Document gbj38mpwoxyjMZ4ybrL822oze

m 90 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929---- PART I IMPORTS Imports since 1920 are shown in the following table: Tantalum ores imported into the United States, t9$0-1929 Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 1 60 / * 1, 229 \ 1 6,786 6,600 788 1,327 3,031 1026 .............................................. 1926..................................... ................ 1027...................................................... 1028...................................................... 1029...................................................... 6,022 350 116,110 16, 250 $1,347 .149 20,013 10,413 i Classified as "Ferro-alloys (tantalum)." i Classified as "Steel-bardenlns ores (tantalum)." i Classified as "Ores oMerro-alloylng metals (tantalum)." BIBLIOGRAPHY The following articles on tantalum, to which is appended a list of recent patents, are among those that appeared or became available during 1929: ' $ W.Ba l e s , Cl a r e n c e Metals of the tungsten and tantalum groups. Ind. and Eng. Chem., vol. 21, November, 1929, pp. 1002-7. Dt s o n , G. Ma l c o l m. The production and uses of tantalum. Chem. (London), vol. 20, March 2, 1929, pp. 18-19. He in r ic h , Fr ., and Pe t zo l d , F. Tantalum as a material for making chemio apparatus. Chem. Fabrik, 1928, pp. 689-91. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, Maroh 10, 1929, d . 1015. - "A compilation of data on the physical and chemical properties of Ta, suppl:, mented by the authors' experiments, indicates that although it may serve well for the manufacture of chemical apparatus because of its great resistance to the attack of aoids, yet limitations as to the temperature at which it may be used, especially in the presence of various gases, may prevent it from becoming wholl acceptable for this purpose." . ' Hii)NBRT, Pe t e r . Thermal expansion of tantalum. United States Bureau if Standards Research Paper 62. Reprinted from United States Bureau o* Standards Jour, of Research, vol. 2, May, 1929. f "Gives data on the linear thermal expansion of three samples of worked and annealed tantalum over various temperature ranges between --190 and +600 0 A summary of available data by previous observers on the thermal expansions tantalum is Included." Hu n t e r , F. L. Tantalum in vacuum tubes. Radio Engineering, vol. 9, Decei ber, 1929, pp. 29-31. "A discussion of the uses and advantages of tantalum in the manufacture! vaouum tubes." H.Jo n es , Ch e s t e r Tantalum--A metal for difficult corrosion proble Chem. and Met. Eng., vol. 36, September, 1929, p. 661. if Nao , N. C. Chemical and electroscopic examination of a sample of radioaetty columbite from Gaya district. Trans. Geol. Min. and Met. Soc. In," vol. 2, 1929, pp. 1-6. andSc h o e l l e r , W. R., Wa t e r h o u s e , E. F. Investigations into the analyti chemistry of tantalum, columbium and their mineral associates. XI New method for the separation of zirconium and hafnium from tantal and columbium. Analyst, vol. 63, 1928, pp. 616-20. Se a r s , Ge o r g e W. Critical studies of the fusion of rare metal ores. I Determination of tantalum and columbium. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 5 January, 1929, pp. 122--29. " I., and L.Sp it z in , Vic t o r Ka s h t a n o v , Chemistry of tantalum. Z. anor allgem. Chem., vol. 182, 1929, pp. 207--27. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, Novem 20, 1929, p. 6425. BABE METALS' BSt b o c k , Le s t e r W., and Lu k e n s , Hir a m 8/ The use for the electrodeposition of copper. Trans. Am. Ele (preprint), 1929, 9 pp. , "Details of procedure are given." i^NTEMA, L. F. The separation of columbium and ta ihydrolysis. Trans. Am. Eleotroohem. Soc., vol. 55 Eg?' Chem.'Abs., vol. 23, July 10, 1929/p. 3179. BB^nMAn incomplete Reparation of Cb ana Ta is effeoted by Kthe<mixed salts the electrolyte in the anode compartmen BThe separation depends on the preoipltation of the i Stahtalic acids at the different H-ion concentrations prod ^-fr.the eleotrolysls." ""' ' PATENTS A. E.UXb ms t r o n o , Pe r o t Iron alloy. U. S. Patent 168 iv "Chem. Abs., vol. 23, January 10, 1929, p. 88. '"An aliooy resistant t o sca.l.i.n..g...a...t..e..l.e..v..a..t.e..d...temperatures ESI 3.5 and lTAa 3 per cent; the remainder is principally Fe |for valves of internal-copmpibustiopn engiinneess.." Ferrous alloys containing chromium and tan ; (711484, May 7. 1929. , Chem., Abs., vol. 23, July 1 vVA hist, heat, and acid resisting!alloy suitable for out rises'Fe together with Qr 7-26,'Ta about 0.2-3.0 per oe "))t or less. 1 Mn and Si Also'may be addedin.,small prop JiTOTiN, Min e r M.,:and1 . W.Ba l k b , 'Cl a r e n c e (to F tfiiApparatus for ,removing 1 carbon..and gases from KaSLlTTaattent 10688481,, OUoctooDber.,23, 1?928.;..,. ^Chheemm- -A,Absb.s, .v,oiv BjPpi. 89. ' `' /*' iSkoLfc,' Ed g ar W., and'AusTiN,1 Min er . i!M-. (tJtLo Fanstee-.'.lw l|fnuin-alloy'pen/"U/'S.1'Patent 1701299; February p (vol. 23, March 20, 1929, p. 1383/ ' . . 'i. . . Ij'^ens. arp made ,yfith:nibB o,Ta .90 and-W-. IQ per, cent 4a r pe n ,,Jo h n W.i and Ric h , Ma l c o l m N. (to Westingho Kmetajs. , .U. S..Patent' 1728941/September 124, 1929. rrWovember lOJ 1929/p. 5150/ ' ' : order to obtain Ta. V and 'Cb powder free from sated with. Ca and CaCls in a sealed or evaouated contain .......... ! & Co. G . AlloyUmt -St a h l w e r k b St a h l Sc h mid t Co. Gee ss Bf: tt.ononllsn. RBrriitt.itsahh PPaaftennt.t... O28R9O9U9Q0U, ...FTTeabhrru.iAavrvy-O28fl, ,11902077'. $ February 20, 1929, p.'813: ' ' '' ' ^n(alloy steel is specified containing ,W,, 17, Cr 5, ,Vi 1 W/> 2 percent." ,, , andHl w e r k e Ro o h l in g BRUDERns A.-G.' Kr o p f material; German: Patent1469433, ' December 19,' 19 . 23jiApril 10,'1929,''p. 17321'!'>1* ui J |f!i;powder,' whioh may contain,tolOpericent of i %>Ute ih..the proportions.3;3 with .tl^e use of ;a binder; e Ji'el'mixture is molded under pressure, dried at 300-600 ,000^; The molded i piece r'mmaayy. be'. given \ a ' coat Ing_u vThe .products'ina.y be used as eleotrIcal-resiatano dbl.eess, i.fttmaced' ininge, et.d...V...'i.*.i.*... ... , 1 'fp'iiir.,, ' ' ' I",!- , .1 $A.!" Spl, Ij if/ . ..r..,: " ; ' TITANIUM 'DOMESTIC PRODUCTIOINN . nw.- jBming:. 1929 tHe "Alnencan; Rutil.e,'06). "JggKmit. Corporation) shipped ilmepite ani^ uut ^OJat jRoseland, Nelson County; Va.. - (The pro ^als during the last 10;years,'so'far aA'data. eau of Mines for .publication, is shown in t Quantities are largely for shipments rather. tKa 80026--32----- 16 < 'S.'. 92 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 29---- PART I Titanium minerals 'produced in the United Stales, 1920-1929 Rutllo coDcentrates Umeoite ooncootratea ' i. ' Year : | . i :! 1 Short tons Percontage of TIOi Value Short tons Percentage ofTiOj Value J ...... 277 04-96 0) 268 60 1023............. ........................................ 310 270 1920 .................................................... 1927 ________ 1928..-.ill--____ 1029_ ______________ M 1 '1 - > 30 624 ('> (>) 96 96 96 95 ( ) (') ( ) w *7,600 129,801 (!) w 6.181 0.270 4,769 6,666 4,813 3.600 (o C) 62-64 62 62 62 62 60 (!) 0) ' i Bureau of MlDe* not at liberty to publish figures. . * Arbitrary value. ,, 1 Figures for Florida only. Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures for v Irginla. (>) S') "V 1 170,300 *89,000 * 77,000 44,000.. 0^ (`) i During 1928 the Vanadium Corporation oi.f America acquired! ilmenite. proiperties on thne bDoorrdaer ofi Niselison aamnwAmherst Countiesfl Va., and dia considerable jirilling during 1929. At the end of the| year its ' subsidiary, the Southern Mineral Products Corporations awarded a contract for designing and constructing a mining, milling,! and chemical plant at its Virginia properties. The Vanadium Corpo4 ration has been engaged in developing a concentrating process fora separating the ilmenite from the gangue, and according to commons report is contemplating adding titanium pigments to its list ofl products. The Titanium Pigments Co. also did some drilling on itsj properties in the vicinity of Roseland, Va. A shaft has been sunk ini the ilmenite deposit at Fort Edwards, N, Y. The Buckman &| Pritchard operation near Jacksonville Beach, Fla., was discontinued! Some further work was done on the T^pach deposits in California, butl the Bureau of Mines has no record of shipments being made. ' GENERAL CONDITIONS ' Domestic sales of titanium pigments were said to have been one* third larger in 1929 than in 1928. Titanium white is marketed in the form of the nearly pure oxide and also blended with blanc fix^ and zinc oxide. A new product, titanated lithopone, was also marketed in 1929. The desirable properties of titanium pigment^ hI. a ve beI-eni-is-!u' mmarized by Hixson and Plechner,5 as follows: " ' ' 'MT ; Paints made with titanium pigments have Bhown no tendency to crack or peel but have worn down evenly and uniformly, the surface finally becoming powdei ("chalking") and remaining in excellent condition for repainting. Since a pi titanium oxide paint is inclined to be too elastic the addition of zinc oxi`d'e as i hardener goives an even more durable p. aint. Owing to the fact that titaniu oxide is a'neutral pigment it has no action whatsoever on the vehicle, making iC very slow-drying "tacky" paint. This condition is overcome by the addition ofj zino oxide or driers. Since titanium oxide, like the similar oxide of silicon, is tha most stable compound of the metal, the pigment is extremely resistant to attaolfi by any of the destructive agencies to which it is likely to be exposed. That iC will resist the attack of Bulpnuric acid, which is notoriously the chief destructive agent in the air of cities, that it is not fully oxidized and therefore is not attack1 by seai air or salt water, make it an excellent pigment. . 11 rij| ' i Hixson, A.' W.. and Pleohner, W. W., Titanium Offers New Poasibillties as a Pigment: Ohem, an M6t.'Eng., vol. 30, February, 1929, pp, 70-78. ! RARE METALS! / Titanium pigments are manufactured in'< the the Titanium Pigments Co., a subsidiary of the N 4fith plants at'St. Louis and'Niagara Falls,'and' Pigments Co., a subsidiary of the Commercial'So with a plant at Baltimore. These pigments1 are1 ilmenite. Ilmenite is also used in the manufactu titanium, produced by the Titanium Alloys Manu carbide-free ferrotitanium, produced by the Metal & tion. Rutile is used chiefly in the ceramic industr and in dinner ware, to add color and strength. : ; The United States probably consumes more titan all the rest of the world; Europe, however, uses as compared to the total amount of all kinds of p $Ue in part to restrictive legislation affecting the u paints. European sales are reported to have dou plant of the Titan A./S. company at Fredrikstad to produce titanium pigments, has been closed, b been completed by the same interests at Lebe near Cologno. The Titan concern (now affiliated Lead Co.) is the largest European producer, but the in Germany, a factory in England, and one in Italy present no titanium industry, but a Canadian cb (Ltd.), has secured control of the Ivry ilmenite de pose of utilizing material from them m the manuf bite; however, no plant has been erected yet. 1 Partly as a resujt of a reduction in' the price ( cents a pound in the case of the 15 per cent ferrocaf sales of titanium .ferro-alloys increased in 1929. IMPORTS ' >.Hmenite sand is imported extensively from Trav from Senegal. From time to time shipments hav from Brazil. The imports of ilmenite as recorded Foreign and Domestic Commerce amounted to1 aluea at $104,887, in 1929, as compared with 1 at1 $79,640, in 1928. A study of the customhous t in 1928 there was also imported 6,000`tonsl.o iyalue of around $4 a ton, from these ilffienite-br ( ' d entered by the importer tics ratas ""nsnann/1d, ' notihl.e--r . .tUhaahn agnldashsensc.ae--n.d]c.l,a'!v.ssXiMfXieu. dd ported is from beach deposits in which it occu bnazite and zircon, and in former 'yearn undoubte #s included in the statistics for sand and .othe ' enite are exempt from duty. A..study! of^ the owever, indicates that this situation is much" im ybn'now some of the ilmenite imported probably dipded under its special category. ! Ih Quebec'i'for. massive ilmenite are worked at Ivry and (at Bai pLwhich contains up to 38 per cent TiOj is ship tatesj but this movement does nlot appear in the Rutile is imported from Norway,,` but only in sma ineral is also associated with the) ilmenite pa roduc ear Baie St. Paul, in Quebec, and shipped to the .'s works at West Lynn, Mass. ..;v'f, ***?'- - " '-`a- 94 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1920--PART I WORLD PRODUCTION .-I`Hi i The world production of titanium minerals in 1928 and 1&29,, ag. gathered from Government reports and other available source^, ,ij Ihpwn.jn the. following table: World production of titanium minerals, 1928 and 1929 Mineral and oountry 1628 Ore pro* duoed Content of T10 Value > 1920 Ore pro* Content duced , ofTlOi .`/r Value Ilmenite: , . Bruit.................... ' . Canada (Quebeo)......... -1 India (Tiavanoore).... . Norway..................... -- Portugal............... . ., Senegal.............. -.............. United States................. Rutile; ' ' Norway.............................. United States................. Metric tons 1,408 2,036 26,713 7,948 703 2,110 (*) 69 <> Per cent (>) mM 42.6 c) 60 (*> 90-03 () $6,726 202,226 61,916 3,140 6,623 0 Metric tons 6,361 2,493 (,( 1 () * 7,240 (*) 18.-U 4 . ;8 (*) V Per cent (1) v) (0 CM (M M v> 8.. $76,-11 V 1 8-V i Values as officially reported, converted to United States ourrenoy at the annual average rate of exobkng^ as published by the federal Reserve Board. * Exports. * Data not available. . * Estimated. i Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. * Oonoentrates. . .,-tJ , `.: '>>.(] . .. :- ' 'Of. ^ :ifiT . ... BIBIilO GRAPHY The following articles and patents concerning titanium ha^ recently appeared: 'Ame r ic a n So c ie t y f o r Te s t in g Ma t e r ia l s ., Tentative standards 1928. Sepa^, rate, 1928, 932 pp. Chem. Abs., vol.^t, Maroh 20, 1929, p. 1460. , ' ' "Tentative revisions of A.S.T.M. Standards are proposed for routine anal^s of Ti pigments." 1' Bl a c k w o 6d , P.`W. The metallurgical aspects of cast iron. Trans. Am. S6, Steel Treating, vol. 13, 1928, pp. 1023-1038. Chem. Abs., vol. 23/JanuA , : 10, 1929, p. 72. t ' ,, ftA discussion of the effect of additions of Ni, Cr, W, Mo, V, Ti, Cu,.an<^ Alf Bl u me n f b l d , Jo s eph (to Commercial Pigments Corporation). Titaniumjoxid U, S. Patent 1707248, April 2, 1929. Chem. Aba., vol. 23, May 20,^19^ p. 2638. ' . ' ,. "Preliminary to Ti oxide manufacture FeSO. is removed from a solution co tainlng :Ti, ferrous Fe, and HjSO. by cooling the solution to about 6 or Iowa and separating the FeSO. crystals which form." 1 ., --i----- Preparation, of titanium and like compounds (oxides and hydrojfidpfl British Patent 276672, August 9, 1927. Chemistry and Industry. (Lpndon . ' "vol.'48/March 16, 1929, p. 207. . . . . 7, "Solutions-obtained by the decomposition of ilmenite, etc., with sulphur! acid; containing, e. g., 200 g. TiOa and 600 g. HaSO. (free and combined)-p- litey, are introduced at 100-110 into about one-quarter of their volume of bp ing water at a'uniform rate during about 10 minutes, the mixture being |W stirred during the addition and then1 boiled for 2-3 hours, to precipitate colloi titanium'hydroxide. The product'may be dispersed as described' in Brit Patent 247296. Compounds of the rare-earth metals may be similarly prepared' Br it is h , En g in e e r in g St a n d a r d As s o c ia t io n . British specification for wh i titanium dioxide, pigment for paints, No. 392, 1929, 7 pp. . Chem, Ab vol. ^3, July 20, 1^29, p. 3686... '... . i 1 - : 'ut i RARE 'METALS j Br o w n ,: Gb o r g e.'H.v ' Notes don; production of Age, vol.ull; 1928,(pp..77-79. , Chem., Ab "Several series of day mixtqresiof rutile,:and: j.ous iron contents were, preparedburned..: ^ ,oream color was, obtained, but.,vvith inoreasing1 to greenish gray... C.onolusion,:t (1)iRutile is, sa ' .mpn*t..o'f cream. -o.p..l.o..r.e..d....v.,.it.r..e..o..uuss...,.,.f.loor--tti"l^.bodies in bodies which are free from ball clay'ana lo from .TiOj .or rutile is largely, dependent upo iltejO,. (3) The use1 of TifjJ tis a, coloring .agent " bilities/and satisfactory coloti can be secured i if TiOi is utilized instead of rutile. TiOj is vq "-to,crystallize1 on a clay' body1,1 ahd1 has;ah1 ifn'be hAt)ivfensinvga.r"iab l e color - effects owing .entirely ,tcr va ur.rii t .-mi:n-'-.-.i h i De u t3s0c96h9e7,GJaus noel u6h,1'l ic h t -a 1929.' u''.Jb..or..u-.o.r.le.j'.s^..in'.T" rCe6artainogl. p. 691. .1-, , In the treatment of titaniuttl'ores containin . with recovery!6f the'latter for reuse,'the chrbm .;. perreodlo--na--gc-eidud--bhyeactoinngceanttroartiaobno' vthee3re0o09f ',tCo.":at' l,e|',ajd.st-t"..i9d ' Dit ma r ; Ru d o l ph . 5 Titaniuin dioxide' In tlle'ru 6, 1929, pp. 79-81-. Chem. AbB., vol. 23, J ' * ` The characteristics and behavibr' of TiOj as a ,dre described. : Among the properties which ma jto soften rubber notably during milling and the Arator-to'obtain a strictly'white'Vuloanizateiw pigment." ' !>< >:-?* .n ilsv 1 Fa r b bn in d , I. GG.`.`M." Manaunufafacctuturree1 !'66.f ...uumu fi'"iL29Q174,. Ma.y!'7,11928.:!"Ch..e..f.a..;..a..n..d...Ind.^Vb'l The mixture obtained by treating ilmenite, e hot with>suffloient quantities of an alkali salt '(pr Waiter to yield a saturated potaesidin titanium s and then cooled to crystallize out the double su puHfied by: washing''withi AlkaU' sulphkte solu .dilute sulphuric acid, and worked up to give 'th ^Gjnmi,. G. : Titan. iu,m pig__m_ents.,'1 Pe_i_n_tUurreeSkl,l1pig 631-7. Chem.-Abs;,'vol. 23, August"20/ 19 ' A discussion of the history and occurrence o igmbnts and of:the methods ofpreparing Ti pig outlined;" ` i'O'" 'u > -! I I-r :1I v Hbat o n , No e l . " Thi development of titanllim |3!J'T(London), yol 21 N,pTV__A_m_b.e..l' 9j 1926, p.'423 JJCBON, A, .Wf"/ andnP>pDBEqqHHNN,EERR;,,W,;i] 'WW,,"- Tita I;.,.,pigment, Chem,',and,Met.,Eng.,' vol. 2*03,,-nApprilill 1I0V,-,.- 1929, "pp.,. .,1l7^6l1.. , , ,,vvo9lk.,'3" 6.., .."Ti piggmeennttssa--r-e---r-e-v-!ie--wed' end' t"he'ir character . Tables afe'giyen to sbow that (vhile pound t.h..e. y are rijatively, cheap pei1 square triheir huigghh''ti inting; Strength and 'obsouring pos ^, R, S. T,. J. E. Vanadium and maiiium ip ,cae vol. 41, ,1929, pp,,. 173p4, ,)L76l'p,lChem,, Abq 6466. - ' "Previous investigations studying the influenc 0 oast Fe are reviewed and valuable possibilities iVefppment pf'castlFejodntaihin^ V'and'Ti"'( a o k . R. Lo c e h a r t . Figment pQiiierals' of,South *'o:^' r w70 ..3arite, .talcJ, oacher.' '%ilUmli,te,R,^^pi.'a1y-V rg:piyi< , nU| are mined for pigments. Several chemic iven. Light yellow oarphosiderite (analysis give ils mineral is roasted for the preparation of re 96 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929--PART 1 Mil l o t , Ma r iu s . 1 Apparatus for washing titaniferous sand. French Patent > 651838, Maroh 28, 1928. