to require these dispute the finding that the effects Of actions; EPA is requiring them under exposure to asbestos are serious, TSCA (see Analysis of Comments, p. 2 irreversible, and often fatal and p. 7). EPA emphasizes the strength of the n. Legal Authority TSCA section 6 requires the Administrator to regulate the use of a chemicahsubBtanca or mixture that the Administrator finds presents an unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the environment. The finding of unreasonable ri3k involves a balancing cx the risk, including the severity and probability of injury, with the adverse effects of possible regulatory action. If the Administrator finds that a substance presents an unreasonable lisle TSCA section b(a)(Sj authorizes the Administrator to promulgate: epidemiologic evidence that exposure to asbestos is a cause of cancer. In a major study of over 12,000 asbestos insulation workers, cancels induced by asbestos were responsible for elevating the overall mortality rate by approximately 50 percent. Seventeen percent of all deaths m this group were due to asbestosis, pleuial mesothelioma, or peritoneal mesothelioma. These causes of deaths are virtually unheard of in the general population. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has listed asb-istc: among only 18 chemicEis, groups of chemicals, and industrial processes for which theevidence c: human carcinogenicity is A requirement that such eubatanos or conclusive. mixture bo marked with or accompanied by lit addition. EPA finda that adverse clear and adequate warnings and Instructions with respect to its ubs, distribution in commerce, or disposal or with respect to any combination of such ectivitise. The form and health efm.T.s of nonroccupational exposurs %sb&3(os have been amply demonstrate. Some persons whose content of such-warnings end instructions - only kr.o v.ti exposure to asbestos has shall bs prescribed by the Administrator. been from living in the same households Thus section 6(a)(3) authorizes EPA to require school officials io provide warnings to school employees of the location of asbestos andinstructions on how to reduce exposures, in order to determine whether a school in subject to the weming and instruction requirements, school officials will have to inspect for and identify friable asbestos-containing materials; therefore, -suchinspection and identification are required under this same provision of section 8 by this rule. M. Findings as asbestos workers or in the neighborhoods of asbestos mines, mills,, and processing facilities have developed mesothelioma and signs of asbestosis (see Technical Support Document, pp. 30-34 and 44-48). b. Magnitude of exposure in schools. EPA finds that die prevailing airborne concentrations of asbestos "(concsntraticns of asbestos present most of the time in occupied areas) in school buildings which have friable asbestos-containing materials.are frequently higher than asbestosconcentrations in the ambient air. The This-unit summarizes'the findings specific airborne concentration in a required by TSCA for the Administrator given building at a given time depends, to regulate friable asbestos-containing however, on such factors as the' materials under section (Jfaf of TSCA. condition and accessibility of the friable A. Findings Required By Section 8(e) of TSCA. ^ ... ; materia], the amount of activity,.and cleaning methods used in the- building. EPA estimates that the prevailing ' This part presents-the statement exposure to asbestos-in schooia-with required by section 6(c) of TSCA. 1. Health, effects of and magnitude of exposure to asbestos-- friable asbestoa-containingmaterials ranges from 57 to 270 nanograms per cubic meter (ng/m3). Prevalent levels' - CS014 2480 Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations 23363 could become as high as 600 ng/m1 as the 8,000 public schools estimated to friable asbestos-containing material have friable a3bestoa-containing further deteriorates or is damaged (see materials in the United States (accurate Technical Support Document, pp. 68-74). estimates for ncr.-public schools cannot Several comments questioned EPA's be made at th.'u time). Many of these method of estimating prevailing persons, esperieily maintenance concentrations, ncting that the data personnel, can oe exposed reguiary to used came from buildings in Paris and peaks during rr ' -.,j repairs, cleaning, that not ail of the available data points cr renovsiicr. were uBed. EPA has carefully c. Risks cue iz exposure in schools. reconsidered these estimates and finds EPA finds it nig.'.'/ -i'.teiy that exposure that they are reasonable representations to asbestos m su.-. 'ud: may increase the of exposure to asbestos in U.S. schools. Measurements of airborne asbestos in U.S. schools are not significantly risk of develop;;:-; numerous type3 of cancer, most ncr;cr- pk-urai and peritoneal rruo.nepouia and lung different from the Paris data (see Analysis of Comments, pp. 23-25). EPA notes that measurements from Paris were selected from buildings in whicn friable asbestos-containing materials were exposed and in which there was normal activity, e.g. the simple comings and goings of people,' at the time of measurement. These data most closely fit the situation in schools when students are present. Moreover, prevalent concentrations in schools with intact friable materials are not the main concern of this rule. This rule is addressed to the control of "peak" exposures. Peak exposures can be much in excess of the prevailing concentration of asbestos in buildings and occur during damage, repair, renovation, or cleaning, when the friable asbestos-containing material is contacted, or settled asbestos fibers are resuspended. Pesiks up to 500.000 ng/mJ may be common due to simple maintenance or cleaning chores or to vandalism and other damage (see Technical Support Document pp. 80-84). This la at least 1000 times higher than the prevalent ', levels discussed above. Although EPA has documented these high exposure levels and considers them significant EPA has not been able to quantitatively . estimate the contribution which peaks make to cumulative exposure among school children and teachers because of the extreme variability in the occurrence of such peaks. However. EPA emphasizes that peaks, contribute significantly to exposure, even If they occur intermittently and for cancer. Tift ' : :.;\g is based on; (1) inccntv . . fib'-. epidemiologic evidence that o--'iand exposure asbestos marked-' increases the risk of developing sever,cl types; of cancer and asbestos.a. (2) Evidence both less intense and briefer expoau-es to asbestos, as may occur in tr.; .isigoborhoods of asbestos prose*. or in the homes of asbestos = -. c nrctiuce m-'.co'.cc-ijo.v.c " o - '- - - cf ic some .r.ai-.v.. (3) Deere... irai-c-d cirrorne concsr.trnnni;.: of aahesios in buildings with friable-ttsbemtaini::; maisriai which -..c r-a above urbar ambient level-, especially peaks which can exceed oc.mpannou; omndar is. The conclue;-;.-! :1: .-. risk di.c- : exposers c . . is nr-.c exi.-.t is supported b> ixtiti u; dorccnsin.-^ - relationship o-iz-.ziu o.-.nosura to aaberto: e.ic 11 ' rv.lt cf crujcar rear: from v/orkpiace cocoes (.rations of airbeme fiber-., A key to EPA' - oasment of the risk from asoestoa e;- in schools ia an epidemiologic army which covered more than 12J300 asbestos insulation workers-who were expoaedto asbestos for at least 10 yeere and who had survived at least 20 yearn after first exposure before their mortality experience was observed. The estimate of attributable cancer risk from this study is 7 deaths per 10C0 workers per year of observation (7 deaths per 1000 person-years). The attributable risk is the difference between observed and short periods. Aa an illustration, a expected death rates for asbestos- person exposed to a peak of 500.000 ng/ induced diseases in an exposed group. m* for one hour inhales as much This difference represents the number of asbestos as one exposed to 250 ng/m1 deaths resulting snnurily from asbestos over a fulLwork year. Given that these exposure in a population of a given size. peak exposures are likely to-be- The 95 percent confidence interval for repetitive (unless proper precautions are this estimate (a wsv'of reflecting the taken), this mode of exposure may role of chance- variation) is a range of 0 predominate. to 8 deaths per 1000 ccrrmn-years. The Currently, an estimated 2,990.000 average exposure inn-red by these students and 289.000 teachers and staff, workers is estimated to .'-.tvs been including 17.200 janitors and between lOO.OCfi end 500,000 ng/ maintenance personnel, regularly use m3for 2(7year? The cumulative exposure of the insulation workers greatly exceeds exposures expected to occur in schools, especially that of students. EPA has considered plausible models for assessing risk at low levels, including the possibility that a threshold at or snove the exposure levels in schools exacts and that exposure below this threshold would not increase risk. Based on these considerations, EPA has determined that there is a non-zero risk . of carreer due to exposure to asbestos in School.:. Especially important to EPA's os.idj;:i:em of risk are the peak incurred by persons who, j; :i a re .unknowingly, work-on friable ero -re-re acniaining material. It would i.or .re unusual for a custodian to receive It -.:nu* the cumulative exposure EPA bus estimated for prevailing levels by sustuirrrg peak exposures during nor.-re' custodial activities. C rmrs-rrui on the proposed rule qu;. - ire. ;,l V-c-ti; the estimate of ... --.rr;-; the insulation workers :3,000,000 fibers per cubic mere ff.-rre.ii and EPA's factor for oore-rmn^ fibers to nanograms (30 ~;k 1 - sovr.i i nanogram). The comments ere ;-: :>u: axT-osure among the workers m.'iv h: - been higher than estimated by - - . rest Lhe risk-attributed to the re- .; . -rece in schools would be ' -re - cr. rrsdicted by EPA. EPA finds - : rJmated exposure levels are - re ? re*je Analysis of Comments. i v.ro.nnantai effects. Section 0(c) rr;-_; run the Administrator to state the relevant factors and key considerations which fonn the basis for regulatory action under section 5(a). This reguicticn addresses risks to human heaith. EPA finds that the environmental eifect-3 of asbestos exposure are notrelevant to this rulemaking, a finding not contented by public comment 3. 3amfits of asbestos in schools and avciicbility of substitutes. EPA finds that it is not necessary for this rulemaking to publish a detailed review of the benefits of asbestos use in schools cr die availability of substitutes. As noted in the proposal (45 FR 01971), thia mis doer not require.schools to forego tho benefits of asbestos, a point upon which there was no public comment. 4. Economic effects. This unit presents EPA's determinations of the economic consequences of the regulation as reouired by section 6(c)(1)(D) of TSCA. Using data obtained from a variety of saui-car EPA computed the unit costs of the r.--;ci individual actions required by the "u'.a (inspection, sampling and anciyeic 01 materials, recordkeeping. 23384 Federal Register / Vol. 47, No.' 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and. Regulations and notification of employees), and T.veLE li.--Co?uanc Costs human carcinogen. EPA places great estimated the rule's,impact on individual schools. EPA estimates that the overwhelming majority of schools will each spend less than $55 on compliance with the regulation, and that the total cost for all schools will be approximately $4.7 million. Tabled presents the average school costs for the required actions.' Details on these computations are in the preamble to the Proposed Rule (45 FR 61971) and in Chapters II and III of the "Economic Impact Analysis of the Final Identification and Notification Rule on Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools," a separate document EPA Acton Unit 1 coil Total EdttCtS noa fin Elected thou sands} Ftmrfiartratton______ _-- inspection __ Sampling ___ Anafyaa __ ._______ _ Reooafceeptnsr For Softools wrth fnafra m&- told__________ ____ For softooft without triable Certification statement for Softools *vtScft determine no Matte astwetce matend prior to njto_ Notification:' For Softools wtth flcftecfcu_ Aecordkaeplng (for Softool do . (nets and private organza- tons}. 310.00 21.00 25.00 150.00 25.00 10.00 5.00 <2.50 20.00 44,000 44,000 5.600 6,000 14.000 36,400 57,600 1/0.300 1B.CCO $440 924 140 540 350 .384 208 436 330 weight on an epidemiologic study of a large cohort of asbestos insulation workers who were exposed to the same type of asbestos as that present in schools. The Agency finds it highly significant that, out of a group of over 12,000 persons, approximately one-half of those who died during the time the data were compiled died prematurely as compared to a non-exposed control population. The study of asbestos insulation workers is- especially valid for assessing risks. It covered a relatively large number of persons exposed to materials similar to those in schools. In addition, the study investigated all the known has entered into the rulemaking record. Total cost_ 4.164 hazards of exposure to asbestos, verified cause of death for most of the Taje-l.--Average Unit Costs Acton Unit Cost $10.00 21.00 25.00 _ 150.00 ReoonfcMpff? For Softools wtttHrtabto mstaritt--------- ---------- For Softools wNflout-frteb* mertatai------- ---- Certocagon statement for acfxxx*> Much oo- 25.00 10.00 temww no frtatt* asbestos matertci prior to 5iW Notifications <2.50 nsconJfc--ptiq {IWt cost ter a school district)--- 20.00, There areapproximately 91,000 public and 19,000 private elementary and secondary schools in the country. The 91,000 public schools are organized into about 16,000 school districtB. Many school* have alreedy been inspected and, where necessary, have sampled EPA finds no basis to conclude that the estimates should be changed (see Analysis of Comments, pp. 27-28). 5. Other EPA statutes. Section 6(o) of TSCA also requires that if the Administrator determines that a risk of injury to health or the environment could bs elirr-iiiL led or reduced to a sufficient extent by actions taken under another Fecieial iew' administered by EPA, .the Agency may net promulgate a rule under section (us of TSCA to protect against sfe*: risk unless the Administrator nack it is in the public interest to use TSCA. EPA finds no other low adrrJihctercd by hie Agency that will enable it w eliminate or reduce the risks against which this rule protects. This propoetd finding nz-j not commsaisi on by me public. B. Findings Required by. fisslioa Sfa): Unreasonable Risk cohort, included smoking history data, and compered the mortality rate of the cohort to that of a group selected to avoid confounding factors. SPA dr : has substantial evidence of mesoih .bcrr.a and asbestoais among perscr- exposed to asbestos because they Lived :n ibo same home as an Esbesicc vrorkec or in the neighborhood of an asbs'.ias plant EPA has determined 6:1 this evidence, eepocidlv A. ihpit of the large number of par?C".