Document gbmGRLXn1GVnDdm4m8MeRBEjV

tional TYNEW APRIL 1955 Si! :i3grt m\ r- t Im$r seH irxfi* gggg58B Jppggl?j Si*im;p; Electronic Track Inspection IN THIS ISSUE The Growth of Industrial Hygiene Industry's Pack Mules What Do Accidents Really Cost? PLAINTIFFS ,, EXHIBIT ktL-ZS The industrial hygiene laboratory has become a center of research for better working conditions through study of materials used and control of manufacturing processes. (Courtesy General Electric Co.) The Expanding Field of Industrial Hygiene By A. C. PAB5T Twenty years ago industrial hygiene was a new science. Today the hygienist and the safety engineer are on the same team working for a safer environment TNDUSTRIAL HYGIENE is a -* neld that is closely interwoven with industrial safety. In fact, it can be regarded as a medical en gineering phase of safety. Unfortunately, many people know little about industrial hy giene and the functions of the industrial hygienist. Industrial hygiene is a comparatively new science--practically unknown 20 years ago. Today there are only 800 industrial hygienists in the United States, and a large num- A. C. Pabst is Industrial Hygisnist, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., New York. This article has been con densed from a paper presented at the Petroleum Section, 42nd National Safe ty Congress. ber of them are not in industry but working for the federal gov ernment or state departments. Usually, the word "hygiene" recalls hygiene courses in school which dealt with personal habits, such as bathing, brushing teeth, cleaning finger nails, etc. People jump to the conclusion that a hy gienist in industry must be inter ested in keeping employees clean. In my initial visit to many of our refineries, it seemed that the first stop in the tour was to visit the locker rooms and to inspect show er and lavatory facilities. Industrial hygienists are inter ested in personal cleanliness so far as it is necessary to protect the emolovee's health. We are more interested in keeping lungs free from poisonous du and gases, his bones free fro lead, his liver free from chlor nated solvents, etc. Hygiene is defined as th branch of medical science that rt^_ lates to the 'preservation of health^ Therefore, industrial hygiene maf| be defined as the science of pre^g vention and control of occup tional illness. It resolves it into the problem of finding factor ^ or conditions in work places tbafc| may cause or contribute to the ifl~J ness or serious discomfort of em*| ployees, and of devising the metb*? ods and means of eliminating ^ controlling such conditions. The industrial hygienist haSj National Safety News, April, Ount Coiu Nofi< e much toward bringing medie and safety engineering into Hose cooperation partly because V interest overlaps these two ^'fnc typical industrial hygienist tu,r`cd out as a chemist or chemi*o")',.,1engainndeerstuwdhioedbetcoaxmiceoloingtiecar-l ts of chemicals on man. Con1 has a good back^floend of chemistry and engif^-ring combined with some `medical knowledge--a sort of one.jjjiil doctor, one-third engineer "ini one-third chemist. His ob jectives arc the protection and ..Improvement of the health and i 3rcty of workers from all man ner of harmful exposures related a nccupalion. : From this you will note that ``dust, ial i.vgicnists and safety gincers ha -e pretty much the ae objectives and are memrs of the same team. Actually, "the functions o; each are somenes so inter-related it is not ssible to draw clear lines of separation. Nor is , t necessary to do so, for if a man's health is endangered by working conditions it is an important part of his safety :picture. In many industries, safety `and industrial hygiene arc com-bined in the same department. In the petroleum industry, hov. - Like people, chemicals are of many types and dispositions. Most are uncomplaining, law-abiding citizens who present no special problems. Some are unstable and unpredictable. Some are out-andout neurotics, requiring a sharp and observant discipline. Others, harmless by themselves, may be influenced by bad company. Still others are troublemakers in soli tary, but docile and helpful in tandem. Some are just plain bad actors. --From a publication by Du Pont's Haskell Laboratory of Toxicology ********** ever, industrial hygienists are usually attached to the medical department and work as closely as possible with the safety depart ment. There is good reason why the petroleum industrial hygien ists must lean heavily upon the safety department. In the petro leum industry the concept of in dustrial hygiene is relatively new and is considerably behind simi lar activities in the chemical and other industries, consequently, the number of petroleum industrial hygienists is exceedingly small. On the other hand, safety de partments are well established, well acquainted and close to the every day problems of the petro- TABIE l-EFFECT OF ALCOHOL LEVEL IN BLOOD^ Ounces oj Whiskey .Consumed in 1 Hr. or less % 1 2-3 5-6 8 10 16 24 30 % Alcohol in Blood 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 - 0.5 0.6 - 0.7 !3(.