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PROGRESS REPORT
Cal. Research, X-105A Project
Phase I
i
Establishment of Base Line Levels Resulting From the Use of Chevron Gasoline (1.7 ml. TEL per gallon)
* {
This investigation with commercial gasoline (1.7 ml.
of TEL) wa3 undertaken to determine >>ase line levels of the
concentration of atmospheric lead for comparison with concentrations
to be determined in subsequent investigations with a special blend
of fuel containing 3 ml. of TEL/gallon and with a blend containing
3 ml. of X-105A. During this initial study, designated as Phase I,
concentrations of lead in the air were determined at the loading
racks in Richmond (B) and the North Side Sales Yard in San Francisco (C)
and at the fueling islands in the garage of the Yellow Cab Company (D)
and at the comer of Turk and Jones Streets,
/
Summary and Conclusions
N9626
/of The average concentration of total lead in the air the
garage, calculated for 35 samples collected at the fueling islands,
was 20 micrograms per cubic meter of air and ranged from 0 to 55 micrograms Per cubic meter of air. fhese concentrations do not consider
2
of air in a sample collected
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ssiBp&ed at 4*30 p.m. on May 6, 1959* When this concentration
is included in the calculation, the average concentration during
the period of fueling with Chevron gas was 34.3 raicrograms per
cubic meter, a value approximately 1/7 the threshold limit currently
acceptable for industrial practice.
Approximately 25# of the total lead in the air was found
to be particulate in nature. The average daily concentration of
particulate lead as determined from the analysis of the dust deposited
hourly on the tapes of an A.I.S.I. smoke sampler was 5.2 micrograms
per cubic meter. This concentration is lower than the daily
average concentration in the outside air of a downtown area of
Los Angeles during the period August - November of 1954.
Concentrations of carbon monoxide were all below the
threshold limit of 100 ppm, the average concentration being only
11 ppm. The maximum concentration was 40 ppm. o
The average temperature in the garage during the test o " o period was 60 F. and ranged from 52 F. to 72 F. Ventilation in
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the garage was good during this period, the air velocity thoughout
the area being approximately 90 feet per minute. The air velocity
was at its lowest level on May 5 and 6 when the average velocity
* mm
was less than 15 feet per minute. During the night, the average velocity of the air in thegarage was approximately 50^ of that observed for the daylight hours. Procedures
The concentration of lead in the atmosphere was determined with the Ethyl Lead-In-Air Analyzer at the loading racks in Richmond and the sales yard in San Francisco and at the fueling islands in the garage. During this investigation, samples were collected in the garage only during the periods of maximum activity which were said to occur between 3:00 p.m, and 5:00 p.m. and between 11:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m. The lead-in-air analyzer determined essentially the total lead present in the air by Including the organic lead and some or most of the particulate lead. The portion of the total lead due to particulate matter present in the atmosphere of the garage was determined at certain times by equipping the leadin-air analyzer with a sampling head in which a millipore filter could be placed. The millipore filter removed the particulate matter so that only gaseous organic lead vapors reached the scrubber of the analyzer.
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4
A continuous record of the particulate matter present
In the atmosphere of the garage was obtained by operating an
A.I.S.I. smoke sampler continuously during the period of this test.
In this equipment, air at a known rate was filtered through a
paper tape and the small quantities of dust deposited on the tape
were then analyzed to determine the fluctuations in the concentration
of particulate lead in the air during each hour of the period of
inves tigation.
On each day that the air was monitored at any of the three
locations, a record was kept of the dry bulb temperature and of the
air velocities at the sampling sites. In addition, the concentrations
of carbon monoxide in the atmt^>here of the garage were determined
with the NBS carbon monoxide indicator tubes. The millipore filters
and the paper tapes of the A.I.S.I. smoke sampler were mailed to
the Kettering Laboratory for analysis. Lead was determined by
oft the dlthizone method used routinely in the Laboratory.
oo o Results o
CD
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The concentrations of lead in the air at the breathing u
if zone of the loader during the time that he was stationed at the
dome of the tank truck and at ground level while trucks were being
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loaded with Phase I gasoline are summarized in Table 1. Dry bulb temperatures during the periods of sampling are also listed* A summary of the concentration of lead* ato-was determined with the lead-in-air analyzer at the fueling island in the Yellow Cab garage during the periods of maximum activity, is given in Table 2 along with the temperature, carbon monoxide and air velocity data.
The concentrations of organic and particulate lead present in the air, as determined by the analysis of material separated by the train sampler, are recorded in Table for the individual tests which were undertaken to determine the partition between gaseous and particulate lead.