-- -iirr.vacd in schools, justifies Le?;iAc very low cost requirements contented in thia rule. The livser ce of unidentified friable csfcaszo:---;r reining materials in-school bendings increases significantly the liksliheci dial peak exposures to csocitcj .vu; occur. Peaks will occur during disturbances of the friable material, sitrier accidentally or during repair or renovation operations, and and analyzed friable materials, in response to State programs or to SWs TAP. These schools will not have to repeat inspections,, sampling, and analyses in order to comply with this rule. The number of public and private schools which remain to be inspected is approximately 44,000. EPA estimates that"the total number of public and private schools with friabla material* may be as high a* 14.000. On the basic ofdhiijeregcing factual information and on the information in the rulemaking record weighed against the minimal costs imposed by this rule, EPA finds that the presence of unidentified friable asbestos-containing materials in schools and the absence of notice of theirpresenco and of instructions cn proper handling and maintenance procedures to reduce exposure constitute an unreasonable risk cf injury to school employees. These - during rtsuapenfion of previously released ubere by cleaning and maintenance operations, such as sweeping, dusting, vacuuming, etc., or by general activities in the vicinity of fibers that have settled on floors and othei B-arfuces.. , Since peek exposures to asbestos in schools entail risks of serious injuries wtuch may be reduced at extremely low coats, EPA finds that these exposures present an unreasonable-risk and should Table IT presents the total estimated unreasonable risks can -occur when be reducadocco-rdingly. cost of compliance; school employees unknowingly disturb The3,600 public schools which EPA Several comment*, on the proposal questioned thacost estimates, stating that, the unit costs were either too high or too low, or that the impact analysis should also include the cost of corrective actions, e.g. removal of asbestos, whicfrschools may be forced to lake. One comment-xontested the estimated number of schools with friable asbestos-containing material. friable asbestos materials or such materials are allowed to deteriorate! When activities by school employees disturb orpremote deterioration of- friable asbestos materials, risk to userr of school buildings may be elevated. Therefore, the Agency finds that this rule is needed to prevent such activities as lead to unreasonable risk. The scientific evidence compiled by EPA demonstrates that asbestos is a estimates contain friable asbestoscontaining materiel employ over 17,000- custodians and other maintenance personnel. Tbese.custodiana sweep in areas containing friable asbestos. They clean and duet in these areas; they change lights in ceilings covered with . friable asbastos-containingmaterials; they undertakemanor repairs and renovations. Without knowing that these areas contain asbestos, these custodians CS014 2482 Federal Register / VoL 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27. 1982 / Rules and Regulations 23365 will continue to undertake normal disturbances of the material and maintenance activities with no resuspension of released fibers. This protection against unnecessary present inspection regulation will enable exposures, and may consequently risk school officiate to complete the initial serious injuries as a result. steps in a program which may lead to a Moreover, all of these activities which determination at the local level that cause peak exposures further removal or abatement is needed and contaminate the building and increase will, in the interim, reduce risks that the prevailing concentrations. Sweeping, would otherwise occur. Hunting, and cleaning suspend As reviewed above, the economic previously released fibers and disperse impacts of the rule are small. This them throughout the building. Minor regulation imposes costa upon all repairs and disturbances to the friable schools, but to varying degrees, as asbestos-containing materials release explained in the "Economic Effects" additional fibers. Both types of activities section above. In Borne instances, e.g. will increase prevalent concentrations where there are friable materials which which, in turn, will increase the risk to must be sampled because they are likely the larger population of children, to contain asbestos, costs to individual teachers, and school administrators who schools may reach several hundred occupy the buildings. dollars. These costs are not EPA finds that the requirements of unreasonable in view of the reduction in this regulation will reduce these risks. exposure to asbestos that will result School officials and maintenance from this rule. Furthermore, the personnel, once informed of the risks of identification of asbestos in schools, is a asbestos and of interim measures to prerequisite to making the ultimate avoid the risks, will act In their own best abatement determinations at the local interests and the interests of school level and will, therefore-, contribute to children to reduce the peak exposures the reduction in risk that will result from as much as possible. If friable asbestos- abatement. containing materials in schools are identified, custodians will be able to avoid them during renovation projects and minimize disruptions of them during routine maintenance. If the custodians C.Analysis Under Section 9 of TSCA Section S{a) of TSCA requires EPA to review other Federal authorities not administered by EPA to determine are provided with information on the use of wetting agents and on proper work practices when conducting necessary repairs and renovations, they will be able to reduce fiber release during.such operations and reduce risks to themselves and to others. Instructions whether action under those authorities may prevent or sufficiently reduce unreesoriabie risks. EPA has reviewed other Federal author;ties and finds that action under those authorities will not sufficiently reduce the nska addressed by this rule. Specifically, EPA has on proper cleaning activities in contaminated areas, including wet mopping and wet dusting, will reduce considered the regulatory authority of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the Occupational risks causedby unnecessary -Safety and Health Administration resuspension of asbestos fibers that would otherwise occur. Finally, once local school officials (OSHA), and the Education Department (ED). One comment stated the Agency had know of the presence of friable not adequately considered the authority asbestos-containing materials in of CPSC and ED (see Analysis of buildings, they can take steps to ensure Comments, p. 5), a view with which the that occupants of the building avoid Agency disagrees. ED iB not authorized areas which contain the materials or to require detection of asbestos (the avoid activities which unnecessarily School Asbestos Hazard Detection and disturb the materials. Control Act establishes a program to Thus, by identifying friable asbestos- assist school districts financially}. containing materials in school buildings Further, as stated in the preamble to the and by implementing specific interim proposal (45 FR 01973), EPA finds that it control procedures for reducing would be prohibitively difficult to exposures, local school officials will identify companies which could be reduce the risks of injury resulting from required to provide notice to schools such exposures to school children, under the authority of the Consumer custodians, and other building Product Safety Act, sections 12 and 15. It occupants. is therefore necessary to regulate under In addition to reducing peak TSCA (45 FR 81974). exposures, the requirements of the regulation will reduce the prevalent IV. Discussion of the Rule level of fiber concentrations in schools This section discusses modifications by reducing the frequency of an'd clarifications of the rule as a result of public comment on and further analysis of the provisions of the proposed rule. The Agency's detailed analysis of major comments and the response to each are presented in the support document titled "Analysis of Comments," published with this rule and also added to the rulemaking record. A. Definitions Section 763.103 of the proposal (now 5 703.103) defined various terms used in the regulation (45 FR 61988). The Agency finds that the definitions in the proposed rule are clear and adequate. They appear in $ 783.103 of this final rule. The Agency has received several comments on the definition of "friable material" (see Analysis of Comments, pp. 28-29). After reviewing the comments, EPA.haa decided to leave that definition unchanged. The operative language of the definition of a friable material is that it "may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure" (45 FR 81974). EPA 3tresses that materials rendered nonfriable, as by some methods of encapsulation, are not inclnded under this definition. 3. Inspecting Schools Regarding $ 783.3 of the proposed rule (now 763.105), "Inspection for friable materials," one comment pointed out that not eil schools own the structure they use and may not be able, practicaily or legally, to take the steps required by the rule. EPA is clarifying the identification requirements in this final rule (| 763.105) to indicate that local education agencies which lease or use a structure for school purposes must take steps to ensure that the required procedures are carried out, regardless of ownership (see Analysis of Comments, p. 29). EPA has also changed the description of the inspection process to make it ciear that an inspector must touch suspect material to determine whether it ;s friable. C. Sampling Friable Materials Section 763.4 of the proposed rule (now 783.107) laid out the Agency's sampling requirements (45 FR 81987). The proposed rule stated that three samples must be taken from each area of friable asbestos-containing material (45 FR 81975). Section 783.107 of the rule adopts that requirement. EPA has published "Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings-- Guidance for Asbestos Analytical Programs" to provide guidance on a CS014 2483 23366 Federal Register / Vol. 47, .'-Jo. 103 / Thursday May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations method for randomly selecting these EPA described the analytical protocol to 763.8 Optional Form, should be samples. l e followed as "Polarized Light eliminated 'ram the regulation. Despite Several comments questioned the Microscopy (FLTvi), sunoi.Mnented where one comm set to the effect that the ability of only three samples to yield necesscry by X-ray Diffraction * * * " Options! Perm should be mandatory, the reliable results, citing instances where This requirement (S 763.109 of the rule) Agency finds that the material in the the analytical results from three or more has not changed In the preamble to the form is unnecessary for this rule. analyses differed greatly. EPA proposal, the word "supplemented" was EPA recommends that local education recognizes that there may be instances in which the analysis of three samples of friable materials might produce inconclusive results. As stated in the preamble to the proposal, the requirements for three samples is based on the Agency's finding that mast materials can be characterized by three samples and that requiring additional samples for all materials would be an unnecesB&ry expense. Less than three samples, however, cannot accurately characterize the materiel, and Incases where only one sample was taken, additional samples will be required (sea H. Exemptions below). The Agency does not intend to publish any additional accidentally omitted from the discussion of the analytical method (45 FR 91976). The Agency re-emphasizes that PLM is the preferred method, and that X-ray Diffraction is not in itself adequate to identify asbestos. E. Warnings and Mo titlesdoes Section 733.6 of the prcposallnow 763.111). "Warnings and notifications,'' (15 FR 01ti37; presented proposals, tc require posting of a notice of inspection, provision of certain information on asoeeioe to employees, and direct notification of inspection results to parent-teacher associations. The Agency received comments agencies institute a management system based on these records. The management system should be used to contiol access to friable asbestoscontaining materials, such as when repair work is to be done. Local education agencies can then ensure, before maintenance or renovation is done, that workers are properly protected and- that any debris from the work is cleaned up. Local education agencies should also periodically inspect friable asbestos-containing material to determine whether, due to deterioration.or damage, the material requires corrective action. rules at this time to address potential concerning the duration ef the posted G. Compliance problems with sampling but recommends that local officials consult with their Regional Enforcement Office as to the Advisability of taking additional samples in specific instances [see Analysis of Comments. Definitions). Comments on the prooosal questioned whether inspectors could distinguish "sampling areas" from -//nich to take the samples. EPA emphasizes that the definition is meant to provide guidance to inspectors who may find two or more distinct friable materials in a school. If two areas differ in appearance, the rule requires that three samples be taken from each. In this wey, inspectors may be able to determine, for example, that one area contains asbestos and that another does not. If all the friable material in a'building is homogeneous in appearance, then it should be treated as one sampling area. ' EPA is also noting in the rule that the use of respirators is highly recommended when inspecting behind a false ceiling and when taking iarge numbers of samples of friable materials. warnings ior scr.ocl employees. EPA is dropping tit? rez-tiremei't for t} posting of notices in anliooi" -."ere la no friable asfcrf tO--xncr.ivti,'-r meteriel. pp, 36-3BJ. Several casEEsewr r;.!. the notice to parents '.vc-ricl ; vrr-reoctici, perhaps forcing lbs rerr.cn cl os materials in good conafticz. Z?A recoxcrznas that the netrbe-ian, is '- ejection to stetuig the resuiti. of inspections, include the statement: "If Is important to note that not rli friable as!'estr.r.-contaioing material need be removed b om schools. Once such material her been identified, a program can be implemented to ensure that the material is maintained in good condition and that appropriate precautions are followed vues the material is disturbed for any r?<\3on." Finally, the content of tie "Guide for in f 7C.3.9 of the proposal (now i-llti;. EPA stated the compliance d.v.'u foi lhe nue and proposed possible p.=nsiucs ic; violations (45 FR 01997). ziim:;. or, die compliance section of `b' cr,n.:e,' indicated that some ; --v.-o.v. - - r ut. aware of exemption* titi. Vo ..uiify the compliance rrcit-.'or. .mcTz 5 763.115, EPA is reminding juc-zl education agencies that they .