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I I i 0000-NLI-0000I9198 r. Paint Manu WITH PARTICULAR REFERENC FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS By Percy H. Walker and Eugene F. H i i BUILDING MATERIALS ANI) STRU REPORT BMS105 i Issued October 11, 1UI5 Henry A. Wallace, Secretary NATIONAL I5UUKAU OF ST A N1 *A li I iS, Lyman i For sale by the Superintendent uf Documents, iVashi Price $1.00. I 0000-NLI-000019199 0000-NLI-000019200 Foreword The need for information on protective coating materials in addition to that given in National Bureau of Standards Technologic Paper T274, published in 11)25, has been ex pressed from time to time by various governmental agencies. Many changes in such materials have occurred since that publication, now out of print, was issued. Thus, this manual has been compiled to aid in the procurement of materials that would be suitable and adequate for most kinds of paint ing and that would assure successful application. The manual is based in large part on Federal Specifications and supplements but does not replace them. Methods are described for the preparation of surfaces and the application of coatings that are known from experience to give satisfactory results. The information contained herein cannot supplant the skill of the experienced painter, but should assist the procurement otlicer in specifying and obtaining the proper paint materials. It should also assist the planner and technical supervisor of work in obtaining and maintaining durable iinishes at reasonable cost. Lv ma n J. linuios. Director. ii CONTENTS foreword ...................................................................................... I. Introduction ................................................................. II. Oeneral comments ...................................................... XII. Comments on individual materials ...................... 1. General considerations ................................... (a) Composition by weight and by vol (b) ltasic specilicatious ............................ (e) Amendments to basic speeilicatums 2. Liquids not generally used alone ............... 3. I'iginents ........................................... ; '. 4. Keudy-mixed oil and varnish vehicle pai 5. Varnishes and analogous products............. (i. Water paints ..................................................... 7. Miscellaneous materials used by painters IV. Preparation of surfaces and application of p materials .............................................................. 1. Woodwork ......................................................... (a) Exterior surfaces............................... (1) New work....................................... (2) Itefmisliing ............................... (a) Loose paint ................ (I>) Knots ............................... (c) Additional measure smoothing surfaces (d) Mildew ............... ......... (e) Application of paint (3) .Staining of shingles and wo (4) Porch doors ............................ (b) Interior surfaces ............................... (1) New work................................. (2) Itelinishing .............................. 2. Masonry, concrete, and plaster ................. (a) Exterior surfaces.............................. (1) Oil paints ................................ (2) Water paints .......................... (b) Interior surfaces .............................. (1) Elat finish................................. (2) Semigloss finish ................... (3) Full-gloss finish ................... .(c) Cement floors....................................... (1) General suggestions for p concrete floors ................... (2) Floor paints and enamels (3) Varnish-type paints ............ (4) Itubber-base paints ............ (5) Maintenance ......................... (6) lteflnisliing ............................. 3. Ferrous metal: Structural iron and ste (a) Cleaning ............................................ (b) Itust-inldbltlve washes ................ (c) Priming paints ................................. 0000-NLI-000019201 Contents IV. Preparation of surfaces and application of painting materials--Continued. 4. Nonferrous metal ........................................................ id (a) Metallic zinc coatings..................................... 91 (h) Treatment of aluminum and magnesium.. 1)2 (c) Coatings for certain other metals............. 92 5. Steel submerged in water........................................... 92 (a) Coal-tar-base enamel ..................................... 99 (1) Hot application ................................... 99 (2) Cold application ................................... 94 (b) Varnish-type paints ....................................... 9,r> V. Care and preparation of painting materials................. 97 1. Storage of painting materials................................... 98 2. Preparation of ready-mixed paints........................ 98 3. Mixing of pastes and powders................................... (a) Pastes ................................................................... 98 98 (1) Pastes-in-oil ........................................... ps (2) Resin-eraulsion paints ........................ (b) Powders ............................................................... 100 101 (1) Dry red-lead paints............................ 101 (2) Cement-waterpaints ............................ 101 . (3) Casein-powder paints ....................... 102 4. Care of brushes ............................................................. 102 VI. Safety measures..................................... 104 i- fans................................................................................................. k m 2 Fire ..................................................................................... 104 ,,rT 3- 1`oison ................................................................................ v II. Sampling and inspection ...................................................... 104 109 1. Instructions and precautions forsampling........... 100 (a) Liquids : Th!liners, oils, and varnishes .. . 100 (b) Pigments, pastes, and ready-mixed paints 100 (1) Dry pigments ...................................... ]0fi (2) Pastes and ready-mixed paints. ... 106 (C) Bituminous enamel andprimer.................... 107 (1) Enamel .................................................... 107 (2) Primer .................................................... 107 (d) Coal-tar-base paints ...................................... 107 2. Inspection .......................................................................... 108 VIII. Paint failures................................................................ ..!!!! Ill 1. Adhesion ......................................................................... " 112 2. Alligatoring .................................................................................. 112 3. Bleeding .................................... 113 4. Blistering and peeling ................................................ | 114 5. Chalking ............................................................................ 114 6. Checking ..................................................................... 110 7. Cracking and scaling .................................................. nr, 8. Crawling ............................................................................ HO 9. "Fading" of color........................................................... 117 10. Loss of gloss ................................................................... 118 11. Running and sagging ......................................... ". . . 118 12. Tackiness and slow drying......................................... H8 13. Washing ............................................................................ 119 14. Wrinkling ............................................. 119 IV Contents IX. Bulking values of pigments and liquids......... 1. Pigments............... 2. Oils ..................................... 3. Solvents ..................................................[...... 4. Resins and other liimogcns 5. Plasticizers ................................................ [ X. Literature references ....................................... 1. References cited in text ................. 2. Additional references ................................. (a) Building Materials and Structu ports .................................................. (b) Letter Circulars ............................... (c) Simplified Practice Recommenda (d) Technical Information on Buildi rials .................................................. (e) Commercial Standards .................. XI. Glossary of selected paint terms ................... XII. List of Federal Specifications.................... Index ....................................... PAINT MANUAL WITH PARTICULAR REFERE FEDERAL SPECIFICATIO By Percy H. Walker and Eugene F ABSTRACT This manual presents reuoinmtMkriutUms by the N Standards and cooperating organizations for tlie of painting materials iiUM;ting Federal Specilieat U`<*hiiHnl in nature, the manual provides practic the application of protective coatings. It also expla ments in tike held of painting and includes pe I>escriptioiis of approximately (0 paints and p included to enable the painter to choose the most for tike surface to he covered. Kmphasis is plac applying coatings and preparing surfa<vs for o protection with the materials used. Where pain curred, the causes are traced and remedies sugg I. INTRODUCTION It is the. purpose of this liamml to help t eral (jioveniment agencies in the proper se of paint (see glossary) and painting mate under Federal Specifications. Specifications for paint define for the quality of materials to be procured. To th they provide a fair basis on which to bid Adequate specifications for paint contain tw visions: requirements for composition and r results, or performance, although one type may receive more emphasis than ihe other. Federal Specifications are approved and the Director of Procurement, Treasury Dep use of all (iovernment. agencies in the purcha and equipment. They should not he confus cations issued by the various Federal de agencies for materials ami construction to special requirements. I'Yderal Specification chased from the Superintendent of Docume ernment Printing Oflice, Washington 2f>, D 0000-NLI-000019203 2 Building Materials and Structures lieports \ scml without charge a price list of Federal Specifications, on request. A Federal Specification sets a standard that is considered adequate and economical for the service expected. If the purchase order requires that material conform to a par ticular Federal Specification, the seller may commit a fraudulent act if he knows that the material being furnished does not conform. Most manufacturers know how Federal Specilications apply to their products. A specification sets forth in detail the minimum require ments and makes no allowance for material of superior grade. The purpose of the specification is to procure mate rial that will give good performance. However, the differ ence in cost between material meeting the specification and that for material giving somewhat better performance may not be justified. / Federal Specifications for paint are set at a sufficiently high level of quality to give good service. They define mate rials fully adequate for the purpose intended at a reason able price without expensive and unnecessary frills and cover paints obtainable from tbe widest practicable sources of supply. It is the buyer's responsibility to see that deliveries of paints actually do conform to specifications, and that mate rial purporting to meet a particular Federal Specification for paint is not accepted without test. Otherwise, material inferior to that called for in the specification will be ac# cepted and used. The inevitable result will be unsatisfactory service and complaint that the specification is inadequate, whereas, the fault would lie with the purchaser who has not taken the necessary steps to be certain that the quality pur chased and paid for was actually delivered. The fact that a Federal Specification paint is less ex pensive than a proprietary brand of paint of the same typo is not an indication that its quality is inferior to that of the higher-priced paint, which may include promotion and selling costs, but that it meets the prescribed quality re quirements for this type of paint. The technical committee charged with preparing Federal Specifications for paints is constantly on the alert to revise or amend specifications to improve quality. Therefore, Government purchasing agents can be assured that paints they buy under Federal Specifica tions are of good and adequate quality. Paint Manual II. GENERAL COMME Federal Specifications are prepared b prised of representatives from the Gover ing use for the materials or articles, s National Jiureau of Standards who de in research or in acceptance tests, and manufacturers producing paint materia gation, they are circulated to manufact Federal Specifications are not prepared mercial products of a type but only tho services of tbe Government agencies establish minimum requirements for th Some agencies buy materials and articl quiring conformance to a designated Fe Other agencies, which contract for th buildings or the manufacture of article tractor to use designated materials con propriate Federal Specification. Inspe of material may be done at the place point of use, or both. Frequently, an a ments to the specification in order to mee dition or for some other reason. After the specification lias been in slight changes based on experience with improvements in the material covered amendment to the original specification, previous amendments. More comprehe covered by a complete revision, which is dition of the lower-case letters a, b, c, e the original issue. Thus Federal Specif Putty indicates the first revision of th putty. Government and other large organiza of equipment that is surface finished special conditions for rapid and carefu coating material not covered by Federal general, the specifications for the comp contain directions for inspecting and tes it is completed rather than detailed sp materials used in the various coats. Wo finishes is more important than the ma cases. Several of the Government agenc time or another, specifications for coated l Ituildtmj Materials and Stmetarcs lieports Midi specilicat ions arc those covering the linisli on si eel bed sleails ( I'aiiama Canal), laboratory furniture (Department, of Agricitll lire), scliool ilesks anil tables (Olliee of Indian Ali'airs), anil school furniture, (District of ('oluinhia). Federal Specilicat ions usually follow the same outline, id' form and are arranged in nine sections: Section A--Applicable, Specilications. Section 15--Types, (trades, etc. (as applicable). Section C--AJutcrial and 'Workmanship, etc. (as ap plicable). Section I)--(icneral Uei|iiirements. Section F -- Detail KequiiVments. Section F--.Methods of Sampling, Inspection, and Tests. Section (i--Packaging, Packing, titnl Markina; for Ship ment. Section II--Requirements Applicable to Individual De partments. Section I--Notes. Details of Ibis arrangement and explanation of each sec tion may be, found in "Outline of Form for Federal Specili cat ions," for sale by the. Superintendent of Documents, D.-S. (iovernment, Printing Olliee, Washington "5, 1). price 5 cents. Emergency Alternate Federal Specifications were set up during the Mar emergency to conserve, su[>plies of strategic or critical materials or to provide substitutes for materials not available. Symbols for these specifications are the same as for the, basic Federal Specifications except for the letter "F-" that precedes the symbol, its F-TT-P-115 for TT-1M15. However, for paint and paint materials, these "F--" specifications have been canceled, superseded by re vised Federal Specilicat ions, or incorporated in conservation amendments, indicated by asterisk (*). These conservation amendments will be considered for revision as required. "Willing-to-Cerl i fy" lists are, compiled by the. National Bureau of Standards and distributed to governmental pur chasing agencies and to others upon request. 'They include, the names of (inns that have stated to the National Bureau of Standards they are willing to certify to purchasers that (hey can supply commodities guaranteed to conform to Federal Specifications. Simplified Practice, Pecommendat ions are, proposed bv maim tact nrers, dealers, or users, and may be delined as lists Paint Mannul of sizes, varieties, and types of products tha proved for regular stock purposes, 'l'be N of Standards cooperates with these groups a the recommended lists of items after they proved by producers, distributors, and us covered by a Simplified Practice, Kecom establishes standards for the number of colo JS1Z0S. A price list for all effective Simplified mendations may be obtained free of charg tional Bureau of Standards. Commercial Standards promulgated b Bureau of Standards are voluntary recorde proved by producers, distributors, and cons terminology, types, classifications, grades, characteristics of manufactured products better understanding between buyer and s clude standards, methods of test, ratine, c labeling, and provide a uniform basis for They are, made ell'ective by means of volun on invoices and labels or by grade mark themselves. A price, list for till effective Commercial be obtained free of charge from the Nat Standards. III. COMMENTS ON INDIVIDUAL M 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIO As a matter of convenience, the compositi paint-making materials is sometimes stated by weight, sometimes in proportions by vo times in terms of the n-eight of one cons (he volume of another. For example, w analyzed in the, laboratory, the, various usually weighed its they are separated, and method of indicating the result is in percen but when paint is mixed on the job, faciliti may not be available, and it is usually mo proportion the liquids in quarts and gal (see glossary) are usually purchased and pound. For example, it is frequently conv term "100 lb of white lead to 3 gal of linseed 0000-NLI-000019204 mm 0000-NLI-000019205 G Ruildiny Material* and Structures Reports Tin; density of paint is usually stilted in pounds per gallon. It may be stilted us specilie gravity, which is the ratio of the iveiglit of paint to that of an equal volume of water. Pounds per gallon times II.Id equals specific gravity. The reciprocal of pounds per gallon is a fraction of a gallon per pound and is given the .special name ``bulking value" (see glossary). It may also be said that the material bulks 0.1 gal/lb, meaning that it. has a bulking value of that amount or that it weighs 10 lb/gal. The bulking value of a pigment refers to the volume of liquid displaced by 1 lb when wet with the liquid and not to the apparent volume of the material when dry, which includes a large percentage of air-iilled voids. 'Die "pigment volume," abbreviated PV, (see glossary) is the ratio of the percentage by volume of the pigment in a paint to the percentage by volume of pigment plus nonvolatile vehicle (see glossary). (a) COMPOSITION BV WEIGHT AND BY VOLUME To describe a method of converting weight to volume or volume' to weight assume : A -- percentage by weight of volatile vehicle a = bulking value of volatile vehicle B -- percentage by weight of nonvolatile vehicle b -- hulking value of nonvolatile, vehicle C = percentage by weight of pigment c = bulking value of pigment. Z> = weight, in pounds of 1 gal of total mixture 1jD -- bulking value of total mixture. One hundred pounds of the mixture has a total volume of Aa d~ lib -f- Cc gallons; the bulking value of the mixture is (Aa -J- Bb Cc)/100 = 1 //> and the percentages by volume of the constituents are 100 A a 100,1a _ D or Aa d- Bb + Cc ~ 100 Bb mub _ Aa + Bb + CcOV D ~ 100 Cc 100 Cc _ Aa -f lib + Uc r ' D~ ~ E percent by volume of vol atile vehicle F percent by volume of non volatile vehicle G percent by volume of pig ment. If the percentage by weight, or by volume of any two of the three components is known, the percentage of the third Paint Manual is (he sum of the two known percentages subtrac loo. Tims: LOO -- t_L + //) = C loo-- (R -f C) ~ ,1 100-- (.L +C) --z R 100 -- (E -l- F) -- lno -- (/-' -|- <7) loo-- (/.' -p U) -- lb) BASIC SPECIFICATIONS Basic specilieut ions are prepared for use where t supply of raw materials is available. It will lie n some basic specifications stress detailed require chemical composition (exterior home paints, for whereas others emphasize requirements based on and performance tests (interior paints and varn example). (c) AMENDMENTS TO BASIC SPECIFICATIONS Amendments to basic specifications are for th of incorporating slight changes due to experienc provements in material covered by the specifica emergency amendments, indicated by an .asterisk first page of the specification, were intended to strategic or critical war materials anil replace t were not available, because of the war emergency. of an asterisk for the same purpose is also ind this manual. 2. LIQUIDS NOT GENEKALLY USED ALO Liquids form the vehicle (see glossary) portion In general, liquids should lie purchased by volume being 1 l). S. gal, 2151 eu in. at G() F. For large, it is suggested that the weight in pounds per gallon and the net weight of the delivery he determin volume can then he obtained by dividing the net the weight per gallon. (a) Oil; Linseed, Raw JJJ-O-336, Apr. 28, 1931 Amendment 2, May 28, 1943 Oil; Linseed, Boiled JJJ--0-331, May 26, 1931 Amendment 2, May 28, 1943 Linseed oil is the most import,-nit of the drying glossary) ; a drying oil being one that changes to a 0000-NLI-000019206 s h'uildhuj Materialx and ,St ructures Reports lull'd, tough, elastic substance when exposed in a thin iilm lo the air. Raw linseed oil is the material from which hoiled and refined linseed oils are made and is the most important of the liquids used for mixing paint on the job. The quality of raw linseed oil is probably more influenced by t he presence of ``foots" (the mucilaginous matter that settles to the bot tom of a container) than by other deviations from the speci fications. Paint made with oil containing considerable foots, but otherwise of high quality, is liable to dry very slowly and may easily he washed off long after it appears to be dry. As foots gradually settle, clear oil from the upper port ion of the container may be drawn oil'. It is necessary to use a drier with raw linseed oil; the amount varies, but usually for white or very light-tinted paint, 1 part of drier to 19 parts of oil is satisfactory. Darkcolored or black paint may require more drier than lighter colors. Raw' linseed oil dries too slowdy for most purposes. Thus, as has just been Mated, driers are added to the oil to accel erate the rate of drying. Instead of adding driers to raw linseed oil at room temperature, another method is to heat the oil in combination with compounds of lead, manganese, and cobalt. Ry using heat, these compounds dissolve in the hot oil, and the oil thickens slightly and becomes somew'hat darker in color. This results in a product known as boiled linseed oil. The term "boiled" is a misnomer, as, in heating the oil, it is not actually boiled. Roiled linseed oil is fre quently recommended for priming coats of paint intended for use on plaster, cement, and brick. A mixture of raw' and boiled oils is often used in priming paints for structural steel. A blend of good raw oil and drier may be substituted for boiled oil. (b) Soybean Oil; Refined JJJ-O-348, June 25, 1942 Soybean oil is used largely in edible products rather than in paint. It is slow'"!' drying than linseed oil and generally is used in combination with faster drying oils, such as tung, perilla, or linseed oils. Its main uses are in varnish vehicles for interior paints and enamels, because paints made with soybean oil do not yellow as much as many other oils. Likewise, it is used in some of the best interior, architectural, Paint Manual white enamels (see glossary) based on syn glossary) of (lie alkyd type. 'I he type ol trade as "mechanically relined nonbreak with Federal Specification ,1,1.) ()-Ills. (c) Tung, China Wood Oil; Ra JJJ-O-353, Dec. 10, 1943 Tung oil is one of the chief oils used in of last-drying', waterproof oil varnishes ( s most important characteristics for iden oil are its high specilic gravity and high Raw tung oil dries rapidly but not to a sm not used as such in exterior house paints is almost universally used. .Some tung oil treating the raw oil so as to overcome it in house paints. However, the great use o manufacture of oil varnishes used as such and liquids for the manufacture of interio deck enamels, water-resisting enamels, and ized finishes. (d) Turpentine; Rum Spirits and Wo (Steam-Distilled and Sulfate), (for) Paint LLL-T-79lb, July 12, 1941 Turpentine; Wood (Destructively (for) Paint LLL-T-792a, July 12, 1941 The basis of purchase of turpentine (se Federal Specilications) provides for p volume, `Jbl eti in. to the gallon at 70 7.12 to 7.2.r> Ib/gal. When purchases are quotations should be by the pound or pounds, and the request for bids should sta tions a re by t he gallon, pound, or hundred I-,'! in t he s pec i lieu I ions si ates t hat nothin in should be consl rued to exempt the selle with the Federal Naval Stores Act or a plicable to the selling of turpentine. Turpentine is one of the oldest and volatile I limners for oil paints and for nishes. However, in prepared paints, vo rived from petroleum and hating the gene 0000-NLI-000019207 10 I> utlding Material* and Structures Heports riv,!|v'!nnrine]ar0 "i5*1 ^ .eoni,leral>le extent. Dost ruen y distilled wood ImpeiKiii,, used in the maimfad ure of an t ancl varnish, is :i good .solvent, and, in general, can he results1 P\HU rU(,U sp,l,'lts .or ""<><1 birpentine with good i es ult.s. A sample lor odor should he specified he fore mak ing purchases under Federal Speeilical ion BLIj -T-70'h U nu'rih T U1Ul,mt V,1I>e"'i,,e ' inadequate^ o is , eh , " H (A 1>;u,,t and vnmish industry. It is j)ieh i led hy the painter because it is not likely to cause varnishes or paints to thicken or gel when diluted with it I lie characteristic odor makes turpentine easily identilied. (C) rlti"?er: Paint' Volatile Mineral Spirits fl T 291a, July 26, 1945 ^`Jl'c!,ani!eiTiri'a] |h|,,il'iLunlli Ul<1 b`" *y volume, si i,-its 10 "a l?'K, -,JlU !mis ,s of P'H'vhase for mineral Specihcatior11 m al` n* P,*mgra,h 1<Ma of ^val tillatfh!1 Sl>eCi,icUt.ion ,'OVe,s Petroleum dis- tilhitc known as mineral spirits or petroleum spirits- it evaporates at about the same rate as turpentine and is fre fluently used m its stead for thinning oil paints It distills between keros,ne and V.M. & V. (Varnish Makers and 1 nmteis) naphtha. ('hemieally, it, is a mixture of aliphatic naphthenic, and aromatic (see glossary) hydrocarbons It should evaporate completely from the him during the dry- i,-iv hh!0/ 5 Vthnv,Se' hci,v.V '*<H which do not evaporate, f- cL n'r <lTnR y Vrevent <lrvin- <)f tllc piiint. to a sat is- m f 1 S ' Cl7ht per f'ri,ll' 1 V!llies vnnsideiably, hut be e, eek u I" alM-H,,t (i,b- S",lie varnishes may not he t nt ii ly miscible with mineral spirits. Because of the use Either tT'*01 P,'0,11"1"0" of birpentine, it is advisable to use othei th.nners whenever possible; in many cases mineral spirits are entirely satisfactory as a subs, i,u.e l w en (f) Drier; Paint, Liquid TT-l)-651a, Aug 28, 1942 catTon0 TT,'l)0,l'-,1li<|Ui,V,ln''r in F``dvral Specifi cation J l-D-(>51a. Driers consist of metallic sou ns or r^tuM^r'V1^ <llSp,'l'"`"'1 smlal,l(` llH,<ba thinned to a liquid with petroleum spirits, turpentine, or a mixture Paint Manual lliereol, and are for use. in paints or simila rials. Kesi mil es, I inoleal es, and napht hen a Type 1 driers call for both lead and man also contain cobalt or any ot her dry i ug me are, intended tin general use, (he ininiinm lead and manganese, representing; the nor quired lor use with raw linseed oil in the ol liquid drier (see glossary) to 1!) volumes driers should he free from lead, contain percent of cohalt, and be used when- lea necessary. Both driers arc- much like sho ishes, except for their larger content of dry specification limits (he total nonvolatile m than ,'!() percent by weight. The additio drier to a paint results in tin1 paint drying addition of too much drier may also cause too slowly or may produce other undesirab wrinkling of the film. A good rule is to amount of drier consistent with the, dryi of the paint. (g) Thinner; Lacquer TT-T-266, Apr. 20, 1942 Federal .Specification TT.T-2li(l covers a intended for use in connection with spra forming to Federal Specification TT-D-ffS ing this specification will weigh from ti.K,'! 15.5 (' (t;o F) and should be purchased cit in. to the gallon. A typical formula for is as follows: W J Unlyl acetate................................. llulyl alcohol ................................... lllliyl acetate ................................ Petroleum naphtha..................... Toluene ........................................... Total ..................................... (h) Oil; Flatting anil Mixing (for Thinning White-Lead-P and Similar Paste Paints) TT-0-356a, Aug. 30, 1943 Cl a s s 1, Fl a t t i.n u Oil .... This is a com thinning white lead paste and similar [tas lilniJI.V pi o 0000-NLI-000019208 1:' Hniltlin// .]/u!I'/ ii/l.s and Slnirhn; /.V/w/.v composed of processed drying oils and drier, thinned with turpentine, mineral spirits, or a mixl thereof; when ndded to while--lend paste and similar paste paints, it pro cures Hat, washable, interior finishes for use on plaster wood, wain,oard and fahrie surfaces. A flat limsl, may be obtained by addmo It or ,'t gal of (hitting oil to 100 |(> of white lead paste. New plaster and wood should be primed m the usual manlier befory, applying the Hat-linished coat. Matt mo oil is also used as a vehicle for glaze colors <m plaster by mixing some of. the oil with rolors-in-oil such as umber, sienna, and Van Dyke brown. Flat lino- oils weigh about. 7 Ib/gal at (10 F. Class 2, Mi.\i.\fi On,.--This is also a complete vehicle lor thinning while-lead paste and similar paste paints, and is composed of processed drying oils with or without resins (triers, turpentine, and mineral spirits. It is used for finish coat paint lor exterior surfaces where low-gloss or coshell imslies are desired and for interior decoration where (Vnishes liaving a gloss higher than those obtainable with class 1, Halting oil, are desired. Mixing oil may be used in Ihe proportion of ,'i gal of mixing oil to each 100 lb of white lead paste. The average weight of mixing oil is 7 lb/gal. (i) Oil; Linseed-Replacement (lor Thinning Paints and 1`astes-in-Oil) TT-O-371, May 1, 1943 Amendment 2, March 17, 1944 w Cinseed-replacomont oil should he purchased by volume, '->1 cu ill. to the gallon. The weight of 1 L. S. mil of this' material at <>0 F varies slightly, but generally if will fall within (be range of 7.o to 7.5 Ib/gal. ' Linseed-replacement oil is admixing or thinning oil blended before packaging and is used widely in 11 i 111in< pas e white lead on (lie job and ready-prepared paints! Jlie material is a replacement for either raw linseed oil thinner and drier or for boiled linseed oil and thinner. A It hough linseed-replacement oil was prepared <lnrim>- f lie war period and was designed to aid in (he conservation of linseed oil, it should not be considered as a mere substitute lor linseed oil. The replacement oil contains heat-bodied Paint Manual linseed oil, and some paint experts consider tha of this oil makes the replacement oil actual ordinary raw or boiled linseed oil, both in l water resistance. In many wa r emergency a mend men I s (o 1* ed tions for oil paints, the vehicle specified is int serve linseed oil. For example, the amendme Specification TT-P-10 provides a vehicle spe era1 Speeilicat ion TT--0--1171 tor Linseed-Kep except that the requirements for appearanc viscosity (see glossary) tire waived. This plished by using a vehicle that, may consist by weight of thinner and drier and (15 percen oil composed of 1> parts of raw or alkali-refi sary) linseed oil and 2 parts of Z 2 pale heat. oil. The amendment requires that some heatpresent out does not. limit, the amount or kind, oil used in replacement oil should he bodied a t.ures and should have an acid number (see not more than 8, based on total solids. Til all except, black and graphite, the pounds of oil p he not more than <`5.75 (to meet War lTod Order M-332* as amended April 12, 1944, t which is to conserve the supply of domesti Normally these paints contain about, 5 lb of o Amendment 2 of Federal Specification T vides for two types of linseed-replacement o driers added, and type II, without, driers. Type I is for thinning paints or pastes, job, winch require, a drying type of thinnin II ig for thinning ready-mixed paints or past contain sufficient drier* Neither type is inten flat paints. The, attention of paint users is directe Fureau of Standards Letter Circular LC71 of Linseed Oil in Paint, a copy of which m free, of charge from the National Fureau "Washington 25,1). C. The, formulas given in table 1 involve the m white lead with linseed-replacement oil [l].1 Tlii.i onl<T w.-i.s i-i'Vokill on Ann. .`11, ll)l.r>. i noun's in lirneln-ls indicate th lilorullire rolVri-invs jv.viH-r. Puint, Manual 3. PIGMENTS Pigments form I lie solid port ion of paint, a cally insoluble in the vehicle or liquid portion ing section describes the various pigments, in black-, colored, ami metallic aluminum, cove Specilications: (a) White Lead; Basic-Carbonate, D Paste-in-Oil, and Semipaste containing Volatile Thinner TT-W-251b, May 30, 1915 White Lead; Basic-Sulfate, Dry and Paste-in-Oil TT-W-261a, Oct. 25, 1937 Amendment 2, Sept. 6, 1943 White lead, a component of almost all w colored paints, is one of the most importa pigments. I5oth kinds, basic-carbonate and ba frequently used in ready-mixed {mints. For the job, paste-in-oil is used, whereas the d used by the {mint manufacturer. The term paste is used to designate the usual paste w posed of about !)1 percent of basic-carbonate t) percent of linseed oil, or 8'J percent of b white lead, 2 percent of turpentine, and 9 pe oil. When referring to white lead in ready-m term may mean either basic-carbonate white sulfate white lead; this latter material is u extent in commercially prepared, exterior paints. There are two types of commercial whit heavy paste and soft paste. Type 15, paste-in paste white lead. Type (5 is a soft, or semip development and is similar to the heavy pa the addition of a small amount (about `2 p pentine. It is more easily removed from the mixed with vehicle than type 15 ami thus type 15 by most users. One hundred pounds of either type of paste 5'/i gal. One gallon weighs about <`50 lb. As some tendency in the past, to add too much white-lead paste, it is suggested that tables consulted for the correct, proportions. .Natio Add p in t of raw umber in oil to this formula. 0000-NLI-000019209 1(5 Building Materials and Structurev lieporht Pa/nl Manual itHildai(Is Letter Circular LCili, mentioned m connection with linseed-replacement, oil, gives additional details on this point. Instead of mixing white-lead paint on the job with a combination of several materials such as liquid drier, tur pentine, and linseed oil, it may he easier to use a single liquid, such as: Oil: Linseed-Replacement (Fed. Spec. 1 1-0-.571), or Oil: Flatting and Mixing, (Fed. Spec. TT-()-35Ga). This is illustrated in tables 1 and 5. Ta b l e , 2. Painting exterior new wood (J coats), using ordinary linseed oil and white-lead paste (Mixcd-on-the-job formulas] Ta b l k A.--Hi painting < tieriot wood {,1 anils), linseed od (,o(l witiie-lcad inr.de | M ixcd-ortdhe job formula-) Matei ials White-lead, seniipaste (rPT-W-2.r)lh, type P:..................................... l'> KaW linseed nil (1.1.1 (l-ddti)__ . .. .. ........yuf Turpentine. (LLL-'F--7(db) or mineral spirits ('P'P 'l1 l*du>. .. tjul Litpnd drier (T'F 1 > ti.OJa)............................................................ ............. p( Quantil y of paint produced............. ................................ ........................... yuf Materials Formulas Priming coat Body COat Finish coal Ta b l e 5.--Painting interior plaster, toallboard, and nsing white-lead paste 1 M ixod t)lt -l lie-job fi>1111)1 la-.] White lend, semipasle (TT W-2Mb, type C) _____lb. Raw linseed oil ( PH UTith .. . ----- yal.. 'Pun'eniino (LLL- T-7Jdbp or mineral spirits (T' '-T 2<Jta).. . .... .. ______ . ........... _ ------ynl Liquid drier (TT- D-ti7la) .... 100 4 1 100 F'a H2 1 mid 3V i Materials Pi lining Coot Pndv COat .AS Quantitv of paint produced U 8 07 8 t) ) 8 1 For 1 lie finish eo it. some users may Haul a haul -/.ine paint. In this Case, Uii? 7 7 lb of the white-lead paste and 2.7 lh of zme-mdde. paste ('P I' Z-701). 3 ! or a harder film, tho linseed oil may he reduced lo as low as 21 i cal 1 u this case 0 J hi of turpentine .should be added. ' 3 For priming wood, turpentine is preferred by some painters. Ta b l e 3.--Painting exterior new wood (d coats), using ordinary linseed oil and white-lead paste i M i\ed-tm-the-job formulas] Materials White lead sermpaslo (TT W-2711., ty)e 0) If, Raw linseed oil (1.1,1 -0-AMn.. " ' yu[ Turpeitline ( LLL-T-7tflln* or mtnentl spit its'(TT-'F- 2*.H .11 .. . ....... _ . yuf Liquid drier (TT-l) ijdla). ................................... . Raw umber-in-oil Pl'T-p:od i _ ............ Bpm varnish (T P-V J2II*)... ..................... ........ ,y<d Quantity of paint produced.............................................. .......... Formulas Priming COdt cFoiantis(h1) Finish coal (2)` lilt) 11j l 1(H) ' 1(H) 21H > 0) a b5(j Gja While lead, seniipaste (TT- \V 2.71 h, type P) ff> M t\ing oil ('P'P 0 770.1, class 2).............. >tu! Wall primer (TT P 7u)...........................................tjul.. Quantity of paint produced. .0<d. Mil) 4 In 7 7 1 , to 100 7 In 1 0l j lo _n lliMNAS White-lead, setuip. isle ('P'P W 27lb,typeP) V> iCaw linseed oil (.1J J 0 770). .... __ . - Jjul. Turpentine ( LLL 'P 7i)lb) or mitieralspirits (TTT-'.'llU) _________________ ________ jjrtf \'arilisll ('J''P V 71:11 _______ _________ tjul Liquid dl icl PI T lM>Ma) _________________ _ /(. Quantity of paint produced .tjtil. UK) a >n 1 y5 * ..... l1 ,t i. An easy way to mix white-lead paint, w weights ace not available, is to measure th volume. This plan is illustrated in figure 1 (b) Zinc-Oxide; Dry and l'a-le-in-Oil TT-Z-301, Mar .11, 1931 Zinc-Oxide; l.cadcd, I)rv and PateTT-Z-321, June 23, 1931 ` tlleniiiti* jitusli coal. lotiniila (2) meets Federal Housing Authorily requirements and g)\es a hauler liltu than formula (1). Zinc oxide (see glossary) with varying pro * F`>' Priming wood,,lutpcntine is preferred by smite pauUeis. from ore (American process) or from s \o OOOO-NLI-i m6ioooo-riM-oooo r epain t w o r k OUTSIDE WOOD (INCLUDING WOOD SHINGLES) u n is h co*r BRICK, STUCCO, CONCRETE INTERIOR PLASTER, WALL AND STONE bo ar d and w o o dw o r k FIRST COAT FINISH COAT pilfft; Add l4 pint to *och gallon of point, H rw Iwttood oil n wtod Boitod lini*d oil roQwirot no drior. for flot finish on thmglos vs* Ued Mixing Oil irwtoad Of (trstood oi in this coot. No drioi rogwirod. NO DRIER REQUIRED *0*1' m*ffi.s*"c*o o!t w(H*olindsroiooidaosdptoartonootd* omf LmoWiHoT**"- *_* FIRST ANO f in is h c o at s (HAT FINISH) NO dr ir r r eq u ir ed NEW WORK USE PROPER PRIMING COT SHOW EOILOWED BY TWO COATS MIXED AS PER PIAORAMS ASOVE OUTSIDE WOOD IMCUtOWO WOOD SMINOUl) INTERIOR WOOD BRICK STUCCO, CONCRETE ~IN~TERIOR PLASTER 3 Ports WHITE LEAD Pam UNSEED OIL J Amts TURPENTINE I.' EH, . ...S 3 Parts WHITE LEAD 3 Pam LINSEED OIL * 3 Pam TURPENTINE ,, ,,,, ,, row 3 i *fmomrtt UWNHHITItDLUOGil * i rt t u r k n t in e AND STONE A Pam WHITE UAD 3 Pam LINSEED OIL OR AND WALLBOARD TT- P - 56 tan 3 Parts WHITE UAD 4 Pam UAD MIXINO OX Ct t -o-j.se 3 Fig u k e 1.--volume-mixing directions for soft-paste white lead TT-W-251b, O ffet : 5 ft 1 lUulduKj Mat, infix ,u,,l Struct,urs Hearts Ta ULE K.-PainKny iron<M(l steel {cxl^cd to (he wca(.er) asmy ______ l,a,/ IIN<I ordinary linseed oil ' Paint Manual Ta b l e 8.--Painting iron or steel (exposed to the red or blue lead and linseed-replace me n Matt-j jaJ^ r <j( umla.s ( II liXt'< 1-4IJ |-| l||--jol 1'i`imin^ coal Hotly roal For I hr Jbh.Oi coal, any of , 1,1<; lollowiiiK 1'Vilnal Fpecilicat ion irailj -iuix.nl J'aiut.s may be h .mmJ -- Kill lra.l ir.bU- (TT-H Wl, ,jeis ,, 1,1 V, ---------------- . . . K.UV Inisci'd oil1 (.1.1.1 u .f.ttj ......... mil "".xntih.' (LLi. T 71111)}' 01 min- ' `Tal .spun* (TT (' L(J|a) _______ )t -iii.T rr r-i) ^.h o Latnpbiuok-m-oil (VT- QtianUty of paint produced_____ - y>t - i>t- _. y,i/ I DU I ^ I * .! I a (11 < 1 oj- brow n). I I I F (> (white, may, fie.). TT-IMila (blank). TT-I'-71;l (mi-l-ll). -if --' ......... * <**..* u,,u, Materials Formulas (Itl ixril-oil-l hr Job 1 , ______ II j lYimiok 1 }lo<ly 1 roal I coal lot ti I hr S| irril pam KKI) l.F.A D Krtl lra<I paslt- ('r'l'-U I'Jla, ly[rS H or (' ____ -.............. tti. 'J'ui prnluir (LLL `J 7'.Hb; or liiin- rral spirils ('I'T 'I' '^.ilaj .. . (jitl i.insrrii-irjiiarrnirnl oil <T'V ). yttJ Lumitblack jtusir ( l b F Akli . . . p/. Quanlily of )>a)Jit |itnlufi-tl_ . . ,<jal loo loo 'l l j ' -l;J4 j TT-I* I TT -1 - h TABLE 7--Painting iron and steel (exposed to the weather), usmy H 1.1 V. I, K \1) Olne lead and ordinary linseed oil IHlIr lrail paslc ("1 I H 4M>, ly[H'U). V> inn T T' l' 'Fin iKailint: (I.LL 'l' 7'JII>) or inui- k Mati'i jitl.-. Formula (utixed-ut -lllc-jolu Vw llir finish coal, mi) of t 1 hr lollmvin^ Federal nal spit its (TT- T-2DU i - . yit/ lutisrrti-irplacrinrul oil (T'F O d7l).y<t/ l>iiiuj)hlack pasfc {'J 'i' i^l) /</ TT F 'I ' T Ft ititiu^ emit .Speed teat inn t rad y-mixed Hotly paints limy bn iisrtj-- emit 1 QUiinl ity of painl priuliu rtl................. tjtil. ti lilll.-ITT II W,, J], th . HoilrU linseed oil1 (J.IJ I'u,v,,,lm,, (1.1,1. o ,{}D,,r,,n,,--<` jul oral spirits 1'!'']' I li'ibn Hitjuitl (inn- O' 1 l> o m.i) ' laiiiijiblack-in-oil (TT J' ;p>j; " ' - J'l. - pt Vi- of paint produced,,-......_ yayf ul. I luu 1 0 1 c, ' ll law linseed oil J.srmploy ed, tJ>r I <p ,,l <ln<r. H/tl t i 1 11 li " > , j, ,* F 'la <ivd or l.iow n). * 1 1 ' HM w bile, |u av, rl r j ')'T F Ola (black ). ` '1 I J` 71a Up eon). (d) Bine-Lead; Basic Sulfate, Dry and I'aste-in-Oil TT--11--186, Get. 2, 1031 Amendment I, Way 28, 1913 Wue lead is a slate-e-ray sublimed j.i-im-nf tliai contains ppioximately in percent of basic lea.I snl laic and nencral v in;.r 20 percent of other lead compounds. Hlne lead sU'e]*111 lTltie' h-iiM *^ l""1 :u i`)lnllo)' I'fimin-si met nral paint, as described in Federal Speeilicatmn rr gallon of dry blue lead weighs about 57 lb. 1'ype li, paste-in-oil, is used for blue-lea mixed on the job. One eallon of the paste about HO 111. Formulas for mixing; blue-lead job are given in tables 7 and S. The formula coats in table 7 produce paint weiuhinu about. liavinu; a 1'V of 20. The formula for primiiiu 8 produces a paint weighin'! about P.t lb <nil IT of hi. 'Phis formula yiiesa paint that dr Mith less "loss and allows rerouting earlier whose vehicle is lii^h in oil (as in (aide 7). (e) Aluminum 1'igmcnl I'owder and Pa (for) Paint TT-A-468, Mar. 6, 1942 0000-NLI-000019212 lype A, dry pigment is a bine basic-lead sulfate useful ... ............................... - <m L"i'iHy ^a Aluminum pigment is laiytely pure metallie contains appreciable amounts of "polishin"' mixture of stearic and other fatly acids. The >. Duihliny Materials Structures Reports Paint Manual powder and paste mix easily with long-oil ot the combined and uncomrrtneil fatty matter varies from sary) varnish, such as described in Federal S K's.s than 1 percent by weight to not more than 1 pereenl. TT-Y-81a. In general, the amount of aluminu This .specification rovers two types ami two classes of ill the. completed paints is less (ban 20 percent, by aluminum pigment : 8;t/j percent, by volume. The l'Y is less than 18. Type I.--Aluminum-pigment powder. Class A.-- Cor general paint use. mixing formula is 2 lb of class A aluminum paste to 1 gal of mixing varnish. Class H.--For special finishes. - (f) l'igmenls; t'olors-in-()il Type II.--Aluminum-pigment paste. Class A.--For general paint use. (for) Paint TT-P-381, July 27, 1944 ('lass 15.--For special finishes. Thu colors-in-oil listed in Federal .Specilieatio Aluminum-pigment paste weighs about 12.4 lb/gal. are pigments ground in a vehicle of about 80 pe oil find 20 percent volatile solvent, with a sma Class A aluminum-pigment powder is known commer wetting or dispersing agent to form paste of a cially as Standard Varnish tirade, ('lass 11 nlumimnn- that will How from the containers. pigment powder is liner than class A and is known in the trade as Extra Fine Lining tirade. Ta b l e 10.--Characteristics of colum-in-oil for Formulas for mixing aluminum paint on the job are given in table 9. Ta b l e 9.--Aluminum paint Federal > predication for pigment ctmlenl W p (p {Mixed-oii-tlie-joh formulas] Purjxise Mixing formulas Aluminum Varnish Priming coat on r.xicnor wttutl. I in -. IWmI.N coal oiHMt i ini .shml Finish (tout on exterior sud Do . _ Finish coal on interior sin l Do.. . ... . Special finishes h;i\ iiig maximum smoothness. Do .. . .Settling coat In |iroveiil bleeding of .stains. TT-A-408, class A, paste TT A -108, class A, powder 1 5 T'F A 408, class A, push* [21.t TT A-408, class A, paste 'FT A -MiK, class A, powder 'FT A 408, class A. ptislc. TT A 408, class A, {KAVtlcr 'FT A 408, class 11, ptmlc.. TT- A 108,class U, }M>wdcr TT A 4t>8, ( hiss A, paste.. TT-V-Sla, typo, 1, class H 'FT V 81a, type f (lass A 'FI' V-HIa, Ivpc 11 class H 'F'l' V-lu, tyjvc 11 class If TT V 81a, type II, class A TT V' 71a . . TT V 7la 'F'F V Ma, class II. 'FT V 81a. class A TT V 7 UP .. 1 Aluminum Is not M eomnu nded as a priming coat for steel. 1 Tim niMilion of U Hi nf iioii-Milo (mslr (TT f Xsl) is ii'i't>iiiint'inii-,l. 1 Till! lull ii lion of ' 2 in of mineral siiirits ('I'T-T2>JLi) is ivuomiiii-miuil. In purchasing aluniimnn paste or powder, it is advisable tb.it the material should match a mutually-agreed-upon sample for .smoothness, luster, and appearance. Hotli Blacks: Dolor 1A -- hone black ................................ ........- Dolor 1 H-- ctn hou black, high-color. . . Dolor !(' rot Eon Mark, standard all-purpose Dolor ID- lampblack ___________ _____ _____ _ Blues: Dolor 2A -- iron-blue ................ Dolor 2li-- ultramarine-blue Browns: Dolor 3 A -- metallic brown_________ Dolor dll-- sienna, hurnt.................... Dolor :i('-- umber, burnt ......... ...... Dolor dl >-- umltv.t, raw................... Greens: Dolor 4 A -- -chrome green .............- Dolor 411-- chromium-oxide-green. Ortwitp s: Color 5A -- chrome orange, dark . . Dolor 51F- chronic orange, light... Rais: Color GA-- iron-oxide, bright-red.. ('..lor (ill -- imliuU-red . . ______ Color liC -- mineial ivd _____ _____ Dolor liI > -- tnluidillc____ ____ ____ Color Olv- -Venetian........ -.................... yellows: Color 7A chiv>mr-ye]lo\v, lemon. .. Color 711 riu oi uc-ycl liju, met hum Color 70-- clnoiiie-ycllow, primrose. Dolor 7l>- tidier... ______________ ('olor 7 Ic -- sicmiit, raw . .. ____. . Color 7 K-- yellow-iron-uxulc.- ______ F'F 1 blind............. TT O IJt), cl.i .-A TT V 120, class 11 TT L-?0_________ TT-F (177 F'F U 4.00 . TT M 251. TT S-;i46 'F'F T 4M. TT- L-181.. 'F'F C TT -C lino.. TT C 200, type V .. TT C -2U0, type I V. T 1-1 All, type II . Mil Ml, type 1-.. 'F'F M 1181.................. T'F-'F 502. ... . TT V 220. ............... TT D 2-.KI, fv pc 11 TT C 200, t y pc Hi TT C 2M), t) pc i ... TT O 121................. T V s :m.................. 'F'F- Y -210................ 0000-NLI-000019213 0000-NLI-000019214 _> | Ituildimj Mali rials and Structures heports d'able 10, columii 1, gives the names of these colors. Column :t refers lo Federal Specifications for content of dry pjmiient. Column II gives approximate weight. m pounds pe7- United States gallon of llie soft paste eontormmg to the specilicat ion, and column I gives the minimum percent- a"e hy weight of pigment in the soil paste. 'Following are the. intended uses of the various pigments- in-oil described in table 10: is i.u k s .--'l'liis group covers lour black pigments used for tinting and solid colors: -boneblack; high-color carbon black, all-purpose carbon black, and lampblack. ( arbon black and lampblack are stronger than boneblack in tinting strength, and lampblack is most frequently used. Ihmeblack and carbon black are. blacker than lampblack. All Uiese color pastes produce paints suitable lor ``trim eolois (see glossary) by thinning the paste, to brushing consistency with a vehicle composed of parts of linseed oil, 1 part of spar varnish (see glossary), and (g part of liquid drier, y '"synthetic black iron oxide, (not included as a color-in-oil in the above list) is a black pigment covered by federal iSpecilication TT-l-lWH. This pigment consists ot oxides ot iron, and has a speeilic gravity of about 4.7. It is used m black metal protective paints, and lor tinting and blending ^"illuKSr--'l'his group covers two blue pigments--iron blue, (also called Prussian blue) and ultramarine blue Iron blue, has a relatively low specific gravity and high bulk and is stronger than nit ramarine blue. For tints, iron blue is very susceptible to the action of alkalies, however weak, whereas ultramarine, bine is not alleeted by alkalies but is allected even by weak acids. Although both colors, m either tints or solid colors, have fair permanency when exposed to the weather, a newer blue pigment known as ^copperphthalocyanine blue is more durable, m light or shut ei blue" tints. Federal ISpecilication TT-U-GIO covers this newer pigment. . nuowNS.--This group covers four brown pigments: me tallic brown, burnt sienna, burnt umber, and raw umber. Metallic brown is adaptable as a trim color, but is used more as a solid paint ami is durable for painting barns, tin roots, and freight cars. The other brown pigments are suitable Im tinting purposes and for stains. They are among the most durable wlien exposed to the weathei. I'amt Man mil Another brown pigment (not included a bo ve list) is synl belie brown iron federal Specilicat ion FF I 7<i:k This p ox ales ot iron and has a speeilic gravity o used in various types of paints and ename uimuN.N --This group covers two green p gi ecu and chroniiiim-oxide green. ( hmin a mixture of two pigments, chrome yellow covers a variety ot light, medium, and da used both lor tinting purposes and for (... Jirome greens are brighter and stronge e greens, Inti. 1 liey are nol as pernianon to alkalies. Uliromiuiii-oxide green consis meut, chromium oxide, and is used with purposes to give soft, gray-green tints; fo a durable, solid color; and for tinted brid somewhat, weaker in tinting strength an. power than chrome green, but is more, p withstand high temperatures and is unalf ami acids. OKANUKS--This group covers two shades *yilt may he used for tinting and for sol I liey are relat ively permanent, when expos the pigment, is a basic lead chromate obt designated as light and dark, the latter International Orange. aims. -- 1 his group covers live, red pigm iron oxide, Indian red, mineral red, tohiidin tian red. Mitli the exception ot tohiidin menls may be used for tinting purposes. oxide and Indian red are used in all types o and stains, and are quite permanent ;'miner tian red are w idely used lor exterior barn tohiidine red, a bright, organic red, is perm posed to the weather but. is not permanen such as pink, when used outdoors. v h u j iw s .-'This group includes a variet ments:--lemon chrome yellow, medium primrose chrome yellow, yellow ocher, r yellow iron oxide. For t ml mg purposes, th are suitable lor outside use. One pound of yellow added to 50 lb of white-lead paste ivory" shade. This color may also be used a color paint, following (he thinning suggesti 0000-NLI-000019215 2C> Building Materials and Rt mctures Reports I--In, Fcderul Spooilion! ion TT-P-381. For tinting pur poses, yellow ocher is :i durable. outdoor shade; one pound of the paste addl'd to 50 lb of white-lead paste gives a "chamois" tint. Haw sienna is used more widely for tinting and staining purposes than for solid or trim color. When mixed with whites, it gives tints classed as ivory and light bn If. These tints prove d lira hie when exposed to the weal her. Yellow iron oxides are used for both tinting and solid colors, particularly in door enamels. They cover a variety of shades and on reduction with whites give cream, ivory, and bull' tints. They are much stronger than the yellow' ochers. Another yellow pigment, zinc yellow', is used to some extent as a color jhgment, but its main use is a rust- Ta b l e 11.---Identification of widely used tints made by tinting 100 pounds of paste white lead with Federal Specification TT-P-381, Pigments-in-Oil; Paint Colors [This information is merely us a guide.J Color Pigment Maerz and Paul num ber1 Munsell number1 Name ISCC-NIIS3 Formula (based on 100 pounds of white lead) Blacks___ Lampblack_____ _________ i Iron blue .. Blues ' Ultramarine blue________ Sienna, burnt. ______ . i Umber, burnt Browns... H7-A -2 37-K-5 3M1-2 a -b -ii H-D-C 1 Umber, raw ______ . _ i Chronic green (medium). Greens___ jchroiniurn oxide . ... 12-0-2 20-A-8 21-A-4 Oranges .. Chrome orange (dark).. . i Indian led .......... ................. Reds | Toluidine red____ [Venetian red . . j Chrome yellow(mediuui) 9-0-6 (i .1 9 ;i j h fl V. 11 y k -a Yellows... ] iSienna (raw) 1 Yellow iron oxide_______ ll-C-4 1 l-G-5 10-1-6 0.0Yfl.fi-'0.2 1.6133.8,4.2 9.51*06.7 2.0 3.0YR4.4 5.2 0.5Y4.8 3.0 5.8 Yfi.fi-'2.8 2.5(15.0/3.9 7.0G Y5.6, 1.6 6.2YR7.8 0.2 8.2K3.9 3.0 4.0K5.3 0.0 I.HYIU.1 5.2 1.8Y7.7 8.2 0.8YG.6/4.0 O.fD 0.0,4.9 U.2YK7.4/7.0 Medium gray .. Moderate green ish bine. Pale blue... Moderalo brown. Pale brown to me dium yellowish brown. Weak yellow . Weak yellow ish green to medium green. Weak yellow- green. Hale orange.. . Weak led . ... Modetate red Moderate brown Model alt' yellow ish orange. Weak yellowish orange. M cak yellow ish orange. W eak to moderate yellow ish-oruiige 'A l't- 1 J)t. 1 pt. 1 pt. 1 pt. ei. ti pt. 1 pi. ?4 PU 1 pi. % pt. 1 pt. i .it. 1 pt. * A Dictionary of Color, by Maerz ami Paul, McGraw-Hill Hook Co., Inc., New York N, Y. ' 1 Munsell Hook of Color (1929). Munsell Color Co., Baltimore, Md. * Inter-Society Color Council Proposed Color Nomenclature for Drugs. Developed and recommended by the National Bureau of Standards. Paint Manual inhibit!ve pigment in metal primers (see pigment is covered by Federal Specificatio As indicated, several of the odors just d mixed with white-lead paste or other white to form light tints. For example, 100 poun paste mixed with a delinite volume of the oil of a particular brand produces the colo 11 and referred to by number in "J)ict ion Maerz and Paul |;i|, and the "Munsell C Mansell | 4 |. However, this information is only as an approximate guide. 4. READY-MIXED OIL AND VARNISH VE All ready-mixed paints should be purch The purchaser should specify the type, c case of tints or body colors, the exact co whether it should match a sample agreed up seller (preferably a wet sample of paint). (a) Paint; Oil, Exterior, Ready-M Light Tints, and White TT-P-40, May 19, 1943 Amendment 1, June 26, 1943* Federal Specification TT-P--It) covers terior oil-gloss paint intended as finish coa are for use over a primer as second or thi side wood, metal, and concrete. The prime able for tlie particular material on which Type I is a multiple-pigment paint ava white, general-purpose paint; class B, a sp free paint to be used where sulfide fumes and class C, a tint base. If a particular tin ing material may he added to the class (' w A white should not. he tinted. Type II is a obtainable in both wdiite and tints. The type of titanium dioxide used in should be used only for while as it chalks ('lass 0 contains the proper type of tita bo mixed with colors because it chalks rela Both types brush freely, have exception power, and dry to an oil gloss. Before th unpainted wood, the wood should be treate that seals the surface and insures uniform IBKBM.V Hi 3 0000-NLI-000019216 28 lUiildintj Material\ and iStructan a AYpm/x in the succeedin','' coals. Such a prepared primer conforms to Federal Specification TT-P-25. A .sell-primer can he made by adding 1 ])L of linseed oil to 1 gal ol either type 1 or type II paint. For two-coat work the primer should be spread at the rate of 150 ft-/gal ami the topcoat or finish coat, should he .spread at the rate of 550 ft-/gal- For threecoat work (he primer should he spread at the rate of 500 to hot) ft Vital and the second and third coals at from (>()() to 700 ft-/jral. If necessary, the paint can he slightly thinned by (he addition of not more than 1 pt of turpentine or min eral .spirits to 1 ga.1 of paint. Type I class A white paint (tilanium-lead-zinc) weighs 10 lb/gal and has a l'V of 00; one gallon of paint, contains 0.27 gal of pigment and ().!)() gal of Idm-iorming solids. 'The pigment is composed of 57 percent hy volume of white lead plus zinc oxide in the ratio of 1.2 to 1. 'Type I class 15 (titanium-zinc) weighs 10 ll> and has a PV of 20; one gallon of paint contains 0.2(5 gal of pigment and 0.88 gal of solids. Figures for type I class (1 tint-base paint are prac tically the same as for type 1 class A. Type TT white lead paint weighs 20 Ib/gal and has a l`V of 28; one gallon of paint contains 0.25 gal of pigment and 0.80 gal of solids. This is a heavy-bodied paint that can be thinned for finish-coat painting by the addition of not more than 1 pt of turpentine or mineral spirits to 1 gal of paint. Under amendment 1 to TT-P--10, the amount of linseed 011 in the paints just described is reduced from a range of 8(1 to 88 percent by weight of vehicle to not less than 05 per cent, and the PV is increased from about 20 in (he basic specification to about, <50 in the amendment. "Where reactive; pigments such as zinc oxide (see glossary) are present, it is particularly important for the manufacturer to use the most nonreact ive, heat-bodied oil available in order to avoid thickening of (he paint and lowered durability. As a result of this amendment, type I classes A and 0 paint weigh 1(> Ib/gal and contain 0.2(5 gal of pigment, 0.71 gal of lilm-forming solids, and not over 15.75 lb of linseed oil. The PV is 157, an increase from 20 in the, basic paint. Type IT paint weighs 20 Ib/gal and contains 0.25 gal of pigment and 0.71 gal of solids. The PV is .!(>, an increase from 28 in the basic paint. /`am t Man ua! (b) Paint; Kxleiior-I'rimer, licady White (t inU-rcoat for Wood ` TT-P-Z:,, Dec. 9, 1942 Amendment 1, June 5, 1913 This is a specialized paint micmled prim dercoat, or primer, on outside unprimed w exlei ior painting. Its purpose is to ove uniloim absorption by the wood of ihe o paint. It should be applied w ithout thinni turpentine or mineral spirits may he adde ol paint) at a spreading rale oi approxim and should he allowed to dry at least IS hr, is Innd, helote. the topcoat is applied, lla tests at this bureau and elsewhere, (Ins ex wood has given very good results. hen properly lormulated and applied systems oiler eipial durability and subst labor over the usual three-coat paint system that the total thickness ol the. paint coat cases. 1 wo-eoat systems are not intended matei lals. 1 he, final tilm t hickness shoiiId h three-coat jobs of conventional paint (abou This paint (Fed. Spec. TT-P-25) may priming exterior wood in three-coat pain lirst coal lor repainting weathered exterio It should not be used as a topcoat or finish Although the (exact composition of this p fied, the, preferred lormula is (>(> percent of percent of vehicle hy weight as follows; Pigment: 50 liet-cent of white lead lenclia oiie-lin If sill lair ). 0.) peiveid of titanium-barium pig TiOa). 1.) percent. of ltiaudioMum silicate. 100 iierceiil. \(ltitlc; -'N percent ol Z-l bodied liiiseeO oil. ll.S percent' of raw I indeed oil -t percenl of eoiuuarone resin or U'der -tun (rooked in the 7. 10 percent of mineral .spirits and 100 percent. This paint, weighs lti lh'gal. and has a PV lon of paint, contains t).2(> gal of pigment 0000-NLI-000019217 ;so /lui/dinij Materials and >St met urea Reports film-forming solids. The above formula is the preferred one to use. iu making paint to meet Federal tSpecilicatioy '1 I --1 *-- `25, and it is recommended that the formula be incorporated in purchase orders for tikis priming paint. (c) Paint; Exterior, Ready-Mixed, and Semipaste, Black TT-P-61a, Oct. 28, 1944 Federal Sped (lent ion TT-P-fUa covers an exterior black gloss paint (slow drying) for use on wood and structural steel. This paint is one of the most durable when exposed to the weather. When applied to structural steel primed with two coats of a rust-inhibitive paint (for example, red-lead paint), it gives very good service as a topcoat, or cover coat and retains its color well. The paint has good working propert ies and excellent hiding power. It can be made from a variety of inexpensive pigments, such as the various min eral blacks in which the amount of carbon varies from 20 to more than 70 percent. An average paint w'eighs 10 lb/gal and has a PV of 18; one gallon contains 0.11 gal of pigment and 0.80 gal of film forming solids. (d) Paint; Graphite, Outside, Ready-Mixed, Black TT--P-27, July 23, 1938 Amendment 2, Jan. 23, 1945 Black graphite, paint covered by this specification is used for st met oral steel such as bridges and tanks. It is furnished in two types. Typo I, natural flake graphite pigment, is dark steel gray with a metallic luster; blackness is obtained by the addition of lampblack or carbon black. This graphite has, to a certain extent, the property of "leafing," a characteristic that prob ably accounts for its durability. Type 11, which is generally darker in color than type 1, may include all four forms of graphite:--natural crystalline vein or lump, natural crystalline Hake, artificial graphite, and natural "amorphous." A good method of painting structural steel is to apply a coat of a rust-inhibitive primer, such as red lead or blue lead paints, and to follow with one coat of natural (untinted) Paint Manual dark-gray graphite paint and a finish co paint meeting this Federal Specification Paint meeting Federal Specification lb/gal and has a PV of 21; one gallon pigment, and 0.87 gal of film-forming so this paint contains about 5 lb of linseed (e) I'aint, Red-Lead Base; Linseed O TT-P-86, Sept. 9, 1939 Amendment 1`, Sept. 1, 1943* The basic unamended specification co glossary), gloss (see glossary) paint u body coats on steel and iron. One or applied but t wo are preferable. I f thinni pentine or mineral spirits should be use oil. This ready-mixed paint, keeps well in respect is superior to paints mixed on th Paint meeting Federal Specification T least 25 lb/gal and has a PV of 28; one gal of red lead and 0.95 gal of film-form The amendment reduces the amount of percent by weight to not. less than 05 no cent. A conservation paint is thus produ a good surface for repainting in a sho original, although it has a lower consist To keep the red-lead pigment in loose s tion of aluminum stearate by the manuf percent by weight of the pigment is reco It is estimated that 1 gal of paint meet weighs 21 lb and contains 0.25 gal of p solids, and not over ,`S.75 lb of linseed oil. increase from 28 in the basic paint. (f) Paint; Blue-Lead-Base; Basi Linseed-Oil, Ready-Mixed TT-P-20, Jan. 12, 1940 Amendment 1, Sept. 1, 1943* Blue-lead paint is a dark slate-gray p priming ami body (see glossary) coats on is characterized by very good' working erties, and is durable. One or two coats m two are preferable. This paint weighs 2 0000-NLI-000019218 liu'ddimj Material* and St met are* Report* 1>V of `2!); one, gallon contains 11.27 gal of blue, lead and 0.1)2 cal of' lilin -forming solids. The amended specilicat ion reduces the amount of linseed oil from not less than DO percent by weight to not less than 0)5 \wv rent ;uul m>t morn than 70 percent by weight. Although the emergency paint does not have as high gloss as the basic, paint, it is durable. Successive coats can safely by applied sooner Ilian alien the basic paint is used. It is estimated that 1 gal of paint meeting this amendment, weighs 10 lb and contains 0.20 gal of pigment, 0.71 gaUd solids, and not over 15.75 lb of linseed oil. The PV is 30, an increase from `20 in the basic, paint. (g) Paint; Iron-Oxide, Ready-Mixed, and Seinipaste, Red and Brown TT-P-31 a. Sept. 12, 1941 Amendment 1, July 20, 1943* Iron oxide, paint is a durable and economical paint; it is used widely on exterior wood and metal (particularly on tin roofs) and is frequently relerred to as roof and barn paint, red metallic paint, metallic brown paint, mineral red and brown paint, or freight-car red. It may be used both as a priming and a finish, or cover, coat on structural steel. Reeause of the iron oxide, the color of the paint is red or brown, of which many dill'erent, lines and shades can be fur nished under this specification. The only practical method of ^eUin^ the desired color is to have a color chip or prefer ably a wet sample of paint meeting the specilication. 1 be .sample, is used for color only. The ready-mixed paint contains a small amount of spin varnish and zinc oxide, thus increasing color retention and decreasing the susceptibility ol the paint to mildew. Heady-mixed paint meeting the basic specification weighs I t lb/gal and has a PV of 28; one gallon contains 0.24 gal of pigment and 0.84 gal of lilm-forming solids. The amendment, which applies only to the ready-mixed paint,, reduces the amount of linseed oil 1 rom 82 peiient by weight to not less than 05 nor more than 70 percent, thereby producing a [taint, that dries with less gloss than the orig inal. Actual use will determine whether or not the paint with less oil is as satisfactory as [taint meeting the basic specification. One gallon of the conservation paint weighs 14 lb and contains 0.121 gal of pigment, 0.0t) gal of solids, and not over Pa/nt Manual ,i.7, ll> ol linseed oil. The. I'V is 31, an the basic paint. (h) Paint; Outside, Ready-M Medium-Chrome-Yellow TT-P-53 Feb. 12, 1937 ' Amendment 1, Sept. 1, 19 Ibis is a durable bright-yellow pain tended for application to exterior wood used with black paint on radio towers a tional signs. If a close match is desired he designated. I mted paints on a white or hull', for example) should be purcha Specilication TT-P--10. Under the basic specification the pain and has a I \ ol ; one gallon contains and 0.88 gal of film-iorming solids. The amendment, reduces the amount of peireiit by weight to not less than 05 nor cent, and broadens the color range of the to include light to medium chrome yellow way Marking Yellow, formerly 'called Army-Navy Aircraft Yellow, and War D No. 120). One gallon of the conservation paint cimtams 0.21 gal of pigment, 0.00 gal of s ti,) lh of linseed oil. The PY is 31, an in the basic [mint. (i) Paint; Ready-Mixed, Internation TT-P-59, June 17, 1937 Amendment 1, Sept. 1, 1943* Specilicat ion 1 T-P-50 covers the re ngh-grade exterior paint of a color know Urange (approximately the color of a rip types of paint are included in the basic s The most durable of the three, type A, 11lented, linseed-oil house, paint, recomme lor large-scale painting. It forms a soft f requires several days for drying between c in Federal Specification TT-P-5!), the wet mid white checkerboard at the rate of n 0000-NLI-000019219 31 llulldinij Material,v and /Structures lieports Although a small amount of spar varnish is added to tho vehicle to improve color retention, the paint has a tendency to lade or dull somewhat on exposure. The pigment is a blend of 71) percent of opaque pigment by volume and 1*1 percent of transparent pigment. Type A paint weighs 18 ib/gal and has a PV of 28; one gallon contains 0.25 gal of pigment and 0.87 gal of lilm-forming solids. Type B is a chrome orange, synthetic enamel (gee glos sary) paint.. The paint hides about 300 ft-/gal. It has more pull under the brush than type A paint and dries faster, an overnight drying period between coats being suflieient. On weathering, type 11 holds its color better and picks up less dirt than type A but is generally not as dur able. The pigment is the same as that in type A paint, but thfe vehicle is a synthetic resin varnish of the glyceryl phthalate (see glossary) type. Type B paint weighs 13 lb/gal and has a PV of 21; one gallon contains 0.12 gal of pigment and 0.5 gal of solids. Type 0 is a synthetic enamel of the glyceryl phthalate type, similar to type B, except that the pigment, is a vivid, light-fast, orange red, organic pigment dye of the dinitroaniline type. A typical enamel, hiding 220 ft2/gal, it should be applied as a finish over flat ground coats of the same color. This enamel is outstanding in color retention on exposure to the weather. As it has the pull under the brush typical of enamel paints, type (1 paint is recommended for smallscale painting, particularly on metal that has been built-up with ground coats of the same color. The properties of this enamel are. similar to those of toluidine red enamel in Federal Specification TT--Iv-531 a, and give a color of greater brilliance than types A and B. Under normal con ditions, an overnight drying period between coats is suffi cient. Type 0 paint weighs 7.8 lb/gal and has a PV of 20; one gallon contains 0.1 gal of pigment and 0.17 gal of solids. Amendment 1 to TT -P-59 applies only to type A paint; it reduces the amount of linseed oil from approximately 85 percent by weight, to not less than 05 nor more than 70 percent. One gallon of paint meeting this amendment weighs 18 lb and contains 0.27 gal of pigment, 0.71 gal of solids, and not over 3.75 lb of linseed oil. The PV is 30, an increase from 20 in the basic paint. Paint Manual (j) Paint; Iteady-Mixed, Olive TT-P-Sla, Dec. 10, 1043* This revision of Federal Specification tended to conserve linseed oil. The paint, is suitable for use on wood a to the weather, it dries to a semigloss finis color retention. Unless otherwise specifie tended to match War Department Olive. Although weight per gallon varies acc ments chosen, those suggested in paragrap eral Specification produce a paint weighin having a PV of 31. One gallon contains ment and 0.(>8 gal of film-forming solids. (k) Paint; Ready-Mixed and Semi Exterior, Chrome (treen TT-P-71 a, April 9, 1941 Amendment 1, Sept. 28, 1943* This specification covers an exterior, c seed-oil paint, for application to wood and tinted white-lead undercoats. Type A, se used. Type B, ready-mixed paint, is a pai This paint weighs 12.7 lb and has a PV contains 0.21 gal of pigment and 0.81 ga solids. r Jim purposes of amendment 1 to Fed l'-P~7la are to improve the basic specifi serve linseed oil. The amendment covers a known in the trade as a "trim enamel." prepared, it shows enamel-like flowing a erf ies, excellent hiding power, and more brush than ordinary house paint. The e smooth finish with a high initial gloss, whi A successful formula for 1 gallon of paint is 2 lb of chemically pure chrome easy dispersing type) and'l lb of fine-pa sium silica I e or aluminum silicate, with of litharge (5 lb to 100 gal of paint). percent TT-V-121b spar varnish and 15 (see glossary) linseed oil, with a small manganese-cobalt drier. One, gallon of medium chrome-green tr made under this specification weighs 9.0 Ib 0000-NLI-000019220 ;i(! lluild/iu/ illatcrialx and A' t nut art* It'c/ioi/s n 0.10 iral of pigment, O.C,3 gal of solids, and nol o\tkr o.i<> 31 > of liiTseed oil.^Tlic PV is 10, a decrease from 115 in I lie basic paint. (1) Primer, Paint; Zinc Dust-Zinc Oxide for (iulvanized (Zinc-Coated) or Zinc Surfaces . TT-P-641, Apr. 20, 1039 Amendment 1, Sept. 1, 1943* - The above specilieat ion covers three types of zinc-diislzinc-o.xide paint used principally for priming exterior, new or old galvanzed iron and zinc suidaees. 1 hey are. also satisfactory as iinish coats, except under conditions requir in'* special finishes. Type 1 is a linseed oil, air-drying paint. Types 11 and III contain a synthetic resin vehicle; glyceryl phthalate in type 11 and phenolic resin in type III; both dry faster than type I paint and may he either air-dried or baked at temperatures up to 380 F. For normal service., the adherence of type II appears to be best, although type I is nearly as good and has the advantage of easy brushing; i however, if unusually severe moisture conditions prevail, type HI is preferable (for example, on the interior of steel water tanks). This paint can be furnished in class A, semiprepaml, and class 11, ready-prepared. The zinc oxide in class A is millground in the entire vehicle. The zinc dust, comes in a sep arate container. To blend the ingredients, the zinc dust and a small portion of the paint are stirred to a smooth paste, then the balance of the paint is added and thoroughly mixed. Class A is preferable to class B,as the ready-prepared paint may not keep well in the package. One coat hides completely and is adequate for many serv ice conditions on new galvanized iron; two coals are ample for rusty (weathered) galvanized-iron surfaces, except where special finish coats are necessary for milled protec tion. The paint retains its gray color on prolonged expo sure to the weather. For iinish coats the paint may be tinted, although lampblack appears to reduce durability. Chromium oxide green gives a soft, .pleasing green that is durable and shows good color retention. Prior to priming, the new surface should be cleaned with turpentine or mineral spirits and wiped dry. Although not usually necessary, stall third chemical treatments for clean ing may be used. (Galvanized roots that have weathered 1`atnt Manual until the iron-zinc alloy is exposed mako a for this paint. . ^ aints covered by the specilieat ion are suit ing hut may he sprayed if (binned with not of tui pent me or mineral spirits (o 1 gal oi p Type I paint weigh -23 lb/gal and has a gallon contains 0.31 gal of pigment and 0.1 forming solids. Type II paint weighs 1(1 lb gal and lias a gallon contains 0.17 gal of pigment and O.lH iype III paint weighs 23 II, gal and has a gaMtm contains 0.32 gal of pigment and 0.02 1'he amendment, which .applies to Iype I the amount of linseed oil from N!) percent by less than 05 nor more Ilian 70 percenl. One pa in I weighs It) II, and coni a ins 0.23 gal of pig of solids, and not over 3.75 lb of linseed oil. a decrease from 37 in the basic paint. (m) 1`aint; Concrete amt Masonry Exterior, Eggshell-Finish Ready-Mixed, White and Tin TT-P-24, Eeb. 25, 1943 This oil-base exterior p,ailit is a finishing co pi lined, concrete, brick, and stucco surfaces, The paint dries to an eggshell Iinish. Where is desired, exterior paints for wood and metal (Fed. Spec. TT-P-lo). Type 1 paint is made in white only. Ty bought in tinis or in while, to he tinted by`t who should specify the color and whether ii s selected sample. As moisture hack.of the paint film serious h le.of oil paint coal ings, new masonry should mill] the walls arc dry. This may require months and will depend upon weather conditi the. thickness and porosity of die walls. Il portant to prevent water from entering (he wa ing. Because pain! adheres poorly to highly gla it is suggested that preparatory to painting, he either acid washed, lightly sandblasted, or coarse gril abrasive, stones. This treulment 0000-NLI-000019221 f 38 IIutldiny Materials aiul <Structures Reports necessary for concrete, oust against plywood, Prcsdwood, or slcnl forms. Old routings of organic or cement base water paint in good condition need not be removed. Peeling, scaling, or flaking paint and whitewash should he, completely removed. A suggested formula (by weight) for paint meeting the specification contains 00 percent of pigment and 40 percent of vehicle as follows: Pigment Percent ........................... 