Table 4 gives the daily average and range of concentration of particulate lead which were determined from the analysis of the samples of dust collected on the tapes of the A.X.S.I. smoke sampler during each hour of the test period. The daily average and range of the Coh value, an empirical measurement of the soiling property and concentration of the dust are also recorded in Table 4. Table 5 records the average and range of concentration of Coh units and of particulate lead for each hour of the period of this investigation.
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Discussion
The exposure of operators to lead during the blending of
Chevron gasoline (1.7 ml. TEL per gallon) was not determined since
the fuel came from regular blended stock. Loading Areas The concentrations of lead at the breathing
zone of the loader while he worked at the dome of the tank truck were all satisfactory and Indicated a minimum of exposure to lead
during the intermittent loading of tank trucks with Phase I fuel
(Table 1). The highest concentration was 53 micrograms of lead per
cubic meter of air, approximately l/4 the threshold limit.
Yellow Cab Garage - The concentration of lead in the air
of the fueling islands during periods of peak activity averaged 54.5 micrograms/Ms and ranged from 0.0 to 530 micrograms per cubic
meter. When the latter value was omitted from the calculation,
the average and maximum concentrations of lead were 20.0 and
55 raierograms/M3 respectively. The high concentration of 530 \j r>
micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air could have been due to
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the presence of gasoline mist or to the trapping of a large particle
of particulate lead in the analyzer. The air was contaminated at
this level for only a brief period of time since a sample taken S
.
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one-half hour later was found to contain only 35.3 micrograias of lead per cubic foot of air.
The particulate matter in the air averaged 24.3$ of the total lead found to be present (Table 3) A comparison of the average total lead in the samples recorded in Table 3 with the average concentrations of lead recorded in Table 2 would appear to indicate that the lead-in-air analyzer traps 90$ or better of all of the lead present in the air.
Particulate lead was present in low concentrations in the dusl removed from the air of the grage by the tapes of the A.I.S.I. smoke sampler. The daily average for the entire period was 5.2 micrograms per cubic meter, a concentration that was less than the daily average concentration of 6.75 micrograms per cubic meter of air obtained for a downtown station in Los Angeles during the period August-November of 1954 (Cholak, J., Schafer, L. J., Yeager, D. and Kehoe, R. A.: Report on the Nature of Suspended Matter, R port for Air Pollution Foundation, Los Angeles, Calif., July 1, 1955).
H OOGiKt#
*'
The relationship between the concentrations of lead and of particulate matter, as Indicated by the empirical ''Coh" unit is shown graphically in Figure 1* It may be seen that the fluctuations in the patterns of the concentration of lead and of the Coh values are similar in nature. The peaks in this figure bear no relationship to the times of peak activity noted above. The dust spots on the tapes could not always be related to a definite time period because of frequent power failures and some Inadequacies in marking the tapes daily. The graph is presented only to show the general relationship between the Coh values and the concentrations of lead and it is hoped that improvements instituted in marking the tapes and more continuous operation of the samplers will show a better coincidence between peak lead and Coh values and the periods of greatest activity in the garage.
The concentrations of carbon monoxide in the garage were satisfactory, there being only one concentration of 40 ppay&nd one of 25 ppm. All other concentrations were in the 10 ppm range (Table 2). The dry bulb temperature during the period of this te3t averaged only 60 F. and ranged from 52-72 F. The average and the range of temperature during the night, as would be expected.
were approximately 5C lower than was the case during the daylight hours.
Measurement of air velocities within the garage Indicated satisfactory ventilation, the average air velocity for the period being approximately 90 feet per minute. Air velocities ranged from an average low of 15 feet per minute to a high of 550 feet per minute. The lowest air velocities were measured on May 5 and 6, The highest concentration of lead (530 micrograms per cubic meter) occurred at 4;ye p.r.:. on May c when the air in the garage v:as very calm, the air velocity being less than 15 feet per minute.
Prom The Kettering Laboratory in the Department of Pre\'entivc Medicine and Industrial Health, College oi Medicine,, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
Report by:
o . Cuolak, Ch .n>. R. A. Kehoe, M.D.