-.coy be eligibifffbr exemptions if A-tj. 1: conducted certain detection .cctu. education agencies are abV :o rarer to the exemption l JC`_ CAl __ . ; . L- .. ... S icv cr; 7 63.10 of the proposal (now I 763.Ij 7, provided exemptions to local education sg-suciee which had undertaken certain activities (45 FR 81997). EPA has changed the exemptions section. The oroposal exempted from H 733.3 763.4, and 703.5 (now j j 7C3.105, 733 107, and 763.109) schools in which pas: activities in compliance One comment suggested respirators be Reducing Asbestos Exp:-curs" has been with 'he inspection, sampling and required. EPA finds that sampling may changed slightly. Now included are analysis provisions of the rule had been lead to exposures up to 0.1 fibers per recommendations thsi water to which a conducted (45 FR 61977). This exemption cubic centimeter ff/cc) end that the use wetting agent has boon added ba used is adopted in 763.117: EPA is now also . of respirators during sampling may when asbestos-containing material la to exempting schools built after December prevent such exposures. While it is be worked on and that debris from such 1,1978 from all provisions of the rule always advisable to avoid unnecessary work be disposed of In piestic bags (see because the application of friable exposure to asbestos. EPA does not find .Analysis of Comments, pp, 40-41). asbestoe-containing material was the evidence sufficient to require the use of respirators (see Analysis of F. Recordkeeping banned by EPA by that date. Litde purpose would be served by inspecting ,, Comments, p. 34). Sections 763.7 and 763.6 of the these ttchoola and keeping records of D. Analyzing Friable Materials .Section 763.5 of the proposal (now 763.109). "Analyzing friable materials," (45 FR 81987) required the use of specific analytical techniques for bulk materials. proposal dealt with records to be kept by local education agencies (45 FR 61992). EPA is promulgating 763.114, Recordkeeping (proposed { 783.7), without,changes. However, the Agency has determined that the proposed (presumably) negative findings. However, EPA has decided that the exemption of past actions in compliance, with the recommendations fqr inspections and sampling under the TAP is too broad in one respect* where a CS014 2484 Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations , 23367 finding of "no asbestos" is based on or renovation. The utility of building recordkeeping and notification parts of analysis of less than three samples of records often is extremely limited - this nils. the friable material, EPA will require that the material be resampled in accordance with the rule. Less than . three samples may have been analyzed in some schools because there were less because the records are incomplete, If available at all. Records may indicate that a fireproofing spray was used without indicating its content or they may incorrectly state that a material has V. Export Reporting Section 12(b)(2) of TSCA requires any person who exports or intends to export a chemical substance for which a rule than 15,000 square feet of friable materials which, according to TAP asbestos when seme other fiber was substituted during application. The exists under TSCA section 0 to notify the Administrator of such export or guidance to take one sample per 5,000 records used as documentation for this intent to export. This requirement square feet would have required only exemption must clearly indicate that oo applies to export of bulk asbestos and one or two samples. This revision is made becauserwhen the true asbestos content of a material i9 friable asbestos-containing materials were used. For example, EPA's experience from the Technical asbestos in mixtures which must be processed or fabricated before further distribution in commerce. low, the analysis~of only one or two Assistance Program was that Regulations regarding this samples may not detect asbestos. Some architectural plans are insufficient requirement were published in the low content materials may have been documentation in themselves if they Federal Register of December 10.1980 incorrectly classified as nonasbestos only state that asbestos-containing (45 FR 82844). EPA issued a clarification merely because the one or two samples materials should not be used. Therefore, on these requirements in the Federal analyzed were taken from spots in unless the records clearly show that the Register of July 21,1981 (40 FR 37009). which poor mixing of the original friable materials themselves used during Notices shall be sent to: Document material resulted in very little asbestos construction, modification, or Control Officer, TS-793, Office of being present EPA finds that a'total of renovation did not include asbestos, a Pesticides and Toxic Substances, three samples are necessary to provide a high degree of certainty that any school should not consider the records Environmental Protection Agency, 401M sufficient justification to qualify for the St. SW,, Washington, D.C. 20400. asbestos present throughout the exemption. sampling area is detected. This revision Schools In which school officials VI. Rulemaking Record should not affect the majority of schools decided :c 'ovg : friable materials as EPA has established a Public Record which have already taken samples though they contain asbestos are also for this rulemaking (docket number because many have more 'han 15,000 rxsmpi from the inspection sampling OPTS 01004) which along with a square feet of materials (and therefore and analysis rsquirsments of this rule. complete index is available for took at least three samples; and many EPA inquires that. where a pgsitive inspection in the OPTS reading room others have taken more samples than finding of asbestos is based either on from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 pun.. Monday recommended under the TAP. records or on only one cr two samples, through Friday, exciudingTegal holidays, In addition, EPA has decided to local education agondes-should take up at 401 M Street SW., Washington. D.C. specifically exempt from the inspection, to three samples. This will provide The record was listed in the preamble to sampling, analysis, notification and greater certainty and perhaps eliminate die proposed rule (45 FR 01900), and is recordkeeping requirements schools unnecessary treatment of nonasbestos hereby incorporated. Documents and which can meet one of two criteria. materials. ietters have been added to appropriate These criteria are: (1) Schools which, One comment on the proposed rule sections of the record as listed below prior to the effective date of ths rule, pointed out wide variation in analytical under each section's title: have inspected, sampled and analyzed according to the procedures In this rule, results from three laboratories analyzing split samples of several friable. - E. Comments on tha Proposal and found no friable asbestos- materials* Analyses were apparently The Agency received 45 main containing materials. The school record done prior to EPA's preparation of an comments and 11 reply comments on the must contain a copy of all laboratory Interim analytical protocol for PLM (in. proposed rule. reports, and all correspondence with laboratories, (letters discussing mid-1980), and there is some question about the ability of tha.three G. Support Documents analyses, results, etc): (2) Schools that laboratories to property detect asbestos. 1. USEPA. OPTS. OTS. Support can document that, at the time of EPA will not require that all analyses Document for Final Rule on Friable construction, modification, or done before the protocol was prepared Asbestos-Containing Materials in renovation, no friable asbestos- be repeated. However, EPA strongly School Buildings--Health Effects and containing building materials were used. recommends tha; school districts review Magnitude of Exposure. Draft August 3, To qualify for these exemptions, a- , their information on all earlier analyses' 1981. school must keep the supporting records results to determine-whether proper 2. USEPA. OPTS, OTS. Support and a certification statement signed by techniques were used. Document--Asbestos-Containing the person responsible for compliance. The Agency has also determined that, Materials in Schools--Health Effects The certification, found in 3 703.117 of in a school where previously discovered and Magnitude of Exposure. Final Rule. this rule, must state that, to the best of friable asbestos-containing material has January, 1882. the official's knowledge, the school does been removed or satisfactorily 3. USEPA, OPTS, OTS. Support not contain friable asbestos-containing encapsulated so that it is no longer Document--Economic Impact Analysis materials. friable, the provisions of this rule should of the Final-Identification and The Agency is concerned that not apply. By undertaking these ' Notification Rule on Asbestos- education agencies fully understand the corrective actions, school officials not Containing Materials in Schools. exemption for schools which can only will have substantially complied January, 1982. document that no friable asbestos- . with the identification requirements, 4. USEPA, OPTS. OTS. Analysis of containing building materials were used they will also have removed the types of Comments on Proposed Rule for at the time of construction, modification, materials which are the focus of the Identification and Notification of CS014 2485 23368 Federal Register / VoL 47, Ko. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools. January, 1982. - . J. Other Federal Register Notices 1. 45 FR 81950. Department of Education. Asbestos Detection and Control: Local Educational Agencies; Asbestoft Detection and State Plan: State Educational Agencies (September -17,1980). 2. 46 FR 4536. Department of Education. Aabestos Detection and Control: Local Educational Agencies; Asbestos Detection and State Plan: State Educational Agencies; Final Regulations. (January 16,1981). K. USEPA News Releases 1. USEPA-."EPA Adopts Interim Cancdr Assessment Procedures." (May 19,1978). L Reports 1. Albert RE, Train RE, Anderson E. ' "Rationale Developed by the Environmental Protection Agency for the Assessment of Carcinogenic Risks." /NCI. 58 (1977): 1537-1541. 2. Atkins Research and Development Aabestos: Review Of Uses, Health Effects, Measurement and Control. Epsom Surrey, England. (January 1977.) 3. Auerbach O, Conston A, Garfbikel L Parks V, Kaslow HD, Hammond EC. "Presence of Asbestos Bodies in Organs Other Than the Lung." Chest 77 (1980): 133-137. 4. Baris YL Artvinli M, Sahin AA. "Environmental Mesothelioma in Turkey." Aim NYAcad Sci. 330 (1979): 423-432. 5. Churg A, Wamock ML "Asbestos Fibers in the General Population." Am Rev Respir Dis. 122 (1980): 669-678. 8. Commission of European Communities. Public Health Risks of Exposure to Asbestos: Report of a Working Group of Experts Preparedfor the CEC, Directorate-GeneraLfor Social Affairs, Safety and Health Directorate. (1977): Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press. 7. Com M. "Sampling Strategy. Air Sampling Methods'Analysis, and Airborne Concentrations of Fibrous Glass in Selected Manufacturing Plants." Paper presented at the Symposium.on Occupational Exposure to Fibrous Glass held on 26-27 JunB ( 1974. Sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, College Park, Maryland (1976): 91-96. 8. Davis JMG. "The Use of Animal. Inhalation Experiments in the Study of Asbestos Bioeffects." Staub-Reinhalt Luft 40 (1980): 453-455. . 9. Elmes PC, Simpson MJG. "Insulation Workers in Belfast Mortality 1940-66." BritfindMed. 28 (1971): 226-236. 10. Gehring PJ, Watanabe PG, Blau GE. "Risk Assessment of Environmental Carcinogens Utilizing Pharmacokinetic 'Parameters." Ann NY Acad Sci. 329 (1979): 137-152. 11. Harries, PG. "A Comparison of Mass and Fibre Concentrations of Asbestos Dust in Shipyard Insulation Processes." Am. Occup. Hyg. 14 (1971): 235-40.-- - - 12. Hinds MW. "Mesothelioma in the United States: Incidence in the 1970's." / Occup Med. 20 (1978): 469-471. 13. Hinds MW, Thomas DB, O'Reilly HP. "Asbestos, Dental X-Rays, Tobacco, and Alcohol in the Epidemiology of Laryngeal Cancer." Cancer. 44 (1979): 1114-1120. 14. Hlrsch A. Bignon J, Sebastian P, Gaudichet A. "Asbestos Fibers in Laryngeal Tissues: Findings in Two Patients with Asbestosis Associated with Laryngeal Tumors." Chest 78 (1979): 897-699. ., 15. Hurst GA, Spivey CG. Matlage WT. Miller JM, Faulk G, Hieger LR McLarty JW, Greenberg SD. "The Tyler Asbestos Workers Program. I. A Medical Surveillance Model and Method." Arch Environ Health. 34 (1979): 432-439. 19. Knelson JR "Problem of Estimating Respirator-' Lead Dose in. Children." Environ Health Perspect 7 (1974): 53-57. 17. Knox JF. Holmes S, Doll R, Hill ID. "Mortality from Lung Cancer and Other Causes Among Workers in an Asbestos Textile Factory." BritJ Ind Med. 25 (1988): 293-303. 18. Lakowicz JR, Sevan DR, Riemer SC. "Transport of a Carcinogen, Benzo(a]Pjrene, from Particulates to Lipid Bilayers: A Model for the Fate of Particle-Absorbed Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Which Are Retained in the Lungs." Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 629 (1980): 243-258, 19. McDonald JC. "Asbestos and Lung Cancer: Has the Case Been Proven?" ~ Chest 78:2 (I960): 374-376. (Supplement). 20. McDonald JC. Liddell FDK, Gibbs GW, Eyssen GE, McDonald AD. "Dust Exposure and Mortality in ChryBotile Mining,, 1910-75" Brfind Med. 37 (1980): 11-24. 21. McMillan GHG. Pethybridge-RJ, Sheers G. "Effect of Smoking on Attack Rates of Pulmonary and Pleural LesionB Related to Exposure to Asbestos Dust." Brit find Med. 37 (1980): 288-272. 22. NAS, Committee on BEAP. Asbestos: the Needfor and Feasibility ofAir Pollution-Controls. (1971): , Washington. D.C. ISBN 0-309-01927-3; 23. Newhouse ML Berry G. "Asbestos and Laryngeal Carcinoma" (letter). Lancet. (1973): 615. 24. Peto J. "Dose-Response Relationships for Asbestos-Related Disease: Implications for Hygiene Standards. Part II. Mortality." Ann NY Acad Sci. 330 (1979): 195-203. 25. Pooley FD. "Methods for Assessing Asbestos Fibers and Asbestos Bodies in Tissue by Electron Microscopy." In: Bogovsld P, Gilson JC, Timbrel) V, Wagner JC, eds. Biological Effects of Asbestos. (1973); WHO, IARC. Lyon, France. 28. Roggli VL Greenberg SD, McLarty JL Hurst GA, Spivey CG, Hieger LR "Asbestos Body Content of the Larynx in Asbestos Workers: A Study of Five Cases." Arch Otolaryngol. 106 (1980): 533-535. 27. Rohl AN, Longer AM, Wolff MS, Weisman 1. "Asbestos Exposure During Brake Lining Maintenance and Repair." Environ Res. 12: (1978) 110-128. 28. Rubino GF, Newhouse, M, Murray R Scansetti G, Piolatto G, Aresini G. "Radiologic Changes after Cessation of' Exposure Among Chrysotile Asbestos Miners in Italy." Ann NYAcad Sci. 330 (1979): 157-161. 29. Selikoff I), Hammond EC, Seidman H. "Latency of Asbestos Disease among Insulation Workers in the United States and Canada." Cancer 46 (1980): 27362740. 30. Selikoff IJ, Seidman H. Hammond EG "Mortality Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Among Amosita Asbestos Factory Workers." JNCI65 (1980): 507513. 31. Stopford W, Bundy SD, Goldwater LJ, Bittikofer JA. 1978. "Microenvironmental exposure to mercury vapor." Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. (1978) 39: 378-384. 32. USDHEW, PHS, CDC. "Survey of Teenage Smokers--United States, 1979." In: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. 28:18 (1979): 206, 33. USDHEW, PHS, NCHSi Vital Statistics of the United States, 1976. Volume II--Mortality, Part A, Section 5, Table 5-3. (1980): Hyattsville. MD. 34. USDHEW, PHS, NIH. Epidemiologic Analysis With A Programmable Calculator. NIH Pub. #79-1849. (June 1979): Washington, D.C. 35. USDHEW. PHS, OHRST, NCHS. Use Habits Among Adult3 of Cigarettes, Coffee, Aspirin, and Sleeping Pills: United States, 1976. DHEW Pub. # (PHS) 80-1559. (October 1979): Hyattsville, MD. 36. USEPA. OTS. OTE. Risk Assessment ofAsbestos in Schools. May 21,1980. Life Systems, Inc. 37. USEPA,.OPTS, OTS. EED. Asbestos-Containing Materials in ' School Buildings: Bulk Sample Analysis CS014 2486 Federal Register / Vol. 47; No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rttfes and Regulations 23369 Quality Assurance Program. Round Two. EPA 560/5-81-001. (March 1981.) 38. USEPA, OPTS, OTS, EED. Characteristics of the Asbestos Exposure AssessmentAlgorithm. Draft aa prepared by RTI [November 1980]. 39. USEPA, SAB. Review of "Technical Support Document for Regulatory Action Against Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings" (Draft dated September I960). A report of the Toxic Substance Subcommittee EPA/SAB/81/ 001. (February, 1981) Washington, D.C. 40. Weill H, Hughes J. Waggenspack C. "Influence of Dose and Fiber Type on Respiratory Malignancy Risk.in Asbestos Cement Manufacturing." Am Rev Respir Dis. 120 (1979): 345-354. 41. WHO, IARC. "An Evaluation of Chemicals and Industrial Processes Associated with Cancer in Humans Based on Human and Animal Data: IARC Monographs 1 to 20." Cancer Research. 40 (1980): 1-12. N. Written Communications 1. State of Hawaii, Department of Health. Letter from MK Kolzum, D.D. for Env. Health, to John Ritch, )r. Director, LAO, OTS USEPA. Subject Response to j. Ritch's notice of May 15.1981 re: Conference on Encapsulation of Asbestos-Containing Material. (05/22/ 81). With Enclosure--State of Hawaii. DOH, et aL, Report on House Resolution #35& Requesting a Report on the Status ofEfforts to Remedy the Problem of Asbestos-Containing Materials in the Public Schools and Related Health Risks. 