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, July 20, 1929, p. 3432. Mo n a, Re g in al d H. Titanium oxide. U. S. Patent 1695341, December 18, 1 ; 1929.' Chem."Abs., vol. 23, February 20, 1929, p. 939. i 1 ' "Refraotory Ti oompounds such as those from rutile dr ilmenite after elimina tion of Other Impurities and a large portion of the Fe content are converted into water-soluble sulphates by mixing with alkali metal sulphate and an acid solvent `such1 as HjSO(, heating the mixture at 120-300 until a solid cake is formed, cooling and 'crushing the cake." Na t io n a l Me t a l & Ch e mic a l Ba n k , Lt d . Treatment for titaniferous ores. German. Patent 478136,, May 18, 1926. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, September 10, i '. ' 1929, p. 4181. "The powdered ore with its natural moisture content or after addition of mois ture is treated with oleum and the reaction is allowed -to proceed without the application of heat. TiOj may be obtained from the product by dilution with water,". ,|\ 6sBi6HNB,.Fi F. Certain magmatic titaniforous iron ores and their origin. Econ. Geol.; vol. 23,1928, pp. 724-761, 896-922. Sop. MiNihBB "La Ba r y t in e " and Ra f f in , Ma u r ic e . . Paint. French Patent , 656085, October 14, 1927. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, August. 20, 1929. p. 4088. . i V.Ti white is prepared from Fe-Ti ores, by heating the ores with Na3Cu and coal to reduce the Fe to the metal, which is removed by treatment with dilute HsSO<. The Ti is converted to the sulphate by treatment with Sponger acid and to TiQ by addition of BaO." . St e p h e n s , F.' G. C., An d br b o n , L. J., and Ca s h , W. A. Titanium pigments. , j 1 ii British Patent 299835, August 2, 1927. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, July 20, 1929J i... , p. 3687.: : .* A Ti Bulphate solution is added gradually to a prepared bulk of a solution of-a soluble alkali earth metal salt such as BaClj, and a temperatSFe of 30-36 is suits able.during the precipitation of the alkali earth metal sulphate, with a subsequent heading at about 100 to precipitate substantially all. the Ti from the solution? Vaj-ious details are given." Titanium salts aniTimb s Tr a d e a n d En g in e e r in g Su p p l e me n t (Lo n d o n ). ivr:, tpigments. Principal outlets. Vol. 23, 1928, p, 33. Chem. Abs., vol. 23) / ,-Maroh 20, 1929, p.1476. ;> i VA review of the main processes. Much interSH is now being shown in t Monk-Irwin process involving hitherto unused Canadian ores." 6 Tit a n iu m Pig men t Co . Recovery of titanium compounds. British Patent 288569, March 16, 1928. Chem. and Ind. (London), vol, 48, August 2,1929 , :p. 697. "' Finely ground ilmenite is mixed with 72-92 per cent sulphuric acid-an steam is Injected into the lower part of the reaction vessel until the tomper ture reaohes 120 and the mass thickens; a small quantity of water is then fore into the lower part of this thick pulp, followed by vigorous streams of air to kee the mass in agitation and to render it porous, and finally the cooled solid mass treated with just sufficient water to dissolve the iron and titanium sulphate* The clear solution is agitated with scrap iron or zinc to reduce ferric to ferrou sulphates, and the titanium is recovered by hydrolysis in the usual way." ITp a il l , R. J., and Mc Cl e l l a n d , W. R. Process for the treatment of ilmeni`t for the recovery of electrolytio Iron and titanium oxide concentrate to pigment and other purposes. Canada Dept. Mines, Mines Branch No. 6 1928, pp. 96-101. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, January 20, 1929, p. 341. ', '"In this preliminary study the results indicate the practicability of operatl a plate'cell at about 35 amp. per square foot, without causing undue Cl evol' tlon at the anode, by arranging a rapid flow of electrolyte through the catho)y,t compartment of the cell.'' 1' Ul r ic h , Fr a n t Se k . Occurrence of rutile in the siderite veins of Roinay Slovakia and its position in the vein paragenesis. Rozpravy CeskA Aka ' 'Cl. 2, vol. 37, 1928, 16 pp. Chem, Abs., vol. 23, May 20, 1929, p. 64411 ' "Ftutile is found with albite in a vein cavity. The wall rock is an aplite co posed of albite, quartz, tourmaline, apatite, rutile, and siderite. The apliti intrusions are younger than the siderite veins and are closely associated wjf` sulphide ores." BARE METALS (Van Ho e k , C. Pi Titanium dioxide and titanium J 1929, pp. 2828-32. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, Nove K "The usefulness of Ti pigments in exterior paints P excessive chalking. TiOj itself should be used only (ingredient of paints. 136 references are given." ^iVERElN FttR CHEMISCHE UND METALLURGI8CHE PRO and pigments. British Patent 302669, Decem vol. 23, September 10, 1929, p. 4366. ft-'"Ti paints and pigments comprise TiOj separate (dehydrated . by heat, and preferably 10-30 per ce (diluting substances." ; if'Vil l a , A. Titanium oxide pigments. Tech, mode 402. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, September 10, 1929, A- review of the history, sources, and manufactur -- White titanium oxide pigments. Tech. m 434-9. Chem. Abs., vol. 23, November 10, 192 `The properties of these pigments are compared S.(Wa s s ma n , Problemas metalurgicas sobre el trat *' (Ii, nosa de l1a costa atlantica de Buenos Aires. (M j,.. treatmenitt of the ferrug_inous sands of the Atlan ; Argentin> a> DniroepceciAdn fGioenn. de Mirn,oaos, 'G'i^eool. 5d Hid S'';1 1929, 7 pp. (Wh it t e mo r e, Ca r l .Ra y mo n d .' Titanium oxide' f Canadian Patent 1699173, January 16, 19529. " E . February 23, 1929,:p. 329. ' d ji - ."This process of preparing titanium oxide from tit _ . , . _.r . ,,____r_,,D_ Ithe1 nonmagnetic portion: The treated ore is then" d (the residue heated with an acid-to 260 C. in a dige (After having been disintegrated, the mass is lixiviate (solution hydrolysed, to'precipitate titanium hydroxid aloined." . ' i " y u r m, Er ic h .1 Titanium 'white or lithopone?- 'Gu 2762. Chem. Abs.; vol. 23, November 10, 1929 priilExjperiments .during thp past 3 years by Wodo tflat TiOj.is more economical than lithopone in rub costs and coloring power lithopone is the more e yulcanizates containing lithopone age considerably'b vulcanizates' containing TiOj, particularly1 with' p Examination of TiOj from different sources shows' Hudur..,r,uIbtbiesrcgoonosdidse."red tha' t,lith' opone is. muoh prefer<able i- V/il! TUNGSTEN; i UNITED STATES' Oi |.iCConnttrraa:ry to general expectations, the (Bales ^United, States dropped in 1929 ito only,83 %tes; cparryyiinngg. 60 per cent of'tu_ngsten,tr ..i.. iI7B/)OiiO8 lt-oAnnsm. V1--HI fottiwrAewvAeMr, due. toI-v A-t1h-- --erris-e. 1iin lie;decrease in-value was relatively small--j( 1^64,000 in 1929. . Tungsten ore from,domes wdIsold in 1929 by 14 companies. 1 o',nl pp?he tungsten, production of the. United i St ^qrs.has been as;follows: -,r,i,v gr$Ti 1 'i : or-. . h;i in.pci ., i /1YJ . ,1 : |i'' kt> i ' ' . LEAD By W.El me b Pe h r s o n 3 GENERAL SUMMARY Salient figures of the lead induelry in the United Sta Production of refined primary lead: ;: From domestio ores............................................................................................ short From foreign ores and base bullion......................................... .................. ... Recovery of seoondary lead: % As pig lead................................................................ -........................................................ . In alloys.................................... r................... ........................................................... ...d Total production of pig lead (primary and secondary)......---------------------- .Imports (general); Lead In base bullion....................... .............. ..................................................... .......... ( Lead In ore............................... .....................do... . Eiports: I" Refined pig lead from domestlo ores_____________________ ____ w._..do... ( Refined pig lead from foreign materials.......................................................... .... `Apparent consumption of refined primary lead........................................................ Estimated consumption of primary and seoondary lead...................................... 1 Prices per pound of refined lead at New York: Highest monthly average........................................................... ...............ce Lowest monthly average..................... ....................................................................... - ` Average for year......... i............................................................................................. ;.. Quotation at end of year...................................... . Mine production of reooverable lead....................................................................short ' Southeastern Missouri dlstriot........ .............................,,.................. per oent of ,, Utah....................................................................................................................................... ' Coeur d'Alene region................................ ...... Joplin (trl-State)region.................... , All other................................ i World smelter production of lead.............._________ ______________ short United States......... -.......... ...................................................... ................ per oent of Australia................................... Spain.................................... ................................................. .................. _.l .................... r Canada.................................... .. , All other................................................................................................................................ Exclusive of the output from Virginia, figures for whioh the Bureau of M :1 ' 1 .1 " ' . ' : : '1; Conditions in the lead industry were generally out most of 1929. Domestic production and pric Above the 1928 averages. The production of r from domestic ores was 7 per cent more than tha to decreased imports of Mexican base bullion ' refined lead from foreign ores and base bullion d so`that the total primarylead output from all 1 per cent less than that in 1928. Production in th stimulated in March and April by the rapid incre from the threatened curtailment of supply b Mexico. This increase in production, together worjc on manuscript oompietea xxovemoer. iw*u. * The statistics Id this report were prepared (unless otherwise Indloated) on imports and eiports were oomplled from reoords of the Bureau of Forei J. A, Dorsey, both of the Bureau of Mines. ( 232 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 9----PART I off in domestic deliveries in April, May, and June, caused a sharp increase in stock, which reacted unfavorably on prices. From April to August production and price had declined steadily, whereas stocks had increased steadily, but by October consumption and pro duction had returned to the March level, prices had recovered some what, and stocks were down. This rally, however, was terminated by the collapse of the stock market, and in November and December production, consumption, and prices declined sharply. The New York quotation for lead increased steadily from 0.65 cents on January 2 to a high for the year of 7.80 cents during the latter part of March. Thereafter it declined steadily to an average of 6.75 cents in August. In October the average had increased to 6.87 cents, but in November and December there were sharp declines and on December 31 the quotation was 6.25 cents per pound. The average for the year was 6.83 cents, as compared to 6.31 cents in 1928. The recovery of secondary lead in pig lead and alloys in 1929 again broke all previous records; it was equivalent to 46 per cent of the primary lead produced from domestic <4r>s. The total consumption of lead in the United States in 1929, as estimated by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, surpassed all previous records, amounting to 945,200 tons, or .an increase of 2 per cent over 1928 and 12 per cent over 1927. Storage batteries ranked first among the consumers of lead in 1929, taking 22.2 per cent of the total; cable covering was second, with 21.8 JJfer cent; white lead third, with 12.6 per cent,; and building fourth, with 10.2 per cent. There were decreases of 5 and 4 per cent, respectively, in the quan tities of lead used in storage batteries and in white lead but pn increase of 14 per cent in that used fouable covering. Mine production of lead showed a 3por cent gain in 1929. This rate of increase was fairly general for all areas, production in the Western States having increased 4 per cent and that in the Missis sippi Valley States 3 per cent. Utah, Idaho, New Mexico, and Missouri showed the largest tonnage increases, while Colorado was the only State among the 10 largest producers to show a decrease. General imports of lead in base bullion decreased 35 per cent as a result of a 47 per cent decrease in shipments from Mexico. Imports from Peru increased 130 per cent. Receipts of lead in ore and matte increased 21 per cent owing to increased shipments from Mexico. Exports of refined pig lead declined from 116,269 tons in 1928 to 73,251 tons in 1929 as a result of the decreased shipments of base bullion from Mexico which is refined in the United States under bond and exported from warehouse. The Lead Industries Association, an organization of American pro ducers and consumers of lead, expanded its statistical service during the year to include periodic reports on sales of domestic lead, manu- , facturer's stocks of pig lead, and the production, sales, and stocks of antimonial lead, mixed metals, white lead, red lead, litharge, sublimed lead, and orange mineral. It also distributed the monthly reports on production, shipments, and stocks of pig lead compiled by the Lead Producers Reporting Association of England. World smelter production of lead in 1929 amountod to 1,971,000 short tons, an increase of 6 per cent over 1928. Production outside the United States increased 6 per cent, and the output of all but two LEAD of the 13 countries that produced 1 per cent or mo lead was greater in 1929 than in 1928. The United Spain, Germany, Mexico, Russia, and Peru showed nage increases. The London price of load in 1929 averaged 23.2 or 5.04 cents per pound; this is 10 per cent above while the 1929 New York quotation is 8 per cent average. ` The European lead cartel was reported to have working agreement between leading Mexican, Cana Indian, and continental producers. No announce fixing or production curtailment has been noted in so it is presumed that the cartel was engaged chiefl tion of statistics. Producers of lead in Mexico (Burma), and Australia cooperated in selling their a central London agency. Development during 1929 at Mount Isa, in Buchans, in Newfoundland, resulted in greatly increa Among the new deposits that appear to be promisi of lead are the Lake George mine in New South Wa to have a possible reserve of 5,000,000 tons of ore c cent of lead in addition to other metals, and the deposit at Lawn Hills, Queensland. Several actively developing lead deposits in Yugoslavia in promising to date is the Stantrg mine, which has a 2,000,000 tons of ore Containing 11.5 per cent of lead zinc, and 3 ounces of silver. . In Canada the reserve mine, British Colurnbia, and'the Mayo district, Yuk increased by development work in 1929. Extensive zinc ores were reported in the Great Slave Lake ar Territories. No extensive discovery of lead ore wa United States in 1929. ' PRODUCTION , GENERAL Pig lead produced in the United States for dom export is derived from three main sources--domesti and base bullion, and secondary materials. The follo the quantity of pig lead produced from each of th 1920 to 1929.' ' Pig lead 'produced in. the United Slates, 1920--1929, in 1920. 1621. 1622. 1623. 1624. 1926. 1626. 1627. 1628. 1626. ^ Year From do mestic ores end base bullioD From for eign ores and base bullion 476.840 368,222 408, 746 043.841 066,407 604,621 . 680,680 668,320 626,202 672,468 62,808 60,367 63,616 74,481 124,086 112,048 118,206 128,210 104,866 102,130 The total production of pig lead in the United decreased. 5,1938 tons,1 or les s' than 1 rper ce nt . ; 'P 234 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 9--PART I domestic ores and base bullion increased 7 per cent, whereas that from foreign ore and base bullion decreased 34 per cent. Production of pig lead from secondary materials increased slightly.' ' PRIMARY LEAD ' REFINERY PRODUCTION ' Pig lead is classified by the Bureau of Mines asprimary or second-, ary, according to whether it is derived directly from the smelting of ores and from base bullion or is reclaimed from industrial lead scrap., Some plants that ordinarily smelt ore frequently add lead scrap to the charge, so that the resulting product is an inseparable mixture of lead, from both sources and is all marketed as refined pig lead. Never-, theless, the smelter calculates the quantity of secondary lead so pro duced, thus enabling the Bureau of Mines to obtain a consecutive record of the amount of primary lead being supplied to the trade each year. Primary lead may be produced from domestic ore or foreign ore and from base bulhon. The sntelting of lead-bearing ores from the Western States yields ah impure pig lead (base bullion) that contains valuable amounts of silver and gold, in addition to objectionable im purities such as copper, arsenic, and antimony. This case bullion is, given further treatment for the removal of the impurities and finally, emerges for the market as refined pig lead. The smelting of lead-, bearing ores from the Mississippi Valh and Southern States yields soft lead pure enough for marketing,fbut some of it is desilverized and is designated in this report as desilverized soft lead. Foreign ore is first smelted into base bullion and then refined for market. Foreign base bullion imported into the United States is also Refined., before marketing. All of these products for market are referred to as refined lead. The following table gives a summary of the refined primary lead produced in the United States from 1720 to 1929. Refined -primary lead produced in the United Stales, 17BO-19B9 Short tons Value Year Desilver ized lead 1 * Desilver ized soft lead Soft lead1 Total pro duction > From domestic ores and base bullion From foreign ores From foreign base bullion Aver age per pound Total 1720-1912.,. 1913.............. 1914.............. 1916.............. 1916.............. 1917.............. 1918.............. 1919.............. 1920.............. 1921.............. 1022.............. 1923.............. 1924.,......... 1926.............. 1926.............. 1927........ 1928.............. 1929.............. 7,176,497 301,160 340,397 344,693 336,376 366,998 382,314 266, 638 273,136 238,329 249,107 366,241 423,429 467,477 484,669 607,009 606,603 483,622 826,901 29,433 43,606 44,001 68,244 66,268 47,418 67, 038 66,60S 62, 747 74, 306 61,332 63,449 48,932 66,707 66, 487 49.466 66,666 2,929,180 131,867 168,219 161,401 167,616 . 188,603 210, 463 147,744 189,864 167,613 209,260 190,749 203,616 260,660 268.666 233,944 226,003 286,346 10,432,668 462, 400 642,122 660,066 671,134 610, 769 640,105 482, 220 629, 667 448,689 632.662 618,322 600, 493 766,969 798,941 796. 630 781, 071 774,633 8,546,383 411,878 612,794 607,026 662,228 648,460 639,906 424,433 476,849 398.222 408,746 643,841 666, 407 664, 921 680,686 668. 320 626, 202 672,498 13,602,683 1,267,667 6,260,360 21,029,490 17,708,788 1,88 ,285 13,223 37,369 7,639 21,689 9,681 33,448 6,085 12,821 16,872 46. 