Document gaqkG2GdJMEN8rzxnRodG31ZN

AWWA C400-73 r Reaffirmation of AWWA C400-72 AWWA STANDARD for ASBESTOS-CEMENT PRESSURE PIPE FOR WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 15, 1953. , This edition received approval effective June 26, 1973. AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 2 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016 Prepared by AWWA Standards Committee on Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe F. Gordon Denson, Chairman Consumer Members P. J. Brady, Dir. of Utilities, Portsmouth, Va. F. G. Denson, Eng. Dept., Winnipeg, Man. J. R. Hendrick, Water Dept., Fort Worth, Tex. R. W. King, Water & Sewer Dept., San Diego, Calif. J. L. Warden, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. J. E. Johnson,* US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. General Interest Members S. E. Auck, Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, 111. R. A. Barrows, C. E. Maguire, Inc., Waltham, Mass. S. L. Bishop,* Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, Mass. V. R. Bickel, Dept, of Environmental Health, Albuquerque, N.M. K. J. Carl, Insurance Services Office, New York, N. Y. F. A. Obert, Metcalf & Eddy, Boston, Mass. J. S. Slicer, Factory Mutual Research, Norwood, Mass. William Taggart, Wright-McLaughlin. Engrs., Denver, Colo. Producer Members T. R. Gillen, Johns-Manville Sales Corp., Denver, Colo. W. R. Seipt, Certain-Teed Products Co., Valley Forge, Pa. A. I. Leff,* Certain-Teed Products Co., Ft. Washington, Pa. D. W. Sullivan, The Flintkote Co., Ravenna, Ohio S. D. Weaver, Cement Asbestos Products Corp., Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (USBR) (USBR) (UL, Inc.) (NEWWA) (NEWWA) (APWA) (ISO) (WPCF) (FMR) (ASCE) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) * Alternate. Copyright 1973 by the American Water Works Assn., Inc. Printed in USA 11 Table of Contents SEC. PAGE Foreword I History of Standard.......................... v II Information Regarding Use of This Standard ......................................... v III Major Revisions ................................ vi Standard 1 General ............................................... 1.1 Scope ................................................... 1.2 Definitions ......................................... 1.3 Affidavit of Compliance .................. 1 1 1 1 2 Physical and Chemical Require ments ............................................ '.1 Composition ....... .............................. -.2 Physical Requirements ................... 2.3 Chemical Requirements .................. 1 1 2 2 3 General and Detailed Design....... 3.1 Classes of Pipe.................................. 3.2 Pipe Diameters ................................. 3.3 Pipe Lengths ..................................... 3.4 Couplings ........................................... 3.5 Joints ................................................... 3 3 3 3 3 3 SEC. PAGE 3.6 Wall Thickness ............................ 3 4 Workmanship and Finish ............. 3 4.1 Imperfections ................................... 3 5 Inspection, Testing, and Rejection 5.1 Inspection ........................................ 5.2 Physical Test Requirements ......... 5.3 Retests (Physical) and Rejection . 5.4 Test for Uncombined Calcium Hy droxide ........................................ 5.5 Test Records ................................... 4 4 4 6 6 7 6 Marking and Delivery.............. 7 6.1 Marking .......................................... 7 6.2 Preparation for Shipment ................ 8 Tables 1 Flexural Test Loads ........................ 2 2 Design Internal Pressure and De sign External Load ..................... 2 Figures 1 Flexure Test Assembly .................. 5 2 Crushing Test Assembly ................ 5 m Foreword This foreword is for information and is not a part of AWWA C400-73. I--History of Standard include representation of national or A new pipe material, consisting of an intimate mixture of portland cement and asbestos fibers, was introduced to the North American market in 1931 following a number of years of usage in other countries, particularly Italy. In the ensuing years, this, type of pipe gained in popularity, and in 1949 the ganizations having an interest in the scope of the committee and wishing to participate in the work. The reorgan ized committee reaffirmed C400-72 without revision so that it could be presented to the American National Standards Institute for designation as an American National Standard. AWWA established a Committee on Standard Specifications for AsbestosCement Pipe under the chairmanship of II--Information Regarding Use of This Standard S. M. Clarke of Greeley and Hanson, Flexural