10th Legislature. State of Hawaii; 198a 2. Letter from T.S. Hardy, Kirkland and Ellis, Counsel for AIA. To E~A. Klein. Esq. Subject Friable AsbestosContaining Materials in Schools; Proposed ID, (specifically Quantitative Risk Assessment). (08rl8-81). Any person wishing to notify EPA of any errors or omissions in the rulemaking record must do so before the effective date of this rule. VD. Executive Order 12291 Under Executive Order 12291, EPA must judge whether a regulation is "Major" and therefore subject to the requirement of a Regulatory Impact Analysis. This regulation is not major because: the overall economic impact of the rule is under $6 million: it imposes only a small increase in costs on the schools affected by the rule; and it has no adverse impact on competition, employment investment, innovation, or on the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic or export markets. This regulation was submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review as required by ~ Executive Order 12291. Vm. Paperwork Reduction Act The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, 44 U.S.C. 3510 et seq (the "Act"), authorized the Director of the OMB to review certain information collection requests by Federal agencies. EPA has determined that the recordkeeping and reporting requirements of this rule constitute a "collection of information" aa defined in 44 U.S.C 3502(4). In accordance with the Act, the recordkeeping and reporting of this rule has been reviewed by OMB and the Federal Education Data Acquisition Council. The OMB control number is (2000-0483). List of Subjects In 40 CFR Part 783 Environmental protection. Hazardous materials. Recordkeeping and reporting requirements. Asbestos. Dated: May 21,1982. Anne M. Gorauch, Administrator. Therefore, Chapter I of Title 40 of the Coda of Federal Regulations is amended by adding a new Part 763 consisting at this time of Subpart F to read as follows: PART 763--ASBESTOS SoOparts--A-- {Reserved! SoOpart F--Friable AaOestos-Containtrq Materials In Scrioote Sac. 783.100 783.103 783.103 783.107 783.100 783.111 783.114 783.115 783.117 783.119 Scope and purpose. Definitions. Inspection for friable material Sampling friable material. Analysing friablaimateriaL Warnings and notifications. Recordkeeping. Compliance. Exemptions. References. Appendix A--Interim Methods for the Determination of Asbestos In Bulk / Insulation Samples^ Authority; Sec. 8 of the Toxic Substances Control Act Pub. L. 94-489.90 Slat 2020 (15 U.S.C. 2806). Subparte.- A E [Reserved] Subpart F--FrtaMe AebeetoeContabling Materials In Schools {783.100 Scops and purpoee. (a) This rule requires local education agencies to identify friable asbestoscontaining material In public and private schools by visually inspecting school buildings for friable materials, sampling such materials, and having samples analyzed by appropriate techniques referred to In the riile. In addition, the rule requires local education agencies to post a notice of the results of inspections and analyses. The rule requires local education agencies to provide warnings on the health effects of asbestos and instructions on methods to avoid or reduce exposure to school employees of any school with friable asbestos-containing material and to notify parent-teachers associations of the results of inspections. The rule also includes recordkeeping requirements. Local education agencies may contractually delegate their duties under this rule, but they remain responsible for the proper performance of those duties. Local education agencies are., encouraged to consult with EPA Regional Asbestos Coordinators for assistance in complying with this rule. (b) The addresses and telephone. numbers of the EPA Regional Asbestos Coordinators are: (1) EPA Region I Asbestos Coordinator Air and Hazardous Materials Division JFK Federal Bldg. Boston, MA 02203 (817) 223-0585 (2) EPA Region II Asbestos Coordinator Room 1013, Woodbridge AvenueEdison. N] 08837 (201)321-6868 (3) EPA Region HI Asbestos Coordinator Curtis Building Sixth and Walnut Streets Philadelphia, PA 19108 (215) 597-9869, 597-8883 (4) EPA Region IV Aabestoa Coordinator 345 Courtland Street Atlanta; GA 30385 (404) 881-3864 (5) EPA Region V Asbestos Coordinator 230 S. Dearborn St Chicago, IL 60804 (312) 886-8003 (8) EPA Region VI Asbestos Coordinator First Internal) Bldg. 1201 Elm Street Dallas, TX 75270 (214) 787-2734 (7) EPA Region VII Asbestos Coordinator 324 East 11 Street Room 1500 CS014 24B7 23370 Federal Register / Vol. 47, N.. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations Kansas City. MO 64106 (816) 374-6538 (8) EPA Region Vin Asbestos Coordinator I860 Lincoln Street Denver, CO 80285 (303^637-3826 _ (8) EPA Region IX Asbestos Coordinator 216 Fremont Street San Francisco. CA 94105 (415) 974-8123 (10) EPA Region X Asbestos Coordinator 1200 Sixth Avenue Seattle, WA 96101 (206) 442-2888 (783.103 Definitions. For the purposes of this part (a) "Act" means the Toxio Substances Control Act (TSCA), 15 U.S.C. 280L et seq. (b) "Asbestos" means the asbestiform varieties of: chrysotile (serpentine); crocidoiite (riebeckite); amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite): anthophyllite: treraoliteiand actinolite." (c) "Asbestos-containing material" means any material which contains more than 1 percent asbestos by weight (d) "Friable material" means any material applied onto ceilings, walla, structural members, piping, ductwork, or any other part of the building structure ~ which, when dry, may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure. (e) "Local education agency" means: (1) Any local education agency as defined in section 198(aKlO)-of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 2854). (2) The governing authority of any nonprofit elementary or secondary school, where the term "nonprofit" means owned and operated by one or more nonprofit corporations or associations no part of the net earnings of which inures, or may lawfully inure, to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. (f) "Sampling area" means any area, whether contiguous or not within a school building which contains friable material that is homogeneous in texture and appearance. (g) "School" means any public or private day or residential school that provides elementary or secondary education for grade 12 or under aa determined under State law, or any school of any Agency of the United States. (h) "School buildings1' means: (1) Structures used for the instruction of school children, including classrooms, laboratories, librariec. research facilities and administrative :r-ciLitiau. (2) School eating facilities, and school kitchens. (3) Gymnasiums or chirr facilities used for athletic nr morestiend activities, or for coirssh m physical education. 14] Donaiiorir.a cv c:r e,- i bring areas of residential senooi? (5) Maintenance. `Trege, or vlility facilities essentia; to toe operation of the facilities described subparagraphs 1 through 4 of tnis paragraph. (0 "Uae of csberisr," miens the presence of isueatos-coaceiniag ~ material in school buiidir.es. in".', - .JU" r.\._ -s/ . (a] Lccn'\ c: j shai: Lzsp'zcx. zze.c. ; : ---------; diey ieais?, or .-> aj schooi building, to locate ait friable material. (b) Thin inspacticr. sbuii cconot of iG-icingior and toud'dae oil cuspnct materials, including sc--'"-;" behind suspended csi'i.-.^..- c. c--^;cnn- permaneni s' - 'ri' rnb- autsred ami,:_ :.unu;-: uui'.cn^ maintenance orrepi-ti. 7c. miermatier on L.up i:--/.m ^ceo, "Asbastoe-Comaiai:,'- i.-.uorr.iaic in School Buildings: A Gulden,cs Document" Part 1 (EPA ac. CCGCS0). Particular attention _hould ne paid to the recommendation regarding 'respirators. Copies of iha document can be obtained by calling 800-424-6065 (in Washington. C.C. ceil 554-1404). (763.107 Senipiiog fririfria moterUL (a) If friable materials are found in a school building, local education agencies shell identify each distinct sampling area of friable rantsriaia within. the school building, take at leant three samples from locations distributed throughout the sampling area, ana label each sample container with a sample identification number unique to the sampling location and building. (b) Officials should conault "Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings: A Guidance Document" Part 1, Chapter 5, for further information on sampling procedures. The requirement that three samples be taken in each sampling area supersedes the recommendation made in the Guidance Document to take one sample par 5X3 square feet of friable material (c) Sampling locations should be randomly distributed within the sampling; the locations should net be selected simply for convenience or ease of reaching the sample, or because the sampler judges the location to be representative. Samples shall be taken using small sealable containers; samples shall penetrate the depth of the friable material to tbs oubatrate. 753.109 Aoslyztnq friable material Local education agencies shall have ail samples of friable material analyzed for asbestos using Polarized Light Microscopy supplemented where necessary by X-ray Diffraction, in acccrtinrcc v.ti.'Jb '`Interim Method for the Deiarminafcici, of Asbestiform Minerals in Bulk insulation Samples." which is found under appendix A of this Subpart. Parsons interested in analyzing bulk samples for asbestos canmbtain copies of the document by calling 800- -124-9065 fin V,Millington, D.C., call 554- '. ;34). A list of laboratories capable of conducting analyses of friable materials cau oa cotained by calling 800-334-8571, err .crwioe G741. Officials should consult 'Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Building}: A Guidance Document" Part 1. Chapter 8, for further. _ infermation cm analysis of friable materials. (783.111 Warnings and notMceOom. (a) Local education agencies shall post in the primary administrative and custodial offices and In the faculty common rooms of each school under their authority a completed copy of the following Notice to School Employees unless no friable asbestos-containing material is present in, the schooL The notice shall remain posted indefinitely In any school which has friable asbestos-containing material BBJUHQCOCn <0 SQb2 PIO S3 Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27,1982 / Ruies and Regulations NOTICE TO SCHOOL EMPLOYEES In accordance with EPA regulations, this school has been impacted for friable (easily crumbled) materials which contain asbestos. Friable asbestos-cootaming material may cause health problems. 23371 Friable asbestos-containing material is present in (Nam* of School) A record of the inspection, a diagram of the location(s) of friable asbestos-containing materials, and a copy of relevant EPA regulations are available in Quitting Roam For further information, interested persons should call 800-424-0086 (664-1404 In the Washington, DC area). Signed: (Nama) (TltM Dan PA Pena 7730-3 W-S2) CS014 2489 23*72 Federal Regiater / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27; W8Z / Rules and Regulations (b) Local education agencies shall provide to all persons employed In school buildings under their authority which contain friable asbestoscontaining materials a written notice of the location, by room or building area, of all friable asbestos-containing materials In the school. (c) The following information on interim procedures to reduce exposures. "A Guide for Reducing Asbestos Exposure," shall be provided to all custodial or maintenance employees: C5014 2490 i Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27,1982 / Rulea and Regulations A GUIDE FOR REDUCING ASBESTOS EXPOSURE 23373 PURPOSE Your sdvool butMinq contaxu materials which contain a*> bunt mat muy release fibart into the air. Breathing asbestos ffbsrs It dangerous. Thit fact ihaat teh* hww to r**^"***" sure to asbestos fibers. Pleas# read it carafuiiy. PROTECTING YOURSELF FROM ASBESTOS Soma of the friable building materials in your school contain baaaoa. Friable asbestos containing materials crumble easily and reteaaa fibers into the air. Breathing these fibers may causa earner and other diseases. The more asbestos you breatha, the greater your chances ere of getting disease. You can taka pre cautions that will reduce or eliminate the risk of being exposed to adMetoa. Find out from your supervisor where these friable ssbestosoonwrung materials are in your building. Oo not touch or disturb them unless you have to. If you must handle an asbeaoe-contalning material, first lightly sprsy it with water. fEPA recommends using water which contains wetting agents, if they ere available.) Wet asbestos-containing materials will not release as many fibers. Even if friable asbestoe-contaming materials are not disturbed, they may release asbestos fibers, which will fall slowly to the floor. If you are cleaning in areas which contain these mate rials, do not uee a broom: it will stir the fibers into th# atr. Oo not use a vacuum deaner unless it is equipped with a High Efficiency Particulate Absolute filter. The fibers are so smali they can pass through an ordinary vacuum deaner and out into the room. Whan cleaning in areas which contain friable asbestos-con taining materials, use dampened mops and duttdoths. Damp ened mops snd dundoths will hold the fibers much better than dry mops and duttdoths. snd will reduce the number of fibers put took into the air. It is bait to uee mops with dis posable heads and to throw away the mop head rftar use. Otherwise fibers will be released as the mop dries. Use either lightly dampened mops or deths or a vacuum with t High Efficiency Particuitte Absolute filter to dean areas where wet mopping cannot be used (such ti carpeting or hardwood floors). Clean tables and chain in the area with damp doth*. Do not dun them with brushas or with dry doths, and do not vacuum them. After you uu the moo heads and doths, put them in a plastic bag wniis they are stiil wet. Oisfodged materialt should also fc*-- PtTxxd in plastic tugs for disposal. h-r- A LJST OF IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Oo not handle or disturb friable asbestoe comammg-mstfia1 rail unlam necessary. 2. If yoif'muct handle esbestos-contaming materials, wet them (inb: VH you must disturb asbestos (for example, to repair a light), see your supervisor before parting work. Then; f. Rod up the dropdoth carefully and put it in a plastic bag. Discard the bag. 9- Ciaon the floor below the work area with a wet mop. h. Put the mop head and the doth used to deen the ladders in a plastic bag while they are still wet, seal the bag. and diacird it. a. Piece a plastic dropdoth below the work area. b. Spray asbestos-containing material with water before you disturb it. c. Make sure that only those persons who ire necessary for the job are m the area. d. Put ah the asbestos you remove into a heavy plastic bag. Sad the bag and discard it. a.. After the job. dean ail the ladders and tools you used with a wet doth. 4. If you must disturb or remove large sections of asbestoeoontalning material, see your supervisor before you begin. Th# National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, recommends that a respirator approved , for toxic dusts be worn during such work. You should make arrangements to turn off the school's venti lation system if you are distorting or removing large sections of asbestos-containing material. The ventilation system should remain off until the work is completed and the area has been cfeanao. BPA Feres T71M 0-0 BSLLeeo coo* eseo-so-c CS014 2491 23374 Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rttfes and Regulations (d) Local education agencies shall provide notice of the results of inspections and analyses in each school in which friable asbestos materials are found to the appropriate parent-teacher association of that school. If there is no parent-teacher association for the school, the local education agency shall notify directly the parents of its pupils. 