Document ga4yEvzEk1Y78wqX5LK220jMJ

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1955 Apr DOC#: NSC030 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - National Safety News - The Expanding Field of Industrial Hygiene iff" ' APRIL 1955 (l* "ft life Pi it! ili ......... * '- . - 'J Lib T ' -'il ; i'; i W Sm m ^ M * ^ ...........i ..^ ............ h>- a B8| B j r a iB B B l W;: . . 'M Electronic Track Inspection IN THIS ISSUE The Growth of Industrial Hygiene Industry's Pack Mules What Do Accidents Really Cost? PLAINTIFF'S m iEXHIBIT: r The induslrial hygiene laboratory has become a center of research for better working conditions through study of materials used and control of manufacturing processes, {Courtesy General Electric Co,} 1 I U,:.r By A. C. PABST Twenty years ago industrial hygiene w a s a new science Today the hygienist and the safety engineer are on the same team working fo r a safer environment 'm m t "1 r 5 tlF T N D U STM A L HYGIENE is a jL field that i ; closely interwoven with industrial safety. In fact, it can be regarced as a medical en gineering phase of safety. Unfortunately, many p eo p le know little shout industrial hy giene and tire functions of the industrial hygienist. Industrial hygiene is a comparatively new science--practically unknow n 20 years ago. T oday there are only 800 industrial hygienists in the United State:. and a large nurn- A. C. Pabst is Industrial Hygienist, Socony-Vacuun, Oil Company, Inc., New York. Th;s article has been con densed from a paper presented at the Petroleum Section, 42nd National Safe ty Congress. 20 her of them are not in industry but working for the federal gov ernment or state departments. Usually, the word "hygiene" recalls hygiene courses in school which dealt with personal habits, such as bathing, brushing teeth, cleaning finger nails, etc. People jum p to the conclusion th at a.h y gienist in industry must be inter ested in keeping employees clean. In my initial visit to m any of our refineries, it seemed that the first stop in the tour was to visit the locker rooms and to inspect show er and lavatory facilities. Industrial hygienists are inter ested in personal cleanliness so far as it is necessary to protect the employee's health. We are more interested in keeping lungs free from poisonous ^ and gases, his bones free lead, his liver free from chlod nated solvents, etc. H y g ie n e is defined as branch of medical science that lates to the preservation of healthy , te Therefore, industrial hygiene m f ifiM l be defined as the science of vention and control of occi tional illness. I t resolves il into the problem of finding or conditions in work places m ay cause or contribute to the iflg - .. 1 ness or serious discomfort of en>:{ ployees, and of devising the meth- - r cjpj,T| ods and means of eliminating controlling such conditions. The industrial hygienist b23 Y a Naflana/ S c tfs ty News, 'ne ix.uch toward bringing medie a;id safety engineering into | e cooperation partly because merest overlaps these two '^fho typical industrial hygienist 3,u tcc out as a chemist or chemin'j engineer .who became interiT:C' ;crl and studied toxicological ^ r, ts of chemicals on man. Con||f 1:'c) fly, he has a good back. ot-n;l of chemistry and engi'Igc.-in; c o m b in e d with, some ijoecdc-il knowledge--a sort of one%iid doctor, one-third engineer kpd one-third chemist. His ob'|cctivf.s arc the protection and dirpro/enic nt of the health and lefety of workers from all manfar o' harm ful exposures related occupation. from this you will note that Id u s'. ial hygienists and safety D g in ;: ers ha re pretty m uch the e objectives and a re mem bers of the same team. Actually, he functions oi each are somelimes so inter-n. luted it is not possible to draw clear lines of separation. Nor is it necessary to do so, for if a m an's health is endangered by working conditions His an im portant part of his safety picture. In many industries, safety and .industrial hygiene arc com biner, in the same department. In the petroleum industry, hovr- Like people, chemicals are of many types and dispositions. Most are uncomplaining, law-abiding citizens who present no special problems. Some are unstable and unpredictable. Some are out-andout neurotics, requiring ct sharp and observant discipline. Others, harmless by themselves, may be influenced by bad company. Still others are troublemakers in soli tary, but docile and helpful in tandem. Some are just plain bad actors. --From a publication by Du Pant's Haskell Laboratory of Toxicology fr ir it' ir ir ever, industrial hygienists are usually attached to the medical departm ent and work as closely as possible w ith the safety