load tests are required (Sec. Chicago, 111. This committee de 2.2.1 and Sec. 5.2.3) for pipe sizes of veloped a "Standard for Asbestos-Ce 4, 6, and 8 in. to insure that the flexural ment Water Pipe," which was approved strength in these sizes will be adequate by the AWWA Board of Directors as to meet guaranteed loadings. In these a tentative standard, AWWA C400- sizes, the flexural stresses imposed by 53T, on May 15, 1953. beam loads on the buried pipe rather In 1958, the committee was reacti than the crush stresses are controlling vated as Committee 8340D on As factors. In the 10-in. and larger diam bestos-Cement Pipe under the chair eters, the wall thicknesses increase to a manship of Roy H. Ritter, Whitman, point at which the flexural strength is Requardt & Associates, Baltimore, Md., not a controlling factor, and therefore to review a number of suggested routine testing is not required. changes and to recommend revisions to To assist the purchaser in choosing the standard. The revised standard the type of pipe most suitable for his was adopted by AWWA as C400-64T use, the following brief descriptions of on Jan. 27, 1964; it was advanced to Types I and II may be considered: "Standard" without revision on Jul. 2, Type I--for use where contact with ag 1965. gressive waters and/or soils with a sul- Early in 1968, the committee was re fate content is not expected; Type II--. activated as the Standards Committee for use where contact with aggressive on Asbestos-Cement Pipe to review waters and/or soils with sulfate content and revise all of the AWWA standards is expected to occur. on asbestos-cement pipe. The 1972 Under the conditions of installation edition of the standard was the result and operation in many water distribu of that committee's work. tion systems, the pipe may be used at In the winter of 1972-1973, the com operating pressures equal to the class mittee was reorganized and enlarged to designations. However, the purchaser VI AWWA STANDARD should determine for himself, from AWWA C401 (formerly AWWA H2), "Standard Practice for the Selection of Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe," the proper class of pipe to be used under the installation and oper ating conditions that will exist on the project on which the pipe is to be used. He should also refer to AWWA C603, "Installation of Asbestos-Cement Wa ter Pipe," for instruction in laying pipe. When purchasing pipe to comply with the requirements of this standard, the purchaser shall provide specific in formation in his supplementary specifi cations regarding the following: 1. The standard .used, that is, AWWA C400-73. 2. Affidavit of compliance (Sec. 1.3) if required. 3. Type of pipe to be furnished (Sec. 1.1 and 2.3, and second paragraph in Sec. II). 4. Class of pipe (Sec. 3.1 and third paragraph in Sec. II). 5. Nominal inside diameter (Sec. 3.2). 6. Lineal feet to be furnished in standard and random lengths ( Sec. 3.3). 7. Number, size, class, lengths, an'' extent of machining of special short lengths (Sec. 3.3.3). 8. Whether inspection by the pur chaser (Sec. 5.1) and special marking (Sec. 6.1.4) are required. Ill--Major Revisions This edition is a reaffirmation with out revision of the 1972 edition, except for minor editorial changes. There fore, the date has been changed from 1972 to 1973, and the few portions of this foreword affected by the reaffirma tion and change of date have been restated as needed. The major revisions of the 1972 edition included the following: 1. The test for uncombined calcium hydroxide was made a requirement of the standard. This test was previously included in the appendix as information for possible use by the purchaser. 2. To assist the purchaser in se lecting pipe best suited to the environ mental conditions in his system, two types of asbestos-cement pipe are speci fied as regards their content of un combined calcium hydroxide. AWWA C400-73 Reaffirmation of AWWA C400-72 AWWA Standard tor Asbestos-Cement Pressure Pipe for Water and Other Liquids Section 1--General Sec. 1.1--Scope This standard covers three pressure classes of Type I and Type II as bestos-cement pipe, 4 in.-36 in. in di ameter, for water and other liquids, to be laid underground in public and pri vate rights-of-way. The pressure class designations of Class 100, Class 150, and Class 200 are the same as those used in AWWA C401 (formerly AWWA H2), "Stan dard Practice for the Selection of Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe." Sec. 1.2--Definitions 1.2.3-- Inspector. The authorized representative of the purchaser, en trusted with the duty of inspecting pipe produced and tests performed under this standard. 