5 763.114 Recordkeeping. (a) Local education agencies shall compile and maintain in the administrative office of each achooi under their authority a record which shall include: (1) The name and address of the school. ' (2) A list of all school buildings associated with, the school, indicating whether each building has been inspected for finable materials in compliance with i 763.105, and which buildings contain friable materials. (3) Copies of the Notice to School Employees, found in j 763.111(a). (4) For each school building which contains friable materials: (i) A blueprint, diagram, or written description of the building which identifies clearly the location(s) and approximate area(s) in square feet, of ' (b) Each local education agency shall each sampling area of such materials), retain in the administrative office of the the locations at which samples were agency. taken, and the identification number of each sample, and which shows or describes dearly wuether each sampling area of friable material contains asbestos, including cm estimate cf its percent asbestos content as determined by caiculating the average of tne percent asbestos contents cf all samples taken in that area. (ii) A copy of ail laboratory reports and all correspondence with laboratories concerning the analysis of samples taken in accordance with ' 763.107. (5) If the school contains friable asbestos-containing materials, copies of the "Guide for Reducing Acbsstca (1) A list of ail schools under its authority, indicating whether schools ~ were inspected in accordance with 763.105, and which schools contain friable materials. (2) A record of the friable materials in schools which were sampled and analyzed in accordance with S S 763.107 and 783.109, Indicating which materials contain asbestos. (3) For each school which contains friable asbestos-containing materials, the total area of such materials in square feet, and the total number of school employees who regularly work in the school. Exposure'' contained Li? 763.111(fc), and (c) Form. Each local education agency one copy of '`Asb^btce-Coutsdning. shall complete and retain in the Materials in School Buildings: A a dministrativa- office of the local Guidance Document," forte 1 and 2 education agency the following form (EPANo. CCG09G;. which can bo- , "Inspections for Friable Asbestos- obtained by ciilhtj tCO-ia-SCS!'. Containing Materials." (8) A statement that thu .ecuiromants of the rule have hr on ituci.oc signed by . COOS MSP) u the pcison recpc.:i;c'-: for cor,:r...cnce with tne rule and inefuem'. me data and the parsec z noma exu ...Jv, { CS014 2472 Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27,1882 / Rules and Regulations 23375 INSPECTIONS FOR FRIABLE ASBESTOS-CONTAINING MATERIALS 1. Pleew provide the following infdrmetion about the loot education agency: NAtttO* AOCMCV \ CITY COUNTY STATI \ arcDoe PtaaaefiMm the iobaaungtntonwatioa about, the schootv cwdartha ausherisy of this locm-educatson agency: 2. TVnsntrsI schools whid* have been inspected for fnatalo gstsietaissoteaeftt 9283.106 of Titt40of theCode-of Federal Reguleeiorw. 1 Ths number of achooit where triable nuumli present. If the entwer to question 3 is none, disregard questions 4 -- 7 and-voontothacPtHIcation. Otherwise, fill in the following informehon about the schools enumerated in-question 3: 4. The number of schools in which ill frieble materials have been sampled end anetymd In-eecordancawith $763,107 M 763.M>Oof Titia-40 of the Codeot Federal fieguitttanB. - 5. The number of school! with friable material (t) that contimid eefe* / If the anewer to question 5 it none, disregard Questions 9--7 and goon to ths certification.Otherwise, fill in the following information about the schools enumerated in question 6. A The totai eea e--au-fea of dfriableasbestovcontwr.ing swetwieh lausaiia thaaeadeeote. . V 7. The total number of school T~irieyee i `~~r regularly work in schools wham friable "tf1*1*coasawg etasernli are praseat. CERTIFICATWtL Plaaieread and sign below the following statement: ' 1 hereby certify that due local education agency has oampfied -wlthihe ENk; reputation 40 CFR 783.100 theoa^t 783.117, -Arngwe. riwteming Metariili io Schools Identification and Natfneuaoa ~ era that-the twfarmatlon on this form IS, to the best of my knowledge, true and complete. SIQMATttJK. rVMD4#MW4MM1 TWp-oa FWNrfn Ticut _ .- - Additional forms can be obtained by calling 800-424-9066 (564-1404 in the Washington, DC area). M Serin 773*1 M43t UJNO COM WMK CS014 2493 23378 Federal Register / VoL. 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1882 / Rules and Regulations 1769.118 Compliance. (a) Local education agendas shall comply with all parts of this regulation by May 27,1883. Local education agendas that have already conducted detection activities should consult i 783.117 Exemptions. (b) Actions undertaken by munidpal or State officials on behalf of local education agendes bb a part of a munidpal or State school asbestos program shall constitute compliance with this regulation to the extent that such actions conform to the requirements of this regulation. (c) Section 13(1) of TSCA (15 U.S.C 2814) makes it unlawful for any person to fail or refuse to comply with any rule promulgated or order issued under section 6 of TSCA (15 U.S.C. 2605). Thus, failure to comply with any aspect of this rule constitutes a violation as defined by sectioh 15(1] of TSCA. (d) Section 16(a) of TSCA (15 U.S.C. 2815) provides that any person who violates any provision of section 15 shall be liable to the United States for dvil penalties. If a violation is knowing or willful, criminal penalties may also be assessed. Under section 17 of TSCA (15 U.S.C. 2818), the Agency' may take injunctive action to restrain persons from violating a rule promulgated under section 6 of TSCA. { 783.117 Exemptions. (a) Schools that were inspected, sampled, and analyzed prior to this rule. (1) Schools are exempt from $ 783.105, 781107, and 783.109, if. prior to the effective date of this rule, local education agendes, or munidpal or State agendes. acting on their behalf,. haver (I) Visually inspected all areas of the school for friable materials. (U) Sampled each type of friable material found in the-school, as distinguished by different appearance or texture. (ill) Had the sample(s) analysed using Polarized Light Microscopy supplemented by X-ray Diffraction where necessary, or by Electron Microscopy. This exemption for previous sampling activity does not apply to school - buildings where it was determined that a friable, material does not contain asbestos baaed on fewer than three (2) No pr ovision of this subpart samples of the material. applies to any school if: (2) If a school was found to contain (i) The local education agency has friable asbestos-containing materials, conducted abatement programs that then si 783.111, 783.114 and 783.115, the result In the elimination of all friable recordkeeping and notification requirements, shall apply to the local education agencies. asbestos materials from the school either by removal or encapsulation of the materials. (3) If a school was round to contain no friable asbestos-containing materials, the school aiso is exempt from (ii) No part of the school building was built before January 1979. 5 763.111, 783.114, and 763.115, the recordkeeping raid ccr Section requirements, provided is school retains a. copy of all laboratory reports and all ccrrospor.denca ', ritb IsbcfEtcrie;. cmosrr.m ; tits analyses of samples taken and mar.cnina in the school record tht- foitevmg certifying statement, cignei and tinted by the person reapanslblo for ecrapliance wjth the rule: "I hereby carer/ that this . school, to the beet of my knowledge, does not contain frit';::, asbestos* 5 783.119 References. (a) General The following reference contains tie mailed information on sampling anti analysis of friable materials ca provides a background on which this part is based. Copies may be obtained from tee Document Control Officer, Management Support Division (TS-793/, Office of Pesticides andToxic. Substance?, Environmental Protection Agency, Room E-108,401M Street SW, Washington, D.C. 20480. coptainlag mater rh" (1) USSPA- 1G7S. "Asbestos- (bj Schools y/hich c.r? ciocvmsnt dial Containing Materials in School no frict!e anbeslstt-voz.'dtuiti building materials --.re s.-?;':or.clr,:ct:cn, Building?: A Guidance Document" Part no, CCSdSO). modification, or renovation. A school ia- (2) [Reserved] exempi from j $ 733.105, 763.107, and 7&3.1J0. the- inspection, sampling, and. (b) [Reserved] analysis requirements cad 5 i 783.111, 7..``.114. anti .Tdlid.tiurracardkeeping. and notificat?:>;u re'rri.remonts.if:- ' (11 the cchoci "record ccrrcmpi decuman;:.tier chc'-nr; that, 3t thn time Appendix a--airsrim Method of the Datenalaxhsa.Gr Asbestoe in-Bulk Insulation- Sasrptei ~- Section 1. ?nbr.-:-:d Light Microscopy of construction, tzr-C cc-itien, or-- - lti Pvia-apis szi applicability renovation, no friaoia aiioasios/ Bulk saito.'*' building materials taken, containing building .mcteriilo wero used-- for. aebestce ic-mtificstiou are first examined, To qualify for this.<ixexnauon.- for homogeneity anti preliminary fiber cocumentatios must -aearly show that 1 identification a: low magnification. Positive the friable materials used did not identificr.ticn of cusysct fibers Is made by contain asbestos. analysis ox suhsempies with the polarized (2) the school record contains tne following certifying sta lament signed and dated by the person responsible for compliance with the ruia "1 hereby certify that this school, to the best of pry knowledge, does not. contain friable asbestos-containing materials." (c) Other exemptions. (1) Sections 763.10& 783.107, and Z63.1C9 shall not apply to a school In which the record contains a signed statement certifying that any friable materials in the school shall be treated for purposes of this rule as asbestos-containing. In this case, the light micrcsccps. The principles 'of optical mineralogy are well established1 * A light microscope equipped with two polarizing filters is used to observe specific optical characteristics of a sample. The use of plane polarized light allows the determination of refractive indices - along specific crystallographic axes. Morphology and color are also observed A retardation plate Is placed in the polarized light path for determination of the sign of elongation using orthoscopic illumination. Orientatioo-of the two filters such that their vibration planes are perpendicular (crossed polars) allows observation of the- record shall also include information on birefringence and extinction characteristics' the location of these materials. of anisotropic particles. CS014 2494 Federal Register / Vol 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27,198^ / Rules and Regulations 1 23377 Quantitative analysis involve* the use of point counting. Point counting Is a standard technique In petrography for dstannlning the relative areas occupied by separata minerals in thin sections of rock. Background information on the use of point counting ' and the interpretation of point count data * is available. This method is applicable to all bulk samples of friable insulation materials submitted for identification and quantitation ef asbestos components. 12 Range The point counting method may be used for analysis of samples containing from 0 to 100 percent asbestos. The upper detection limit is 100 percent The lower detection limit is loss than l percent 1J Interferences Fibrous organic and Inorganic constituents of bulk samples may interfere with the identification and quantitation of the asbestos mineral content Spray-on binder materials may coat fibers and affect color or obscure optical characteristics to the extent of masking fiber identity. Fine particles of other materials may also adhere to fibers to an extent sufficient to cause confusion in identification Procedures that may be used for the removal of Interferences are presented in Section 1.7X2. 1.4 Precision and Accuracy Adequate data for measuring the accuracy and precision of the method for samples with various matrices are not currently available. Data obtained for samples containing a single asbestos type in a simple matrix are available in the EPA report Bulk Sample Analysis for Asbestos Content: Evaluation of the Tentative Method.4 1.5 Apparatus 1X1 Sample Analysis A low-power binocular microscope, preferably stereoscopic, is used to examine the bulk insulation sample as received. Microscope: binocular. 10-45X (approximate). Light Source: incandescent or fluorescent Forceps. Dissecting Needles, and Probes Classine Paper or Clean Glass Plate Compound microscope requirements: A polarizedJlght microscope complete with polarizer, analyzer, port for wave retardation plate. 380* graduated rotating stage, substage condenser, lamp, and lamp iris. Polarized Light Microscope: described above. Objective Lenses: 10X 20X. and40X or near equivalent Dispersion Staining Objective Lens (optional) Ocular Lens: 10X minimum. Eyepiece Reticle: cross hair or 28 point Chalkley Point Array. Compensator Plate: 550 millimicron retardation. 1.5.2 Sample Preparation Sample preparation apparatus requirements will depend upon the type of insulation sample under consideration. Various physical and/or chemical means may be employed for an adequate sample assessment Ventilated Hood or negative pressure glove box. Microscope Slides Coverslips Mortar and Pestle: agate or porcelain, (optional) Wylie Mill (optional) Beakers and Assorted Glassware (optional) Certrifuge (optional) Filtration apparatus (optional) Low temperature asher (optional) 1.8 Reagents 1.8.1 Sample Preparation Distilled Water (optional) Dilute CHiCOOH: ACS reagent grade (optional) Dilute HCk ACS reagent grade (optional) Sodium metaphosphaio (NaPOi). (optional) 1.6.2 Analytical Reagents Refractive Index Liquids: 1.490-1.570, 1.590-1.720 In increments of 0.002 or 0.004. Refractive Index Liquids for Dispersion ' Staining: high-dispersion series, 1.5501 1.805.1.830 (optional). UICC Asbestos Reference Sample Set Available from: UICC MRC ' Pneumoconiosis Unit Llandough Hospital, Penarth. Glamorgan CFB1XW, UK, and commercial distributors. Teemolite-asbestos (source to be determined) Actinolite-asbestos (source to be determined) 1.7 Procedures Note,--Exposure to airborne asbestos fibers is a health hazard. Bulk samples submitted For analysis are usually friable and may release fibers during handling or matrix reduction steps. All sample and slide preparations should be carried out in a ventilated hood or glove box with continuous airflow (negative pressure). Handling of samples without these precautions may result hi exposure of the analyst and contamination of samples by airborne fibers. 1.7.1 Sampling Samples for analysis of asbestos content shall be token in the manner prescribed In Reference B and information on design of sampling and analysis programs may be found in Reference 8. If there are any questions about the representative nature of the sample, another sample should be requested before proceeding with the analysis. 1.72 Analysis 1.7.2.1 Gross Examination Bulk samples of building materials taken for the identification and quantitation of asbestos are first examined for homogeneity at low magnification with the aid of a stereomicroscope. The core sample may be examined in its container or carefully removed from the container onto a glassine transfer paper or clean glass plate. If possible, nota is made of the top and bottom orientation. When discrete strata are identified, each is treated as a separate material so that fibers are first identified and quantified in that layer only, and then the results for each layer are combined to yield on estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample. 