Document gawrRa3J5wOBx0kqbpO1nqvz3

FILE NAME: Kohler (KOH) DATE: 1934 DOC#: KOH023 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC Transactions 5&js 1934 TRANSACTIONS N ational Safety C o u n cil T Incorporated ` C. U TWENTY-THIRD AN NU AL SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October 1 to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotels .......,.' .1 Publication Plan T H E TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty-third Annual Safety Con gress, National Safety Council, 1934, are published in two volumes. T he first, containing the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, and the Industrial Section Sessions, is presented herewith. It is sup plemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, the Child Education Section, and Home Safety. The large volume is.being sen t automatically to the Industrial mem bers of the Council; the smaller volume is sent automatically to mem bers who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may also be ^ecured on request by o th er Council members. For the benefit of many m em bers who have found it advantageous to distribute copies of these T R A N S A C T IO N S to supervisors, fore men and others among their personnel, who may keep them for contin uous reference, the following quantity prices are quoted; 1 to 10 copies of the large volume. Si.SO each; 11 copies and over. S1.2S each. Copies of the smaller volume, S.SO each. T H E PL A N OF P U B L IC A T IO N is the same as that followed for the last three years. It is a condensed record. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to eliminate exrraneous matter and abbreviate the less essential portions, and the concise remainder is presented for study and reference. Although n o t "complete" in the sense that every word is reproduced, it is an interesting and valuable record which em phasizes the memorable parts of each paper or address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference ns desired. Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from discussion at its conventions m atters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot ac cept responsibility for the views expressed either in the Facers p re sented or the discussions thereon. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL. INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago i: CotCot. Anr Anr Sub All Endt .-Acci .-Aere . c .-=utc Cerr. drier. Cor.s d e lf. E-oor Miar; Mea: Mleta .'Alin;: P-ape P-ow; p-ubi: Cuar .-tuiat S>iie: T.-zxt: T. ;ar.: -1* _onmes. ;ons, sup- ::cct iome cm* .cm* -ay ;ous Offi- :iin10 ach. : for each with 'iatc for vry in a) :nal its ac- )re- 1200911 33132- TV2.1b m f . . co n ten ts' PAGE . \ IV T. ( "4= Council 0 facers and D irectors................................................................................... 4 Council Purposes and P olicies............ : ................................................... ................. 9 Annual Meeting of M em bers................................................................ ....................... 11 Annual Banquet ....................................................... ..................................................... 21 Subject Sessions-- _ D ust in In d u stry .................................................................................................... 23 Fire Prevention in In d u stry ................................................................................. 31 Fusion W elding and C u ttin g ............................................................................... 41 Industrial Nursing ............................................................................................... 45 Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident P ro b lem ..................................... 51 Maintaining Interest in S a fe ty ........................................................................... 59 Mechanical Methods of H andling M aterials................................................. 67 New W orkers ........................................................................................................ 23 Poisonous Fumes and V a p o rs......................................................................... 79 Safety Equipm ent ............................................................................. 86 Safety Organization and P ro g r a m ..................................................................... 93 Safe Use of Chemicals in In d u s try .................................................................... 99 Safe Use of Electricity in In d u s try ............................................... 103 The Injured W o rk er............................................................................................... 113 W hy People F a ll......................................................: ........................................... 121 All Ohio D ay .................................................................................................................. 127 FE R A Safety Conference........................................................................................... 131 Industrial Safety Lectures-- Selling the Safety Id e a ......................................................................................... 135 The Psychology of the Safety Movement in Changing T im e s.................. 140 Accident Prevention Equipm ent M anufacturers1 S ection.................................... 149 Aeronautical Section .................................................................................................... 153 .A. S. S'. E.--Engineering S ection..........................................................: ................. 159 Automotive and Machine Shop S ection................................................................... 163 Cement Section ............................................................................................................ 177 Chemical Section ......................................................................................................... 187 Construction Section .................................................................................................. 199 Delivery, Taxicab and Bus Section.......................................................................... 209 Food Section ................................................................................................................ 219 Marine Section .............................................................................................................. 227 Meat Packing, Tanning and L eatherIndustries Section...................................... 245 Metals S e c tio n ..................................................................................................... 255 Mining Section .............................................................................................................. 269 Paper and Pulp Section............................................................................................... 289 Petroleum Section ....................................................................................................... 307 Power Press Section.................................................................................................... 325 Public Utilities Section................................................................................................. 337 Quarry Section ................................................... `......................................................... 349 Refrigeration Section ................................................................................................... 357 Rubber Section ............................................................................................................ 365 Safety Section, ARA--Steam Railroad Section, N S C ......................................... 383 Textile Section ............................................................................................................. 413 . Transit Section ........................................... '. .............................................................. 419 W_ood Products Section................................................................................................ 435 National Safety Council Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS Association' of Iron a.vd S teel Electrical E ngineers Robert W . Campbell A rthur W illiams OFFICERS (1934-1935) J ohn' E. Lose. President. Robert I. Catlix. Vice-President ior Public Safety. D. D. Fennell. Vice-President ior Public Relations. Lew R. Palmer. Vice-President ior Safety Councils. Albert S. Regula. Vice-President ior Engineering. C. W. S mith. Vice-President for Industrial Safety. R. T. Solen'STEX. Vice-President for Membership. Dr. C. H. W atson. Vice-President ior Health. A. W. W hitney. Vice-President ior Education. W. E. W orth. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer. \V. H. Cameron'. Managing Director and Secretary. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1934-1935) A. L. A rmstrong. Eastman Kodak Company C. B. An EL. Past President. J. I. Baxash. Past President. C. W. Bergquist. Past President. F. W. Braux. Word Products Section. W. H. Cameron. National Safety Council. Robert W. Campbell. Past President. T. H. Carrow. American Railway Association. Robert I. Catlix. Aetna Casualty & Surety Company. J. E. Culliney. Bethlehem, Steel Company. Lewis A. DeBlg.'s. Past President. Marcus A. Dow. Past President. D D. Fennell. C insulting Engineer. D. L. F ennell Kansas City Safety Council. Capt. E. W. Fiske. Jr.. Marine Section. R. B. Fortuin. Lrhich Valley Safety Council. H arry Guildert. The Pullman Company. Merlf. C. H ale. Automotive fc Machine Shop Section. G. T. H ellmutii. Chicago. North Shore N Milwaukee Railroad Co. Hox. H arold G. K ctmax. Street S: Highway T raSc Section T homas. P. Kea:-:: ;. Industrial Commission of Oiiio. W alter G. Kin:. Past Preside.::. Franklin M. Kreml. John E. Long. T i.c T ifof. h*i MacDonald. F. J. Meiirex. Pc::.a: I W. Millard. A cc: -cH arold L. Miner. E. ! Arthur T. Morey. Pl Lew R. Palmer. Pas: C. E. P ettibone. Pas: C. E. Ralston. Wester Albert S. R ecula. Lt. Col. H. A. Ren:: Georce E. S anford. *. Robert L. Scii.mitt. Harry A. Schultz. V Charles B. Scott. Pa.-Lester D. Seymour. A C. W. S mith, Standar W alter Dent S mith. R. T. SoLENSTE.N. F..1! r- Clarence P. T aylor. C. P. T olmax. Pas; J. A. Voss. Metals 5-, Georce H. W arff.l. VDr. C. H. W atson. A A. W. W hitney. N'a:i W. E. Worth. Inter:::. Arthur H. Youno. ?. F rederick A rchf.r. C.r W illiam F. Aruekn. r A. L. Armstrong. Els' William H. E aker. C J. I. Banash. Cons-':::' H. D. Banta. Paper i Ernest W. Beck. l :::: W. A. Bennett. W -r:. C. W. Ef.rcquist. V,.. David S. Beyer. Li'.sr E: F. Clank, Jones-:.' i C F. Eorkenhaof.:'. : F. W. Braun. W v /i Col. P hil H. Bi-.ocs.- Preston D. Cai.i.u::. V . H. Camf.ron. X'.'.h T. J. Carney. Chicago " itTOovy .L'ACTO ;rA, oco ;t C ftagrsii cil XEERS U) - Officers and Directors Franklin- M. Kreml. Evanston Safety Council. J ohn E. Long. The Delaware fi; Hudson Railroad Corp. T hos. H. MacDonald. United States Department of Agriculture. E. J. Mehrex. Portland Cement Association. I. W . M illard. Accident Prevention Manufacturers' Section. H arold L. Miner. E. I. duPout dc Nemours & Co., Inc. Arthur T. Morey. Past President. Lew R. P alme?.. Past President. C. E. P etti30ne. Past President. C. E. Ralston. W estern Pennsylvania Safety Council. Albert S. Regula. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H. A. R exixger. Past President. George E. Santoro. General Eletcric Company. Robert L. Schmitt. Louisville Saiety Council. Harry A. Schultz. United States Steel Corporation. Charles E. Scott. Past President. Lester D. S eymour. Aeronautical Section. C. W. S mith. Standard Oil Company (Indiana!. Walter Dent S m ith. Delaware Safety Council. R. T. Soles5Ta.\-. Elliott Service Company. Clarence P. T aylor. Massachusetts Safety Council. C. P. T olmax. Past President. J. A. Voss. Metals Section George H. W as eel. Union Pacific Raiiroad Company. Dr. C. K. W tT jo s. American Telephone & Telegraph Company. A. . W iiit'TY. National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W. E. Worth. International Harvester Company. Art!!'.:-. K. V .--r:r,, Past President. DIRECTORS (1934-1935) 1-keue:-:vx Archer. Child Educaiion Section. \\tL t:.i:i F. A ; : ern. Safety [Jiv.. Milwaukee Association of Commerce. A. L. Aum-t? Eastman Kodak C'.tttPttny. Will:. ; H.- 7. .ker. Quarry Section. J. I. i-VNA-li. J /i^uicins Encinccr. H D. riANTA. Taper M Pulp Section. EllNTS7 w r - L'n!;<! States Rulihcr Pr-.fi; W. A. O..... J. 7. WtircVf?:T Safety C>. C W We5!crit Electric..1, it wit if r..-:-. I.:!.er*v Mutual Iiim:rr.-.vO r,, r - . ' :v< A: i.:.:: chliit Steel t r:. i ' p r ........ . ' *.N. iw:'.*-ua I-a:cty 1 .in;. P. ... .. ` p r. duet- Sect;- V :% . St. *`.if'U ; v 1...*. tv.'re S.itit; .i - *, , i .. E..:V:y ` . l'.'uucn o o o co fr? S i it ;. j - . . T . V >-.-- - V ' -i ' ' f it ; - . ' 'i:' .-'" r\ ' : . "`s - - -yur-'N- *t.\. *y .1; *. l l7-3 3 S33SJ >.'-7'A-1C M #5#S *<*~^ '-- Ll ^22 H i ^i r ^ y h - . - L . i ^ `-.I-:L-T U - ~ er - T-- , - j -- ' , ; ,>L.1 ' " " .;u' ' ' 6 s iccuty-tliird Annual '.r-Y.-y Connrcss-- .\\::;Y>i.ti/ Safer: Council Rocert I. Catlin. Aetna Casualty ;; Surety Co. Carl C. Clement;. Refrigeratin'. Section. RoiCCE D. Coxlin. Rahway Safe:? Council. II. H eruert Corson. Saiety Dept.. Nashville Ch.tmhcr vi Commerce. J. E. Cvu.t.\EY. Ecthlehem Steel Company. Edwaro D ana. Boston Elevated Railway. E. A. Davidson. Consulting Engineer. Richard H. D avis, Elackstone Valley Saiety Council. _ Charles D. D awson. Grand Rapids Saiety Council. Lewis A. D eBlois, Consulting Engineer. J av E. D ecker. Mason City Saiety Council. James B. Douglas. The Philadelphia Gas W orks Company. Louis I. D ublin, Metropolitan Lite Insurance Company. Charles H. E a.mes, Textile Section. D. D. Fennell. Consulting Engineer. D. L. F ennell. Kansas City Saiety Council. Donald A. F inkbeiner. Toledo Saiety Council. Capt. E. W. Fiske. Jr.. Marine Section. Howard B. Fonda. Burroughs Wellcome & Co. i C. S. A .l Inc. R. B Fortuin, Lehigh Valley Saiety Council. E. N'. Goldstine. Construction Section. Otho M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co. H arry GutLBF.RT. The Pullman Company. Isaiah H ale, The Atchison. Tr.peka & Santa Fe Railway Co. Merle C. H ale. Automotive & Machine Shop Section. M.mor Bolling H. H anpv. Richmond Saiety Council. P. T. H arrington, L'nitcd States Bureau oi Mines. G. T. H ellmuth. Chicagofi North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. CrtAS. E. H ill. New York Centra! Lines. H on. H arold G. H offman. Street & Highway TratT.c Section. Claude J. H olding. Albany Saiety Council. Julius \V. Horre. Hudson County Saiety Council. H af.ry D. Immf.l. Pennsylvania Dent, of Labor & Industry. Len Jensen, Berkeley Tratnc Saiety Commission. Edgar P. Kable. York County Saiety Council. T homas P. Kearns, Industrial C:remission oi Ohio. K. T. Keller. Detroit Industrial Saiety Council. Ira V. Kepner. Pennsylvania Sal: Manufacturing Co. E. J. K rf.ii. Public Utilities Scctitn. F ranklin M. Kremi.. Evanston Safety Council. C. L. LaFountaine, Great Northern Railway Co. Frank J. LaN.mia.n. Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Co. Jr.ltx Lauerman. Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industries Section. Simon Lazarus. Safety Council. Columbus t Ohio! Chamber oi Commerce. Joseph Ltllicii, Rochester Saiety Council. Dr. R: M. Little. New York l vartnicnt oi Education. G. O. Lockwood. Petroleum Scctlrti. I. E. Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp. W. R. Loyd, Safety Div.. Biriru-.g-iam Clumber oi Commerce. \ E. .'. Nt'STEAPT. 7.:^.. H. MacDon _ -- McArthur. Millss McClintoc T. II. MuKf.nney. \ 1. McW horter . T. Martin. FIs I. 0 . Martin,- Env r. W. Matson. M . J. Mehren, Pot T. 0 . Meisner. Pc W m. G Metzcer. 1. \V. Millard. Ac Harold L. Miner. Henry J- Mineur. Laurence M. Moo: R. R. Morley, Indv John A. Oartel, (. George C. A. Opp. Lew R. Palmer. E John C. P arker. I David A. P atton. 1 1 C. E. Pettibone. AGen. George B. Pi: J. B. Power. Seattle n C. E. Ralston, \ \ \ .; Albert S. Regula. p Lt. Col. H enry A. i Marinos Riter. Pa f. G. E. S anford, Gcu. Henry G. Schaffn. { T. A. Scbendf.l, F* Rodert L. Schmitt. } H. V. Schreiber. T Harry A. Schultz. : Charles B. Scott, I T Lester D. S eymour. f Earl S. S hartzer. ; Ray H. S heets, Ml Dr - L. A. S houdy, Ernest L. Simonds. Lee E. S keel, Clevc C- W. S mith, Siam 1 ' alter D ent S mit. J R- T. Solen ste.v, E: E- C. S prznc, Lansd. Ceorce R. Stephens Lucius S. Storrs, I Officers end Directors 7 \ . Lcndstradt. Delivery, Taxicab 5: Eus Section. Titos. H. MacDunald.. United States Department of Agriculture. L T. McArthur. Peoria Safety Council. Miller McClixtock. Harvard University. X. H. McK ennev, Illinois Steel Company, South Works. A. D. McW horter. Safety Div., Memphis Chamber oi Commerce. H. T. Martin. Fisk Rubber Company. J. 0 . Martin. Employees' Publication Section, p. \V. Matson. Minnesota Safety Council. i E, J. Mehren. Portland Cement Association. T. O. Meisxes. Power Press Section. W.m. G. Metzger. Mining Section. I. \V. Millard. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. Harold L. Miner, E. I. duPont dc Nemours & Co.. Inc. H enry J. M inecr. Elizabeth Safety Council. Lawrence M. Moore. Eastbay Safety Council. R. B. Morley. Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. John A. Oartel. Carnegie Steel Company, Gf.orge C. A. Opr. The Detroit Edison Company. Lew R. P almer. Equitable Life Assurance Society. Joun C. Parker. Brooklyn Safety Council. David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council. C. E. Pettibone. American Mutual Liability Insurance Gen. George B. P illsocry. W ar Department. J. B. Power. Seattle Traffic & Saiety Council. Company. C. E. Ralston. Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. Albert S. Regvla. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H enry A. Renincer. Lehigh Portland Cement Company. Marines Riter. Paterson Safety Council. G. E. S antoro. General Elctcne Company. Henry G. Schait.ver. Eric Safety Council. T. A. Schensel. Food Section. Rur.EST L. Schmitt. Louisville Saiety Council. H. V. SctiREiBER. Transit Section. Harry A. Schvltz. United States Steel Corporation. i . n.sHLES B. Scott, Bureau of Safety. Inc. I. f.stfu D. SevMovR.. A ero n au tical S ection. Earl S. Shartzer. Utica Saiety Council. Rav H. S heets. Madison County Safety Council. H#. I.. A. S hocdv. Bethlehem Steel Company. l.ti.NEiT L. Simonds. New Haven Safety Council. ke E. S kezl. Cleveland Safety Council. .. W. S mith. Standard Oi: Company i Indiana!. j. " S mith. Delaware Safety Council. - -':.kn#7en, Elliot: Service C u-yany. `.C-.SraiMr,. Lrnsdalc-.-Ft. 1 r,. . - _ j Saiety Bureau. BmVi.ki C'natnlier Commerce. Luite-.i Railways ft Electric C`>. ^ Sist-Sv^?;,:*..-1: J-V - T s r . ^ i ;V* Wi : / * # , : Y . " `Until S tlM V I t'.'.---. W i l l , 11!,li S t: V Dr. F. M. Sllzma.v. Troy .'at'cty Council. A lfred H. Swaynf.. General M-iturs C'->ruorni;-n. Clarence P. T ayl- s. Massachusetts Safety Council. AkTHL'R M. Toi-e. Cottsitlline Marine Engineer. W. W. T rench. Schenectady Safety Council. W. D. T l'RBEv:lle. ran Antonio Safety Cuur.cil. J. A. Voss, Metals Section. H. A. W alker. Rubber Section. George H. W arfel. Union Pacific Railroad Company. D r. Cassivs H. W atson. American Telephone & Telegraph Company. H arry M. Webber. Illinois Bell Telephone Company. A lbert C. W hite. Jr.. Springfield Safety Council. S. E. W hiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. W. W hitney. National Eureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, W. H. W inans. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. D r. C.-E. A. Winslow. Vale Medical School. H arry W ise. Sr.. Chattanooga Safety Council, j. M. Woltz. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. W orth. International Harvester Company. E. J. Z.vuft. Safety Eureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce. Earl W. Zimmerman. Safety Div.. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. J. E. Zook, Cement Section. Council F :c luiidamental purpose "i: seeks his S>*l .1..... nw.de m -cope, appiier . recti' reaches onr entire c-f.r --q from political amhaticn?. Y e.<e:itial national iusttfui; c i: I-',.e-arablc from accte.ettt conditions and prc'cntmu w Toriav there arc 4.000 me.: ,.i the Canadian Provinces, includes industrial corporal:-< crmnicrce, clubs and c:vc ceniy including the big stir, the United States, the autcr.i nor national industrial field. The history of the Count detailed here. Sunice to say under auspices of the Assoc: watikec. in 1912. and. as a reYork the following year with ship increased to 971. The pioneers of American dents were an unnecessary p: proper remedial measures :l:r theory, and to develop the e. could" be prevented. The w. convinced that accidents are vented. Striking examples tint]. Re: Since the National Safety death rate in all fields except motor vehicle accident prcblc slight decline in fatalities fit I a slight increase, and the rAc of 1934 that the year wi'.i ; average results in motor '.eh tV ilnawcsomanmdericnialcitvieeshicwletihfleae::ts,i spots indicate that the nat:-.::: cation of the methods which Tiie National Saicty (.' and the best results arc : > C" ments have been made. The rate among employees 75 ; largest steel industries haw e scores of industrial establish:* abling injury Rmou,-thcir_y: Along with these rvducti Employer and employee both they ciid some two decades a Wi .f . '<*>, .*>,*. :.V s v ' V ; " ; * V T f'V i'1 ; ' .rsvM-. > . * r> " w k.* i flM.J- `irtiyyiifAW" fc ..... ` *--- TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NAT I ONAL SAFETY COUNCIL life V_ _|i; Dust in Industry FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1934 The session devoted to a discussion oi Dust in Industry was called to order by Dr. E. G. Meiter, Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual Lia'bility Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. Meiter briefly welcomed the delegates ar.d then introduced the first speaker. Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases By L E R O Y U. G ARDN ER, M.D. % Director, Saranac L ab o rato ry for th e Study of Tuberculosis, of the E d w ard L . Trudeau Foundation, Saranac Lake, N. Y. \; The speaker said in p a rt: Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can tolerate very large amounts of most kinds oi ioreign dust particles without serious interference with iunction. The lung may be intensely pigmented by colored . dusts with no evidence that respiration is impaired. Eat dusts composed, in whole or in part, oi silica have been shown to be dangerous because they stimulate the growth oi the connective tissues oi the lungs and bring about the formation oi scar tissue. This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary ior respiration and it thickens the delicate membranes so that a tree interchange oi gasses is impeded. Fortunately, these results only iollow the prolonged inhalation oi very large quantities oi silica. I Experiments have demonstrated that the injection oi silica into the tissues ol animals kills the cells where the substance lodges and excites an inflammation, % "hen heahr.g takes place a very dense and characteristic kind of scar tissue forms, aiost lion-siliceous dusts produce no inflammation, and very little scar. It has been shown tha_t such changes do not follow the injection oi silica unless the particles are very f.r.e. three microns or less in diameter, and unless enough oi them localize n one .area. With larger particles the rate of reaction is so slow that little change rs within a year. As a general rule, the finer the particles, the more rapid the llular response. The reaction to fine silica begins within iour or five hours and 11 continues ior a period of years. h. 's combincd with bases in the form oi silicates, it rarely produces claimed that a hydrated silicate ni aluminum and potassium, called sericite. is most of the cases of silicosis. This siiicate. a transformed feldspar, Ien assiciaterl with quartz and it has been identified in the luiics of persons sut- 23 iiP " i# ;:.;J:'-Ss , :p l T5 *95A* im * * I S : d 9 I W F9 sm F3S? *" **>* m3 r* .x,firv.'>-,i 'T Yi.-r-x. 24 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safely Council ferine from silicosis. However, at least two types oi scricitc have tailed to excite significant changes when injected into animals. Experiments with this substance are still in progress. Kaolin, an aluniino-silicate of potash, has also produced quite characteristic changes in the lungs oi rabbits. But our present knowledge does not permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. Most observers now believe that uncombined silica, or quartz, is poisonous to the tissues because it is slowly dissolved in the fluids of the body. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, hut it is dim- cult to understand how enough oi such an insoluble substance as quartz could be dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute inflammation. If solubility were the only factor one should discover- a more active response after the injection oi the more readily soluble silicates, but such is not the case. For merly it was held that silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles were believed to abraid the lung suriaces and excite the forma tion of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing. This theory is no longer tcnjjbie for when animals are injected with other hard, sharp particles like diamond, carbo rundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inflammation anti practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may be shown that the irritation of silica is due to some unrecognized property possibly related to its atomic structure. When quartz particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are not excited by any other type of dust yet studied. They alter :::e behavior of the pulmonary phagocytes: they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue: and they subsequently increase the susceptibility oi the lung to infection, espe cially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest too many quartz particles are killed by this irritating substance. As the cells die they liberate their burden ami severai new phagocytes come out to take it up again. I3v a repetition oi this process enough phagocytes accumulate so that many of them ingest only a few particles. Under such circum stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill hut merely accelerates the motility of the cells. They naturally tend to leave the air spaces, enter the lymphatic ves sels and accumulate in the lymph nodes. This process becomes more rapid under the influence of the irritating silica ami very considerable numbers oi particles are consequently localized in the nodes. Alter six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused a marked over growth oi the fibrous elements in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node Is entirely replaced by a mass oi coarse, glassy scar tissue fibres, often several times as large as the original node. Such nodules en croach upon and compress the lymphatic vessels. The drainage system oi the lung is choked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessels ami sheets of sear tissue develop in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease. s'!:;:.<is: they involve only the lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues arc not r-reciably affected. In good stcro X-ray films these preliminary changes may lie equalized as a thick ening and beading oi the shadows cast by die blood vessels together with a* widen ing oi the shadow of the root oi the lung. The blood vessels are thickened because the m ost im p o rta n t ly m p h a tic v e sse ls course through th e ir way.-. The beading is due to the minute nodules oi silicotic scar tissue in the lym:..: nodes within "the lung. The root shadow is widened because oi the silicotic reaction in the lvntr.h nudes in this location. If still more dust is inhaled it can no longer he effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the wall- -if the air spaces. Often the cells group themselves in nodules hut sometimes they are scattered. In these locations the silica again stimulates the formation oi i-car tissue. The result is a general thickening of the septa between the space* and it- relation through-, et the functional .rti-.ii oi the lung. This change seriously ir.tertvrej with ir.r.ctictt as interchange ga- cannot take place through the thickened wall- of the air space? and the tissue* V,-e their normal elasticity. I.css involved air - , . r.- dilate and tr r ir walls stretch, ir-ducing the condition known as emphysema. patiblc with effective respiration. is also, iuc-rt- With the ic-rmatton of silicotic nodule* in the functioning y-.rts oi the lung chi i:si disease. siiicosis. is said to begin. On the X-ray film such nodule cart dear cm. rounti shadows. As they increase in mimhcr and size tney hiot out the turmerlv accentuated linear shadows oi the blood vessels. In a well marked case both lung r.e'.ds may he thickly seeded with hundreds ut such sharply defined. rounded. nodular shadows. Where there is emphysema, often at the bases, no markings are visible and the film appears black. The condition oi silicosis is a progressive one and'it consumes to develop aiter a man has left his dusty occupation. Serious results only lollutv. however, when lie leaves with many nodules in the lung tissue itseli. As such nodules increase in size they replace important functional elements. Obviously the continued growth ot only a iew nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little effect odter than to increase the obstruction already present. The serious part oi silicusis is its irequetu complication by tuberculosis. This may arise irom reactivation oi a pre-txistam latent iniection or it may result from a new iniection irom without. The danger oi infection increases with the amount oi silicosis present. The course oi the infection in the silicotic is usually chronic and it often tails to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years aiter its onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine X-ray examination ot groups oi active workmen. However, evidences of disability arc much more marked in silicotic individuals with iniection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occa sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course itt the silicotic subject but this is also true in other persons. The cause oi the susceptibility oi the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, but it would seem that the action oi the silica on the tissues creates a medium favorable tor the growth oi the bacteria.. The tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but the usual clinical symptoms oi tuberculosis are often held in abeyance ior a long time because tlte chances for absorption oi poisonous products ot iniection are mini mized by the obstructed lymphatic system. It is also possible that some oi these poisons may he absorbed on the silica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ulti mately the iniection gains the upper hand, symptoms develop and death irom tuber culosis ensues. The only other type oi dust which is generally recognized as a cause oi severe pulmonary injury is asbestos, a silicate oi magnesium. This substance is fibrous in character and is more readily soluble than quartz. Apparently the protective upper respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation oi many such fibres and even quite long ones may penetrate into die finer bronchial tubes. These structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous . dusts. In this location the asliestos particles are surrounded and ingested by phago cytes. The cells do not seem to he particularly irritated tor they are not espe cially numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into chimps as in the case oi phago cytes dealing with quartz. Apparently most of them carry their burden oi asliestos fragments directly into the wails oi the tubes in which they lie. The mildly irri tating dust sets up a proliferation oi the connective tissue cells in the wails result ing in collar-like thickening oi the tubes. Contraction oi the new connective tissue narrows or closes the tube and thereby shuts off the ingress oi air to the more peripheral air spaces. These spaces then collapse, a condition known as atelectasis. This in itself is a cause of fihrosis or scarring oi lung tissue. The result is a fibrosis oi numerous relatively .small areas in the lung due to the collar-like constricting fibrosis about many small terminal bronchial tubes. The (emphatic system seems to play little part in disposing oi asbestos dust and very insignificant amounts oi this dust are iound in the lymph nodes. X'ot a few cases oi ashestosis die oi tuberculosis or bronchopneumonia hut the prevalence of the former iniection is probably much less common than in silicosis. Surveys oi large groups of asbestos workers tail to reveal such, a high incidence of tuberculosis as found in similar studies on siiica workers. The inhalation oi unusual amounts oi non-siliceotis dusts apnarentlv fails to pro duce significant iterations"'in the lung. It is oi course possible that injurious ones may ultimately be discovered, but none are recognized today. The lion-siliceous Particles enter the lung and arc ingested by phagocytes as in the ease ni quartz. The cells are not stimulated to move very rapidly and as a consequence many oi ttseni remain within the air spaces for a long time. Some, particularlv those con- C\ i r' t_- t . f ) 26 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council tabling relatively few particles, make their way into the lymphatic system and accu mulate in the lymph nodes. In sufficient concentration, or perhaps because hey art mixed with small amounts oi silica, they set up a low grade, non-progressive chrcrcc inflammation. But this reaction results only in a little thickening in the l> = :c ' nodes and about the lymphatic vessels. The lung" tissue may be variously pigmer.ed black from coal or red from iron, but there is no formatiou oi scar tissue that ir.tirferes with function. The susceptibility to tuberculosis of the person with such ; fo mentation is not increased but it is apparently, quite definite that pneumonia a unduly prevalent in coal miners and that chronic bronchitis results from the inhibi tion oi cement. The X-ray films of men working in non-slliceous dusts shows ether nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cast by the blood vessels. This, of course, is due to the chronic inflammatory changes ai-tc: the lymphatic trunks in walls of blood vessels. The effects of mixtures of free silica and nou-siliceous materials a rt less cleirty defined and should receive more serious attention. It would seem unwise to assume, as has been done in the past, that the non-siliceous substances serve only as it:ere diluents and that only the quartz component of a dust is ot significance. Extiev mental and clinical data are. accumulating which suggest that at least some other dusts may materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to procare nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis. F:c example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations oi a mixture oi equal parts oi ptre silica and hematite dust for eight hours a day over a period oi 14 months hive shown not even the slightest indication oi nodule formation in the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inhaled for only two hours a day, produces definite iioduiation. i: also seems to be true that animals inhaling such a mixture are much less susceptible to tuberculosis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the case of the human true miner, some lungs show definite silicotic nodulation. others only a very few nodules and many no nodules at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with a cellular connective tissue reaction. When these findings can be correlated with chemical analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work which these miners have performed, some relationship between the exposure : : silica and the fibrous nodule formation may be established. Tuberculosis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in men exp-'1*: to pure silica. W hat has been said of iron miners is also probably true ot four j workers and coal miners. It is generally accented that men in the latter occupati.c have less tuberculosis than the average ior ttie age period. Cummins believes t.-.ut they have the infection but that it is so atypical and benign in its nianiicstat::.; that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also be made oi mixed dusts like certain slates and granite containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. Experiments.'..' these substances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless thert is complicating infection. The same may also be true in h u m an beings. U nques tionably such dusts are capable of producing typical silicotic nodules and they pre dispose to tuberculosis. From a theoretical standpoint they should receive rrmaa more intensive study to clarify our views on the whole subject. At the present time it appears that the action oi their quartz component is modified and partially neu tralized by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By S T U A R T W. GURNEY and DAV ID S. B E Y E R Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston " " The speaker said in part: A number oi i.ur states have had references to cut. elimination in ihcir '.aiior laws ior a good n atty years, but ::o state ha as ' r. thorouckiy ctiiorccc these laws. The cedes ' i five states which we investigate, provide that cr'.n.riiv.g. bnniitg atid p-jhsin.*..' v'reels should he exhausted, aithouu: t'-'.'O oi the slates exempt from these pr'..!: *. n iiEBP B f n-si<-maUic,js.-it- ij'm A -'-A . * -ser r-n-1--tL'i'AJ J'*7?-^ Dus: 11 Industry 27 ~ 'zi seems ili-acviscd, since a study oi wet and dry grinding in Connecticut by Winslow and Greenburg lias shown that the application of water docs not by any means eliminate the dust hazard. I: may be remarked that, with everything else equal, a high static suction will give a higher velocity at the point oi origin oi the dust, lume or gas than a low se; but this alone is not a measure oi the effectiveness oi any exhaust system. Wisconsin has adopted the principle oi specifying a limit to the number oi dust rarticles of respirable size per cubic ioot oi air. After all, this is what we are primarily interested in. to keep the dust contamination down to a point where it will not be harmful. These variations and conflicting provisions in state codes merely reflect the gen eral lack oi authoritative standards. It is accordingly fortunate that definite steps are now being taken by the American Standards Association to develop the proper basis tor such codes. There are nvo committees working on this problem; the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsored by the American Society oi Heating i Ven tilating Engineers, and the Exhaust Code Committee, sponsored by the Inter national Association of Industrial A.ccident Boards and Commissions. It is also arranged to appoint sub-committees to take up five specific subjects: Abrasive cleaning, chromium plating, granite cutting,, rock drilling, and spray coating. Iif addition, a Sub-Committcc on Fundamental Principles oi Design and Operation and Maintenance oi Exhaust Systems will be appointed. The two most important considerations in an effective exhaust system are: 1. Velocity oi air Sow; 2. Arrangement oi- the inlets (irom the standpoint of near ness to tne dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation`that is otherwise all right fails to remove the dust success fully merely because there is not enough air being drawn through the system. In a series oi tests that were conducted under actual working conditions by Theodore F. Hatch. Department of Industrial Hygiene. Harvard School of Public Health, a machine used In dressing stone was employed, and it was noted that with an air now through the hood of 230 cubic feet per minute, there were.over one hundred million dust particles in the surrounding air. When the air flow was increased to a little over 2:0 cubic feet per minute, the dust concentration had dropped to forty million, a marked improvement. As the air flow ivas further increased, the drop in dust concentration was relatively slower, and it took a volume oi about 3S0 cubic feet per minute tc bring the dust concentration down to ten or fifteen million particles per cubic foot, which was considered reasonably safe for this type oi dust. It is accordingly possible sometimes to' take an installation that is not satis factory and, it the remainder oi the system is well designed, by merely speeding up the blower r.r adding a larger er.e. to bring about the desired results. Another very important consideration is to get the inlets oi the exhaust system aa close as possible to the source oi the dust. The drop in efficiency as we gel further away {rem the inlet is really surprising to one who has not studied the prin ciples involved. It should be remembered that if we have the open end of an ex haust pipe or air duct in operation, the air tends to flow in irom all sides, even from behind the opening. As we move away from die end of the pipe, the velocity drops very rapidly, so that even at a distance of five inches from the hood the velocity may be less titan 10 per cent of that right at the hood inlet. This is the most important consideration to keep in mind and one which is frequently lost sight oi in designing exhaust systems. It is not tmeotnmon to see an exhaust inlet a few inches In diameter with which the person making the installation hoped to draw dust irom a distance oi several feet, but the air flow even a foot or two away from the entrance to the inlet may be negligible. Still another important consideration having to do with the design of the inlet, is the addition o: a flange. The effect of this flange is to cut down the air that would now in ir-.m behind the opening, thus drawing it nearly ali irom the front. Thus the ofnc'cnry oi the system is substantially increased and the scope oi the ex haust extended appreciably, without increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping ::p the system. There are also other considerations oi perhaps lesser importance. For example, air cannot he "relied" from a distance by merely directing an exhaust pipe toward tne po;.