1.2.4-- Inspection. Inspection of the pipe and the tests by the inspector. 1.2.5-- Operating pressure. The maximum hydrostatic pressure to which the pipe will be subjected in nor mal operation after installation, exclu sive of allowance for water hammer. 1.2.6-- Lot. Pipe of the same size, class, and type manufactured during a shift. Under this standard, the following definitions shall apply: Sec. 1.3--Affidavit of Compliance 1.2.1-- Purchaser. The person, firm, The purchaser's supplemental speci corporation, or government agency en fications may require an affidavit of tering into a contract or agreement compliance from the manufacturer, to purchase pipe according to this whether factory inspection has been re standard. quired or not, to the effect that the 1.2.2-- Manufacturer. The person, materials furnished under the pur firm, or corporation that manufactures chaser's order comply with all appli the pipe. cable requirements of this standard. Section 2--Physical and Chemical Requirements Sec. 2.1--Composition . land cement, or portland blast furnace Asbestos-cement pipe shall be com- slag cement, and asbestos fiber with or posed of an intimate mixture of port- without silica; or portland pozzolana 2 AWWA STANDARD cement and asbestos fiber, with or with out the addition of curing agents. The mixture shall be free from organic ad ditives and the pipe shall be formed under pressure and cured. Sec. 2.2--Physical Requirements 2.2.1--Flexural strength. Each length of 4-in., 6-in., and 8-in. pipe tested in flexure by the procedure speci fied in this standard shall, except as otherwise provided, support the load indicated in Table 1. 2.2.2-- Bursting strength. Each length of pipe and each coupling shall have sufficient strength to withstand the design internal pressures indicated for their classes in Table 2. 2.2.3-- Crushing strength. Each length of pipe shall have sufficient strength to support the design external load indicated for its class in Table 2 when subjected to the crushing test procedure specified in this standard. Sec. 2.3--Chemical Requirements TABLE 1 Flexural Test Loads Nominal Diameter in. Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Total Applied Load--lb 4 1,200 1,460 1,860 6 2,800 3,700 4,900 8 5,330 7,600 10,130 Pipe shall be designated as either Type I or Type II according to its con tent of uncombined calcium hydroxide (free lime) as determined by the test procedures in this standard for uncom bined calcium hydroxide. The require ments for each type are: Type I--no limit on uncombined calcium hydrox ide; Type II--1.0 per cent or less un combined calcium hydroxide. TABLE 2 Design Internal Pressure and Design External Load Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 ` in. Pressure Load Pressure ' Load Pressure Psi lb/lin ft psi lb/lin ft Psi lb/lin ft 4 417 4,100 616 5,400 809 8,700 6 441 4,000 632 5,400 815 9,000 8 472 4,000 653 5,500 824 9,300 10 490 4,400 650 7,000 826 11,000 12 490 5,200 658 7,600 830 11,800 14 500 5,200 650 8,600 826 13,500 16 500 5,800 654 9,200 825 15,400 18 495 6,500 655 10,100 826 17,400 20 493 7,100 656 10.900 824 19,400 24 479 8,100 645 12,700 820 22,600 30 468 9,700 638 15,900 816 28,400 36 465 11,200 630 19,600 813 33,800 ASBESTOS-CEMENT PRESSURE PIPE 3 Section 3--General and Detailed Design Sec. 3.1--Classes of Pipe Pipe shall be made in one or more of the following classes: Class 100, Class ISO, and Class 200. Sec. 3.2--Pipe Diameters Pipe shall be made with nominal in side diameters of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, and 36 in. The average inside diameter of a standard or ran dom pipe length shall be not less than the nominal diameter by more than 5 per cent for sizes through 16 in. and 1.5 per cent for sizes 18 in. and larger. Sec. 3.3--Pipe Lengths Pipe shall be produced in standard, random, and short lengths. At least 90 per cent of the total footage of pipe of any class and size, excluding short lengths, shall be furnished in standard lengths. The remaining 10 per cent may be in random lengths. 3.3.1-- Standard length shall be 10 ft or 13 ft, plus or minus 1 in., for pipe 4 in. and 6 in. in diameter; and 13 ft, plus or minus 1 in., for pipe 8 in. in diameter and larger. Coupling areas shall be machined or otherwise ren dered suitable for making a tight joint with the coupling. 3.3.2-- Random lengths shall be cut from standard lengths and shall be not less than 7 ft. The coupling areas of all random lengths shall be machined or otherwise rendered suitable for mak ing a tight joint with the coupling. 