1.7.2.2 Sample Preparation Bulk materials submitted for asbestos analysis involve a wide variety of matrix materials. Representative subsamples may not be readily-obtainabie by simple means in heterogeneous materials, and various steps may be required to alleviate the difficulties encountered. In most cases, however, the best preparation is made by using forceps to sample at several places from the bulk material. Forcap samples are immersed in*a refractive index liquid on a microscope slide, teased apart covered with a cover glass, and observed with the polarized lightmicroscope. Alternatively, attempts may be made to homogenize the sample or eliminate interferences before further characterization. The selection of appropriate procedures is dependent upon the samples encountered and personal preference. The following are presented as possible sample preparation steps. A mortar and pestle can sometimes be used in the size reduction of soft or loosely bound materials though this may cause matting of some samples. Such samples may be reduced in a Wylie mill. Apparatus should be clean and extreme care exercised to avoid cross-contamination of samples. Periodic checks of the particle sizes should be made during the grinding operation so as to preserve any fiber bundles present in an Identifiable form. These procedures are not recommended for samples that contain amphibole minerals or vemdcullte. Grinding of amphiboles may result in the separation of fiber bundles or the production of cleavage fragments with aspect ratios greater than 3:1. CS014 2495 23378 Federal Register f VoL 47. No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and. Regulations Grinding of vennicuHta nay tiio product fragmenta with a(pact ratioa greater than 3:1. Add traatnant may occasionally be raquirad to eliminate interferences. Caldum carbonsta, gypsum, and basaanita (plaster) are frequently present in sprayed or trowelled insulations. These materials may be removed by treatment with warm dilute acetic add. Warm dilute hydrochloric acid may also be used to remove the above materials. If add treatment is required, wash the sample at least twice with distilled water, baing careful not to Tose the particulates during decanting steps. Centrifugation or filtration of the suspension will prevent significant fiber loss. The pore size of the filter should be 0.48 micron or less.'Caution: prolonged add contact with the sample may alter the optical characteristics of chryaotile fibers and ahdold be avoided Coatings and binding materials adhering to fiber surfaces may also be removed by treatment with sodium metaphosphate. ' Add 10 mL of lQg/L sodium menphosphate solution to a small (0.1 to 0.5 mL) sample of bulk material in a 15-tnL glass centrifuge tube. For approximately IS seconds each, stir the mixture on a vortex mixer, place bran ultrasonic bathand then shake by hand Repeat the series. Collect the dispersed solids by r"irtfngHnn at 1000 rpm for & minutes. Wash the sample three times by suspending in 10 mi.distilled water and recentrifuging. After washing, resuspend the pellet In 5 mL distilled water, place a'drop of the suspension on a microscope slide, and dry the slide at 110* C In samples with a large portion of celluloslc or other organic fibers, it may be useful to ash part of the sample and view the residue. Ashing should be performed in a low' temperature ashes. Ashing may also be performed In a muffle furnace at temperatores of 500* C or lower. Temperatures of 550* C or higher will causa dehydroxyiation of the asbestos minerals, resulting in changes of the refractive indexend other key parameters. If a muffle furnace is to be used the furnace thermostat-should be checked and calibrated to ensure that samples will not be heated at temperatures greater than 550* C Ashing and acid treatment of samples should not be uaedas standard procedures. In order to monitor possible changes in fiber characteristics, the material should be viewed microscopically before and after any sample preparation procedure. Use of these procedures on samples to be used for quantitation requires a correction for percent weight loss. 1.7.2.3 Fiber Identification Positive identification, of asbestos requiresthe determination of the following optical properties. Morphology Color and pieochroism Refractive indices Birefringence Extinction characteristics Sign of elongation Table 1-1 lists the above properties for commercial aabestos fibers. Figure 1-1 presents a How diagram of the examination procedure. Natural variations in the ' conditions under which deposits ofasbestiform minerals are formed will occasionally produce exceptions to the published values and differences from the ITICC. standards. The sign of elongation la determined by use of the compensator plate and crossed polar*. Refractive Indices may bedetermined by the Becks line test Alternatively, dispersion staining may beused. Inexperienced operators may find that the dispersion staining technique ie more easily learned, and-should, consult Reference 9 for guidance. Central stop dispersion staining colors are presented in Table 1-2. Available high-dispersion (HD) liquids should be-used. aittiita coot ssso-to^i CS014 2496 H in e ra l TABLE 1-1. Horphology, c o lo r8 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS FIBERS R efractive Indices ay it "O ^ HH 4ft i _ ^ e ^ft --6 * U7 fit 1* f3t ft 3--5 np* nft * fnt *a a * in -----in e * bn a 70 7 a f* -- *o 9ft *< 7 Mft *ft 5I oCT--f*0-- vi a -- f* * o--o r0 a0 0 o-70* --O?- 23fftt*.54*ft-apn4*f*t ----3ft 5." fot* 4fftt --ian --fnS***oon O 40 t -- n ft --0ft fnt* ^ noi o--O< ftaft* B1 fftt *f<t (Oft 4ft O -- ft* O ft o o ft n --0a*04ft ^ft b n--e i i ft ft a tft 7 7O O T3 Cf----7Ot* 7n *f--OnfAt** 7--fr4Otf*t B--onOfftt Cfif---7rOtn7t** a ** ---* --ift --7, 7ft Bf O1 > -1 O -4ft ftd 4ft a -- ft* s? r 1 --O >4ft aft * *o n 4ft O i/> -- non s. .ft 4ft -- ?? r> 4i> -- ^I -1 e ift -- ' O3 7 ft* oo ~a O ^4 wO 3 7 * n * in -- n r> > in *< o 7 ft* .a 7 o 4ft S So7--e iB--a0--o^-7--~a ^--nWB--7ift --n O-i --O *Oo ift e --i n -- 4ft n -- ^o -- 07 ne o C *-- ft* O* 7* -- --O r* O1 1 4ft O O 4ft -- O ift 1 f* i * i e 7n*0 ft B-- o ieaa 2 Uft, --?r 7i 4^< --a *4< j ^ i n --7-- ----ft ` 7O'5ac *i7 < OB -- -- Ift --c o B 1 O 4ftft ft i -- n 4ft a o -- 0*07 --o 2* Z n 3S r> 7 4Oft f*t 4i< ift 4ft *0 7 0 O ft* 3 4ft -- r0 <>ft 7ft *ft Q--*Oo O << 1n --O ft* 4ft --** 4ft ^ -- 7 4ft ft ft O rr*4< -i. _ ft Ift o a* a O ft* o a k a -*i * a -- -- --* 7 on o O ft -i n --a 7n *--< a --7c v w* 3 a o s* o' 7 ft 7n 0<, -i *i i -- --3* 4 N> N> i 1 09 CD i -- n i w v _ -- 7 O ft > ft* O a o B tb n> -- 7 n -i t5 p o a -- <* 4* c o o n -- -- 4ft 3 f O ft -- ft* * -- C a 7 ft* 4ft o o o o O "13 3 ft-- ft- ft- O ft*s 1 7 4ft a 7 73 7 7 *-- 07 4 O 7 ft -- 7 ~3 9 ft ** 7 17 < > ft- ft *- -- ^-- 7 ft- -- J -- ft- 7 - *< -- ft-K AJ 7 7 S*id O 4 7 ft- oo fto VO o o o CD o 7 O ft* ao 40 O f* 3e 40 B ire frin g e n c e , CS014 2497 E x tin c tio n Sign of elongation LZ suopBfn^aH ptTM 63InM / 2961 `ZZ abjm `Aepsinqi / eoi 'OM z* Joa / jBjepej e 3 o t s8 O_' -5? S 3 "O aw tr < 1 Q. := |r -r o 3 5- O oA 8 I1 ?a o If l 7c g- 2 5* 2. *if If IS<-3 *1 8 H il|& fig sH -a- 8 - sr *a 2^o g. O 35 K- 5 ry 5 '? r * 2- 2 --a * ST **C *o !|| 8 Jhe ti i f || 18 55 JtpS`<7 = |5 3 | 5S' 32 =S. 5= s 5' S. si -- Ss o' <* *.i' <3t&o 1 ? 2 *9 r. cn o pj -0 CD suopppiSay pire sajny / 2861 XZ ^Vi `AEpsar.qj. / 01 'OM XV '1A / 9*S fwepej mEZ Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thursday. May 27.1982 / Rules and Regulations TABLE 1-2. CENTRAL STOP DISPERSION STAINING COLORS* Mineral RI Liquid ni n ii Chrysotlle Amosite Crocidol1teb Anthophyl1ite Tremollte Actinolite 1.550 1.680 1.550' L 700 L550HD 1.605 1.605C 1.605* 1.630C aFrom reference 9. bBlue absorption color. Oblique extinction view. Blue Blue-magenta to pale blue Yellow to white Red magenta Yellow to white Blue Pale blue Gald-magenta to blue Magenta Blue-magenta Golden-yellow Yellow to white Blue-magenta Yellow to white Gold to gold-magenta Yellow Gold -* Golden-yellow 23381 CS014 2499 23382 Federal Register /. Vol. 47, Wo. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and. Regulations 1.7J.4 Quantitation of Asbestos Content Asbestos quantitation is performed by a point-counting procedure. An ocular reticle (cross-hair or point array) is used to visually superimpose a point or points on the microscope held of view. Record the number of points positioned directly above each kind of particle or fiber of interest Score only points directly over asbestos fibers or . . nonasbestos matrix material Do not score empty points for the closest particle. If ain asbestos fiber and a matrix particle overlap so that a point is superimposed on their visual intersection, a point is scored for both categories. Point counting provides a determination of the area percent asbestos. Reliable conversion of area percent to percent of dry weight is not currently feasible unless the specific gravities and relative volumes of the materials are known. For the purpose of this method, "asbestos fihere" are defined as having an aspect ratio greater than 3:ltand being positively identified as one of the minerals in Table 1-1. A total -of 400 points superimposed on either aabestoa fibers or nonasbestos matrix material must be counted over at least eight different preparations of representative subsampies. Take eight forcep samples and mount each separately witti the appropriate refractive index liquid. The preparation should not be heavily loaded. The sample should be uniformly dispersed to avoid overlapping particles and allow 25-60 percent empty area within the nolda of view. Count 50 nonempty pointson each preparation, using either * A cross-hair reticle and mechanical stage; or A reticle with 25 points (Chcikiey Point Array) and counting at least 2 randomly selected fields. . For samples with mixtures of isotropic and anisotropic materials present viewing the sample with slightly uncrossed polars or the addition of the compensator piste to the polarized light path will allow simultaneous discrimination of both particle types. Quantitation should be performed at 100X or at the lowest magnification oi the polarized light microscope that can effectively distinguish the sample components. Confirmation of the quantitation result by a second analyst on some percentage of analyzed samples should be used as standard quality control procedure. The percent asbestos is calculated as = 2d sin 9. follows; t. asbe3toe = (e/n>im% where a = number of asbestos counts. n = numfaer of nonempty points counted (400). If a=0, report "Mo asbestos detected." If - 0<a<3, report af.bsstos". The value reported should be rounded to the nearest percent. is satisfied for a particular set of planes in the crystal lattice, where >. = the X-ray wavelength. A; d = the interplanar spacing of the set of reflecting lattice planes. A: and 0 = the angle of incidence between the X-ray beam and the reflecting lattice planes. By appropriate orientation of a sample 1.8 References 1. Faul F. Kerr. Optica! Mineralogy, 4th ecL. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1977; 2. E. M. Ciiamat anti C. W. Mason, Handbook of Chemicc! Microscopy, Volume One. 3rd oa.. New York; John Wiley & Sons, 1958. 3. F. Chayes, Petrographic Modal Analysis: An Elementary Statistical Appraisal, New York: John Whey k S.or -. 1358, relative to the incident X-ray beam, a diffraction pattern can be generated that in most cases, will be uniquely characteristic of both the chemical composition and structure of the crystalline phases present Unlike optical methods of analysis, however. XRD cannot determine crystal morphology. Therefore, in asbestoa analysis, XRD does not distinguish between fibrous and nonfibrous forms of the serpentine and 4. E. P. Brent;v, Jr., W. Gold. L. E. Myers, amphibole minerals (Table 2-1). However, and D. El Lontiten. BulkSample Analysis for when used in conjunction with optical Asbestos Content' E-crjr.tion of the methods such as polarized light microscopy Tentative Method, U.S. Environmental (TLM), XRD techniques can provide a reliable Protection Agency, October 1981, analytical method for the identification and 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, characterization of aebeatiform minerals In Asbestos-Containing Materials in School bulk materials. Buildings: A Cnidar.cc Document, Part* 1 and Por qualitative analysis by XRD methods, 2.EPA/OTS C'rr-F. ffsreil 1979. 6. D. Lucei, T. A>- _ n rnd A. >'. Rao, Asbestos-Cur. :r.r. ,4 Materials in School Buildings: Caidt. .. zrAcbczion .Analytical Programs, EFA 5'iD.,lf-"-Q'i7A. U.S. Er-vironmertr; .:. .`.gecc.:. December sampler, ars initially scanned over limited diagnostic peak regions for the serpentine ( -- 7.4 A) end amphibole (8-2~8.5 A) minerals (Table 2-2). Standard slow-scanning methods^ - hr bulk sampin analysis may be used for ibid. 96 rn. materials show-n by PLM to contain ad. .... : significant amounts of asbesto* 0*40-' : Haxametspjo Mi. pc.-avtmnt ex- percer:). Detection of minor or trace amount* insulation i:np.!a.vfe? 'aiattititiatioc of of hsbssto* may require special sample ' ~ fibrous ccRstititimt;., Idicrcsccpe. 2S. 1980- preparation and ctep-ecanning.analysis-AIL 3. W. J. Cafibih. ' 1.2tak: L. L Brown.- samples that exhibit diffraction-peaks in the 2. E. Cathw. -ns J. J Selected diagnoodc regions for aebeetiforzn. minerals Silicate Minerals -.r.cl "r.eirAobastiform are eubtrJ n->d to a full (5*-80` 20:1* 20/min) Varieties: VSr.ir'-.'cyr v Bsfiniticnc and qualitative YTjD scan, and their diffraction Ident'fir; be.)-ii a -- ::ach:r,. U.S. Bureau of Mum. hi --^otiiar 8751,1977. 8. Waiter 0. l`:zC:ar- -. Ashestes Particle Atlas, Ann Arbor: A_m Aroor Sc;race Publisher*. jra 1852. psrsRi,: tirv. compared with standard reference powder diffraction patterns' to verify initial coax assignments and to identify possible matrix interferences when subsequent quantitative analysis will be Section 2, X-Eay Row.:. _ Difirictiaa perforated. 2.1 Principle and Applicability GWJJM8 cooe eeco-io-u The principle of X-.r y powder diffraction (XRD) analysis is weli Ltbiiahed. '3 Any solid, crystalline mate:;*; -/ill diffract an impingent beam oi pti-diol, monochromatic X-rays whenever Bragg's i.sw. O cn o -S> w . <JI o .o Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 7 Thursday. May 27,1982 / Rales and Regulations TABLE 2-1. THE ASBESTOS MINERALS AND THEIR NONASBESTIFORM ANALOGS Asbestiform Nonasbestiform SERPENTINE Chrysotile - AHPHIBOLE Antbophyllite asbestos Cumraingtonite-grunerite asbestos ("Amoslte") CrocIdolita Tremolite asbestos Actinollte asbestos Arrtigorite, lizardite Antbophyllite Cumri ngtoni te-grunerf te Riebeckite Tremolite Actinollte 23383 TABLE 2-2. PRINCIPAL LATTICE SPACINGS OF AS8ESTIF0RM MINERALS4 Minerals o Principal d-spacings (A) and relative intensities JCPOS Powder diffraction file3 number Chrysotile 7.3710o 7.3610o 7.lO^oo 3.6570 3.66go 2.3380 4.5750 2.45gS 3.557o 21-543b 25-645 22-1162 (theoretical) "Aaosite" 8.33l0o 8.22xoo 3.O670 3.0608S 2.7567o 3.25,0 17-745 (nonfibrous) 27-1170 (UICC) Antbophyllite 3.05xoo 3.06lOo 3.248o 8.3370 8.2655 3.2350 9-455 16-401 (synthetic) Actinolite 2.72ioo - 2.54x00 3.408o 25-157 Crocidolite 8.35xoo 3.10ss 2.720ss <27-1415 (UICC) Tremolite 8.38xoo 2.706xoo 3.13x00 3.12xoo 3.14,5 2.7066o 2.705,0 8.434o 8.44*0 13-437*3. 20-1310 (synthetic) 23-666 (synthetic ' mixture with richterite) aThis information is intended as a guide, only. Complete powder diffraction data, including mineral type and source, should be referred to, to ensure comparability of sample and reference materials where possible. Additional precision XRD data on amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, and chrysotile are available from the U.S. Bureau of Mines.4 bFibrosity questionable. WtUNO coot (M0-60-C h lC G J 3 23384 Federal Register / Vol. 47, No. 103 / Thoraday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations Accurate quantitative anaiysia of asbestos in bulk samples by XRD Is critically dependent on particle size distribution, crystallite size, preferred orientation and matrix absorption effects, and comparability of standard reference and sample materials. The most intense diffraction peak that has been shown to be free from interference by prior qualitative XRD analysis is selected for quantitation of each asbestiform mineral. A "thin-layer" method of analysis * *is recommended in which, subsequent to comminution of the bulk material to --10 pin by suitable cryogenic milling techniques, an accurately known amount of the sample is deposited on a silver membrane filter. The mass of asbesttform material is determined by measuring the integrated area of the selected diffraction peak using a step scanningmode. correcting for matrix absorption effects, and comparing with suitable calibration standards. Alternative "thick-layer" or bulk methods/'may be used for aemiquantitative anaiysia. This XRD method is applicable as a confirmatory method for identification and quantitetlon'of asbestos in bulk material samples that have undergone prior analysis by P1M or other opdcal methods. 2.2 Range and Sensitivity The range of the method has not been determined. The sensitivity of the method has not beer, determined. It will be variable and dependent upon many factors, including matrix effects (abaoprtion and interferences), diagnostic reflections selected, and their relative intensities. 