447 16,334 84,966 7,666 60,131 8,414 44, 304 7,120 43, 247 13,898 60, 018 24,288 60,193 46,386 77, 701 47,024 66, 024 48, 210 70,046 32,369 96,841 26, 632 128,237 29,676 72,460 $0,044 .039 .047 .069 .086 .071 .063 .080 .045 .065 .070 .080 .087 .080 .003 .068 .003 $924,600,000 40,696,000 42,286,000 61,706,000 78,817,000 106,052,000 90,908,000 61,116,000 84, 746,000 40,373,000 68,693. 000 86,666,000 110,479,000 133, 463,000 127,831,000 100,363,000 90,604,000 97,604, 000 a, 230,702 ............... 2,316,789,000 1 The lead content of antimonial lead la exoluded (see p. 238). 1 Desilverized soft lead la excluded. LEAD The total production of refined primary lead in th in 1929 was nearly 1 per cent less than that in 1928 cent less than the 1920 output, the maximum annual The total value of the 1929 output was 8 per cent gr of 1928, due to an increase of one-half cent per pound price of lead, but amounted to only 73 per cent of the peak annual'value up to the end of 1929. ' i' Two outstanding features in the production of prim United States in 1929 were the decreased output fr bullion and the increased production from domestic duction of refined lead from foreign base bullion 128,237 tons in 1928 to 72,460 tons in 1929, a decreas Refined lead produced from foreign'ores and base.b to 13 per cent of the total primary lead output in 19 to 20 per cent in 1928 and 16' per cent in 1927. Th refined lead from domestic ores in 1929 was 46,296 to greater than in 1928, and was the second largest an recorded. The following table shows the quantit refined lead produced in the United States from do 1920 to 1929: * , Refined lead produced in the United States from domestic o Year Short tons 1920......................................... ........... ..................................... 1922......................................... 1923......................................... ................................................. 476,849 398,222 468,746 643,841 666,407 Value <3*. Year $76,296,000 36.840.000 61.662.000 76.138.000 90.626.000 .................................................. 1926.......................................... 1927.......................................... .................................................. 1929.......................................... GEOGRAPHICAL BOURCE , OF LEAD RAW MATERIA REFINED IN THE UNITED STATES The following table, shows the spurce of the ,or bullion from which refined lead was produced in t from 1920 to 1929. A large part of the base bullion Western States is shipped to the Mississippi -Va States for refining. In reporting 'the .production, most of the refiners make, the distribution on the. bas so that the total lead given-in this table as from dom both base bullion and refined lead and thus contai the antimonial lead.,produced. from domestic pre total given here for .1929: exceeds the total ^prod lead from domestic ores,-as shown in the preceding tons. The production of antimonial lead from dom amounted,to 17,062. tons. . . , .. 00020--32--24 ' . ,. if 234 MINERAL RESOURCES, 102 0---- PART I domestic ores and base bullion increased 7 per cent, whereas that from foreign ore and base bullion decreased 34 per cent. Production of pig lead from secondary materials increased slightly. .' PRIMARY LEAD ' REFINERY PRODUCTION . Pig lbad is classified by the Bureau of Mines as primary or second:, ary, according to whether it is derived directly from the smelting of ores and from base bullion or is reclaimed from industrial lead scrap,, Some plants that'ordinarily smelt ore frequently add lead scrap to thq charge, so that the resulting product is an inseparable mixture of lead; from both sources and is all marketed as refined pig lead. Never:' theless, the smelter calculates the quantity of secondary lead so pro-,1 duced, thus enabling the Bureau of Mines to obtain a consecutive record of the amount of primary lead being supplied to the trade, each year. ! Primary lead may be produced from domestic ore or foreign ore and from base bullion. The smelting of lead-bearing ores from the Western States yields an impure pig lead (base bullion) that contains valuable amounts of silver and gold, in addition to objectionable im-, purities such as copper, arsenic, and antimony. This base bullion is, given further treatment for the removal of the impurities and finally, emerges for the market as refined pig lead. The smelting of lead-, bearing ores from the Mississippi Valley and Southern States yields soft lead pure enough for marketing, but some of it is desilverized- and is designated in this report as desilverized soft lead. Foreign, ore is. first smelted into base bullion and then refined for market.^ Foreign base bullion imported into the United States is also refined; before marketing. All of these products for market are referred to as refined lead. The following table gives a summary of the refinecj' primary lead produced in the United States from 1720 to 1929. .: f Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 1720-1929 Short tona Value Year Desilver ized lead 1 * Desilver ized soft iead Soft iead1 Total pro duction 1 From domestic ores aod base bullion From foreign ores From foreign base bullion Aver age per pound 1 f-fl Total , '|h 1720-1912.. 1913.............. 1914.............. 1915.............. 1916.............. 1017.............. 1918.............. 1919.............. 1020.............. 1921.............. 1022.............. 1923.............. 1924.............. 1925.............. 1926.............. 1927.............. 1028.............. 1929.............. 7, 176, 497 301,160 340,307 844,393 335,375 365,908 382,314 266,538 273, 135 238,320 249, 107 366,241 423,420 457,477 484,669 507,099 506,603 483,623 320,991 20,433 43,500 44,001 68,244 66, 268 47,418 67, 938 66,668 62,747 74, 305 61,332 63,440 48, 032 65,707 55,487 49.465 56,666 2,929,180 131.807 158,219 161,461 167,515 188, 603 210, 463 147,744 189,854 157,518 209,250 190,749 203,615 260,560 268,565 233,944 226,003 235,345 10, 432, 608 462, 460 642, 122 660.066 671,134 610, 769 640,195 482,220 529,667 448,689 632. 662 618,322 600, 493 766, 969 798,941 796,530 781,071 774,633 8,545,383 411,878 612,794 507,026 652, 228 548,450 539,905 424, 433 476,849 398. 222 468,746 543,841 566,407 654,921 680,685 668, 320 626,202 672,498 1,88 ',285 13,223 37,369 7,639 21,689 9, 681 33, 448 6,085 12,821 16,872 46, 447 16,334 84, 066 7, 656 60,131 8,414 44, 394 7,120 43,247 13,898 50,018 24,288 50,193 46,385 77,701 47,024 66, 024 48.210 70,046 32,369 95,841 26,632 128,237 29,675 72,460 $0.044 .039 .047 .009 .086 .071 .063 .080 .046 .065 .070 .060 .087 .080 .003 .058 .063 $924,600,000 40, 096.000 42,286,000 61, 706,000 78,817,000 105,052,000 90,908,000 51,115,000i 84,745,000^ 40,373.000, 68,593,00086,565,000 110,479,000, 133,453,000' 127,831,000 100,363,000 90,604,000; 97,604,000' 13,502,583 1,267,557 6,259,350 21,029,490 17,798,788 8,230,702 ............... 2,316,789,000 > The lead oontent of antimonial lead Is eioluded (see p. 238). > Desilverized soft iead Is excluded. LEAD The total production of refined primary le | in 1929 was nearly 1 per cent less than that [cent less than the 1926 output, tho maximum [The total value of the 1929 output was 8 pe | of 1928, due to an increase of one-half cent p [price of lead, but amounted to only 73 per I the peak annual value up to the end of 1929. .Two outstanding features in the production [United States in 1929 were the decreased o | bullion and the increased'production front d Eduction of refined lead from foreign base 1128,237 tons in 1928 to 72,460-tons in 1929,' a |Refined lead produced from foreign ores and [to 13 per cent of the total primary lead outp [to 20 per cent in 1928 and 16 per cent in 19 [refined lead from domestic ores in 1929 was 4 [greater than in 1928, and: was the second larg [recorded. The following table shows the ttefined lead produced in the United States f 11920 to 1929: ' Refined lead produced in the United States from d 8bort tons Value Year ! 1920.. 81831. (1822. 11823.. 11834. 476,849 898,222 468,746 543,841 566,407 ' ' $76,296,000 35.840.000 61.662.000 76.138.000 60.625.000 1925.........:.......... 1926.................. 1927..................... 1928..................... 1920......-.*.. [GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE . OF LEAD RAW M ' REFINED IN THE UNITED S . - - . The following table shows the source of t | bullion from which refined lead was produc [from 1920 to 1929. A large part of the base KWestern States is shipped to the Mississip [States for refining, i In reporting the.produc [most; of the refiners make, the distribution on [so.that the total,l.ead given-in .this table as fro [both base bullion and refined lead and thus [the antimonial lead-produced. from domes [total given here . for ,,1929, exceeds the tota 'lead from domestic ures,-as shown in the pre tons. The production of antimonial. lead fro ^amounted, to 17,062 tons. : 60020--32-----24 fell'- 11' IP 1 ' ' '1!I i 236 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 9---- PART I Primary lead smelted or refined in the United States, 1920-1929, by sources, t'ni short tons ' Bouroe of ore Domestic ore: Alaska......... Arizona____ California.. Colorado................... Idaho.......................... IJiisoJ* i.................... Kansas .................... Kentucky i.............. Missouri *................. Montana................... Nevada...................... New Mexico........... Oklahoma 1.............. Oregon South Dakota. Tennessee * Texas Utah........................... ' Virginia1. Washington Wisconsin * . Undistributed Zino residues. Foreign ore: Africa................... Australia............ Canada................. Central America.. Europe................ Mexloo...... ........... ' South America___ Other foreign... Foreign base bullion: Canada................ . Mexico....................... South America.... Orand total... 1 The lead produced by these States is nonargentlierous or soft lead. A small quantity of the lead pro* duced from Colorado and New Mexico ores is also nonargentiferous. ' > The smelter output of lead in Kansas and Oklahoma is separated on the basis of mine output as the- Bureau of Mines bos been unable to obtain an accurate separation of smelter output. "i * Included under "Undistributed." Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. The table shows that in 1929, 87 per cent of the primary lead'? smelted or refined in the United States was derived from domestic, ores, 4 per cent from the smelting of foreign ores, and 9 per cent fromi the refining of foreign base bullion. There were substantial increases-) in lead production in 1929 in most of the important lead-producing? States. Decreased production was recorded for Colorado, Kansas,?. Oklahoma, Washington, and Wisconsin. Foreign ore smelted in the*' United States in 1929 came largely from Mexico, Canada, and South? America (chiefly Chile). Refined lead produced in the United1; States from Mexican base bullion decreased 56 per cent in 1929d owing to the completion of new refineries in Mexico which treated a! larger part of the Mexican production of base bullion. There was an , increase of 92 per cent in the production of refined lead from South i American (chiofly Peruvian) base bullion. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PIG LEAD The American Society for Testing Materials classifies pig load in three grades--corroding, chemical, and common. The requirements as to chemical composition are shown in the following table. LEAD Allowable chemical composition of the various grades of joig lea ; American Society for Testing Materia Corroding lead,1 not over-- Chemica : lead*. '1 i i Silver............................................... Copper............................................. popper and silver together... Aisenlo............ ............................... Antimony and tin together.. 2ino.................................................. Iron.................................................. Bismuth........... ................... by difference................... it Per cent Per cen 0.0016 0.006-0.01 .0015 .04- ^ .08 .0025 .0015 .0005 .0016 v) ' .002 .05 09.9300 tv The maximum limit* lor blemutb, copper, and silver have been given, bu `delivery will contain the maximum of all three. .C.X..U.Cv.e.hr.iez..em.d.ic.le.aa.l.d.le.pa.r.do..dl.au.o.a.e.dd.e.fsroigmnastiooun.t.htehaast.tebrana.Mb.ei.se-s-no--uuarieo--drefaos..r many years In ;the _______ an 0.005 per cent. * Not speolfied. SOFT LEAD A large part (43 per cent in 1929) of the lead United States from domestic ores is derived from the lead ores of the Mississippi River basin. The t producing areas are "the southeastern Missouri dis State district (Joplin) at the junction of Misso -.Oklahoma. The former district produced about 66 ''.latter 25 per cent of the total soft lead in ore mined ^"'Eighty-one per cent of the softpig lead ,prod marketed without desilverizing, and '19 per cent The former, which is known in the trade as chemic (to 4 ounces of silver to the ton and 0.04 to 0.08 pe fused chiefly in the manufacture of cable, pipe, a tVerized soft lead is used largely in the manufactu Jyrhere a very pure product is required. (i- A substantial quantity/of high-grade lead conc -{Mississippi Valley is used each year in the ma -{pigments, principally basic lead sulphate (white s leaded zinc oxide. In 1929 nearly 9,600 tons of soft in this manner. _ The following table summarizes the production \ 1922 to 1929: .Soft lead -produced in the United States from domestic ores, 19 Year Soft pig lead Undesll- Deal]vertied verleed Total Soft lead recovered To in pig. menu ,1622.. * 1223.; 31024., 1825.. `182ft.. .,1827.. '1828. .A/1ft28. 209,260 100,749 203.615 260,500 258,566 233,044 226,003 235,845 74,305 61,332 63,440 48,032 55,707 . 65,487 40,465 56,666 283,565 252,061 267,064 300,402 814,272 288,431 274,468 281, Oil 18,592 .; 18,012 -2 15,338 1 17,547 13,685 O 113,130, (.. 10,406 0,420 ! i Includes domestic refined lead, domestic lead In antlmonlal lead, and dom 238 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 9---- PART I LEAD ANTIMONIAL LEAD Antimonial lead is an important by-product of the refining of base bullion. In 1929, 25,669 tons of primary antimonial lead was pro-, duced, which contained 22,617 tons of lead, a decrease of 22 per cent' from the 1928 output of antimonial lead and equivalent to 5.3 per cent of the total refined lead produced from base bullion. The decreased importation of base bullion from Mexico had a marked effect on the production of primary antimonial lead. In 1928 more than 15,000 tons was produced from the smelting and ref- fining of foreign ores and base bullion, whereas in 1929 only 8,600 tons, was derived from the same source. Foreign ores also yield a higher, percentage of antimonial lead. The production of antimonial lead from foreign ores was equivalent to 9.8 per cent of the refined lead produced from those ores in 1928 and to 8.4 per cent in 1929, while' the yield from domestic ores was 5.1 and 4.5 per cent, respectively. The principal uses of antimonial lead are in the manufacture of storage batteries, bearing metal, and type metal. The consumption of antimonial lead in storage batteries decreased about 3 per cent iin. 1929. The following table shows the production of primary ahti- monial lead from 1920 to 1929: : Ithere is a large return of secondary metal include c fbuilding, bearing-metal manufacture, and type-m 1 Fifty-five per cent of the secondary lead output i fered in the form of alloys, principally alloys of le Imony, and 45 per cent was recovered as pig lead. 6 The following tables show the recovery of seco (ratio to the refined primary lead produced in the U (domestic ores. Further details of the secondary l Ibe found in the Mineral Resources chapter on seco Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1922-19 lJ in J*-' *>. Year Pig lead Lead i alloys ivm. (1923. I1924. 11925. f 1926. 1 1927. 51928. [1839. 76.480 90.480 90,400 112,420 126,000 119.000 188.000 188,600 84,0 98,0 -114,1 114,4 162,8 167.0 170.0 172,6 By-product primary antimonial lead produced in the United Slate3, 1920-1929 Year 1920.................... 1921.................... 1922.......... 1023.................... 1924............... 1923.................... 1926.................... 1927.................... 1928.................... 1929.................... Average. .Total lead refined from base bullion (short tons) pro/uct anti* monial lead (percent age of total) From domestic ore (short tons) From foreign ore (short tons) 273,136 238,329 249,107 366,241 423,429 467,477 484,669 607,099 606,603 483, 622 4.6 4.2 3.2 3.9 4.9 : 4.3 4.6 4.8 6.6 6.3 48 9,604 7,881 7,068 11,635 13,693 14,472 18,609 Id, 040 17, 930 17,062 2,931 2.183 1,007 2, 665 7,164 6,196 3,616 8,307 16,128 8,607 Antimonial lead _X Total ) Short tons 12,635 10,064 8,076 14,190 20,787 19,607 22,624 24, 347 33,058 26,669 Value $1.963,266 870,069 844,993 1,960,370 3.876.713 3,786,647 3.910.714 3,277,043 3,978,318 3. 267,005 Antimony content Short tons Percentage Lead con* tent by difference . (shorty tons) ________ Li 2,033 1,689 1,441 2,170 2,763 2,024 2,693 2,736 3,432 3,062 10. 2 16.8 17.8 16.3 13.3 13.8 12.0 11.2 10.4 11.9 10,603' 8,476; 6,634 13,020 18,024 17,046 19,831: 21,611 29,696 22.017 12.9 SECONDARY LEAD Much of the lead consumed in the United States is used in the manu facture of articles from which there is a large return of secondary metal. This is particularly true of the storage-battery industry, which is the leading single consumer of lead ana in which there is a large and rapid return of secondary metal. This industry is respon sible for much of the increase intheratio of secondarylead production to domestic primary lead production. In 1914 the secondary output was equivalent to only 12 per cent of the primary output from domes tic ores; in 1929 the ratio was 40 per cent, a decrease from 49 per cent in 1928. Other important lead-consuming industries in which; Ratio of secondary lead recovered to refined primary lead p Stales from domestic ores, 1918-1929'- Refined primary le Year' (I------------------------------ --------- --------------------------------- 11919............. ;................................................................ ftl0............................................................................ .... fows:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;: ,1-1924................................................................................ *1925..........................................................................-i[ 1928................................................................................ f11929................................................................................ Short tone Averag price p pound (cents 411,878 612,794 607,026 662,228 648,460 639,906' 424,433 476,849 398.222 468,746 M3,841 660,407 664,921 680,686 068,320 620,202 672,498 4 s 4 PIGMENTS i Lead pigments manufactured in 1929 containe .lead derived from the sources shown in the followi pig lead is used in the manufacture of white lead, 'sublimed lead, and orange mineral. In 1929 abo i the lead contained in lead pigments was derived (lead; white lead accounting for 48.3 per cent, litha | red lead 16.8 per cent, and sublimed lead and oran [.cent. Sublimed lead.and leaded zinc oxide are the . in which the lead content is derived'from ores. ' 240 MINERAL, RESOURCES, 1929---- PART I Further details of the production and value of lead pigments in the United States are given in the Mineral Resources chapter on lead and zinc pigments and salts. ' Lead in pigments,'1 1922-1929, by sources, in short tons '' Year Lead In plgmenta from-- Domestlo ore Foreign ore Metal Scrap Total,,] 1922................................................................................ 