35 Zhu* oxide ............. ....................... 30 Magnesium silicate or, 100 (Nonvolatile vehicle........... Thinner ................................. Vehicle Percent 100 An average paint of either type meeting tire specifica tion weighs about 14 Ib/gal and has a PV of 42; one gallon contains 0.22 gal of pigment and 0.50 gal of film-forming solids. For surfaces that have not previously been painted, the following Federal Specification priming paint is suggested : gal Paint ; TT-P-24 ...................................................................... 1 Varnish, spar (nmircactive) ; TT-V-121b.................. 44 Thinner, paint; TT~T-2!)lu................................................ 44 The priming paint weighs 11 lb/gal. (n) Paint; Traffic, Exterior, White and Yellow TT-P-115, Apr. 29, 1942 Amendment 1, May 30, 1945 This specification covers a ready-mixed traffic paint known as center line, zone-marking, and road-marking paint. It is obtainable in while and yellow colors, the yel low being called Highway Marking Yellow, formerly called Federal Yellow. Paint Manual Both paints are intended for applicati ol temperatures, to hit um i nous a ml conc ing heavy Irallic. The paints may be ap machine.' Certain types of spray machin thinned in the proportions ol 1 pt of un 1 gal of paint. In not more than >/k hr t to touch and within an hour (at 70 to to an eggshell hard gloss finish. The p toxic thinners may make, these paints un unless proper precautions, such as adequ taken. As some traffic paints have a tenden container during prolonged storage, it purchase (his paint, loo far in advance o though soft, settling is expected, hard p ment is undesirable. A properly formu should keep in good condition for at lea Although the specification is based mai requirements, a satisfactory white traffi lb/gal and lias a PV of 49; one gallon c pigment and 0.56 gal of film-forming so is 55 percent by weight of t itanium-bariu percent, of zinc oxide, and 25 percent of the vehicle is a quick-drying, 15-gal, oleo The yellow paint weighs 14 Ib/gal and one gallon contains 0.21 gal of pigmen Solids. The pigment is 45 percent by yellow, 20 percent of zinc oxide, and 6 and silicates; the vehicle is the same as paint. (o) Enamel; Heat-Resisting (400 TT-E-49B, June 6, 1941 Amendment 1, Sept. 14, 1943* Federal Specification TTK--190 covers enamel, type I, bitnminous-basc (unpigme resin-base (pigmented). Both types are on surfaces exposed to temperatures up to steam pipes and boiler fronts. Where water and gasoline is also necessary, the advisable. Neither type should be applied are hotter than 140 F, and 48 hr of dry temperature should elapse before the coat the maximum temperature, 400 F. Beca 0 0 0 0 -N L I-0 0 0 0 1 9 2 2 2 Jo liuild'uuj Material and Si rant twes liepurls of (li(`. volatile thimiers, these enamels should be applied in well-vent i 1 ;iIcd areas free from open lights or flames. Type II enamel generally contains percent by weight, of high grade carbon black and PIS percent of a synflietie resin (alkyd) vehicle. It weighs 7 Ib/gal and lias a I*\r of 3; one gallon contains 0.01 gal of pigment and 0.55 gal of iilmforming solids. Amemlment. 1 is necessary because of the critical shortage of alkyd resins and applies only to type I enamel. (p) Enamel; Pigmented (Air-Drying and Baking) Black TT-E-521, July 22, 1930 Amendment 3, Sept. 14, 1943 Material covered by this specification is a high-grade black enamel containing no bituminous materials. It pro duces an opaque, glossy, durable black coating for exterior and general use. The composition is generally about 2 per cent of high-grade carbon black and 08 percent of long-oil, water-resisting varnish. 'Phis enamel weighs 8 Ib/gal and has a PV of 2; one gal lon contains 0.01 gal of pigment and 0.45 gal of solids. (q) Enamel; Lusterless, Olive-Drab TT-E-514, Jan. 28, 1943 The luslerless olive-drah enamel covered by this specifica tion is intended for camouflage. It serves as a flat, finishing coat on primal met a I and wood surfaces. The color should match ()live-I)ral> No. ,`>1!>J5J. 'Die materials are nonrril ical but do not produce as dur able an enamel as (hose; containing synthetic resins of the alkyd type, such as the finish on Army motor vehicles j(>|. Although (his is a performance specification and a variety of pigments can he chosen, the following lornntla is fre quently used: Weight J'crvvnt Yellow iron oxiilo..................................... Medium chrome yellow .......................... I.amplilaek ..................................................... T/,\nr i *\ i< le....................................................... Magnesium silieale ................................... I lialomaeeous .silleu .................... Barytes ......................................................... 18.0 0.3 3.2 0.8 33.2 20.5 12.0 100.0 /`amt Manual 1 lie.c pigments produce an enamel we Ib/gal and having a 1'V of about 45; one 0.17 gal of pigment and O.OH gal of solids. (r) Enamel; Water-resisting, R TT-E-.r>31a, June 4, 1935 Amendment 3, Sept. 14, 194 This speei!ien(ion covers a bright-red grade intended lor general exterior use. T is used widely on lire alarm boxes. It is wa a high gloss, and is durable. The loluidine pigment used in the enamel of dillercnt lots less variable than the color red paints that do not contain Loluidine. are needed only where a very dose match o eries is required, liecently a dark shade, has been produced containing pigment dy met an it ro pa rat ol online azo-bet anapl it bol a tests described in the specification. When t dicates red enamel containing this dark sh red, the limits on "color", as required in pa the specilical ion, do not apply. Unless spec by the purchasin', it is understood that the s red enamel strictly meeting the color, as s graph I'M. To meet (he requirement for hiding pow 12 percent hy weight of toluidine, toner This enamel weighs 7 lb/gal and lias a 1W o contains 0.08 gal of pigment and 0.1!) gal solids. Amendment ,`J provides for an enamel con 14.25 lb of linseed oil per gallon of enamel. (s) Enamel; Interior, Gloss, Light Tints TT-E-fiOtiu, Dee. 1, 1938 Amendment 1, 8ept. 14, 1943* Enamel paints meeting this specification a use on interior w ood, metal, and plaster over coats. Alter being properly applied and thoroughly, they can be washed with mild water. Although white, enamel paints may he p the specification without reference to a colo 0000-NLI-000019223 42 Building Materials and St. nurtures Reports variation in while surfaces iron) blue wlute to yellow--wdiito makes it. advisable for (lie [uirellaser who desires a (lose mate!) to specify color (preferably by having a wet sample of acceptable enamel), Ueeause of the wide range of tints, this method of color matching is the practical one to use. For white enamel paints, mixtures of strong white opaque pigments, such as titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, ami zinc oxide, can be used; for the tinted paints, pure tinting colors should he chosen. A typical pigment mixture for white enamel is 80 percent by weight of titanium dioxide and 20 percent by weight of zinc oxide. When the enamel contains 00 percent hy weight of this pigment and 70 percent vehicle, it weighs 10 lb/gal and has a PV of 0; one gallon contains 0.08 gal of pigment and 0.41) gal of lilm forming solids. Amendment 1 contemplates an enamel containing not more than 2.5 lb of linseed oil per gal. (0 Paint; Oil, Interior, One-Coat-Flat, Heavy-Bodied (for thinning), Light Tints and White (Combined Sealer, Primer, and Finish) TT-P-47, Feb. 25, 1943 . This specification covers an interior one-coat, "nonpene trating," flat, heavy-bodied, oil-base paint to be applied directly to porous, absorptive surfaces, such as w-all board, wallpaper, plaster, and wood. It is designed to give a uni form finish without the use of a special primer or scaler, and to conserve shipping space and containers as a war emer gency measure. It should find wide use after the war. Although high dry hiding power is desirable, it should not be obtained at the expense ot washability and good seal ing properties. The paint should dry to a relatively low gloss with a slight angular sheen, even though a relatively high ratio of binder (see glossary) to pigment is desirable. Where adjoining areas of the surface to be painted show marked differences in porosity, as in the ease of patched plaster, the patched areas should be painted and allowed to dry before the entire surface is painted. The vehicle in (his paint, is usually a long-oil varnish, containing at least 100 gal of oil per 100 lb of resin, consist- Paint Manual ing mainly of processed drying oils, ester g plus the required amounts of volatile t One such vehicle of a 200-gallon varnish Id poises (see glossary), a nonvolatile, con and passed a dfiO-pereent kauri reductio Pigments should be opaque white titan sullide base and suitable extending pi colors should be limeproof. The paint, is furnished in a heavy-bodie glossary), so (hat it can be thinned with .spirits or turpentine to 1 gal of the thick ing a paint of normal properties. 11 the to buy this paint ready for use (instead o bodied consistency), it should then meet s specification for the reduced paint. Tt is estimated that an average paste p specification weighs about 12.5 lli/gal and one gallon contains 0.33 gal of pigment an forming solids. The paint, thinned for use weighs abo has a PV of (it); one gallon contains 0.23 g 0.38 gal of solids. (u) Paint; (for) Priming Plaster S (Plaster Primer and Sealer) TT-P-56, Oct. 5, 1935 Amendment 1, March 1936 This specification covers a pigmented p (see glossary) in white or tints, to be used sizing coat on interior walls and ceilings and cement wallboard. It may- also be u interior woodwork. If should not be app faces. Many formulas may he used to produ plaster primer and sealer, since the requir are mainly physical. The only limitation that the vehicles shall contain not less th nonvolatile matte)-. Usually the pigmen paint contains some titanium dioxide and/o extending pigments. 'Die pigment of a ty percent by weight of titanium dioxide, 24 p liaicM.v i<; \ 0000-NLI-000019224 \ I I limhl/ii 1/ Mali-rttlh: ami .S'//miniv.\ lic/wiM sulfate, anil `Jo percent of magnesium silicate. 'I' I it* compo- : it ion <>l` I In1 paint is as follows: Weight 1'tlLCIlt \ iilllltti Vcn-i nl . ............. 11 ............ :w 1 S.2 ir ' 1(H) luu.ll Tim weight pi;r gallon is 11 lb and the PV is 29. (v) Paints; Oil, Interior, Eggshell-Flat-Finisli, Ueady-iUixed and Semipuste, Fight Tints and White TT-P-fila, Jan. lti, 1937 Amendment 1, Sept. 14, 1943* Tit is specification covers an interior eggshell to flat wall paint, available in ready-mixed or in semipaste form. Tlio ready-mixed paint produces a wnsltable body and linisli coat but is not generally suitable for stipple linisli. Al though 1 gal may be diluted to make a priming paint by adding from 1 qi to 1 gal of boiled linseed oil, the use of priming paint conforming to Federal SpeciiicatioTi TT-P-50 is preferable. The semipaste is seldom used. Some paints and enamels dry hard quickly, whereas others, the vehicle of which contains more oil and less resin, are more flexible and develop hard films slowly. Gloss paint or enamel (Fed. Spec. TT-K-50(>a) is more washablo than a flat, paint, but no paint should be scrubbed within ill) days after application. When a washable paint is desired, as in a kitchen or bathroom, yet the glare of full gloss enamel is objectionable, a semilustrous linisli can be pro duced by mixing TT-P--51a flat wall paint (or TT-P--17 one-coat flat) and TT F-50(>a enamel, in varying propor tions. Some recent laboratory work at the bureau indicates that TT--P--17 paint, is superior loTT-P-51a paint for this purpose. A Federal Specification for semi gloss enamel (TT-I0-5OS) is in preparation. The specification for TT-P-51a paint is based on per formance requirements lather than on composition. The paint is characterized by high hiding power, eggshell to flat finish, easy brushing, and good resistance to scrubbing w ith mild soap and water. The purpose of amendment, 1 is to conserve linseed oil. It is contemplated that the paint under the amendment will / *./. n / . 1/in, nill contain no more I i ia 11 1.2 I h o I 11 nseed oil (to conform to lin-.eed ml conservation \Yar I 'rodnet ton 1 hia nl ). federal Speci heat ion TT P-nla doe specilic formula, but I he follow ing is suggest ion : \\ ( i 1 PlMI/d TiIn11iui11 ilio\i<lo .......... .......... < 'iilrimu sil 11;111*............... .......... \|*1J \ n|;| | j |i* \ i 11 j 4 * It ` ... .......... V l;il i Id v p Iih ir . . . .......... I'll) 1!) 1 MU "Ill mu n On gallon of fliis paint weighs 1 I lb a (tv) Paint; Yarnisli-Itusc (lor) Concrete amt Wood TT-P-14 (i, June f>, 1942 I his paint is intended lor interior a wood and concrete Hours and other floor dampness. It is known to the trade paint." t'oiicrele basement Hours shou be I ore painting. The Hour should be dr to paint it is during the winter or early that the basement can be healed), whe the basement, is very low. The paint sh a thin layer and be brushed oul well, am lowed lor drying between coals. Two generally sullicienl. A thin film of wax, newed, serves lo protect (he paint. A the organic, solvent type (I'Yd. Spiv. gest ed. On wood Hours ii is suggested that fo paint I qt ol t It l n i icr, com posed ol 2 pai oil and I part ol I in pent me, lie added paint; lor the second coal I pi ol bod gallon ol paint may be added. On co suggested that lor Ihe lirsl coal I qi of liq tion (d 2 parts of spar varnish and I pa added lo cadi gallon of paint; the seco plied as furnished. Floor paints mt cling this speeilieal ion within 12 hr as determined by ihe new 0000-N LI-000019225 4f> Building Mato iah and structure,s h\ [>urtn 'rime Recorder, an instrument for measuring the drying time of paint and varnishes. The vehicle in this paint should he a tough, flexible, high-grade Hour varnish able to withstand wear on wood and concrete floors as well as out door weather. It should be at least 25 or <U) gal long, pass ing a 40-percent kauri reduction (see glossary). Although a great variety of pigments may he used in mak ing paints meeting this specification, the following is one example of a durable lightweight gray paint: Pigment: Titanium dioxide......... ................. Calcium sulfate ............................. ('ailton black................................... Vehicle: Interior varnish (TT-V-71u).. Weifjht J'crcciit .. 10 0 .... 114.0 1.0 .. 05.0 Volume Percent 3.0 11.8 0.0 84.0 100.0 100.0 One gallon of this paint weighs 10 lb and has a PV of 29. These values apply only to the formula just given for a lightweight gray paint. The specification covers a variety of colors including grays, browns, reds', bulls, and greens. (x) Paint; Rubberbase (for) Cement Floors TT-P-91, May 23, 1939 This is a ready-mixed paint for use on interior concrete flooring subjected to dampness and not exposed to sunlight. It is suitable for concrete basement floors. rI lie paint for the first coat should be diluted with 1 qt of thinner, con sisting of equal volumes of mineral spirits and toluol free from water, to each gallon of paint. rlhe surface to be painted should he clean and dry and the room sufficiently ventilated. Smooth, densely troweled concrete tloors should be etched with a 10-percent solution of hydrochloric acid, washed with water, and thoroughly dried before paint is applied. New concrete tloors should age at least 2 months before being painted; three coats are generally recom mended, but two coats are frequently used. In repainting work, this type of paint should he used only when the same type has been used previously on the same surface. The variety of colors available makes it advisable to designate a sample for color (preferably a wet sample of the paint). Baint Manual A typical gray painL passing the sp Titanium ilioxide ............ Zinc oxide ............................ ('arhon black....................... Nonvolatile vehicle: Ituhher base* ....................... Plasticizer (see glossary) Volatile vehicle ..................... * Oeiiertilly cilher chlorinated rubber or n One gallon of the above paint weigh of 28. At the present .writing, this p because of the critical situation on rub (y) Fume- and Heat-Re.si.sling W National Itureau of Standard Letter Circular LC489, Jan I'.nainel paint that docs not become d ous heat or chemical fumes is not c Specification. An enamel having th scribed in National bureau of Stand LC189 should prove desirable lor use tories, commercial kitchens, tobacco re frige rat or rooms, dairies, and sew Paint that will not discolor in such p composition. The pigment must be fre and. may consist of lightproof litliopone various 'ilanium pigments, zinc oxide, 1 lie vehicle must, also be free irom driers, and prelerably from linseed, drying oils. A vehicle frequently us grade damar resin dissolved in turpent and plasticized with a softener, such more modern vehicles are synthetic al and acrylic resins, and the newer type rinated rubber resins dissolved in solv For color-retention tests, glass pane while enamel and with this same enam and pale hull, using lampblack and y tively. The coated panels were place saturated with water and ammonium s 0000-NLI-000019226 is /> it/!</, ii</ Miih rtul^ unit iStrucltuT-s Iti'portx I lie Imll' became discolored because ol the lormalion ol black iron sullule. The. olliers retained I heir original color. To obtain resistance to discoloration, it may he necessary to subordinate other properties. K nine-resist in" enamel paint may he less lle.xilde than tin1 usual architectural while enamel and less water resistant than the u 1-hour" type of while enamel (Fed. Spec. TT-E-DOtia, ly[>e A). The render is referred to NHS Letter ('ireular IXMtSh for additional details on the subject. (z) Enamel; Drum-Coating, Exterior, Rust-Inhibit nig, Sol vent-liesistanl TT-E-485 March 15, l`J44 This is an olive-drab, semi"loss enamel prepared to con serve /.ine durin" the wtir emcr"ency. It is used as a onecoat paintin" system on the exterior ol steel storage drums for the armed forces. I leva use of the shortage oi certain materials required for its manu laclure, such as "lyceryl phthalale resin, this enamel is temporarily not available for civilian use. 5. VARNISHES AND ANALOGOUS PRODUCTS Oil varnishes are blends of drying oil and resms. natural or synthetic, driers, and volatile thinners (see glossary). Spirit varnishes do not contain dry in"' oils. 'This section deals lirst with oil varnishes, then with spirit, varnishes. (a) Varnish; Asphalt TT-V-5la, Feb. 2, I il l I This is a general utility asphalt varnish for interior and exterior surfaces and is particularly suitable lor paintin" indoor water and "as pipes. It dries with a smooth, black, lustrous finish similar to black enamel. Its composition is Jiard native asphalt or asphalt ile llnxed and blended with dryin" oils, then thinned with solvents and driers. Although the specilicat ion is based mainly on perform ance requirements, a linseed oil-(i i Ison it e varnish that met the specilicat ion was composed ol 7 "al id heal bodied lin seed oil to 100 lh of (i i Ison it e selects, fluxed and blended, then thinned with a mixture of turpentine, petroleum naphtha, and lead manganese driers. A typical varnish shows: l'and Manual WVlkflll /1( m i iii VarriMi ................................ Nonvilat i It* .............. l.'i Vnliil ilt*...................... r.`) V1111111 It * r< i ci iii .. |o fin inn inn ih ijiii 7. Hi ... ... (b) Varnish; Inferior TT-V-71a, Sept. 9, 1939 Amendment 2, Sept. 14, 1 Material covered by this specification a 'JO- to da-eal varnish (see "lossarv) int interior use, includiii" Hours, except wh er! ies are necessary. ( For cabinet rubbiii Spec. TT--V -Hti). Alt hour'll the unamend a very "ood "encral purpose interior var specilicat ion has lowered the requirement and water resistance, because of the scarc materials. \ arnisli meet in" both the basic spe amendment shows the folio win" characte Wei-Ill I'd i ait Varnish .................................. Noiivolaiih? .............. 4."> Volalih; ..................... .V VolUUM* l`i n t til .. 10 i;o lb </nl 7.10 ... ... ion 100 (c) Varnish; Mixing (for) Alumin TT-V-HIa, Oct. a, 1009 Amendment 2, Sept. 14, 1943* Mixin" varnish covered bv this specilic for use as the vehicle In a lull 11 ii 111 ii pai varnish. Type 1 varnish is a very lon"100 "al) and should be used in prepariii" exterior wood subjected to severe we Type 11,varnish should he used In paint in use (particularly for metal). For spray be thinned with 1 pt of turpentine to I tli(>ii"h it is recommended that aluminum at the same consistency as for hand brush Moralise aluminum paste contains abo vvci"h( of volatile thinner, varnish with 0000-NLI-000019227 \ 50 Building Materials and Structures Reports [class A, 0.05 to 1.00 poise (see glossary)1 is suitable for us with aluminum powder, ami varnish with the higher vis cosity (class B, 0.85 to 1.25 poises) for use, with aluminum paste. ... . Varnishes meeting this specification have the following characteristics: Weight Volume Pet cent fervent Type 7 varnish . . Nonvolatile . .. Volatile ................... r(45 .. 49 51 Ib/yal 7.49 1/til/lb 0.1335 sp Kr ' 0.899 100 100 Type 11 varnish Nonvolatile . . ,......... 50 ___ 50 . . 7.40 44 50 100 too .1350 .888 (d) Varnish; Kubbing, Cabinet TT-V-86, June 29, 1939 Amendment 1, Oct. 8, 1941 Cabinet-rubbing varnish is intended lor interior wood surfaces where a rubbed finish is desired. It does not cover the requirements of a baking varnish for use on metal and is not recommended for Hours. However, it may he used on wood or metal, particularly chairs, tables, and desks. (Var nish for general interior use is covered by Federal Specifi cation TT-V-7 la.) A typical rubbing varnish is about 10 gal in length and has the following char: icteristics: Weight Volume Percent Percent Ib/tjal gal/lb sp Varnish ............. Nonvolatile . . . . . . 45 Volatile ......... ... 55 39.0 00.4 7.320 0.1305 0.879 100 100 (e) Varnish; Spar, Water-resisting TT-V-121 b, Dec. 10, 1943 Amendment 1, Jan. 24, 1944* Water-resisting spar varnish is a durable general utility varnish, suitable for both interior and exterior use where Paint Manual high gloss or initial hardness of lilin i cause certain materials Here critical, it tain varnish meeting the unamended the war emergency. Tung oil and phe widely in this type of spar varnish. The amended specification produces a nish than the original and provides les for water resistance. Varnish meeting (his specification is gal in length and shows approximately Weight Volume 1'urgent Percent Varnish ............. Nonvolatile ., Volatile .... ___ 45 40.4 50.0 lb/gtil 7.49 100 100.0 The. nonvolatile portion of (his varn generally consists of linseed oil and a as congo, terpene resins, ester gum, and (f) Sealer, Floor; Varnish-Type (for TT-S-176a, Sept. 20, 1941 Amendment 1, Jan. 7, 1944* This floor sealer is intended for use in wood or cork doors and floor coverings factory foundation for varnish, for liqu emulsion wax. The sealer is furnished two classes: class 1 is suitable for use o ing a rapid and high absorption rate, an of denser structure. When the floors wood or cork tile, they should be treat (Fed. Spec. TT-F-.'S-'Uia) before the sea sealer is similar to spar varnish blit co matter and correspondingly less nonvol Class 1 sealer may be thinned with tu spirits; class 2 sealer should require n sealer meeting the amended specificatio and less water-resistant than one mee spec ideation. 0000-NLI-000019228 0000-NLI-000019229 54 Buildmy Materials and Structurcs Reports by method 1, .shellacs containing appreciable amounts of wax and orpiment are lighter in color than those containing small amounts of these substances. A shellac may be darker than the selected standard when tested by method 1 but lighter when tested by method 2. 0) Varnish; Shellac TT-V-91a, Feb. 26, 1940 Amendment 2, Jan. 7, 1944* Federal Specification TT-V-91u is expected to meet nil Government needs for shellac varnish (see glossary). It comes in type 1, bleached (white), ami type II, orange. Hath type covers two grades, A and 15, and each grade three, hinds of body--light, medium, and heavy. The desired 1 ype, grade, and body should be stated in the invitation for bids. Ordinarily, grade A of type 1 fulfills all the needs for a white shellac varnish and grade 15 should be used only in cases requiring a clear, bleached varnish almost entirely free from wax or other suspended matter. Grade A of type 11 usually includes rosin-free shellac. It is lighter in color than grade 15, which is intended for use where small percentages (not over 15 percent) of rosin are not objectionable and where lightness of color of shellac varnish is not essential. The thinner, or solvent, used in shellac varnish may be either one of t wo formulas. It may consist of specially de natured alcohol made of 100 gal of 95-percent ethyl alcohol (190 proof) and f> gal of methyl alcohol. It may consist of a proprietary solvent composed of materials authorized by the U. S. 15ureuu of Internal Revenue as follows: 100 gal of the above-described specially denatured alcohol, 5 gal of denatured ethyl acetate, and 1 gal of aviation gasoline. Iso propyl alcohol (99 percent) is permitted by the lT. S. Army Air Corps as an alternative for the abovedescribed for mulas, and the Navy Department requires that unless other wise specified, the solvent must be denatured alcohol made from II. S. P. grade ethyl alcohol denatured by the addi tion of 0.05 percent of croton oil (J. S. P. and dyed by the addition of fuebsin, 1 part in 500,000 |8|. Light-, medium-, and heavy-bodied varnishes correspond respectively to 1-, 4.5-, and 5 1b `hails" (see glossary) of shellac. The minimum allowable percentages of nonvolatile matter for each body of varnish given in section H of this Paint Manual specification have been corrected for moisture, including volatile matter, an soluble matter in Hake mange shellac; moisture and volatile matter in bleached varnishes made by rutting 4, 4.5, and 5 l bleached shellac in 1 gal of specified solv non volat ile requirements of the specilica ner has prepared direct ions for making varnishes of various bodies [9|. An average light-bodied shellac va specilication has the following characte Wei at it Volume l`tt cent JU>cent 1 Jtflit-hoillGtl sholliu* varnish .............. Non volat i In ........... . Volatile .................. . 3.-i.r (14.5 h im; on.4 Ib/ga 7.171! 11 >0.0 KHM) An average heavy-bodied shellac var ing charactcrist ies Wright I'cccnt i Joavv-hotliotl similar varnish .............. Nonvolatile ........... . Volatile .................. . ii.n IV.U) Volume I'erccnt ar.,7 04.3 lb/ga 7.202 100.0 100.0 (j) Varni.sh; Spirit (Shellac Varnish TT-V-130, Sept. 28, 1943 This specilication covers the improv and is intended (as a conservation me replace shellac varnish, which it resem It can be applied to wood, metal, pape may also be used in place of oil-resin va drying is more important than length o Shellac varnish replacement (a war forming to the specilication may be pro ber of available domestic materials with ing ods and metal driers. However, di tion produces a variation in properties varnish replacement may consist of abou 0000-NLI-000019230 r>c> Ituildluii Materials and Structures fi'e/utrfs weight oT ;in alroliol-soluble, polymerized (see glossary) rosin blended with ahold g5 to fit I percent by weight of zeill (protein derived from corn) and dissolved in alcohol; a plasticizer (for example, low-tit re laity acids) may also bo present. Mends of polymerized rosin and ethyl cellulose have also been used. The method of blending these mate rials appears to ailed the. quality of the product. The ordi nary spirit varnishes composed of simple solutions of copals (see glossary) and rosin dissolved in alcohol do not meet this specilication. Performance tests show that the "oml trades of shellac varnish replacement appear to be equivalent (o shellac var nish in color, e-loss, drying lime, Him clarity, coverage, ease of sanding, water resistance, and abrasion resistance. On the oilier hand, the film is less resistant to the action of various solvents, such as alcohol, than films of shellac var nish dried the same length of time. The varnish should not he mixed with ordinary paint, varnish, or lacquer, or he thinned with turpentine or mineral spirits. The, materia] should he applied in thin coats by either spray gun or brush. .Some of the earlier shellac replacement varnishes tended to thicken or gel in the package. On the other hand, certain brands have always exhibited good stability in the package. This would indicate (hat, wlam the ingredients are correctly formulated and combined, there should be no gelling. As till aid in keeping the material in satislarlory condi tion, it is suggested that the buyer request that shellac re placement varnish he (lacked in glass containers. '1 heso should be kept, in a relatively cool place not exposed to direct sunlight. The material should not he stored in an excessively hot or cool place. Although the material is a wartime product, it served a very useful purpose at a time when shellac varnish was unobtainable. (k) lau'iiucr; Spraying, Clear and Pigmented (General Use) TT-L-58, April 29, 1942 Spraying lacquer (see glossary) purehased under this specification should contain cellulosic derivatives. I his lacquer is intended for indoor or outdoor use. and is to he t'a/ut Manual applied by a spray gun. It is not inten lacquer. Metal surfaces should he pri priiyer, and wood surfaces should he s seal before applying this lacquer. For application by spraying, the lac factory lor use without a thinner, unl However, should thinning he necessary Federal Sperilieat ion TT-TMUti is sug The nonvolatile base for type I cle sist of: W'fil rm ( VIlulose nit raie ....................... ., Alk\t( resin .............................. 1 >ilml v 1 pitl li.t hi t <.................. Kish oil ........................................ .. < The iiImiv i1 iiu ii vitlnl i le vehicle .............................. .. Kariinrr lliiniteu TT T LV,;. ., K s in Type II (pigmented lacquer) ran h (or K!.t gal) of (lie above type 1 lacq of a suitable pigment. The weight per does not vary much from 7U lb; type ]h. and type II with a medium chro about 7.H lh. (I) Sealer; Floor; I.arque (lor Oiled Wood Flo TT-S-171, April 8, 1 This lloor sealer is intended for sea ing and oiled wood floors that ha ve been Sealing the oil within the Homing prev ring of the linished surface, d ins lae smooths and integrates (he surface to thus producing a finished appearance a for wax and varnish. Open-grained treated with wood tiller, Federal Spec befon; the application of sealer. Precautions should lie taken adequa loom while applydug the sealer. 58 Buildtntj Material* anil Structures Reports G. WATElt FAINTS Water paints were probably I lie first paints used by man iuul are still widely used. The following four Federal Specifications liave been prepared for water-reducible paints. (a) Calcimine; (Cold- and Hoi-Water Types) TT-C-96, 1^1 ay 4, 1910 Calcimine, or kalsominc, is an inexpensive powdered mix ture of pigments, such a whiting, china, clay, and glue made ready for application by the addition of water. If is in tended for temporary interior use and is easily removed by sponging the surface with warm water. The specification covers two types of calcimine: type 1 cold water, and type 11, hot water. Type I is more conve nient for mixing, as water at ordinary temperatures can be used. Type 11 calcimine, considered a smoother brushing calcimine than type I, requires boiling water for mixing! Unpainted plaster walls should be sized with either a glue-water size or, if the plaster is dry, a varnish size; the latter can be bought ready-prepared or made by thinning 1 gal of interior varnish (Fed. Spec. TT-V-7la) with 1 qt of turpentine. For the best results, a foundation can be made for the calcimine by applying one coat of flat wall paint ( 1 l-P-Sla) over either the varnish size or over one coat of primer (TT-P-56). One thick coat of calcimine is usually sufficient. If a second coat is necessary, it must be brushed on skillfully to avoid lifting the first coat. Alter the calcimine has been applied, the room should be aired thoroughly to dry the calcimine quickly. In lepainting with calcimine, the old calcimine should fust be sponged ofl with warm water, thus removing all the old calcimine (and the dirt) before applying the fresh coat. A typical while calcimine powder has about the following composition: In^mlUmts Figment: Whiting ............................ China clay ..................... Hinder: nine .................. ................ rtiennl (carbolic arid) Weight . 7.1 . 21 :t i Volume l'crrrnt 70.8 20.0 on 2.u 100 100.0 Paint Manual One, gallon of this white calcimine powder voids weighs `21 ll> and has a specific gravity actual flipping weight, of the calcimine wil this theoretical weight. (I>) Paint; Cement-Water, Powder, White a (for Interior and ttxterior Use) TT-1*-21, June 30, 1941 Portland-cement-watcr paint covered hy thi is intended for use on porous surfaces of mas stucco, common brick, masonry block, and (u\ce|)t gypsum pkusUn). It does not bond sonic brands arc used satisfactorily on galvan is furnished in two types and two classes, in w Type 1 powder contains not less than 05 pe land cement and not more than 25 percent, of h type 11 powder contains not less than 80 perce cement and not more t ban 10 percent, of hydrat types include from 8 to 5 percent of titanium sulfide, ora mixture of these, and from y, to 1 water repellents, calcium or aluminum stearat should give satisfactory service, but where the moisture, as in swimming pools and water paint should he used. Class A powder lias no siliceous aggregat contains from 20 to 40 percent, ('lass A is s surfaces except open-textured masonry. Cl gested for open-joint walls ami materials s block, lightweight aggregate block, and si where a heavy coating is necessary to fill void The aggregate in class II tends to lessen map crazing. If the texture resulting from the us taining class 11 powder is too rough, a coat of ing class A powder may be used. Cement-water paint should bond with th with succeeding coats of paint of either ty finish of high durability. Durability of the c mined more by the paint surface, the method and the curing of the paint film than by the cement-water powder used in the paint. Most cement-water paint films have ade when dry, but during rainy weather they freq nearly transparent. Inclusion of from 3 to 5 UDUAVA K. 5 0000-NLI-000019231 I 0000-NLI-000019232 (SO Building Materials and Btrueturc.s Reports opaque pigments lilanimn dioxide or zinc sulfide tends to improve die opacity of the wet. lilm. The surface to which the paint, is applied must be chain, damp, and free from dirt, dust, oil, "form-lacquer", or any other substance that would prevent the paint, from striking in or bonding to the-wall. If the surface to be painted has been previously treated with an organic waterproofing com pound or a sealing type of paint, the coating must, be re moved (preferably by sandblasting). The surface must be sudieiently porous to all'ord "tooth" for the paint. If there is doubt., as in the case of monolithic concrete, the surface should be lightly sandblasted, etched by washing with "builder's acid" (see glossary), and rinsing thoroughly with water, or dry rubbed with an abrasive stone. Although cement-water paint, can be, applied by white wash brushes or spray guns, the best results are obtained by scrubbing the, paint into the surface with a still-tiber brush. Thus, a good bond is produced between the paint, coating and the wall surface and between coats of (he paint, itself. This method is particularly recommended for application of type II paint and where, waterprooling is desired. Soft brushes are not recommended. Tints and white may be intermixed to produce a variety of colors; however, the addition of dry tinting colors should be avoided as they should be milled-in by the manufacturer to avoid color streaking. (c) Paint; Cold-Water, Exterior, Powder (with mixing liquid) TT--P--22, August 30, 1943 This specification covers a low-cost powder paint and a mixing liquid to produce a dry porous lilm. This "breath ing" type, of paint is intended for surfaces permeable to moisture and w here durability and protection from weather are not required. It is applied chiefly to exterior surfaces of cement, cinder block, and brick, and may be used for weather-beaten wood anil for firm interior surfaces such as concrete, brick, and cement. The paint is obtainable in white, and light tints. How ever, a note, in the specification indicates that it may be ob tained in dark solid colors, such as camouflage colors. For t ints and solid colors, the purchaser should specify the color required and whether the tint should match a designated sample. Rain/ Manual To meet the. requirements for wet and white, and light tints it is necessary to us dioxide.or some of the, types of zinc sulfide factory white material passing this specilira to contain Id percent of milk casein and percent of hydrated lime, ('amoiillage. colo Drab, Mo. GOG, Fartli Yellow, Mo. 405, and should match the appropriate standard sho card [5J. Faint, mixed as in section F-.'ib tion, when brushed on the type ol hiding-p glossary) described in section F-tlg (1), following minimum wet and dry capacitie No more, than 7.5 ml of paint spread of t sq ft shall he required to attain com dry hiding." In addition to matching the color standar flage colors should show the following min No more than (I ml of paint spread o of 1 sq ft shall be required to attain com dry hiding. The opacity requirements for colors oth flage colors should approximate those of colors that they most nearly match. The use of linseed oil, raw or boiled, a in addition to water, as mixing liquids fo paint, has long been a common practice. D imparl weather resistance and flexibility, an oil-in-water emulsion in casein powder p available are specially processed drying oi eniulsilier and stabilizer to disperse the o water. Such "water-dispersible" oils con percent by weight of solids. Hither type o duce satisfactory paints, but when the in specifies emulsified oils, the testing labo notified because the emulsified oil will no The, surface- to which the paint, is applied and uniformly damp. Loose paint, dirt, 24 Lighting ami viewing conditions IHJJ. 0000-NLI-000019233 (12 Jiuildhuj Materials and /Structures Reports removed by scraping ami by brushing av itb a wire, brush; calcimine and glue-bound water paint, can be removed by washing. Metal should be primed with a suitable oil paint ,, (.such as red lead paint, Fed. Spec. TT-T-81!) before water paint is applied. Powder paint should be purchased by net weight. In the case of tints, the purchaser should specify the color required and whether it shall match a selected sample. Although this is a performance specification, a typical paint made from 100 lb of white powder, 10 gal of water, and 1 gal of oil contains the following ingredients: Weight J\ l Cl lit Titanium dioxide ....................................... Calcium rarhonate ....................................... Hydrated lime .................................................. Clay ..................................................................... Casein .............................................................. rreservative ........................... Linseed oil ......................................................... Water ................................................................... 