3.3.3--Short lengths for making con nections to valves, fittings, or struc tures and for making closures shall be furnished as specified by the purchaser. ' They shall be properly machined at ends only or over their entire length to serve their intended purpose, as specified by the purchaser. Sec. 3.4--Couplings A coupling shall consist of an as bestos-cement sleeve, of the same type and composition as the pipe, and two rubber rings. 3.4.1-- One coupling of the same size and class as the pipe shall be furnished with each standard and random length of pipe. 3.4.2-- Rubber rings shall conform to the requirements of the latest edition of ASTM D1869, "Rubber Rings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe." Sec. 3.5--Joints Joints shall be capable of withstand ing, without leakage, a hydrostatic pressure test as defined in Sec. 5.2.2. Sec. 3.6--Wall Thickness The wall thickness of the machined portion of any length of pipe shall be not less than the manufacturer's stand ard by an amount exceeding 0.08 in. for pipe having a design thickness of 1 in. or less, or by an amount exceeding 0.10 in. for pipe having a design thick ness greater than 1 in. Section 4--Workmanship and Finish Sec. 4.1--Imperfections free from bulges, dents, and tears that 4.1.1--Interior surfaces. The inside result in a variation in diameter of surface of each length of pipe shall be more than 0.20 in. from the diameter 4 AYVWA STANDARD of adjacent unaffected portions of the more than 0.500 in. from the end, have surface. a depth of more than 0.125 in., or ex 4.1.2-- Coupling areas. The coupling tend around the perimeter for more areas of the barrel of each length of than 0.500 in. at any one location. pipe shall be free from dents and 4.1.4--Straightness. Each length of gouges that can cause leakage from the pipe shall not vary in straightness by joint. more than \ in., measured at the mid 4.1.3-- Exterior surfaces. Flaking point of the length for lengths up to on the exterior surface and edge of 10 ft, and not more than f in. for 13-ft machined ends shall not extend back lengths. Section 5--Inspection, Testing, and Rejection Sec. 5.1--Inspection sleeve shall be tested under an internal 5.1.1-- General. Inspection by the hydrostatic pressure as follows: Class purchaser shall not relieve the manu 100--350 psi; Class 150---525 psi; facturer of the responsibility to furnish Class 200--700 psi. All air shall be material conforming in all respects to expelled and the water pressure shall the requirements of this standard. be increased to the test pressure at a 5.1.2-- Notification. If inspection is uniform rate of not less than 100 psi/ specified by the purchaser, the manu sec. The test pressure shall be main facturer shall notify the purchaser, in tained for at least 5 sec. Any pipe advance, of the date, time, and place of length or coupling sleeve showing leak testing of the pipe, in order that the age, sweating, or other defect shall be purchaser may be represented at the rejected. test. 5.1.3-- Access. 5.2.2.2. From each 300 standard The inspector shall lengths of pipe or fraction thereof, of have free access to those parts of the each size and class, one length shall be manufacturer's plant that are involved hydrostatically tested to a pressure four in work performed under this standard. times the rated operating pressure for The manufacturer shall afford the in that class in the manner specified in spector, without charge, all reasonable Sec. 5.2.2.1. If inspection by the facilities for determining whether the purchaser has been specified, the length pipe meets the requirements of this of pipe to be tested may be selected by standard. the inspector. Each length of pipe so tested shall be retested in the manner Sec. 5.2--Physical Test Requirements and at the pressure specified in Sec. 5.2.2.I. 5.2.1-- Test specimens. All pipe and 5.2.3--Flexure tests. Each standard couplings tested under this standard length of pipe and each random length shall be in a normal, air-dried condition of more than 9.5 ft, having a nominal when tested. diameter of 4, 6, or 8 in., shall be tested 5.2.2--Hydrostatic tests. in flexure for at least 5 sec. The sup 5.2.2.1. Each standard, random, or ports shall be 9 ft apart, except that, at short length of pipe and each coupling the manufacturer's option, lengths ASBESTOS-CEMENT PRESSURE PIPE 5 9 ft . * (12 ft) * ' IS S' < _ Pipe J ; , kP > i p : L 3 ft ___. ___ 3 ft ____ ___ 3 ft __ J I (4 ft) n (4 ft) * r (4 ) " Fig. 1. Flexure Test Assembly The. numbers not in parentheses represent the distances between bearings S and load points P for lengths of pipe shorter than 12.5 ft. The numbers in parentheses indicate the spacing that may be used on lengths of pipe longer than 12.5 ft. One half of the total load is applied at each point P. greater than 12.5 ft may be tested on