depart ment. There is good reason why the petroleum industrial hygien ists must lean heavily upon the safety department. In the petro leum industry the concept of in dustrial hygiene is relatively new and is considerably behind simi lar activities in tl:s chemical and other industries, consequently, the num ber of petroleum industrial hygienists is exceedingly small. On the other hand, safety de partm ents are well established, well acquainted and close to the every day problems of the petro TABLE I--EFFECT OF ALCOHOL LEVEL IN BLOOD* lipunc is of W hiskey rConsv.med in 1 Hr, 2-3 5-6 % Alcohol in Blood 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 - 0.5 0.6 - 0.7 Bc'r.avior Normal Feeling oi warm th, pleasant social behavior. Judgm ent blunted Boastful, impulsive Officially still sober Fumbling, staggering gait, clumsiness, slurred speech Officially drunk. Responses and motor coordination strongly affected.1 Helpless, nausea Stupor Coma Paralysis of the respiratory c e n t e r --d e a th . Pfi-. er Spectrum , JA M A , March 27, 1954 Alio na/ Safety Nows, A p ril, 1935 ilMl leum industry, and have consider ably more coverage and man power. To illustrate, the American. '-mill Petroleum In stitu te 's ro ster of safety and fire protection person nel lists some 1200 names, prob ably not all, in this occupation. Contrasted to this, to the best of my knowledge, there are at present only 17 in d u strial hygien ists working for petroleum com panies--an industry ratio of ap proxim ately 70 safety m en to one industrial hygienist. Most of the major oil com panies now have at least one industrial hygienist and from 50 to 100 safety men, so you can see it is v e ry necessary for us to work with and through our safety people. Basically, the practice of indus trial hygiene in the petroleum in III dustry is the sam e as in any other industry and it can he boiled i l Pi down to four general principles: 1. A knowledge of the toxicology jipi I 2. of chemicals and materials, A review of all chemicals or if I materials used and how han dled and the tabulation of toxic or potentially hazardous sub li'M stances. 3. The m easurem ent of worker exposure to hazardous sub stances. 4. If required, the recommenda tion and installation of ade quate control measures and the evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective steps. Toxicology of Chemicals | ' I In regard, to Item 1, the Toxi cology of Chemicals, it is usually difficult to adequately define a is hazardous m aterial because prac tically anything can be safe or rdf ; harmful depending upon how or where it is used. F or example, air and water are not regarded as harmful, but both are quite deadly under certain conditions -- air if injected into the blood stream and w ater if introduced into the lungs. In the same m anner, the use of carbon tetrachloride in a process having properly designed ventila tion would not he hazardous, while the use of carbon tetrachlo ride for mopping floors would be quite d a n g e ro u s. Most safety people are aware that carbon tet rachloride is a hazardous chemi cal because there has been con- --To page 103 /ITT*-- a Sofo a i ^ts i ,W an f to Bet?) ' '-Tjcbolas A lk em ad y of Lough- (Uoh, England, h is a new job [ or the first tin- e in .his life, j)') eels secure, saj s a Chicago Tribune story. glkemadefis first ;ob was rear nner in a borobei. On a misri[!n 0ver G erm any in 1944, his ane was h it and c a rg h t fire. The pj|Mt ordered the crew to bail out. ryu A ikem ade's p ir a c h u te was os, fire. So w as his clothing. Faced ,v certain death if he rem ained hi the plane, Alkemade jum ped ,,-without a chute. As he tum bled he ad over heels, he lost consciousness. T hree h ours later he came to--in a big snow drift. The V-k mile fall, plus the snow, had p u t out the flames in his clothing. The sn( w h a d bro k en his landing. He started to walk, b u t discov ered a knee was irju red . It col lapsed on him. He spent the rest of the w ar in a prison camp. After the war, A lkem ade got a job in a factors-'. A n ine foot r e c s of steel fell on him . He knocked out b u t lived. He changed his j )b and started pumping ammonia from a tank, where nothing could fall on him. But his electric pum p shorted. The shock knocke 3 him out al though his rubber soled shoes saved his life. As he slum ped in the tank, his gas m ask slipped off. An a le rt colleague saved him. He changed his ob again. His new task involved wansfer of sul phuric acid. The hose broke and acid sprayed over him, b ut prompt spraying w ith a neutral izing chemical again saved him. A lkem ade, now 32, an d am azed t0 be alive, bas a new job again-- selling accident