1923........................................................... :.................. 1924................................................................................ 1025................................................................................ 1927................................................................................ 1928............ ................................................................... 1029____ ............ ........................................................ 13,892 13,612 16,338 17,647 13,686 13.136 10,466 9,429 241,090 236,641 646 260,930 266,064 240,902 242,713 242,914 248,667 111 1,029 1,246 664 2,427 266,099: 260,161 266,811 273.611 256,616 267,006 264,038 260.611 i Includes also lead recovered In zinc oxide and leaded zino oxide. t MINE PRODUCTION BY STATES i <i. Kt' The following table shows the mine production of recoverable lea by States from 1920 to 1929: 1 Mine production of recoverable lead, 1990-1929, by States, in short tons 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1926 1927 1028 1020 Alaska................. 876 Arizona............... 6,936 Arkansas...... 8 California........... 2,407 Colorado............. 23,316 Georgia............... 2 Idaho.................... 118,665 Illinois................. 1,708 Kansas................. 16,452 Kentucky........... 120 Massachusetts. 14 Missouri....... 161,812 Montana............ 14,846 Nevada............... 10,100 New Mexico... 1,435 Oklahoma.......... 64,080 Oregon.. Pennsylvania...!...; 7 South Dakota........... 6 Tennessee................... 1,880 Texas........................... Utah............................. Virginia....................... Washington............... 2,749 Wlsoonsln................... 2,694 759 3, 271 21 662 9, 830 99,235 672 18,679 69 180,086 10,183 3,694 339 41, 662 2 44,694 72 972 377 7,635 42 3,156 11,739 4 97,917 1,326 23,271 02 178,412 14,884 4,696 1,606 62,856 38 732 4 67,606 410 8,146 26 4,775 22,849 121,178 1,381 17,698 63 109,743 17,973 9,078 1,010 66,904 14 1,250 13 101,724 1,453 734 631 9,321 20 2,382 23,779 124,476 1,464 18,660 176 0) 189,929 19,738 10,030 1,817 71,368 (*) 937 116,965 1,276 1,968 1,264 789 11,938 68 3,283 31,483 126,621 1,001 22,775 162 211,566 18,766 12,238 3,210 79,946 3 448 8 163,336 2,229 2,814 1,877 778 11,629 18 4,047 34,494 136,490 666 28,463 68 207,012 21,163 11,184 3,480 69,704 6 800 42 147,635 2,460 2, 273 1,546 1,008 9,933 23 1,359 33,386 151,019 277 27, 497 139 198,760 17,949 7,892 8,026 61,680 3 69 244 151,286 2,393 478 2,069 496,814 414,491 477,633 647,217 i, 068 684,439 083,917 666,489 1,019 7,190 38 946 26,761 1,31 .711: 146,323 386 26,276 39 148,881 441 38, CM 195, 393 10,880 7,874 7,805 43,687 7 ,108, 10 i?:. 4fl.fi 37 348 146, 915 C1) 642 1,698 149,8 A_f 1,- 627,163 *047, 1 It Is said that a few tons of lead ore was mined at the old Cbipman mine In Massachusetts and w treated at a small smelter owned by the mine operators. ' 1 613 pounds. * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. . < Exclusive of the output from Virginia, figures for which the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to pub BY DISTRICTS The following table gives the lead production in the principal lea producing districts. ' 11 LEAD Mine production of recoverable lead in the principal lead-pro United States, 1921-1929, in short Ions 1921 1922 1923 1924 1026 Southeastern Mis* Missouri........... souri region. Coeur d'Alene re* Idaho.................... glon. Joplin region........... . Kansas, Missou ri, Oklahoma. Bingham................... Utah..................... Tintlc......................... ____ do................... Park City region.. ------ do................... San Juan Moun Colorado....___ tains. Rush Valley........... Utah..................... . Butte.......................... Montana............. Barker....................... ........ do................... . Willow Creek......... New Mexico___ : LeadviUe................... Colorado............. Central...................... New Mexloo... Ploolie........................ Nevada............... . Banner....................... Arizona............... . Jack Rabbit............ Nevada................ Tybo._............. .. -------do................... Dome. Idaho................... . Upper Mississippi Io w a, Northern Valley. Illinois, Wis consin. Warm Springs......... Idaho..................... Cgdar Plains.. Montana.............. Bbtfee (Warren)... Arizona................. Pend d'Orellle.... Idaho__________ _ Vulture................. .. Kentucky-8 ou tu - - era Illinois. Arizona............... . Kentucky-! Hi- nols. 1 Aspen.......................... Colorado..'......... . San Francisoo.ifaix.. Utah..................... . Inyo County..!^. California........... . Yellow Pine.............. Nevada.............. Montana.............. ^ Montana.............. Magdalena................. New Mexico.... Spruce Mountain.. ^evada....... ......... eureka......................... ....do.................... Summit County... Colorado............... Bryant......................... Montana.............. Eagle County........... Colorado............ Texas............................ Idaho.................... Big and Little Cot Utah....................... tonwood. Nortbport................... Washington.. Troy.............................. Montana..... Opbir............................ Utah................. Port Hill..................... Idaho................ New Placers.............. New Mexico. Mammoth................. Nevada...... Bell................................ ------ do--____ Embree........................ Tennessee.... 'Austlnville >.............. Virginia...... Boulder1..................... Idaho................ Oro Blanco1.............. Arizona........... 178,736 170,708 107,468 187,737 208,916 2 04,643 91,216 114,426 118,327 120,866 1 61.681 87,771 86,787 92,110 105,372 1 12,288 19,848 26.363 34,786 64,982 18,158 23,044 38.90C 40,674 46,881 4 8,84C 16.18 20.22C 33,34f 40,65f 3 5,323 6,332 13,167 13,148 17,092 607 686 * 1,284 926 2,466 6,014 10,07( 12,745 13,648 12,091 866 971 84C 1,271 1,42( 1,762 2 666 1C 866 24 1,600 2,742 17< 932 2.14C 791 1,269 2,804 661 2,607 1,731 636 948 4,796 60S 2,162 16C 120 1 276 1,030 6,931 1,182 2.8M 46 224 3 602 2,366 2,374 140 2,386 .i 207 1, 768 23 4,187 23$ a 849 926 274 4,221 304 1,220 367 230 6,719 67 4 1,254 366 176 6,667 113 26 676 1,198 442 623 : 93 749 30 458 388 262 83 6 971 2,230 1,778 1.116 3,136 168 776 402 237 261 ' 280 168 161 2,168 2,764 1,480 1,489 4.744 786 912 763 261 073 1.946 968 230 2,417 8.831 466 1.069 2,806 3,866 1.241. 818 606 888 1,105 1,743 1,146 2,197 3,128 1,820 1.999 8,096 2.044 1,427 1,217 647 2,163 1,707 1,160 2,041 1,714 2,374 ; 60 534 1,062 1,232 2,218 377 1,628 1,059 630 269 480 2,921 3.443 1.414 2,946 760 1,440 2,116 2,317 1,606 3 126 3 6 2 ' 21 331 012 1,160 128 732 1,260 937 448 1.276 782 () (*) 14 * Not listed according to rank. * Bureau of Mines not at liberty LEAD BALANCE SHEET OF THE UNIT Most of the lead ore mined in the United State its lead content emerges in marketable form as pr lead and antimonial lead. Some of the ore is used in of pigments and some may be exported, but for amount exported has been negligible. The total lead in the various products in which it is produc compared in the following table with the estimates o in the ore mined. The table begins with 1907, the fi the mine production of the entire country waa :det quantities compared were determined by independen producers and consumers of lead-bearing oro, the ta on the accuracsy o, f the figures. .. . .. 242 MINERAL RESOURCES. 193 9--PART I LEAD Comparison of mine production of lead and primary domestic lead accounted for im lead products manufactured m the United Statest 1907-1929, in short tons ..Year Mine production Primary lead accounted for In-- Refined lead Antlmonlal lead Pigments made from ore Total Primary excess (+) or mine excess (-) 1607-1918.......................................... . 1619...................................................... 1920...................................................... 1921...................................................... 1922................ii.................................. 1923...................................................... 1924...................................................... 1625...................................................... 1925.......................................... 1927.......................................... 1928.......................................... 1929.......................................... 1919-1929................... 1907-1929................................ 6^063,700 429,589 490,814 414.49! 477,033 547,217 690,008 084,439 683,917 606,489 1 627, 153 * 047,995 6. 270,805 11,224, Sll 6,249,081 424,433 476,849 398, 222 468, 746 543.841 606,407 654,921 680,086 068,320 626,202 072,498 0.181.124 11,430,203 124,168 8. 339 8,032 6.676 6,810 9, 794 11.741 14,044 16.826 14,761 124,131 248,299 Si 121,760 11,179 16,212 9.689 13,892 13,012 16,338 17,647 13,685 13,136 10, 465 9,429 143,484 265,240 i 6, 603,330 443,654 500,063 414,880 488,448 607, 247 593,486 684,968 710,990 696,600 652,492 660.678 6, 448. 742 11,662,072 - 160.873 +14.851 +8,271 4-8W +10,811 +20,030 1-27.073 30,0L 26183 1+8,68 +m,on +27; U. i Includes 8,825 tons of lead produced from domestic ores smelted outside tbe country. includes 8 tons of lead produced from domestlo ores smelted outside the country. Exclusive of the output from Virginia, figures for which the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish!,' The table shows substantial discrepancies for individual years)] probably due largely to variations in mine and smelter stocks of orl but in none of the last 11 years has the discrepancy exceeded 7 pen cent of the total lead produced. From 1907 to 1918, inclusive, miil`| Ereduction exceeded the primary lead accounted for in lead prod y 150,000 tons, or less than 3 per cent. From 1919 to 1929 there w . an excess of nearly 178,000 tons, or less than 3 per cent, in favor of tha lead contained in the lead products. For the total period of 23 yearafl 1907 to 1929, the primary lead content of lead products exceedet mine production by only 27,561 tons, or about one-fifth of 1 per ceiifc LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES A list of lead smelters and refineries in the United States, Canada' and Mexico follows. '' UNITED STATES Arizona: Douglas--Phelpa Dodge Corporation. (Smelter.) California: Selby--Selby plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smeltejjj and refinery.) " Colorado: Durango--Durango plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter;) Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refining CojJ (Smelter.) Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill <t Sullivan smelter. (Smelter and refinery.) Illinois: Collinsville--St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of National Lead Co3 (Smelter and refinery.) ' Federal- -Federal plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (Smelter.) Indiana:1' ; East Chicago--International Lead Refining Co.1 (Refinery only.) East . Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery (Inc.) 4 (Refinery only. Betti electrolytip process.) Kansas: Galenaa---Galena plant, Eagle-Plclier Lead Co. (Smelter.) Mill Missouri: I/in1 1 Granby--American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co.` (Smelter.) ! . Heroulaneum--St. Joseph Lead Co. (Smelter and refinery.) Joplin--Eagle-Picher Lead Co. (Smelter.) "st>5 I: life (| Montana; East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. "(Smelter.) 1 ' .refill' 1 Subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. < Subsidiary of the United StatBa Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. Plant Idle In 1228. ' 110 Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha<plant, American Smeltin and refinery.) New Jersey: ` Newark--Balbach plant. U. S. Metals Refining C 'Perth Amboy--Perth Amboy plant, American i: . (Smelter and refinery.) ... klahoma: St. Louis--Ontario smelter, Eagle-Picher ^Pennsylvania: Carnegie--Pennsylvania Smelting Co Anas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting tah: : / ' .; B International--International Smelting Co.* (S Midvale--United States Smelting, Refining & Murray--Murray pla n t, American Sme.lting. & : CANADA British Columbia: Trail--Consolidated Mininig & , (Ltd.). (Smelter and refinlery. Betts electrolytic Ontario: Galetta--Kingdon Mining, ` Smelting & ' ^(Smelter.) ' " : /1 MEXICO Chihuahua: Chihuahua--American'Smelting <Sc Re (aShmueillate: r.T)` orreon--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (C' Hidalgo: Zlmapan--Cia. Min. y Fundidora de Zima Nuevo Leon: , .. Monterrey--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). (Cia (Smelter and refinery.) : Monterrey--American Smelting & Refining Co San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi--American Smel Mjnera Asa/co.) (Smelter.) ' ' ZacavScaa: La F4--American Metal Co. (Ltd.). ( +A.) (Smelter.) _________ .(The Jeriff act of 1930 became -effective Ju Change in the lead schedules from the 1922 a tides or wares not especially provided for, if JjJjief value of lead, but not plated with plat tolored with gold lacquer, whether partly or {The import duty on articles coming, unde icreased from 40 per cent to 45 per cent ad table gives the duties on theprincipal lead it Import duties on lead commodities under the ,Pfcra- apb `891 \ " -892 Lead-bearing ores, flue dust, and matte of all kinds. (Duty s to lead content of copper, gold, or silver ores, of copper ma tually recovered.) `' Lead bullion or base bullion, lead Id pigs and bars, lead dro lead, scrap lead, antimonial lead, aotimonlal scrap lead Babbitt metal, solder, all alloys or combinations of lead provided for. ' .' , Lead sheets, pipe, glazier's lead, Bnd.lead wire............................. .397 fc.73 Articles or wares n. s; p. f., if composed wholly or in chief valu not plated with platinum, gold, or silver, or colored with whether partly or wholly manufactured. . , Lead pigments: "Lifitthhearge________ Orange mineral Red lead............. .. White lead_____ T All pigments containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground in oil or water, n. s. p, C . \. * . : Lead chemicals: ...................... Acetate, white ; Aoetate, brown, gray, or yellow:....,..................................... Nitrate, arsenate and reeiuate.......... ............. ........ All other lead compounds, n. s. p f.............................. i....,. Subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Oo 254 MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 9----PART I zinc concentrates and 6,335 tons of 74.47 per cent lead concentrates were produced.' 'The lead concentrates contained 58.35 ounces of%. silver'per ton; Operations wore conducted at a loss, but profitable r operations were expected to result from the completion of additional ' mill capacity-end a lead smelter in 1930. ->1 -SPAIN .`Spain produced nearly 143,000 metric tons of pig lead in 1929. an; increase of 9 per cent over the 1928 output and equal to 8 per cent of the ; world total. 'Exports amounted to 99,600 tons, of which 2,400 tons. was .argentiferous lead. France took 33 per cent of the total, England i 17,per cent,: Russia 16 por cent, and Italy 13 per cent. The mine production of Spain in 1929 amounted to 180,890 tons of ore con-. ' taming from 25. to 70 per cent of lead, as compared with 177,059 tonq in 1928. Fifty-three per cent of the 1929 output came from the Prov ince. of Jaen, 18 per cent from Cordoba, 13 per cent from Murcia/ and 5 per cent from Ciudad Real. The low price of lead prevailing during the latter part of 1929 and the early part of 1930 is reporteq to have resulted in the closing down of many of the smaller properties. Only the richest of the mines, or those where lead is found in largo quantities and near the surface, are able to operate. . TUNISIA . .Tunisia produced 18,850 metric tons of pig lead in 1929, as com- / pared with 17,606 tons in 1928. Exports of pig lead in 1929 amounted ' to .18,296 tons, 88 per cent of which went to France. Production of lend ore'was reported at 32,000 tons in 1929 and 34,000 tons in 1928. 'i ' l YUGOSLAVIA 'I Developments in the lead industry of Yugoslavia in 1929 have been summarized by the Mining Journal11 (London) as follows: The country's output in lead ores advanced in 1929 to 26,250 tons, against ; 15,886 tons in the preceding year; the bulk of the production emanated from the Slovenian properties of the Central European Mines (Ltd.). This company treats imported parcels of ore, which swell the figures of the lead output from ' their smelter. Official returns appear to,indicate that roughly some 9,460 tons of pig lead were produced in Yugoslavia during the year. Toward the close of V the'year lower metal prices began to adversely affect the production of lead ores ' by small producers. The foregoing figures solely refer to lead ores mined,': smelted or sold, and do not take into account the considerable tonnage of leadzinb ores which arc being accumulated at surface on some of the Southern '' Serbia and Macedonia properties and await treatment. In July, 1929, the issue , in London and oversubscription of 1,60(1,000 shares of Trepca Mines (Ltd1.) at tracted attention to this very promising eriterpriae, which has been hard at work * since 1926 exploring and developing the :;8tantrg ore deposits near Kosovska, Mitrovica. ,These deposits have now be^p. sufficiently opened up for the estir ( mate to be made that there are close upon three million tons of good-grade ' lead-zino ore above the level of the loWett' adit. Since last summer secondary ! development has been proceeding apace,"a'nd a very substantial tonnage is now; blocked out; .an aerial ropeway, a power.plant, and a fine modern 600-ton mill' are, approaching completion. It is hoped .that toward the autumn the producing stage will be reached, and even with to-day's depressed metal prices this concern Should be able to give a very good account of itself. The company's concession; Arid prospecting rights cover roughly 400 square miles, and there are indications ' of anolent mining operations in several localities, notably at Meljenica and, " Mining Journal (London): Vol. 170, July 20,1030, p. 003. T.HIAn Trepca Hill, where recent exploration has shown o beneath the old surface and underground workings. original prospectors of this concession located spme flo fnlile (jovernment laboratories, showed values of ove per ton, and it seems possible that systematic pro reveal tne source of this eroded material. To the sou sion are th`e extensive areas held by Novo Brdo Mine amalgamated a few months ago with a sister oonoer the merger being the normal outcome of a situation in concession was completely surrounded by the big ho Co. The joint capital is now 300,009 sterling, whi continue the development of the lead-zino ore bodies to further examine the extensive tract of anoient wor Novo Brdo areas. More recently Selection Trust London two other companies to take over concess Belasica Mines (Ltd.) and Kopaonik Mines (Ltd.), 137,600 sterling. The concessions acquired are situ Trepca areas and in the vicinity of Mount Kopaonik cessions extending northward from this mountain tha Penarroya Co., have been for some time past explo workings known as the Plana Mine. The American acquired a year or two ago the Srebrenitsa Concession again an extensive concession comprising an ancient ce whioh was also a scene of mining activity during th however, the opening up of the property has not been p ' IMPORTS . The United States imports much lead in var in bags bullion'and ore. Some of it is enter sumpraon; most of it, however, is entered for and reined in bond, and is then reexported as manufactured products. cj * GENERAL IMPOSTS The following table shows the general imp United States, by classes, including both im consumption and imports for warehouse. Of t in 1929, as shown in the table, 71. 