supports 12 ft apart at 75 per cent of the load specified in Table 1. The to tal load shall be divided equally and applied at the third points of the clear span as shown in Fig. 1. Each pipe so tested shall support, without evi dence of cracks or other defects, the applicable total load shown in Table 1. The load shall be applied at a minimum rate of 250 lb/sec, and the total load shall be maintained for at least 5 sec. 5.2.4--Crushing tests. On lots con taining more than 100 lengths of each size and class, one length from each 300 lengths, or fraction thereof, shall be tested for crushing strength. If in spection by the purchaser has been specified, the length of pipe to be tested may be selected by the inspector. From each selected length, one unmachined section of pipe 1 ft long shall be cut. This section shall be tested by the crushing test method shown in Fig. 2. After 75 per cent of the specified load has been reached, the loading shall be applied at a uniform rate of approxi' mately 2.000 lb/min. The test section shall not fail until the total load ap plied meets or exceeds the applicable value shown in Table 2. For this test, the two lower bearings shall consist of two straight strips with vertical sides, each strip hav ing its interior top edge rounded to a radius of approximately 0.5 in. The strips shall be of hardwood or metal; if metal, a piece of leather belting in. in thickness shall be laid over them. The strips shall be securely fastened to a rigid block, with the interior vertical faces parallel and at a distance apart of approximately 1 in./ft of internal pipe diameter, but in no case less than 1 in. The upper bearing shall be a rigid wooden block, straight and true from end to end. The upper and lower bearings shall extend the full length of the test section. 5.2.5--Machines for testing. The machine used for the hydrostatic test shall have gaskets that seal the ends of the pipe without materially counteract ing the hydrostatic test pressure. The pp Fig. 2. Crushing Test Assembly The diagram at the left shows a side view of the test assembly; that at the right, an end view. P represents load; R, approximately 0.5 in.--the radius of the bearings; D, the nominal diameter of the pipe; and C. the clear space between supports. C should be approximately 1 in./ft of internal pipe diameter, but in no case less than 1 in. 6 AWWA STANDARD machines used for the flexure and crushing tests shall be substantial and rigid throughout, so that the distribu tion of the load will not be appreciably affected by the deformation or yielding of any part of the machine. Sec. 5.3--Retests (Physical) and Rejection The failure of any specimen tested for crushing strength to support 75 per cent of the crushing load required in Table 2 shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and class manufactured during the same shift as the test specimen. If any specimen tested for crushing strength supports more than 75 per cent but less than 100 per cent of the crushing load, two ad ditional pipe sections of the same size and class, manufactured during the same shift, shall be subjected to the. crushing test. The additional lengths may be selected by the inspector, if in spection by the purchaser has been specified. The failure of one of these additional specimens to meet the full crushing strength requirement shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and class manufactured during the same shift as the test specimen. If any pipe subjected to the hydro static tests specified in Sec. 5.2.2.2 fails to withstand the specified pres sure, two additional lengths of the same size and class, manufactured dur ing the same shift, shall be subjected to the same hydrostatic test. The addi tional lengths may be selected by the inspector, if inspection by the pur chaser has been specified. The failure of one of these additional lengths to withstand the specified pressure shall be cause for rejection of the entire lot of that size and class manufactured dur ing the same shift as the test lengths. Sec. 5.4--Test for Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide The manufacturer shall perform this test as often as necessary to assure compliance with the requirements on uncombined calcium hydroxide in Type II pipe. 5.4.1--Reagents. Phenolphthalein indicator. Dissolve 1.0 g of phenolphthalein in 100.0 ml of absolute ethanol.* Glycerol-ethanol solvent. Prepare a solution consisting of glycerol and an hydrous, or absolute, ethanol,* 1:2 by volume. To each liter of this solution, add 2.0 ml phenolphthalein indicator. Adjust the solvent to slightly basic with either dilute NaOH in absolute etha nol * or standard ammonium acetate, depending on the original pH. .S'trontium nitrate [ Sr ( N03) 2]. Standard ammonium acetate solu tion. Dissolve 16.0 g of dry crystalline ammonium acetate in 1 liter of absolute, or anhydrous, ethanol.