\amor Normal Feeling of warmth, pleasant social behavior. Judgment blunted Boastful, impulsive Officially still sober Fumbling, staggering gait, clumsiness, slurred speech Officially drunk. Responses and motor coordination strongly affected.*1 Helpless, nausea Stupor Coma Paralysis of the respiratory center--death. Pfizer Spectrum, JAMA, March 27, 1954 leum industry, and have consider ably more coverage and man power. To illustrate, the American Petroleum Institute's roster of safety and fire protection person nel lists some 1200 names, prob ably not all, in this occupation. Contrasted to this, to the best of my knowledge, there are at present only 17 industrial hygien ists working for petroleum com panies--an industry ratio of ap proximately 70 safety men to one industrial hygienist. Most of the major oil companies now have at least one industrial hygienist and from 50 to 100 safety men, so you can see it is very necessary for us to work with and through our safety people. Basically, the practice of indus vrjljti' trial hygiene in the petroleum in dustry is the same as in any other industry and it can be boiled down to four general principles: 1. A knowledge of the toxicology of chemicals and materials. 2. A review of all chemicals or materials used and how han dled and the tabulation of toxic or potentially hazardous sub stances. 3. The measurement of worker exposure to hazardous sub stances. ' 4. If required, the recommenda tion and installation of ade quate control measures and the evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective steps. Toxicology of Chemicals In regard to Item 1, the Toxi cology of Chemicals, it is usually difficult to adequately define a hazardous material because prac tically anything can be safe or harmful depending upon how or where it is used. For example, air and water are not regarded as harmful, but both are quite deadly under certain conditions -- air if injected into the blood stream and water if introduced into the lungs. In the same manner, the use of carbon tetrachloride in a process having properly designed ventila tion would not be hazardous, while the use of carbon tetrachlo ride for mopping floors would he quite dangerous. Most safetypeople are aware that carbon tet rachloride is a hazardous chemi cal because there has been con- --To page 103 HttHontii Safety News, April, 1955 21 5afe at Last |VVanf s.:v>!as Alkemacle, of Lough/Uu'h, England, has a new job ..j for the first time in his life. j`fi` ;eels secure, says a Chicago Tribune swry. ^ ' Vikemade's first job was rear ,,er in a bomber. On a misover Germany in 1944, his liane was hit and caught fire. The pilot ordered the crew to bail out. "u- Aikemade's parachute was fire. So was his clothing. Faced ,,v certain death if he remained ,n the plane, Aikemade jumped --without a chute. As he tumbled head over heels, he lost consciousness. Three hours later he came to--in a big snow drift. The 3% mile fall, plus the snow, had put out the flames in his clothing. The snow had broken his landing. He started to walk, but discov ered a knee was injured. It col lapsed on him. He spent the rest of the war in a prison camp. After the war, Aikemade got a job in a factory. A nine foot piece of steel fell on him. He knocked out but lived. He changed his job and started pumping ammonia from a tank, where nothing could fall on him. But his electric pump shorted. The shock knocked him out al though his rubber soled shoes saved his life. As he slumped in the tank, his gas mask slipped off. An alert colleague saved him. He changed his job again. His new task involved transfer of sul phuric acid. The hose broke and acid sprayed over him, but prompt spraying with a neutral izing chemical again saved him. Aikemade, now 32, and amazed to be alive, has a new job again-- selling accident insurance. Industrial Hygiene --From page 21 siderable publicity regarding its toxicological effects, and in some cases, restrictive labeling require ments have been passed, for exstn.ple, in New York City. Many '''her chemicals used in the petro- .m industry have inherent toxic dualities of the same magnitude, Vat are not so well known. In regard to toxicology, there Motional Sorely News, April, 1955 Knit-lined TMStanzoiI INDUSTRIAL GLOVES At home a dog offers its owner a daily example