6 per cen 27.0 per cent in ore, and 1.4 pet cent in pigs, Imports in base bullion decreased 35 per cent and i'n pigs, bars, etc., increased 21 per cent , and tively Total import? of lead decreased 25 pe Lead imported into the United Statea, 1920-1929, b [General imports} ' Load In ore Lead In bullio 1020.. 1021.. 1022.. 1023.. 1024.. 1025.. 1020. 1027.. 1928.. 1929.. 20,488.810 14,234.039 24,474, 481 06,882,850 06,320, 168 88,062,502 116, 232, 660 81,276,126 61.820,630 62,661,871 06, 103 71.733 124,074 161,406 . 166,601 141,263 160.670 236,667 266,936 100,141 T? General imports of lead by countries are sho Mexico supplied nearly 76 per cent of the > (principally Peru) *20 per cent, Canada 4 per 256 MINERAL RESOURGES, 1929--PART I other countries' only small amounts. Imports from Mexico and Canada'decreased 36 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively, whilo imports from, South America increased 131 per cent. The decrease from! Mexico, was due to a large decline in imports of base bullion, while' the decrease from Canada was due to lower imports of lead in. ore. The increased shipments of base bullion from Peru and lead1 ore frbrn. Chile accounted for tho increase of lead imports from South America. . -' 1 '! Lead imported into the United States, in ore, base bullion, and refined, 1920-1929f . '. ;, by sources, in pounds . (General Imports] ' Year 1020......................... 1021......... .................... 1022.............................. 1023.............................. 1024...:.................... 1025.............................. 1026.............................. 1027.............................. 1028.............................. 1029.,....*............... Canada 8.100,234 8,137,158 8,663,236 11,300,671 11,021001 11,646,820 11316.740 6,214,867 14,352,007 0.023,527 Mexico 131,816,278 106,406,238 141.216,136 241362,788 243,161,069 218; 873,800 254,203,862 300,634,815 275,184,287 176,871302 ' South America 7,086,351 1381.366 3,803,478 6.300,161 16,820,867 10,621,737 24,790,075 14,583, 513 20, 408; 674 47,061018 Europe 88,766,504 30,224,701 1,454,384 11,004,038 4,857,805 1, 694,903 3,224.504 1,226,049 50,400 29,441 Other countries 11,103,100 1,430,949 513,335 620,635 453,432 1,621, no 671866 118, 883 85,011 141, 480 Total ' 197,020,627 148,670.411 166,660,560 270.678,103 276,316,204 244.258,430 295,108,027 321 778,127 310,088,140 231118; 708 The following tables show the imports of lead in ore, matte, and base bullion, by countries. Lead imported into the United States, in ore and matte, 1925-1929, by countries, in . , short tons . [General Imports) Country 1926 1926 1027 1028 1920 Canada............................................................................................ Chile.................................................................................................. 32,071 4, 078 1,887 3,210 1,420 44,481 40,239 6, 524 3,042 7, 600 1.116 68,116 30,616 2,558 3,416 3, 877 173 40,638 17. 056 7,131 1,170 604 56 25,915 23,416 3,963 1,601 2,296 67 31,331 Imports of lead in ore from Mexico increased 37 per cent in 1929. amounting to 75 per cent of the total. Imports from Chile and Peru increased considerably, while imports from Canada decreased 45 per cent. Lead imported into the United Slates, in base bullion, 1925-1929, by countries, in short ions IQeneral Imports] Country 1025 1026 1027 1028 1020 70,606 122 77,063 435 187 117,038 330 10 110,036 8, 626 8 03, 458 10* 606 8 70,627 78. 286 118.284 128, 408 83,071 _______ _iL Imports of base bullion from Mexico in 1929, although 47 per cent dess than in 1928, amounted to 76 per cent of the total. The decrease w.as due to the completion of additional refinery capacity' during..thei year, which .permitted an increase in the quantity qf; LEAD refined lead produced in Mexico. Imports from per cent owing to increased production in that de Pasco Copper Corporation. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTIO Statistics on imports.for consumption, as sho follow, include imports entered for.immediate co drawals from warehouse for domestic consump lead imported is smelted and refined in bond; an imported for consumption is considerably less In 1929 imports for consumption were equival per cent of the general imports of lead. Lead remaining in warehouse in the United States, Dec ' pounds IStated In the form In whloh the material was entered l Year Ore (lead content) Base bul lion (lead content) Pigs, bars, and old Yoar Ore con 1020............... 1021............... 1022............... 1023*............. 1024............... 32, 023,200 13,670, 465 10,470,144 70,031, 250 103,474,370 60.617,026 24,602,350 7,076,544 80*806,856 95,007* 010 2,044.676 603,440 6,234,475 10,000,668 1025............... 1026............... 1027............... 1028............... 1020............... 105,8 114,6 90.6 07,6 120, 4 l Includes lead Id reclaimed scrap, as follows:-1025, 241,078 pounds; 1 'pounds. Corresponding figures for earlier years and for 1928 and 1020 are n , Lead imported for consumption in the United States, W a. _ . . _ ____ ___ _________________________ Lead in j>re > Lead In base bullion Pigs, bars, Bnd old * S Founds Value Pounds ' Value Pounds Value Po 11002210....., 13,700,490 6,842.807 $008, 327, 1022. 23,640.851 812, 1023... 22,420,046 1.190, 1024... 65.147,976 3.145, 1025... 12.706.508 672, 1026... 68.752,011 3, 303. 1027... 70, 200,478 4.203, 1028^.. 46.511.508 2,626, 1029... 21, 046, 1,160, 66,816, 56,810, 65,860, U, 124, 28,796, 24,747. 13,341, 14.620, 13.397, 12.395, *3,340. 1,668, 1,815, ' 628, 1,642, 1,823, 972, 025, 1 560, 627, 68,001,960 $3,887,821 8 61,000,094 1,972,716 8.506,110 835,924 42,925,266 2, 610.466 27,862,392 1,850,862 16,464,206 1,038,350 2 24,865, 670 2,191,668 86 9,933,679 636,807 9 20,488,373 808,359 77 20,178. 922 1,062.087 8 i Includes also lead In matte beginning Sopt. 22, 1022. ' * Includes also lmporta of antimonial lead, antlmonial scrap lead, babb With tariff of Bept. 22, 1922, except in 1025, 1926, 1927, 1928, and 1929. when a 1 Type metal1 imported for consumption in the Unite Year Type metal Pounds Valu 1920........................................ 11002212......;................................................. 1023-- ...............a................ 1024......................... .............. 1025 *.................................... 1026 >...................................... 11092387 *1...............:................. lt|20 I................................ 29,887,353 38.971,861 44,895,120 E6.009,161 878,346 t 8* 090,648 6,440,857 *1,34 *1,19 -1,12 .43 10 " 463 01 `e . ,103 ` , 18 ;i 1 Clasalflcatlon for 1626 to 19201a "Type metal and antimonial lead"; sep Figures not available. 258 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929--PART I EXPORTS :nj The chief lead export of the United States is rofined pig leatj derived from the treatment of foreign ores and base bullion. Exports' decreased 37 per cent in 1929 owing primarily to a 35 per cont de crease in imports of base bullion. Europe took 69 per cent of the total, Asia 25 per cent, South America 5 per cent, and North America and Africa T per cent. In Europe United Kingdom, Germany, and1 Sweden ,were the largest importers, while in Asia- and South America! Japan and Brazil ranked first. United Kingdom took 32 per cent^ and Japan'22 per cent of the total United States exports. '"'r, i mu Refined pig lead exported from the United States, 1928 and 1929, by destination(3 1929 -TVS Short tons Value Short toes Value North America: Canada..... . Cuba............... Meiioo.......... . 1 Panama........ . Other____.... South America: Argentina................. Brasil............... .. Chile........................ Colombia...'...... Ecuador.................... Peru......... .................. . Uruguay................. ` Other........................- Europe: i . Belgium^. Denmark............... France.................. Germany................... Italy..................... ... Netherlands............ Sweden...................... United Kingdom.. Other.......................... Asia: * China....................... Japan......... .................. Philippine Islands. Other............................ Afrtoa..................... . Oceania, French. 132 $18,766 162 18, $49 79 10,816 19 2,665 90 11.867 62,431 1,243 2,439 494 87 18 78 384 91 4,834 120,706 243, 303 66,284 11,006 2,392 7,308 36,640 9,181 496,619 861 3,673 4, 628 23,662 336 6,088 6,316 43,428 279 87,161 74,649 321,700 397, 123 2,063,281 29,440 445,294 463,060 3,817,363 25,418 7,637,208 2,131 21,216 210 245 190,306 1,927,144 22,118 24.296 23,802 () (') 2,163,864 57 42 116, 289 10,359, 221 141 $24,662 248 27,899ifj 83 16,6961' 62 6/98lf i 169 29, lorr: --?lfl! 105,346.3 699 1,638 989 93 33 88 448 64 67,848*3 164,186 i 112,220 ; 13,481 5 4,466 L 8,608.1 43,248 f 7,3181 401,406 ] 4,322 2,202 9,746 103 1,622 7,256 23.732 872 50,649 813 16,416 111 716 18,055 2 (0 73,261 92,085/j 419,031(1 205,0 946,460i| 9,700? 149,8133 708,26698 2,396,3381 4,909,6 78,`bol 1,694,706 14,417 74,1641 l, 761,7162 3161 1211 7. 178. 637 * Less than 1 ton. . The following table shows the exports of lead from the United States from 1920 to 1929. Of tho lead exported with benefit of draw-| back in 1929 miscellaneous lead manufactures (principally lead foil.) accounted' for 55.1 per cent, white lead in oil 25.1 per cent, red lead and litharge 9.9 per cent, babbitt 2.7 per cent, load-covered cable 2.0 per cent, type metal 1.8 per cont, snot shells 1.6 per cent, and others 11.84per cent. ` LEAD ' ' Refined lead exported from the Unite Pigs, bars, and old Year Short tons Value Foreign lend exported In manufactures with benefit of drawbaok (short tons) Year 1920... 1921... '1922... <1923... <1924... 20,093 26,624 38,178 60,738 82,090 $3,032,768 2.462,033 3,781,965 6,465,743 10.396,766 ' 6,176 9,369 ' 5,877 12,526 15,275 1925.......... 1926.......... 1927.*... 1928.......... 1929.......... CONSUMPTIO ! REFINED PRIMARY PIG LEAD AVAI c o n s u mp t io n .;I'" The manufacturing industry of the Uni | ifour main forms; namely, refined prima I imonial lead, primary lead in the form o I ,The following table shows the refined p K for consumption from 1924 to 1929. ; .Refined primary pig lead available for consumption in short tons 1924 1926 Jl SUPgl^7n bonded warehouse Jan, 1. Imports of pigs, bars, and old 1......... Production................ 2,617 12,247 690,493 6,046 7,021 766,969 '706,367 779,036 Withdrawn: ' ' . Exports-- ` Pig lead.............................. .......................... In manufactures, with benefit of drawback........... ................. U:. -Stook In bonded warehouse Dec. 81......... ' 82,090 ` 16,276 6,046 103,619 ' 11,-699 '8,162 102,410 123,380 Supply available for consumption....... 602,947 666,656 . - i Includes 622 tons of "old, reclaimed, and scrap1' In 1928 a ures for other years not separately reoorded. The foregoing table is intended to inc Reload smelted directly from ore. There' ar | fcrepancies which should be pointed out. M ^produce from secondary materials some ijirom .the primary! lead in the final pro Lvailable, the table gives approximately t ead available to American mdustry eac *jpot consider fluctuations in producers indicates the trend of consumption only in 260 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 2 9----PART I CONSUMPTION BY USES The quantity of lead in all forms consumed by American industry is estimated each year by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics. The following table is quoted in full from the 1929 yearbook of that bureau. ; Lead consumed in the United Stales,1 1921-1929, in short tons Furpose 1921 1922 1023 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 White lead *.................................. Bed lead and litharge1............ Storage batteries *...................... Oable covering................... Building*...................................... Automobiles .............................. Looomotives *................ ............. Railway cars................. ............ Shipbuilding *.............................. Ammunition *........................ Terneplate *.................................. Foil *................................................ Bearing metal ............................ Solder........................................ Type metalT................................. Gifting L.-........ ........................... Other uses*....:.......................... 136,000 23, 600 87.000 67.000 48.000 4, 600 1,000 1,800 860 20,600 3,000 23,800 21.000 12,000 7,600 20,000 12,000 26,000 166,000 130.000 160,000 131.000 120,000 126,000 123.000 118,000 30,000 46.000 34.000 42.000 36,000 38.000 31.000 30.000 130.000 143.000 170.000 180.000 190.000 176.000 220.000 210,000 03.000 131.000 138.000 166,000 186.000 161.000 180,000 206,000 71.000 76.000 83,100 88,400 93.700 88.000 96.000 96.000 7,200 10,400 10,700 12,800 16.700 12,000 17.000 18.000 860 2,100 1,100 760 1,000 050 600 800 2,600 6,000 4,600 4,460 3,800 2,700 2.000 3,600 100 100 200 100 100 200 100 100 38.000 40.000 27.000 31.600 32.000 34.000 39.000 41,100 4,700 4,600 4,060 4,600 4,100 3,900 4,400 4,200 26,800 33,300 36.000 32.600 36.000 30.000 35.000 30.000 26.000 28.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 31.000 32.000 33.000 20,000 30.000 30.000 36.000 37.000 36.000 37.000 37.000 9,600 12.000 13.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 17.000 18.000 20,000 26,000 26,600 30,000 32.000 30.000 32.000 31,600 16,000 16,000 16.000 IF. 000 18.000 17.000 18.000 18,000 82,600 36,600 38.000 40.600 44,600 1 40,600 46,000 60,000 Total. ............... 620,660 683, 160 768,000 812,160 866,600 900,900 840,960 930, COO 946,200 i Source: American Bureau ot Metal Statistics. These estimates are /or the total consumption of lead. Irrespective ol whether Its origin be primary or secondary. Antlmonlal lead Is Included and the manufac ture of lead for export under drawback provisions Is included. i From data of sales reported by U. 8. Bureau of Mines up to 1929. The 1929 figure bas been determined by an improved method. i Exclusive of oxides for storage batteries; based on data of sales reported by U. 8. Duroau of Mines 4 Based on reports from a large proportion of manufacturers In each industry. ' .a/ ?f manufacture and the quantity of lead used per unit of manufacture. Under the bead of building is included the lead used in chemical construction. . * Based on the estimated consumption of lead for this purpose by the railways. ' Estimates of persons engaged In the trades. ' * Conjectural. According to the foregoing table the lead consumed in the United States in 1929 amounted to 945,200 tons, which surpassed all previous records. It exceeded 1928, the previous peak, by 2 per cent and 1927 by, 12 per cent. In the following table the individual uses of lead have beon arranged according to their percentage relation to the total lead consumed in 1929. Percentage of total lead consumed in the United Stales, 1925-1929, by uses Storage batteries. Cable coverings.. White lead Building... Ammunition. -............. Solder................................ Bearing metal............. Oalking ....______ ____ Litharge and red lead. 'Foil.................................... Costings.................... Type metal..................... {Automobiles................... Terneplate.................r>. Bailwar oars. w . i/ooomottves................. Shipbuilding.............. I. Miscellaneous____ .... Dn 1926 1920 1927 1028 1929 ' 21.02 18. 21 16.29 10. 32 3.68 4.09 3.97 3. 60 4.90 3.80 2.10 1.76 L 49 .63 .62 .09 .01 4.73 21.09 20. 63 13.32 10.40 3. 66 4.11 4.00 3. 66 4.00 3.80 2.00 1.78 L 86 .46 .42 ,11 .01 194 20.81 10.16 1198 10.46 4.04 4.16 3. 69 3. 67 162 3. 67 2 02 1.00 1.43 .46 .32 .08 ,02 182 23.64 19.34 13.22 10.32 4.26 3. 08 3.44 8. 44 3. 33 3.76 1.93 1.83 1.83 .47 .21 .06 .01 194 22. 