-.t in question, but it can be pushed" or blown, directionally, or a consider- iri*irrrr.3~wa.xJ 2S Tzccn/y-third Annual. Safety Congress--Motional Safety Council able distance. This principle may be used advantageously in directing the dust toward the opening oi the exhaust inlet and thus getting the desired results with a lower exhaust velocity and power consumption than would be required if suction' alone were depended upon. This principle has been applied effectively in drilling material containing asbestos, where the exhaust inlet is placed at one side of the drill and a small air jet at the opposite side of the drill, blowing across the table, turns the particles that would fly out from this side and directs them back into the exhaust system. It is also being appliedrto foundry shake-out work. Other considerations in designing exhaust systems include the elimination oi unnecessary bends or curves, the provision of clean-out doors, and the proper con struction of joints. Where there is a general ventilating installation and one or more exhaust systems, care must be taken to see that they do not conflict with each other. After an exhaust system has been installed it should be tested by taking actual dust counts to see that the dust is really being cut down to the desired point, and such counts should be taken at intervals after the installation has been mace, to see that it is still functioning properly. The fact that the dust particles that cause the trouble arc so small that they are invisible under ordinary conditions (less than 10 microns or 1/2300th of an inch in diameter) often makes it hard to convince the practical plant manager that there is any dust present; it also makes it impossible to tell, without the use of spe cial instruments, whether the completed exhaust system is actually removing the dust. It might seem like an insult to one's intelligence to say that alter an exhaust system has once been installed it should be maintained in good operating condition. However, the numerous rases one encounters in the plants where this obvious neces sity is not earned out. indicates that it is really one of the major considerations in connection with the elimination oi dust or fumes. Cases are not unknown where the blower has in some manner become reversed so that the air is being ejected and diffusing the dust, rather than drawing it in; other instances where the effi-. ciency of the system has been lowered or its value nullified by clogging rp. dis connection or wearing out of the piping, etc., are all too common. One concern, of which the writers have knowledge, has a "U" tube permanently installed in one of its main exhaust systems so that the foreman rr safety mar. can tell at a glance whether there are any changes that would indicate a break-down in the system. All such installations should have regular inspections by some ccrrpe- tent person as a routine part of their upkeep. It will he sufficient here to discuss respiratory equipment very briefly. The simplest form ' 1 this equipment is the filter respirator. Such respirators h a rt a definite value ;:r temporary use such as sweeping up. cleaning ou*. bins, shoveling materials, etc., but they require careful fitting and constant supervision to see that they are being properly used. It is our opinion, after watching the sincere efforts in a number of plans to enforce the use of these respirators, that it is rather impracticable to require them to be used on full-time operation. One notices the men. under these concruuns. surreptitiously pushing the respirator aside and gasping in free air like a fish Cut of water. Certainly, ii they are to be used any considerable length of time, tre- ' quent rest periods should be allowed where the men can get out into the tree air ior a few minutes refreshment. There are also the large air-fed helmets, with which most oi u- are am .tar. used for sandblasting, etc., which have been carried to a high state oi perl:-g--i jn ior the purpose* to which they are adapted. We believe, however, that'miter, more u>c could he made advart:geou*ly ; -_*e type hi apparatus that lies midway between the filter respirator pud the a:.--led helmet, natuciv. the light, air-fed re*:?irator which covers the nose ?.:td mouth vutd leaves the res: oi the face exposec. With a light ho?c attach:** this ~ce offers c^:h iderc!l-'.e treed*'in oi nio\ etr.tftit. and if air outicts .were r:nplied *' hose could be -tekiy transferred :r one outlet to another it v.:.- d 'Oe*r. : be practicable to :::: them over a con* icerahlc area. They afford the : ivar.ta"-.* ' a pure air si . v. iihout excc'-dvc v.eisht and without the r-,?ir:c: .: to !.r:*-*. that i' i::*;< ihc niter refpir:2 ter. :'e :. 000015 -oitii&M***:: -. -i f?' . ' ' :.- '.: D ust :: ir.au sh v The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By w . j. McCo n n e l l , m .d . Assseant Medical D irector. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City 7ce speaker said in part: The harmfuluess of dusts varies widely in accordnice "'itli the physical and chemical natures oi each individual substance. Certain limes are soluble or slightly soluble in the body fluids and their harmful effects are nrurunional to the toxicity oi the compounds formed. Lead, mercury, and arsenic r= examples oi poisonous dust. Other dusts exert their harntiu! effects locally un tee skin and mucous membranes and through irritation to the respiratory passages. Chr.'uic acid and alkalies are examples. Attention recently has been called to the jruhialy harmful effect oi dusts arising from radio-active ores. A fourth group oi c a ts which arc insoluble or very difficultly soluble in the body fluids may initiate fiansrul pathological lung conditions. These may be subdivided into non-fibrosis and dbrosis producing dusts. The organic dusts, mainly the vegetable fibers, such as o-'tton, jute, hemp, etc., are non-fibrosis producing dusts. . The fibrosis producing Abes are limited, so far as we have evidence, to a tew oi the inorganic mineral US', such as irce silica, crystalline silicon, quartz, and certain combined silicates. Of- the fibrosis producing dusts, those having a high percentage of free silica are aocctedly the most important because exposure over a period of years to such nr-grs distinctly predisposes the individual to tuberculosis. Tee effectiveness of dust control measures in' preventing diseases produced by dusts can he determined only by careful physical examination oi the workers so caused under the guidance oi competent medical supervision. The benefits which auLac to the employer and employee, alike, as a result oi the physical examination ci ril applicants for employment, as well as periodical examination oi those already engaged, would indicate very careful consideration by industry of a program ior cnnrul of sickness. Such a procedure protects the employer trom engaging an ipoiuain already physically or mentally impaired who later may claim disability tbr a condition cither not associated with employment or contracted during a prer ib s employment. The applicant's physical and mental condition is established and by keeping record of his subsequent illnesses and accidents, the question of respasibility for injuries and sickness need never arise. The applicant is protected from encaging in work for which he is physically SI adapted which, if undertaken, might easily bring about serious impairment oi Ks health. For example, an applicant with an arrested tuberculosis who seeks " work in a certain dusty occupation, if allowed to engage in such work might readily convert an inactive tuberculosis into a:t active one: thereby endangering life or at least seriously impairing the applicant's future efficiency and earning capacity. Vcereas the same applicant if assigned to a position that involves no such cxjoscre. might be expected to continue fir years as a uset'ui and productive workin s . The examination oi applicants for employment likewise protects those that are already employed from the risks oi communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and various acute respiratory and other infections being introduced into their midst by s new applicant. Ilanv oi the younger individuals who seek employment have never before reeehed a thorough, physical examination and consequently are unaware of the de tecs from which they suffer. As a result of physical examinations, many defects are located which may be. removed or corrected before they have caused irreparable damage, thereby increasing the efficiency of the worker and .often averting definite a=d finally chronic diseases. Furthermore, incipient tuberculosis, unsuspected dis- of the heart, kidneys, and a host oi other diseases oi a similar nature, arc discovered and the applicant referred for proper medical care and treatment which otosnvise mieht have been litponcrl tmtil too late. Of even more importance than the initial phvsieal examination oi applicants is Periodic examination ar.-i care oi old employees by an industry. Such a proc-- "e serves to check the efficiency o: preventive measures designed to prevent Pwspattonal diseases. It offers the rr.vst effective way o: controlling the health of ' *i ' h u i : ! w;-i 8 S'! 30 Tzvcnty-third Annual Safely Connress--National Safety Council large groups of workers by discovering early not only occupational diseases, her many other conditions that go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill cr :-econics disabled. It the various contagious conditions go unrecognized others ;<ecome infected, thereby causing serious economic loss, as well as endangering the health of a group of individuals. The information obtained from physical examinations affords the medical surgrvisor the opportunity to make certain that employees arc engaged in suitable wctac out of which they are getting maximum results, to correct the effects of undue exposure to harmful environmental conditions, and generally to lessen all occrea tional hazards. As a public health measure,--it -impossible to over-estimate `-he value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness prevention. The set-up of a proper program for medicah control of workers exposed to case depends upon the number of employees involved and individual plant condidozi. A scries of articles under the title of "The Medical Department Manual" by Dr. Hart E. Fisher, appearing in current numbers of "Industrial Medicine," gives a c:=cprehensive account ot the organization and operation oi a medical department. 1. The establishment of a medical department with adequate facilities and mtiical personnel who have qualified in the field of industrial medicine. A process analysis of all operations in the plant should be made and the medical supervisor should list all possible health hazards and familiarize himself with their physio logical effects. I f necessary, he should conduct research studies to determine the harmful effects oi new substances introduced into plant processes about which !* is known. In cooperation with other departments, he should investigate the extern: of the hazards and dense measures of control. 2. The routine examination of all applicants for employment. The procedure should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accidergj classified under fa) diseases of childhood, (bl general infectious diseases. <: respiratory diseases, (d l venereal diseases, and (cl accidents and resulting physics.! defects. A detailed history of previous occupations engaged in is very im p o r ts . A mere statement oi the type oi industry in which the applicant was engaged h is slight value, if any. The exact duties performed in each occupation should tie noted and information ascertained as to the probable length of exposure to hazard ous substances. Aitcr the history lias been taken and a photograph for identifica tion purposes (if part of routine! is made, die applicant should lie directed to tieexamining room where he is instructed to remove his clothing for physical r a r ination. This examination should he made as complete as is considered necessary to determine the applicant's physical condition. If the applicant lias been or will be exposed to dusts which induce lung dis eases. an X-ray picture of the chest is an important part of the examination. Tecs part of the examination may be referred to an experienced rnentgcnelngir. t_the value of this method of diagnosis depends upon the type of pictures taken the experience of the reader who interprets them. The examining physician e may need additional information obtained by laboratory analyses of the sniituiu. and the urine. These aids to diagnosis should lie provided or made a-.en able when desirable. 3. The rating and placement oi applicants. In cooperation with the per'-'me-n department, the applicant should he rated anti placed, not only on his training ' past experiences, but also on his physical and mental abilities to fill vacancies octzrring from time fn time. The record of Ins physical and mental examination s h : be the confidential property of the medical department. 4. Periodical physical examinations. The frequency of periodical examina:': --s necessarily must defend upon individual circumstances according to the need such examinations as determined hv the supervising plivsician. Where pav.-n. examinations arc ma ic for the first time, the employees or* long standing shot:*,a V given ample explanation of the benefits r.f such examinations and lie given s-sar-ances that their jobs are secure. a. Provision for the disabled. Fnitiloy*;* who develop disabilities during course of etnpiovmen: sbrpld be re-assigns..; to occupations which will not irnersT* with or aggravate tue disability, or they should he provided for in other wavs. .iD Jorp:r.rrixT 'ff= ss- S6 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council the manufacturer. It is not enough to say in a code. that certain hazards must i s be permitted; the'code must speciiy the actual type oi saiety device to eliminate the hazard. Specifications for saiety devices should be set up by competent and experienced engineers or safety directors. These specifications should be largely umiorm so s e as it is possible. There is no reason why one state should require 55,000 poraas tensile strength in a window cleaning device and another state should require 60.CO0 pounds tensile strength. If 55,000 pounds tensile strength is sate_ for a mao's lias in one state it should be sate for a man's lite-in aU- states. Manufacturers of safer? equipment should see to it that the states adopt a uniform standard in saiety e r p s - ment. - Saiety devices in the shop have an almost incalculable visual value to employees. The very sight of guards brings to their minds the thought of the employer's tic k ing and willingness to prevent accidents wherever possible. The employee carrier: ' see any proof of money spent by his employer when it is expended mereiv ten- oral safety directions, meetings of committees or engineers; but there is a rise b c presence oi the employer's interest shown in every safeguard used in a shop. ' '. Again there is an added gain in the mental reaction of the employee in a y e ll *' guarded shop. To illustrate, we are prone to be careless in our personal hairer ; '-if we work or frequent a carelessly kept workroom or office.' W e do not ntrtm throwing a cigaret butt or a paper on the floor of a dirty room or office, but x e hesitate twice before doing.so on a floor of a-scrupulously clean and well-kept roam. : I believe that in a well guarded shop, the moral and mental stimulant to become j a safe worker is greatly accentuated due to guarding and that we can expect f x workers to react by conducting themselves as safe workmen. _ % There are plenty of instances where proof can be obtained as to the valae -ac- ' safety devices in accident prevention. A short time ago a project was com plete ' within our own state, in the nature of road building, lasting only a few weeks, ix tt : E yHeat dduthreinsge tghoagtglteims enotht irbteye-nsixwoprani,rs thoeiregoigsglneos wquoersntionbybutht e wthoartkmtheirntyw-seirxe pbcrorksxers. * A ft would have had eye injuries resulting probably in the loss of eyes to some oi tb=3_ At tile Greater New York Saiety Congress held last winter, statistics were dr.-e * $la1t2e,d000to. thIne ethffeecitnsthtaantcetheI lsopsesakof oain, tehyee wenetaariilnegd oai mthoinretyta-rsyix lopsasirosf oafppgroogxgilmesat=ely- .*i sured a possible money saving of some $432,000. it In the olden days the operator of a mill expected accidents just as surely as as- V expected breakdowns in his machinery. The situation is different now, however. : : r ` an accident in a mill means an investigation as to its cause, a rigid inquiry iani somebody's carelessness, and in most cases, a punishment for the man in chare; '{ the operation because oi the accident. All we need to do to size up the value 3 safety devices is to imagine what industry would be like today if all our safrer devices ar.d saic practices were abolished and manufacturing plants returned to thur' iormer careless state oi years ago. '% Protecting the Feet and Legs, Hands and Arms, Face anc Head o Industrial Workers By H. R. BIX LER Industrial Relations and Employm ent Department, Union Carbide Compary. New York City \ The s; taker said in part:_I:i a recent publication of the Industrial Gmttr.isfix Of O"Ahino. a centare c causes. 1 r objects, This cause is charred with 20 per cent of the total injury claims ic-r six causes for the year if'33. Next ir. a c c id e m s iw ^ c . $ machinery, with 2- czZ- Hand tools next. ` : per cent. Fails oi persons, while io'.trth in order of -r.cv with It per c;r.:. lead in severity. Stepping upon or striking against -,s are fifth .vith -er cent; and the operation oi industrial motor vehicles l Vii_Z_l-:e tl'.is is not directly related to our subject) is sixth with S per cent. In sumasa-jfr up tl-'.e 193J3 totals ::r these six causes, it is found that they were accountable ijx over 73 per cent of all injury claims filed, for over -14 per cent of all fatalities, fir approximately SO per rent of all permanent disability cases: and were charged 1,0-x a' time loss oi over 31 per cent oi the total for all causes." One of the major considerations in the design oi protective clothing for special use*. >n addition to the mechanical ieatures of such clothing and equipment, is that a. e materials with which they are made. A specialist in the design of saiety aprarel offers the follows" comments: `Primarily, three types of material are used in the manufacture of saiety ap- % ixmi. These are leather, asbestos., and fireproof duck. Duck of this kind should 9 ` emvezi:l"yatbehicgahlletdem"pflearmateu-rpersc,cnw."ill Fnloatmieg-npirtoe.of Tdhueckre wwhielln, heoxwpoesveedr, tobe flaamperoocerssfiroef, oxication which will everrually consume the cotton in the duck. Fireproof duck is- die cheaper of the three substances ordinarily used and is suitable where the i t - - fiaeird encountered does cot require impervious protection. Asbestos, the second dim taEsrial. is also common!- used in the manufacture oi protective clothing. Many peMle thick that asbestos is a heat insulator, while actually it is a heat conductor. Asestos can be compared in this relation to any other mineral and while it will not w . cnoicct heat as readily a; metal, it certainly will conduct some heat. Such equip- msr- therefore, should hire some heat insulation, as tor example, a cotton lining ii m asbestos glove. Asbestos. of course, is absolutely fireproof. The third material cnrcr.only used in the manufacture of protective clothing is leather, which for most . s i r y apparel is horsehice or cowhide. Leather can be either grain or split ta e r. ' The grain leather is comparable to the tough outer layer of skin, while the split leather can he cttr.pared to the bottom layer of skin. In tanning leather Et a necessary to use o il While there must be a certain amount oi oil in the learner, the buyer of protective apparel must be careful that there is not too much oil in it. since such Icathsr. when used near hot operations, deteriorates rapidly." la the estimation of this specialist, leather is the best article for all-round wear sac hard usage. He believes, for example, that a leather legging should out wear at least three n rcrrroi duck leggings, and from two and a half to three asbestos leggings. This same comparison applies to leather gloves. He recommends osrrr leather fer all ger.sral purposes except those where its weight will defeat is purpose by tiring the user or making him too hot while working. Many types oi specially designed protective clothing are made of rubber, or of a ermposition of some c:r.:r material with rubber. Such equipment is usually desiy-ed for protection in : tr.ncction with operations involving hazards because of acids, fumes and vapors, work in wet areas, and those operations involving the Eaacling of liquids. Special rubber protective clothing and equipment has been cesrzr.ed for electrical itin ra s and include rubber gloves, boots, overshoes, sleeves, cezrs. hats, and line covering material, such as blankets, line hose, insulator hoods iuc protectors. Feit is used in some r pes of protective clothing as a protection arainst heat, where the use of ciothinc --ade from fireproof duck, asbestos or leather is not de sirable. One industrial ttneern having electric furnace operations uses paper e d pressed feit to make -otective jackets and trousers for its furnace operators, because of its protective future, comfort ot the wearer, and relatively low cost, iris material is r.urc w ::l felt and offers good protection from radiated heat on irnrcr.t of its low thermal-conductivity: while it will burn, it will do so very slowly and without flame. F.etcrring to the first w o sections of our subject, without attempting to go . ace- the physical details :: material, requirements and mechanical design, let us say that protective clothier for the feet and legs of industrial workers would incfcrli shoes, toe guards, -pits, leggings, knee pads, thigh guards, and aprons, for cosy operations. In prett-rting the hands and arms safety gloves, hand pads, mutecs. finger cots, arm pr: -.tutors, sleeves, jackets, and the like are commonly used. In addition, for complete 'tody protection, are found protective suits, consisting ot Twenty-third Amnia/ Safety Congress--National Safety Council jackets and pants, or complete jumper suits. Protective ointments are also used {or the skin in operations involving acids, fumes and vapors. The third division of our subject, tor protecting the face and head of industrial workers, is'`one which is receiving increasing attention because oi the hazards in volving the eyes and respiratory' organs. While eye protection has long been a part of industrial accident prevention work, the necessity for the use of goggles is not fully recognized since we learn from the National Safety Council that there were 300.000 industrial injuries to the eyes in the United States last year, each re sulting in at least one day oi disability. Of this number 70,000 were compensable cases, which means seven days or more of. lost lime, ior which the average cost was $375, and $125 additional for medical cost. In 2.000 cases_ there was com plete loss of vision in one eye. while 75 persons tost the vision of both eyes. The total estimated loss of 3.600.000 