of real comfort. PIONEER'S objective in designing Scanzoii Duplex Industrial Gloves is to give those who wear them the same kind of comfort at work. For V NL-34 Duplex is a tightweight elastic knitlined glove of neoprene with straight fingers and non-slip grip. Small, medium and large sizes in ](HA# lengths. comfortable hands are busy hands, and protected hands are healthy hands. Where comfort, maximum protec tion, tensile strength and abrasion, tear, aging, flame and heat resistance are important, and a safe non-slip grip necessary . . . where resist ance to alcohols, acids, bases, oils, amines, greases or ketones is essen tial . . . where ail these specifications form the basis for your buying deci sion, there's only one answer . . . PIONEER'S Neoprene Scanzoii Duplex Gloves. ^ Pick the best, most economical glove for the job from 32 PIONEER styles (including neoprene, rubber and plastic gloves), weights, sizes, and colors shown 'in the "PIONEER Industrial] Glove Catalog." ik PJQNEER 237 Tiffin Road, Willard, Ohio, U. S. A. Oua/ify Gloves for over 35 Years Sfanzoil FOOT-TOE-LEG Protection by "Sankey" "SANKEY" IMPROVED The metal shield (above) is designed to fur nish a maximum amount of protection to the entire front of the foot--not merely the toes alone, but also to the instep against hazards from failing, rolling or flying objects, or from accidental too! blows. 9 Absolute freedom of leg motion, utmost pro tection and comfort come with the leg-contour shaped "Sankey1' fibre shin guard (right). Fibre knee-shin guard (right) provides flex ible knee movement on jobs with both knee and shin hazards. FOOT GUARD For more informa/ion write today ELLWOOD SAFETY APPLIANCE CO. 219 SIXTH ST., ELLWOOD CITY, PA. 103 Got 'OUST STORM THROAT f are three ways in which a subJ stance can cause adverse effects upon man: 1. It can be ingested or swallowed 2. It can be harmful by direct contact with the skin or part- of the body. ' 3. It can be inhaled as a oas vapor, mist or dust. ' YOU NEED A . DUPOR The respirator that's made to order for protection against dust, fumes and paint spray! Has everything, and more than you will find in units costing twice the price! Double filters; soft rubber face mask; sani tary face cloth; exclusive Dupor valves for controlled breathing; panorama vision! Economical protection that you cannot afford to be without! Write for sample, $2.00 postpaid! H. S. COVER, SOUTH BEND, I N D. "Respirators jor Industry since 1894" Qt&jb BM SI ihu See itr. 6-12with Insect Repellent Workers swatting insects can't keep their minds on the job. The result? Produc tion drops and accidents rise. Why run this risk? Protect outdoor workers from mosquitoes and black flies, with "6-12" Insect Repellent. It's available in gallon cans for use in handy liquid dis pensers, or in individual 2-oz. bottles and 1-oz. sticks. Costs less than a penny a day per user. Write today for free samples and name of nearest supplier. THEY'LL USE IT. Place these handv "6-12" Insect Repellent dispensers around the plant near the outdoor work areas. Consumer Products Department CARBIDE AND CARBON CHEMICALS COMPANY A Division of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation 30 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y. Piease send me a free sample of "6-12" Insect Repellent: CD Stick CD Liquid Title. Address. City. 104 . Zone........................................... State. Ingestion Fortunately, petroleum mate rials are not commonly or inten tionally taken internally and therefore, trouble from this is rather rare in a refinery, although it does occasionally occur un knowingly. I recall watching a worker who had been complaining of stomach trouble, whose duties: involved the compounding of lith arge or lead oxide in a doctor! solution--this man proceeded empty the bags of litharge into an| outdoor mixing tank and becauseof the dust and mists generated he! correctly wore a respirator. Of course, his hands were cov-'i ered with lead oxide, and to my amazement, the first thing he did when he came down off the cat walk was to take an orange out of his lunch box which he started. to peel and eat--probably one of^ the most effective ways to get lead poisoning. Unfortunately, when petroleu products get into the hands ofcustomers, ingestion is more fre;J quent, usually by small children whose parents carelessly leavi_ products within easy reach. You? know that every year there arej fatalities reported from children! drinking kerosene. We have hadj hurry calls from doctors involve ing children drinking penetrating! oil and fly sprays. Some timesj adults are even worse, as therej are many cases of anti-freeze poi-j soning, drinking of brake