22 21.70' 12 48 10.16 4.36 3.92 8.49 8.33 3.17 32..0117, 1.91, 1.91 .44 : .87 .08 .01 6.29 LEAD For several years storage batteries have been of lead, having taken first place from white, le batteries are used chiefly in motor vehicles,' y 23 per cent increase in the number of passenger factured in 1929 there, was a decrease of 5 per of lead used in storage batteries. The decrease part to the larger percentage of light-weight' 1929 which operate \^ith file .smaller^size.sto American Bureau of Metal Statistics has esti of automobile storage batteries at 16,000,000 in in 1928. Exports of storage batteries have g total of about.207,000 in 1925 to 353,000 id 1 per cent.. The expansion, of the automobile trade has more than offset the decreased use o radios which resulted from the introduction of The American Bureau of,Metal Statistics has 170,000 radio storage batteries were, manufa compared to 400,000 in 1928. _ _ The second largest use of lead is as a protectiv wire cables used 'chiefly in telephone and und lines. The quantity . of lead so .used in 1929 records, being 14 per cent greater than in 1928 a than in. 1926, the* previous peak. ' This use app crease. ` General expansion of the use of electri large electrification programs announced by som panies'nnd the development .of. the BoulderD Eower ]|rpjects,., .will . require large amomtso [lc^easmg civic.,consciousness, will undoubte many of thS present , unsightly overhead, telep lines underground, as h^s been the custom in W many years. , Research work now in progress to and remedies of certain defects in lead-covered its use in sonm industries should yield profitab the market for lead-covered cable.. . >. / The manufacture of white lead is the third one that appears to be on the decline. Prior was the largest consumer of lead and in 1922 too or 23 per cent of the total estimated load consu 118,000 tons (12.5 per cent of the total) was s use of white lead is due to the substitution in pigments, principally lithopono and zinc oxide use of nitrocellulose paints in which white lqa count of its chemical instability in contact with n " F. E. Wormser, secretary of the Lead Indu summarized developments m the uses of,lead ,a ! A lead-oalcium alloy which ,is finding wide use as oa been developed.. The addition ot a very, small'amou an alloy of high-fatlgue strength which is resistant to f ; such as are often encountered in eables due to expansi Lead linings are now being extensively used in the ; cipally because of developments which have produo . secrets of the various processes of manufacturers makin usually oarefully guarded, but the faot remains that n i Wormser, F. E., Lead: Mete] Ind., vol. 28, January, 1030, p. 7* 362 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1829---- PART I ' proveci. Could production costs be lowered, these products would find even a wider field of application. Large amounts of antimonial-lead sheet are used as tank'linings in the chromium-plating industry, and it has been found that if these tanks'are put into use immediately or if they are given anodlo treatment at regular weekly intervals the life of the lining oan be extended. Lead-coated copper is finding growing favor for architectural purposes such as roofing,leaders, and gutters. It has the advantage of the strength and durability of copper plus the protection and durability of lead. Moreover, it furnishes a pleasing gray color, one whiob will not discolor, and is less expensive than antif monial or soft lead. This gives it a wide field of application on moderate-priced dwellings where lead is considered too expensive. Here it is interesting to note that results of tests on the corrosion of metals by city air, conducted in England and reported by J. Newton Friend, place antimonial lead at the top, followed by the highest grade of tin and then soft lead. Other metals, common tin, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, and so on, follow. .. j The Bureau of Standards is doing considerable research work on lead-bearing metals at the request of the Assistant Secretary of War with the idea of replacing tin-base bearings with lead base for the purpose of conserving tin. E. J. Hall, of the Hall-Scott Motor Car Co., reports that they have found that a bearing composed of 26 per cent lead and 76 per cent copper, having no lining or backing but a.uniform structure throughout the shell, will give from 100,000 to 160,000 miles of intercity motor-coach service without attention. '' The use of a baked red-lead priming coat under asphaltic or bituminous pro- tootlve coatings on underground pipe lines has only reoeived general attention in the last six months, although such a coat has been successfully used in isolated Instances for several years. This red-lead coat has been entered in the tests of coating materials being conducted by the American Gas Association and the Bureau of Standards and should give a good account of itself judging by past performances. This may open another large market for red lead. .I , PRICES , .) i J 1 The two major markets for lead in the United States are at New York and St. Louisj and a large part of the lead produced in the United States is sold at prices based on the quotations in these two markets! The New, York quotations are influenced to some extent by the lower prices usually prevailing on the London market, so that the New York price seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight differential, 0.35 cent a pound. The following tables show the average monthly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London for 1927, 1928, and 1929 and the average yearly prices from 1910 to 1929, inclusive. Average monthly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1917 ; . ,.i 1920, in cents per pound1 : Monlb 6t. Louis January........ ...................... .......... I- obruary..................................... Marob............................... .............. Aurll........... ..................................... May............ .................................. June................................................. August............................................ September..................................... November,.................................. December.......... ........................ 7.41 7.29 7.34 6.84 6. 27 6.16 6.13 6.39 6.05 6.04 6.33 1927 1928 New York London St. Louie New York London St. Louis 7.68 7.48 7.61 7.11 0.60 6. 43 6.36 6.68 6.31 6.28 6. 61 5.95 6.92 6.03 6. 76 6.43 5.30 5.09 6.02 4. 66 4.56 4.83 6.29 6.08 6.82 6.00 6.02 6.16 6.05 6.06 6.29 0.50 6.34 6.02 6.11 6.13 6.30 . 6.22 6.25 6.46 6.23 . G.39 6.34 6.60 4. 74 4.41 4.34 4.42 4.46 4. 67 4.47 4.68 4. 77 4.00 4. 62 6.60 6. 73 7.38 7.03 6. 77 6.80 6. 61 6.66 6. 69 Q. 13 6.10 1929 New York London 6. 66 6.86 7.60 7.20 7.00 7.00 6.80 6. 76 6.19 6.26 6.06 4.68 ' St.Louk: MeUl Statistics, 1930, p.389. Average dally quotations of soft Missouri lead, f. o. b. St Louis (open market), as leDorted dally in the American Metal Market. 18 menTfroiS^estTM61^MetalMarket, daily issues. Pig lead, New York (outside market) prompt ship* Boanl 393` Aveiage price of Iead- Price per long ton, as published in oonvertd to oents per pound at average exobenge rate reported by tbe federal lteserve nr .;LEAD" < Average yearly prices of. lead at St. Louis, New Yorki a Year ; ' n St. Louis1 (P0r 1 pound) i 'New ' York * ' (per pound) i i; , i ( 1910........................... 1911.............................. 1912.............................. 1913.......................... 1914.............................. 1916.............................. 1916............................ . 1917............................ . 1918.............. ;............ . 1919............................ . 1920............................ . 1921.............................. 1922.*.;..................... 1923............................ . 1924............................. 1926............................ 1926............... .,......... 1927.............................. 1923......................... * 1929.......................... . ri CenU 4.33 4.31 4.38 4.20 3.74 4.67 ft. 80' 8.92 7.26 ` 6.66 7.93 4.80 6.62 7.36 8.10 8.92 8.26 0.62 . 0.14 6*66 Cents 4.49 4.46 lf.4.48 4. 40 8.87 i 4.67 ``ft. 83 j ; 8.71 7.46 ' 6.81 . 8.08 4.65 5.71 7.26 8.08 .9.02 ' 8.42 ,6.76 6.31 .6,83 ,|i Compiled from,daily quotations Id opon.piarlcot at St. Louis, as ?'* Average prices baaed on quotations of American Smelting A RefinIng laid In London, aa publishod'fn Metal Siotiitlra.'l'M pound on^Snls ofaverage exobange rates published in tbe reports of.tbe, 1 * Import duties on refined pig lead have been as follows: Aug.'S, 1000, to Oot. 4, 1013, go Sept. 21, 1022--20 per centum Scl.valorem; average tariff Sept. 22, 1022fto date (1929)-2J4 cents per ptjuna^ ' . ' ' To facilitate the settlement of its buying and lead the American Smelting & Refining Co., whic of the United States lead production, at freque an official contract price based on the New following are the company's quotations for 50York, in 1928 and 1929, in cents per pound: 1928 Feb. 10........................................ Feb. 20........................................ Feb. 27........................................ Mar. 1 ,Apr. 2-- 0. 10 May 26........................................ May 29................................. July 9.............. Aug. 23 6.30 ' Aug. 27. ................ Sept.'17................ ......... ............. .. Nov. 9 Deo. 3......... ............ ............ . ,, ' 1929. Jan. 2........................................... Feb. 6......................................... 6. 36 0. 26 6. 16 0. 00 0. 20 6.30 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.36 0. 60 6. 65 6.76 Feb. 11......... Feb. T9.......... Feb. 27.......... Mar. 6........... Mar. 19......... Mar. 20......... Apr. 4_______ Apr. 8............ Apr. 10,_\t7.> Aapuri.. 1ro5.-.-..-.-..-..-. July 5---------July 10.......... Sept. 5........... Oct. 29i-a**' Oct. 31.......... Nov. 6______ Nov. 7........... The gradual upward trend in the price of lead tinued m the early part of 1929. The New Yo ary 2 and the average for that month was 6.6 264 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929---- PART I sharp increase from 6.50 cents on December 31, 1928. During Feb ruary there was a further increase to an average of 6.86 cents. The threatened curtailment of supplies from Mexico, due to the revolution, sent the price to 7.80 cents toward the fatter part of March, a high for.'the year, but following the collapse, of the revolution the price quickly declined to 7 cents by April 15. Meanwhile rising prices had stimulated production, and when domestic consumption declined sharply in May and June stocks increased rapidly and the price of. lead decreased to an average of 0.75 cents in August. In September apd October the price increased slightly as a result of increased demand, 'but in November and December the price dropped off sharply, following the stock-market crash. The New York quotation .rir.as 6.25 cents on December 31, 1929. 'The average New York price for 1929 was 6.83 cents--8 per cept over the 1927 average and 24 per cent under the record 1925 price) .The New York market avoraged 0.17 cent per pound over the St! Louis market in 1928, as compared with 0.17 cent in 1928 and 0.23 cent in 1927. k Im . . The average price, including domestic and foreign sales, received by lead producers in the United States in 1929, according to repoifs or producers to the Bureau of Mines, was 6.3 cents a pound; in 1928', it was 5.8 cents. "'The London quotation reached the high monthly average in Mai'oh (equivalent to 5.5 cents per pound), declined to approximately 5 cept^ , during July, August, September, and October, then declined further j to .4,6! cents in December. The yearly average was 10 per cent. greater in 1929 than in 1928; it was 1.79 cents per pound under the ! New York price in 1929, as compared to 1.73 cents in 1928; . ' 11 : .'Mill 'V ..VI ,V| \ f. ,i ..'1/1 let -j .'A'ij -,:A 3 1 :;i4 -^i .Cl ...a . .in ? ' / i.r. . - I j.;..-' ..I ' ^ GOLD, SILVER, AND LEAD I (MINE REPOR W.By Ch a b . He n p bn * .. 1 ;*i ''.ii 'O'* . . SUMMARY 'pi- Metal mining in South Dakota is confi pountifes--Guster, Lawrence, and Penn theiBIack Hills.. The Homestake go ounty, .has, been producing almost co now the largest producing gold mine in! this mine'to the company's mills amoun ;an increase pf 20,986 tons over.'1928, b f gold-silver bullion bars atnounted 148,946,74 .less. than in 1928. The o outh Dakota in 1929 was a lode mine ' gton County. . The following table-sh aesj.tonso*f p(re p_ roduced, and.recover akota. from 1920 to 1929. ; : , fifinc production of gold, silver, and lead in So ' recovered metal 10 ffi fMlues producing i vf' ! t' ': Lode Placer Ore = 8abort .003) ------ , 1T Gold (lode and placor) Fine ounces wo:. Ml.. 933.. 923.. W0'.' 1,966,189 1,726,686 1,761,464 1,606,439 1,674,720 1,690,079 1,416,786 1,376,683 1,422, 233 1,463,169 226,224.23. 34,676,470 319.624.96 '6)006,167 316,207.99 6,617,788 309,906.06 6.406.806 296,930.24 6,117,421 289,747,JO. ,6,989,604 279,628.93 6,778,876 322,031.74 6,656,987 317,378. 04 6.660.806 316.836.96 6,649,699 ' or total production of gold and silver In South Dakota, <43,jand Mineral <Resouroe8,:1922, pt. 1, p. T94.' . ork on manuscript completed Februafy^lOSl. or information on tbe geology of the metal resources of \^y Oeol. Atlas, Central Blaok Bills.Foljo.219, 1926. I :5" ' 506 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929--PART I the deposits are situated in the Atlas Mountains, and it is estimated from ton layers alone 20,000,000 tons of bauxite can be obtained. The mineral haBfjf large alumina content, estimated at 70 per cent, and numerous water falls the vicinity can furnish water power for the mining operations. GOLD COAST Bauxite, or aluminum hydrate, with certain impurities is found over portions of Gold Coast Colony and Ashanti, as a cap from a few feet to more than 50 feet in thickness on the summits of severy mountains. The ores are of fairly high grade. The most importanj deposits are those of the Mount Ejuanema Kwahu district, estimated to nave about 4,000,000 tons, and the Sefwi Bekwai district, having about 33,300,000 tons.89 The Ejuanema deposit is 1% miles in|| direct line from Nkawkaw railway station, which is 111 miles fro'd the port of Accra or 249 miles from the port of Sekondi, via Kumasij The Sefwi Bekwai deposits are about 55 miles northwest of Dunkwal a'station on the Sekondi-Kumasi Railway 100 miles from Sekondu .Average analyses of 198 specimens from Mount Ejuanema and of 5jj specimens from Mount Supirri, Sefwi, qre reported as follows: !ta Mount Ejuanema Mount Supirri SIOi................. . AljOi......................... FoiOi........................ TIOj.......................... HjO........................... 0. 87 60.06 0.27 1.94 26.80 1.88 66.77 10. 30 1.12 30.69 During 1928 a large deposit of bauxite was discovered40 4 to miles west of Kumasi, 18 miles northeast of Bibinni, at the end of i proposed Western Province Railway in the Ycnanin district; thfl deposit is alleged to contain 180,000,000 tons of good ore. BauxitjJ deposits have been located in the Pusu Pusu River, Kibi district, b Akim, and small deposits at Atiwa Range, Sajumase. & Although the economic value of these Gold Cpast deposits has ncjjj been demonstrated and the quantity of bauxite reported for th$ Yenahin district seems almost fantastic, it seems probable that th Gold Coast may be counted upon to provide reserves of.substantij character for the future. OCEANIA AUSTRALIA Bauxite deposits have been found 60 miles southwest of Gladstone, aa Crows Nest near Toowoomba, and at Cooranga station in the Gaynall district, Queensland, and numerous high-iron bauxite deposits arfl known in New South Walos. Aluminous clays, alunite, and bauxitiffl clays have been found in other sections of Australia. Production har been small and has come chiefly from Victoria which produced 55fi metric tons of bauxite in 1929, compared with 196 tons in 1928 an<] 936 tons in 1927. "'American Motal Market, Large Bauxite Deposits of Gold CJoast: Dec. 0, 1027. "'Mining Journal, London, vot. 104, No. 4882, Ma t . 10, 1020. P. 200. Its . ' , |. ill. " IBS'1,. BI! `1 ` ' 1H- LEAD AND ZINC PIGMEN ' . . Ry El me r W. Pb h " : : ' ; yirc. SUMMARY f; Lead' pigments accounted for 65.6 per bier cent of the total Value of the lead andz tic'producers in' 1929j which amountedlto Mi'mcrease ;of ;2: per cent over 1928:'''; Pigments sold increased 2 per cent in 'tota OThe quantity of lead pigments sold by p 51295,460 short tons, a decrease of nearl Age, red lead, and orange mineral increa bf white lead in oil and white sublimed Iea lead in1 oil were the lowest since 1918 and [per cent of the 1922 sales. Sales of dry1 w [lead were practically unchanged in 1929. i. The quantity of zinc pigments sold by ftp 394,075 short tons, an increase of 2 pe Rithopone increased by 6,000 tons, or 3 p psinc oxide increased by 3,000 tons, or 12; decreased slightly. ; : _ Ify-Sales of zinc chloride increased.2 per c ^..Quoted prices of lead pigments in 1929, lions in pig-lead quotations; :the average [lead pigments sold by: producers, as /repor increased only 3, per cent, whereas, the/a Bead increased 8 per cent;. Quotations phanged throughout,the year at,levels es ege price i received by producers /per > tqn Reported to the Bureau of Mines, decreas average quoted price for slab zinc, increas ^ Imports of lead pigments in 1929 were. gpigments increased 3 per cent in quant gAnd'amounted to- 3 per cent of'the total gjproducers. The total quantity of whit fexported decreased 9 per cent, whereas tha K9 per cent. ' . ' : p|i Imports of zinc pigments in 1929 decre and 5 per cent in value and were equivale } per cent of the sales by domestic'produc "and zinc oxide decreased, whereas impor |publed. Exports of zinc pigmenta in,19 apantity and 26 per cent in value and;amo |per cent of the. total domestic output. I f> ltao.Work on maniuorlpt completed December, ' niTbe statlatlo* In (hlg report were prepared (unless otherwise [On Imports and exports were compiled from records of the Burea *T. A. Dorsey, both of tbe Bureau of Mines. 00026--32------ 11 508 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1029---- PART I An outstanding feature of the lead and zinc pigment industry, during the last fow years has been the severe competition between white lead and other pigments for the paint trade. The effect of this is indicated roughly in the comparative sales of the pigments con-' cemed. Sales of white lead in oil decreased from 153,000 tons in 1922 to 105,000 tons in 1929. During the same period the combined sales' of zinc oxide and lithopone increased from 212,000 to 367,000 tons.! As three-fourths of the lithopone and about one-third of the zinc oxide produced in the United States are used in the manufacture of paints,' these figures indicate the marked degree to which the zinc pigments' have invaded the paint industry at tne expense of white lead. The rapid expansion in the use of nitrocellulose paints in recent years has not altered materially the quantity of pigments consumed.' The average nitrocellulose paint contains considerably less pigment' per gallon than oil paints, but a heavy pigment priming coat and more finishing coats are used to offset the low pigment content,. White lead is seldom used in these paints owing to its chemical insta bility in' contact with nitrocellulose products. As it is desirable to have a low pigment content in nitrocellulose paints there has been an: increased use of high hiding-power pigments such as high-strength; lithopone and titanium pigments. . PRODUCTION In this chapter the pigments and salts sold are considered as rep resenting the production, no account being taken of the stocks on hand at the beginning and end of the year. The amounts used by producers at their own plants are included under sales. The total value of the lead and zinc pigments sold by domestic producers was approximately $98',046,000 in 1929 as compared with $96,136,000 in 1928, the increase being shared about equally by the lead and the zinc pigments. The quantity of lead pigments was slightly less in 1929 than in 1928, but the average value per ton was 3 per cent more; the average quoted, price for pig lead was 8 per cent higher than in 1928. There was a,, slight increase in the quantity of zinc pigments in 1929, but the aver-; age value per ton was 0.3 per cent less than in 1928; the average' quoted-price for slab zinc increased 8 per cent over 1928. : :l . The following tables show the production of, lead and zinc pigments' and zinc salts as reported to the Bureau of Mines. . Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1920-1929, in short tons Year iwo.......... ...................... 192U.............................. 1922................................. 1923-............................. 192C............................... 1925-.............................. 1926................................. 1927-.............................. 1938................................ 1929.............................. White lead Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead Dry la oil Orange mineral Litharge' 83,678 26,738 41.698 37,786 42,622 43,426 37,968 88,669 42,049 42,169 112,017 143,645 163,393 126,087 144.872 120, 479 111,846 119,026 111,923 104.872 12,412 11,668 13,766 11,949 14,672 14,996 12,271 13,482 16,003 16,680 928 463 972 800 1,088 1,090 1,236 1,061 1,234 1,234 34,431 21,806 30,609 38,037 36,813 41,669 42,650 39,073 40,497 43,021 0) 381 370 646 331 840 813 709 459 678 62,820 41,009 68,261 75,107i 74,724; 86,646 82, 640 i 81,6661 86,670 87,916 LEAD AND ZlNO PIGMENTS A ^ Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the < . 