days per year from work was attended with a total cost in time lost, compensation and medical bills of approximately fifty millions of dollars. Perhaps the most authoritative source of valuable information for safety engi neers at this time concerning the protection of face and head of industrial workers is the head and eye safety code, which is now being revised under the supervision of the American Standards Association. The title oi this code is being changed to the "American Standard Safety Code for Protection to Heads. Eyes and Respira- ' tory Organs." A study of the code's revisions, even in its present tentative form, . will be of great value in the individual's consideration of our subject; and in Hi final form, .when published, will be of inestimable value. . Of special interest are the iollowing requirements for respirators and gas masks, as proposed in the revised code; Requirements for Respirators and Gas Masks '' "The respirator, gas mask, with mechanical filter, or hose mask is permissible. "The respirator shall be so designed and constructed that, when it is worn ta its proper position, it will permit only air which has passed through the filter to enter the mouth or nostrils oi the wearer. The material used lor the body of the respirator shall be such as to combine mechanical strength and lightness oi weight. The respirator shall be comfortable to wear and shall not impede free action by the wearer. The facial contact edge of the respirator body shall not irritate the skin of the wearer and shall not'allow leakage oi unfiltered air. If rubber is used, the rubber compound shall be free from lead and mineral sulphates. If used in work requiring goggles, the respirator when in place on the wearer shall permit the use of various types of goggles without impairing the effectiveness oi either the goggles or the respirator, or the goggles may be permanently attached to the respirator. An automatic exhalation valve is optional. "The gas mask is permissible tor limited exposure. For higher concentrations and for longer exposures to any gas. a hose mask, or a hood with positive air supply may be used. "The hose mask shall be of such design and construction as to completely protect the respiratory organs oi the wearer front toxic gas and dust, and make a gas-tight fit when in its proper position on the wearer. "Canister type gas masks shall be oi such design and construction as to protect the eyes and respiratory organs oi the wearer trout acid and organic vapors, am monia. carbon monoxide, dusts, smokes, and mists, either singly or in combination, where the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere is not less than 16 per cent. In places where only non-irritant gases, such as carbon monoxide, arc present, the eyes need net lie covered. Gas masks shall be of such design as to insure a gas-tight fit when in proper position on the wearer. Canritigc-tjpc masks sliail meet all requirements fur ti c canister type except as and body harness." canister, connecting tube, Among the devices designed for :'r.c protection of the individual worker against dusts, by far the most important is t. e positive pressure respirator Its particular:;-' dusty operations, such as `ndhiastiug and trteta: grinding, where the particles mar injure the taco, the helmet r<e r-; respirator g i e -a'S'SSuaeyj-g? EpW Ht: . f z * ..... S a fety //nr-q: j worn. it is Oi^euti.Tl that the apparatus ;: provided with ait adequate air rr\::" drawn ironi a pure, dust-tree source. tf.me authorities recommend as a.- six cubic l'cct per minute, while others ar; c: the opinion that respirators :r-.~acted on modern principles are efficient v. .-.er. used with hut one or two aa.: tee: oi air per minute. The source oi air surpiy is equially important. The aaitixi is frequently made oi taking the air direct.y from a compressed air line rrct-t:: providing the air intake to compressors with a filter capable of removing :a: :::< dust particles. Sometimes the air of the compressed air line is wet and there may be a possibility oi carbon mor.v.xide poisoning due to oil being burned in a reciprocating piston-type c. mnressor. The air. under these cm chons, is unsuited to r use in the respirator arta it becomes necessary to install a saali rotary compressor blower, supplied irora a clean source oi air. This 'm ar methud is applicable particularly to plants r.it equipped with compressed air. Inspirators should be selected for their cumt'ort to the Wearer and lor their pmtrcatve efficiency. The inanuiacturer should be required to submit a laboratory rep.rt oi the elficicncy oi his device, for the purpose selected. Although respirators -htnui never be regarded as substitutes tor local exhaust ventilation, they provide a. xacitcable means oi protection ior workmen engaged in dusty operations carried ci :c;y occasionally or ior short periods oi time. The positive air pressure type of reitirator. unfortunately, cannot be worn by workers engaged iu operations requiring 'xestotn to move about unhampered by air hose. The only available protection ::>r h e worker under these conditions is to wear a respirator with a filtering ms-aarr. oi fibre or tissue. Only those types which have been demonstrated to nc-tsi the necessary filtering medium to give sufficient protection against fine du=3 should be selected. The importance of the use of the positive pressure respirator in dusty work anataons is illustrated by the results oi an analysis conducted by Dr. Leonard Gnsaburg and Charles Pierce, of the Laboratory of Hygiene at Vale University, I n r:r_-.ection with the study of the subject of "Ventilation and Its Relation to the " ci oi Dust. Gases and Fumes." They found that air drawn from a cabinet -> _ r.tng 61 millions of dust particles per cubic toot retained four and one-half -nV ..maxc particles per cubic foot when drawn through a respirftor: two million piracies were drawn through helmet and respirator: tour-tenths oi one million of ius: particles per cubic foot were drawn through helmet with positive air pressure: and but two-tenths of one million were drawn through a respirator and helmet acre positive air pressure. This demonstrates rcaciusively that a respirator alone lias limitations in effectiveness when used in heavy concentrations. The reason for i= lack of satisfaction arises from the fact that the fit of the respirator to the iace s rade by soft rubber which, even though the best available, is not air tight when me wearer is working. Where dust exists which cannot be otherwise controlled, aarrai protection can be obtained through the u-c of respirators: however, if pramicabic. a positive pressure helmet system s'.ttuld be installed, since it gives aia:s; complete protection. Safe Protective Equipment as Related to Accident I Prevention By R. B. ROAPEP. Safety Engineer, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas -he speaker said in part: I am convinced t!:;t: a combination of education and isfrty equipment is essentia! ior accident prevent ::n work. The use of protective x X.l ictctiiednctntcsa. nnXoto pmreavtteenrt haollw apccriodfeicnitesn,t neomr pcloanjet :!:ematryaibneincogmoef inemtphleoypeeersfoprmreavnecnet r i duty, thev must not lose sight oi the fact tat certain hazards and conditions !^=r=re protective equipment. ^ order to determine just what equipment mi: : be used, it is necessary to study *5^ experience in each class of work. It it is ::ur.d that men engaged in certain ot work are prone to receive injuries to ctrtain parts of the body, even iu r %: -yV -di';! t! Safety Council j the vision to avoid e.\ole os' human nature and ;ve to us and we can so ds oi leaders needed for them. i- T W E N T Y - T H I R D a n n u a l s a f e t y c o n g r e s s ' NATI ONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section Officers 1933-34 .Central Chairman--B uell \V. X l'tt. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland. Ohio. Vice-Chairman--I.- \V . Millard. Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville. I!!, i Secretary--George S. S hull, Safety First Supply Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. Treasurer--L. J. Bowker. Mine Safety Appliances Company. Pittsburgh, Fa. .. Executive Committee at Lareje-- s ' E. W . Bullard. E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, Calif. .' Frederick W ahlkrt. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn. N`. V. > Charles H. Gallaway, American Optical Company, Southbridge, Mass. BUSINESS SESSION September 30, 1934 turers' nufaciirman . Rc- Com:mittce .was then calied for. and new ol'ncers ior the Section were nominated and eieeted as toilows: v i,, P T u ","'!: --*n v `" Millartl- Secretary, Industrial Gloves Corporation. Dan- l- iee-CUainnan:--George Shull, President. Safetv First Supplv Co., Eradv Bide.. * utsburgh. Pa. . . - S( ---William Wahivrt. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corp., 170 Johnson it --j - Dickson. A':re-Pri*idcnt. ' StandartT- Safetv Hquipmcr.; Co.. a 1} acker Drive. Cucaco. I;:. turehR.yapna. . \ -Pres., Mine Safety Appliance? Co,, 201 X. Craddock_. ___ i-'aviv President. Da\i* Tr-;<r*r<^gy p- Co.. 5 Van L jj Nc.v York City. g g g fr' -- -- W ^f d ite li . . `i-'B ? V**, v .b w m if;; `r a w ''ICTC- f 0GG022: o c iic ^ ' :1 | . ii-, I tr<f KvWJf i w -. 150 T`ii.'cnty-third Animal Safety Congress--National Safety Council R. T. Solenstcn, V-Pres.. Elliott Service Company, 242 W. 55th St., New York City. B. \Y. Xutt, President, Safety Equipment Service Company. 122S St. Clair Ave., XE. Cleveland. 0. ADJOURNMENT ~ -- f j *'*: * M 0, ! :.=1H: *:,*-*i m ^iJ 1m - rialL km m m Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Made Exhibits at the Twenty-Third Annual Safety Congress and Exposition. Statler and Cleveland Hotels, Cleveland. Ohio, October 1-5, 1934 American-La France & Foamite Industries, Inc., Elmira, New York Fire protection equipment American Optical Company, Siuthbridge, Massachusetts Industrial eye protection service Bendix Products Corporation, South Bend. Indiana Automotive testing equipment Robert A. Bernhard, Rochester. Xcw York Saf-T-top applicator bottles tor antiseptics Binney & Smith Company, Xc.v York City Emulsified carbon black tor concrete pavements Bishinger-Koehler Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Oxygen equipment products Eradley Washiountam Company. Milwaukee. Wisconsin Group washing equipment Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis. Missouri Safety Toe Shoes R. H. Buhrke Company, ChicagSafety belts, straps,' buckets." E. D. Bullard Company, San F Safety equipment for mines Burroughs Wellcome & Compart First aid and medical equip.T Godirey L. Cabot. Inc.. Boston. Emulsified carbon black tor Chicago Eye Shield Company. Head and eye protection eqtr: H. Childs & Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Safety footwear Cur.niiigham-Hall Aircraft Curt.'.ration, Rochester. New York Sand blast helmet ar.d Davis Emergency Equipment Ct gant Inc.. New# j k City First aid, gas ra<ks ry cquipn rv^r. * 0 r~ r~ k ' 000023 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section Eagle Signal Corporation. Moline. Illinois Traffic signal equipment and industrial timing equipment Elliott Service Company. New York City Elimination oi waste, promotion of efficiency and safety Evans Products Company, Detroit. Michigan vv Railroad grade crossing and barrier and traffic signals The Gerson-Stewart Corporation. Geveland, Ohio Soaps, disinfectants and cleaners for planned sanitation Harley-Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee. Wisconsin Special police motorcycles and equipment Hunter Auto Equipment Company, Inc., New York City Fleet specialties, rubber mirrors, stop and tail-lights Hynson. Westcott & Dunning, Inc.. Baltimore, Maryland Mercurochrome and Thantis lozenges Industrial Commission oi Ohio. Columbus, Ohio if-'. Accident record charts and graphs, educational safety literature International Shoe Company, Su Louis, Missouri Safety shoes Junkin Safety Appliance Company. Louisville, Keutucky Saietv guards ior punch presses W alter Kidde & Company. Inc.. New York City Permanently piped fire systems and portable extinguishers Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pennsylvania Safety shoes and boots Lima Cord Sole & Heel Company. Lima, Ohio Non-slip soies and heels for footwear Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Fumigant for infestation com::: Macwhyte Company, Kenosha. Wisconsin W ire rope and braided slings Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio Protective masks, safety roadway signals Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City Insurance, industrial group, e::. Mine Safety Applianee Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mine and industrial safety equipment National Automatic Saietv Signal Company, Chicago, Illinois Saiety flash signal for rear c: trucks National Safety Council. Chicago. Ii.mois Poster, Library, Research are Education Divisions The Patent Scaffolding Company. Chicago. Illinois Ladders and scaffold; ior industry and construction Portable Lamp & Equipment Crmpanv, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Eiectric mine lamps ar.d safety equipment The Positive Safety Manufacturing Company. Cleveland. Ohio"*Fower press saiety devices Protectosea! Company, Citieaso. Illinois Saiety cans for washir.tt. bents, storage, etc., tank fittings Puimosan Safety Equipment C. '^0 . Brooklyn. New Yori Respiratrrv protection and cefffST'Ssfcty equipment_____ _ w w f i V i y */<*2i.1 ita % m.M ;f l-. '*-3 i l i l J... "*>< wm` r ^ y v > .* ;\- W / `fcivKji ttx y d K if;;, ' i'.*, .* ! 152 Twenty-third .iniinal Surety Congress--Xutwual Se.fcty Council Pyrene Mauufacturinc Company, Newark. New Jersey Hand lire extinguishers and systems Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc.. Columbus. Nebraska Wooden sole safety footwear The Safety Clothing Company. Cleveland. Ohio Safety clothing and equipment -- -- The Safety Equipment Service Company. Cleveland. Ohio Goggles, safety clothing and other safety equipment Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston. Massachusetts Safety shoes Safety Signal Devices. Inc., Chicago. Illinois Safety stop-light for cars, trucks and buses The Service Recorder Company. Cleveland. Ohio The Servis Recorder for trucks and buses Shepherd Safety Shoe Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Safety shoes The Sight Light Corporation, New York City Instruments for measuring light in industries, etc. Standard Safety Equipment Company. Chicago, Illinois Dust protective equipment and general safety devices Stonehouse Signs, Ir.c... Denever, Colorado Metal accident prevention signs The Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton, Ohio Rubber safety equipment for linemen and industry Weaver Manufacturing Company, Springfield. III. Automotive testing equipment West Disinfecting Company, Long Island City. New York Disinfectants, insecticides and sanitary supplies Willson Products, Ir.c.. Reading. Pennsylvania Eye, head and respiratory protective devices W il-X-M Tg Corporation. Brooklyn. New York Fire extinguishers and equipment TII- E A' T Cliairnniu. I I'icc-Chc.in. York Ck Secretary. ' Council. jP g The Ae $ the Amcric Mr. John ' ventiou Cii -r? The sp' vAg.t that is exi and a deg' % sleigahrnt taondfi 'M fact that o pilots wlu- y~. branch of or instrut- hooded ce cannot sc Proba' modern a V Council here American, carelessly helium tum-mnawd ship i ; TWENTY-THIRD a n n u a l s a f e t y c o n g r e s s NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL .i A I ' y.-nu ,o w ' 1T;| , iVtii*. ' yii - . it 'S American Society of Safety Engineers-Engineering Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--S. E. W hiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Vice-Chairman--E. F. Blank, Jones and Laugh!in Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice-Chairman--A. S. R kcl-la. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. New York'. X. Y. Secretary-- \V. D ean Keefer. National Saiety Council. Chicago. 111. Members at Large-- Cyril A insworth. American Standards Association. New York. X. Y. C. B. Au el. Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co.. East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Banash . Consulting Engineer, Chicago, III. E. W. Eeck. United States Rubber Co.. New York. X. Y. H. R B:\-ler. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York. X. Y. (M etro politan Chapter). C. B. Eoulet. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. J. E. CviLtxEY. Bethlehem Steel Co.. Bethlehem, Pa. R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Company oi California. Sr.n Francisco. Calif. W . M. Graff, National Eureau of Casuaitv & Suretv Underwriters. New York. N. Y. H arry Guilrert. Pullman Company, Chicago. III. A. P. H uckestein. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Pittsburgh. Pa. (W estern Pennsylvania Chapter'!.' R. McA. K eowx. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. Madison. Wis. G. A. K uschenmeister. Dominion Forge .& Stamping Co.. Limited. Walkerville. Ont.. Canada. M. G. Lloyd. United States Eureau of Standards. Washington. D. C. John P. McCann. New England Power Engineering ar.d Service Corp.. W or cester. Mass. (Boston Chapter). W . S. F ane. Aetna Life Insurance Co.. Hartford. Conn. G. E. Sanford. General Electric Cu,, Sihencctady. X. Y. C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind. . Chicago. 111. ..'Miji&l 'i.m-cil m ; ?ml+fcij tI''i-fc-r'j-l U 0 U'p M ? n r/1 i 55 ~ ' gfe- ooc::g ' qn-.V UniW^G Th i iil Safety Coinin'/ Is apparent from these or severe or unnatural i'hat the eyes are s|ow jusness of the costs o[ that human welfare is sion of the older view:gical realm of human s human efficiency, beto reduce the costs ol ed eyesight and bodily mown but the recently activity which affects sins throws new light us as well as the obvigoal. This means the u disorders. It means y considered the costs t-periods, hygiene, and already added to those levcloping for a long aspects is now shown ten or unobvious. As by the social scientist, Thus lighting becomes civilization is entering lighting--an economics :io longer be appraised of the employer rather liddeii costs or savings the work-world, and tded viewpoint of seest of lighting and for of light and lighting :ee .r.nittcc, lite personnel I E. W. Beck. The uunseiors. Inc.. Xew rporation. Pittsburgh. tdianal. Chicago. III. ago. 111. York City. . urgh. Pa. -ttord. Conn. :.r,u. Xew York City. t w e n t y -third ann ual safety congress NATI ONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Automotive and Machine Shop Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Corp., Detroit, Mich. Ffce-Cfiafriiiaii--K. A. C ailam, Detroit. Mich. Secretary--G. E. S anford. General Electric Co.. Schenectady, X. Y. .Yesi`S Letter Editor--E. C. W alkf.r. Dodge Brothers Corp.. Detroit. Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--\Y. W. Janzes. Seaman Body Corp., Milwaukee. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. A. F. Lecklider, Fisher Body Corp., Detroit. M tmberthif Committee Chairman--N ils J i'Ell. Hayes Body Corp.. Grand Rapids. Porter, Slides and Safely Kinks Committee Chairman--M. A. Kroger, Chevrolet Detroit Plants. General Motors Corp., Detroit. Mich. Program Committee Chairman--M. A. Clark. United States Rubber Co.. Detroit. Publicity Committee Chairman--\Y. A. Beciiill. Chrysler Corporation. Detroit. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. \V. Bishop. Lycoming Manufacturing Co.. Williamsport. Pa. Members at Larne-- L. la. A verill. C. H. Dockson Co.. Detroit. Mich. Hoyt L. F raciieh. Detroit Steel Products Co.. Detroit. Mich. R. F. T iia ln er . Buick Motor Co.. Flint, Mich. R. A. S haw. The Murray Corporation oi America. Detroit, Mich. Carl L, Stohck. DcIco Products Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton. Ohio. ;V>v~r t.;.e.*O; '.y ......_JL____ .:rV(V Council its source is not ot" fj- T W E N T Y - T H I R D a n n u a l s a f e t y c o n g r e s s NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL oi safeguarding na_ methods of guarding sensibility if he fails a en authority to okev -tv standards. ;> against a state 01 - v ; i i -rential in price for mchascr to pay these Cement Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--J. E. Zook. Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., Buffalo. K. Y. yicc-Chairman--W. \ \ \ Hamilton'. Alpha Portland Cement Co, Easton. Pa. Secretary--A. J. R. Ccrtis, Portland Cement Association. Chicago. 111. .Votes Letter Editor-- J ack D empster. Canada Cement Co.. Ltd., Port Colborne. Ontario, Canada. Engineering Committer Chairman--Frederick B. Hunt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co.. Nazareth. Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--H. A. Rf.Xt.NCEa. Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allentown. Pa. Poster Committee Chairman--M. P. Greer. Marquette Cement Manufacturing Co., Cape Girardeau. Mo. Program Committee Chairman--D. E. Coleman. Missouri Portland Cement Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Members at Large-- R. P ooRTvrtx. Pcnnsjlvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth. Pa. E. Posselt. International Cement Corp.. New York. X. Y. C. F.. Ralston. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa. F. E. Town. Manitowoc Portland Cement Co.. Manitowoc. \Vis. H. V axderwerp. Medusa Portland Cement Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 The opening session of the Cement Section was called to order by General Chairman J. E. Zook. Great Lakes Portland Cement Cor?.. Buffalo. Xew York, who presided. Chairman Zook introduced Mr. Edward J. Maguire. Vice President and Treasurer. Medusa Portland Cemcr.t Co.. Cleveland, who made a brief address of welcome on behaif of the City of Cleveland. The C-e.-.e.