fluid," and one I recall of our radiator | flush which contains muriatic! acid and chlorinated hydrocarbon. ^ This product is fully labeled, in cluding skull and cross bones. ^ It should be emphasized thatj hardly a substance exists that is> not capable of producing effects: on the human body if taken in j sufficient amounts or under the' wrong circumstances. Even com mon table salt, if used in sufficient: quantities, is toxic. It is reported- National Safety News, April, 1S55j iT thisi ithoul ur prilt t many years ago thg Chinese d table salt as a means of emitting suicide. Every chemf-fCi substance, therefore, has a " n-toxic dose and a toxic dose 'for man. This can be illustrated by the following data on a widely commodity, shown in Table I. Skin and Body Contact Approximately 60 per cent of jj] complaints received by our Apartment are concerned with dermatitis and skin irritations re sulting from contact with petro leum materials. By far, the ma jority of these complaints are ; from customers so this subject is very important in the marketing Ifof petroleum products, fe Cases among our employees or Ijn our refineries are few when jjlompared with those among in dustrial users of petroleum prod ucts, and it is believed that the Treason for this is due mainly to Ithe degree or extent of contact, pin the petroleum industry skin feontact is not generally experi enced to the extent that it is, for example, in the metal working industries where a daily eight hour skin contact with cutting oils often takes place. It is definitely established that skin is not an impermeable bar rier to chemical substances, and it is increasingly important as a .route of absorption for many ma|.terials. Action of chemicals on Eskin may he local, resulting in '' dermatitis. Examples we are fa - miliar with are kerosene, cutting oils, etc., or a chemical may be absorbed through the skin and cause damage to blood or internal parts of the body. Lead tetraethyl, as an illustration, does not affect . the skin or cause dermatitis but can penetrate the skin and cause internal poisoning. Regarding external or local skin effects, chemicals may be classi fied either as primary irritants or sensitizing agents. A primary ir ritant is a chemical that may cause dermatitis in individuals frequently after only one contact. They may have a strong chemical action, such as acids, alkalis, amines, etc., or they may have a weak chemical action but require prolonged contact to cause der matitis. Most petroleum hydro carbons are primary irritants but National Safety News, April, 1955 i WHY RISK A TRAFFIC ACCIDENT IN YOUR PLANT? Klear-Vu Safety Mirrors are the answer to the dangerous blind corner problem in your plant or warehouse. They are also adaptable for outdoor use in your parking lot, loading dock area or other points where traffic converges. Mounted at cross aisle intersections, entrances and exits at a height of 8 to 10 feet, Klear-Vu Safety Mirrors clearly reflect oncoming intersection traffic to both power truck operators and Style No. Dimensions pedestrians. Circular convex Circular convex Circular convex 120 180 12" dlam. 18" diom. Available in either convex or flat 240 24" diom. glass styles, the mirrors are easily in Flat rectangular Flat rectangular 918 1640 9" x 18" 16" x 24" stalled and quickly adjustable to any desired angle. LESTER L. BROSSARD CO. 540 N. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 11, IlL Write for Bul/ef/n. 1 CHOOSE FROM 115 MODELS S| '-HI TO MEET YOUR EXACT NEEDS! Only Ballymore ROLL-OR-GRIP all-welded-steel ladders as sure you of just the right portable safety stair for each need. A standard size range from one to twelve steps; a choice of three safety treads (expanded steel lath, steel grip-strut, or rubber-clad steel plate); optional hinged shelves or removable baskets; and a wide choice of widths within each size--these extras add convenience to the superior safety, features built into every Ballymore -- the original -- safety-step ladder. BALLYMORE Safety-Step LADDERS ;; trained representatives In principof To: BALLYMORE COMPANY, WAYNE 17, PA. ( ) Forward free catolefl of Sof*ty*Step ladders. [ ) Hove representative coll to survey my safety* ladder needs. ____T 105 Now! for greater safety New Safety GRIP-STRUT stair treads custom made to your exact Size . . a Hera for the first time is a really SAFE stair or ladder step, combining the proven features of Safety GRIP-STRUT material with a double locked carrier plate , , to provide additional safety-over present ii\\ types. GRIP-1TRUT diuiiian The Globe Company Manufacturer* since 1914 *013 S. Princeton Ave. Chicago 9, Illinois Whenever norma! lighting is inter rupted--no matter