* . Standardize the ammonium acetate solution by titrating against pure CaO that has been freshly prepared by cal cining pure calcium carbonate or cal cium oxalate to constant weight in a platinum crucible at 900 to 1,000C. When the calcined CaO has cooled in a desiccator, perform the following op erations in rapid succession. Grind the CaO in an agate mortar. Then weigh out 0.05-0.06 g into a dry 250-ml Erlen- meyer flask and add 60 ml of the gly cerol-ethanol solvent and 2.0 g of an hydrous strontium nitrate to the flask. Place a .Teflon encapsulated magnetic stirring bar into the flask and attach a * Specially denatured alcohol no. 30, 3a, or 2b, of the US Bureau of Internal Reve nue, or alcohol consisting of 95 per cent specially denatured alcohol no. 3a plus 5 per cent isopropanol may be substituted. ASBESTOS-CEMENT PRESSURE PIPE 7 reflux condenser. Adjust the heating rate and stirring speed to obtain a vig orous boiling and complete agitation. Titrate the hot solution with ammonium acetate solution every 5 min. The end point is reached when no further color appears in the solution after 10 min of boiling. Titration is to be carried out only on a hot solution. A good titra tion procedure is evidenced by a change in the color of the solution to pink on cooling. Step 1. Brush representative pieces of the pipe free of dust and drill with a clean, sharp 0.25-in. carbide-tipped drill inward from the outer surface at a rate of penetration of approximately 1 ipm until the drill point emerges from the inside wall. Catch the drillings on a clean sheet of glazed paper, using a soft brush to collect all drillings. Screen through a 20-mesh screen immediately, and place in a weighing bottle. Step 2. Place the bottle, with top removed, in a drying oven at 105C for 2 hr, and then cool to room tempera ture in a desiccator. Step. 3. Weigh out 1 0.010 g of the dried sample to the nearest 0.001 g and place in a dry 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, to which a Teflon encapsulated stirring bar, 60 ml of the glycerol-etha nol solvent, and 2.0 g Sr(N03)2 have been added. Attach the flask to a wa ter-cooled condenser (with a standard 24/40 glass joint) and place on a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer. Boil the solution gently for 30 min, stirring slowly. Then remove the flask and fil ter the mixture, under vacuum, through a Buchner funnel. Bring the filtrate to a boil and titrate to a colorless end point with the standardized ammonium acetate reagent. Determine the end point by comparison with a similar mix ture containing no phenolphthalein in dicator. 5.4.2--Calculations. ,, PPCaO x 1.32 Va = '----------------- ---------------- where E = the weight in grams of Ca(OH)2 per milliliter of standardized ammonium acetate solution WCaO = the weight in grams of CaO in the standardized am monium acetate solution Va = the volume in milliliters of ammonium acetate used in titration of the standardized solution. ' EV Per cent uncombined Ca(OH)2 = X 100 where V = the volume of standardized ammonium acetate solution _ required by the sample, in milliliters W = the weight of the sample in grams. Sec. 5.5--Test Records The results of all tests shall be re corded and retained for 1 yr, and shall be available to the purchaser at the place of manufacture. Section 6--Marking and Delivery Sec. 6.1--Marking pipe shall be clearly marked on the out- 6.1.1--Standard and random lengths, side surface with the trade name, nomi- Each standard or random length of nal inside diameter, class, Type, hydro- AWWA STANDARD static test pressure, and date and shift of manufacture. 6.1.2-- Short lengths. Each short length of pipe shall be clearly marked on the outside surface with the nominal inside diameter, the class, Type, and the letter "T" to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested. 6.1.3--Couplings. All component parts of each coupling shall be clearly marked for use with the pipe for which they are intended. Each coupling sleeve shall also be marked with the letter "T" to indicate that it has been hydrostatically tested. 6.1 A--Special markings. If factory inspection is made by the purchaser or his authorized inspector, each pipe and each coupling sleeve shall receive an additional special marking of no more than three letters, as specified by the purchaser. Sec. 6.2--Preparation for Shipment All pipe and couplings, unless other wise specified, shall be prepared for standard commercial shipment. 1P-10M-12/73-43400