2.3 Limitations 2.3.1 Interferences Since the fibrous and nonfibrous forms of the serpentine and amphiboie minerals [Table 2-1) are indistinguishable by XRD techniques unless special sample preparation techniques and instrumentation are used.'the presence of nonasbef tiform serpentines and amphiboles in a sample will pose severe interference problems in the identification and quantitative analysis o: their aebesdform analogs. The use of XRD for identification and quantitation of asbestiform minerals in bulk samples may also be limited by thepresence of other interfering meterisls in the sample. For naturally occurring materials the commonly associated asbestos-related mineral interferences can usually be anticipated. Howevar. for fabricated materials the nature cf tna interferences may' vary greatly (Table 2-3) ana present more serious problems in identification and quantitation.10 Potential Interferences are summarized in Table 2-4 and include the following: Chlorite has major peaks it 7.18 A and 3.53 A That interfere with bom tha primary (7.38 A) and seconcuav (3.30 A) peaks for chrysolile. RsBoluticn cf tha primary peak ;o give 3Cod quantitative results may be possible whan a eteu-snanr.ing mode of oparsnsa is employed. Hailoyaite has a peak at 3.63 A that Interferes with the secondary (3.66 A) peak for chrysotile. Kaolinite has a major peak at 7.15 A that may interfere with the primary peak of chrysotile at 7.36 A when present at concentrations of > 10 percent However, the secondary chrysotile peak at 3.66 A may be used for quantitation. Gypsum has a major peak at 7.5 A that - overlaps tha 7.36 A peak of chrysotile when present ss a major sample constituent. This may be removed by careful washing with distilled water, or be heating to 300* C to convert gypsum to plaster of paris. Cellulose has a broad peak that partially overlaps the secondary-(3.66 A) chrysotile peak.*' Overlap of major diagnostic peaks of theamphibole asbestos minerals, amosite. anthophylllte. crocidolite. and treraolite, at approximately 8.3 A and 3.1 A cruses mutual interference when these minerals occur in the presence of one another. In some instances, adquate resolution may be attained by using step-scanning methods - and/or by decreasing the collimator slit - width at the X-ray port SILUNG CODE SSSO-SO-M to S Z h!O ^Z> 9 E l 2-3 Sf Q. MC ?e n r* SI r01 -f*t a 1 n< ftp o a. s * C7 oc 9 r* S - no n o ^SSSSnfi^. fti r*ft -k ft f--snarrt*ft 9 *7 O -- 2S ? C-- o ss s fc o M o n yr i? 1 df3T) --* rr*o o$(oft--O--ftf--t7<-r+ P ---OO -- 9 -- --P-- fftt --ooIr* o^f----t W -.p a 9 IP 3 ft* O COT MCH 99 Op -- n t) V2,* < p _ nft M . . n w JJ rsir* x> n *o r* c -- p OOP d*f<t ---I --n S aft ft P PK* ss-'sr*. o --o -a C r P -- p O -- aSSS. -o o -- ft* e 9 3 n 2 -* Op * n 9 i>>* BP w ^ -- m pft ft ft ft 3 99 * B -** 0P *9< 0 9 r* -- P 7*i rtft< 6~2* n t wft O 3^ O 22 >/n r- * tft H p*lft O t-- z z t/ -H?n1>9>29*0- P O r* 3 -- B O 9- O O' --O Q--. TO> --V. -- -O 7rt r* -- *< S-3 3< s a--* o S8CCZ X HOSf*ft^Z c o p c -i 9 n o --rc*- n-- - 9*co*ir rc--+ --ooBTr=o>*r --c3 9P Oia* & --* O' 9 P -- ` r* -* i--<< a ft r -- o ."?a its c t5 jr -- o .* PmP n9* ---- ---- --O C--O*< -1-- O ft ft ft --<| cjpkoz----ir--* xo Tft*? -- o--* fPt* p9 9P ga -91-- Ta ft fot --ft --s P ft ft rt ft ft a np OX-- G9O >S3 r* -- Po X mZ 5* fI--SI OSO > z > 1/ -F V cn Q suouBjnfiay pue sajna I ZB61 'IZ teyi `Aepsjnqj, / eo; -on i\ |oa / JBjstSea puapej 2338S Federal Register / Vol- 47. No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rales and Regulations Carbonates may also interfere with quantitative analysis of the amphibole asbestos minerals, amosife. anlhophyllite, crocidolite, and tremolite. Calcium carbonate (CaCO,) has a poak at 3.035 A that overlaps major amphibola peeks at approximately 3.1 A when present in concentrations of > 5 percent. Removal of carbonates with a dilute acid wash is possible; however, if present, chrysotile may be partially dissolved by this treatment11 A major talc peak at 3.12 A interferes with the primary tremolite peak at this same position and with secondary peaks of crocidolite (3.10 A), amosite (3.06 A), and anthophyilite (3.05 A). In the presence of talc, the major diagnostic peak at approximately 8.3 A should be used for quantitation of these asbestiform minerals. The problem of intraspecies and matrix interferences is further aggravated by the variability of the silicate mineral powder diffraction patterns themselves, which often makes definitive identification of the asbestos minerals by comparison with standard reference diffraction patterns difficult This variability results from alterations in the crystal lattice associated with differences in isomorphous substitution and degree of crystallinity. This is especially true for the amphiboies. These minerals exhibit a wide variety of very similar chemical compositions, with the result being that their diffraction patterns are chracterized by having major (110) reflections of the monoclinic amphiboies and (210) reflections of the orthorhombic anthophyilite separated by less than 0.2 A.11 2.3.2 Matrix Effects If a copper X-ray source is used, the presence of iron at high concentrations in a sample will result in significant X-ray - fluorescence, leading to loss of peak intensity along with increased background intensity and an overall decrease in sensitivity. This situation may be corrected by choosing an Xray source other than copper: however, this is often accompanied both by loss of intensity and by decreased resolution of closely spaced reflections. Alternatively, use of a ' diffracted beam monochromator will reduce background fluorescent raditation.enabling weaker diffraction peaks to be detected. X-ray absorption by the sample matrix will result in overall attenuation of the diffracted beam and may seriously interfere with, quantitative analysis. Absorption afreets may be minimized by using sufficiently "thin'*' samples for analysis.113 "However, unless absorption effects are known to be the same for both samples and standards, appropriate corrections should be made by referencing diagnostic peak areas (o an internal standard 74 or filter substrate (Agkpeak.** . 2.3.3 Particle Size Dependence Because the intensity of diffracted X- radiation is particle-size-dependent it is essential for accurate quantitative analysis that both, sample and standard reference materials have similar particle size distributions. The optimum particle size range for quantitative analysis of asbestos by XRD has been reported to be 1 to 10 jim." Comparability of sample and standard reference material particle size distributions should be verified by optical microscopy (or another suitable mechcd) prior to analysis. 2.3.4 Preferred Orientation Effects Preferred orientation of asbestiform minerals during sample preparation often poses a serious problem in quantitative analysis by XRD. A number of techniques have been developed for reducing preferred orientation effects m "thick layer" samples.7 * " However, for "thin" samples on membrane filters, the preferred orientation effects seem tc be both reproducible and favorable to enhancement of the principal diagnostic reflections cf asbestos minerals, actually increasing the overall sensitivity of the method.1114 (Further investigation into preferred orientation effects in both thin layer and bulk samples is required.) 2.3.5 Lack ofSuitably Characterized Standard Materials The problem of obtaining and characterizing suitable reference materials for asbestos analysis fa clearly recognized. NIOSH ban recently directed a major research effort toward the preparation and characterization of analytical reference materials, including estwstco standards; "17 however, thesa-ars not svaiicble in large quantities for routine anaiyeis- In addition. Lbc problem of ensuring the comparability c-f standard reference and sample materislz. particularly rsgardtng crystallite *iZ2. pcrticio sinn distribution, and degree of cryataliintd,-. has yet to be adeauatcly addressee, For example, Langer et ai" have observed that in insulating matrices, chrysotile tends to break open into bundles more fretpimL'ydhan amphiboies. This results in a line-broadening effect with a resultant decrease in iansitiviry. Unless thia effect is the earns for both standard and sample materials, ths "mount of chrysotile in the sample will be -.mcerextimsteti by XRD analysis. To minimize this problem, ii la recommended that standardized matrix reduction procedures be used for both sample and standard raaisncas. 2.4 Precision and Accuracy - Precision of tha method has not been determined. Accuracy of the method baa not been determined. 2J Apparatus 2.5.1. Sample Prepare dan Sample preparation apparatus requirements will depend upon the sample type under consideration, and the kind of XRD analysis to be performed. > Mortar and Pestle; Agats or porcelain, Razor Blades r Sample Mill: SPEX Inc- freezer mill or equivalent * Bulk Sample Holders Silver Membrane filters: 25-mm diameter, 0.45-ym pore size; Selaa Corp. of America, Flotronics Dlv-1957 Pioneer Road, Huntington Valley,- FA 19C06. ' Microscope Slides Vacuum Filtration Apparatus: Gelman No. 1107 or equivalent and side-arm vacuum flask. Microbalance Ultrasonic Bath or Probe: Model W140, Ultrasonics, Inc- operated at a power density of approximately 0.1 VV/mL, or equivalent. Volumetric Flasks: 1-L volume. Assorted Pipettes Pipette Bulb Nonserrated Forceps Polyethylene Wash Bottle Pyrex Beakers: 50-mfi volume. Desiccator Filter Storage Cassettes Magnetic Stirring Plate and Bars Porcelain-Crucibles Muffle Fumcce or Low Temperature Asher 2.5.2 Sample Analysis Sample analysis requirements include an X-ray diffraction unit equipped witht Constant Potential Generator; Voltage and mA Stabilizers' Automated Diffractometer with Step- Scanning Mode Copper Target X-Roy Tube: High intensity, - fine focus, preferably. X-Ray Pulse Height Selector X-Ray Detector (with high voltage power supply): Scintillation or proportional counter. Focusing Graphite Crystal Monochromator: or Nickel Filter (If copper source is used, and iron fluorescence* is not a serious problem). Data Output Accessories: Strip Chari Recorder Deccdo Scclsr/Timer Digital Printer Sample Spinner (optional). Instrument Calibration Reference Specimen: r.-cuartz reference crystal; (Arkansas quartz standard. #180-147-00, Philips Electronics Instruments. Inc., 85 McXee Cri"0, Mahwah. NJ 07430) or equivalent 2.6 Reagent: 2.6.1. Standard Reference Materials The reference materials listed below are intended to serve as a guide. Every attempt should be made to acquire pure reference materials that are comparable to sample materials being analyzed. Chrysotile: UICC Canadian, or NIEHS Plastibsst (UICC reference materials available from; UICC, MRC Pneumoconiosis Unit, Llandough Hospital. Penarth. Glamorgan. CF81XW, UK). Crocidolite: UICC Amosite: UICC Anthophyilite: UICC Tremolite Asbestos: Wards Natural Science Establishment Rochester. N.Y.; Cyprus Research Standard. Cyprus Research, 2435 Military Ave- Los Angeles. CA 00064 (washed with dilute HQ to remove smell amount of caldte impurity); India tremoiite, Rajasthan State, India. ActlnolitaAsbestos- 2.8.2 Adhesive Tape, petroleum jelly, etc. (for attaching silver membrane filters to sample holders). 2.8.3 Surfactant 1 percent aerosol OT aqueous-solution or equivalent bio S? Federal Register / Vol. 47. No. 103 / Thursday. May 27; 1902 / Rules and Regulations 23387 2.B.4 Isopnpanoi ACS Reagent Grade. 2.7 Procedure 2.7.1 Sampling Samples for analysis of asbestos content shall be collected as specified in EPA Guidance Document &CO090. AsbestosContaining Materials in Scbooi Buildings. '* 2.72 Analysis All samples must be analyzed initially for asbeatos content by PLM. XRD should be used as an auxiliary method when a second, independent analysis is requested. > Note.--Asbestos is a toxic substance. All handling of dry materials should be performed in an operating fume hood. 2.7.2.1 Sample Preparation The method of sample preparation required for XRD analysis will depend on: (1) the condition of the sample received (sample size, homogeneity, particle size distribution, and overall composition as determined by PLM]: and (2) the type of XRD analysis to be performed (qualitative, quantitative, thin layer or bulk). Bulk materials are usually received as inhomogeneous mixtures of complex composition with very wide particle size distributions. Preparation of a homogeneous.' representative sample from asbestoscontaining materials is particularly difficult because the fibrous nature of the asbestos minerals inhibits mechanical mixing and stirring, and because milling procedures may cause adverse lathes alterations. A discussion of specific matrix reduction procedures is given below. Complete methods of sample preparation are detailed in Sections 2.7^2 andZ.7.225: Note.--All samples should be examined microscopically before and after each matrix reduction step to monitor changes in sample particle size, composition, and crystallinity, and to ensure sample representativeness and homogeneity for analysis. 2.72.1.1 Milling--Mechanical milling of asbestos materials has been shown to decrease fiber crystallinity, with a resultant decrease in-diffraction intensity of the specimen: the degree of lathee alteration is related to.the duration and type of milling process. **-" Therefore, all milling times should be kept to a minimum. For qualitative analysis, particle size la not usually of critical importance and initial characterization of the material with a minimum of matrix reduction is often desirable to document the composition of the sample as received. Bulk.samples of very large particle size (> 2-3 mm) should be comminuted to ~ 100 pm. A mortar and pestle can sometimes be used in size reduction of soft or loosely bound materials though this may cause matting of some samples. Such samples may be reduced by cutting with a razor blade, in a mortar, or by grinding in a suitable mill (e.g., a microhammer mill or equivalent). When using a mortar for grinding or cutting the sample should be moistened with ethanoL or some other suitable wetting agent, to minimize exposures. For accurate, reproducible quantitative analysis, the particle size of both sample and standard materials should be reduced to --10 pm (see Section 2.3.3). Dry bell milling at liquid nitrogen temperatures (e.g., Spex Freezer Mill or equivalent) for a maximum time of 10 min. is recommended to obtain satisfactory particle size distributions while protecting the integrity of the crystal lattice.1 Bulk samples of very large particle size may require grinding in two stages for full matrix reduction to <10 (im.* " Final particle size distributions should always be verified by optical microscopy or anotber suitable method 2.72.1.2 Low temperature ashing--For materials shown by PLM to contain large amounts of gypsum, collulosic. or other organic materials, it may be desirable to ash the samples prior to analysis to reduce background radiation or matrix interference. Since chrysotile undergoes dehydroxylation at temperatures between 550* Gand and 650' G with subsequent transformation to forsterite," ** ashing temperatures should be kept below 500* G Use of a low temperature asher Is recommended In all cases, calibration of the oven is essential to ensure that a maximum ashing temperature of 500' C is not exceeded 2.7.2.1.3 Acid leaching--Because of the interference caused by gypsum and some carbonates in the detection of asbestiform minerals by XRD (see Section 2.3.1). it may be necessary to remove thsse ir.tarferer.ts by a simple acid leaching procedure prior to analysis (see Section 1.7.2.2). 2.7.2.2 Qualitative Analysis 2.7.2.2.1 Initial screening cf bulk material--Qualitative analysis should be performed an a representative, homogeneous portion of the sample with a minimum of sample treatment 1. Grind and mix th: c.