what the reason--you get adequate emergency lighting INSTANTLY. Your customers and employees are safeguarded against injuries; property damage, pilferage, loss of process control is minimized. Exide Lightguards are UL-approved and can be plugged in anywhere. Operates instantly--each lamp illuminates up to 10.000 sq. ft. Exide battery in one lamp unit provides power for more than S hours of continuous lighting. Once normal power is restored, automatic controls recharge the dependable, long-life, trouble-free Exide battery. tSTCMFS for facts on why Exide Lightguards guarantee more protection for every dollar you invest in such equipment. Ex$e INDUSTRIAL DIVISION, The Electric Storage Battery Co.. Philadelphia 2, Pa. 106 are classed in the latter cates in that prolonged contact" is ally required to cause m-i sensitizing agents, hand, are chemicals on the 0| that ar= er nocuous to most skin out capau2 or producing dermatitis irt a f 6 susceptible individuals follow^ repeated contacts over a l0RO -J* riod. Sensitization may require weeks, months or even vears of contact with the material dermatitis develops. befioons As mentioned above, the petro. ieuxn industry is now handling large quantities of chemical addi- ' fives and inhibitors, many of which are strong primary irri'tantj and very active chemical com- pounds. By nature, inhibitors! usually have to be very ooten chemicals because while they ara* used in very low concentrator they exert a powerful influenc on the characteristics or perform ance of the product, and many the inhibitors are just as potent towards man. One very active class of inhibi tors are the amines and substi tuted amines, and we are par ticularly concerned about them because they are very damaging to the eyes, and a splash can readily result in blindness. Th amines are usually strong smell ing caustic liquids, insoluble water, hence difficult to removy by washing. They can cause seve eye burns and necrosis of eye tis sue. In addition, most amines readily absorbed through the si and even low quantities ma* cause internal damage and deat Employees should, of course, i fully "alerted as to the hazards o such materials and should be edu cated to the use of protective gog gles, gloves and aprons. The foregoing applies to con centrated or undiluted inhibitors. Finished petroleum products should and usually do contain such a small quantity, and inhibitor is so diluted, as to result in practically no more harm in the finished product than there would be from the straight mineral oil itself. Industrial dermatitis ca = es sometimes result in erroneous conclusions as to their cause, even by those who should know Detter. I recall the case of a young roan , April, l'55 National Safety News 0 worked in a gasoline station ' developed a severe dermati- went to a physician who de patch tests on him and found 1 bad a sensitivity to special line but no reaction to regu- gasoline. . Apparently, the physician had ard special gasoline contains a t of lead because the case was bagnosed as resulting from an ' >ss of lead tetraethyl in the :Jpecial gasoline. We thought this *trange because while we all i0w that lead tetraethyl is a Viole_nt poison and can be ab.bed through the skin, it is not primary skin irritant and has er been known to cause der- .titis. i review of records of gasoline pments into the particular area wed the regular gasoline actu- contained the same or some- more lead than the special oline, clearly proving that lead ethyl was not to blame, but at some other material was onsible. Inhalation . Of the three avenues by which emicals can be taken into the dy, inhalation probably has re dyed by far the most study and liestigation because it is the |fet important consideration in strial health. The vast amount Lresearch on the inhalation of Iterials has resulted in the gBlication of very useful data human exposure levels own as threshold limit values, junaximum allowable concenafions. The list is compiled an- by the American Confer_ "of Governmental Industrial jPgienists and is published by .American -Medical Associa- It tabulates the maximum pount of the various materials rkers can safely be exposed to r311 eight-hour working day K aout injury to health. |A few of the materials encoun- bi the petroleum industry listed in Table II. TABLE II Gases and Vapors l&t&stance PPM ene (benzol) ........................ 35 n dioxide ........................... 5000 on monoxide ........................ 100 n tetrachloride ................... 