7.9 IS.It `it U`>.7 ti.S 0.7 4.1 4iU> 100.0 inch a paint weighs about. 11.1 lb/gal and lots a PY of about 50. This is merely tin example, as other formulations may be used under the speci heat ion. (d) I'aint; Cold-Water, Interior Light Tints and White TT--P-23a, Mar. 22, 1940 The cold-water paint covered hy this specification is fur nished in powder and in paste form. It is intended chielly for decorating plaster and other dry interior masonry sur faces but is sometimes used for temporary exterior work. It is not recommended for use on basement walls if damp ness is present because of its tendency to mildew. The binder in this paint is milk casein, soya bean protein, or other forms of protein. However, the specification is based on physical tests, not on composition. Dry opacity tests made according to the specification have shown that the same hiding power is obtained from ;i.f> qt of one paste anil 4.25 qt of another paste with the same content Paint Manual ot zinc suliide and total solids. The, degree o a paste is also affected by the inerts chosen. Some users are interested in the washahili paints. In practice, the time required for t age before it can be washed varies from 5 to that develop washahility slowly may be clea than those that develop it quickly. Mild tepid water are recommended l'or washing t lletore cold-water paint is applied, the su ered should be free from powdery materia plaster and calcimine, and should present a fice lor painting. Iron and steel should be paint to prevent rust stains. 'The possible variation in porosity of adjac faces may frequently make advisable the a initial priming or sealing coat to overcome ellects. Such sealers are obtainable in bo water-base types. An oil-base primer m Specilication TT-P-5G is satisfactory if such trates and tills the surface, drying to a d within 18 hr. Although Federal .Specilication TT-lM mainly on performance requirements, a typ der may contain (percentage by weight) abo 22 whiting, 12 hydrated lime, 1 trisodimn p servative, and II) casein. This mixture has a of about 2.74, and 1 gal of the powder weig 'lype II pastt; may contain (percentage by (i<>.7 of the above pigments and casein (to and water. rI bis paste, weighs about 14 a TV of about 72. These are merely exa formulations may be used under the specilic Directions for mixing with water are usu each package of powder and paste. In the a tions, the material should be thinned to a tency for brushing. Although paints shou mixing requirements stated in sect ions H-lb, of the specilication, it is better practice to us day they are mixed. Samples are not usually necessary. Tf should be called for in the invitation for bids of the bill sample should be stated, the specif in all other respects. 0000-NLI-000019234 (il Huihlnu/ Millennia mill St rail urea Heporta (e) Paint; Resiii-Kimilsion, Interior, Paste Light Tints and White TT-P-8Ha, May 2ti, 1915 This specification covers a water thinned paste [taint of the resin-emulsion type that, may he applied as a decorative coating on interior walls and ceilings of plaster. In addi tion to plaster, it may he used on concrete, hrick, masonry, wallbonrd, and fabric, l'aint meet in*' this specification is not intended for wood and metal hut may be used on such surfaces if they are suitably primed. 'Phis cold-water paint dries in L to 3 hr and may be re coated in G to 8 hr. The lilm becomes hard after drying overnight. ' lie fore this paint is applied, the surface should be free from powdery material, such as dust, calcimine, or loose plaster, and should present a sound, linn surface for paint- *> . . . Attention is called to suggestions regarding porous sur faces and washing, given in section 111--l-(d) of this man ual, which also apply to this and similar paints. The paint can be applied either by brush or spray, but not in freezing weather. The brushes should be washed with soaj) and water before the paint, dries on the brush. Although emulsion paint is usually applied by brush, it can be applied by spraying and by "roller" coating. The latter procedure has become very popular as a quick ami easy method for applying emulsion [aunt to the surfaces of walls and ceilings. Directions for mixing the paste with water are usually printed on each package. Nothing but water should be added to the material unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. For application to plaster, 2 parts by vol ume of paste are usually thinned with 1 part by volume of water so that 1 gallon of paste makes 1 (/> gal of paint. For porous surfaces, 3 parts of paste can be thinned with 2 parts of water. For spraying, 5 parts of paste are thinned with 2 parts of water. These proportions are approximate. When given, the manufacturer's directions should be fol lowed. Federal Speeilicet ion TT-P-KHa is based mainly on per formance requirements, and considerable latitude is allowed the manufacturer regarding composition. The product, is an oil-in-water emulsion in which the vehicle is an emulsion of lilm-forming oils, resins, etc., in an aqueous phase. The I'aiut Manual water or outer phase contains a number clmjing water; an emulsi lying agent, (see casein ; a bodying agent, such as alginate a preservative, such as phenol and its de foaming agent, such as pine oi I or bitty I a alkalies, such as ammonia. The oil phase resins, ami driers. A type used before th an oif-modilied alkyd resin (see glossa resins became critical because of the war sisted of materials such as ester gum am formulation of such a product requires and experience on the pari of the mannf The pigments used are I he same as in hig consisting of titanium-base and zinc sul together with extenders such as clay, mi silicate for while colors. A typical paste paint contains (perce about 51) percent vehicle (25 to 30 percen 50 percent pigment. An average, paste lb/gal and the PV is about 51. (f) Whitewash Whitewash is one of the oldest paints for both exterior and interior surfaces; telephone poles, roadside obstructions, and brickwork. 'rive, principal ingredient in whitewash sat isfaetory [taste can he made with hydra results are obtained by using quicklime th with enough water to make a moderately been kept, in a loosely covered container preferably months. Fight gallons of s produced by slaking 25 lb of quicklime or by soaking 50 lb of hydrated lime in ti [taste should I hen be st rained t lirough a lin lumps or foreign matter. Whitewash can be made from variou lime [taste and other ingredients. Two whitewash are t'llUMIlU NO. 1 (\ispin ......................................................... Tiismliiiiii plmsplijiir .................... Janu* pash* ............................................. 0000-NLI-000019235 ()(> UuUdintj Materials and Struct urex Reports The casein should ho soaked in `2 pil of hoi. water until thoroughly softened (approximately 2 hr). The trisodium phosphate dissolved in 1 gal of water is added to the casein mixture and the casein allowed to dissolve. This solution should he mixed with the lime paste and 4 <i'a 1 of water. Such a whitewash shows the following characteristics: (ayccdiciits Wei-lit Put cop ......... ......... Tristxlium phosphate .... ......... Water ....................................... ......... 29.0 2.0 2.0 (US Volume Percent 15.0 :t i 1.9 80.0 loop lot 1.0 The whitewash weighs 10 lb/gal and has a specific gravity of 1.21; one pound hulks 0.09!) gal. The PY is about 75. f o r mu l a NO. 2 ('nnnnoii salt ..................................... 12 lb INiwdoivtl alum ................................. 0oz Mu lassos ......................................... 1qt Lime paste .......................................... 8gal The salt and alum are dissolved in 4 gal of hot water, after which the molasses is added to the mixture. The resulting clear solution is then added to the lime paste, stirred vigorously, and thinned with water to the desired consistency. This whitewash has a yellow tinge when first applied, hut the color disappears in a few days, leaving a white film. Material made according to this formula is used hy highway departments for marking trees, pedes, and other objects on highways. If skim milk is available, a satisfactory whitewash or cold-water paint can be made by diluting a moderately heavy, cold, lime paste (about lid lb of hydrated lime and 8 gal of water) with 5 gal of skim milk. For additional information on whitewash the purchaser is advised to consult the bulletin of the National Lime Asso ciation mentioned in reference | 11J. 7. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS USED BY PAINTERS This group covers materials that cannot he classified, such as Idlers, putty (see glossary), paint, and varnish removers, waxes, bituminous plastic cement, and asphalt roof-coating. Paint Manual * (a) Killer; Wood, Paste TT-K-33lia, Sept. 20, Wood Idler is a mixture ol si lex or quick-drying varnish used to till the po wood, such as oak, before varnish is ap before painting. The paste tiller is consistency with turpentine or mineral tiller covered hy this specification is open-grained floors and flooring. Whe substituted for a pigmented liquid woo In applying the filler, a thick coatin into the wood with a stiff brush. Afte paste can be wiped olf across the grain should then be rubbed well with excels Paste wood filler should be purcha Samples are not usually necessary. If r be calk'd for in the invitation for bids. bid sample should be stated, the spec all other respects. (For colored filler s specification). The lightest and heaviest uncolored this specification show the following ch Wei lit Voluino Percent IRrcent ih/yal iK'lil tiller ............ I'ifOiieiit ............ . . . . Non volatile . .. . .... Volatile .............. 7s IT . . 15.S2 * . 12 ___ too too AWiKlit Yoluino JU ret nt Pen-cut Ih, >/iil eavv tiller............ .... Nonvolatile........ .___ Volatile ................ 80 10 .. 17.24 21 ___ i;t ___ 1(H) too When !<l lb of the lightest paste, is (1 gal) of mineral spirits, a lightweig the following characteristics is produce 0000-NLI-000019236 (is llaUdimj Material* and Structurr* llcports Weight /'mriii Tliiiineil lis'lit tiller .................................. I'iKiiienl ....................... 47 Nonvolatile ................ 10 Volnti le ......................... -Ill Velmae rtrtcni .. 22 12 00 Itt/tjal 10.22 .... .... 100 100 fial/{h 0.01(7 .... - s]> yr l'V 1.2211 .... - 01 . (b) Putty and Plastic Compound; (lor) Metal-sash Glazing TT--P--78 la, July 12, 1911 Amendment 1, July 20, 1943 (c) Putty; Pure-Linseed Oil; (for) Wood-Sash Glazing TT-P-791a, June 25, 1938 Amendment 1, July 20, 1943 Before lazin^, bolli olcl and new surfaces should he, I t ee from dampness, ice, dill, and loose paint. Such substances can lie removed by drying the surfaces, then wiping them clean with a cloth saturated with turpentine, mineral spirits, or similar solvent. Suitable primin'; coats should he applied to the hare clean wood or metal before applying (he putty. These primin'; coats on wood should he allowed to dry and should prevent excessive loss ol oil or other vehicle J torn the putty or glazing-compound. Many glazing technolo gists do not recommend a primer, such as shellac, that dries to a hard glazed surface. Suitable materials for printin'; wood are thin white-lead-linseed-oil paint, Federal Specifi cation TT-P--U), amendment 1, type II; exterior printer , paint, TT-P-25, amendment 1, or spar varnish, TT-V-ldth, thinned with one-fourth its volume of mineral spirits or turpentine. These coatings should he allowed to dry hard before putty or elastic glazing compound is applied. All steel sash should he primed with a rust-inhihitive paint, for example, red-lead paint conforming to Federal Specification TT-P-8(>, amendment 1. Putty and elastic "lazin'; compound should he painted within 2 mouths after application. However, the paint should not be applied until the putty is hard and thoroughly set, as the formation of an airtight lilm ret arils drying and may later cause (he surface of the paint to check. Pertain special quickselting putties must he, painted within a week of exposure tc the weather to avoid deterioration of the Pa/nt Manual pul I v. Paint should he applied carefully paint coat to extend slightly beyond the e on the. glass to form a seal. (dazing materials covered by Federal S P-7Ma are intended lor genera I use for I he sash and are analogous io (hut not always the best plasl ic calkin*; compound conformi Insofar as it is practicable, glazing mat formulated to afford maximum case of ap detracting from durability. 'Type I covers elastic glazing compounds mainly for glazing either inlerior or exterio also properly primed wood sash. It shou surface but should remain slightly soft an neath for a reasonable period of time. Thi condition is desirable where windows, glaz ing transoms, and (`levator housings are su able vibration, and on skylights, where max is necessary. Consequently, type 1 materia fied where low annual maintenance cost is portance. If available, it should always manent. st met ures. Type II covers a metal sash putty of lo type I, but is probably satisfactory for tem Both types of glazing material should be a to the manufacturer's directions. (Hazing materials should be used while th and as they come from the, container, wit any thinner. Therefore, the materials sho ill relatively small amounts for immediate Type 1 elastic glazing compound meet tions may contain whiting, a small amount a mixture of bodied drying and semidry lish and soybean, drier, and thinner. It ha the following characteristics; WeiyUil Vvfvvnt hist ic jjla/.i ii^r (U||l|Ml||llt| . . . 1`iLTNlCllt .............. . . . . S.'i .. i:i Volatile .............. Volume i'trct iit .. Li,SO ll> <:ul 17. 11* .... .... lllll Ill'll) i 0 0000-NLI-000019237 70 lluihliny Materials ami St met arcs Reports Federal Spociiicat ion 'I 'l'-l'-TDla covers the requirements for high-gradelinseed-oil putty for funeral use on woodsash glazing. It is furnished in types I and II. Although the two types may he. used interchangeably, type 11 is recom mended where a hard material is desirable, such as lor Idling holes and cracks. Some users consider it more durable than type I putty. Type I whiting putty with the maximum pigment has the following characteristics: Weight Volume Percent Percent Ib/ijal Putty, type 1.............. Pigment (whiting) . 88.0 Nonvolatile vehicle ............ . . 10.8 Volatile vehicle.. . .. 1.2 i i .3.3 18.18 100.0 100.0 fftil/lh 0.055 sp gr 1 'V 2.18 74 Type II white-lead-whiting putty with maximum pig ment shows the following characteristics: Weight Volume Percent J'crcent lb/ynl Putty, type II......... Pigment (white lead) . ... 10.0 Pigment t whiting) ------ .. . Th.O Nonvolatile .......... ... h i) Volatile ................ ... 1.1 .. 3.44 08.33 lio.01! 3.21 10.43 ____ ____ ____ ____ 100.0 100.00 gal/lb 0.051 sp gr PV 2.33 74 Often putty contains less pigment than the maximum specified, usually not less than 85 percent in type I. A typi cal putty shows: Weight Volume Percent Percent Ib/gal gal/lb sp gr 1"V Putty, type I......................... Pigment ....................... 85.0 Nonvolatile ................ 13.5 Volatile ....................... 15 .. 05.0 30.5 3.0 17.37 0.057 2.OS 08 .... .... .... .. .... .... .... .. ............................................................ 100.0 100.0 Ramt Manual (d) Remover; Paint and Va (Organic-Solvent Ty TT-R-251a, Aug. 28, 1 Amendment 2, Oct. 28, Paint and varnish removers are inten application to interior surfaces but ma terior work if this can be done eilicie nished in two types. Type 1 paint and varnish removers in places that are relatively free from II removers are intended for use wh against /ire hazard is desired. Althou type may be considered nonflammable i dition, some discretion must be employe nonllammable solvents that commonly of the active ingredients tend to evapo flammable port ion. Thus it is importan of this type from damaged or leaking prevent evaporation, as far as practicab of the material. IMPS Letter Circular LC741), Paint a ers, contains detailed information on various kinds of paint and varnish remo (e) Wax, General Purpose; Solvent T Paste (for Floors, Furniture, e P--W--158, Sept. 17, 1912 Amendment 1, March 11, 1943 This general purpose wax, as the title indicates, is intended for use as a polishi faces as floors (except asphalt or rubber is available in one grade and in type II (paste). The latter may be used f finish on automobiles. (f) Wax, Floor; Solvent Type, Liquid P-W-134, Oct. 29, 1942 The floor wax specified herein is inte flooring except composition containing (g) Wax, Floor; Water-Em P-W--151a, April 8, 194 This liquid wax is intended for use o lubber flooring, and linoleum. It is th 0000-NLI-000019238 /! 1//////a 1/ Multi nils ami St rail at rs- /,'< /an 1s does not have to he polished after upplicut ion. It is a water wax emulsion, and should he kept in clean containers. Severe or prolonged freezing may break the emulsion, and thus it is surested that it be not subjected to severe, or prolonged freezing temperatures. (h) Cement; Bituminous, Plastic SS-C-153, Aug. 1, 1933 - Bituminous plastic cement is black in color, and composed of a bituminous binder (asphaltic-base in type 1 and coal tar base in type II), inorganic filler, such as asbestos liber, and a solvent. The material is a soft, pliable paste that holds its shape within 2 or 3 days after application and gradually hardens to a tough rubber-like coating that is waterproof and durable. One hundred pounds of the cement spread % in. thick will cover approximately 150 ft-. Bituminous plastic cement is used on coal-tar pilch, for repairing leaks and cracks in all types of roofs--concrete, tin, composition, or shingle- for repairing chimneys, tines, gutters, spouting, eaves, and cornices, or as expansion-joint material for concrete ami masonry. It adheres to brick and mortar and remains elastic, expanding ami contracting with the surface. Type 1, asphaltic-base cement, is similar to roof coating meeting Federal Specification SS-K-451, ex cept in consistency; it should be used with Federal Specifi cation IlH-F-lOla flashing felt. (0 Hoof-Coating; Asphalt, Brushing-Consisteney SS-R-451, Aug. 1, 1933 Material meeting this specification is known in the trade as asphalt-asbestos roof coating. It is an inexpensive black paint, usually composed of asphalt base (with or without fatty oils), a volatile solvent, and a mineral tiller such as asbestos fiber. Because the durability of the coating is dependent upon its; thickness, the paint is of heavy brush ing consistency and can be spread at the rate of 52 l't-/gal for a film % , in. thick and at 2(i ft2/gal for a film ylti in. thick. Unlike ordinary paint, this coating should not bo brushed out thin. Asphalt roof-coating is recommended for use on corroded tin roofs that leak. Ordinary linseed-oil paints would bo I'n'mt Mu a a a/ too (bin lor this purpose. However, for meta condition, linseed-oil paints (Fed. Spec. T preferable. ' IV. PREPARATION OF SURFACE APPLICATION OF PAINTING MAT The success of a paint ing job depends prin factors: (1) the condition of the surface (2) the condition of tin* preceding paint coat job, (3) the prevailing atmospheric condition of the paint and its suitability for the servic is probable that the disregard of these facto cause of paint failures with all materials. 1. WOODWORK (a) EXTE1U0K SURFACES (1) AYir Work.--Paint ing should be done dry weather. The surface should be free fro and should not be painted until it feels dr Painting should not be done when the tempe 50 F or in urgent cases below 40 F, and in n temperature is expected to drop 20 degrees 50 F. Precaution should be taken not to pa den drop in temperature. This is accomplish the work early enough in the afternoon to all set Before a sudden drop in temperature should not be applied while rain, snow, or sle the surface. As a rule, dry woodwork can mediately after erection. If the lumber or when placed or has been math; very wet reason, it is suggested that at least 1 week weather precede the painting. Oil paint applied over knots and sappy w alligator and peel and with pine woods to d is apt to be more alligatoring of paint over kn exposure, because of more sunshine, and m coloration of the paint over knots on the no sunshine is weakest. The knots may be spo Orange Shellac Varnish (Fed. Spec. TT-V Varnish Keplarement (Fed. Spec. TT-V-13 grade aluminum paint applied a day or two b the priming-coat paint. The Western New in___ 0000-NLI-000019239 Ilulldhuj Materials and Structures Reports tlu; Federation of Paint and Varnish Product ion C'ltths found that an effective sealer for knots consists of pure shel lac varnish plasticized with (> liquid ounces of blown castor oil to the, gallon of shellac varnish. This formula originated at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis. How ever, experience in painting army cantonment buildings con structed of No. 2 common southern yellow pine containing many knots indicates that ordinary shellac varnish or alumi num paint is of little value in sealing knots (see section Ad II). "When shellac varnish is applied too liberally over the knots, the paint on weathering tends to peel otf. When the shellac varnish is applied thin, the paint, may not peel, but yellow discoloration may show through from the pitch. All pitch should be scraped or burned from knots and other places; it is suggested that these areas then be scrubbed with turpentine prior to painting. Excessive moisture back of the paint film is responsible for many failures of paint on exterior wood surfaces. The interior plaster in a frame dwelling house contains a great deal of moisture that dries slowly and is drawn through walls into the exterior wood by the heat of the sun. A properly formulated priming coat will permit this moisture to pass through the film. If paint is applied to the exterior wood siding before the new plaster is dry, it may blister (see glossary) and peel. The usual system of painting houses in white and light tints includes raw-linseed-oil paints like the unamended Federal Specification TT-P-40 and white-lead paints mixed on the job according to the formulas in table 2 for mixing white-lead paint. These paints have the advantage of easy brushing properties and can be spread over large areas, (iOO to 700 ft-/gal. Three coats are usually required on new wood. The cost of labor and the length of time required to complete the job has resulted in the introduction of the twocoat, system. These paints may contain heat-treated oiks (or varnish) in the vehicle, like that covered by amend ment 1 of TT-P-40 and the formulas in table 15 for whitelead paint mixed on the job. A typical primer for a twocoat paint system is exemplified in Federal Specification TT-P-25. The first coat should always be carefully brushed and crossbrushed, if practicable, over all parts of surfaces so that cracks and nail holes receive enough paint to wet the. Paint Manual surfaces. The older, unbodied, linseedbe brushed out to cover about 000 type priming paints like those in Fe TT-P-25, amendment 1, dune 5, 11)415, mixed-on-the-job paints used on a two applied at, about 150 ft-/ gal. In good ing, all coats should be allowed to dry Mail holes and cracks should be p putty (Fed. Spec. TT-P-7!ila, amen 10 Id) as soon as the priming coat is d week of clear, warm weather, the pu enough to receive the second coat. "Window sills and outside doors a nished. For this work no wood filler wood is close-grained)^ but several co TT--V-121b should be applied. While rior woodwork properly painted with of high-grade oil paint approximate wood should last at least 4 years before exposed woodwork finished with good nish will probably need to be revaruis (2) Refinishing.--Unlike applicatio limited to good weather conditions, the surface can proceed under any weather is feasible for men to work. The succes depends on how well any scaling paint, attached paint is removed from the woo that all insecurely attached paint be from the surface, otherwise, no matter failure is apt to occur over any loose pain prepared surface. (a) Loose. Pa in t .--All loose paint by wire brushing or scraping. A comb methods, depending upon the condition nature of the surface, has been found clfective. Following wire brushing an face should be sanded w ith No. Por N further insure the removal of loosely to better prepare the surface for a sm job. It, is recommended that all old pa flaking be removed, preferably by burni or by the. use of paint and varnish rem lilh.Jir. Hi 0 0000-IVLl-000019240 76 Pudding Materials and Struct it rex lieports (b) Kn o t s .-- A.11 pitch should he scraped or burned from knots. In general, no lurthcT preparal ion, sucli as spot, painting of knots with shellac varnish or aluminum paint, is necessary, although customary practices may be followed. (e) Ad d it io n a l Al h a s nines non Smo o t h in g Su u f .\<ik s .-- Decayed or split, boards that, cannot he suitably prepared for repaint ing should be removed and replaced. All loose hoards should he securely fastened, using large-headed nails, prefer ably galvanized. Protruding nails should be removed or driven into the wood. Open nail hides, and countersunk nails, should be Idled with putty, (laps between ends of siding and corner boards, or window and door casings should be Idled with calking compound (Fed. Spec. TT-(' 598). Surfaces soiled with foreign matter, such as tooling pitch and tar, should be scraped free from this foreign matter and the surface thoroughly washed with mineral spirits. (d) Mil d k a v .--To combat mildew, it is extremely impor tant that mildew-infected surfaces he thoroughly scrubbed w ith water containing some trisodium phosphate (phosphate cleaner, Fed. Spec. ()-T-(>7fa). It is a white powder that can be purchased in small lots as "Technical Trisodium Phosphate," or in grocery stores under brand names. Thu infected surfaces should be scrubbed with a solution of about, three tablespoons of trisodium phosphate dissolved in a gal loti of water, using floor scrubbing brushes. The surface should then be rinsed with clean water and allowed to dry before applying the paint. The most efficient, method of combatting badly mildewred areas is to wash the areas with a solution of 1 part of bi chloride of mercury dissolved in 500 parts of water. IIow'eyer, this is a dangerous poison, and conseipiently the use of trisodium phosphate solution is recommended. When mildew7 is particularly severe, the priming and finishing paint should contain a fungicide. The bid should specify that, in addition to meeting the Federal Specifica tion, the paint should contain 1 part by weight of mercuric chloride to every 600 parts by weight of paint. The bichlo ride should be properly ground and evenly dispersed in the paint liquid. The content, of mercuric chloride should be stated on the paint container label with the necessary pre cautions for use. Commercial brands of fungicides other than mercuric chloride have also been developed especially Paint Manual for use in paint. They are available in be dispersed easily in the paint by the application. (e) AriT.io.vTiON o f Pa in t .--Alter pared for repainting, all bare spots sh with TT-P--`2i> exterior primer, followe coat (or any other color desired). It been the, entire surface, shou TT-P--5 exterior primer. (3) Staining of Shingles and Wo are thin, lluld paints in which t he shing being laid. Suitable stains properly a rough siding give a durable finish on e With the, except ion of some dark-bro refined coal tar or creosote and vola stains are usually made from very fine drying oils, and volal ile t hinners. Man stains contain some creosote oil. Howe servation of wood, creosote must be lor a hot-pressure treatment. As oil paint is likely to be ruined by the creosote, b glossary), pigment-oil shingle stains preferable if repainting is contemplate making shingle stains from suitable as TT--P-381, is a mixture of 3 p (TT-()-3,r>6a, class 2) and 1 part, of eit seed oil Federal Specification number are given in table 10 and color designa The following is a list of the most Some of these colors may not be obtai wrar emergency: lirown: Green: Metallic limwn. Sienna, burnt. limber, burnt. (Hiromium oxide. KeJ: Yellow: Other stains are, made, by dissolving solvents or other liquids, including wa made stains are, used oltener than tho 'Die manufacturer's directions for a followed. Some of these stains will ble over them. Usually it is difficult to ligh viously stained wood; it can readily be OOOO-NLI-i 78 Budding Materials and Structures h'cpoi ts uml interior 'wood stains are, covered in Federal SpeeilicaLions TT-S-700 ami TT-S-711. (1) Parch Floors.--AVood porch iloors sliould be us caivlully prepared lor painting as oilier exterior surfaces. A priming coat of paint mixed on the job can be made accord ing to the formulas in tables 1 or A The paint should he svell brushed out, not Ho wed on in a thick lilnv. If ready mixed paint is used, it should comply with Federal Speci fication 1 1-P--110. Fach gallon of paint should he diluted " ith 1 qt of thinner containing d parts of boiled linseed oil and 1 part of turpentine for the priming coat. After the, lirst coat is dry, joints, cracks, and other defects should he, tilled with putty iirinly pressed in and smoothed over with a putty knife. When the putty is dry, the surface should be lightly sandpapered. lhe second coat, may be mixed according to the formu las in tables 1 or d, tinted to a shade of gray darker than the lirst coat, but lighter than the linish coat. If readymixed paint (Fed. Spec. TT-IMKi) is used, 1 pt of the mixture used to thin the priming coat should be, added to each gallon of the paint. A third coat (if desired) can be made by milling 1 pt of high-grade spar varnish to each gallon of a desired gray finish-coat prepared according to the linish-coat formula m tables f or 2. Heady-mixed paint (fed. Spec. TT-P-l-IO) can also be used for the third coat ; if too thick to be spread easily, the paint can be thinned slightly with turpentine or mineral spirits. (b) INTERIOR SURFACES I lie same directions for preparing the surfaces of new exterior wood for painting apply to interior woodwork. In addition to having the surface clean and dry, it is advisable to roughen very smooth wood slightly with line sandpaper. (1) New --Durable, and attractive finishes on in terior woodwork and wood furniture are obtained from varnish and analogous materials. Linseed-oil paints used on exterior wood may not. be suitable for interior work be cause of slow drying and tendency to turn yellow. There are, some hardwoods with strongly colored heart- w wood that tend to become, lighter in color in strong light, o but most, o! our important native woods darken in sunlight, o even under a good coating of white paint, and remain ivlaS lively unchanged in darkness. Wood when kept dry will K> last lor centuries indoors. Paint Manual Varnishes applied to interior surfaces age. Consequently, wood coated with in kept, indoors may darken it not exposed but, otherwise, remain in good condition lo the contrary, wood kept, indoors and exp light may result in the failure of the v in a few years. Wood stains are widely used to either the color of interior wood without obs grain. AVood stains can be purchased un fication TT-S-711 or may be made in lirst method, colors-in-oil (Fed. Spec. mixed with Hatting oil (Fed. Spec. TT Py the second method, wood stains can \/.> pt, of color-in-oil with 1 gal of thin liquid is composed of 1 part raw linseed tine, and Vj part drier (Fed. Spec. TT-D is usually obtained from raw sienna. Da obtained by mixing a small quantity o the light-oak mixture. Mahogany and obtained by using burnt sienna. The usual system of staining and varn trim is to apply the, coals in the followi 1. Stain coat (Fed. Spec. rlT-S-711). q. Filler coat for open-grain woods on F-IDfia). :i. Sealer coat, bleached shellac va TT-A'-Dla). This coat, is needed only i aniline dye, for example, mahogany sta 4. First coat, varnish (Fed. Spec. T with D> pt of turpentine per gallon. should be sanded lightly when dry with 5. Second-coat, varnish (fed. Spec. r without, t hinning. Should be sanded sam (>. Third coat, varnish (Fed. Spec. T a dull rubbed linish is wanted, let the dry hard for 72 hours; then rub with po water to a uniform dull linish. The best results will be obtained if va ing to the following instructions: 1. Smooth, thin coats should be applie temperature between 70 and 80 F, and room. 0000-N L I-0 0 0 0 19242 80 Budding Mult rials and Struct urn* lieporta Varnish should lie blushed on with (he grain of the wood, crossbrushed, (lien brushed again with tlie grain of the wood. ,'5. The minimum number of coals necessary to attain the desired linish should be applied. 4. Ample, time, should be allowed for the coals to dry. 5. h reshly varnished work should be kept clean and dust free. (i. Each coat should be rubbed lightly with line (No. 4/0) sandpaper to a dull linish before the next coat is applied. 7. Finishes and varnish cans should be kept free from dust. A durable and attractive finish on interior1 furniture (par ticularly on a mahogany table top) is an oil-rubbed finish. The unfinished wood should be frequently rubbed with boiled linseed oil thinned with turpentine or mineral spirits, the excess oil being wiped oll`. flaw linseed oil alone is also used. lids process is repeated tour or five times, after which the oil need only be applied at occasional intervals. After the jlores of the wood have been filled with linseed oil by the first scries of applicat ions, any animal or vegetable od or fat may be used. The more the finish is rubbed, the better it will be. After long years of use. a beautiful patina is developed. Hot, dishes placed on a fable top do not turn this finish white. Peeause fhe process of oil polishing is tedious and slow, it is nol used much today. Modern pro duel ion schedules in finishing wood furniture at the factory call for either nitrocellulose lacquers, or low-bake (140 F) thermosetting, synthetic-resin finishes. '' p a in t ixo AND e n t a mk i.in o .--Til painting interior wood work for flat finish, the first coat may be primer and sealer covered by Federal Specification TT-P-fi(>, followed by one or two coats of TT-P-fila eggshell flat paint. The TP-P-fifi primer does not dry hard enough to sand, and thus should not be considered as an "enamel undereoater." 