-ai Chairman then pre sented. under the heading. ``Our W ork--Todav and Tomorrow." some brief thoughts on the future activities of the section and Toliowed with brie: reports irom the chairmen oi standing committees. He then called ior the report o; the Nom inating Committee, and new officers ior the section were nominated and elected as follows: ">jsE A' r, : \ Ost. '-st. ccing inerii ade te. been box The* Js no turn nonth s be> for uiven only cuts, etc., 'con- use sub< the nany litude oyccs also : de times s are c rrierf if a TWENTY-THIRD a n n u a l s a f e t y c o n g r e s s N A T I O N AL . S A F E T Y C O U N CI L Chemical Section O fficers 1933-34. Cenerai Chairman--J ohn Roach. Deputy Commissioner of Labor. Trenton, N. J. I'iiv-Chairman in Citarne of Propram--A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. I'iec-Chnirinan in Charpe of Enginccriitp--G. H. Miller. E. I. duPont de Xeniours & Co.. Wilmington, Del. Secretary--Ralph O. Keefer. Aluminum Company of America, Masseria. N. Y. - AVtfJ Letter Editor--John- Moko.nev. Aluminum Company of America. Massena. X. Y. Occupational Disease Committee Chairman--Da. Leonard Greenbckg. Tale Medical School. New Haven. Conn. Membership and Publicity Committee Chairman--S. D. K irkpatrick. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, New York. X. Y. Statistics Committee Chairman--Ira V. Kepneb. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co.. Menominee, Mich. Members 1/ Larpc-- Db. Elizabeth R. Rricker. Lititz. Pa. F. E. Clancv. J r.. Mathicson. Alkali Works. Inc.. Niagara Falls. X. Y. F. W. D ennis. Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls. X. Y. E. F Kino. Lever Broth-rs Co.. Cambridge. Mass S. F. Larchar. Thomas A. Edison Industries. W est Orange. X. I. H. L. Miner. E. I. duPont de Xenv-grs & Co.. Wilmington. Dei. E. L. Root. Celluloid Corporation. Newark. X. J. C. E. S evrens. Merrimac Chemical C \. Inc.. Boston. Mass. John S. S haw. Hercules Powder C:.. Wilmington. Del. R. C. Stratton. The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford. Coese.. P lcmmer W heeler. American Cvanamid Co.. Linden. X . J. S. E. W iiiti no. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. Mass. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1, 1934 The cry'enir.u session of the Chemical Section \va? called t ^rdcr hy General Chair::*, J-.hn Roach. Deputy Com m it'.r.cr of Labor. State of Xe'-v Jersey. Trcr.- ron. X. . Chairman Roach imroducvd Dr. W .'R . '-*1 the Chemical n / mmm oocc:::) i. . ;*Wev.-A. .r yj;$ i- & i '" .l-.rfr- m m ,ri -foi.;1<.- - .ntpksli 2 ' r. A--- ilV f. U -F; ; i r;-f?-; . V- s III rI J > `: .; if *: r.;r - l C -'.>>d?`:,zs f-j ss---National Safety Council ,-ks. Inc.. Xiagara Falls. X. Y. Co.. Niagara Falls. X. Y. .iacturing Co., Menominee. Mich. rice. Mass. > & Co.. Wilmington, Dei. ..iber, Trenton. X. J. .. Inc., Boston. Mass. Vilinington. Del. Co., Linden. X. J. .cc Co.. Boston. Mass. 'iscussion program was a general Round Table to the Hands and Fee: *i Workers A. L. Armstrong Genera! Supervisor Ink Company. Rochester. X. V. This and although interesting and oi value r.xr TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATI ONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Construction Section Officers 1933-34 Cenerai Chairman-- letti* Ri;ssell, J r.. United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.. Newark, X. J. rice-CInu'rmaii--W. G. W heeler, Building Trades Employers' Association, Xew York, X. Y. Vice-Chairman jar fiiujincering Projects--P. R. Manetta. JR.. Thompson Starrett Co., Xew York, X. Y. Viee-C/tittrilliti* lur Utility Construction---C. H. Black. Stone & Webster Engineer ing Cnrp.. Eoston. Mass. Vice-Chairman ior V. .5'. Euumecr Department--CaPT. E lliott VaNPEVaxteb. C. oi E.. Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington. D. C. Secretary--Rr.DF.ui McK im .f.v. General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp.. De-, troit, Mich. .Vcses Letter Editor--El-oar X. Goldsttne. (State Compensation Insurance Fund of Calif.). San Francisco. Calli. Enginecrina Committee Chairman--J. C Forest . The L. E. Mvers Co.. Chicago. III. Membership C nunittec Chairman--XVir.maX W f.l u .w.s. Ruoti: & Flinr.. Ltd., P itts burgh. Pa. Poster Commiree Chairman--J ames X. Dhvle. James X. Doyle Ailjiatmer.t Bureau. Bced.. Montreal. Qu-.-hec. Can. P'O'j'ain Coinw'ttee Chairman-- R. J. Rk.v.eliT!'. C. W. B'.akesiee L :-m;s. New Haven. Cor.::. P-'hlieity Com:.::tee Chairman--T homas W. W alton. He ' C-.'.. Pilii* '" ititii,.r Com...-r.-e Chairman--\Y . A. Syow. A :c ia ic d itt& g ra i **s'.*.*.:.*ers L:v: :?.* .t -- D. C. W. I'. A:*.*::.. f.V.r- Mich Ms K. ' ; -iI r. : . \ i Marille C-*m. k A : _r- i-i. Y .rtM i. '. K. Iv.:. '.* i'. / ::trrct \ :r ris: Iil/'-Y.*. .j V.' \, !*.:. **** 1 100 C ..tractor# of 00C.CZ Vn 4*--- ti--ivC*. V. `cSi-'V . ' EXTV-thi rd a n n u a l s a f e t y c o n g r e s s NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Marine Section Officers 1933-34 Jv;" cral Chairman--Frank H. Cocan, Railroad Marine Service. Xew York. X. Y. '.y'l'h-c-Chairwan in Chartic oj Potters and Slides)--Ronr.RT F. Hand. Standard Ship ping Co.. New York, X. Y. Pice-Chairman in Charge t>/ Publicity) --A rtiivr M. T ods. Consulting Marine Engineer. Xc.v York. X. Y. ficc-Chairmtu: 'lor the Pacific Const)--A. O. Woll. Cenerai Petroleum Corp. oi Calii.. Terminal Island. Calii. Secretary--E. C. Holdf.n. J r.. United States P. & I. Agency. Inc., Xcw York. X. Y.' Xeies Letter Editor--H knry Dlackstonk. United States P. R I. Agency. Inc.. San Francisco. Calii. Enyiiiccriiin C'miiiiltec Chairman--B. C. hntvAitiis. Consulting Engineer, X'ctv h ork, X. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--W. F.. Stswardson. Colombian Steamship Co.. Xew York. X. Y. Program C - . u::7(<y Chairman-- J. S. Hi.'.vn-tx. Tlic Atlar.tic Refining C" . Phila delphia. Pa. Statistics C- fin ittec Chairman--B en ja m in II. Sf.lf. Travelers Insurance C-.'.. Xew York. X. Y. .'i ' e i e d o r h i m m i i i c c Chairman--F. C- Oreuoky. United States Employees' Com pensation C ntinissioi). Washington. D. C. Members n: ;`_jr,/r-- F rank A m ts. Lykcs. Bros.-Kipley Steamship Co.. Xew Orleans. La. \Y. P. r.: ,,;s. Xavy Department Safety Engineer. Washington. D. C. C. F. E:..v. kton. Erie Railroatl Co.. Jersey City. X. J. A. R. T. s;i. International Flare-Signal Co.. Xcw Y. rk. X. Y. F.. W. r Jr.. Standard-Vacuum Transportation O . Xew York. X. Y. C hari?.. K. Flatus*.*. Eastern Steamship Lines. In.-;.. Boston. Mas?. F. P. ~ Skipping Federation oi the State of Was t.r.gton. Seattle. Wash. .1. M. '1- :rr. Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding C ... Mobile. Wu. W,, " \nu.\r::. LY.ina Oil C. ai Cait.. !.* Arctic*. Calit. \E i. Cui,' RcMitir.ts . Xcw York. X. V. w . r . .- Mr.nr.c S*.:rve>*r. Xcw Y*rk. X. Y. x. Tix*-. l l y . Tide Water Oil Cc . Xt-v. Y*rk. X. `>^7 i-NFc.. ss**-- OHP' r-iOr-r 000C31 P. m __ ______M i i i i 22S r.\r;::v-:-::V i( Annual Safety Congress--Xaliannl Safety (.'it; J. L. L;-;ksmi.\cii. American Curcau of Shipping. New V rk. N. V. D a .v :z;. J. Mi'Ri'iiv. Murphy. Cook & Co.. Philadelphia. ?a. Byro.v 0 . ? :ckaiid. Pacific American Steamship Assn.. Fan Francisco. Calii. E. J. Robes-w , J r.. Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock JCo---Newport New.. Ys. J. K. Robison, Sinclair Navigation Cn.. New York. N. Y. J. C. Roiil*. Standard Oil Company of Calif.. San Francisco. Caiit. H. I.. Seward. Yale University. New Haven. Conn. A rthvr R. S avage. Penittsuiar ik Occidental Steamship C-... Port Tampa. Fla. A. J. S mith. Marine Office oi America. New York. N. Y. J. H. Tomb. New York State Merchant Marine Academy. New York. N. Y. E lliott Vaxdevaxteh. Capt.. Office of the Chief of Encinei-rs. Munitions Bide., Washington. D. C. John Wa'.r.iiT. American Export Line. New York. N. Y. G. D. Zr.it. Associated Oil Co.. San Francisco. Calif. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 The opening session of the Marine Section was called order hy General Chairman Frank H. Cocan. the Delaware. Lackawanna and Wc'tcrn Railroad Co.. Hoboken. N. J.. who presided. Chairman Copan introduced Mr. Herbert C. Jackson, of the Ir.teriakc Steamship Co.. Cleveland, who cordially welcomed the dele gates in the name oi the City oi Cleveland. Chairman Co-pan then presented a lirici review and preview of Marine Section activities during the past year, including the work of sectional officers and chair men of committees. The chairman then introduced the first speaker. The Economics of Accident Prevention in Handling Marine Cargo By H. W. HEINRICH A ssistan t Superintendent. E ngineering and Inspection Division, The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. The speaker said in part: According to data provided by the L'. S. Depart ment of Commerce. 342.489 tons of cargo valued at $10.910.429.000 were handled for export ar.d import in the United Slates in 1932. This includes cargo handled on the rivers ar.d lakes as well as at ocean ports. The payroll required was SI88.000.000. Estimated payments tor compensatimi and cmplo>crs' liability claims and for medicai and hospital services amounted to approximately *14.000.000. In addition to this, the indirect costs of accidents in stevedoring work is approxi mately four times as much as lite direct costs, or S.ifi.OOO.Otio. From these data accident costs may he expressed in terms of tons and payroll, as follows,- Total c-t te r ton. 20c. Total cost per $100 oi payroll. S5L Part o: ::ai cost per ton no: covered hy insurance. 19c. Part -i total cost per SIOO ;.a>rr.il not covered hv insurance, $29/10. ft is iliii Compare accident costs with Ollier so-called ritenti c -sts in ban* dime cars'* ii -.rdiT that a true p ic tu r e s ' its relative in::.nance :r.ny hc Itad. Stcvcdfrir.s .c'aiors in the Port of proxick* he `11mint* c*i Ove riend c' : lalm r costs. .-'8 : / 'fid e . .9iTT^pr-uL^:3 ; nccidcsUf. **" * ` ">*#! `A ; ooucr-a *V.v ; Si U From the ah. vc : ..roiit and almo: :. j.,neb. as labor. A r hy li'.lL way. i# " ho:' aliilc. To the ::::r A inrthcr in-.ere.- ance rates, which ii: ting higher. Fr.,:n 22 per cent. The relation of known: however, inCase .Vo. J. A hatch. The bicit-iii raised clear oi :::e ,mashing the front placed from the the ship, a l..::gsh.v to the ground, iu.ii: Tlie direct injur, insurance company. Property damage t$3U0. Tlie total hr viouslv. however, t' Cu.ro .Vo. 2. Oman. a hatch tend-.man to hoist the <1 started eivitig instr The was being mg clear of the d: he was thrown inti and various' r titer the accident Itappcpartial disability. There was r.-> : additional cost, i rate of 50 tons pi and iminediate'y 21 goods skid lift the amhnlance pagot under a;, ae tire next hour ~i work there was -. 00 tons, and the was paid liv :'::e i- It has live-: eami medical a::i 'lent. Tlie r-.-mair odter heads. The prevent*is not difficult accidents, i- rurnu Ail acri'lv:.: basic ciimliti--.-: or mei'lianic:.! v . arc to lie | re- ci Tlie nn.-afe and tlicrefure ! he i!:tcrin:nvi Oi-.cc it has must be made : 0 ii "/ *v C ( \ ::r." -0 " 11 l!-< p-b:;Cs hat sciv ". "! .-s<ier 1 0 Ulc in ' V;r ` 11 UiSIgll. 9-: IV,t . ".L1*1 -^ o n s. Co!,:r * iocz " i which a rt kt p, con*. - Pnr,V " She X i public. \vhe*hp- ill* T.roduct which new? through mental use i the irresistible -intr .media, is it rwt with all accidents-- s car. be accomplished. our.*l to perform the,r to themselves it they lent prevention.. This .iicrir to buy things :ember oi the Marine mrteer.ee the workmen n o tic e of th e tim ely -.ice v.h.ieh lie has been ` I r.tticcrl somewhere. :cc. or untlcrwcr.t some .derwent the surerir.z, to take." He v.til be e ertcicnt worker be::ake hint more safety- he attribute of safety* ossei which io'.'.onv all tabic it Is that safety time rcid as in s iacboarc such a? can be the standard Skipping '* a r e e v e r c o n s p ic u o u s ot ;c see these boards n cicq u a '.c l y iliu m r a te d . c a t l " d c l e a n r .r. kin**. - a r e " a t u r a i i y n cuisi* 'P eak . , : r w eeks w ith*n. 1" t h i s \ \ `r, y . a p - c y : z : : ^ r c t h e '*ard>. rtJ n jo s t ::: ;;n * s. a n " c a tc i:;/* reins HO. n? h c re n ;i : i:cse ``U iir: :n h r.a r f ii. :CCt5. -ncloi;, *. c a n v iier* -: tCVUf!'`,ru r per* CiHi: ;".iCtinr, f . - tierr '**'r *- '-ccivais.-i- ;; - n r ';:. c n i r . r : ; ; j - --icr? -II ifUc-fiC v. ::: c:i i> r. z '1 iC fv : o ; r.a c s \ - 'e r v. : 5lies. .'h;ru;c S i'itiO ii -j : Some men's minds, oi course, are more sluggish titan others in absorbing ideas 0i tltis nature: but safety can be visualized and is being visualized every day in almost every shop, piant. dock, ship and quarry in the country. It is being "sola io the workmen through the medium of posters as certainly as by verbal instruc tion and every other means, such as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable through e National Saietv Council, it must be borne in mind, however, that tile posters should not be allowed to become common-place. Report of the Nominating Committee At this point Chairman Conan called for the report of the .Yuuiiiiatiite Com mittee. and new officers ior the Section tor the ensuing year were nominated and elected as follows: General Chairman--E. W. Fiske, Jr,, Sconv Vacuum Co... Inc.. Yew York. Y. A. Vice-Chairman {in Chart!.- of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Shipping Co., Yew York. Y. Y. Vice-Chairman (in Chart:.- of Publicity)--Arthur M. Tode. Consulting Marine Engineer, Yew York. Y. Y. Vice-Chairman tier the Pacific Coast) --A. O. \Yull. General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island. Calif. Secretary*.]olm S. Hunter. The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Steves Letter Editor--Henry Clackstone. United States P. Se 1. Agency. Inc.. San Francisco, Calif. Enaiuccriun Committee Chairman--B. C. Edwards, Cottsultinu Engineer. Yew York, N. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--E. C. Holden, Jr., United State P. & I. Agency, Yew York. Y. Y. Program Committee Chairman--Frank E. Ames, Lykcs Bros.-Ripley steam ship Co.. Yew Orleans, La. Statistics Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Com pany, Yew York, Y. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman-- F. C. Gregory, \\ aterfront Employers Union, San Francisco, Cain. Members at Large-- \V. P. Biggs, Navy Department Safety Engineer. Washington, D. C. C. F. Blackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, Y. J. Frank H. Cccan. The Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railrcati Co.. Hoboken. Y. J. F. P. Foisie. Shipping Federation oi tile State oi Washington, Seattle. Wash. J. M. Griscr, Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile. Ala. Wm. Groundwater, Union Oil Co. oi Calif., Los Angeles. Calii. Henry J. Heidorn. Standard Shipping Company, Yew York. Y. Y. Willard F. Jones. Gulf Refining Co.. Yew York, Y. Y. W . P. Kain. Marine surveyor, Yew York. Y:. Y. T. F. ICavanaeii. Grace Lines. Inc., Yew York, Y". Y. R. K. Kelly. Tide Water Oil Co.. Yew York. Y. Y. Stewart Lee, Jr.. Yew York Shipbuilding Co.. Camden. Y. J. J. L. Luckcnbach, American Bureau oi Shipping. Yew York, Y. Y. Daniel J. Murphy. Murphy. Cook & Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. Carl E. Petersen. Yew port Yews S. B. Cc D. D. Company. Newport Yf.vs. Vn. Byron O. Pickard. Pacific American Steamship Assn.. San Francisco, Calii. H. \Y. Proem. Black Diamond Lines. Yew York. Y. Y. J. K. Robison. Sinclair Navigation Co-. Yew York. Y. Y. J, C. Rolilis. Standard Oil Company oi Calii.. San Francisco. Calii. Arthur R. Savaee. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co.. Port Tampa, Fla. H. L. Seward. Yale University. Yew Haven. Conn. A. J. Smith. Marine Office oi America. Yew York. N. Y. J. H. Tomb. Cant. USY RtcL Yew York State Merchant Marine Academy. Yew York. Y. Y. 1 E. Storm Trosdal. J r . South Atlantic 5. S. Line. Savanna n-j:v; i:M .,, C0 0 3 3 -.ii..frViuCzK';#l '.I f i 7 / C oniifU both of the, -O' "sated rom`: : >.stween the doctor it suspicion oi dis. receive compensation ary human nature into ion bound to occur. ly the company he is ernpieyee and in iavor iust grounds for suspi. octcr to keep his eyes .tny unfair iavors irom cor-toration physician iomjensation cases, he .is patients, simply be tirr.ijm. Exaggeration d due to the patient's '.ter.tional exaggeration .tion or prolonging the ext those patients who most difficult and try- nuch is expected of us t time ior a thorough ague and obscure cotn- never secs. In many ic iarr.iiy doctor, before 'cult tor us to tell the ht develop. A few oi >ttt their various aches patient resignation to ana expect something !e a;:a cast away the or even tragic mistake :al part of onr efforts are really ill or about To an extent nccesexarr.inc these patients, 'ppearancc and human :cr. we can be of some seek information and routine company i'list 's concerning not only r relatives anti friends, moot a nurd the lieccse child into she tousii sician to care ir his rk and asks us to cail i operated upon. The :g a: :.ll times to act All this romes to m ec. !: is usually not en. The tl.inr is open I - [ WE S T Y - T H I R D A X .V l ' AL S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S I X AT IOX A L SAFETY COUXCiL Metals Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Curp., Pittsburgh. Pa. Vice-Chairman--J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corporation, Youngstown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman-- H. W. D ark. Bethlehem Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. Secretary and .Vetes Letter Editer--A. Erqcist, The Youngstown Slice: and Tube Company, East Chicago, Ind. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. E. CcLLl-NEY. Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethelehem, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. R. C. E xcel. The Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Membership Committee Chairman--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp.. Ko. komo, Ind. .Poster Committee Chairman--\Y. D. Sfeicht, Kcvstone Steel Sr Wire Co.. Peoria. 111 Program Committee Chairman--C. M. Allen. The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman--A. M. Lytle. The Newten Steel Company. New ton Falls, O. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass C*\. Pitts burgh, Pa. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. O artel. Carnegie Steel Com pany, Pittsburgh, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman--F. G. Eexnett, The Euckeye Steel Castings Com pany, Columbus. Ohio. Railveay Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand. Pullman Car & Manu facturing Corporation, Pullman. Chicago. 111. Members at Large-- L. S. Adam. Hubbard Steel Foundry. East Chicago. Ind. J. A. ColtriX, National Radiator Corporation. Johnstown. Pa. H. M. Crochan, Inland Steel Ccmuany, East Chicago. Ind. G. A. D w is, .-Illinois Steel Company. Chicago. III. John P. E :b. Illinois Steel Company. Joliet. Ft. E. A. E llis. Wheeling S:ccl O.rr.. Wheeling. W. Va. W. T. Filmer. The Youngstown Sheet anti Tube Co.. V n n. |>ii Ohio. A. C. Gibson. Spang, Chaliam ,v Company. Ine.. Pittsburgh. p ..: :" -. .... ...v. ; .. -h>. :-.. ''V.VJv .*v< ` ;,* v*` . yi~' -sfysV6'"V ~Sv r' ;(/ . Innutil S i; j y: v t J : -.\ itiioitl Astri": Cn.\?.:.F.f W. Manko. Pittsburgh Steel i.V.. Mi'iivs-en. Pa. i O. F. H u n f.Y. American Car ami Foumlry LU.. Ne' York. .V. Y. S. H. H awkks. MaeWhyte Company. Ke:i"sha. i>. H.mviv G. HF..V.-F.L. The Viii)i?tv\vii Sheet and Tube Company. Guess pj W. .1. IxKLA.vti. Kohler Co.. Kohler. WU. VV. A. J.invrs. The Chase Companie?. Watcrlntry, Conn. F. A. LacermaN. Republic Sleei Corporation. South Chicago. I;;. T. K. McKexnev. Illinois Steel Company. South Chicago. 111. D. V. M e d a u e . Interlake Iron Corp.. Chicago. 111. W. E. Megraw. H. H. Robertson Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. Robert L. Schmitt. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Company, Louisville. Ky. J. K. Stafford. Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co.. Decatur. III. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1, 1934 The opening session of the Metals Section was called to order hv General Chair man E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlm Steel Corporation. Pittsburgh. Pa., who presided Chairman Blank introduced Mr. Donald B. Gillies. President. Corrigan. McKinney Steel Co.. Cleveland, who made a brief address oi welcome on behalf of the Con vention City. General Chairman Blank then presented a brief "'Resume oi the Year's Activi ties" of the Metals Section, giving in some detail the activities of omcers and chairman of standing committees, whose work for the Section was highly valued. Chairman Blank then introduced the first speaker. Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. T R A N TE R General Superintendent, M iddletown Division. Trie American Rolling Mill Co, Middletown, Ohio The speaker said in part: If we seek the solution of the accident problem by ;hc same methods used for operating control, we will more quickly improve the plant safety record. For example, safety rules must be regarded in the same manner as operating rules and practice. Some years ago. safety gates had been installed in the rear of open hearth furnaces for the protection of men working on tap holes and runners in a certain plant. The safety appliance was not accepted wholeheartedly by the furnace men until a helper fell oft the hackstamiin? and was fatally injured. Cut after this accident, the gates were always in place. Here is another case. A gas maker was seriously injured during the biiru-oiit A a gas producer. Investigation of the accident discinset! that the man had previ- usly received a number oi minor injuries while working on this particular job. It further developed that he was unsuited to this type of work because, of ace ai|d- j.rcvious training. If this man s foreman Had considered those minor injuries in i.-.^ liclp ,ot a danger signal and transferred the man to a less hazardous j*-b. this cement uouid have been prevented. Discipline in accident prevention as well as in operation should be resorted to ::iy when other means fail. Men usually rcrOT.fWUiugiy to proper inspiration :.:ui leadership In case o! a violation saii-t; a wore! from-- :<.:*.