-iinpie with a mortar and pestle (or (Kjur'olar.t method, see Section 2.7.2.1.1.) to s final particle size sufficiently small ( -- 100 pm) to allow adequato packing into the sample bolder. 2. Pack the sample into a standard bulk sample hoidar. Care should be taken to ensure that a representative portion of the milled sample la selected for analysis. Paticular care should be taken to avoid possible size segregation of the sample. (Note: Use of a back-packing method 11 of bulk sample preparation may reduce preferred orientation effects.) 3. Mount the sample on the diffractometer and scan over the diagnostic peak regions for the serpentine (--07.4 A) and omphibole (8.28.5 A) minerals (see Table 2-2). The X-ray diffraction equipment should be optimized for intensity. A slow scanning speed of 1* 2(r/mw is recommended for adequate resolution-Use of a sample spinner is recommended. 4. Submit all samples that exhibit diffraction peaks in the diagnostic regions for asbestiform minerals to a full qualitative XRD scan (5'-30* 2fl; 1'29/min) to-verify initial peak assignments and to identify potential matrix interferences when subsequent quantitative analysis is to be perform. 5. Compare the sample XRD pattern with standard reference powder diffraction patterns (i.e., JCPDS powder diffraction data 1 or those of other well-characterized reference materials). Principal lattice tpadnga of asbestiform minerals are given in Table 2-2; common constituents of bulk insulation and wall'materials are listed in Table 2-8. 2.72.22 Detection of minor or trace constituents--Routine screening of bulk materials by XRD may fail to detect small concentrations (<5 percent) of asbestos. The limits of detection will, in general, be improved if matrix absorption effects are minimized, and if the sample particle size is reduced to the optimal 1 to 10 pm range, provided that the crystal lattice ia not degraded in the milling process. Therefore, in those instances where confirmation of the presence of an asbestiform mineral at very low levels ti required, or where a negative result from Initial screening of the bulk mstenal by XRD (see Section 2.72.2.1) is in conflict with previous PLM results, it may be desirable to prepare the sample aa described for quantitative analysis (see Section 2.7.2.3J and stap-scan over appropriate 28 ranges of selected diagnostic peaks (Table 2-2). Accurate transfer of the sample to the silver membrane Altar ia not necessary unless subsequent quantitative analysis is to be performed. 17.2.3 Quantitative Analysis 7hd proposed method for quantitation of asuestos in bulk samples ia-a modification of tne NIOSH-recommended thin-layer method fer chrysotile in air.1 A thick-layer or bulk method involving pelletizing the sample may be used for seiniquantitativs analysts; 71 however, this method requires the addition of an internal standard, use of a specially' fabricated sample press, and relatively large amounts of standard reference materials. Additional research is required to evaluate Lis comparability of thin- and thick-layer methods for quantitative asbestos analysis. For quantitative analysis by thin-layer methodsrthe following procedure ia recommended: 1. Mill and size all or a substantial representative portion of the sample as outlined in. Section 2.7.2.I.I. " 2. Dry at 100* C for 2 hr cool in a desiccator. 3. Weigh accurately to the nearest 0.01 mg. 4. Samples shown by PLM to contain large amounts cf celluiosic or other organic materials, gypsum, or carbonates, should be submitted to appropriate matrix reduction procedures described in Sections 2.72.1.2 and 2.7.2.I.3. After ashing and/or acid treatment, repeat the drying and weighing procedures described above, and determine the percent weight lose: L 5. Quantitatively transfer an accurately weighed amount (50-100 mg) of the sample to a 1-L volumetric flask with approximately 200 mL Iaopropanoi to which 3 to 4 drops of suriactaat have been added. 9. Ultrasonicate tor 10 min at a power density of approximately 0.1 W/mL. to disperse the sample material. / 7. Dilute to volume with Iaopropanoi. 8. Place flask on a magnetic stirring plate. Stir. 9. Place a silver membrane filter on the filtration apparatus, apply a vacuum, and attach the reservoir. Release the vacuum and C 5 clH - 23388 Federal Register / Voi 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations add eevenl milliliters of lsopropanol to the matrix induction and sizing techniques reservoir. Vigorously hand shales the asbestos suspension and immediately should be- usedfar both standard and sample materials. withdraw an aliquot from the center of the 2. Dry at 100* C for 2 hr; cool in a suspension so that total sample weight W* desiccator. on the filter will be approximately 1 mg. Do 3. Prepare two suspensions of each not adfuat the volume in the pipet by standard In isopropanol by weighing expelling part of the suspension: if more than approximately 10 and SO mg of the dry the desired aliquot is withdrawn, discard the material te the nearest 0.01 mg. aliquot and resume the procedure with a Quantitatively transfer each to a 1-L clean pipet Transfer the aliquot to the volumetric flask with approximately 200 mL reservoir, niter rapidly under vacuum. Do not Isopropanol to which a few drops of wash the reservoir walls. Leave the filter surfactant have been added. apparatus under vacuum until dry. Remove 4. Ultratomcate for 10 min at a power the reservoir, release the vacuum, and density of approximately 0.1 W/mL, to remove the filter with forceps. (Note: Water- disperse the asbestos material. soluble metrtx interferences such as gypsum 5. Dilute to volume with isopropanoL may be removed at this time by careful 6. Place the flask ona magnetic stirring washing of the filtrate.with distilled water. plats. Stir. '" Extreme care ahould be taken not to disturb 7. Prepare, la triplicate, a series of at least the sample.) . 10. Attach the filter, to a flat holder with a five standard Alton to cover the desired analytical-range, using appropriate aliquots suitable adhesive and place on the diffractometer. Use of a sample spinner is of the 10 end SO mg/L suspensions and the following procedure. Mount a silver membrane filteron the 11. For each asbestos mineral to be filtration apparatus. Place a few milliliters of quantitated select e reflection (or reflections) Isopropenol in the reservoir. Vigorously hand . that hat been shown to be bee from shake tha asbestos suspension and Interferences by prior PLM or qualitative immediately withdrew an aliquot from the; XRD analysis end that can be used center of the suspension. Do not adjuatthe - unambiguouily as an index of the amount of' volume in the pipet by *pmng part of the ' material present in the sample (see Table 2- . suspension: If more than tha desired aliquot 2).. is withdrawn, discard tha aliquot and resume 12. Analyze the selected diagnostic, the procedure with a dean pipet. Transfer the reflection!*) by step scanning in increments aliquot to the reservoirJCeep the tip of the of OLOZ* 28 far an appropriate fixed Urns end pipet near tha surface of the isopropanoL integrating the counts. (A fixed count acan Filter rapidly unde? vacuum Danotwash the may be uswi alternatively: however; the sides of tha reservoir. Leave the vacuum on method chosen ahould be used consistently for a time sufficient tadry the filter. Release- for-allsampiee and standards.)'An appropriate scanning Interval should be the vacuum and remove the fillet with forceps. , .- elected for each peak, and background 2JL2 Analysis ofCalibration Standards coirectlona made. For a fixed time scan, 1. Mount each filter on e fist holder. measure the background on each aide of the _ Perform step scans on selected diagnostic peak for onikhalf the peak-scanning time. The reflections, of the standards and inference net intensity, L, la the difference between the peak integrated count and the total specimen using the procedure outlined in Section 27JS, step 12, and the same background count conditions as those.used for the samples. 13. Determine the net count 1* of the filter 2. Determine the normalized Intensity for ' 36 A silver peak following the procedure in each peak measured as outlined in step 12. Remove the filter from the holder, reverse it and reattach it to the holder. - Section 2.7.2Jvetap 14. 28 Calculations Determine the net count for. the unattenuated For each asbestos reference material liver peak.Scan, times may be laps for calculate the exact weight deposited on each measurement of silver peaks than for sample standard filter from, the concentrations ofthe peaks: however, they should be-ooiutant standard suspensions and aliquot volumes. throughout the analysis. Record the weight, w, of each standard.'. 14. Normelixe all raw, net Intensities (ttr Prepare a calibration curve by regressing IXu correct for Instrument Instabilities) by on w. Poor reproducibility (15 percent RSD) referencing them to an external standard at any given level Indicates problems In the (e.g. the 3.34 A peakof an a-quartz reference sample preparation technique, and-a need for crystal). Aftereach unknown is scanned, new standards. Tbrdata should fits straight determine the net count. I*,, of the reference line equation. specimen following the procedure In step 12. Determine the elope, m,'of the calibration Determine the normafized Intensities by curve in counts/mlcrogram.The intercept, b; divldlngths peak intensities by IV of the line with the axis should'be ' approximately zero. A large negative ifia ifis.1 Intercept indicates an error izrdetermining IOr and IAg the background. This may arise from Incorrectly measuring the baseline orfrom Interference by another phase at theangle at ZS Calibration background, measurement A large positive 2JJ.1 Preparation of Calibration Intercept indiatee an error In determining Standards.. the baseline or that on Impurity is included tar 1. Mill and.size standardasbestos the measured peak. materials according to (he procedure outlined Using the normalized intensity, I*, for the in Section 277.1.1. Equivalent, standardized attenuated silver peak of a sample, and tha corresponding normalized Intensity from the unattenuated silver peak. 1^. of the sample filter, calculate the transmittance, T. for each sample as follows:** n I M I o Ag . Determine the correction factor. f(T), for each sample, according to the formula: where f(T) = ~R 1-T* sin R = sin M. 8, 9a,--angular position of the measured silver peak (from Bragg's Law), and 9,--angular position of tha diagnostic asbestos peak.. . ' Calculated!* weight Wv inmioograms, of tha asbestos material analyzed for in each, sample, nataig tha appropriate calibration data and absorption corrections: B Calculate-the percent composition, P,, of each asbestos mineral analyzed for ln the--, parent material fromthe total sample weight. W.,, era the filter a-.oiL). * 100; where r P,--percent asbestos mineral in permit material;. Wt--mats of asbestos mineral'on filter, in p; WT--total sample weight on filter, in fig;' L--percent weight loss of parent material on. ashing and/or arid treatment (sae Section 2JL2A), 2.10 References 1. H. P. King end L & Alexander, X-ray Diffraction Proaedures for Potycrystailine and Amorphous Materials, 2nd ei, New York: John Wfley and Sons, 1973. 2.L. V. Axaroff andM. J. Buerger, thePowderMethod ofX-ray Crystallo&aphy,. New York: McGraw-Hill 1966; 1 fCPDS-Intamatianal Center for Diffraction DataPowderDiffraction File, UJS. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; and Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Studies. Swarthmore, PA. 4. W. J. Campbell C: W. Huggins, and A. G. Wylie, Chemical andPhysical Characterization ofAmoeita, Chryeotile, Crocidolite, andNdnflbnme ThemotHe for National Institute ofErtrironmental HealthScienoee Oral ingestion Studies, US-Bureau of Mine* Report ofInvestigation RI8462.198a 4. B. A. Langoud J. C Hearts. Determination of microgram quantities of esbeetor by X-ray diffraction: Chryeotile in thin chut layerrof matrix material Anal Ghent, 47(4)320-525,1979. 8. NIOSHManual ofAnalytical Methods, Volume 5.UB. DepL HEW, August 1979; pp. 300-1 to 309-9. h lo S -0 Federal Register / VoL 47, No. 103 / Thursday, May 27, 1982 / Rules and Regulations. 23389 7. H. Dunn and J. H. Stewart, JrQuantitative determination of chrysotile in building materials, 77ie Microscope. 29(1). 1981. 8 M. Taylor, Methods for the quantitative determination of asbestos and quartz in bulk samples using X-ray diffraction. The Analyst, 703(1231 ):1009-1020,1978. 9. L Blrks. M. Fatemi, ]. V. Gilfrich. and E. T. Johnson. Quantitative Analysis of Airborne Asbestos by X-ray Diffraction, Naval Research Laboratory Report 7879, Naval Research Laboratory. Washington. D.G, 1973. 10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings: A Guidance Document, Parts 1 and 2. EPA/OTS No. C00090, March 1979. 11. J. B. Krause and W. H. Ashton, Misidentification of asbestos in talc, pp. 339353. in: Proceedings of Workshop on Asbestos: Definitions and Measurement Methods (NBS Special Publication 506), G G Gravatt. P. D. LaFleur, and K. F. Heinrich (eda.), Washington, D.G: National Measurement Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards. 1977 (issued 1978). 12. R D. Stanley. The detection and identification of asbestos and asbesti-form minerals in talc, pp. 325-337, in Proceedings of- Workshop on Asbestos: Definitions and Measurement Methods (NBS Special Publication 506). G G Gravatt. P. D. LaFleur, and K. F. Heinrich (eds.). Washington. D.G, National Measurement Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, 1977 (issued 1978). 13. A. L Rickards, Estimation of traoe amounts of chrysotile asbestos by X-ray diffraction. Anal. Chem.. 44(ll):1872-3,1972. 14. P. M. Cook. P. L. Smith, and D. G. Wilson. Amphibole fiber concentration and determination for a series of community air samples: use of X-ray diffraction to supplement electron microscope analysis, in: Electron Microscopy and X-ray Applications to Environmental and Occupation Health Analysis. P. A. Rursell and A. E. Hutchings (eds.). Ann Arbor Ann Arbor Science Publications, 1977. 15. A. N. Rohl and A. M. Langer. Identification and quantitation of asbestos in talc. Environ. Health Perspectives, 9:95-109, 1974. 16. ). L Graf. P. K. Ase, and R. G. Draft., Preparation and Characterization of Analytical Reference Minerals, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 79-139. june 1979. 17. J. C. Haartz, B. A. Lange. R. G. Draftz, and R. F. Scholl, Selection and characterization of fibrous and nonfibrous amphiboieafor analytical methods development pp. 295-312. in: Proceedings of Workshop on Asbestos: Definitions and Measurement Methods (NBS Special Publication 506), C. C. Gravatt. P. D. LaFleur, and K_ r. Heinrich (eds.). Washington, D.C.: National Measurement Laboratory, Nations) Bureau of Standards. 1877 (issued 1978). 18. Personal communication, A. M. Langer, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York. New York. New York. 19. A. M. Langer, M. & Wolff. A. N. RohL and L ). Seiikoff. Variation of properties of chrysotile asbestos subjected to milling, /. Toxicol and Environ. Health, 173-188,1978. Z0. A. M. Langer, A. D. Mackler, and F. . Pooley. Electron microscopical Investigation of asbestos fibers. Environ. Health PerspecL. 9:83-80, 1974. 21. E. Occella and G. Maddalon. X-ray diffraction characteristics of soma types of asbestos in relation to different techniques of comminution. Med Lavoro, 54(101:828-838, 1963. 22 K. R. Spumy, W. Stober, H. Opiela. and and G. Weiss, On the problem of milling and ultrasonic treatment of aebeatos and glass fibers in biological and analytical applications. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. /., 47:198203. 1880. 23. L G. Berry and B. Mason. Mineralogy, San Francisco: W. R Greeman A Co.. 1959. 24. ). P. Schelz, The detection of chrysotile asbestos at low levels in talc by differential thermal analysis, Thermochimica Acta. 8".137-204.1974. 25. Reference 1. pp. 372-374. 28. J. Leroux Staub-Reinhalt Luft, 29.28 [English), 1969. 27. J. A. Leroux B. C. Davey, and A. Paillard. Am. Ind Hyg. Assoc. /.. 34:409.1973. [TO Doc 82-14477 Filed 4-28-42: a44 Jin) Bd-LltW COM 4440-40-41 C S o I Lf-