'Phis mate rial can be made by adding (/, gal of TT I'4fi primer to a gallon of TT-P-fiiu paint. This could be used directly on the wood, omitting the TT-P-fifi primer, or as an enamel undercoat over the TT-P-fiG primer. A semigloss finish on inferior wood may be produced by using two coats of paint composed of equal parts by volume of TT-P-fila paint and TT-F-fiOfia enamel. The first coat should be thinned with 1 pt of turpentine to f gal of paint. A full-gloss linish on interior wood can be''obtained by Paint Mu mud the application of two coals of TT-E-fiO first coal should be, t hi lined wit h 1 pt of t gallon of enamel. For better hiding powe gloss finish, two coats of enamel umlerco (equal volumes of TT-P-fila and TT-E-fiO a single coat of TT-E-finfia enamel. (if) llc/iid-thimj.--Surfaces that have finished should be properly prepared for r can be removed by sanding the surface li sandpaper. Holes or cracks should be f wood (see glossary) that has been stained face, sanded, and spot-varnished. After treatment, the woodwork is ready for th varnish. Cherry and mahogany stained wood ma dyes that "bleed" through paint or enam enamel is to be applied to such surface should first be sealed with a thin coat of s with a freshly mixed aluminum paint in t 2 lb of aluminum powder to 1 gal of Inter eral Specification TT-Y-7la (see also form If the surface ts to be refinished by pa intended for interior use should be app primer for interior wood is Plaster Pr TT-P-fiG. This can be followed by Egg Heady-mixed Paint; TT-P-fila, the finis quently apt died to interior surfaces. If is desired, (Iloss Enamel, TT-E-fiOtia, can tain finishes with intermediate degrees o paints can be mixed in various proportion equal parts of these, two paints, TT-P-fila may be used as a finish coat for bathroom 2. MASONRY, CONCRETE, AND (a) EXTERIOR SURFACES (1) Oil Painta.--Exterior surfaces tha with oil paints require careful preparatio back of the. paint film will seriously impa or varnish-base paints, when applied to co masonry, vails made, of these materials oughly dry before being painted. The dr from 3 f<> 12 months and will depend upo tions and upon the thickness and porosity 0000-NLI-000019243 82 liuildimj Materials and structures lieports is equally important ro pro vent water from entering the wall after painting. lo seal open-texturetl walls, cinder hloek for example, it is advantageous to apply a cement-sand grout as the base coat. The grout can be used on new masonry that has not been coated previously with a sealing type of paint or with an organic walerprooling compound. The grout is com posed of _approximately equal parts by volume of portland cement, line sand passing a No. 18 sieve, and water. Before the grout coating is applied to the walls, water should be forced into them by means of a garden hose. They should then be allowed to drain until no free water remains on the surface. The grout coating should be scrubbed in with a still-liber brush, thereby forcing the grout into the openings and producing a surface, of uniform porosity. It is advisable to avoid hot, sunny days in applying the grout coat ing. To insure proper hydration of the portland cement used in grout, damp-curing is necessary. The grout should be wet with the line spray of a garden hose. This operation can be started after the grout has set sulliciently that if will not be damaged by the spray (usually about hours) ami should be repeated about twice a day over a period of 48 hours, depending upon weather conditions. Faulty mortar joints and map cracks in stucco or con crete may be tilled with grout. Large cracks in masonry walls should be cut V-sbape and Idled with mortar com posed of 2 or 3 parts of sand with 1 part of portland cement, and enough water to give a putty-like consistency. After the mortar has set, it should be damp-cured by the same method suggested for the grout. A minimum of DO days of good drying weather should elapse before oil paint is applied over the grout- or mortar-tilled joints and cracks. Adequate preparation and cleaning of the surface to be painted improves the duralnhty and appearance of the paint coating. Dirt and dust can be removed with brushes of still liber or wire. Klllorescence can be removed by wetting the surface with water, applying a solution of muriatic acid at least 20 percent in strength and, after 5 minutes, scouring off the salt deposits with a still brush. After each acid treatment, the surface, must be prompt ly and thoroughly washed with an abundance of water. Traces of oil can be removed with steel brushes, abrasive stones, or a lye solu tion. However, if the surface is generally contaminated Paint Manual with oil, it. is more ell'ective to lightly sand be painted or to postpone painting until removed by action of the. weather. Because paint does not adhere, well to glazed surfaces, it is suggested that, prepa ting, they be either acid-washed, lightly rubbed with coarse-grit. abrasive stones. T frequently necessary for concrete cast a l'resdwood, or steel forms. Brick that is glazed should also be roughened with abra Old coatings of organic waterproofing cement-water paint st ill in good eondit ion m However, whitewash and peeling, scaling, o should be completely removed. Oil gloss paints, which are suitable for wood or metal, may also he used on proper dry masonry. Faints meeting Federal Spe 40 are suggested for w hite and light, tints creams, light bulls, and ivory; TT-F-31a for dark reds and browns. For a dull-linis and light tints TT-F-24 should be used. A can be made by thinning each gallon of finish coat paint with 1 qt of spar varnish faces ami 2 qt for rough porous surfaces a th pt of mineral spirits or turpentine. The he applied without thinning. Oil paints should not be applied during weather or when the temperature is below 1 week of clear, dry weather should precede of the first, coat. As masonry surfaces tend collect, condensed moisture, painting early and late afternoon should be avoided except (2) Water Paints.--Exterior masonry ca coated with water paints if the surface is pr and directions for applying the paint, are ca Cement-water paint should bond with w ith superimposed succeeding coats of eith to form a cementitious finish of high durab bility of the coating is influenced more by t the method of application, and the curing o than by the composition of the cement-wate For additional information on paintin water paint, the leader is referred to sectio this manual. 0000-NLI-000019244 si Huildiny Mu! (`rails and Structures lieports (1>) INTERIOR SURFACES Interior surfaces of masonry concrete ami plaster .should lie prepared tor painting in the. .same way as similar new exterior surfaces. Finis)) coats may he either oil paints or water paints. (1) Flat Finish. on.-Tvi'E 1'Ain t .--In paint in"; new walls of plaster in concrete, the. lirst, coat should be, primer and sealer (Fed. Spec. TT-P-fiti). This should he applied without, thinning. The second coat should he TT-l'-hla eggshell Hat paint, aj>plied without thinning. In place of this system, the wall may he painted with 2 coals of TT-P--17 paint. For re pa inti no, t lie surfiice should he primed and sealed with TT-P-.M) primer, followed hy a coat of TT--P-51a eggshell flat. As an altermde, the surface may he painted with a single coat of TT-P--17 paint. w a t e r -t h in n e d niN'r.--The plaster or concrete should he free from grease, wax, dirt, or calcimine. Cracks and holes should he filled with patching plaster. These areas should he spot-primed with the water paitit. On old painted walls that are glossy, the surface should he washed with water in which is dissolved some trisodium phosphate (about 2 oz per gallon) before applying wider paint. On porous sur faces, particularly when the porosity varies, a special primer may be necessary before applying casein paint, Federal Spec ification TT-P-2da. Itesin-oil emulsion paint, TT-P-SSa, can generally he applied directly to the plaster or wallhoard. One gallon of paste is thinned with 4 pints of wider. One or two coats of this paint is suflicient. (2) Semiyloss Finish.-- For both new and repainted work, the lirst coat should he Federal Specification TT--P-5(`> primer and sealer. If suction spots appear after this paint is dry, they should he spot-primed with the primer. The second coat should he semigloss wall paint. This may he prepared hy mixing 1 gallon of either TT-P-5hi Hat or TT-P--17 flat and 1 gallon of TT-F-VXia enamel. (15) I'nll-(lloss Finish.--First coat should he TT-P--5(5 primer and sealer, allowed to dry 21 hours. Second coat should he enamel undercoater (equal parts hy volume of either TT-P 51a Hat or TT-P-47 flat and` TT-K-hOC.a gloss), allowed to dry 21 hours. Third coat should he TT-F-MXia enamel. For a discussion of paint, failures on plaster the reader is referred to NI5S I ,et t or ('i rcu la r FClitl I, Fainting Plaster. Faint Manual (c) CEMENT Fl.OORS (1) Fl iteral Suyt/t stions for Frrpariny --The, surface of interior and exterior co painted should he clean, dry, and in a su receive the, paint. It is suggested that doors age for I year prior to painting. T he applied when the humidity is very low. results, the application of two coats is re type of floor coating to he used should prevailing coudit ions and hy the limitatio floor paints. (2) Floor Faints and Fna/nels.--One lar finishes for cement floors is a paint or to a solid, opaque film. This type of fil using as a paint base, natural resins, sy example phenol formaldehyde and coum chlorinated and crepe rubber. Tung oil is I liese materials to give water- and alkali-re hi lit y. (;i) Vurnisli-Ttype. Faints.--Where a < o above grade and not on the ground, and not encountered, the. varnish type ot flo give good service. A sat islactory varnis concrete and wood floors is Federal Speci P-1 Hi. If this material is used, a prim made hy thinning 1 parts of the paint w it ture consisting of 2 parts of spar varnish pentine. The. finish coat can be applied ( t) liubhcr-llusc Faints.--Where a co below grade directly on the ground, as i and where, dampness due to condensation ber resin-base paint, Federal Specification gested. This type of paint is not a "cure resistant and does not soften when the flo Surfaces to he. coated w ith rubbcr-hasc. cial preparation in that cement, floors are f Irani and smooth. Because, this type o adhere w ell to smooth surfaces, the, floor sh by etching with a solution coiitaning fro muriatic acid to each gallon of water. tails the reader is referred to section I manual. When the floor is clean and dry, at. rubber-base paint should he applied, 0000-NLI-000019245 m; Iltiildiny Materials and Structures Reports billon should be thinned with either 1 qt oi' mineral spirits or the thinner recommended by the manufacturer and .should be spread at the rate of 500 fC/gal. The second coat, should be applied .directly at tlie rate of til 10 ft.-/gal. It should not be used over other types of lloor paint. (5) Maintenance.--A thin lilm of wax protects any of the finishes described. The wax can be renewed at frequent intervals where the lloor is particularly worn. A liquid floor wax of the organic solvent type is generally more serv iceable than a water-emulsion wax. Fora detailed explana tion of the use and preparation of waxes, see NILS Letter Circular LC7U-1, Care of Floors. The reader is also referred to N US Letter Circular LC75S, Finishes for Concrete Floors. (0) Refinishing.--The method of preparing lloors for reiinishing depends upon the condition of the surface. If the paint has been waxed and is in good condition, except for worn areas, the wax should be removed by applying tur pentine or petroleum spirits and scouring with steel wool while still wet. Paint applied over wax does not dry satis faclorily. Paint that is peeling can be removed in several ways. One method is to soak tlie surface for about fit) min utes with a solution of 2 lb of caustic soda (household lye) dissolved in 1 gal of hot water. Another method is to cover the lloor with a thin layer of sawdust that has been soaked in the lye solution, allowing it to remain overnight. In either case, the old paint can then be removed with a wide steel scraper and the surface rinsed thoroughly with clean water. Ca u t io n : The operator should be protected by rubber gloves and goggles. If the solution is spilled on the, skin, the spot immediately should be Hushed with water and brushed over with vinegar to prevent severe burning. 3. FERROUS MKTAL: STRUCTURAL IRON AND STEEL Nonmetallie structural materials are painted primarily for decoration. However, the chief purpose of painting structural iron and steel is for protection, the decorative value being secondary. In painting structural steel, such as bridges, water lowers, and any other similar type, of struc ture that must stand formally years exposed to t he, went her, the price of the, paint, alone is not an accurate "yardstick" with which to measure, the. cost, of maintenance paint ing. As t lie cost of the paint, seldom represents more than 25 percent, of the total cost of painting such structures, it is good prac- Paint Manual ice to apply a durable, paint and a sull to insure, long service. New work sho coats and two covercoats, or topcoats. price of the paint may be relatively h lon should not be the yards! ick by whi ing job is judged. It costs tit, least as ot poor or lair qualit y as it does one Thus, over a period of years, the mos cheapest, the real yardstick being the c paint applied per year of service. To illustrate: A water town- with is to be repainted with one coat of p of paint; paint A costs $;'.()() per gallo per gal Ion ; the labor ci ist is t h ree, t line Paint A gives 5 years of service, and p the cost, per square, loot per year of is as follows : I'liint .1 8 50.00 for paint till,(10 for labor I'ii 8 1'.,11 To.n .fll'O.OO (totio1120on( go 5).20(.oi 8100.0 itooni :ti.ii In the above example, A and It pa have the same spreading rate (tint) paint that costs less per gallon does higher-priced paint. The inlerence to he, drawn from th the, highest-priced paint is necessarily that over a period of years, the, most on a cost per square foot, basis, is the of the price per gallon of the paint. (a) CLEANING l'roper cleaning of steel surfaces is the most important operations to be painting, because the life, of any p pendent, upon surface, preparation, the considerable attention by technolog (American Institute of Steel Construc (Iron and Steel Institute). To atta paint must make, intimate contact, with 0000-NLI-000019246 8S ]!ttiltlin</ Material* anti >Structure* lit'ports il is applied. Aliy forei"n substance, present on llio, steel (such as ilii't, "reuse, oily scum, moist lira, acids, alkalies, rust, or loose scale), even thou"h the substance may he in visible, separates the paint, from the, steel. 'There are a variety of methods of cleaning ami preparing steel for painting, including mechanical elcunin" processes (sand, shot, or "rit blasting, scraping, wire-brushiit", chippin", and simple hand wiping) ; (lame cleaning; and various chemical cleaning ]>rocesses (hot alkaline solul ions, organic, solvents, includin'; solvent vapor decreasin';', alcoholic, phos phoric acid cleaners, hot acid phosphate cleaners containiii" delei'c'ents, and emulsion cleaners). For example, oily substances can be removed by usin" organic solvents (by dipping, wiping, but preferably by solvent'. va))or decreasing), hot alkaline solid ions billowed bv thorouc'h rinsin", or sel f-emulsi fyiii" cleaners. k i.a mk -c i.b a n in o .--A relatively new process for the prepa ra I ion of steel surfaces for paintin'; is "llame-cleaniii"." This consists of a special torch throu"h which an oxyacetylene llame is applied to the steel surface. This process re moves loosely adherent scale and rust. In addition, the process drives moisture, from the surface ("dehydrates" il). 'Thus, if the. paint, is applied while (he steid is still warm, a cood bond between the primin" coat and the, steel should result. 'The most widely used but least-ellicient method is hand cleaning with a scraper, haml-or power-driven wire, brushes, and chipphi" hammers. 'This met hod is used to remove rust, and loose, scale. Loose rust and scale can be removed by partial sandblastin", but closely adhering millscale will remain. If the remainin'; millscale is tightly bonded to the steel and if the, surface is properly painted, "ood service may be expected. All rust, scale, and other coatincs can be removed by pirklin", or by complete sandblast ill"; with line, sharp sand to leave a uniform surface, resemblin'; frosted silver. "With the former method, the article is pickled in a 5-percent solu tion of hot. (l(i() to ISO0 F) sulfuric-acid, rinsed with water, dipped in a 5-percent solut ion of phosphoric acid, and rinsed u"aiu with water. Sandblast i ny- and picklin';' are. the best methods of preparing steel for paint in". If the steel is not, (minted soon after these operations, il is advisable to llameclean the surface immediately before the lirst coat of paint is applied. 1`anit Manual (b) KUST-IMIIBITIVK WASilK Bust-inhibit ive, washes are solutions rectly formulated, etch the metal and form in" of uniformly line texture, thus prod tive, surlare, receptive to the primin" pa tion of these, washes lo iron and steel artic in" is practiced extensively in factories. on steel work after erection of the struc recently. 'There are several such processe are, for the most part, patented. 'Tests on clean, sandblasted steel have U. S. Engineer Ollice, Lock Island, 111 relative value of various inhibitive wash tor steel. 'The results indicate that co wash-coat inhibitors, when properly use with all types of paint, coatings used o particularly effective with coatiii"s of the tainin'; zinc, chromate and iron oxide. Hock Island indicate that, the most sati centration is approximately 8 percent (s hibitive wash). 'The washes should be wale-free steel, followiii" the manufactu 'Tests at the National Bureau of Stand the rusl-inhibitive treatment should be all the steel and become dry. It should th washed with water to remove excess inh to dry before applying paint. Further i use of anticorrosive treatments for steel Methods of Investigation of Surface 'Tre sion Protection of Steel, I5MS14, Surfa Steel Prior to Paintiii", and BMSlOti, P A satisfactory inhibitive, wash origina Engineer Ollice has the followiii" compo Oil hophosphorir acid (cmmnrrcially pure, II Sodium diehioniale ( Nay try r,."tpo i ................ Caramel solution ........................................................... Wetliua ayenl (such as "(Vjlosolve" (ethy nuuioethyl ether) (1'.1 ls( id CC11A III) .... WaLer .............................................................. *................. Some, of the patented washes contain heavy metals, such as zinc, maii"anese, an 0000-NLI-000019247 !HI liaildintj Materials and /.Structures Reports The following description illustrates the use of the wash on structural steel in the liehl [12j : 02. nencral Painting Provision.-- (a) Surface Cleaning and Preparation. `f1) Unpainted Ferrous Surfaces of parts to be fabrieateil or ereeteii at the site when; the structure is ronipleteil shall he shipped from shops or places of manufacture without paint. Atter erection or complete permanent installation in place, they shall be entirely cleaned of all millscale and other foreign substances to base metal, by sandblasting. As soon after cleaning as practicable and prior to formation of any form of corrosion from atmospheric moisture or other causes, all metal surfaces to lie painted shall be thoroughly treated with the chemical rust-inhibitor, applied by brush and per mitted to dry. Tins chemical inhibitor, however, shall he applied only under conditions such that the temperature of the surfaces to which applied and the air in contact therewith, are between 50 F and 110 I1', in order to insure proper chemical reaction with the metal. After drying, any unneutralized reactive residue (character ized by a sticky, black, or dark-green appearance) on the surfaces shall be removed by thorough wiping with wet cloths and the sur faces redried. The inhibited surfaces shall then be given a priming coat of paint, as soon thereafter as practicable, but in any event prior to deterioration or destruction of the inhibited surface. Should the inhibited surface be damaged or destroyed at any point by any means whatsoever, the surfaces shall he cleaned and reinlnbited in an approved manner prior to application of the paint. "(2) Alternate pre.-ereciion vUnnimj and inhibiting.--Upon specific written request by the coiitraetor, the contracting oilicer may au thorize alternate mill or shop pickling, or sandblasting and inhibiting, prior to fabrication or erection, in lieu of tin* field sandblasting and inhibiting after erection as specified in subparagraph (1) above. Where this is desired, however, the contractor shall provide at Ids expense an original additional coat of zinc chromato-aluminum primer-metal which shall be applied immediately following the appli cation and drying of the chemical rust-inhibitor, in order to protect the surfaces against corrosion during the period of fabrication and erection or until tin; specilied painting is begun, provided that this period shall not exceed 1) mouths for one coat. This pre-erection or construction period coating shall be maintained in good condition by re-inhibiting and repainting any areas damaged during the con struction period, and after 0 months of service the coating shall be completely renewed. Prior to the application of tin; specified per manent held paints, the surfaces of the construction coating shall he thoroughly cleaned with mineral spirits and all welds or other un painted areas shall be properly cleaned and inhibited." (c> PKIM1NG PAINTS Both inhibitive washes uml paints are usually applied to structural steel by brushing, hut they may also be applied by spraying. The paints used for spraying are mostly of the oil type, which require considerable time for drying. A widely used priming paint for structural steel exposed to Paint Manual the weather is red lead meet mg either TT-P-tS(>, or amendment 1 to that s can also he used for other intermedia darkening each coat with the additio lamphlaek-in-oil, hut it is unsuited fo lead paint (Fed. Spec. TT-P-20) is priming and body coats. Iron oxide all coats. An aluminum paint may coat (but not the priming coat) on subjected to rural exposure; black pa (ila) may also be used for the finish exposures, flake graphite paint (Fed iron-oxide paint (Fed. Spec. TT-P-- coats. A durable system of painting of two coats of a rust-inhibitive primin red-lead, TT-P-8(>, or blue-lead pain by two coats of a topcoat, or linish-co carbon black paint, TT-- P--Gla; flake P-27; iron oxide paint, TT-P--31a; The National Bureau of Standard Circular LCI22, The Painting of St contains additional information on t 4. NONKEKKOUS M (a) METALLIC ZINC COA The best, coatings to protect iron a nated atmospheres are galvanized, slie plated zincs. It has been estimate coating of 2 oz.'ft.2 will last approx certain dry tropical locations, 25 ye 5 years in urban industrial Englan English railway funnel. Most paints do not adhere well to m Exposing the, metal to the weather f improves this condition, but a bette good proprietary phosphate chromat painting. A more elfeetive method grease by washing the surface with spirits. After drying the surface, a oxide primer paint, TT-P-ti-ll, types he applied, followed by succeeding co on the rest of the structure. oetm-LV it; 7 0000-NLI-000019248 !h> J1 addintj Material* and St met arc* Reports (b) TREATMENT OF ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM Aluminum and aluminum-magnesium alloys should he anodized before bein'"' given one or more coats ol a suitable high-grade paint. Zinc-chromate primers are widely used are are known to give good results, Trim paint, aliiniinuiu paint, iron oxide paint, graphite paint, or the, usual outside house paints can be used over the primer with good results. (c) COATINGS FOR CERTAIN OTHER METALS Metals such as tin, lerne plate, copper, and bronze are easily painted. Oil and grease should he removed from these metals with mineral spirits or turpentine, then dried. After the metal has been cleaned, copper Hashings, downspouts, and similar parts should he slightly roughened with very tine sandpaper, then coated with the paint used on adjacent surfaces. iron oxide, Fed. Spec. TT-- P--HI a., is a good paint for tin plate and terne plate, t opper and bronze tly screens can be kept in good condition by washing with a solvent, such as mineral spirits, to remove grease,followed by an application of Air-drying Flack F.namel, bed. Spec. TT-E-.Wl, type A, thinned with one-eighth its volume id' turpentine. Zinc-dust paints (Fed. Spec. TT-P-l>41, types I or 11) are also recommended for galvanized screens. 5. STEEL. SUBMERGED IN WATER Extensive studies have been made in recent, years on the problem of paints suitable for use on steel submerged in eater. Among groups doing research on this subject are various companies, including pigment producers, the F. S. Navy Yards, the F. S. Engineer District of the Mill' Department, the IJ. S. Maritime -Commission, and the Ten nessee Valley Authority. All the studies have shown the importance ol proper preparation of the surlace to lie painled and have revealed that, primini/ paints that yit'c excellent sendee under ordinal y atmospheric exposure -may be unsatisfactory when used on steel submeryed in water. Likewise, paints that give good results in I resh water may not give good results in salt, water and vice, versa. 1'amls show a greater tendency to blister in fresh water than m salt water. Surfaces covered with a priming paint only may appear satisfactory in immersion tests but when topcoated may prove unsatisfactory. 'Thus, an attempt, to evaluate primers independently of topcoats is of question I'aint Man able value. .Some paints may v lien used both for priming and t cial paint is used for priming. T intercoat compatibility and a d physical properties of primer and is essential to test paint system paints. (a) COAL-TAR-BASE (1) llot Application.--`Coal-tar steel submerged in water. The processed coal tar usually combin Idler. '1 he ability of these enam pheric temperature changes ami t varies widely and depends upon which the enamel was lormulated. nated by trade name, such as "w enamels, or according to their s mined by the ring and ball method or IS0 F enamels. Waterworks enamels are callable atures ranging from ---20 to -jany tendency to How, sag, Hake, laces. Enamels of this type confo American Water Works Associa Department | It], Pipe-line enamels are an unplas base enamel intended primarily coating for the exterior of underg ing oil or gas. They are usually and temperature changes than the Enamels having physical cha between the pipe-line and waterwo and can usually be obtained lro cit her of t hese types. Lefore the hot, molten enamel should be coaled with a primer tl between the metal and the enamel an air-drying liquid coating that, brushing or spraying. 'This neces (lowing and leveling properties, th to foam during application, and th to a malt finish. Its spreading rat to the application of the subseq 0000-NLI-000019249 94 Building Materials and Structures Reports should conform to the requirements established by the man ufacturer. Surfaces to be primed should be free from rust, mill scale, oil, and moisture. A shot or sandblasted surlaee is the most satisfactory. In no case should the primer be applied to surfaces coated with an oil base paint. in heating the enamel for application, great care should be taken to prevent coking, caused by local overheating, or loss of volatile components, caused by general overheating. The maximum temperature to which the enamel can be heated and the length of time that it may be kept in the working kettles at this temperature are obtainable from the manufaclurcr. The rather narrow limits set by producers usually fall within the range of 525 to-150 F. 1 lie method of applying coal-tar-base enamels is determined by the character of the surface to be coated. They can be applied either by pouring or by daubing with a palmetto bristle brush. Although the temperature of the material to be ap plied depends chielly upon the type of enamel used, it is determined also by the nature and temperature of the sur face to be coated. The variation in these surface charac teristics often necessitates dilierent temperature ot applica tion for the same enamel. The enamel should be applied only to clean, dry surfaces that have been primed with a bituminous primer recom mended by the manufacturer of the enamel, 'braces of moisture, frost, or oil will prevent good bonding between the primer and the enamel. If properly bonded to the primer and metal, the enamel fractures within itself when an attempt is made to chip it oil* with a screwdriver or chisel. ._ Coal tar-base enamels are applied hot in a uniform coat ing approximately 1/10 in. thick. Steel surlaces coated by daubing should be reasonably tree from brush marks and should show no tendency to honeycomb or pinhole. Pipe linings or coatings applied centrifugally should present a smooth surface, free from objectionable ridges, corruga tions, projections, and depressions. (it) Cold Application.--Coal-tar-base enamels for cold application are composed ot a processed coal-tar vehicle and an inert inorganic Idler thinned with a solvent. Although heavy-bodied, these enamels possess thixotropic (see glos sary) properties and can be applied easily by hand brushing at normal working temperat ures. Because of its consistency, this type of enamel when applied to vertical metal surlaces Paint Manua in one coat, up to a thickness of shows no appreciable flow or sag applied at a spreading rate of app under normal drying eondit ions, it hi hr to permit recoating. This typ for application directly to dry clean coal, is used, it should be one reco fact urer. I he second coat should be brush strokes of the undercoat. A lilm bu of several thin coats will offer belte of equal thickness applied as a sing coating is capable ol withstandin between 10 and -/l 10 F with (lowing, sagging, or otherwise losi The amount of volatile thinner used usually makes forced ventilation nec is applied in closed places, ami beca (ire and explosion, the enamel shou tire or open llames. A coating material of this type Na 1-05 of reference [11]. (b) VARNISH-TYPE P Linseed-oil paints that give goo steel exposed to the weather are usua are not sufficiently water resistant faces subject to intermittent or p water. The vehicle for underwate pure phenolic resin-lung oil varnish length, with or without linseed o vehicle is used in both the primer coats. Aluminum paint has been widely Fngineers, Upper Mississippi Liver Department, as the topcoat on ste w ater. 1 his paint consists of a mixtu pa^le to 1 gal of varnish (a 25-ga tung oil varnish). One primer con weight of aluminum paste and zinc type of varnish. Other priming pa various localities. For example, g obtained with primers of blue lead- 0000-NLI-000019250 IH'i Jhiilt/tiK/ M at e rials and >St natures Report,v dust-zinc oxide (with or without, iron oxide) in suit aide phenolic resin varnishes. The zinc dust -zinc oxide paint has given very good results in the Ohio Liver tests (steel parts'of the Montgomery Island Dam) near Pittsburgh conducted by the Ohio liiver Division, Corps of engineers, War Department. A pure blue-lead paint in a phenolictung oil varnish likewise has given good results as a prim ing coat in the Montgomery Dam tests. Another formula for a primer (hat has shown good re sults in fresh water is zinc dust if5.0 lb, zinc oxide 4.4 lb, red iron oxide (84 percent) O.ti lb, vehicle., 1.0 gal of a AS >al length, 100-percent tung oil, pure phenolic resin varnish. Another is red iron oxide (8-1 percent) 1.0 lb, zinc chromate yellow 2.0 lb, diutomaceous silica 1.0 lb, magnesium silicate U) lb, to either 1 gal of a 25-gal length, 100-percent tung oil pure phenolic resin varnish or 1 gal <>l a 25-gal length, 50-percent tung oil-50-percent linseed oil, pure phenolic resin varnish. Aluminum paint (2 lb of aluminum paste to 1 gal of a 25-gal length, 100-percent tung oil, pure phenolic restu varnish) lias given good results as a topcoat on steel sub merged in fresh water, but the steel should be primed with a special rust-inhibiti ve primer, such as blue lead, red lead, or zinc chromate before applying the aluminum paint. Tn connection with the subject, of painting steel suitmerged in fresh water, experiments on painting the interior of steel tanks holding drinking water were carried out by the Federation of Faint and Varnish Production Clubs and the Engineer Hoard of the War Department. The most satis factory finish tested at Fort Helvoir, Va., was a baked ther mosetting phenolic resin. Where baking is not possible (as in the lield) two paints have given good results. One is a zinc dust-zinc oxide pigment in a 25-gal, pure phenolicresin-linseeil-oil varnish. The other is an iron oxiue pig ment in a pure plienolic-resin-tung-oil varnish. Prior to painting, the steel is cleaned and then given a phosphate pretreatment with the following solution: Orthophnsplmric nciil (75 percent of n3PO,).... Chromium sulfate (water soluble) ...................... Monotintvl phenyl phenol sodium sulfonate ( Areskap) ................................................................... Ethylene glycol inoiioethyl (<leliosolve)................. Water (enough to make) ............................................ 12 gal. 2a lb. V" , ' gal. gal. 1`aint Manual 1 wo coats ol either the zinc-dust-z iron-oxide paint are applied alter th Paints applied over steel which has be phale show marked improvement in applied to steel not phosphate-treated be especially noted wherever exposu involved. The Uiireau of Ships, Navy Depart able work at I lie Philadelphia Navy Y adopted a zinc-dust coating for fresh 1 he composition of the zinc dust p ................................................. 1 lament :................................................................... ,lu 1 /l,"- \ elude: linmodilied para-pheny 1 resm varnish, suitable for grinding wi an oil-resm ratio of 2 to 1; that is, it The, uncooked oil and resin are heale perature, ol 5(i0 F in 1 hour and held lor 1(0 hours to body. The varnish tempei at lire ol 450 1' in l;> minutes 1 lie vehicle contains no rosin or ro thinner is, I urpenl ine, mineral spir naphtha. The driers musl contain no The paint weighs not less than 2(1 lb in (i to 10 hours. Letter ('ireiilar 1.C7II, Painting S Tanks, may he obtained free of charg Hureau of Standards. V. CARE AND PREPARATION MATERIALS 1 he durability and smoothness ol surlace depends to a large extent upon painting materials at the time of ap paints in proper condition, suitable stor lie provided. Careful mixing and the will aid in obtaining a satisfactory linis 0000-NLI-000019251 1)8 Huildintj Material* anil /Structure* Report* 1. STORAGE OF FAINTING MATERIALS l'aints, varnishes, lacquers, thinners, and oilier painting material should he stored in well-ventilated places where they will not be exposed to excessive heat, smoke, sparks, Hume, or direct rays of the sun. The packages should he kept tightly closed when not in use. l'owder paints should he stored in moisture-proof containers. lieady-prepared paints and pastes stored in suitable cans or drums should he inverted every month to retard settling of the solid matter. However, unpiginented liquid ma terials (linseed oil, for example) should he left undisturbed. 2. PREPARATION OF READY-MIXED PAINTS lieady-mixed paints should be prepared for application in places that are well ventilated and free from tlame or direct sunshine. Small lots of ready-mixed paints can he mixed most satisfactorily by ``boxing," a procedure described and illus trated in figure 2 [DJ. When preparing ready-mixed tinted paint, about onethird of the paint should be poured into a clean vessel. The remainder should be st irred to a uniform consistency before returning the portion that was removed. The entire quan tity is then ready to be boxed and strained through line wire screen or cheesecloth. Another method of mixing paint is to insert the unopened can in a power-driven vibrator-type paint mixer for a period of .'1 to 10 minutes. Because the violent agitation of this mixer tends to create many small bubbles in enamel paints, it is recommended that they be mixed by boxing. 3. MIXING OF PASTES AND POWDERS It is important that powder and paste pigments be prop erly thinned if the desired elfect is to be obtained. Some pigments furnished in [taste form are to be mixed with oil by the purchaser; others, such as resin-emulsion [taints, are to be blended with water. ui PASTES' (1) Pa*te*-in-Oil.