Document gaexZj72VzmqNbkQOK1XvwXeG

298 CHAPTER 25 Kobertaon, Jr. and E. Moritz: Air condition government printing office (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, August . D. Quiaa: Sheet finishing improved mobile with automatic air humidity control (Paper Trade Journal, April I, 1959). 1962 Guide And Data Book F. F. Stevenson: Delivering air to press rooms (Seating, Pivin and Aw Conditioning, September 1953, p. 77). ^ C. G. Weber: Air conditioning requirements of multicolor iom iVOO, p. Owj. (R^raiGEttATiNO Enqihbbbinq, December CHAPTER 26 TEXTILE PROCESS AIR CONDITIONING Manufacturing Processes; Tom Making, Cotton System, Woolen and Worsted System, Preparatory Processes.- Weaving, fatting, Finishing,- Factors Determining Optimum Conditions: Workers, Materials, Machines; Air-Conditioning Systems; Afomizer, Air Changer, Air Washer, and Wet-Duct Systems J[f-pHig chapter will discuss: (1) the basic processes of yam and fabric making, (2) the factors which determine the optimum conditions, and (3) various types of air-conditioning systems used in textile manufacturing plants. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Most textile manufacturing processes may be divided into two general classifications: (1) yam making and (2) fabric Pairing Yam making procedures are similarly divided into gpjnmng and twisting; fabric making into weaving and knit ting. Each of these basic processes has many variations, but descriptions of the basic processes will reveal (he principles upon which the influence of air conditioning is based. The ideal is an established regain and the nearest practical approach to a uniform weight of fiber per unit of length. Carding The next process lengthens the lap into a thin web which is gathered into a rope-like form called a sliver. Further opening and fiber separation as well as the partial removal of YARN MAKING The length of the fiber determines which of the two general flflfigifioatlnnoj spinning or twisting, must be used. Spun yams &re produced by loosely gathering inch-long fibers into rope like form, drawing them out to increase fiber parallelism, and then applying twist. Twisted yams are made from mile-long monofilaments or multifilaments by twisting alone. Ply yams are in a similar mannw from either spun or twisted yams. The principles of spinning are applied in three different sys tems, identified as cotton, woolen, and worsted. The cotton system is used for all cotton, most synthetic staple, and many hlandw- Woolen and worsted systems are used to spin most wool yams and some wool blends. In all except novelty yams featuring irregularities, two of the criteria of top quality are uniformity of twist and uni formity of cross section. Twist (in turns per inch) may be hard or soft, right (S), or left (Z) according to the desired characteristics of the yam. The uniformity with which individual fibers are distributed in a spun yam largely determines uniformity of strength. THE COTTON SYSTEM As its name implies, the cotton system was originally de veloped for spinning cotton yam. Now its basic machinery is also used for spinning all varieties of staple including a little wool and its blends. An outline of most of the steps from raw materials to fabrics and the ranges of frequently used humidi ties are shown in Fig. 1. Opening, Blending, and Picking In these preparatory steps, the compressed tufts are partly opened, most of the foreign matter and some short fibers re moved, and the mass put in an organized form. Blending is either necessary or desirable or averaging out the irregulari ties between bales or for miring different kinds of fiber. Man made staple, being cleaner and more uniform usually requires less preparation. The product of the picker is a lap or batting of loosely compressed tufts, rolled into a cylindrical package. * For cotton (Cl aod aaa-aad* (MM} fiber*. Kg. 1 .... Textile Process Row Chart and Ranges of Humidity* 299