25 fiOBal Sa/oty News, April, 195S ri l ****** ; Don't stop traffic 0r Patch ; to repair floors--use Permamix/'tfre new a/Memperature'*1 DRY TAMP Moor, patch. DRY TAMP MEANS SPEED No sticky mass to dig out of the drum or to ,, handle Permamix dry pours sets ? jj instantly feather edges perfectly s * no production delays non-skid " surface. ALL TEMPERATURE Won't freeze . rp can be stored or used in any tem perature will store indefinitely a stock room item will not "set" - in drum whether open or covered, v Mistakes just can't happen. Tamp ............... in place and traffic rolls. CUTS MAINTENANCE COSTS on concrete, brick, tile or asphalt floors no special equipment or skill needed a one man job comes in durable 50 lb. net wt. fibre drums solve your floor patching j problems for good. Write for Details Now! PERMAMIX CORPORATION 155 W. WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO 1, ILLINOIS New-.. VUildlUy PLASTIC BARRIER ROPE IPCO POLY-ROPE Triple strand rope of polyethylene plastic; two strands of yellow, one of black. Attractive and high visibility. Immediately identifies a restricted area in that it carries out the standard CAUTION colors. TENSILE STRENGTH OVER 400 POUNDS NO SAG OR STRETCH Has high di-e!ectric properties. Not affected by oil. Will not readily absorb dirt. May be easily cleaned. 2850 N. FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA 33, PA. 107 . WOODEN SOUS! They INSULATE They PROTECT They ere PUMCTUREPROOF 1?OLZOOT~S a mpK^ *^//A No. 35 7 Strap-on Sandal Steel One costly Foot Accident could have paid for 1000 Pairs of Wooden Soles. Reece has a shoe or sandal to fit your needs. Write for Catalog REEGE WOODEN SOLE SHOE CO. DEPT. N-S-4-S5 COLUMBUS. NEBRASKA Diamond Bulletin Boards are avail able in single and double units. To stop those passing eyes...and GET YOUR MESSAGES READ Install DIAMOND Bulletin Boards When you install Diamond Bulletin Boards you are setting up lasting "message centers" where your messages are easily readable and protected from the elements. Employees can read them at any time because Diamond Bulletin Boards are illuminated and ventilated so that the glass will not fop Write for further information and prices. SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMP 425 MAGEE STREET. PITTSBURGH 19. PENNSYLVANIA 1 Gasoline ............................................ Hydrogen sulfide ............................ Naptha (petroleum) .................... Octane .......................................... Sulfur dioxide ............................... 500 jo jqq 500 Toxic Dusts, Fumes, and Mists Substance Mg. Per Cu. ivf. Iron oxide fume ........................ 15 Lead .............................................. 0.15 Sulfuric acid ............................... 1 Mineral Dusts Substance MPPCF Asbestos ........................................ 5 Dust (nuisance, no free silica) .. 50 Silica high (above 50% free Si05) .. 5 medium (5 to 50 % free SiO,).. 20 low (below 5% tree SiO.) ... 50 These values are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from ex perimental studies, and, when) possible, from a combination of; the two. They are not fixed value: but are reviewed annually by the1 Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or addi tions as further information be-; comes available. Threshold limit: should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent:; conditions only within which it is felt that workers may be re-t peatedly exposed, day after day, without their health being ad^ versely affected. . I cannot overemphasize importance of the threshold ] values. I believe that every! safety man should be famili with them and have, copies of tl complete table, because they habeen incorporated in state cod and have the force of law in mtu states, and therefore, must be; complied with. So far some 19-, states have written threshold limit values into their laws and ofte: management is not aware of such requirements but would be in a; vulnerable position if trouble re sulted from excessive exposure to' any of the materials. Usually it is; up to the safety people and the industrial hygienists to alert man agement to the existence of these codes and to institute measures for the measurement of air con taminants so as to insure compli ance. Even gasoline has a maximum^ safe level which is 500 parts Per| Ml - jllion. The result of exposure ^ concentrations greater than 500 ppm is shown by the following: rABLE HI--gasoline exposure c-TiDt^ms: Headache, irritation, of eyes 5-" ' anti throat, dizziness, nau sea, loss of concicusness, death. Parts Per Million % Maximum allowable ' concentration for proionged exposure .... 500 0.05 cijoht symptoms after several hours ............... 1000 0.1 Maximum concentration ' tolerable for 1 hr.............. 5000 0.5 Danaerous tor short exposure ........................ 15000 1.5 fatal for short exposure. .25000 2.5 I^ower explosive limit.......... 