--Most of the [taste-in-oil pigments can be easily broken up by stirring with a strong wooden [taddle Paint Manual M i * 0000-NLI-000019252 100 Ruildintj Materials and structures lie/torts oi tho original container, taking care, that, no heavy seclmii'iil Is left, io tlu> bottom. It may be necessary, even alter earelni stirring, to pour oil' some of the. partly mixed paste into another clean van ill order to thoroughly break up the bot tom layer by more vigorous stirring. The part that has been poured oil' ran then be returned to the can and the entire quantity again stirred until uniform. The amount of paste necessary to make the desiied amount of paint should be transferred to a container that has a greater rapacity than the total volume ot the com pleted paint. The required amount of oil should he meas ured and slowly stirred into the paste. When about halt of the oil has been added, the mixture can be stirred readily and the lumps broken up easily. The remaining oi slum cl then be mixed with the drier and thinner and stirred slowly into the paste. If two or more white-pigment pastes are used to make the paint, they can be mixed m the proper proportions be lore, the oil is added. After the paste and oil have been combined, the paint is ready to be boxed, by the method shown in tigure 2, and strained through tine wire screen or cheesecloth. Various shades can be produced by tinting previously mixed white-base paint. The tinting paste should be thor oughly mixed with turpentine to a consistency similar to that of the completed white paint. This tinting liquid should bestirred slowly into the white-base paint until a unilorm mixture is obtained, ('are should be taken to use only the minimum amount of tinting liquid. "When oil varnish is part of the vehicle, it is suggested that at least a part of the thinner he turpentine and that the varnish he stirred in after all other mixing operations have been completed. (2) Resin-Emulsion. Paints--These paints are usually packaged in paste form to be thinned with water approxi mately^ in the proportion of 2 parts by volume of paste to 1 purl of water. It is surest i*d that the paint bo hoxed niter the ingredients have been thoroughly mixed. When manu-. facturers directions arc ^iven they should be followed, as paste paints of dill'erent, companies may vary in consistency. If the paint is applied by spray, additional water may be necessary. However, the paint should not be thinned to the point where more than two coats are needed to give adequate hiding power. , I'aint Mannul lb) I'UWIIKHS Dry pigments are almost always m laclory, but when necessary to mix p on the job, I he work room should he the woikmcn should be protected by (1) Rt tj It t d-l.ead / aunts. Faint dry red lead by either of two methods a quart ot linseed oil may be poll real more I ban I-gallon capacity and a p stirring 25 lb of dry red lead into th the paste to stand for at least 72 hou wetting of the red-lead particles, an oilcan lie, added. A lew hours Indore ot 2 parts of turpentine or^mineral drier may be stirred in. I'lie second method is to stir 25 lb a quart ot linseed-replacement oil until a paste is formed. This should then ;; pi of linseed-replacement oil spirits should be added. 'File mixture Dure red lead paint is available in re Spec. TT-P-SO). (2) Cement-Water Paints.--(Vme packaged in powder form and require water to prepare them for use. In ommended procedure is to make a still' in small .port ions to the dry materia Alter this, additional water may be the pastc to (In* desired consistency. T water varies with the lineness of the d 1 he, paint should be stirred vigorous until it is o| unilorm consistency and oughly welled. "Workability will be the mixture lo stand Irom 20 lo .'ll) mi stirring. Most paints remain usable being prepared, although m hot weath cially (hose, containing calcium chlo within o hours. because cement-water paint tends t used, it is common prart ice to thin t he walei when necessary to maintain the 1 here seems to be no serious objection paint, provided it is done properly. T 0000-NLI-000019253 10-2 JSaildiny Materials and idtruetares Reports he stirred vigorously, (is sometimes this operation restores its fluidity. Any additional water required should l>e added in small amounts and thoroughly mixed. (3) Casein-Powder Paints.--Cold-water paints are also packaged in powder form. All types require (lie addition of water and one kind (Fed. Spec. TT-P-22) is furnished with a "mixing liquid" composed of raw or boiled linseed oil or spar varnish to be used in addition to the water. e x t e r io r .--Powder for exterior paint should he mixed in the proportions of 1)0 to 100 lb of powder with 10 to 12 gal of water. The powder should he put into a metal or enamelware container. Porcelain and galvanized iron are very satisfactory, but, wooden or unpainlcd iron mixing con tainers should never be used. The required amount of water at 70 F should he measured carefully in a separate vessel and gradually added to the powder in small portions, stil ling constantly. The mixture should he stirred vigorously until it is of a smooth, thin, creamy consistency suitable for brushing, then allowed to stand .10 minutes beloie being used. It, is good practice to strain the mixed paint thiough a No. -ft) sieve but this is not essential. The paint should he, used (lie same day it is mixed. AVhen mixing liquid in addition to water is used in pre paring the paint, it should be used in the proportions of 1 gal'to tit) to 100 lb of powder with 10 to 12 gal of wafer. Two-thirds of the, required volume of water at approxi mately 70 F should be put into a metal or enamelware container. The powder should be added in small quantities, stirring thoroughly between each addition until a paste of uniform consistency is obtained. After the niixline, has been allowed to stand for 30 minutes, the mixing liquid should be gradually stirred in, followed by the remaining portion of water. .. in t e r io r .--('old-water casein-powder paints intended lor interior use should be mixed with water in the proportions of 8 to 10 lb of powder with 1 qt of water at approximately 70 F. The directions given for mixing powder and water for exterior paints should be followed. 4. CAKE OF BRUSHES Before a new brush is used with oil paint, or oil varnish, it should be well shaken to remove loose, hairs and dust, and then carefully combed straight. A steed comb is recom Pairt Man mended lor the purpose1. It may pentine or mineral spirits. ft is brush be, soaked in linseed oil f being put into the, paint. 1 he su out, of the new brush before pai be, dipped into the, paint to abou brist les. The best, time to clean brushes As limch^ paint as possible, shou brush. Then it should be washed paint brush cleaner until all pain ing the brush,, it should be laid Ha It may he necessary' to follow this yellow laundry soap and water. AVhen brushes are to be used a shop, it is considered good pract 2 or 3 m. above the bottom ot a mixture id raw linseed oil and a sm so that the bristles are completely s for oil [mints, enamels, and varnish water as the bristles become soft a After the brush has been washe should be. wrapped in paper and advisable to place a few moth ball A brush that has become hard seldom be, restored to lirst-class c the market several proprietary m brushes. One simple method is t organic-solvent-type paint and v hours. AVhen the brush is remov scraped out with a putty knife o should then be washed free, from paint being removed by submergin and working the liquid through th Brushes used with shellac varnis placement should he kept either in a alcohol or washed with denatured a and stored in a horizontal position Brushes used with water [mints a be .washed with soap and water. resin-oil emulsion paints, it is nece with soap and water before the pa 0000-N LI-000019254 101 Iluildiiuj Mah riah ami St no t a res IS ports An illtisl ml ion of various brushes in well equipped J*:iinl simps may be found in the Army Repairs and l tdities Manual [15|. VI. SAFETY MEASURES The application of paint involves certain hazards tor which adequate safety measures should he taken. The National Rureau of Standards is not qualified to answer inquiries concernin'!; the relative toxicity of various paints and pigments and detailed precautions to he list'd in spray painting. Questions of this nature should he directed to the IT. S. Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, Washington 25, I). C. 1. FALLS Most of the injuries sustained by painters are the result of falls from scaildlds or ladders. Precautions that should he taken for the protection of painters are the same as for riggers, carpenters, ami other workmen. I1 oi mfoi illation oiPniethods of protection for workmen, see "Safety Require ments for Excavation, Pudding, and ('oustruction" |_1(>]. \ 2. FI KB Oil paints, varnishes, and volatile liquids are flammable and should he kept away from lire. As a safety measure, they should he stored in closed containers. In a well-organ ized paint shop, paints, oils, and volat ile liquids are stored preferably in a fireproof room. Many paint inanii fact liters print a statement on the label of the paint cans cautioning the user to keep the paint away from lire. Rags used to wipe up linseed or other drying oils are also a frequent source of spout a nous combustion. They should be burned or drenched with water and put in an airtight metal-covered container. 3. POISON The volatile liquids (turpentine, mineral spirits, and gasoline) used by painters are skin irritants, h or t his rea son, the frequent use ol such tlnnners to remove paint, fiom the hands should be discouraged to avoid dermatitis. Pro longed inhalation of toxic fumes such as those emitted from benzol used in paint removers and carbon tetrachloride or /'unit Manua carbon disulfide used in removing constitute a health hazard. Some o j.itly I hose containing lead and ch I I ic t id la la t lot i of d list, such as t ha I and sandblasting, is a source of dan lead fumes while burning off old p I'oi piecautionary' reasons there tilation in shops and rooms where p ventilation is insuflicienl, respirato air should he used. hood should not he kept or eaten other piaee where it is exposed to d or fumes from paint thinners. W painting eq u i pment, pa 1111 ers sliou Id to thoroughly clean their hands a Work clothes should be changed workroom and should be laundered VII. SAMPLING AND I I lie purpose of sampling is to obta mens lor record. 'The purpose of compliance of the material with th purchase-contract specification. Sam the laelory, while loading or unload trucks, or after delivery of materia specting a shipment of material is whether it is in good condition and w according to good shipping proced inspecting surfaces to be painted is to aration is necessary before applyin ol inspecting finished work is to de with flic contract specification. 1. INSTRUCTIONS AND PRECAUTI Federal Specification TT-P-Hla ent, of Documents, Washington 25, 1 lowing directions for sampling: Ollicial samples should lie taken hy, or u vision ol, a person of judamont, skill, am sampliim'. till' porlions taken for samples .shou cluiraelerislns and average condition id' th 0000-NLI-000019255 100 Building Materials and structures Reports Preeautions should bo taken lo assure that the sampling apparatus and the samples themselves are neither contami nated with nor altered by any extraneous matter not repre sentative ol' the lot being sampled. A single package from each lot of not more than 1,000 packages should be selected at random as representative of the whole. The seller has the option of being represented at the t ime of sampling, and when he so requests, is furnished with a duplicate sample. Directions for sampling apply to liquid materials, dry pigments, pastes-in-oil, and mixed paints. The tests should be made according to the directions given in section F of the applicable Federal specification. (,,) LIQUIDS; THINNERS, OILS, AND VARNISHES Whenever possible, liquids in original unopened contain ers should be sent to the laboratory. If this is not practi cable, the contents of the container sampled should be thoroughly mixed, making certain the incorporation of any settlings. A clean, dry, glass bottle or tin can should be Idled with not less than 1 qt of the sample, securely stop pered with a new clean cork or well-litted cover or cap, sealed, and distinctly labeled. When requested, a duplicate sample may be taken from the same package for deliveiy to the seller. A third sample may be held for test in case of dispute. (b) PIGMENTS, PASTES, AND READY-MIXED PAINTS (1) Dry Pigments.--The package should be opened and a sample of not less than 1 lb taken at random from the con tents. This should be placed in a clean, dry, metal or glass container, sealed, marked, and sent to the laboratoiy. (2) Pastes and Ready-Mixed Whenever possi ble, the original unopened containers of paste or ready- mixed paint should be sent to the laboratory. When an original container of paint can not be sent, to the laboratory for test and there are no facilities for mixing the material mechanically, a representative sample can bo obtained by the procedure for boxing paint. Portable mechanical agitators are useful for mixing paint, and can be obtained in various sizes for mixing a gallon or a barrel of paint. Paint Manu taking of paint should be dete paint with a paddle or spatula. T tainer should then be thoroughly m less than 1 qt placed in a clean, dry marked, and sent to the laboratory the report on caking. A good pain container. A portion of the sample in-oil, oi' ready-mixed paint may be in case of dispute. (c) BITUMINOUS ENAMEL (1) Enamel.--Samples should b below the surface and at least 3 in container or from the center of the lb of this solid material should be parts of the unit or units sampled A 50-lb sample of the mixture sho laboratory for Lest. (2) Primer.--fhe method of sa same as that for sampling pigments, paints. A statement from the manu the following characteristics of pri accompany the test samples. 1. Method of applying primer a feet per gallon. 2. Minimum and maximum dryin application of enamel. 3. 1 emperat ure of coal-tar or time of application. 4. Maximum allowable tempera may be heated. 5. Maximum time enamel may be at applicable temperature. (d) COAL-TAR-BASE P Hie method oI sampling coal-tar-b as that tor pigments, pastes, and shipment may he rejected without laboratory if observations or tests material does not meet the specifica paint delivered is ol a dilferent co or is of lighter weight per gallon tha specified. liua-rir,- u; 8 0000-NLI-000019256 IDS I! u'tld'intj A/alrriuIs and SI rut-lures lit ports 2. INSPECTION Field inspection of new work is for 1 lie purpose of ascer taining whether the paint, is being used at the required spreading rate, whether the work is bein'; performed under proper weather conditions, and whether the surfaces to be painted are clean and dry. Moisture in wood and masonry can be detected by meters. Information regarding these devices can be obtained from the manufacturer, including William J. Delmhorst, 1)0 West St., New York, N. Y.; Raymond S. Ilart, 7 Lincoln St., Jersey City, N. J.; L. A. Miibrock, 732 N. Lombard Ave., Chicago, 111.; and C. J. Tagliabue Mfg. Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. New7 structural steel should be treated with tw7o shop coats of inhibit ive primer slightly different in color. If only one coat is used, the metal should be carefully inspected as soon as delivered at the site, and spot-coated with the primer w herever necessary. Within approximately 2 weeks a second coat should be applied over the whole surface. Pinholes or cracks in bituminous coatings can be readily detected by means of an "electric holiday detector." The unit usually consists of a high-voltage transformer designed to operate on a 105- to 115-volt, (SO-cycle power line, and an adjustable Tesla coil. A metal chain, band, or brush, which ever best conforms to the contour of the surface to be tested, is attached to the discharge terminal of the Tesla coil. In inspecting the coating for defects, the metal chain, hand, or brush is passed slowly over and in contact with the surface tested. The Tesla coil is so adjusted that at all times there is a uniform corona (violet in color) discharge between the metal chain, band, or brush, and the enamel coating. Breaks in the coating are indicated by sparking between tlie testing unit and the. metal under the enamel. Such units are obtainable from electrical supply houses, especially those handling scientific instruments. In connection with the subject of inspection, a leaflet issued by the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Associa tion, "Paint Exposure or Complaint Report" | 17|, is useful in the inspection of new or previously painted metal and wood. From this leaflet there is reproduced the following liehl-inspection report sheet: /`unit Manua l'AINT EXPOSURE OR COM IIISTOUY Location .................................................. l)alc.. Lumber Used ......................................... buildi A-e of Structure......................................\ iva Applied o il New nr l'revious|\ Fainted Su Condition of Old Uaint at Time of Landi South Chalking .................................. Checkin;; .................................. ........... ........... ('racking .................................. ........... blistering ................................ ............ Reeling .......................................................... Flaking ..................................... ............ Scaling....................................... ............ l.\|>e of Uaint Ureviously Used.................... etc................................................................................... Method of Preparing Surface before Ap I kite of Uaint ing .................................................. Kind of Primer .................................................... Reduction Made for Uriming Coal ............. Kind of Uaint......................................................... Reduction Made for Finishing Coals........ Number of ('oats Applied on body............. Number of Coals Applied mi Trim............... Weather Conditions at Tina? of Uniniing.. 0000-NLI-000019257 no Buildtnt/ Materials and St raft arcs Reports INSPECTION Date............................................ liisiHH-tur........................................... South West North East General Appearance................................ ........... ........... ........... Discoloration ........................ ........... ........... ........... ........... Gloss ............................................................ ........... ........... ........... Chalking ..................................................... ........... ........... ........... Checking ..................................................... ........... ........... ........... (tracking ..................................................... ........... ........... ........... Flaking......................................................................................................................... Scaling ........................................................ ................................. ........... Blistering .................................................... ........... ........... ........... Peeling ................................................................................................... ........... Structural Defects Found Where Witter Could Enter: Window Frames ...................... Headers ............................................... Louvres ................................ Itoof .............................................. Warped Siding or Absence of Flashings or Trim Boards ........................... Defective Hashings ...................... Poor Drainage of Surface Water ....................................... Wet Basement ...................................... Lumber Siding Near Luck of Ventilation in Ground ..................................... Side Walls ....................................... Were Siding Butts Leaded?........................................................................ Remarks: ........................................................................................................... Moisture Test: Percentage of Moisture in Wood at Time of Inspection : Where Failures are Evident.......................................................................... Where Failures are not Evident................................................................. Are Acid Factories, Smelters or Other Industries Near the .Tub?........... Are Samples of Wood or Paint Films Available t......................................... Location of Area from which Films were Obtained for Laboratory Examination ............................................................................................................... Result of Film Examination : Number of Old Coats....................................................................................... Adherence of Old Coats to Underlying Surface................................... What Photographs were Taken?.......................................................................... Paint Manual VIII. PAINT FAILU Paint failures are inevitable, its tm List, indefinitely. In addition, the ina many buildings during; the war lias m of paint failures. For these reasons, section of the manual is sionilictutl. structions or surestions can not lithe and experience of the master painter in acquiring a practical knowledge of properly. ... llefore discussing paint failures a it may be helpful to point out that, in is the least durable and black paint- t exposed to the weather; likewise, dar more durable than li<;ht tints. For paint is more durable than ti white pa is more durable than a li<;ht rav; a (Fed. Spec. TT-F-blu) is more dura (tin-colored paint. However, while a rellect more li^lit than dark-colored p reflects about 80 percent; of the li<;ht, reflects only about it percent. The w here indicates film integrity rather th example, a medium-<;ray paint on th nitty change to lij;ht gray after prolon owner of the house may feel that th (from the standpoint, of appearance rity of the film may he unimpaired. The cause of paint, failures may be able surface preparat ion prior to paint application or unsuitable composition be considered in avoiding failures are correct proportioning of materials fo of adequate drying time, between co rates, and suitable weather conditions There are other causes of paint fa those listed above, such as construction faulty maintenance, which includes e too infrequent painting and the com paints in a coating. These faults a common sources of paint failures. Descript ions of some of the more co failures and painting troubles with 0000-NLI-000019258 11*2 Jlai/dinij Materia/'- and St ruet tm* Heports remedies follow: Fxamples of paint failures in Army can tonments are shown in liginvs 11 to *2*2 and are used through the courtesy of the Ollice of the Chief of Fngineers, War Department. Other illustrations of paint failures, figures 215 to 111, were furnished by the Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wis. The photographs shown at the end ol this chapter were made by F. L. Browne, of the horest I roducts laboratory. The reader is also referred to the photogi`Phs of paint failures shown in Federal Speeiheation i 1-1 -141a. 1. ADHESION The satisfactory adhesion of the lirst coat of paint to the underlying surface is extremely important. 1 he success ol (he paint job depends to a very large extent on the bonding of the lirst coat to the foundation. Insufficient or unskilled preparation of the surface may result' in detective adhesion. Having the surface clean and dry, sanding all glossy coats prior to applying subsequent coats, allowing sullicient time for each coat to dry hard (hut no unnecessarily long) are all important factors in promoting good adhesion. In addi tion to suitable preparation of the surface, the priming paint, should be formulated for the particular surface to which it is to be applied. To help obtain a satisfactory paint job, the following Federal specifications have been prepared: TT-P-20--For priming structural steel q'T_P-8<>--For priming strmtural steel. TT-P-25--For priming exterior wood. TT--P--Mi--For priming interior plaster, concrete, brick. TT-P-641--For priming galvanized iron. A wide variation will he found in the paint-holding properties of woods in general use. The woods which hold paint longest and sutler least, when repainting is neglected are cedar, redwood, and cypress,* next in order are nortnein white pine, western white pine, and sugar pine; the Ihnd group in order is Ponderosa pine, spruce, and hemlock, the last group consists of woods which have the pooiest, paint-holding properties: Douglas iir, western larch, and southern yellow pine. 2. ALLIGATOKING Allifjatoring consists of the development of interlacing lines over relatively large areas on a paint lilm, giving the Paint Manual appearance ol alligator's skin (see lig. gatonng is the, application of a hard or varnish over a comparatively sof ample, a Hat while paint applied ove mg). I lie outer coat, tends to oxidiz drying, alter which it contracts and s the hard topcoat, over the soft unde and consequent hardening of the unde is good practice to allow (he, priming quent coats of paint or varnish to d long, beiore, the next coat is applied. Alligatoring may begin as checking break tends to grow wider at the bot top. The top coating contracts, thus the undercoat. In the typical extreme the "islands" of coating between inte not only contracted in area hut have i and, consequently, often have become mg may be caused by the applieal ion incompatible paints or by the appli enamels over resin-impregnatecl surfac 2-1,`27, 30, and 31). 3. BLEEDING Painting over knots (see figs. 0, 7, lesmous wood causes a dissolving ac resm. As a result, white paint (urns over creosote., bitumen, or colors solub stain, for example) likewise may cause to dissolve; into the paint coat. The; re surface; with a scaler prior to applyin made-, quick-drying, aluminum paint PVV'lU,Vl` PusU' to 1 kr;lL of interior ` 'V'1"' lof' 1'itorior work, or spar 1 l-\-l*21b) tor exterior work) is a liae-k creosote; stains, bituminous ma jj`;mls; Posin-free; orange shellac v 1 l-\ -!)la) is used in thin coats over k In this connection, I ho reader is previeuisly been said rcgareling (he subj knots. Where; ivsin has exuded from the woo on tlie; surface; or has e.-aused alligalorin aiea .should he scraped and sandpapere 110 Jt inlil<inf JI<ili`l ull* dud A7nicf tires Inpoitx 1'tt'nd Manual place, when a paint has very little elasticity, particulai ly' when a thick coal hmhls up (sec ( balking) \\ ith continued may collect the trouble. It such is the ot paint by spraying will aggravate th repaintings. Certain paints arc inclined to fail by cracking, curling, and scaling, whereas others lail by moderate chalk ing with or without, checking. .V surlace on "Inch the paint fails by moderate chalking is the least serious type of paint failure and the most economical lor repainting. before repainting, the salest ]dau is to remove all scaling paint by burning and scraping oil. 1 I some ol the old paint -fj is not removed, it will eventually scale oil', taking the new paint with it. The decree, ol scaling ot paint, depends on the kind of wood to which the, paint is applied, for ex ample, a paint that fails normally by cracking and scaling may exhibit (his defect, to a minimum extent on a wood that holds paint well, such as western red cedar and redwood. 'When applied to a wood that does not hold paint well, for example, southern yellow pine and Douglas lir, the paint may exhibit this delect to the maximum extent. 9. FADING" OF COL Most paints change color on prolong weather. This may be a true failing of it is the result, ol either a chemical cha oil. exposure to the weather or excess paint. .Some paints chalk unevenly, l)lolehyr ellecf on the, color, particula ,Other paints chalk evenly and self-clea I Ins is the preferred type of "failing'' or so-called lading of color occurs in spo surlace has not received sullicient coats aide primer. I his is one of (lie reasons Ih .it ion 1 I wood primer. was made, available, The so-called fading of color of paint 8. CRAWLING Crawling is the tendency of a paint, or varnish to form a discontinuous film by drawing up info drops or globules shortly after application and results from surlace tension caused by either the surface or the paint. Oil paint applied at room temperature over a cold or greasy surface may also cause crawling. Others causes are the application ot a flossy coat of paint over a Iresh flossy coat, particularly when an outside house paint contains an excessive amount of linseed oil; the application of paint or varnish over pre vious coats that are not hard and dry; the presence ol moist linger marks on a surface prior to varnishing; the mixing together of various brands of varnish; the use ol varnish that, has become thick and viscous; the presence of a thin lihu of wax on the surface left by the use of liquid paint, removers; the application of paint in cold or foggy weather. The remedies for many of the, above causes are the, elim ination of these conditions. If is best not to apply paint oi varnish in cold, foggy, or damp weather; undercoats should be thoroughly dry before applying subsequent coats; it the undercoats are. glossy, they should he sandpapered, llubbillg the surface with turpentine ami steel wool before because ol "hot spots" in the plaster ( really due to the variable suction or por Inns, unpainted plaster should he, prim pi nner (for example, Fed. Spec. TT-I'-f subsequent coats of oil paint. The change in color of outdoor paint dirt. Some paints hold dirt, whereas o the dirt by chalking ("self-cleaning"). used in paint, if will hold dirt. For exam are made of white lead, using 100 11, of e.u h paint x\ i(h the addition ol gal ol No. 1, 1 gal of oil in paint No. Lg and f> No. ,5, on exposure, to the weather, pain the most dirt and paint No. 1 ,he least. paint that remains unusually clean is o Specification TT-I'-1<), type 1, Class II. I'ainls containing lead pigments will hydrogen .sullide in the atmosphere. Th pears as a brownish or grayish film bec tion (>1^ lead sullide. This discoloration out with hydrogen peroxide. Mildew generally forms in black splotc applying the paint- is helpful. 1 f (lie paint seems to be sub eunsing an unsightly change of color. ject. to crawling, brushing if thoroughly into the surlace burly common in t he south. Commercia 0000-NLI-000019259 a* 118 Building Materials and Structures Reports prevention or retarding of mildew are now available in paste form to be added by the user. Copper and bronze fly screens cause unsightly discolora tion on while and light-tinted paints. The discoloration is a result of corrosion products from the copper or bronze and may be avoided by varnishing or painting the screens before corrosion takes place (see tig. 12). 10. LOSS OF GLOSS On outdoor paints the first- sign of weathering is loss of gloss, followed by chalking. Doubtless, both are dilleient aspects of the same defect and are brought, about by the same cause, (lloss is produced by an excess of oil or other binding material (linseed oil or varnish) and forms a smooth, glass-like film on the surface. Air, moisture, and sunlight cause these organic binding materials to deteriorate rapidly resulting in loss of gloss. Among other conditions causing loss of gloss are inadequate preparation of the suil'ace; insufficient- drying time between coats; painting in cold weather, particularly if there is a sudden drop ('20 degrees F) in temperature during the fall or winter months before the paint has dried; incorrect use of paint, removers and alkaline cleaners on paint ; or exposure, of the freshly painted surface to frost, fog, or moisture. When there is a possi bility of dew or frost, the application of paint should bo discontinued early in the afternoon. 11. r u n n in g a n d s a g g in g Ittinning and sagging may ocur when the paint contains too much oil or is applied too freely. Jf an old paint sur face is too glossy, the fresh paint may show sagging. A method of test for running and sagging of a red lead paint is given in Federal Specification TT-K-191n. A method of *test for the sagging of red enamel is given in Federal Specification TT-E-531a. 12. TACKINESS AND SLOW DRYING As pointed out under "alligatoring," each coat of paint or varnish should dry firm and hard before a subsequent coat, is applied. Dirt and mildew may collect on paint that, dries tacky or sticky. Slow drying may be caused by (1) insulticient drier in the paint or varnish, (2) the use of poor qual ity linseed oil, (3) too liberal application of paint, (1) Paint Manual the application of paint or varnish ov is not dry, (5) the application of pa damp, wet, or foggy weather, and (( paint- during cold weather. Dark-co black (bed. Spec. TT-P-fila) and TT-P-7la) dry more slowly than w paints. If there is insufficient drying the topcoat may lose its gloss, alligato peel on prolonged exposure to the w surface is a common cause of tackines ( erf a in kinds of paints and varnish it stored too long in the original conta more frequently to the "fast-drying" varnishes than to the older types of p there is a possibility that paint is old should be tested before use. It the dr lost, a little paint drier should be adde 13. WASHING Washing is the leaching out of the s ment in a paint during rain storms. occurs when a paint contains a pigment soluble or is converted from a water-i soluble material through chemical ac weathering. 14. WRINKLING When a paint is applied too liberally cold, damp weather, the top of the li'lm leaving the paint beneath this skin sof the finished surface has a wrinkled app and 22). To avoid this, each coat of p brushed out in a skilled manner, es weather. Also, it may be advisable to of turpentine (about 1 pint to the gallo come this tendency. When painting i tr bt) F), the weather forecasts should When a marked drop in temperature (2 dicted for the evening of the day that p painting should he discontinued early i any event, paint should be applied'be 10 a. in. and 3 p. in. during odd weathe 0000-NLI-000019260 i 0000-NLI-000019261 120 B u ild in g M a te ria ls and s tru c tu re s R eports ' / 'am t M anual I!trih !/n r/ M a te ria l* and S tru ctu re * Reports 124 Building Materials and /Structures Reports Paint Manual : \ii !Ii !! ; Fiq u b e 11.--Typical checking pattern of paint on the outside of building after 5 years of service. Fig u be 12.--Discoloration of light-colored paint underneath fly screens, due to the corrosion of the screens. Screcu wire ahould be painted to avoid tills trouble. Fiu u k e 13.--Rot on painted wood sid "V1 *T until Silling is ihi. hasn struttuiul talllt rnusmu the trouble case it was due to inadequate flushing at junctio 0000-NLI-000019263 Building Materials and Structures Reports Paint Manual i Fnumi: 15.--Close-up ruew of fracking, curliinj, and scaling of paint on southern yellow pine. . FiotTBE 16.--Wrinkling of p Wrinkling occurred during application of paint yours of exposure*. 0000-NLI-000019264 H u ild in tj M aterial# and S tru ctu re * S cports J P aint M an r ij i Building Materials and Structures Reports Paint Ma Fiu u u k 29.--IHUteriny of pa Siding on tho loft was covoivd jtMha'intnv<.m tin* right, with hvi with tlm*o runts of 0000-NLI-000019268 KicntK 28.--Checking, cracking, curling, and flaking of paint on southern yellow pine. I 0000-NLI-00001 9 2 6 9 I 1 ;',(> llwilding Materials and Structures Reports J ! -j l ;1 type) applied orer dark-red paint (soft type). Comparo with figure 2:1. Paint Manu IX. BULKING VALUES OF PIG Tho following tabulations, with duced from Circular <i<>7, Bulking 11)13), issued by the Seient itie Sect nish & Lacquer Association | ibj. ture for these tables is 15.5 C. 1. PIGMENT The bulking values of such pigment yellow amt iron oxides vary rather wid used in substantial percentages in a c tints or solid colors, (heir actual value obtained from the producer. Also, the large munher of organic co so widely in type and hulking value th importuut ones have been included. Pigment Aluminum bronze, standard .. .. Aluminum bronze, lining............... Aluminum paste, t!f>% solids .... Aluminum hydroxide...................... Aluminum silicate............................ Antimony oxide (SbaOs) ............... Antimony sulfide............... ............... Itarium carbonate .......................... liarium sulfate (barite) ............. Itarium sulfate (blunt* fixe) .... ...... . lfasic lead carbonate ...................... ...... ltiisic lead sulfate............................ Black iron oxide.............................. Blue lead ........................................... Cadmium red lithopone................. Cadmium yellow .............................. Calcium carbonate (chalk) ......... (lalcium sulfide, anhydrous........... Calcium sulfate, hydrated........... Carbon black ..................................... Clay (kaolin) ................................... Chrome green, light ........... ............ Chrome green, medium.................. Chrome green, dark........................ Chrome oxide..................................... yellow .............................. Chrome orange ................................ Chrome orange, molybdate ........... Cobalt blue ....................................... Copper bronze powder..................... 0000-NLI-000019270 138 lluildiny Materials and /Structures Reports Gallons Pounds per per Pigment pound gallon CGIGtuoriaapldtproohmbuirtsueocneozox.e.iu.d..spe...o..e.w..a...d..r...te.h....r......................................................................................................................... .,.......... 0.0207 .0520 .0150 .0541 48.23 10.24 00.04 18.40 Guignet's green ................................................ 28.41 HKILIIIIIIIrnrrrrrraaoaoooooodmnonnnnnnnisalpiabonnoooyybexlxxxeulyaiiirillddddle(eloecoceeeedkwwll,,,(alpo,b,r(ryr1erel.ewa)s.u1nd.dd.c8ys..a..%k..sono.ot.....uirr.t.ra...h.r...bb..na.b...e...rr)l...ro.o..t.o...i..ww.c..w...........n.n...n.......,..,...,............74....0..........00.......7.......%.%.....%...........................F.l..