(!cnr to the person who committed ti e act way. lit going about tspS'i v p or ovp-- .-iiia'U 1 11 ." allowed to c-. due to urn ;\ / r an accident f/.-toiett." Industry is in- foerieitccd worki through mot: (in the other ha: . 3v previous mat- i'vs work throuv -ersonal injury to * \Ve cannot sin Auction and expec .jpcrintiiidciit an* i.ji training, not from the standpois.-e closely relate -are experienced The question ridual instruction the hazards conm instruction by the oi his long experi set by the foretna rave a great infl groups of new nt the new employee addressed by the tive. In addition or advancement, cive the new mcr When the new as to the hazards a printed slip or 'roperly instructs- rimed to the Sai tions. Training an o- are required to ds training he accom expectation oi stv and direct appeal, .tarn to work in or other piece of safety problems . ttart and ask que Safety cainpaii " nvenient. it is it ttaien is os-cr. A tent -record. First aid trai. the patient at-, taught to e v e ry i Vzcntly' in order at'l training prne Health plays "V par in this r viiich can be nt renditions which. 000035 L. ' rm^ '* * 1 itncil ;*,.s*r'a`u'MLi-l, S !..m -Croup B). Division-- -.Heavy Mo rs Division-- TW EXTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATI ONAL SAFETY COUNCIL "Veur Hour", sei Co., South r characteristic i- by all the -cccrd of it is Mining Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman-- P. M. Arthur, American Zinc Company of Tennessee, Mascot. Tenn. Vice-Chainnan in Charge of Membership Coal .Mines--Frank B. D unbar, Pickamis. Mather S: Co., Mather, Pa. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Membership Mclai Mines--}. \Y. Alt, Calumet & H cda Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet. Mich. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Engineering--W at. G. Metzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. Secretary and Ncivs Letter Editor--Daniel H arrington, United Slates Bureau oi Mines, Washington. D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--J. T. Pittsburgh, Pa. Poster and Slide Committee Chairman--J. Mines, Pittsburgh. Pa. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., J. F orbes. United States Bureau ol Program Committee Chairman--R. X.. H osler. Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspection Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--M. R. E udd. Explosives Engineer. Wilmington, Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. A dams. United States Eureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Members at Large-- W. H. Comins. Xational Lead Co., St. Francois, Mo. M. F. F airlie. The Mining Corporation of Canada. Ltd., Toronto, Out., Can ada. C. W. G ibbs. Harwich Coal and Coke Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa. H. C. H f.nrie. Phelps Dodge Corp., Bisbee, Ariz. T homas E. L ::::tfoot. Hoppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa. Lee Long. Clir.chtield Coal Corp., Dante. Ya. George Martinson. Pickands, Mather & Co.. Hibbins. Mir.n. D. D. Moffatt. Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah. M. W. P rice. .`eddo-Highland Coal Co.. Jeddo. Pa. L. T. S icka. it. Joseph Lead Co.. Bonne Terre. Mo. --'--Hov.v.itir I. Y'.vng. American Zinc. Lead & Smeltir.c Co.. St. Louis, Mo. 269 i ! -A A '-ii T1*1 ; r--r4?w o c o c : n -. . -. - A S E . t . - T f r ^ .- ..tis s r.- e .3 a- y .jl m w Mining Sedioli 2S1 It is also to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitable ior one central';' or location may not be desirable ior another company. For example itt our two New York state mines, which have the same regulations regarding saiety hats, shoes, goggles, etc., and where the primary reie is also eniorcec that each and every man is . responsible ior his own saiety and ior the saiety o: his iellow worker, great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines and mills. Each department oi the two divisions has a metal sign, ruled in three columns; one being for the month oi the year, while the other two are ior the house keeping rating and lost-time accidents. It the conditions are good, a coid star is placed on the sig n : it only tair a green star is awarded, while or poor cleanliness a red star is given. A gold star counts ten. a green five, and no score is given ior red. These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board, and the basis of com parison between the two mines is thereby made possible. If a score is not periect, or at a reasonably high figure, the department which is negligent receives consider able adverse publicity. If there are no lost-time accidents, a gold star is placed in the accident column. The results of our New York saiety program are reflected by the achievement of operating 162.912 man-hours with only one lost-time accident (which incapacitated a worker ior two days), and this record resulted in the 1932 award of the "Sentinels oi Saiety Trophy." TH URSDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1934 The Dust Problem in Mining Operations By D. E. CUMMINGS. Assistant Director, The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, Michigamme, Michigan The speaker said in part; Refuge can no longer be taken under the shelter of ignorance that the prolonged inhalation oi dust may lead to serious disease, ior the medical, technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing the dangers associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres. W hat. then, should be the proper course to pursue in meeting tilts problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory manner : Eoth industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are danger ous when inhaled, and that quartz or other forms oi pure crystalline s'.kca are most dangerous, constituting a specific tissue poison. Where men are exposed to a suffi cient quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only, a true hazard always exists. The dusts of silica in combination with other elements generally give rise to pulmonary reactions which differ in many respects from those caused by pure silica, and which vary rather widely among themselves in their hamiulness. As a class, and with the notable exception oi asbestos, silicates are less dangerous than pure crystalline silica. Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of producing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themselves, but when asso ciated with silica favorably modity the usual response to this dangerous dust. The effective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as three microns and smaller, while the qualities oi hardness and sharpness are no longer regarded as oi significance. The term pneumonokoniosis is intended to describe the changes arising out ct 'he prolonged inhalation of any dust, harmtu! or otherwise, and does not necessarily imply the presence oi disability, t.0 r a predisposition to pulmonary injections. The term silicosis refers specifically to the disease which results irom 'he prolonged inhalation of harntiul silica dust, and is characterized by a g g eeew td nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes, and increased suspiijiy ! pulmonary infections. Pure silicosis should be regarded as a ger.luifsyjfjif 2S2 T w enty-third A nnual S a fe ly Congress-- N ational S a fety Council tional condition, but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis 5 seldom disabling to any significant degree. Disability usually results trout pulmonary infections, generally tuberculous, which the silicotic contracts or reactivates mere readily, and handles less successfully than the normal person. Every effort should' be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infectioar which will later prove disabling, and to protect those who have pulmonary infec tions front being dangerously exposed to hartttiul dusts. In order to determine which workmen in a hazardous industry have silicosis or pulmonary infectious, all em ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of a complete occupational history and satisfactory stereoscope roentgenograms of tht chest. Since the rate at which silicosis develops depends' upon individual susccptibilhy and the degree of exposure, it follows that these factors should be determined is accurately as possible. Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estimate! fairly accurately from a single examination, and can be defined quite exactly by repeating these examinations at regular intervals. The degree oi exposure fur eacz individual should be evaluated by determining the length oi service, and the con centration. size distribution, and composition of the dust suspended in each working place during each operation. The method generally used to enumerate d a s particles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S. P. H. S. with the addi tion of dark field illumination as suggested hv Fehnel and Cummings. . Size dis tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques. The cot7r. position of the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis, supplemented by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of free and combined silica and the other minerals. A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of th: mortality records in and about the locality under study, and by the informatiai obtained from carefully performed post-mortem examinations on employees wh: have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause. If these pr;- ccdurcs for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervision of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and confusing specs of the problem, the investigation wilt be worth while regardless of the conditio-. which arc discovered. Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sig nificant hazard, both the employer and employees will gain the protection whits this knowledge affords; and if a health hazard is discovered, the original investiga tion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to over come the dangers disclosed. The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can he reduced as success fully as were accidents, by the Safety First program, and the chief requisite i: success lies in establishing adequate control procedures. The physical condition :r all the employees must be determined at regular intervals, and weil interprets; roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure.. Men applying f r work should not he hired until they have passed a thorough physical exautinati.r.. including chest roentgenograms. Reliable records should be established to show t:ts exact time, place and duration of employment for each person working in hazard.'u, positions. Policies of employment should be worked out ior each mine or plair. based upon an accurate knowledge of the physical. condition of each employee, s; that all oi the workmen may be protected from contracting occttpaf.-.'.al disabilities. Occupations should he selected which are compatible with the physical condition .t the employee. Care should he taken to protect the silicotic iron't infection, or en case of infection from harmful exposure to silica, or the normal individual frjr. contracting cither silicosis or pulmonary infections. Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust bazar::- in mines or plants, and it should become accepted practice, where a hazard exist.-, to maintain a constant check on the amount of dust present in tite working atm >- phcrc. The method of dust counting accepted as standard by the U. 5. P. H. r. should be adopted by all industries having a liazartl. tint oriiv to detcrnvne the am- of dust in the air. but more particularly to maintain a control over' the effect ness ui the procedures adopted to reduce the dusCTpjbust^d .should Le.key w`-v will disclose the amount of dust present in each iSSIpcfetpiace. and the prevent-7 0 - measures which are in use. r.z 0 CCCC8 Mi A3V2t M ilting Section 2S3 Shortly alter tlte inauguration oi a program dcsipjttcci to control a known ciust hazard. it ill become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure. Personnel problems will arise, due to the reiuctance oi labor to accept new procedures, and in the end. these problems must be dealt with by educating workmen to recognize the necessity ior introducing meth ods to control dust hazards. The question oi what men should be told regarding their physical examinations should iollow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual eases. As industry becomes more iamiliar with this problem, it win discover the serious need tor further rcscarcit. Since silicosis is a true occupational disease, disability resulting from or a t tributable to it should he compensable in the same manner as other injuries sus tained as the result oi employment Only the intelligent cooperation of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration. Silicosis from the Operators' Standpoint By G. C. B A T E M A N Secretary, Ontario Mining Association, Toronto, Ont., Canada The speaker said in part: It is important to know what causes silicosis, hut ui-.icss a knowledge if the cause leads to a cure, it is not nearly as important front the operators" viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce tlte incidence. With all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years, we still do not know the cause and we still have no cure, but wc have learned a lot about how to reduce the incidence. " The siiicosis proviso, ns of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in l'Jifi. These provided for the examination oi all men employed in positions in mines where they were exposed to silica dust, for all such workers to be tlic holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis oi tlte respiratory organs, and also ior compensation to men affected by silicosis. This legislation was introduced as a result oi a survey in Northern Ontario mining camps which indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners. There being no reason at that time to question the results of this surtcv the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated fully with the Government in the steps considered necessary to nicvt the situation. When this legislation was first introduced in Ontario, we were advised that men with a moderate degree of silicosis, while not physically disabled, were better it.of the industry and that they should lie paid a lump sun: which would assist them in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation We were further advised that if we took active steps to clean up the situation then existing, pension the more serious cases ami remove men in the eariy stages i silicosis iron: underground, the situation would he well in hand, the first exvvn.se wouid he the heaviest, and that from then our liability- would be practically limited to tiic anteprimary cases as they developed. When the 192' Amendments were approved h\ the mines it was our under- audios that ir.cn in tlte anteprimary stage had suffered no impairment of w..rising capacity ar.d that the i f " ' 1 payment -was a compassionate allowance for rehabili tation ami not for disability. Wc further umlerstooil that with the payment of i:ftl to these fleet-*. : T artI eg:; 1 t - i ll * i W e d . :.reprim .:r*. men our responsibility in respect to them would he practically ended. ii'iwevi. r. ::::ic tin.* k "T.I pi*5JttO!l was ilisVcfLiit. The C tune:*.*ation :r.akc r.:: K'.varn c \ Ccjit ['*r riisahi iit> awl where liwahiiiity S:a- -nec 'i ihc k'.-ii::s:am c:i;i C"inc hack ! r review r.n VV'.MCJVcc ! :*:rihcr :> ccncr.*.*' accvuiv i ::nt a :'an. i :crc!'T-.- . ; \\ ii -cc*M!'inry mIioliAi? :w icniic'i V.i ii:: Act. i: .any I'cottc r. intnr v :m \' niiii :r'iv. any v. hat >a-ver i i vnc i t'erem. i he w.! - * om:*:::: C-ii>:kTc,i t> i'c li'V .i : - r; :?.\ l <i ai :;: a\ i - T.JO C* :vii v fingt-.i. Si.is l? / mIrV*m**** ,1*4. ** pfs-s'.i.--] 18 "iiy v tfl M m ' w m "i 1 sWiR! ml ,.j.. ' X',-V .,..; *k7*o *.' . : : .,vr V' i V *vV 2S-t 7 wuty-t/iird A initial Safety Congress-- W::;onal Safety Council When. thereiore. an award oi S500 was made the Compensation Doard imme diately set up a prospective reserve lor progression oi an additional SU.500. with the result that we had an estimated liability to the end oi f03i Uf' several million dollars, most oi which was outstanding. With the passage oi time it also became apparent that the removal oi the men iront underground employment in the early stages oi silicosis did not have the results anticipated. The payment oi a lump sum award did not in most cases serve the end expected. As a general rule this money was expended tor other things ami the men made little effort to rehabilitate themselves. A certain number oi men classified as silicotic continued iu their underground employment and wc found practically no difference in the rate of progression in those who continued as com* pared with those who were taken out oi the mines. Some oi this may have heen due to the altered economic status, but even it the economic status had remained the same, we were forced to the conclusion that there was little ii any benefit to the men by removing them front underground work, unless of course, there was evidence oi an onset o i tuberculosis. It should, of course, be understood that during this time active efforts were made hy the mines to improve ventilation and to allay dust. Without this the above statement would not hold true. Steps were aiso taken by the mines to pro vide that men in the early stages of silicosis were placed where the conditions underground were most favorable. Our experience also indicated that the early stages oi silicons do not necessarily mean an impairment of working capacity. This is all the mure important on ac count oi the difficulty oi diagnosing silicosis in its early stages, as there is no sharp line oi demarcation between the pre-anteprimary and the nntcprimnry, or between anteprimary and prim ary stages, and as a matter oi fact, wc heiieve that there is a great deal more _uncertainty in the diagnosis oi silicosis than the medical men are willing to admit. The determination is largely a matter, of personal judgment and thcreiore subject to error. A rrcat deal oi w hat may be read into an X-ray run depends upon the technique in taking the film. Certain other diseases and chest conditions will also give iu the ra n an appearance simulating that of silicosis sr.d wc heiieve it is safe to say that without a definite knowledge oi occupational history the diagnosis of silicosis in its earlier stages would he practically impossible. In view of these conditions, it was felt that the industry was carrying an unfair burden and in 1933 the Act was amended. The ar.tenritnary and primary classifica tions were deleted, compensation was made payable only for disability, which means actual impairment oi working capacity, men with a moderate decree of silicosis were allowed to continue underground work and the industry was relieved from unlimited liability in respect to progression by providing that the claimant must make and establish his claim for disability within p.vo years oi leaving the employ ment a: which he was exposed to dust, to entitle him to compensation. As I said beiore. silicosis is essentially an employer's problem. It is in many places an important item in his cost of production and to a considerable degree it is a controllable item of expense. If the employer simply leaves the matter in the hands of the doctors, lie will have no one to blame hut himself over what it costs him. The opinion of the ordinary practitioner and even oi the roent genologist and expert chest and lung man mav he little' value. Only the opinion ni those doctors who have had special training ::: the diagnosis oi silicosis from Iwth clinical and X -ray examinations should he accepted, and even those opinions cannot be accepted in ail cases. We do not say this with any intention of criticizing the members of the medical nrofej'ion. hut where the natter is so important anil costly to industry, where so little is actually known about the disease, and vhcrc there i- still an element 01 uncertainty in the diagnosis of silicosis in its earth r stages, ton much care cannot he exercised, and the closest scrutiny hy industry v.i-ich has to pay the hills is n>l,it necessary. The host results can only he ohtaim-i hy die employers and the doc tors working together, hut the employer trust cnildec^it as one oi his particular problems. I have also tnicd that in the absence ni any itiucli more nni|portahi; ife m r OCOO-iO ; 'S1"-* VC.J S-'.- uijW .-sor y nf-VAa to km prevc: physic 3. with It remo' where sourci men : V. the v half . titv i- W or th in St in th-. we ri llte r a car high using show X care: quire lion their phvr i; bitted "are with the . tuber *. imme; "jQ. with ` million the men have the 'cs serve .in?s and of men ve found as comave been remained cneftt to ere was rts were this the 4 to proonditions veessariiy on ac- no slurp between there is deal men judgment techy pic give in *fc to say i silicosis an unfair lassinca;h means silicosis vc*l from ant must employ- in many decree matter in ver what he rnent? opinion ?i> from opinions : medical where ** ment of -? cannot i* most e i!-"C tea jV/f/inir? .Scff/oit 2S5 to know how to reduce the incidence titan to know the cause. We believe the duct preventive measures are as follows: 1 . Improvement in fundamental working conditions in the matter of ventila tion and allaying dust. 2. A rigid initial examination to keep out of the industry those men whose physical condition would indicate a type most susceptible to silicosis and tuberculosis. 