14000 1.4 Product Labeling One very important function of the industrial hygienist is in re gard to precautionary labeling of product. This is receiving more : and more emphasis as state after state passes labeling regulations. The most recent is the State of New York where the Council on Public Health passed labeling regulations which became effec tive August 24, 1954, as Chapter IX-A of the New York State Sani tary Code. These labeling regula tions have the force and effect of law and require precautionary labeling on any product which en tails a hazard in- a reasonably ' anticipated use. A hazard is de fined as: The risk of injury or illness which : may be encountered during or as a re f suit or any reasonably anticipated type . of handling or use of a substance, or ^during its specified use, if any, by rea son of the toxicity of the substance through ingestion, inhalation or absorp: tion through the skin, or due to its corrosiveness or irritating properties, or because of its flammability or explo siveness. Similar labeling regulations al . ready exist in California, Illinois, Oregon, and the Territory of Hawaii, and are in the making in Hew Jersey, New Hampshire, Ohio and Rhode Island. More can expected. Fortunately, most state regulations are guided by recommendations of the Manu facturing Chemists' Association, W, and with some few excep tions, conformity in one state re sults in conformity in other states. It is recognized that, as a rule, dueling regulations of many Products are advisable and result safer handling of the material National Safety News, April, 1955 10 COATED WORK GLOVES COT GLOVE COSTS TRIPL-PALM design eiiminates the "failure points" of ordinary work gloves, resulting in multiplied glove life . . . greatly reduced glove costs. Knit-wrist or gauntlet style with coated or "free- breathing" backs. Ask your jobber or write for information. THE RUBBER CO. Carrollton, Ohio in Canada: Safety Supply Co., Toronto EXTRA-HEAVY COATING FOR EXTRA LONG WEAR . . . and greater palm comfort. NO SEAM HERE TO RIP OUT . , . Wing thumb (one-piece palm and thumb) construction for multiplied serv ice life. . Make Your Own SAFETY GUARDS with H&K S&ZHdcvidtfed Ranter This bulletin illustrates a simple and inexpensive way of con structing your own guards for moving parts, such as: fly wheels, gears, and belts, and for individual punch press dies. Only ordinary tools, such as a hack saw, hand snip, hammer and screw driver are needed. When properly constructed, guards made of sturdy H&K parts will comply with State and insurance requirements and will conform with Ameri can Standard Safety Codes. Harrinqton & Kinq I Perfor'ating I 'Co. 5645 FHImoro Shoot, Chicago 44, Illinois 114 liberty Shoot, Now York 6, N. Y. 109 WORK SAFELY in flame and heat fe. . . - Wear Steel-Grip Aluminized Asbestos Safety Apparel Aluminized asbestos reflects up to 9 5 % radiant neat, and won': burn. Steel-Grip has tailored this material into well-fitting, properly proportioned safety gar ments that protect workers while allowing full free dom of movement. Unexcelled for hoc-mecal handling and processing. Every yard of cloth has been care fully selected for uniform quality. Each garment bears the Steel-Grip label, your guarantee of wear and satisfaction. Available as coats, pants, aprons, sleeves, leggings, spats, gloves, mitts and curtains. Many uses in industry. Many advantages to users. Write for test swatches or trial garments. To be sure of ihe Genuine Steel-Grip INDUSTRIAL We manufacture a complete line of guaranteed, tested and approved safety apparel in leather, duck, Perma-Proof materials, asbestos, wool, Dynel cloth, Jaxcolite-coated materials, alumi num-coated materials, etc. . . . known the country over for qual ity and dependability. Write to day for catalog. SafetyApparel INDUSTRIAL GLOVES COMPANY a corporation Trade Marie 1704 Garfield Street, Danville, Illinois (In Canada: Safety Supply Co., Toronto) _ f*1 * JO i. s!V.