<.........I'..e.....e..>.........a.....,,O.......0..<..........a.,.....b...................................................... ...,............................. .0811 .0235 .0051! .0254 .0235 .0202 .0320 .0353 .0304 .0402 .0074 12.33 42.57 15.21 30.32 42.57 34.04 30.40 28.32 32.00 21.00 14.83 ..Lead, metallic (00:10 paste) .................... ... Lead, titanate ................................................ . Litharge ........................................................... Lithol red ......................................................... LLMOMMMOMMMI'iiactrtieaaoeihclanhrigglrtoaoanyecranneppgburleelaoeodrri.ssecilnna..ciid.muu.eetb.e.mmbo,,l..ianr...xtooc.r..iesce.i.tk.wrdr.a.ai.agal..n.erinu.n...lcb.....lagoa..a........t.n.e..rt.e......ea........d....t......e............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ............... ... ... ...... ......... ... .0250 .0104 .0705 .0270 .0282 .00li3 .0421 .0107 .0304 .0424 .0480 .0207 .0400 .0131! .0811 30.08 00.08 78.04 13.08 35.82 35.40 15.08 23.74 02.80 32.00 23.57 20.83 48.31 24.00 73.53 12.33 I'ara red (15% on OaCOs) ........................ ... .0404 20.24 PlSPPPPSSSSteiairhhaiileelaludiirttrncncthhasiesanannsalaa,re,illg(eaoo,,aldqrdnecoderbiu,yyiaeuiuauatcbno.wrrrnnhl.nt.um.iiz...lnnte.o...a.ee...r..c...i....bn..eg........ao.rl...u.e.....ut....e...ee....s...n...d...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ... ...... ...... ... ... ......... .0770 .0770 .0507 .005(5 .0130 .0320 .0305 .0453 .0520 .0420 12.00 20.00 12.09 10.74 15.24 73.53 30.05 27.41 22.07 10.24 2332 Tale (magnesium silicate) ........................ ... .0421 23.74 Titanium-barium (25%) anatii.se........... TTTTTTiiiiiittttttaaaaaannnnnniiiiiiuuuuuummmmmm----mccbddaaaaiilologrccxixniiuuuiiddemmmseei,,,u(amrra3uuuu0ata%titl.tiaeal.)e.ss.eea.......u.......a........t....a......s.........e............................................... ...... ............ ... .0270 .0283 .0384 .0300 .0300 .0280 .0387 35.82 35.31 2(i.07 27.07 32.32 35.00 25.82 Specific gravity 5.70 2.31 8.00 2 22 3.41 1.48 5.11 1.83 4.72 511 4 11 3 05 3.40 3.95 2.00 1.78 4.80 7.32 9.44 1.57 4.30 4.25 1.81 2.85 11.14 3.05 2.832.50 5.80 2.90 8.82 1.48 2.43 1.50 3.24 1.50 2.01 1.83 8.82 3.08 3.29 2.05 2.31 2.80 2.85 4.30 4.24 3.13 3.25 3.88 A. 20 3.10 1`aint Man ual G Pigment Toluidine red ................................. Tuscan red .............................................. Ultramariim blue .................. limber, burnt ......................................... Umber, raw............................................ \'an dyke brown..................................... Venetian red (40% Pe..Oa) .................. Venetian red (20% Fe..03j ...................... White lead, carbonate .............................. White lead, sulfate................................... Whiting .................................................... Zinc chromate (zinc yellow) .................. Zinc chromate (tetroxy) .......................... Zinc dust.................................................... Zinc oxide.................................................. Zinc oxide (5% leiuled) .......................... Zinc oxide (35% leaded) ...................... Zinc oxide (50% leaded) .................... ......... Zinc sullide.............................. Zinc sullide--barinm...................... Zinc sulfide--calcium .......................... Zinc sullide--magnesium ............... Zirconium oxide................................. ........... 2. OILS Ilm scope of 1 liih table will sullice fo Patented oils are not included as tlieir types Oils < instor ....................................... Castor, dehydrated ........................ '......... Castor, dehydrated, Z 3............................. Cottonseed .............................................. Pish--(see also Menhaden, Pilchard', ami Sardine) ............................................ Linseed, raw or boiled.................... Linseed, blown ........................ Linseed, heat-bodied, E............................... Linseed, heat-bodied, Q.............................. Linseed, heat-bodied, Z and higher .... Menhaden .................................................. Cilicica, raw ............................................ oiticiea, liquefied ................................... Per ilia ........................................................... Pilchard .................................................... Sardine ....................................................... Soybean ......................................................... Tall ............................ Tung ............................................................... UUUC-ti)' -1 li 10 0000-NLI-000019271 ,, I. 1i Hi i i! : :! ; : I| ' 1 I` i ,: I | : , I: It IL ! i !: l; |i i '!., 1 i' | ,j 140 Building Materials and Structures Reports 3. SOLVENTS In addition to the liquids in this list, a large nuinher are not in cluded. The solvents not included are specialties used in relatively small amounts and it is hoped that their omission will not detract from the usefulness of the table. Gallons founds per per Speci In solvents pound gallon gravity Acetone .................................................................... 0.1514 (1.01 0.703 n-Aiuyl acetate.......................................... 1380 n-Amyl alcohol ............................................................. 1380 lienzene, industrially pure...................................... 1304 n-Ilutanol ......................................................................1478 n-Itutyl acetate ...........................................................1370 see-llutyl acetate......................................................... 1303 Ilutyl lactate ................................................................. 1233 Carbon tetrachloride..................................................0750 Cyclohexanone................................................................1270 Diacetone alcohol ...................................................... 1270 - Diethyl carbonate........................................................1232 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether........................ 1213 Dipentene .......................................................................1300 7.25 7.25 7.33 0.70 7.30 7.18 8.11 13.33 7.87 7.84 8.12 8.25 7.10 .870 .870 .880 .812 .870 .802 .074 1.000 .045 .041 .075 .000 .800 Ethanol, 05% ................................................................ 1471 Ethanol, S.D. 1 .............................................. .1473 Ethyl acetate................................................................. 1334 Ethylene dichloride ................................................... 0052 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether............................ 1331 Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether........................... 1280 Ethylene glycol monoethylether acetate... .1233 Ethylene glycol monomethylether.......................1243 , Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate.. .1180 Ethyl lactate ................................................................ 1100 Ilexahydropheuol ........................................................1201 Isopropanol..................................................................... 1520 0.80 0.70 7.50 10.50 7.51 7.70 8.11 8.05 8.41 8.58 7.03 0.58 .810 .815 .000 1.20 .002 .031 .074 .000 1.01 1.03 .052 .700 Kerosene .........................................................................1510 Methanol .........................................................................1514 0.02 0.01 .705 .703 Methyl acetate............................................................... 1322 7.56 Methyl acetone (48% acetone, 28% methyl acetate, 24% methyl alcohol) ........................1444 0.92 Methylene chloride............................... 0003 11.08 Methyl ethyl ketone ................................................. 1401 0.71 .908 .831 1.33 .805 Methyl isohutyl ketone............................................. 1490 Mineral spirits-- Approx, distn. range, 155 to 200 O............. 1525 Approx, distn. range, 180 to 250 C..............1477 Naphtha, aromatic petroleum-- Approx, distn. range, 00 to 150 C..............1501 Approx, distn. range, 135 to 190 O.............. 1421 Approx, distn. range, 170 to 220 C..............1380 Naphtha, lacquer diluent..........................................1020 Naphtha, solvent-- Approx, distn. range, 130 to 155 G..............1390 Approx, distil, range, 150 to 200 C, 111-flash ................................................................. 1380 Heavy, wire enamel solvent ..............................1291 0.08 0.50 0.T7 6.06 7.04 7.25 6.15 7.10 7.25 7.75 .802 .787 .813 .800 .845 .870 .738 .800 .870 .930 Paint Manual G Solvents . Naphtha, V. M. & f.-- Approx, distn. range, 100 to 100 C___ . Nitroethano ............................ . Nitromethane .......................... 1-Nitropropano ........................ . fetroleum spirits-- Approx, distn. range, 155 to 200 o___ . Approx, distn. range, 180 0 to 250 C. . . fine oil ..................................... . Toluene, industrially pure . Trichloroethylene ......... . Turpentine .............................. Xylene, 5 ................................. . 4. RESINS AND OTHER F Most of the synthetic resins and filmogen tions) in use today vary so widely in thei attempt to classify them would he mislead have been entered have been assigned maxim and the user of these tables should obtain tile producer. lit the few cases that have been investiga values of filmogens in solution differ fro Assuming no change in the hulking value o filmogens occupy less volume in solution th for the eellulosic filmogens given in the a to their solution in typical solvents or sol Resins and other filmogens Accroides ........................................................ .___ Alkyd ................................................................. S 1 Asphalt, oxidized petroleum ................... j 1 Asphalt, steamblown petroleum ............. ( ( Heesvvax ...........................................................___ Caudelilla wax................................................ Garnuuba wax ................................................___ ... Gellulose acetate........................................... . . . Cellulose acetate-butyrate ........................ Cellulose nitrate ........................................... ... ... Chlorinated diphenyl, 05% chlorine . .. . .. . Congo ................................................................. Congo ester...................................................... ... 0000-N LI-000019272 142 Building Material,v and Structure# Reports Resins and other filuiogens Gallons per pound Cumarone .................................................... .........0.1112 Damar ........................................................... ...............1143 East India .................................................. Elaterite ...................................................... Ester gum .................................................... Ethyl cellulose............................................ ...............1035 Gilsonite ...................................................... ...............1143 Kauri ............................................................. Luc ................................................................. Manila ........................................................... ...............1122 Mastic ........................................................... ...............1122 . . . . 0U84 1`araliiu ......................................................... ...............1340 l'ontianak .............................................. ..................... 1122 Rosin ...................................................... ..................... 1112 Rosin, limed, 4 to 0% Cn................. ..................... 1001 Urea-formaldehyde ............................. Vegetable oil pitch ............................ ..................... 1177 Vinyl ...................................................... Zinc rosiuate, 6% Zi i ........................ ..................... 1044 Pounds per gallon 0.00 8.75 8.GG 8.58 0.41 0.GG 8.75 8.GG 10.00 8.01 8.01 HUG 7.41 8.01 9.00 0.1G 10.41 8.50 11.08 0.58 Specific gravity 1.08 1,0.1 1.04 1.03 1.13 1.10 1.05 1.04 1.20 1.07 1.07 1.22 .80 1.03 1.20 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.25 1.02 1.33 1.15 5. PLASTICIZERS Plasticizers (>ultons Pounds pur pur Specific pound gallon gruvity Renzyl benzoate ....................................... ......... 0.10G2 9.41 1.13 Hlown castor oil, Z................................... ...............12(H) 8.33 1.00 Rlown castor oil, Zti .............................. ...............11GG 8.58 1.03 Butyl acetyl ricinoleate.......................... 7.83 .04 Butyl phtliulyl butyl glycollate........... ...............1091 9.10 1.10 Butyl stearate ........................................... 7.10 .80 Camphor ....................................................... ...............1200 8.33 1.00 Diamyl phtiialnte ..................................... ...............1100 8.58 1.03 Dibutyl phthalute ..................................... ...............1143 8.75 1.05 Dibutyl sebacale ..................................... ...............1277 7.83 .04 ' Dibutyl tartrate ....................................... ...............1112 9.00 1.08 ; Dibutoxy ethyl phthalate .................... ...............1291 7.75 .03 ! Diethyl phthalate ..................................... ...............1072 9.33 1.12 Dihydromethyl ahietute ........................ ...............lioo 8.58 1.03 Dimethyl phthalate ................................. ...............1009 9.91 1.10 i Ethyl phtliulyl ethyl giycullute........... ...............1010 9.84 1.18 Methyl uhietnte ......................................... ...............1177 8.50 1.0`4 Methyl phtliulyl ethyl glycollate......... ...............0980 10.20 1.22 ! Toluene ethyl sulfonamide .................. ...............1009 9.91 1.10 Tributyl citrate ......................................... ...............1143 8.75 1.05 Tributyl phosphate ................................. ...............1225 8.10 .1*8 Tricresyl phosphate ................................. ...............1017 9.83 1.18 , Triethyl citrate ....................................... ...............1053 9.50 1.14 1 Triplienyl phosphate ............................... 9.91 ft Paint M Grateful acknowledgment is ist, Forest Product Laborato Scientific Section, National Pa sociation; A. ('. Goetz, con Branch, War Production Bo chairman, Federal Specificat Procurement Division, Treasu Howes, Materials Unit, Techn Housing Authority for their te aration of this manual and to R. Garner, of the Building Pra tion of the National Bureau o taking effort in reviewing the X. LITERATURE 1. REFERENCES I 11 much Hoy Quarterly 22, No. 12J National Lead Co., Handbook Ill ltroadway, New York, |3J A. Muerz and M. ltea Paul, A Hook Co., Inc., New York, N 14] A. H. Mansell, Mansell book o more, Md., 102!).) [5] Color card supplement to U. April 21, 1043. (Otlice, Chi Washington 25, 1 v. C.) [0] Specification TAC-ES-G80H. tive coating materials, synth Automotive Center, Specifi Detroit, Mich.) ]7] C. L. Mantell, C. W. Kopf, Technology of natural resin Inc., 1042.) [8] Federal specification TT-V-Ola 1J. S. Government Printing 19] Henry A. Gardner, Physica paints, varnishes, lacquers, (Institute of Paint Varnis Avenue, Washington 5, I). C 110] Deane H. Judd ami Kenneth colors, J. Research NHS 23 111] G. J. Fink, Investigation of paints, J. lull. Eng. Client. 1 basis for Hulletin 304D, W (National Lime Association, I). C. Copies free on reque 112] U. S. Engineer Dept., St. Loui tures, standard specification 20, 1041. (Upper Mississipp Dept., St Louis, Mo.) 0000-N LI-000019273 114 Building Materials and Structures Reports [ 13] American Water Works Association standard specification (1 A.5 1940, 7A.0 19-10) for coal-tar enamel protective coatings for steel water pipe. (American Water Works Association, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York 18, N. Y., 1940.) [ 14J Navy Department Bureau of Yards and Docks, specification for bituminous coating of steel surfaces No. 34YI> (1943). (Bureau of Yurds and Docks, Washington 25, D. C.) [15] Repairs and utilities manual, RU 0603.04. (Office of the Chief of Engineers, II. S. Army, Washington 25, D. C. This manual is ou file at all U. S. Army posts.) ' [16] Safety requirements for excavation, building, and cons! ruction, sections 8305.01 to 8306.08 (Construction Division, Office of the Chief of Engineers, War Department, Washington 25, D. O.). [17] Paint exposure or complaint report (National Paint, Varnish & Lacquer Association, 1500 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W., Washington 5, D. O.). [18] Circular 667, Bulking value tables, September 1943. (Scientific Section, National Paint, Varnish & Lacquer Association, 1500 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W., Washington 0, D. C.) 2. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES The following list of references gives additional informa i tion on paint and painting materials. Federal Specifica tions are priced at 5 cents a copy unless otherwise indicated in the Federal Standard Stock Catalog. Request and remit i tance for them and for the following publications where a price is indicated should be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, i D. O. Letter Circulars and TIBM Reports may be obtained free I of charge from the National Bureau of Standards. (a) BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS Rolla E. Pollard and Wilbur C. Porter, Methods of investigation of surface treatment for corrosion protection of steel, NBS 11MS8 (1938) 1%. Herman V. Cottony and Richard S. Dill, Solar heating of various surfaces, NBS BMS64 (1941) llty. Rolla E. Pollard and Willmr C. Porter, Surface treatment of steel prior to painting, NBS BMS44 (1940) 1%. Cyrus C. Fishlmrn and Douglas E. Parsons, Tests of cement-water paints and other waterproolings for unit-masonry walls, NBS 11MS95 (1943) 150. Wilbur C. Porter, Painting steel, NBS BMS102 (1944) ]<\f- i I'aint Manual (b) LETTER CIRCULA Acid-proof coatings for concrete surfaces, Bluing of iron am( steel, NBS 1.C630 (1941 flare of Hours, NBS LC764 (1941). Color charts: A descriptive list, NRS LC6 Color harmony, NBS LC525 (1938). Color and legibility, NBS LC730 (1943). Conservation of linseed oil in paint, NBS Control of humidity by saturated salt, solu Corrosion and protection of underground NBS LC521 ((938). Corrosion in soils, NBS 1,0689 (1942). Dampness in masonry walls above grade, Drainpipe cleaners or solvents, NBS LC756 Finishes for concrete Honrs, NBS 1.C758 Inside wall [mint for chemical laboratories enamel paint), NBS I.C489 (1937). Luminous and lluorescent paints, NBS I.C Outside house painting, NBS I.C603 (1940 Paint, varnish, and bituminous materials: of t ho staff of the National Bureau o Federal Specifications, NBS 1,0795 (19 Paint and varnish removers, NBS 1.0749 Painting exterior walls of porous masonry, Painting Plaster, NBS I.C304 (1938). 'Painting of steam and hot-water radiators, Painting Steel Potable water tanks, NBS 1 Painting of structural metal (steel, galvan copper), NBS 1.C422 (1934). Paints and other protective coatings for tire Paints for swimming pools, NBS LC746 (19 Polishes, NBS LC753 (1944). - Protection of track-scale parts from corrosi Protective coatings for underground pip (1938). ltetinislung wood furniture, NBS 1,0748 (19 Reflectance of paints and pigments, NBS 1 Salt-spray test (for metal corrosion), NBS Sources of information ou paint and relat (1941). Specifications for paint for use on railroa (1922). Spray painting, NBS 1,0773 (1944). Sweeping compounds (also known as "floor NBS I.C754 (1944). Tests for nonmetallic protective coatings fo 1.0480 (1936). Wood and shingle stains, NBS LC464 (1930 (c) SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE RECO Paint and varnish brushes, R43-28, 50. Color for school furniture, Rlll-30, 50. Paints, varnishes, and related products, R1 0000-N LI-000019274 146 Building Materials and Structures Reports Dolor code for marking stool bars, It Hit', ,-17, Tip Color marking for anesthetic gas cylinders, 11170-41, fiy. <d) TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON BUILDING MATERIALS Aluminum iiaints, NBS TIBM43 (1037). Federal specification paint pigments and mixing formulas, NltS TI11M33 (1030). Federal specilication ready-mixed paints, semipaste paints, and mix ing formulas, NBS TIBM34.(1946). Miscellaneous paint drying oils and paint driers, NBS TIBM4.r> (1037). l'aint drying oils--linseed, NBS T1BM44 (1937). ; Taint pigments--black, red, and lakes, NBS TIBM31 (1930). ` Taint pigments--white, NBS TIBM30 (1036). Taint pigments--yellow, brown, blue, green, and bronze, NBS TIT..M32 (1030). Taint for priming plaster surfaces, NBS TIBJM11 (1036). Tainting of ferrous metals, NBS TIBM28 (1030). i Tainting plaster, NBS TIBM18 (1036). 1`repnration of paints from paste and dry pigments, NBS TIB.M36 , (1030). Preparation of paints from semipaste paints, thinning ready-mixed i j paints, and preparation of water paints, NBS TIBIM30 (1030). 1 ! Shellac, NBS TIBM48 (1037). I Varnish and lacquer, NBS TIBM47 (1037). | Volatile paint and varnish thinners, NBS TIBM40 (1037). ; Wood and shingle stains, NBS T1BM40 (1037). i \ (e) COMMERCIAL STANDARDS 5 Colors for sanitary ware, CS30-31. | Colors for kitchen accessories, CS02-38, ;"iy. j Colors for bathroom accessories, CS03-38, ~'C. 1 Artists' oil paints, CS03--12, 5 XI. GLOSSARY OF SELECTED PAINT TERMS 'I'lie purpose of this glossary is to assist the reader in becoming better acquainted with the definitions and expla nations of a limited number of terms currently used in the, iield of protective coatings. No attempt has been made to cover the entire held. For those interested in the definition of terms not included, the following references used in pre paring this glossary are suggest ed : Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Kdition, unabridged. Standard Chemical and Technical Dictionary by II. Bennett. Chemi cal Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. The National Taint Dictionary, by J. It. Stewart. Stewart Ite.search Laboratory, Franconia, Va, I'aint Man 1'ederu 1 Spcciticalion TT-T--141a, Tai lated Materials; Ceneral Speeilira Methods (20 cents, Superintendent o Definition of Terms Belating to Taint, Troducts, A.S.T.M. Standards, 10-12. Testing .Materials. Acid number.--A value obtaine elc.; the number of milligrams required to neutralize the tree ta substance. Alkali-refined oil.--Drying oil duce its acid number. Aikyd resin.--A group of synth ing polyhydric alcohols, such as with dibasic organic acids such as and sebacic. A modifying agen impart certain properties. Some semidrying, and nondrying oils; f ural resins such us rosin; synthe stances. An average alkyd resin about 50 percent of modifier such dO percent of diabasic acid, and alcohol (see glyceryl phthulate). Aromatic.--Derived from or c ence of the benzene ring--as applie organic compounds--many of wh Binder.--The nonvolatile portio Bleeding.--When coloring mate or tin undercoat works up into suc to them a certain amount of color Blistering.--Formation of bubbl film, usually caused by moisture b Bloom.--A\azh or clouded effect face of dried emuncl or varnish, film. Bodied linseed oil.--Bodied lins thickened by heat treating or blo "body" or consistency. It may b grees of body or viscosity, indicat scale by letters of the alphabet. Body coat.--Intermediate coat o ing or first coat and the finishing, Boiled linseed oil.-- Raw linseed in the presence of metallic drying 118 Building Materials and Structures Reports method consisted in heating the oil by direct fire to a tem perature of about 55U F, at which point oxides of metals, such as red lead, litharge, and manganese dioxide were added. More modern methods add soluble driers, such as resinates, linoleates, and naphthanales of lead, manganese, and cobalt, to the oil, which is heated to lower temperatures than in the older process. Boot-topping paint.--A water- and weather-resistant ma rine paint used on the boot-topping area of vessels. The boot-topping area is that area on the exterior of the vessel extending from the light-load water line to G in. above the full-load water line. Builders' acid.--An acid prepared on the job by adding 1 part by volume of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid to 4 parts by volume of water. The solution, which should be mixed in a wood pail and applied to the surface by means of liber scrub brushes, will remove mortar stains from brick. Bulling value.--Void-free volume of a unit weight of material expressed as decimal fraction of a gallon per pound. Calcimine.--A wash consisting of a mixture of whiting, glue, china clay, and water (see Fed. Spec. TT-C-9G). Chalking.--A phenomenon of paint coatings manifest by loose powder coming from the film itself, at or just beneath the surface. , Consistency.--Relative firmness, limpidity, body, or resist ance to agitation or deformation of a coating material in bulk. Copals.--A group of resinous substances exuding from various tropical trees. Copal is collected from living trees or is dug from the ground as a fossil. The main sources are Fast India, New Zealand, and Africa. Some of the resins are amber, congo, kauri, manila, Pontianak, West India gum, and Zanzibar. Crazing.--A typo of paint failure consisting of minute interlacing cracks on the surface of a finish caused by un equal contraction while drying. Cut.--The dispersion of a certain number of pounds of shellac or resin per gallon of volatile liquid. For example, a 4-lb cut of shellac varnish contains 4 lb of dry shellac and 1 gal of alcohol. Drier.--A composition that accelerates the drying of oil, paint, or varnish. Driers, usually compounds of metals, are available in solid, paste, and liquid form. Paint Manua Drying oil.--Kn oil which possess the property of readily taking up ox changing to a relatively hard, tough, exposed in a thin lilm to the air. Efflorescence.--A white powdery s brick walls and similar masonry su moved by builders' acid before surfa Emulsifier or emulsifying agent.-- cal nature that intimately mix and terials ordinarily immiscible, such as duce a stable finished emulsion. Thu double task of promoting the emulsi ing the linished product. Some ex agents are alkali soaps (sodium o oleate) ; metallic soaps (aluminum oleate); amino soaps (morpholine (1 urkey red oil); and casein (the na and stabilizer in milk that keeps the b sified). knamel.--A paint that is characte dry to an especially smooth, hard, glos Eilrn integrity.--The serviceabilit may be described by (1) the appearan coloration by dirt, loss of gloss, fad bide, chalking, and checking visible least (> ft, and (-2) film integrity: cra and scaling of the film or discontinuit bare the underlying surface. Eilmogens.--General word for fi such as linseed oil and varnish resins Roots.--Slimy mucilaginous matte some oils when they stand for a long Form lacquer.--Thin varnish or lac crete forms to prevent the concrete forms. Garnet paper.--Similar to sandpap sand used for making garnet paper is as that used for jewelry but of more ally dark claret in color. Glazing.--Operation of setting win Also, the process of obtaining Tiffany tive effects on walls by the applicatio ment colors-in-oil such as sienna, u brown, thinned with flatting oil (Fed 150 Building Mateiiah and Structures Reports Gloss (luster, sheen/--The property of a surface by which it reflects light specularly. Painters use the terms high, enamel, or mirror to indicate the highest gloss or luster, and semigloss, eggshell, and flat to indicate decreasing degrees of gloss in the order given. . ., Glyceryl phthalate resin (alkyd).--A synthetic resin ot the alkyd group, used principally in paints, varnishes, and lacquers; sometimes called phtlialic alkyd resin. It is made by reacting glycerin and phthalio anhydride. The alkyd resins as a group are made by reacting polyhydric alcohols, such as glycerin and the glycols, with dibasic organic acids, such as phtlialic, maleic, succinic, and sebasic. Gum.--Viscous vegetable secretion that hardens but, un like a resin, is water-soluble; name often applied in the var nish industry to natural resins, as, for example, kauri "gum." A more appropriate term is "gum resin." Hiding power.--The power of a paint or paint material to obscure the surface to which it is applied. In Federal speci fications this property is expressed in terms of square feet per gallon. Iodine number.--In the analysis of oils, fats, etc. the num ber of centigrams of iodine absorbed by 1 g of the substance. Kauri reduction test.--A method of determining the rela tive flexibility of certain oleoresinous varnishes by using a solution of properly treated kauri resin in turpentine. (For details, see Fed. Spec. TT-P~141a, Method 415.) Krebs units.--Arbitrary values representing viscosity or consistency of paints based on tests with the Krebs-Stormer viscometer. Lacquer.--The term indicates a coating material that dries by evaporation. The many types include cellulosic lacquers, Chinese lacquers, sanitary or tin-plate lacquers, and spirit lacquers, for example, solutions of shellac in alcohol. Cellu losic lacquers (Fed. Spec. TT-L-58) are the most important and today, the term lacquer is applied almost exclusively to this type. Cellulosic lacquers, either transparent or pig mented, contain cellulose estei's or ethers and plasticizers, with or without natural or synthetic resins as the basic film forming ingredients. Lacquer dries rapidly by solvent evaporation. Mil-- Unit of thickness; 1/1000 in. Used to measure the thickness of paint coats. . Nonvolatile vehicle.--Liquid portion of paint, with the exception of volatile thinner and water. Paint Manual . Oil. length of varnish.--The number o oil with which 100 lb of resin, or "gum," oil varnish contains it5 gal of oil or ov gal or less; "medium-oil," from 10 to `20 of long-oil is spar varnish (TT-V-121b) varnish (TT-V-80); medium-oil, inter \ ~~lla). Oil varnish.--Varnish that contains re as the basic film-forming ingredients and solid lilm primarily by chemical reactio nish). Paint.--A mixture of pigment with v be spread in thin coats for decoration, pro Pigment, bine solid particles used in paint and substantially insoluble in the Pigment volume.--Percentage bv volu nonvolatile portion of a paint as calcula value and composition data. The letters used as an abbreviation. Plasticizer.--An ingredient added to a increase toughness', or otherwise modify Plastic wood.--Mixture designed for th work. Consists of wood flour, resins, vo plastic binding material such as cellulose Poise.--The cgs (centimeter-gram-seco lute viscosity. Polymerization.--A reaction in which t cules of the same substance combine to f higher molecular weight without chang composition of the original material. coating held, the term is applied to various ing drying oils, such as linseed oil and tu such as rosm. In most varnishes the oil careful heating. The presence of phenolic the oil, during the varnish cooking, greatl merization. Such varnishes dry largely b rather than by oxidation. Varnish films by polymerization are characterized by resistance and resistance to sunlight an tung oil pure phenolic resin spar varnish i Primer.--The paint or analogous subst to the surface of the material being pain paint. 0000-N U -000019277 m j t ! . I ] i,| j 1 | ' ; ; 1 , . 152 Building Materials and Structures Reports Putty.--A kind of cement used for fastening glass in sashes, stopping crevices, and similar purposes. . Resin.--A semisolid or solid, complex amorphous mixture of organic compound with no delinite melting point, insol uble in water, ltesins are usually either partly soluble in alcohols, others, and other organic solvents or can be made so by heating. On heating, resins soften, melt, and burn with a smoky flame. Rosin.--The solid resin obtained as the residue from the preparation of turpentine from the crude resin of the pine t ree. Saponify.--To convert a fat or oil into soap by the action of an alkali. When esters are boiled with strong bases, soaps are formed. Linseed oil contains the glyceryl ester of linoleic acid. Thus, when a linseed-oil paint comes in con- tact with a surface that contains strong alkali and water, such as damp concrete basement floors, the oil is saponified and thus loses its bonding properties. Sealer (she).--A liquid coating composition, usually transparent, such as varnish, that also contains pigment for sealing porous surfaces, especially plaster, preparatory to application of finish coats. A thin varnish of 1 gal TT- Y-71a interior varnish plus 1 or 2 qt turpentine is fre quently used as a "sealer" for plaster, prior to application of finish coats of paint. Federal Specification TT-P-5(5 is an example of pigmented sealer for plaster. Wood floor sealer (Fed. Spec. TT-S-176) is a thin varnish. Shellac.--A resinous material commonly known as "flake shellac," secreted by the insect Laccifer Lacca Kerr. Shellac is obtainable in two forms, "orange" and "bleached." (Fed. Spec. TT-S-271). _ Spar varnish.--A very durable, water-resistant varnish for severe service on exterior exposure. It consists of one or more drying oils: for example, linseed, tung, or dehy drated castor; one or more resins: for example, rosin, ester gum, 100 percent phenolic resin, or modified phenolic resin; one or more volatile thinners: for example, turpentine or petroleum spirits; and driers: for example, linoleates, resin- ates, or nnphthanates of lead, manganese, and cobalt. It is classed as long-oil varnish (see "oil length of varnish"), and generally consists of 45 to 50 gal of oil to each 100 lb of resin. Spirit 'varnish.--A varnish which is converted to a solid film by solvent evaporation. Dainar Varnish (Fed. Spec. Paint Manual TT-V-G1) and Shellac Varnish (F are spirit varnishes. Spreading rate.--The amount of which a given volume of paint can spraying, etc. Usually expressed in gallon. Thixotropic, paint.--The general property or phenomenon, exhibited b ing fluid when shaken. The change tropic paint applies particularly to t wall paints. Many paints of this type ity like the texture of whipped cream but become highly fluid when the remains so for an appreciable time. mechanical disturbance, such as stirr putting the brush into the paint, ri again. 'These are known as thixotrop logical property is of practical signif age, application, and film properties Trim enamel paint.--A subdivisio known as house paints, differing from body colors by faster drying, by hav showing fewer brush marks. Princi on trim, screens, and shutters. (F amendment 1). Two-coat paint system.--A system ing new exterior woodwork that con and tinisli paint for application in After two coats have been applied e dry, the thickness of the coating for g be about 0.0045 to 0.0055 in. (4(4 to such a thickness, the primer should mately 450 ft2/gal and the finish coat Varnish.--A homogeneous liquid g resin, drying oil, volatile thinner, and in a thin layer and exposed to the a verted to a transparent or translucen Vehicle.--The liquid portion of a p Viscosity.--Internal friction of a flu opposite of fluidity. For example, lins than turpentine; bodied linseed oil is m linseed oil. An important physical pr and lacquer. 0000-NLI-000019278 154 Building Materials and Structures Reports Volatile thinner.--The liquid portion of a paint, except water, which is volatile in a current of steam at atmospheric pressure. Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide.--Zinc oxides covered by Federal Specification TT-Z-301 contain practically no lead. Leaded zinc oxides covered by Federal Specification TT-Z-321 are produced from ores containing lead and may contain from 7 to 40 percent of material other than zinc oxide, which is generally basic lead sulfate. The material is really a mixture of zinc oxide and basic sulfate white lead. XII. LIST OF FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS As this publication goes to press, the following is tho latest list of Federal Specifications pertaining to paint and related materials. Federal specifications may be obtained from the Superin tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., for 5 cents each (no stamps), except TT-P-14 la Metlrods of sampling and testing, 20 cents. Federal Specifications Index, Part 1 of Federal Standard Stock Catalog Section IV may be obtained from the Super intendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price, 25 cents. . Acetone ......... 0-A-51a Aluminum pigment (powder and paste) .TT-A-408 -------, varnish for........... TT-V-81a Asphult primer.............. SS-A-701 ------- roof coating......... SS- it 151 ------- varnish ................. TT-V-51a Benzol ............................. VV-B-231 Bituminous plastic cement ..........................SS-C 153 Black enamel ................ TT-E-521 --------------- , heat resisting .......................TT-E-49G Black paint, carbon.. .TT-P-G1 a --------------- , graphite____ TT -P 27 Blue leuil, dry and in oil............................. TT-B-48G ----------------, paint.............. TT-P 20 Bone black, dry..............TT-B-GOO --------------- , paste-in-oil .TT P-381 Calcimine t.........................TT-C-90 Calking compound ....TT-C-598 Carbon black, dry......... TT C l20 ------------- , paste-in-oil. TT-P-381 Casein paint, exterior. .TT-P-22 --------------- , interior... ,TT-P-23a Cement-water paint . ..TT-P-21 Chrome green, dry ...TT-C-235 -------,--------, puste-in-oi). TT-P-381 Chrome orange, dry . . .TT-C-290 --------------- , paste-in-oil .TT-P-381 Chrome oxide, dry . . .TT-C-30G --------------- , paste-in-oil.TT-P-381 Chrome yellow, dry . . .TT-O-290 --------------- , paste-in-oil. TT-P-381 Cold-water paint, exterior........................... TT-P-22 interior ...........'