1928 1 Short tons Valuo (at plant, ex sive of containe Total Avera Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead; - White........................................................... Blue............................................................. Red lead.................................. .............. .. Orange mineral......................... ...................... Litharge.......... ................................................... i Dry........................................................... ; In oil.............................................................. 16,002 1,234 40,497 469 85,670 32,211,470 176,508 6,816,876 112,621 12,872,730 42,049 6,688,115 111,923 24,663,989 8 I pine pigments and salts sold by domestic'manufaeturer ' 1929, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Leaded tlno oxide 88::: |;1926............. 11926. [tl927. fcl928.. U929. . 30.460 74,329 16,103 128,466 19,613 ' 126,967 23,604 131,470 26,729 161,364 31,760 146,923 23,869 151,246 26,064 160,004 24,223 160,611 27,149 1 Figures cover production, not.sales. [ * Figures published In earlier reports o( this series have been revise i liberty to publish the revised figures. Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. I Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacture and 1929 1928 Ai - Value (at plant, exclu : sive ol container) / Short tons . ,- Total Average Zlno oxide*........... .............. ................ Leaded lino oxide*........... .. Lithopone............................. ........ ............ Zinc chloride, 60 Baumfl._____... Zlno sulphate.................................. . 160,904 24,223 200,468 88.837 1 lb $20,686,442 2,946,823 19,073,914 1,706,222 <*> .: ..$129 ' 12 . c 96 44 ,O >. 1 Zlno oxide containing 6*per cant or more of lead is classed as leade ' 1 Figures published in the report of this series for 1928 bave been not at liberty to publish the revised figures. * I t * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures, , 1 Figures (or red lead include orange mineral prior to 1921. 510 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929--PART I Statistics for lead arsenate, lead acetate, zinc stearate, and other: lead and zino salts and compounds are collected biennially by the . Bureau of the Census for odd years. The following tables show the production (exclusive of pigments, zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate) t during the past few years, as compiled by that bureau. Lead acetate, lead arsenate, and other lead salts (exclusive of lead pigments) pro ...... duced in the United States, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, and 1929 Year Lead acetate Total pro duction Produced for sale Lead arsenate 8hort tons Short tons Value Produced for sale (bbort toes) Value Otbor salts r Value 1919........... ...................................... 1921................................................... 1923................................................... 1925................................................... 1027.......................... 1929................................................... 2,666 1,408 2,763 3,432 8 2,092 372 016 1,261 1,508 1,042 $662,436 90,306 160,183 369,686 396, 122 266,763 6,733 4,616 6,378 6,909 *10,704 * 14,952 $2,090, 341 1,629, 446 2, 220,431 1,777, 662 3, 100,267 *3, 304,361 $336,906 120,327: 388.868 192,996 264,809 186,739 i Not given. * The statistics for 1927 and 1929 are not comparable with those for preceding years as the figures prior to 1927 do not Include data for the production reported by establishments engaged primarily in the man* ufaoture of patent and proprietary medlolnos and compounds. . Zinc stearate and other salts and compounds of zinc (exclusive of zinc pigments, nine chloride, and zinc sulphate) produced in the United States, 1923, 1925] 1927, and 1929 ' Year Zinc stearate Short tons Value 1923-................................................................................................................................. 1926.................................................................................................................................... 1929.................................................................................................................................... 227 $107,319 393 169, 061 391 104, 027 727 320,203 ,1 Other salts and com* pounds, value 1 $410,913 420, 944 376,666 0) < Not given. SOURCE The following table gives the quantity and source of the lead and* zinc contained in the pigments and salts produced in the United States! in 1928 and 1929. It shows that in 1929, 95 per cent of the lead in lead pigments was derived'from pig lead, 4 per cent from ore, and 1; per cent from secondary material. For zinc pigments and salts, the,? proportions were 68 per cent from ore, 19 per cent from metal, and1,' 13 per cent from secondary material. The zinc in zinc salts is derived: largely from secondary material. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS : AND '{[fetal content of lead pigments and line pigments and, ed ' manufacturers, 198 and 199, by sources, in "!------"--- T----- u : . 1928 ; Lead In pigments*' Zln pigm and Domestio ore........... Metal.................................. . 'Secondary material*... 10,466 , 242,914 664 1 264,033 ' 1 * Inoludes also lead recovered In elno oxide and leaded zinc oxide.'' The .and lead arsenate Is not available, as no canvass of tbeir production Is m Moreover, these salts are derived from pig lead, and tbeir metal conce staattlissttliocaall aaccccoouunntt IInn tthhes ffiigguurreess ccoovveerriinngg lleeaadd pprroodduuccttiioonn..,, << >' * Zlno ashes, sklmmings, drosses, and old me* ta*l.' : t- - : . PREPARATION A.ND1 USE , V; ! I , , , .. ... . WHITE LEAD ; .. ' White lead is the basic carbonate of lead 1 an most important of the whits pigments used in1 o erties of white lead that contribute to its usefu very great hiding power and the facility with wh can be^yorked -with' a brush.'1 Owing to its' rela and th^ fact that white-lead paints are blackene tabling sulphur, the! use of less-expensive zinc ox jiaint pigments has increased during recent yea retarded expansion of thewhite-leadundustry^ The largest part of the white lead manufab States is produced by1 the "stack"'or old 1 Du perforated disks of high-grade metallic lead,i cal inches in diameter, are placed in small clay pots, ['well in the bottom containing dilute acetic, aq arranged in tiers within a large room. Each boards and a layer of spent tanbark. The lea basic carbonate by the action of acetic acid va C02 and the heat necessary to vaporize the acet by the fermentation of the tanbark. The proce four months for completion. The corroded lead crushed, screened, and ground in water, and the to form dry white lead or ground with oil with the oil pigment. In the United States about product is ground in' oil.". ' `" 1' 1 * ' Some white lead is also'made by the Carter prd lytic process. In the former metallic lead is fin of steam and is then treated with dilute acetic aci in. slowly, rotating vyoodeni cylinders. The .proc ^bout 12.days.. , . >;'i^ i. i,ln the electrolytic i prpeess a lead anode and used, each, of which has-an. independent cpnti electrolyte kept,,separate .by a porous diaphri are solutions of sodium .acetate containing: 8Qai anolyte contains 1 the exact amount of . carbona cipitate the basic lead carbonate, whereas the c 1 ' J . ' ' > . . '' ' i-i : 512 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929---- PART I relatively large amount of carbonate. During electrolysis the lead,, dissolves at the anode surface and is immediately precipitated as the basic carbonate in suspension in the anolyte. At the same time' C03 is generated at the cathode, passes through the diaphragm, and roplaces the C03 precipitated with the lead, thus maintaining the anolyte at a constant concentration. The catholyte passes through a carbon dioxido absorption tower where it is restored to its original; strength. The basic lead carbonate is filtered from the anolyte,' washed, dried, pulverized, and barreled. '.'I .'.'^During 1929 it was announced' that a new process had been deveta oped for producing white lead and other lead pigments directly from- galena ore, in which the ore is first treated with nitric acid. The; resultant solution is then purified by a secret process which yields an extremely pure solution of lead from which pigments of high purity! can"be produced. White lead is precipitated from this solution bw the addition of sodium carbonate (soda ash or sal soda), chrome yel low by the addition of sodium bichromate, and basic lead sulphate by the addition of sodium sulphate. The precipitates are very finely- divided and are collected in filter presses, washed, dried, and ground/ The process involves the regeneration of nitric acid and the recovery of.,by-products, including zinc oxide, silica, and elemental sylphur. The, Gerberal Reduction & Chemical Co. was contemplating the erec tion of three plants* each to cost $1,500,000. , The principal use of white lead is in the manufacture of paint. Itji isithe only.important white pigment that is used unmixed with otheri pigments in ou paints; it is also used in varying proportions in many) mmjflil pigments. Dry white lead is used in paints, as a constituent olj the glaze used in the finer grades of pottery, and to some extent in ' the manufacture: of rubber. ,;,The following table shows the sales of white lead (dry and in oil);; to various industries in. 1929, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by the producers. , : r ..n, ' Distribution 0} white lead (dry and in oil) sales in 1929, by industries . LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND stable color in the presence of sulphur gases/ also made directly from pig lead. The molten an atomizing.nozzle intp a.heated furnace, and oxygen and sulphur dioxide are introduced. oxidized, and converted into basic lead sulpha uantity proportionate to the oxygen and sul ,,to the furnace. The resultant fume is collect t is claimed,that this product is the whitesto that it has a promising future in the manufactu where it is used with lead oxides to, produce battery plates. In 1929 the development of Jiasic lead sulphate directly, from ore, using p Sulphate, was .reported (see discussion under j)Vhite sublimed lead is used, chiefly in the ma ' aints and mixed pigments. . Smaller amounts acture of storage batteries and,rubber. . ;- i,,The blue variety is generally a by-product lead and is collected) fr.om, the fumes leaving Jtai color is due to' small amounts of carbon .and oade from blue leadi are especially useful as joefallic surfaces,,,, Some blue lead is also use pbber. _ - . y,;The following table shows the sales of basic l industries in 1929, as reported to the,.Bure rocfecers. ; ,.. Distribution of basic lead sulphate sales in' 19 Industry, .i Paints............... ..... Storage batteries Rubber............. rjQtber___________ Industry Short tons Por coat, of total- ! Paint.......... Ceramics.. Other......... ! ni | : i ' 130,620 4,240 6,260 147,031 S3i,d9 ' .* 100! t) >! The United States produces an exportable surplus of about .6,00, tons of white lead annually, most of which is manufactured hi bond frpm foreign lead. _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ BASIC LEAD SULPHATE vl To mBasic lead sulphate is also known as sublimed lead and is marketed1' in two forms, "white" and "blue." The white variety is usuall " made by; vaporizing powdered galena at a high temperature in the presence of air, which oxidizes it to the basic sulphate. The resultant fume is collected in bags, and owing to the zinc content of- the ore' used it usually contains about 5 per cent of zinc oxide.' This product is'Usually not as white as basic carbonate white lead, but has a more' 1 Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, vol. 126, June 3, 1929, p. 29. 3. . LITHARGE .. Litharge is the monoxide of lead and is prod ,'of molten lead at a moderate temperature m a The oxide forms on the surface of the molten into iron pots. The texture, and color of .the its use in the various industries, are controlled the furnace and the method ,of cooling.' , The In the manufacture ofr storage-battery 'plates; `are usually made of straight litharge, whereas .a mixture of- red-leadtaUa litharge.-1 The.next is in the oil-refining industry, where it is used t '.sulphur compounds from, gasoline. .-Litharge, a icure accelerator, in the, manufacture - of mechan rubber clothing. It is also used in the manufa joolor pigment, insecticides, potteiyyenamel,waf jdrier, m the imanufacture of-varnishi and lino ! The following table shows the sales of litharg in 1929, as reported to jjhe Bureau of Mines b 514 MINERAL* RESOURCES, 192 9---- PART I Distribution of litharge sales in 1929, by industries Industry Storage batteries.... Oil refining........ Ceramics.................... .. Chrome pigments... Bobber.......... Short tons Per oent of total Industry Short tons Peroe of tot* 37,160 18,010 8,003 8,113 0,001 42.2 10.0 0.8 9.3 7.0 Varnish.................................. .. Linoleum .................................... Other............................................ 3,124 322 10,209 87,010 >1 tod. BED LEAD Red lead is the tetroxide of lead and is made by heating powdere litharge at. a moderate temperature in a "coloring oven." The ma keted product varies in composition, averaging about 85 per cent pu red lead and 16 per cent litharge; the latter is unchanged in the pro ess of manufacture. The principal use of red lead is in the manufa tilre of'storage batteries where, mixed with litharge, it usually form the positive plate of the battery. It is an important pigment in pairifi used as a protective coating on metal surfaces and accounts for tni familiar orange color seen on practically all steel construction. D ing 1929 the American Gas Association and the Bureau of Standard began tests for protective coatings on underground pipe lines. TH tests were to, include the use of a baked red-lead priming coat unde asphaltic or bituminous protective coatings. Red .lead is the moi Important of the lead compounds used in the production of flint ah' optical glass. It is also used in potter's glaze and in enamel ware an as a drier in the manufacture ol varnish. . 1 _ The following table shows the sales of red lead to various industries' in 1929, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by the producers. Distribution of red lead sales in 1929, by industries Btoregd batteries Paints..................... Ceramics............... Other.......____ Industry ORANGE MINERAL Orange mineral is a form of red lead; it has the same chemical com; position but differs in physical properties and has a lower specific gray lty and lighter color. It is usually made by roasting white lead by a process that requires great care and skill. Consequently, the price is higher than that for any of the other lead pigments. Orange mineral is'used chiefly in the manufacture of an artificial vermilion color pig* ment known as eosin lake; it is also used in the production of printers inks'and enamels. > The1 following table shows the sales of orange mineral to various industries in 1929, as reported to the Buroau of Mines by the producer^ LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND S Distribution of orange mineral sales in 1929, b Industry I-1 : '. , nisniifsctii re ...................... . ........ tber......................................................... ............................................................... .......... .......... ZINC OXIDE I Zinc, oxide, the. monoxide of zinc, is made in th processes--the French and the American., I !q zino is heated, in a current of air, and the.res Hooted, in long chambers. The product is gra eness and is, labeled "white seal," i"greenf,s e white-seal variety is the finest -and ,>vhites. avity is much lowei;,than,,thosp,of,jthe. cogrse hiefly inthigh-grade enamel paints. Green seal termediate and heavy grades, respectively. American process zinc oxide is made by.heati Ye and anthraoite to produce a*metallic zinc' vip treated yith air to'form'the oxide.''The 03cide bag houfles. As lead is usu'ally present iii the'or fcontatee some lead ' cbmpounds. ' It ^s( usually In Yeneh ' oxide but'ih: other respects is process of making zinc'oxide pred(rainatesi,in'tH s Zinc oxide has been`used 'as' a. paint''pigment' i for'several centuries, but the increase i^/^dii States during the twentieth century .has i been growth of the rubber 'industry. 1 In 'an1 ' estimat 1926,4 the use of zmc Oxide m the various^m f?UW8: " Per cent V TV: iV o,' jbber--..-:53 alnts and enamels_______2 --. 33 OUoloth and linoleum_______.____ 6 Exports.__ ______________ ______ 4 Ceramics . Miscellaneous. ' , Zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of rubbe ficial properties it impacts to the rubber.1' If strength and the resistance to abrasion 'and te aging qualities by counteracting the tendency of' 'norate under action of light and heat. " AU'of essential in making automobile 'tires,1 tubes, 'an represent about 75 per cent of the entire rubber s Zinc oxide is seldom 'used alone 'as' a paint pi a hard, smooth-surface which on aging tends'to leaving an unsatisfactory surface for repainti stable color and costa less than white lead, ha;^ and covering properties, ' and is durable;1: Thb make zinc oxide a useful constituent of mixed finds a large usage. It1 is ^generally mixed' w lead, and inert pigments.1 --toq/fv i 1 Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, vol. 33, January, 1026, p.' 55 516 MINERAL REBOURGES, 1 BE9--PART I Zinc oxide is also used in the manufacture of oilcloth and linoleum, pottery glazes and glass, celluloid, druggists' supplies, printer's inks, and leather finishes, and for many other purposes. The use of zinc oxide as a lubricant was reported 5 in 1929. A: mixture of zinc oxide and oil in equal parts is said to prevent corro-,] sion of bearings and to improve the bearing surface by depositing]'! thereon a thin film of zinc. 1 Exports of zinc oxide in 1929 amounted to 11 per cent of the total production. l ead ed zin c o x id e ' Leaded zinc oxide is made by a method similar to the American process of making zinc oxide. The ore used contains lead in varying!] proportions, and the finished product may contain from 5 to 36 per1! cent of basic lead sulphate. The properties of this pigment are similar1 ] to those of zino oxide and basic lead sulphate. It has fair hiding power!; biit is mot1 so white as American process zinc oxide., Leaded zino i oxide is used chiefly in the manufacture of paint. .ill LITHOPONE "lithopone is the newest of the important White pigments, and its,! introduction into the United States dates back to the close of the,| nineteenth century. It contains about 70 per cent of barium sulphateit ai^d,about '30 per cent of zinc sulphide. The latter, a powerful. pigr)| ipen'tj'.is responsible for the useful pigment qualities of lithopone. . The[| proceed pf. manufacture consists in mixing proper proportions of solu-j; tions of barium sulphide and zinc sulphate. Tne resultant precipitate ! is'heated to a red neat and plunged into cold water, after which it.isij ground, dried, and powdered. ,.iql ' The., use of high-strength lithopone, containing above 30 per cent)! of zinc sulphide, has been increasing in recent years. This.product ] can be made directly or by mixing zinc sulphide with ordinary lithod\ pone.. The increase in imports of zinc sulphide from less than 4 * short tons in 1926 to more than 315 tons in 1929 has probably beeri^ due to the increased manufacture of high-strength lithopone. . This^l pigment is said to possess very high hiding power and nonsettling[| properties which make it particularly suitable for the manufacture 3 of shelf goods. ' i The. use of lithopone in the United States has increased rapidlyl| and has spread to many industries. Its chief use is in paint manu-i] factpre,. ip which it is favored on acount of its low cost and many good:| qualities.., Formerly the use of lithopone was confined to interioril Eaint, as ,the pigment would discolor in sunlight. In recent years,'] owever, the refining process has been changed, and it is claimed thatra lithopone with a stable color suitable for exterior paints is now being J produced. .It is generally mixed with other pigments, notably zinc:* o^ide........ ,!S ,,,A large quantity of lithopone is used in the manufacture of oilclothi.l and linoleum, artificial leather finishes, window shades, and printer's:.] inis.,. : f. '! ir] Imports of lithopone into the United States in 1929 amounted to'! 8,400 short tons, and exports amounted to 4,600 tons. ; i Ohemtetry and Industry, vol. 48, Nov. 22, 1929, p. 1136. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENT The following table shows the sale industries in 1928 ond 1929, as reported the producers,. Distribution of lithopone sales, 19SS a Industry Paints, varnish, and lacquer Floor coverings and textiles. Rubber_______ ___________ ..... Other....... ..................................... ZINC SALTS Zinc sulp. h. ate. ,.,s..o..m....e..t.i.mes known as. wh treating secondary zinc material with upon evaporation.yields the white cryst cipal uses of zinc sulphate is as a depress lead-zinc ores,'. It b^s recently been use nurseries pf the United1 States Forestry, the solutions of electro-galvanizing cells, t in/* n*i/i in /4*TAln An A /4**ia ** t /\n linnAA - ......................................------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ of lithopone; asithis.sulphate represents is not separately1 recorded by the Burea Zinc chloride may be .'prepared by tre rine or with hydrochloric acid,, the latter Practically-all zinc chloride produced in from scrap metal or secondary materials, mings, and galvanizer's scrap.' Owing t it is usually rqarketed, pi solution, altho obtained in air-tight containers. Zinc preservative of timber; but it is also use fectant, in the refining of petroleum, in manufacture'of.hard nber, for medical p ! " nPROpUCERs' AND The following1 companies reported ha zinc pigments and zinc salts of their ow White lead: "1 i Anaconda Lead Products Co. (electro process) J. 1, _ ................ ------L'l!'. Carter White Lead Co,................................ Eagle-Plcher Lead Co ...................... ....' Euston Lead" Col 11Z [,['* II11" 11" I - -1 !! 'I W. P. Fuller & Co--___________________ John T. Lewis A Bros. Co Philadelphia, National Lead' Co. ' of California_________ Do.....:1.,:.',,:..:....:.:..:..................p..l.a..i.t... , ; 518 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929----PART I .White lead--Continued. ' , , National .Lead Co j ______ -------------------------- Brooklyn, N. Y. Do........... .............................................. Port Richmond, N. Y. Do............................................................... Cincinnati, Ohio. National Lead A OH Co. of Pennsylvania___ New Kensington, Pa. Sherwin-Williams Co_____ ________________ Chicago, 111. Wetherill A Bro................................................ Philadelphia, Pa. Basic lead sulphate, or sublimed lead: Eagle-Picher Lead Co............... ....................... Galena, Kans. Do............ ......... ........................................ Joplin, Mo. St. Louis Smelting A Refining Works of National Lead Co_______________________ Collinsville, 111. Red lead, orange mineral, and litharge: ' Eagle-Ploher Lead Co................... .................... East St. Louis, III. Do.. Joplin, Mo. Do.............. ........... ......... .............. ............ Newark, N. J. Do................................... ......... ................... Cincinnati, Ohio. I " Evans-Wallower Lead Co__________________ Charleston, W. Va. Franklin Lead Oxide Co___ _______________ Franklin, Pa. W. P. Fuller A Co..............____________ _____ South San Francisco, Calif. Grasselli Chemical Co______ ______________ East Chicago, Ind. . ; .. Doi.......... ............................................... Newark, N. J. . . .John T. Lewis A Bros. Co__________________ Philadelphia, Pa. II ' Metals Refining Co____________________ Hammond, Ind. i' ! National Lead Co. of California_________ T._ Melrose, Calif. i... .<National Lead Co........ ......... ....................... . Chicago, 111. St. Louis, Mo., Brooklyn,-N. Y. 11 National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania___ New Kensington, Pa. . Sherwin-Williams Co..-__________________ Chicago, 111. : United Color A Pigment Co..____ _________ Newark* N. J. , .Wethhrill A Bro___________________________ Philadelphia, Pa. Zinq oxide and leaded zinc oxide: American Zino Co. of Illinois______________ Hillsboro, III. ; ' American' Zinc Oxide Co____ _____________ Columbus, Ohio. Eagle-Picher Lead Co Hillsboro, 111. Empire Zino Co................................................ Canon City, Colo. I . GrasseUI Chemtoal Coi East Chloago, Ind. International Lead Refining Co. (French " process) i___ ____________ _; East Chicago, Ind. Akron, Ohio. . Mineral Point &no Co Mineral Point, WIs. . ` New Jersey Zino Co. (of Pennsylvania) Palmerton, Pa. , Do. ' (French process).. Freemansburg, Pa. - Ozark Shielting A Mining Co Coffeyville, Kans. i:' River Smelting A Refining Co______________ Florence, Colo. Lithopone: . , Chemical A Pigment Co. (Inc.)...__ ___... Oakland, Calif. Do.!_________ ___________ ____________ Collinsville, III. Do........................................................ . St. Helena, Md. Eagle-Picher Lead Co: Argo, 111. , . Grasselli Chemical Co... Grasselli, N. J. ,,,i- 'Do................................... Newark, N. J. Do Philadelphia, Pa. Krebs Pigment A Chemical Co Newport, Del. Mineral Point Zinc Co Depue, 111. , SNheewrwJelnr-s'Wey^lZllainmoBCCoo. (of Pennsylvania). Palmerton, Pa. Chicago, 111. United. Colqr A Pigment Co....... . Newark, N. J. Zinc salts: ' ' .' American Smelting A Refining Co Selby, Calif. Durango, Colo. " : Do..:..!................................. Omaha, Nebr. Do............. ....... ............ . Perth Amboy, N. J. Arkansas Preservative Co............. North Little Rook, Ark. Charles Cooper A Co____________ Newark, N. J. . General Chemical Co____________ Chicago, 111. l e a d : a n d ZINO .PIGMENTS' a n d Zinc salts--Continued: ' ' . " Grasselli Chemical Co------ ------------- ------- ...' Ea Do................'................. ............................ We Charles Lennlg A Co. (Ino.j.........-----...........2'PV Merrimac Chemioal'Co......................................Ev Monsanto Chemical Works.......................... M Ozark Smelting A Mining Co....................-- 'C . TARIFF The tariff act of 1930 became effective Jun changes in the schedules on lead and zinc pig increase f-rom 1M cent s t o "3 c--enitt?: per pound 'o increase from 1% cents per pound to \lA cents cent ad valorem on lithopone containing by more of zinc sulphide. The rates on leadTand provided in the 1930 act are shown in the fo Import duties on lead and sine pigments and salts u Para graph Item. Lead _ w l#*> 46 77 Orange mineral,.I................. .......... ............ Red lead............----------------------- -- All pigments containing lead, dry or In pulp, or ground mixed with oil or water, not apeoislly provided /or........ Lead chemicals: " . Acetate, white--------------------------................................. Acetate, brown, gray, or vellow^.............................. Nitrate, arsenate, and reslnate....... ............................. All other lead compounds, n. . p. v.......................... ^*nzino*oxld?*and leaded slno oxide containing not more.th per oent of lead-* Dry powder.----------------------------------------------------------- -- Ground In or mixed with oil or water--. Lithopone; and othercombinationa or mixtures of tlno su and barium sulphate containing by weight-- u - ; Less than 30 per oent of tine sulphide............................ 30 per cent or more of tlno sulphide-- Zino chemicals: Zino chloride......... .........--.................. ................ ---- Zinc sulphate.................................................................... *................ Zino sulphide.._______ ...------ ------ --------- ----------- ---------------- IMPORTS AND EXPO ' LBAD FIGMENTS Imports of lead pigments into the Unit unimportant. Exports of the white lead p cent in 1929 and amounted to 4 per cent of put of white lead; United Kingdom took 57 1929, compared with 66 per cent in 1928. lead, litharge, and orange .mineral increased amounted to 2 per cent of the total dome three pigments. * `1 ' '' . , 520 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1929--PART I Basic carbonate while lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral imported for consumption in the United States, 1920-1929 Year Basic carbonate white lead Red lead Litharge Orange mineral Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 1920.................................... 1921................................... 1023................. .................. 1923................*.................. 1924..................... .............. 1925................................ 1928.................................. 1927......................... .. 1938____:.......................... 1929.................................... 169,977 124,176 222,465 836,892 241.266 213,028 297,667 330,421 166,236 196,478 319,449 12,698 21,335 31,386 13,478 21,536 31,690 29,901 16,889 19,086 23,076 12,236 1,406 3,600 2,874 3,462 9,691 51,688 24,676 10,197 81,789 689 94 220 166 268 817 4,403 1,610 746 21,002 100 1,770 22,625 1,838 2,417 122 1,182 2,100 3,763 12,647 7 162 1,314 193 330 13 133 153 270 62,094 77,037 111,419 116,293 99,341 68,622 68,104 44,866 62,409 52,122 35,352 7,830 9,729 9,031 8,047 6,278 5,143 3,816 6.227 3,880 White lead and red lead exported from the United States, 1920-1929 Y*r White lead < 9 Short tons Value Red lead 1 Short tons Value 1920.. 1921.. 1922.. 1923.. 1924.. 192A.. 1926. 1927.. 1928.. 1929.. 14,901 5,161 4,698 * 5, 172 > 6,055 > 0,832 >6,239 > 6,047 >6,476 i 6,008 83,196, 101 S03,130 710,766 836,261 863, 444 *1,291,108 1,119,360 947,226 952,316 921,509 .. 1,632 548 1,683 *1,840 i 940 802 776 11,429 >2,084 >2i 890 $365,676 115,500 294. 183 372,828 210,698 183,691 176,273 271,376 364,996 603,243 1 Exports of white lead nod basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead not classified separately after 1922; the figures for 1923-1929 may Include an unknown quantity of basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead. t Exports of red lead and litharge not classified separately for 1923-1924 and 1927-1929; the figures for those years may Include an unknown quantity of litharge; the figures for 1923 and 1929 include also an unknown quantity of orange mineral. Figures for other years are for red lead only. White lead1 exported from the United States, 1928 and 1929, by destinations Destination 1928 1929 Short tons Value Short tons Value North America: Canada.___ Cuba_____ _ Mexico.......... Panama____ Other...___ South America:, Brasil............ . : , Colombia....... Uruguay........... >. Venezuela--... Other........... .. 58 $9, 286 80 14,760 149 32,640 284 67,022 84 17,517 656 131,214 46 7,043 13 2, 590 41 6,867 7 1,666 402 60,370 60S 76, 43.1 122 $19,807 68 10,207 127 28.77S 668 117,661 66 13,688 940 189,939 12 2,231 18 4,206 32 6,080 19 4,213 416 68,061 496 83,800 i Exports of white lead and basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead not classified separately after 1922- the figures may include an unknown quantity of basio lead sulphate or sublimed lead. * LEAD AND 2IN0 PIGMENTS AND White lead exported from the United States, 1928 and 19 Destination Europe: Netherlands.____ United Kingdom. '< Other......................... Asia: Philippine Islands............. Other......................................... Africa............................................. Oceania, Including Australia.. 192 8hort tons 667 4,274 64 4,995 214 99 313 1 4 6,47a ZXNO PIGMENTS AND SA Imports of lithopone, the principal zinc pig United States, decreased 15 per cent in 1929 4 per cent of the domestic output'. Imports 6 per cent in 1929 and were equivalent to les domestic production. There has been a large pl ainr, sulphide imported into the United Sta years. This product is used principally in th strength lithopone. Belgium supplied 60 pe imported in 1929, Netherlands 82 per cent of many 97 per cent of the zinc sulphide. The z chiefly to Canada (44 per cent) and the Un cent). Canada also took 87 per cent of the 1929. Zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulphide (white), zinc c imported for consumption in the United St 1920. 1921. 1922. 1023. 1024. 1025. 1026. 1927. 1028. 1929. Year *' Zinc oxide Dry Short tons Value Sh to 1,431 1.286 2,712 1,036 1,703 1,274 1,127 1,899 1,348 1,267 $289,890 146,071 861,699 160,415 229,620 206,582 198,897 220,427 208,667 203,080 ' 522 . MINERAL RESOURCES, 192 9---- PART I : Zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulphide {white), zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate , j; imported for consumption in the United Stales, 1980-1929--Contd. . Year Zino sulphide> Pounds! Value Zino chloride Bbort tons Value Zino sulphate Short tons Value 1020............................................................................. 1921............................................................................... 1922............................................................................... 1923.:.......................................................................... 1924.............................................................................. 1925............................................................................... 1920............................................................................... 1927............................................................................... 1928............................................................................... 1929................................................................................ 46,482 03,637 27,169 11,844 9.678 14,604 7,800 132, 223 336, 030 630,666 $16. 027 8,330 8,463 6,403 6,727 6, 689 4,126 22,984 47, 236 84,260 666 2,109 1,374 661 319 460 508 470 663 638 $76, 405 213,095 87,609 44,164 28,911 60,712 61,005 40,069 47,186 60,324 60 $3,038 17 820 17 1.064 20 3,466 13 1,265 17 1,363 60 4,500 205 9,300 683 28,866 909 32,127 .1 ZJno sulphide Is stated In pounds rather than tons because of Us high value and smaller quantities. Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the United States, 1920--1929 11002201.... 1032.. 1023.. 1024.. ..1023.. 1020 1027.. 1028.;. 1030.. Year Zino oxide Lithopone Short tons Value Short tons 11,164 2,611 _3,077 A 024 3,927 10,865 14,001 * 14,494 14,799 17,038 $2,161,644 426,263 693,128 743,677 906,630 1,603.661 1>917,420 1,821.786 1,849,889 2,801.643 (*) 1,610 1,486 923 - 1,287 , 1,941 2,110 3,326 4,666 Value ( (>) ' l- os $169,982 176,624 104.783 132,771 200,412 222,585 337,565 463,23^ * Not classified separately prior to 1022. Zinc oxide exported from the United States, 1928 and 1929, by destinations 1928 1929 Short tons Value Short tons Value North America: Canada........................................ ..................... Cuba.............................................................................. Mexloo_____________ ___________________________ Panama_________ . .. . . Other................... ....... ................................................. 6,401 135 102 94 30 South America; Brazil.............. .............................................................. Other............................................................................. 6,765 `-- 8 120 128 Europe: France..... .................................. .................................. 0) . Italy............................................................................... 247 United Kingdom.......................................................... 4,316 Other.................... ........................................ ........... _____ Asia: Philippine Islands.......................... .. . . Other........... ............................................................ 6,421 93 1,130 Africa........... --.............................................................. Oceania, including Australia.......... ...................... . 1,223 4 268 14,799 $882,180 . 20,288 19,112 17,291 6,667 944,628 1 1,663 22, 011 23,674 1 - " ` "" ' 93 29, 270 491,668 186,144 707,165 11, 111 129,375 140,486 724 33,312 1,849,889 > Less than 1 ton. 7,702 117 73 87 18 $1,062,618 17,608 13,448 15,489 4,483 7,997 1,113,543 '1 6 1,129 64 13,730 09 14,859 ................. 1 462 69 6,860 1,144 60,839 11,361 762,010 125,964 8,026 950,171 88 12,264 819 110,415 907 122, 679 3 694 637 99,797 17,638 ' 2,301,643 LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND PRICES AND VALUE The total value and the average price receiv sales of lead and zinc pigments and salts are giv of this chapter. The range of market quotatio Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter is shown in the Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigmen 1927-1929, in cents a pound Product 1027 Basic lead sulphate, or Bubllmed lead, dry, In casks................. White lead, or baslo lead carbonate: Dry. in casks.......................... .......................... ................... In oil, carload lots......... ................... ............................ Litharge, American, commercial, powdered, casks--------- ..... Red lead, dry, in casks.,-------------- ---------........ ....................... Orange mineral, American, casks........------ .......-------Lead acetate, brown, broken, barrels._______--......--------Lead arsenate, powdered, drums........----- ................ Zino oxide: American process, load-free, bags, car lots--.........-- American process, leaded, barrels, car lots................-- French process, red seal, bags, car lots................... French process, green seal, bags, car lots.....-----------... French process, white seal, barrels, car lots................... Lithopone. American, bags, car lots--............--................ Zinc chloride: Solution,1 drums.................................................................... Fused------ -------------------------------- -------------......... ........-- Zino sulphate, barrels................................ ..................-........... 7.758.6010.78-1 8.75-1 0.76-1 11.75-1 12.00-1 13.60-1 6.75- 2.758. 00- works. The quotations for lead pigments are usua 25-point fluctuations in the price of pig lead ; price trend of lead pigments in 1929 was upwa downward thereafter in sympathy with the Quotations on zinc pigments, however, were ; year at levels established in 1927, notwiths increase in the price of zinc up to October, 19 by a sharp decrease in November and Decemb strength lithopone, containing 50 per cent reduced to 7K cents per pound in December cuts for titanium pigments. 90026--32------ 42