5. Control oi tuberculosis not only among employees, but also among those with whom they come in contact. It goes without saving that it silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust, tire- removal ol dust will remove the cause. This means ventilation and lots oi it. and where possible the wetting down of dusty places. In mining operations the chief" source oi dust is believed to be from blasting, therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important. Ventilation and water will remove the visible dust from the air. but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage. It is the dust that ranges between onehalf and five microns that is dangerous and is.so difficult to remove, and the quan tity in the air can only be determined by some method ot sampling. W e would consider it a mistake to have either the type oi sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law. This may be all right on the Rand in South Airica where conditions arc more or less standard, but it is not advisable in the United States or Canada, where conditions vary so greatly. For one thing, we do not know what constitutes harmful dust and there is no standard practice lor the treatment oi dust sample slides. The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dnst-irce atmosphere, would show an apparent very high dust count. Dust sampling, however, should he a part of the regular muting, using the type of apparatus best suited tn the particular conditions, and this will nhow whether the atmosphere is good, fair or poor. N'ext to ventilation and the laying oi dust, the most important measure is to care fully select the type oi men tn he allowed to work in the industry. This re quires a rigid initial examination which should include a complete physical examina tion and X-ray. By this means men with the type ot chest which would indicate their susceptibility to tuberculosis and silicosis can he eliminated. The complete physical examination should also have a beneficial effect on the accident rate. Uncomplicated silicosis is not a big problem, but silicosis and tuberculosis com bined represent a very real problem. The measures for the control of tuberculosis are well known. Particular care should be taken that men with tuberculosis be withdrawn irom the industry and giver, proper care and treatment. Places where the c?-:nloycc5 live should also be supervised to see that they are not exposed to tuhcrcuiar contacts. ffB k u;iS . :<5H .v.'si \U Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR. H. H. MOORE and DR. M. J. K ELLY Medical Staff. HoIIinger Consolidated Gold Mines. Ltd., i Timmins, Ontario, Canada The speaker said in part: In ICC* the Ontario Minin? Act was amended to provide physical examination on cmpi`;~ :cr.t and yearly thereafter, or twice yearly if indicated, oi all underground men. 7 he employed the workman must hold an n:nc:r.I certificate good for twelve nv statin? that he is free from disease of the rt$oirat**ry organs. This certihcatt must be renewed at each annual examina- ii'n. I:i the meantime, an amendment '.be W orkmen'.* Compensation Act nro- \ided :**r the ar*r-intmcnr i medical " workin? under the supervision m the <".'i:\*ation H.\ird to conduct these ::amination>. Cases oi siiieo:* arising a: :;e?e t\nmiur.::.u.* arc submitted to ' Workmen's C-. mpensation Hoard i:' ih* t'.iai e\o o cure silica -i five years Ontario mines verified.. I.t - ::ir:c v .silic o tic .* . there i4 a c! ; chuck kept on the possible tir.diwfeSi^ss ti e ::hro*i? ::: any C,ve and if ik-Cv1- ry -tup* are taken to remove sKsSwcisc fr^ir. '.armfui c?:::act with hies. Wf CC-I1 2S6 Twenty-third Amitml S.tfcty Congress--Witiomil Safety Council Tlie act in its present form was passed in Woo and served to clear tltc sit'.::.::.-.n which had become involved by the tie-lip of large sums of money in reserve ::::tds against possible future claims by men adjudged silicotic previously, hut who had since been lost sight oi or who were carrying on at work showing a minimum : no disability. -- From the workman's point of view, the new act is a great step forward, a- it allows a man to continue at his usual duties underground as long as lie is aKe to work without any serious degree of discomfort. Previously, a workman was ad vised to quit underground work when a certain stage of fibrosis had lieen reached, regardless of his ability to carry on., and sacrificed his rights to compensation if lie continued to work. In the X-ray examination of die chests of the 007 men employed at the Ho'.'iinger mines during 1933. determinations arc graded as follows: .Yunna/ is a chest show ing little or no fibrosis, where the condition oi the lung is hotter than the average for the age. M. F. or "More Fibrosis" is a chest which is normally found r.i the average adult at tltc age of the miner under consideration. .1/. F. P.. "More Fmrosis Plus" is a chest showing slightly more fibrosis than normal for the particular asc. .1/. F. P. P. or "More Fibrosis Plus Plus" is a chest showing considerably .tore fibrosis titan normal and is a pre-silicotic stage. Silicotics are that group which show a great deal of fibrosis and taking into consideration tlte mining history and consequent exposure to silica, are thus termed. Admittedly, disability may may not he present. This last group ranges from the early silicotics with a minimum of disability to the late complicated o r secondary cases with marked ' disability and tuberculosis. It must lie added that a large number of men at the commencement of employment at the Hollhigcr. and without_previous mining experience nr c -utact with silii sltow chests of NI. F. P. rating. Following arc the results of ination: Normal ...................................... . 33................... ........... 1.47 M. F ............................................ .920................... ........... 40.S7' M. F. P...................................... .932................... ...........41.4% M. F. P. P................................. . 93................... ........... 4.37c Silicotics .................................. . 24................... Average contact with silica oi men working and M. F. P. P......................... years. Silicotic...................... .13 years. N est is an analysts of tlte changes in chest rating in 1933. Normal to M. F ............................... Normal to M. F. P .......................... 0 M. F . to M. F. P.......................... .307 M. F. P. to M. F. P. P .............................. V M. V. P. P. to T. R. 1 M. F. P. P. to A. P. A. P. to P. . . . M. F. :o Normal . . . . M. F. P. to M. F............ M. F. P. P .tn M. F............ M. F. P. P. to M. F. P. .. T. n . ? to M. F........... T. B. ? :o M. F. P. A. P. :o M. F. P. P. .231 .... 11 . . . . '31 .... 1 . . . . 20 .... 1 .... 1 .... 1 p. to A. P .....................................' . . . 'Co Total 49? These figures cover approximately 500 men in whom there was some change in chest rating during tltc ;.tar. and tlte direction oi the change. Tlte remaining 1-00 men tow no change :r -:n the previous year. It ill he nbserf.-: :`:at 331 men showed an iucrcac it: fibrosis rating. wh iltJO d show chests \th:e!: are >'" proved. The .explanation given for tlte u sljuws ini n n n t 'f- in the first place, that some concurrent bronchinrjgsTM aici respir3 tory'*ini*ts<sit I.UtLi complicated the picture tit the previous annual cfijiffloiMon and'so caused a mpw.;.i -iv-f*-. ad au lii r;:- II alile : pre-si rated figure and > Tv dust1. work: dust 2 ai r. Ir. reali/ tetti objcc uttdc: it. ! ili tl: quali'. Kota A ir eigln A 1. duce 2. cars are ,,> are to r whi tirili tiouwor thn ibis pro\ witl* rais * Icep: oi cor. nifi.che is tra. tre: am vy. '.-'vv.'y; IS! oniicil. - the situation reserve funds but who had '.inimuut or nn iorwartl, as it lie is able to .man was adbeen reached, .ensation if he the Hollitieer a chest show.11 the average found in the M ore Fibrosis 'articular ace. -tdcrablv more . croup wiiicii nr history and may or may a minimum of disability and commencement ice nr contact nt this exam- . . Id years ..15 vears some c.-Muee lie rein.'iiu'-'e veil that -VI h'Vh are :::r 'Vvinem .-. ::::ect:*n ` i Mining Section 2S 7 adiaucetl rating to he given. The second explanation is that constant improvement in radiological technic is - making diagnosis more accurate. It would seem, thcrciorc. that on the whole the situation is showing consider able improvement from this viewpoint. During 1033 no ease progressed from the prc-silicotic t*j. the silicotic stage. In the years np to 1933. 130 men had been rated silicotic and the tola! cost to the Holiingcr involved a sum of $913.930. which figure includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs ami possible future claims. - -- Two objects bare been kept in mind during the many years oi study oi the dust problem at the Holiingcr Mine. " 1. The collection oi complete data regarding the nature oi air breathed by workmen in different occupations, its chemical composition, temperature, humidity, dust content and rate oi flow. 2. Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such air. In searching to adapt a method for the determination of air dustiness, it was realized that no instrument has been devised which would measure the dust con tent oi the air with scientific precision. Furthermore, it was felt that the principal object oi making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count oi the air was undesirably high, and if such a condition was found,to devise a method of reducing it. Hence, ior practical purposes, the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range oi desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities of dust is most desirable. The circular fConimeter. invented by Sir Robert Kotzc and introduced to the Miners' Phthisis Prevention Committee oi South Africa in 1919. lias therefore been used in the Porcupine District ior the past eight years. A summary of nur investigations along tliis line ntay be given as follows: 1. About 9tl0 of the underground force arc engaged in work whicii will pro duce dangerous dust if measures of control arc not applied. 2. Of this number a little nver 400 arc engaged inshoveling broken ore into cars and the average dust exposure dues not exceed 300 particles ii the muck piles arc kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted. 3. The remaining 300 men arc engaged in drilling and blasting operations and are subjected to severe potential hazard. Men engaged in stopes who do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1 2 0 0 particles, while using the ordinary type drills. It is felt that the use oi the "dnstless'' type of drifter will reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particles. 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra tions nt dust, namely. 1200 particles. Where possible, two development drills are worked simultaneously by the one crew, so that the men do not have tn go back through the deit-c tiu.-l alter blasting the cut. There arc only a few exceptions ic this rule and when necessary to go back to load the remaining holes, the men are provided with the special respirator. 5. The high dust concentrations in the vicinity oi stopers we hope to deal w it h b y the use .*i c o m p r e s s e d a i r mask s. A l s o tile pra c tic e o f d riv i n g a d j a c e n t raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting. With the constant improvement and maintenance of general health conditions kept alwa-s to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution of the sii'.co'is problem, the men ai the Holiingcr Mine are cared ior under a contract medical sy-tem. The facilities and service at mine, office and hospital are most C'lmnielc ami efficient and in combination with, the annual or semi-annual check made by the meiiicai sin:: of tite Compensation Hoard, health of the worker- is under constant suner.'sion. Men who report with such, conditions as iioii-tuhcrca'.ous or non-siiicotic chest iroubie. v. i::: fi.cai uuecti'-n m teeth, tonsils, sinuses, etc., arc siugieti out a:iti treated and nine--zed ami where necessary changes in occupation arc made or res: and meat: .:: periods a .i-cd. A: the mine. coi:-t:t.:t i:uur .ven:e:its have ln.en made and at preset:: the follow ing :- tut r>ii::::-.v A w>ri.'er coining otf shut remote- all hi- .ur.tzapc clothing. wet r.'.im - iP m a -'i |;,v r-I -'JiflE/.fl Id'S ,u m iJSi ..".p-k? d.T i hrii ifjrt'} ? ' li m* 1" I? HI ik. IV, t.k 2SS Twatty-lhini Amunii Safely Congress--.Vitiionjl Safety Com;Al atmosphere for 14 to IS hours, during which they are thoroughly dried. Alter undressing the miner passes through a scries of shower baths oi temperatures vary ing from hot to coid. Alter drying he proceeds to his locker where he has placed his street clothes before the beginning of rise shift. __ With a view to reducing the infection of silicotics with tuberculosis, a clinic has been established in Timmins. An experienced public health nurse ii- employied full time and it is her duty to visit all tuberculosis suspects and patients, all con tacts with these cases and contacts with silicotics to arrange for their examination and supervision and ii necessary for treatment. Weekly clinics are held at which such patients are examined clinically, radiologicallv and by bacteriological and bio logical tests. Since January of 1933. approximately 30 dangerous cases of tuberculosis have been removed frory the district to a sanitarium and many more less severe cases placed on bed rest at home or on restricted activity. It is feit that .by removing these cases from contact with silicotics. that within a comparatively short time tuberuclosis will be moderately well controlled and since tuberculous infection is necessary to precipitate secondary silicosis, this movement, it will be appreciated, is an excellent one. ADJOURXMBXT mmi Mi trot E l liS ii fm j *t i}X. :: Ml M :~5 TIC E X T Central C j Viee-Chnirn:. Co., Green Secretary Maine. Prnpram C. Ohio. Eilfjiiircrii: York, X. Statistics C Cornell. V Health C. .7 . Co.. Ham Poster C-r. Carroliiv'Contest C Members E rnest \y . j. : E. R. Port: W m. } Kex.vk W. a . Jnnv \V. J. J. J. r . S.\. E. D. F. H. 'n n y* ococ : 1 ? --- * * ^ :licit rkcrs. both hem to aid ry or tion:y commituy. ii the i:; the past urance prevc on paper : to criticize may still be d. there are actions and ii recognizes oration with ngiiieer has, i to analyze of the operoi operating J 1-- -V , ' .y j r,y . K tiii-r^rv TIEENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Ai W' Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 Cenerei! Chairman-- R. W. B lack. Standard Oil Co. ot X. J., Elizabeth, X. J'ice-Cntinr.,in-- A. \V. E reela.vd. Lone Star Gas Co.. Dallas, Texas. Chairman. Mtlantie Division--J. H. Eaotvx. Tide W ater Oil Co.. New York. X. \ . Chairman. Creai Lakes Division--]. H. H erbert, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio!, Cleve land. Ohio. Chairman. .\fiil-Contincul Division-- A. A. Odell. Earnsdall Refineries, Inc.. Tulsa. Oltla. Chairman. Cntj Division--\Y. P. K svm ond, J r.. Standard Oil Co. oi Louisiana. Baton Rouge. La. Chairman. Rocky Mountain Division-- 13. V. O sbo r n . Standard Oil Co. (Ind.). Casper. \Yyo. Chairman. Pacific Division-- ]. K. R. 2ERTS. The Texas Co.. Los Angeles. Calif. R e v s L ater EJiior--G. 0 . Lockwco. The Empire Companies. Eartlcsviile. Ok!a. Cnffinecrhi;' Committee Chairman--R. B. RoaI'KR. H'.'.inble Oil and Reining Co.. Houston. Texas. Health Cemmitlec Chairman--Dr. R. A. Jewett. Getterai Petroleum Corporation o: California. Los Angeles. Calii. Paster Committee Chairman--H. J. V.'tLSox. Associated Oil Co.. San Francisco. Prayrum Committee Chairman--C. L. Hiciitower. United Gas Company, Houston. Texas. PuIllicit;.- Committee Chairman--]. 1. Risixgf.r. Magnolia Petroleum Co.. Dallas. 'Texas. Statistics Committee Chairman-- J. \Y. M vers. Standard Oil Co. (X . J.). New York. N. V. Past G enesi Chairmen-- R. S. Eoxstti. Standard Oil Co. X. J.l. Xvw Y: rk. X. Y. Y. R. CttnttiE. The Texas Co., r ! juston. Texas. R. E. D o n o v a n . Slaudani Oil 7 .rr.pany o Cali : .. San Francisco. C C. !.. HtctirnwER. United Ga? ~ .mpany. Houstc Texas. Geh. ? Pttt sstxn. Union Oii C. " pany ni Cali:.. Los Angeles. Calii. E. 1. Ssxne. S*'-cony-Vacuum C rp.. Xew York. X. Y. C. W . Smith. Standard Oil C: ind.l. Chicar- . ill. r cu>. j ,--It . X. D:-aPxv'.ro:.icEu.snAmSue::--.:,i:iCPoleuttmetlie. uTmeliIa:::.;t:Otuktlea.. Dallas. T S 307 t' - \j T W E N T Y - T H I R D A .V.VV A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Public Utilities Section' Officers 1933-34 General Chairman-- F. M. P eppf.r. Illinois Bell Telephone Co.. Cliicaao. III. Vice-Chairman for' Telegraph and Teleflume Interests--D. \V. W ait. The Eell Tele phone Co. of Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh. Pa. Vice-Chairman fur Gas Interests--E. J. Iniieii. Philadelphia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. Vice-Chairman for Electric Interests and P ra g m a --Roy M. Godwin. Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Secretary--Jo n s J. B arara. I.aclcdc Gas Light Co.. St. l.ouis. Mn. .\Vk\c Letter Editor--R ay A. Edwards. San Diego Consolidated Cas ami Electric Co.. San Diego. Calif. Engineering Committee Chairman--W. H. Milligan. Hydro-Electric Power Com mission. Toronto. Dot.. Canada. Health Committee Chairman-- Du. H art E. F isher. Chicago Rapid Transit Cu.. Chicago. III. Membership Committee Chairman--A. A. Kunt.k. Public Service Co. of Colorado. Denver. Colo. Poster and Film Strip Committee Chairman--H. W . L crck. Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago. 111. Puhiieity Committee Chairman--H. E. SltF.DD. Appalachian Electric Power Co. Ehtcneiri. \V. Ya. Statistics and Contest Committee Chairman--IV. H. Drown-, Northern Stole* Pott Cl Co.. Minneapolis. Minn. Special Representatives-- ). M. BfSWEt.t.. San Joaquin I.iaht & Power Corp.. Fresno. Calif. S. C. Dickinson, Pacific Gas and F.lectric Co.. San Francisco. Calif. P.vfL R. K elt s'. Penn Central Light and Power Co.. Altoona. Pa. W. R. Lnvn. Alahama Power Co.. Birmingham. Ala. H. A. P tolem y, Public Service C m. of Northern Illinois, Chicago. 111. .'IIv Stilwf.l:. Ci>n>ohdaied Gas Co ,.i Xew York. Xew York. X. V. 'V. A. P.i riiANAV. Appalachian liieetric Power Co.. Welch. IV. Vs. F.. L. Don-a. Niagara Hud.-.n Power ( 'i.rporatii'it. Syracv.-e. N. V, C">|,. J..P-- E. 5. Df.m-mont. The Pvi.ole., f,.-,. Light X Cmho Co.. Chicago. Ijl. H. Do ii.-.t. Vi'i-Coitsin gyl4icS^TVtri: t>.rp.'. Miluankce. W i9 E ^ * .v - . .. . D D M cC iu.nru. !'.urc:uj^?iy>.`ri;'- i-frii'.nro, -Hi __ _ A. ,.1 Safety Council isconsin: no disabling .io n ; no disabling in-, lie. Missouri: no dis. B .; no disabling in- g injuries while work- g injuries while work. no disabling injuries . -.iincsota: no disabling balding injuries while : no disabling injuries Michigan; no disabling bee. Canada: no dis. no disabling injuries lirce disabling injuries balding injuries while injuries while working TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NA TI ONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Quarry Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman--O t iio M. C haves. The General Crushed Slone Co.. Easton. Pa. I'iee-Chairnmn--W il l ia m H. E a k e h . J. F.. Baker Co.. York. Pa. Secretary ami .Viter Letter liitilnr--V. P. A iieaen. National Sand and Gravel Association. Washintgon, D. C. Paster Committee Chairman--H. 1: . Viittf.::. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. publicity Committee Chairman--J. R. IJovii. National Crushed Stone Association. Washington. D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. A dams. United States Bureau oi Mines. Washington. D. C. .1/ embers at Lat/c-- XOXMAN G. K ul'GII. The National Lime Ass ration. WashingK::. D. C. H. Y. O w e n s . Eastern Ruck Products. Inc.. Utica. N'. Y. John P r in c e . Stewart Sand and Material C ... Kansas City. Mo. A. L. Wohthen. The Connecticut (Juarries C'-.. Inc.. New Have::. Conn. W E D N E S D A Y M O R N IN G SE SSIO N October 3, 1934 The opening session oi the Quarry Section wa- railed to oriler l-y J -lui Catnpcil. Director. Bureau oi Inspection. Pennsylvania artmem ot l.ahvr :.ud Industry, Harrisburg. Pa., who presided. This was che-!u r! to be a joint session with the CemvMt Section. Chairman Cnmpi-.li intrndu.'.- P. A. Mori. W.-rks Manager, Cleveland Quarries Companx. Ainlier-:. Ohio, who : ade a lirici address vi welcome the dcieeates on the part oi the cit;. t.'leveia:'. In lieu oi the annua: report -i the general v'r. r ran Otl>> M. Graves, who was unable to be present, a lengthy xurv-wa--read :r :ti him expr^iiii:.- regrets i'.:a:ri::ar. Caniplieli then introduced the rirst ei.-. t --L F-A g * % w irw CY .,, a m m : j.iiii-tr' ViariV:' ' .v- - m m \ ' 350' Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council The D ust Hazards in Industry By DR. R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in C harge, Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation, United States Public H ealth Service, Washington,"D."C. The speaker said in p a rt: Realizing the importance of ther dust problem in industry, the United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau oi Mines began its first study oi the health oi workers in dusty trades in 1914, in the mines oi Joplin, M issouri; and later, in 1923, the Public Health Service inaugurated a scries of dust studies. These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations. Briefly, these methods of study may be divided as follows: (1) examination to determine die general' physical condition of the workers under observation; (2 ) special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting irom exposure to' the particular dust hazard; (3) record of the nature and severity of the disabling illnesses; (4) analysis and detailed study of the occupational environment; (5) occupational mortality^ statistics relating to the specific dust; and (6 ) autopsies. The first six intensive investigations carried out by die Service dealt with the health of workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant, granite cutting industry, anthracite and bituminous coal mining, silverware manufacturing plant, cotton cloth manufacturing, and in municipal street sweeping. Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate, granite, marble and talc quarries, while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed. These six dust studies showed that the workers ir. the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were lound to suffer from an excess of pulmonary tuberculosis aitcr 15 years or more of exposure and developed silicosis :r;m 2 to 10 years. In the group exposed to a lesser amount of dust, silicosis developed only aiter prolonged exposure, with r.o excess of tuberculosis. I t was found that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the extent and severity of the pulmonary damage. Anthracite coal miners suffered :r:m dyspnoea and other signs oi pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate of respiratory sickness; in addition, an excessive mortality from influenzapneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found. Bituminous coal miners experi enced a generalized fibrosis of the lungs and an excess mortality from influenza and pneumonia. Cement workers showed some signs ci early pneumoconiosis with an excess oi diseases oi the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, workers in the cot::n cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers were negative for respiratory conditions and other iUr,esses when compared with the genera: industrial population. ,, Rock rilling. For five years, the United States Bureau oi Mines studied lead and zinc miners m die T ri-S tate District. Oklahoma. The ore here is high in free silica. Of the 7.722 men examined, a group of 1,G4*. or 21.3 per cent, was definitely diagnosed as having silicosis, not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis. All the rr.er. diagnosed as having first-stage silicosis ::s<! worked an average of 13 years, but those men starting in the mines after years of age worked an average c: only S years. The '.Vink of rock drilling in subway and tunne! construction in .Yew York City is in some respects similar to that of some of the activities in the hard rock mines, a: !:-ast in so far as the manner in which dut is evolved, the type of dust and the resultant hazard. Recently the result a study of rock drillers, blasters an ; excavators was -repented by the New Ytr.-: Tuberculosis and Health Associat:;:.. An examination of 20S rock driilcrs. blasters and excavators showed that US. -tr per cent of the men had silicosis in various staucs oi progression. The exposure of most ci nan: ioan Quarry Section 351 National Safety Council. This investigation indicated that, judged by the nature of the dust and degree of the exposure, a real hatard exists in this occupation. This study also brought out the iact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety, provided properiv designed and well maintained equipment is used. Diatomaccous Silica Workers. Most oi the data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing tree silica in the form of quartz. Such studies have been made in the granite industry, pottery trades, hard rock drilling, etc. There are other free silica minerals in existence that are not crystalline in nature but of an amorphous composition. In Santa Barbara County, California, there exists the largest and purest diatomaceous silica deposit in the world. This substance consists of about 85 per cent free silica. Recently an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than 1 year, 1 to 2 years, 2 to 5 years, and more than 5 years. All oi the workers were Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of x-ray determinations, social and medical histories, and clinical examinations of the chests. Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported. The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men. Eighty-tour per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition. It was found that 60 men showed signs of early pneumoconiosis: 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage. This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of more than 5 years. Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry Industry. It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed sheds: quarry work is done outdoors and hence may not be attended with very much dust exposure. However, certain quarry operations require the use oi pneumatic tools, which are usually associated with the formation o f . considerable quantities of dust. It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem. Accordingly, a study of a dinicoradioiraphic nature of 65 quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained. The dust determinations show that nearly 3S per cent of the workers ( drillers) were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the present time. Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes. Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis, and 4 of :':c 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition. This tudy suggests that quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis as do pneumatic-tool workers in granite cutting sheds. Encct of Inhaled Marble Dust. The pulmonary fibrotic changes due to the "inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused hy stone dust containing a high percentage ot silica in the form of quartz. A recent study made by us among marble workers showed that although marble dust, when inhaled in concentrations averaging about 25 million particles per cubic ioot of air. produced a mild bilateral, linear fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined, no serious lung changcs_ were noted ar.d there was no disability due to the dust, even after m.ar.v years of exposure (more than 40 years in some cases). The marble dust under consideration consisted of 93 per cent calcitc and 2 per cent dolcif.itc. with no silica present. Dust Hazard in A r-'osiz-e Industry. Artificial abrasives are widely used in industry and for this reason the effect of the inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance. In 1925. 1929 and again in 1951. Dr. Clark of `.lie Morton Company at Worcester. Mass., made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels, which showed that during a period of 15 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber- culosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments .here no abrasive dust occurred. In 1951. Kessler, of Mew Jersey, reported the recurrence oi over 1 0 0 oases of alleged silicosis in the abrasive powder industry, in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica. Exposure to Silicate Past. It lias been the belief that the inhalation of dusts n composed of silicates i combined siiica), in comparison with silica (free silica in ::; the form of quartz), was innocuous. Of rcce many investigators have g.wsv!v* become cognizant of tics hazards of silicate dus^japosirc. Asliest osT sfrr fibrersiv. ,Se$- r....... ! r- tfwyo. 000040 . .j . -* - . j* 352 Twenty-third Annual Safety Congress--tcationul Safety Council dust, which contains about 2 2 per cent combined silica, has been studied, and th: effects. of the inhalation by workers has been discussed here. In March. 1 V3 3 , Dreessen. of the United States Public Health Service, reported the results of a study conducted anion? tremolite talc and slate workers. The slate dust to which these workers were exposed consisted. mainly of silicates, there being less th&a 3 per cent of quartz in the dust. T he talc was a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicate, hem? 43 per cent talc and 43 per cent tremolite. with no quartz present. The results of the study seemed to indicate a relationship hetween the amount oi cast inhaled and the effect of this dust on the lungs of workers. Statistical Studies. Recently, Lanza and Vane" estimated that there are some 500.000 workers engaged in the' mining, quarrying, and manufacturing industries in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is en tailed. Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance companies for the period 1015-1926 showed that the actual mortality from respiratory r e t i culosis among the silica exposed persons was about three times that of a sin silica dust group. It one considers their data for certain occupations in mead mines and granite and sandstone quarries, occupations known to be exposed to high concentrations of hazardous dusts, then the comparison is more striking, sbee the actual deaths among these workers was found to he ten times that oi the ex pected deaths. More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported by the Registrar-General of England and W ales f 1921-19231, and summarized by Britten, show the high rate oi 1 .SS6 per 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 ior tin and copper miners, while the rate for "all occupied and retired males'' was only 150. Other occupations with s2ca exposure showed an excess. From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced by the inhalation of certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowledge oi the properties of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology is essential. Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate that these properties are the chemical and mineralogical composition oi the dust, is concentration in the industrial atmosphere, and its particle size. In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indicated that a close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rates ironi various respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry. In the study of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry, it was definitely proved sat there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sicku-ess and death resulting from tuberculosis. It is quite evident, as a result of these studies, that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the effective removal or suppression of the dust to concentration considered safe. However, no set rules may be estab lished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt t., control indus trial dust. Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine the type of protection to be employed. The protection of workers against certain dusts known to he toxic may at times be accomplished by the substitution of a non-toxic material fur the toxic tee. One example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic or other t'yge of artificial abrasive ior sand in the sandblasting process in those operations which it is not essentia! to use sand, a substance high in quartz e ntent. A the mechanical enclosure of the dust-creating process also serves to protect" tie worker. An excellent illustration of this type of protection is afforded bv tie modern sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects. S '.metinics it :s possible to protect the worker bythe substitution of wet for dry processes, as --r drilling instead of dry. In one instance, in the granite cutting study previous';mentioned, an operate: using a diamond joint tool worked tiic stone wet: tur resulting dust amounted to 2 2 million particles per cubic iuot. The same operar rr was then requested " -- ' '' the high figu cloth to oneAnother gjt&.vS jgjjjjf* ip o o o o . r u .,m `V-: r *V-*sv- , J (tarry Section JOO in leyner and jack-hammer drilling in hard rock, although ilic new type oi Kril> (list trail is now finding tmicli favor tor tins kind of work. The Kelly trap consists ot a nictal chamber designed to enclose the drill steel at the rock suriaee. Xo attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill steel. The dust is renioxed hy an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap. Escape oi dust particles through openings between the uneven rock siiriaccs and the trap is prevented by the air seal produced hy the inflowing air. Tests made on this trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the worker's breathing rone may he kept down to less than 1 0 million particles per cubic foot with a 00 cubic loot per minute rate oi air flow through the hood. This trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal; however, in underground work, such as in mines and subways, there is still the need to solve the problem ir.c of compact dust disposal equipment. 'ies In certain cases, such as in the sandblasting oi large castings in sandblast rooms, the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet oi the positive air pressure type. In the sandblast investigation previously men tioned. it was found that when from 5 to 6 cubic icet of practically dust-tree air per nunute arc supplied to the helmet, the worker receives ideal protection. How ever. one must always bear in mind that the ultimate criterion of protection should be the dust determination oi the air within the helmet during blasting and not the ties quantity of the air supply itself. ex- In most dusty processes, however, the most effective means of dust elimination the are by the use of properly designed exhaust ventilation systems. Since in many ter.. instances if is difficult, costly, and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all -ate the dust in the vicinity oi a worker, we need first to determine the minimum .ica amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with impunity. by Such information can be made available l;v the type of studies carried out hy the Public Health Service. For example, in the granite study already referred to. It .its dust at the breathing level of about JO million particles per cubic foot (35 per cent is ircc silica). Studies of dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity oi 1.500 feet per minute as measured by an anemometer at the face of the dust-removal hood, would keep the .tec dust at the breathing level to an amount less than 1 0 million particles per cubic ioot. us A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection against dusts. icv It lias already been shown that in the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblasting, it is important to have a well-designed device supplied with about 6 cubic icct oi dust-free air per minute to give full protection to the worker. With reference to respirators of the filter type, there is still nincli to lie aco'inp1sited in the design ot an efficient and comfortable mask for continuous use. Oi great lus- value are standard methods for the -testing of the efficiency oi respiratory pro tection devices. Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular dust or which the respirator is to encounter, these tests to be made both in the laboratory and under actual industrial conditions. He further suggested that some impartial agency should conduct such tests and certify the devices for industrial use. the `-lit. work being done on a cost basis. The V. S. Bureau of Mines has prepared such ype a schedule for testing and approving respirators. ir. I wish to stress the importance oi good housekeeping in the effort to combat ain. the dust hazard. Good housekeeping should not billy imply the removal oi accumu tile lated dust about a workroom but should also embrace efficient maintenance of tile dust removal devices and respiratory protective equipment. Systematic inspection ei all dust suppression equipment should he an axiomatic princiule in every dusty c: industry rather than the casual attention which it now receives in many instances. tilt Report of the Nominating Committee The chairman called ir the report of :he Nominating Coinn mul new officers for thcjfi|>5 5 s. to serve i/.irinsf the' ensuing y.J and elected as follows I dominated occ * ' 1" srl . * * ~V`\ W . 'V - ,7SV7.'-" .TtV '< *8-ri-* -___- O'jsjjw -L-:e:..-' .<-.fi-:,- V.C:^;.C ; :,.53S-i"( ' 5 '8.?'AS iIJ* ;< r^ J 1 fe4| la-1 Is K ' M k 'iisijsh :, 354 y\w; :r:-n'i:i j .mini Safety Cunoress--Xatiatta. Safety Council Ci'KCmi Chairman--W iiliam H . Daker, J. E. Baker Co.. York. Pi. r.v.--C.;.::-iwi:--William E. Hilliard. Xew Haven Trap 3 . ole Co.. New Haven, Conn. Poster Committee Chairman--H. F. Voticr, The Coiunl Crushed Slone Co., Easton. Pa. Puhlie'.ty Committee Chairman--J. R. Eoyd, National Crushed atone Assn.. Washington, D. C ' . Statisties Committee Chairman--\V. W. Adams, L`. a. Bureau oi Mines, Wash ington. D. C. .Uoiniiofi c: Laroe-- V. P. Ahern. Xational Sand and Gravel Assn., Washington. D. C. Xurman G. Hough, The Xational Lime Assn., Washington. D. C. 0 . M. Gravei. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. A. L. Worthen, The Connecticut Quarries Co., Inc., Xew Haven. Conn. The Foreman's Duties and Responsibilities in Preventing . Accidents By GLENN GARDINER Forstmann Woolen Company, Passaic, New Jersey The speaker said in p art: On my rirst job in die day >it oi a brick works, I witnessed a disastrous cave-in which so injured one oi ray icllow workers that lie was totally disabled for life. The accident was so plainly the fault of the foreman in charge that lie was discharged for his carelessness. That accident made an indelible impression upon my mind, and let me understand as nothing else could what the responsibility oi the ioremaii is in accident prevention. The foreman who is responsible tor getting out the work is also responsible for the control oi those conditions immediately surrounding tits worker on iiis job. He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers and their habits. If he is a competent foreman, lie can detect those working habits which may result in acci dents. He should come to know his workers so well that he will understand when worries and outside problems are taxing their minds and powers oi concentration. He may not be in a position always to do much about the tutsidc problems, but he can. at least, govern conditions on the job. The foreman is the one who is most likely to set up coudk: ::ts on the job which cause job anxieties for the worker. He can do much to ea-e the worker's mind by keeping him informed about conditions which affect bis ;. v and the steadiness oi employment. He can help to reduce the fatigue his men t.vpcricnce and in so doing directly influence accidents which are related to fatigue. Every intelligent foreman realizes the importance of the safety functions, and that safety sliouid be put upoit' the same plane oi importance as the other duties his job includes. If the worker is indifferent to safety, it is usually merely a reflection of the foreman's attitude. On the other hand, if the foreman will stand for nothing but safe working habits, the worker will proceed very rapidly to develop safe working habits. Of course, I recognize that certain workers have an attitude of recklesscness ar.d bravado about them which makes them slightly contemptuous of the dangers of the job. Eut it is up to the foreman to puncture this attitude and bring such workers down to earth. A recent study of a company employing 6.600 workers indicated That -IS out of the 6.600 had had 1 0 per cent of all the lost-time accidents p.-r the entire organiza tion. The accident frequency among these 4S men was fifty ;:-.es as great as that of the average for all workers. The record also indicated that those men having the lnrcci: number of minor accidents were also the same men having the largcffftimher .iM-tiir.e accidents. Thus minor accidents are of real significance to H&vffigtr a -in rrq 'g i. because ihey point out to him the men who will most prcbaS&siiBc t lost-time acciacntsF1 KSsifr For ewe" Failure to creases ace. a foreman: Here nr of eniorcuv. 1. Are one of m y . 2. Do : whom I F"' 3. Do workers wi 4. Hav. their pride 5. Do accident. n< In die of its tore-, be traced foreman cr. manage mer. function. The $; Cross Firgiven in a be securer, ever that further stv any limits' just as rr. Renictr. with his busy with baffling cnfatal resui immediate: secured. . the liieiefhut only There herscli s-.: througiiou taught. r : each ilc:' geney Ar able to r- I y.i.i: physician physician what that a pi to tell advise y 0 0 0 0 5 :d . vr.4 -- iional Safety Council immittee .n called for and it was pre-'epartment of Insurance and nington. N. C. crican Railway Association in i. Ohio, October 2 to 4, 1934. jed to : The Equitable Lite Assurance road employee casualty statis- Safcty, Interstate Commerce Conditions and Practices Inireau of Safety.' also for his ooperation of the Bureau of n on the American Railways; c. General Safety Supervisor, of the Section during his term and energetic services during Northern Pacific Railway, for e Program Committee, thereby Annual Convention; such a commendable cause as their contribution to the well he spread upon the records of all oi those recognized herein." uy accepted, and passed by the Tellers rs on election of officers for the ">s presented by H. S. Corbin, id., as follows: .ty. Pennsylvania Railroad, torney. Central Railroad Cotn- ::fient oi Safety. Missouri Pa- e President. Eric Railroad: and :ra! Lines. lent oi Safety. Chicago. Rock lent of Safety and Sanitation. Superintendent System. Atchi1. Elakcniore. Surerintcndent oi "nit. Supervisor Safety and C. Murphy. Sit: erintensent of .1 C. Yocum. Manager, Safety vaita Railway. r- . t w e n t y - t h i r d annual safety congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL :- W Textile Section Oficers 1933-34 General Chairman--Charles H, Eames, Lowell Textile Institute, I.mvell. Mass. Vice-Chairman in Charge oi Program--Icnatius MacN ultv, XI Wallace St.. Malden, Mass. 'ice-Chairman--M. \V. H eiss. Proximity Manufacturing Co., Grcen-linrti, N. C. Vice-Chairman--B. R. Brows. Columbia Mills, Inc.. Chicago. III. Secretary ami Xev-s Letter E dita---E. E . P lace. American Mutual Liability In surance Co.. Boston. Mass. Engineering Committee Chairman-- P a l l \V. Y iets. Plymouth Cordage C., N orth Plymouth, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--E. G. P adcett. North Carolina Industrial Com mission. Raleigh, N. C. Poster Committee Chairman--F rf.p W. S ehl. Aetna Life Insurance (M,, Hartford. Conn. Statistics Committee Chairman--,T. T. T rolincer. American Beiulnrg Corp., and American Glanzsion Corp.. Elizabethton. Tcntt. Members at Large-- A rthur Barlow. Armstrong Cork Co.. Lancaster. Pa. 1 R ussell T. Fisher. The National Association of Cotton Mannfai turvrs. Bos ton, Mass. W alter H umphreys. National Association of Wool Manufacturer. Boston. Mass. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2. 1934 IM v .yc 0cc