........... TT-P-23a Concrete and masonry paint ............................... TT-P-24 Copper phthalocyanlue blue ............................... TT-C-010 Ilumar varnish................ TT-V-<51 Drier, liquid paint . .T'^D-tlhla Drum-coating enamel. .TT-E-485 Eggshell Interior paint ............................. TT-P-51n m -*- Paint Manual Emulsion paint ..............TT-P-88 Enamel, see under color or type Exterior paint ................ TT-P-40 ------- primer for wood. .TT-P-25 -------varnish (spur) . .TT-V-121b Filler, paste wood . ,TT-F-33Ga Flat interior paint . . ,TT-P-51a Floor paint, rubber base ................................. TT-P-91 - ---- , varnish base ............................... TT-P-146 Galvanized iron primer ........................... TT-P-641 Gold-leaf .........................Qt)-G-5fiG Graphite paint ................ TT-P-27 Green paint .................. TT-P-71a Heat-resisting enamel. TT-E-490 House paint, wldte and tints ............................... TT-P-40 ----------------, see under color or type Indian red, dry........... TT-I-511a --------------- , paste-in-oil .TT-P 38t Interior enamel .........TT-E-50Ga Interior cold water paint ............................ TT-P-23a -------emulsion paint.. .TT-P-88a --- - flat paint ............. TT P-51 a -------one-coat flat paint .TT-P-47 ------ varnish .................. TT-V-71a International orange paint ...............................TT-P- 5!) Iron blue, dry ............... TT 1-077 --------------- , paste-in-oil.TT-P-381 lrou oxide, black, dry. .TT-I-098 ------------ -, bright red, dry ............................... TT-I-511a paste-in-oil ..................TT P-381 ------------, brown, dry. .TT-I-702 Iron oxide paint........... TT-P 31a Lacquer, spraying .......... TT-L-58 Lacquer, thinner........... TT-T-2GG Lampblack, dry .............. TT-L-70 -------, paste-in-oil........... TT-P-381 Lea d-zinc-t Itanium paint ............................... TT-P-40 I.ithopone, dry .............. TT-L-426 Lusterless olive drab enamel ......................... TT-E-514 Magnesium silicate . ...TT-M-110 Masonry paint ................ TT-P-24 Metallic brown, dry. . .TT-M-251 6UCUM5' iti 11 Metallic paste-i Methods Mineral s Mineral re dry .... Mineral re paste-in Mixing v aluminu Olive-drab lusterlus ---------------paint . Ocher, dr -------, pas Oil, flattin -------, linse ------- ,----- -------,------meat . ------- , soy ------- , ton Orange p nationa Paint, see Pigments, Plaster p Primer, e -------, galv ------- , pla Protein b paint . ------------ -- paint .. Prussian --------------Putty, me glazing ------ , woo glazing Radioactiv compou Ked enam lied lead, paste .. Ked lead Remover Kuhbing Sealer, flo type .... Shellac, o Shellac va Shellac Va Replace 0000-N LI-000019279 150 Building Materials and Structures Reports Sienna, raw and burnt, Varnish, asphalt ... ,TT-V-51a dry ............................. . .TT-S-346 -------, duuiur ............... .. .TT V 01 -------.exterior ............. .TT V 121b paste-in-oil ............... -------, interior ............ ..TT V 71a Spirit varnish............. -------.rubbing ............ Stain, exterior ......... . .TT S 7i Mi -------.shellac ............... -------, interior....... ------ -, spar ................... .TT V 121b Stencil paint.............. ------ , spirit ................ ..TT V 130 Testing methods.........,TT I* 141a Venetian red, dry... Thinner, lacquer ..., -rT tp o(ilj ----------------, paste.... . .TT P-381 ------- . Paint..................., .TT T-291 Wax, floor, solvent Titanium dioxide___ TT t_425 type ........................ .. .P W-134 Titanium-lead-zinc ------ ,--------, water paint ........................ ... .TT-P 40 emulsion ............... .. .P W~151a Toluidine red ........... .. .TT T 502 -------, general purpose. .P-W-X58 Traffic paint.................. .TT-P-115 White lead, basic Turpentine, gum carbonate ................ TT-W-251b spirits ........................,TT T 791b ------------- - ^ ------- ------, steam distd. sulfate ...................... TT-W-2G1U wood .......................... TT T 791b ------ ------- paint......... ...TT P 40 -------, destructively distd. Yeilow exterior paint ... TT-P-53 wood ........................... TT T 792a Yellow iron oxide, dry .TT-Y-216 Ultramarine blue, dry.TT-U-4r0 ------------------------paste- --------------- , paste-in-oil .TT-P-381 in-oil ........................ . .TT P-381 Umber, raw and burnt. Zinc dust--zinc oxide dry ............................... .TT U 481 primer...................... Zinc oxide .................. . .TT Z-301 paste-in-oil ............. . ----------------, leaded... . .TT Z 321 Varnish, aluminum .. ,TT-V-81a ' Zinc yellow ................ . .TT Z 415 The following Federal Specifications are in preparation but are not approved or printed as yet: Ink; stencil (TT-T-558 and 559). I'aint; luminous, nonradioaetive. Paint; semigloss, wall, interior (TT-E-508). Primer; paint, iron-oxide (for motor vehicles). Shellac (revision of TT-S-271). Paint Ma INDE Aciil number ............................................................... Adhesion ............................................... Alcohol (solvent for bhellac) Alkali rclimul oil ....................... Alkyd resins .................................. Alligatoriug .................................. Aluminum : Taint, application to : Steel ..................................... Wooil ....................................... Pigment, powder, and paste ..................... Treatment of ........................................................ Varnish fur ............................................................ Application of painting materials to : Concrete ..................................... l'Vnous metals ....................................... Masonry ....................................................... Nonlerioua Uietals .................................. Piaster ............................................................ Steel submerged iu wuter .................. Wood ............. Aroma t ic .... Asphalt : Primer .... Uoof coating Vurnish .. . ............................................................................. Hinder ............................................................................ Hituminous plastic cement ............................... Pluck : Knamel : Heat-resisting (400 F) ........................... Pigmented (air-drying and baking) Paint. : Graphite, outside, ready-mixed ......... Heady-mixed ..................................................... Pigments : Honcblaek; dry (paint pigment) . Parboil black; dry (paint pigment Iron oxide; black, synthetic, dry (p pigment) ............................................... Lampblack; dry (paint pigment) . TMgments-in-oil ................................................ ltleeding ......................................................................... HUstering ....................................................................... Illoom ............................................................................... ill ue : Lead : Hasie-sulfate, dry and paste ln-oil , Unsic-sulfate, linsced-oil, ready-mixed Pigments : Copper-phtbalocyanine blue; dry (pa pigment) ................................................... Iron blue; dry (paint pigment) ........ I'ltramarine blue; dry (paint pigmen Pigmeuts-in-oU ..................................................... Hody coat ..................................................................... Hoot-lopping paint ................................................ Hruwii : Paint, iron-oxide, ready-ndxed and se IKiKlo ................................................................ Pigments : Iron oxide; brown, synthetic, dry (pa pigment) .................................................. Metallic brown; dry (paint pigment) Slcnnu ; burnt, dry (paint pigment) -riM 'O o o o 158 Building Materials and Structures Reports Drown (Continued) : Pigments (Continued) : Umber, burut ami ruw; dry (puiut pig ment) .................................................................. TT-U-481............. Pigments-in-oil ....................................................... .TT-P-381.............. ------Rrushcs, care of .......................................................... . Page 23', 24 Pigments and liquids ................ .Glossary............. ------- 148 Calcimine ............................................... . .TT C DO............. Calking compound ............................... Cement. (see Concrete.) Cement-water paint ............................. Chulking .................................................. ('becking ..................................................... . .TT-P-21.............. . .Glossary.............. ------- ------- 148 115,124 China wood oil. (8'ee Oil, tung.) Chrome : . Green : l'aint; ready-mixed and semipaste, ex terior .................................................................... TT-P-71a......................... 35 Pigjnent-in-oiJ ............................................................ TT'-P-381......................... 23, 25, 2d Pure, dry (paint pigment) ................................ TT-C-235......................... Orunge : 23, 25 Dry (paint pigment) .......................................... TT-C-290......................... 23, 25 Paint; ready-mixed, international orange. .TT-P-59........................ 33 Piginent-iu-oil ............................................................ TT-P-381......................... 23, 25, 2(1 Yellow: Dry (paint pigment) .......................................... TT-C-290......................... 23, 25 l*aint; outside, ready-mixed, mediuin- chrome-yelluw .....................................................TT-P-53......................... 33 Pignient-in-oil ............................................................ TT-P-381......................... 23, 25, 2d Chromium oxide green: * Piginent-in-oil ................................................................. TT-P-381......................... 23, 25, 20 Cold-water paints. (.See Paints, water.) Colors-in-oil, for paint. (See Plgmenta-ln- oil.) Comments: ` General ............................................................................ ................................................... On individual materials ......................................................................................... Composition : liy volume ......................................................................................................................... Ity weight ........................................................................................................................... Concrete : Application of painting materials lo ............................................................ Paint for: Concrete and masonry, exterior, egg- shell-fluish, ready-mixed, white and tints ..........................................................................TT-P-24......................... Rubber-base (for) cement floors ................... TT-P-91........................ 40, 47 Varnish-buso (for concrete and wood floors) ..................................................................TT-P-146......................... 45 Preparation of surfaces ......................................................................................... Consistency ................................................................................Glossary........................ Contents ................................................................................................................................... 81-80 148 HI Copals .......................................................................................... Glossary........................ 148 Copper bronze, coatings lor .................................................................................... 92 , ,Copper, coatings for ...................................................................................................... 02 Cracking ........................................................................................................................... 115, 120 121 Crazing ...........................................................................................Glossary Crawling 130; 133, 3 34 148 110 Cut .................................................................................................. Glossary 148 Diluent. (See Extender.) Drier ........................................................... Glossary Enamel .......................................................................................... Glossary Coal-tar base: Application of Instructions and precautions for sam pling Paint M Enamel (Centilined) : Drum contiug enamel .................................. Jlcat resisting (400 F), black ............. Inside wall paint for chemical la tories (fume- and beat-resisting w enamel) ....................................................... Interior, gloss, light tints and while I.usterless, olive-drab .................................. Pigmented (uir-drying and baking), b Trim ........................................................................ \Vater resisting, red ..................................... Extender ..................................................................... Exterior paints : Cement-water, powder, white and lin Cold-water, pow'der (with mixing liq Concrete and masonry, egg sbcll-li ready-mixed, white and lints ..... G rapid te, ready-mixed, black ................. Oil, ready-mixed, lighttints and white Ready-mi \ ed and semi paste, chromeReady mixed, mcdium-chrome-yellow' Trallic, white and yellow ....................... "Ending" of color ............................................. Endures, paint ..................................................... Ferrous metals : Cleaning of ....................................... ............... Painting of ........................................................ Filler, wood, paste ............................................ Film integrity ...................................................... Filmogens ................................................................ Floors : Concrete : Application of painting materials t Enamels for ................................................ Maintenance of ....................................... Paints for : Rubber base ............................................... Varnish-base ............................................ Retinibliing of ............................................. Wood : Paint ; varnish-base ............................... Porch ............................................................... dealers : Eucipier type (for oiled wood flo Varnish type (for wood and cor Wuxes for. (See Miscellaneous m rials. ) Foots .............................................................................. Foreword . . . .......................................................... Form lacquer ......................................................... Garnet paper ............................................................ Glazing ........................................................................ Gloss (luster, sheen) ....................................... I .oss of ................................................................ Glossary ..................................................................... Glyceryl phtlmlute resin (alkyd) ............. Gold leaf .................................................................... Paint; ready-mixed and seunipaste, ex Pigments ; Chrome green; pure, dry (paint pigm Chromium-oxide green ; dry (paint - ment) ....................................................... Pigments-in-oil .................................................. Gum .............................................................................. Hazards ..................................................................... lleni-resisting enamels : Itluclc (400 F) ............................................... White ; inside wall paint for chem laboratories (fume-resisting) ........ Hiding power . .T................................................ 0000-N LI-000019281 ICO Building Material# and Structures Reports Inspection ......................................................................................................... Interior : Enamels : Gloss, light tints and white ........................TT-E-506a. Inside wall paint for chemical labora tories (fume- and heut-resisting white enamel) .............................................NRS LC489. I'ainta : Cement-water, powder, white and tints. . .TT-P-21. ('old-water, light tints and white.................TT-P-23u. Oil, eggsliel 1 -Hat-finish, ready-mixed and semipaste, light tints and white. .. ,TT-P-51a. Oil, one-coat-fiat, heavy-bodied, light tints and white ................................................ TT-P-47. Surfaces : Masonry, concrete, and plaster ............................................ . Preparation and painting of .................................................. Wood ......................................................................................................... Introduction .......................................................................................... Iodine number ...................................................................... Glossary. Iron, structural. (See Ferrous metals.) Iron oxide. (See Paints; oil and varnish vehicle, ready-mixed and Pigments.) Page 105, 108-110 . . 41 -47 59 62, 63 44 42, 43 81-86 73-07 73-81 1 150 Kauri reduction test ..........................................................Glossary, Krebs units .................................................................. . .Glossary. 150 150 Lacquer ...................................... ............................................. Glossary.............. .. .. . Spraying, clear and pigmented (general use) ............................................................................... TT-L-58......................... I.ead : Paints : lUue-lead-bnse; basic-sulfate, linseed-oil, ready-mixed ........................................................TT-P-20......................... Red-lead base ; linseed-oil, ready-mixed. . . .TT-P-8U. .................... (white lead) Paint; oil, exterior, ready- mixed, light tints andwhite ............... TT-P-40......................... Pigments : Blue lead; basic-sulfate, dry and paste- in oil .................................................................... TT-B-486......................... Bed lead; dry and paste-in-oil ...................TT-It-lDla......................... White lead; basic-carbonate, dry, pastein-oil, and semipaste containing volatile thinner............................................ TT-W-2516....................... White lead; basic-sulfate, dry and paste- in-oil ..................................................................TT-\V-201a......................... Bight tints and white: Enamel : Interior, gloss ....................................................... TT-K-500a. ..................... Paints: * Cement water, powder (for interior and exterior use) ....................................................... TT-P-21......................... Concrete and masonry, exterior, eggshell- finish .......................................................................TT-P-24......................... Exterior-primer, ready-mixed ............................. TT-P-25......................... Oil, interior, eggsheil-fiut-fiiush, ready- mixed and semipasle ................................TT-P 51a......................... Oil, interior, onc-coat-ilut,heavy-bodied. . .TT-P-47........................... Traffic, exterior, white and yellow................. TT-P-115....................... Linseed oil. (See Oil.) Liquids ..................................................................................................................................... Lithopone ; dry (paint pigment) ............................. TT-L^426. ! Magnesium : Silicate; dry (paint pigment) .......................... TT-M-90......................... Treatment of ................................................................................................................... Masonry. (Nee Concrete.) '* Mil .................................................................................................. Glossary......................... Mineral spirits. (Nee Thinner.) Miscellaneous materials : Filler; wood, paste ..................................................TT-F-336a......................... Putty and elastic compound; (for) metal- sash glazing ...................................................... TT-P 78La.......................... 150 56, 57 31 31 27, 28 20 10, 20 15-17 15 41 51) 37, 28 20 44 4 2, 43 38, 3b 7-13 155 ir.ri 02 1 50 67 68, 60 Paint Manua Miscellaneous Materials (Continued) : Putty ; [Hire linseed oil, (for) wood-sash glazing .................................................................... T Bemover ; paint and varnish ...........................T Wax : Floor, solvent type (with resin) .................. Floor, water emulsion ........................................ P General purpose, solvent type, liquid and naste (for) floors, furniture................. Mixing of paints : Pastes ................................................................................... Pastes-in-oil ................................................................. Resin-emulsion ............................................................ Powders ......................................................................... Casein, powder paints .......................................... Cement-water paints ............................................ Dry red-load paints ............................................... Beady-mixed ...................................................................... Nonferrous metals, application of coatings to.. Nonvolatile vehicle .......................................................... Ocher pigment-in-oil .................................................T Oil : China wood. (See Oil, tung.) Drying .................................................................................. Platting and mixing ................................................ T Linseed : Bodied ............................................................................. Boiled .......................................................................JJJ ( Baw ..................................................................................1 Ucplaeemont ............................................................. T Soybean, refined ...........................................................J Tung, raw (China wood) ...................................... J Olive drab: * Fnuinel ; lusterless,olive-drab ............................. Paint; ready-mixed ...................................................... Orange : Paint; ready-mixed, international orange.. Pigments : Chrome orange; dry (paint pigment) ... . Pigmenta-in-oil ................................................................ Paints; oil and varnish vehicle, ready-mixed. . Blue-lead-base; basic-sulfate, linseed oil, ready-mixed .............................................................. Concrete and masonry, exterior, eggshell- finish, ready-mixed, white and tints.... Exterior-primer, ready-mixed, white ............... Graphite, outside, ready-mixed, black ............. Irou oxide, ready-mixed and semipaste, red and In-own ............................................................ T Oil, exterior, ready-mixed, light tints and while ........................................................................... Oil, interior, eggshell fiat-finish, ready- mixed and semipaste, light tints and white ......................................................................... T Oil, interior, one coat-fiat, heavy-bodied, light tints and white ....................................... Outside, ready-mixed, medium-chrome-yellow I Plaster primer and sealer ...................................... Primer, zinc dust-zinc oxide ................................T Keutiy-mixed and semipaste, exterior, chrome-green ..........................................................T Beady-mixed, black .................................................... T Beady-mixed, international-orange ...................T Bendy-mixed, olive-drub .......................................... T Iled-lead base ; linseed-oil, ready-mixed . . . Rubber base, cement floors ...................................... Traffic, exterior, while and yellow.................... i Varnish-base (for concrete and wood floors) .T 102 Building Materials and Structures Reports Paint Man Page Peeling .................................................................................. 114 Pigments ............................................................................ .Glossary. . 151 Primer, paint .......................................................... Dry : Aluminum pigment; powder aiul paste Exterior, ready-mixed, white................... Plaster primer and sealer ........................ (for paint) ..................................................... .. - 21-23 Zinc dust-zinc oxide ..................................... iilue-lead; busic-sulfute, dry and pastein oil .................................................................. .TT if 48(> ............. i Prussian blue. (.See lilue, iron.) Purchase, basis of.................................................. .TT-ll-iim)................ 23 Putty (see also Miscellaneous materials) Carbon black ; dry (paint pigment) .... .TT C-120................ Chrome green; pure, dry (paint pig- Red : ` . .TT-C 235................ Chrome-yellow and chrome-orange; dry r Enamel ; water-resisting ................................... Lead ; (paint pigment) .......................... . .TT C-290................ Dry and paste-in-oil ...................................... Chromium-oxide green; dry (paint pig Ueady-mixed oil paint................................... ment ) .................................................. . . TT C 300................ Faint; iron-oxide, ready-mixed and sem Copper-phi Indocyanine blue ; dry (paint paste ................................................................... pigment) .......................................... .TT-C-U10................ - - Indian red und bright red (iron-oxide) ; 24 Pigments : Indian red and bright red (iron oxide dry (paint pigment) ................ "TT I 511a................ dry (paint pigment) Iron blue; dry (paint pigment) . ..TT-1 U77................ Iron-oxide ; black, synthetic, dry (paint 23, 24 Mineral red (iron oxide), natural; d (paint pigment) .................................... pigment) .......................................... . . TT-I-098................ ... Iron-oxide; brown, synthetic, dry (paint 24 Toluidine-red toner; dry (paint p ment) ........................................................... pigment) .......................................... , .TT-I-702. . Lampblack ; dry (paint pigment) ------ TT-L-70. Lithopone; dry (paint pigment) ................TT-I.--420. 2.> 23, 2 4 155 Venetian ................................................................. Pigments-in-oil ........................................................ References, selected ................................................. Magnesium silicate; dry (puint pigment) . .TT-M-90................... Metallic brown; dry (paint pigment). . .TT-M-251................... Mineral red (iron oxide), naturul ; dry 155 23, 24 Radioactive luminous compound...................... ltetinishing : Concrete tloors (paint pigment) ......................................... TT-M-381.................... 23, 25 Wood surfaces : Oclier; yellow, dry (paint pigment) ... .TT (.4-121................... Read-lead; dry and paste in-oil ................ TT-U-lDlu.................... 23 ` 19-21 Exterior ... Interior .... Sienna; raw and burnt, dry (paint pig Remover, paint and varnish ............................ ments) ..................................................................TT-S 34d................... Titanium dioxide; dry (paint pigment). .TT-T-425.................. Toluidine-red toner; dry (paint pigment) . TT-T-5h2.................. Ultramarine bine; dry (paint pigment)..TT-U-450.................. Umber, burnt and raw; dry (paint pig ment) .................................................................... TT-U--481.................... Venetian red; dry (paint pigment)...........TT-V-220.................... White-lead ; basic carbonate, dry, pastein-oil ................................................................. TT-W-251b................... White-lead; basic-sulfate, dry and paste- , 24, 25 150 23, 25 23, 24 23, 24 23, 25 15-17 Removing paint and similar materials.......... Resin ................................................................................. Resin-emulsion paint ............................................... Rosin ................................................................................. Running ........................................................................... i Safety measures ....................................................... Sagging ............................................................................ Sampling .................................................................... .. Saponify ......................................................................... in-oil ..................................................................TT-W-201a................... Yellow iron oxide; hydrated, synthetic 15 Sealers (size) ............................................................ Floor : (paint pigment) .............................................TT-Y-210................. Zinc-oxide; dry and paste-in-oil ...................TT-Z-301................. Zinc-oxide; leaded, dry and paste-in oil. .TT-Z-321.................. Zinc-yellow (zinc chromate) ; dry (paint 23, 25, 2d 17, 19 17, 19 Lacquer type (for oiled wood floors) Varnish type (for wood ami cork) .. Plaster primer aud sealer .......................... Shellac ............................................................................ pigment) .............................................................TT-Z-415................... Paste : 26, 27 Orange ....................................................................... Varnish .................................................................... Aluminum pigment; powder and paste Varnish replacement ....................................... (for paint) ........................................................TT-A-468................... Iilue-lead ; basic-sulfate, dry and paste- 21-23 Shingles, staining of ............................................ Slow drying ................................................................. in-oil ....................................................................... TT-Ii-480................... Pigments-in-oil ; paint colors ........................TT-P-381.................... Red lead ; dry and paste-in-oil ...................TT-It-lDla................... White-lead; basic-carbonate, dry, paste 20, 21 23-27 19-21 Specifications : Amendments to .................................................... Hush; ............................................................................ Spreading rate .......................................................... in oil ..................................................................TT-W-251b................... White lead ; basic-sulfate, dry and paste- . in-oil ..................................................................TT-W-2G1a................... Zinc-oxide .; dry and paste-in-oil .................. TT-Z-301.................... Zinc-oxide; leaded, dry and paste-in-oil..TT-Z-321.................. Pigment volume .................................................................... Glossary................. .. Plaster, (tfee Concrete.) 15-17 15 17, 19 17, 19 151 Stains. (8'ec Wood.) Steel (.vee also Ferrous metals) : Application of aluminum paint to .......... Submerged in water : Coal-tar base enamels for ..................... Varnish-type paints for ............................ Storage of painting materials ....................... Primer and sealer ..........................................................TT P-50 ........... Plasticizer ..................................................................*............Glossary". '. !............ Plastic wood ............................................................................ Glossary................. *lse ...........................,................................................................ Glossary................. Polymerization ....................................................................... Glossury................. 1 reparation of surfaces. (>ee Application 43, 84 151 151 151 151 Tackiness ........................................................................ Term* plate, coatings for ................................... Thinner : Lacquer ....................................................................... Paint, volatile mineral spirits .................... of painting materials.) Volatile ...................................................................... 0000-N LI-000019282 I 0000-N LI-000019283 \ . t ' j j' ;\ j 164 Building Materials and Structures Reports Titanium dioxide; dry (paint pigment) . ____ TT T 423............ Tin, coatings for .................................................... Turpentine : Destructively distilled wood .................. . .I.I.l^T 7(>i!a........ Cum spirits ................ ......................................... . . IiIjL--T-791b........... Steam distilled wood........... ......................... Two-coat paint system .................................. .......... Page 13d Asphalt ....................................................... Interior .................................................................. Mixing (for) aluminum paint ................... ____ TT-V-8la............ ..... 49, 50 Oil ............................................................................ .... 151 Oil length of....................................................... .......... 151 Jtubbing; cabinet .......................................... , ...........TT-VH<............ .......... 50 Shellac .................................................................... '* (TT-V-Dla) I Olossar.vf.......... .......... 54, 55, 152 Spar; water-resisting .................................. !TT-V-121bj j Olo.ssaryt ...........50, 51, 152 Spirit (shellac-varnish replacement).. fTT-V-130] ........... 55, 152 | dossary) Vehicle .......................................................................... ...........< lossary........... .......... 153 Viscosity .................................................................... ................... 153 Volatile thinner ..................................................... ................... 154 ... 1L . 10 F|i>|i rp 7JJ . Washes, rust-inhibltivc ..................................... Water paints : Calcimine ................................................................ Cement-water paint ........................................ Protein-base paints: Fxterior ............................................................. ........... .. .......... ...........TT I' 21............ .......... .......... TT-P-22............ .......... Itesin-eimilsion, interior ............................. ........... Wax. (See Miscellaneous materials.) White lead: Paint: Oil, exterior, ready-mixed, light tints and white .............................................................TT-P-40......................... Pigments : Basic-carbonate, dry, paste-in-oil, ami semipaste containing volatile tliin- -2511>........... .... Basic-sulfate, dry and paste-in-oil ____ TT--W 2b1n.......... .......... Wood : Application of : Painting materials .. Paint: Varnish-base .................. Porch floors ........................ Preparation of surfaces: Interior ............................. Sealers : Floor; lacquer-type (for floors) ................... Floor; varnish-type (for cork) ..................... Staining of........................... Stains : Interior, non-bleeding Opaque, exterior, oil .......... P-1441........... ........... ........... oiled wood ................TT- S -171........... wood and .............TT-S ........... ........... ........... ........... 89 13 58 59 00-02 04 27,28 15-17 15 73-81 78 73-77 51,52 78, 7!) 78 Paint Manual Wrinkling Yellow: 1 `outside, ready-mixed, medium-chronic- Trallie, exterior, while ami yeliow ............. TT-I Pigments: . .. Chrome yellow; dry (paint pigment).. .11 Oclier; yellow; dry (paint [(IKiiicllt)...........1 Sienna; raw, dry (paint pigment) ...... I l-h Yellow iron oxide; hydrated, synthetic (imint pigment) .............................................` ` * Pigments-in-oil ............................................................... ... Zinc : Pigments: Zinc-oxide; dry and paste-in-oil ........... j , TT-Z (llos Zinc-oxide; leaded, dry and paste-in oil | TT Z Clo Zinc yellow (zinc chromate) ; dry (paint pigment) ......................................................... .TT- Primer : Paint; zinc dust zinc oxide .......................... .TT- USC