-i 37fi7 mmiU, GUARD AGAINST The Hazards of Sudden Blackouts Big Beam Model 2ATW with storage battery and built-in charger that keeps battery fully charged at all times. Variety of models to choose from. Sudden blackouts breed contusion, panic, property damage, bodily injury -- even loss of life. You can have completely dependable pro tection against sudden blackouts by installing Big Beam automatic emergency lights. (Plug into any con venient lighting outlet.) Then whenever regular lights fail, your Big Beam will provide hours of bright, safe illumination. PORTABLE ELECTRIC HAND LAMPS Model No. 1 64 (Sealed Beam) Model No. 1 04 (Standard Bulb) 1 | BEACON LAMP Modal No. 40SF Flare and Laotenj Model No. 211 1500-foot Beam Write for Complete Information -- U-C LITE MANUFACTURING CO. Chicago 72, Illinois IN CANADA: Bernard Marks & Co. ltd., 45? Church Street, Toronto 5, Ont. 110 by customers, but it requires ex tensive work, knowledge of prod-: uct and toxicological informa, tion to determine what products must be labeled and 'now they should be labeled. In our com pany's operations, we use some what over 2000 basic chemicals o- raw materials and manufacture some 3500 finished products which must be reviewed individually. To illustrate, the following are just a few of the hazardous mate rials that are encountered in petroleum refinery operations or that might be compounded into finished products: Respiratory Irritants Acrolein Acetaldehyde Aluminum Chloride Ammonia Asbestos Ditertiary butyl para cresol Dusts, physiologically inert, general Dusts, attapulgus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Formaldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors Lime Nitrogen oxides Ozone Pine Oil Silica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Welding fumes Toxic Materials Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye Benzol (benzene) Cadmium Carbon Monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chrome compounds Cobalt, metal Hydrogen sulfide Inhibitors Lead, metal & fumes Lead, oxide, litharge Lead, soaps Lead, tetraethyl Manganese Mercury Methanol Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc Skin Irritants Acids--all kinds Amines Benzol (benzene) Caustics Chromium Salts Coal-tar Compounds Cobalt, metal and compounds Dyes Inhibitors National Safety News, April/ tficitel salts Oiis. i'snsral 0i;s. high boiling rrom "q,:. i steam cracking Qjf5. insoluble cutting - phenol pitch hoi'-'snts 7:fern violet radiation '.Van. untreated The petroleum industry has ,,,ade remarkable progress in the development of new and better products and in improving proc essing operations. Accompanying this progress have been new prob lems of toxicology and health en gineering which must be studied with the same zeal as other types of research. The advent of cata lytic cracking resulted in the pro duction and handling of aromatic hydrocarbons, and of importance to us, health problems long asso ciated with the coal-tar industry. The use of new chemical catalysts, inhibitors, and other chemical compounds involve health prob lems that the chemical industries have faced for years. To illustrate this trend we need only look at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically 100 per cent petroleum with little, if any, additives; today they con tain up to 15 to 20 per cent of chemicals, additives and inhibi tors, and this trend will continue because there is no question that additives contribute much io im prove performance character istics. Every step in this direction, however, does pose new problems or health and safety among our plant personnel and our cus tomers. Fork Trucks --From page 35 er catalytic muffler--on mining and construction equipment, may add impetus to two growing trends in mining--the shift to ward trackless mining and the increasing use of diesel equip ment underground. The Coplay Cement Company, Coplay, Pa., has been using a Because we have the widest avail able selection of unit packets, and a broad choice of heavy duty kits, we can provide you with the perfect combination of kit and fill for your specific plant and field conditions. Call your Bullard representative. i.s- ' ; ing?andjatfogging^agent.^^ immediately uoon application, glass or plastic surfaces will re main FOG-FREE STEAM-FREE DUST-RESISTANT OPTICALLY BRILLIANT, for several days. # Eliminates work-interrupting time breaks for manual wiping of goggles, masks or eyeglasses . . . TIME SAVING. 4) Fog-proofed lenses protect both worker and co-w-crker, and encourage use of eye gear constantiy . , . GREATER PER SONNEL SAFETY. ( # in the foundry -- at the lathe -- on the assembly line *-- with the truck fleet -- in the busy office, unobstructed vision pays dividends . . . OPERATING ECONOMY, * THE BUCKLEY CORPORATION AVAILABLE AS: Refillable Self-Dispensing Wall Cabinet Individual pocket applicator P/j and 3/2 or. Spray b-ottle ORDER TODAY thru your dealer or write Dept. N-2 407 Fifth Ave. New York )7, N. Y. National Safety News, April, 1955 CYLINDRICAL KIT provides protection for first aid un der the severest field conditions. Units packed in a vinyl roll-up belt. UNIT PACK KIT with replaceable rubber gasket. Snap-locks open with a flick of the finger, and close to seal out Indus trial dust and moisture. BULLARD to ear (stsioq ia E.D.BULLARD COMPANY Mil 275 Eighth Street San Franclaco er rrt iet ropy California in