Approved:______________________ R. A. Kehoe, M.D. Director
Date:
}\ 0 o 0 o 13 b
Table 1
Concentrations of Lead In the Air at the Loading Racks While Tank Trucks' Were Being;
Loaded With Chevron Gasoline
Identification
Richmond (B) At dome of tank truck At ground level
Number
Micrograms Lead/Ms of JMr
Average
Range
Temperature F
Average
Range
5
21.0
0-55
68 62-72
4
14.1
0-555
70
68-72
North Side Sales Yard,
San Francisco
(C)
At dome of tank truck
At ground level
-
- .I----
----
(
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4.5 0-17.7 0.0 -
56.5 69
50-64
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100 90
110 210
^ C o n c e n tra tio n o f 530 ird e re tra in s r,c.o:
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Table 3
Concentrations of Organic, Particulate mid Total Lead In the Air at the Fueling
Islands of the Yellow Cab Garake
Time 3:45 P*m. 5:0C p.m. 11:00 p.m. 1:00 a.a. 1:00 a.m. 500 p.m. 12:45 p.m. 11:30 p.m. 5:15 p.m. 10:30 p.m. 3:45 p.m.
Date 4-29-59 4-29-59 4-29-59 4-30-59 5-2-59 5-4-59 5-5-59 5-6-59 5-8-59 5-8-59 5-31-59
Average
LIA 55.5 17.7 17.7 17.7 17 7
1 *i
0.0 17.7 55.5 17.7
0.0 17.7
Particulate Lead 8.8 5.5 7.6 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0
12.4 7.6 4.2
13.4
Total Lead 44.1 22.2 25.5 17.7 17.7 1.8 17.7 47.7 25.5 4.2 21.1
Per Cent Particulate Mattel
in Total 20.0
15.7 50.0
0.0 0.0 100,0 0.0 26.0 50.C 100.0
65.5
17.5
5.4
22.^
24.3
0 \j G o 1 <3 d
Table 4
f Daily Average and Range of Concentration
of Coh Units and of Particulate Lead in the Yellow Cab Garage
Table 5
Averap;e and Range of Concentration of Coh Units and Of Particulate Lead for Each Hour During the April 26 - Moon. May 12, 1959
Time
Coh/1000 Feet of Air
Average
Range
12:00 M.-l-.OO A.M.
2.50
0.86-5.78
1:00 A.M.-2:00 A.M.
2.50
1.06-3.60
2:00 A.M.-5:00 A.M.
2.10
0.70-3.54
3:00 A.M.-4:00 A.M.
2.48
1.78-3.60
4:00 A.M.-5:00 A.M.
1.49
0.20-3.40
5:00 A.M.-6:00 A.M.
1.30
0.20-4.22
7:00 A.M.-7:00 A.M.
2.46
0.20-4.42
8:00 A.M.-8:00 A.M.
5.36
0.86-7.06
9:00 A.M.-9:00 A.M.
4.75
0.20-9.68
9:00 A.M.-10:00 A.M.
5.67
0.86-7.84
10:00 A.M.-11:00 A.M. 11:00 A.M.-12:00 N.
4.37 2.36
1.64-7.69 0.36-8.16
12:00 N.-1:00 P.M.
| 2.42
0.36-7.84
1:00 P.M.-2:00 P.M.
2.02
0.52-3.40
2:00 P.M.-3:00 P.M.
2.15
0.36-3.78
3:00 P.M.-4:00 P.M.
1.78
0.20-4.42
4:00 P.M.-5:00 P.M.
2.40
0.20-6.06
5:00 P.M.-6:00 P.M.
2.38
0.20-4.10
6:00 P.M.-7:00 P.M.
1.85
0.20-3.16
7:00 P.M.-8:00 P.M.
2.20
1.06-3.16
Micrograras Lead/ Cubic Meter of Air
Average
Range
4.8 2.1-18.3 6.2 2.1-7.0
4.4 1.5-7.0
4.1 1.5-6.3
3.6 2.0-5.5 4.6 1.4-14.0
4.5 2.3-10.5 7.8 1.4-20.0
9.8 1.2-27.3
7.4 5.9-14.7
7.8 3.4-25.0
5.4 1.6-18.3
5.2 1.6-15.0
4.9 5.0
2.3-6.5 2.3-6.5
4.2 0.6-S.5 5.1 0.6-16.0 4.1 1.5-6.7 4.0 2.1-6.7
4.1 2.1-7.0
h\ H GuOoxstU
Time
8:00 P.M.-9:00 P.M. 9:00 P.M.-10:00 P.M. 10:00 P.M.-11:00 P.M. 11:00 P.M.-12:00 M.
Table 5, page
Coh/1000 Feet of Air-
Average ----------muse
1.75
0.20-3.40
1.6l
0,20-3.78
2.07
0.86-4.10
2.98
1.06-9.20
Micrograms Lead/ Cubic Meter of Air
Average
Range
5.7 1.9-7.0
5.4 1.7-8.0
5.3 1.2-6.4
4.2 1.5-14.3
KE
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