insurance. Industrial Hygiene --From page 21 siderable publicity regarding its toxicological effects, and in some cases, restrictive labeling req u ire ments have been passed, for ex ample, in New' Y ork City. M any A cer chemicals used in the petro us industry have inherent toxic 4'ualities of the sam e m agnitude, I'e t are not so w el. know n. In regard to toxicology, there ^aliona/ Safety News, April, 1955 Knit-lined TM EEIlS fa * iJE ii IN D U STR IA L GLOVES Ac borne a dog offers its owner a daily example of real comfort. PIONEER'S objective in designing Scanzoil Duplex Industrial Gloves is to give those who wear them the same kind of comfort at work. For NL-34 Duplex is a lightweight elastic knitlined glove of neoprene with straight fingers and non -slip grip. Small, m edium and l a r g e s i z e s i n lOp-j" lengths. comfortable hands are busy hands, and protected hands are healthy hands. Where comfort, maximum protec tion, tensile strength and abrasion, tear, aging, flame and heat resistance arc important, and a safe non-slip grip necessary . .. where resist ance to alcohols, acids, bases, oils, amines, greases or ketones is e sse n tial . . . where all these specifications form the basis for your buying deci sion, there's only one answer . . . P I O N E E R 'S N e o p r e n e Scanzoil Duplex Gloves. Pick the best, most economical glove for the job from 32 PIONEER styles (including neoprene, rubbe r and plastic gloves), weights, sizes, and colors shown dn the "PIO N E E R Industrial Glove Catalog." ik PIONEER 2 3 7 Tiffin Road, W illard, O hio, U. S. A , Q u a lify Gloves fo r over 35 Years "SANKEY" IMPROVED The metal shield (above) is designed to fur nish a maximum amount o f protection to the entire front of the foot-- not merely the toes alone, but also to the instep against hazards from falling, rolling or flying objects, or from accidental tool blows. * Absolute freedom of leg motion, utmost pro tection and comfort come with the leg-contour shaped "Sankey" fibre shin guard (rig ht). * Fibre knee-shin guard (right) provides flex ible knee movement on jobs with both knee and shin hazards. FOOT GUARD For more in/ormafion wrife (-odoy EILWOODSAFETY APPLIANCE 00. 219 SIXTH ST,, E U W O O D CITY, PA. 103  o T X IS T S T O R M TH RO A T? T h e r e s p ir a to r th a t's m ad e to o r d e r fo r protection against dust, fumes and paint spray! H as everything, and more than you w ill find in units costing twice the price! D ouble filters; soft rubber face mask; sani tary face cloth; exclusive Dupor valves for controlled breathing; panoram a vision ! Economical protection that you cannot afford to be w ithout! W rite for sam ple, $ 2 .0 0 postpaid! H. S. COVER, SOUTH BEND, I N D. "Respirators fo r Industry since 1894" S tef) A d e a t BM "Cl?" with U I im Insect Repellent Workers swatting insects can't keep their minds on the job. The result? Produc tion drops and accidents rise. Why run this risk? Protect outdoor workers from mosquitoes and black flies, with "6-12" Insect Repellent. It's available in gallon cans for use in handy liquid dis pensers, or in individual 2-oz. bottles and 1-oz. sticks. Costs less than a penny a day per user. 3[ See- i t r . t) White today for free samples and name of nearest supplier. T H E Y ' L L USE IT, Place these handy "6-12" Insect Repellent dispei.sers around the plant, near the outdoor work areas. Consumer Producs Departm ent CARB DE A N D C A R B O N C H E M IC A L S C O M P A N Y A Divis on o f Union C a rb id e and Carbon C o rpo ratio n 30 Fas' 42 n d Street, N e w York 17, N. Y, Picase ;end me a fre o sam ple o f " - l 2 " Insect Repellent: CD Stick CD Liquid Firm. Address. C ity. . . . . Zone T itle . . State. 104 are three ways in which a stance can cause adverse effects' upon man: 1. It can be ingested or swallowed 2. It can be h a r m f u l by d irect contact with the skin or part 1 ||| of the body. pip ' 3. It can be in h a le d as a vapor, m ist or d ust. Ingestion Fortunately, petroleum mate-. Si- rials are not commonly or intern :r tionally taken i n t e r n a l l y and M therefore, trouble from this is 3 1 rather rare in a refinery, although 7 it does occasionally occur un~ "Sir knowingly. I recall watching a 5 : ns worker who had been complaining | i of stomach trouble, whose duties involved the compounding of ]ith- fl arge or lead oxide in a doctor " ' solution---this man proceeded to empty the bags of litharge into anj , outdoor mixing tank and because^^j of the dust and mists generated he jg g j| correctly wore a respirator. JS l Of course, his hands were c o v -lfljl ered with lead oxide, and to my S Il amazement, the first thing he did when he came down off the cat- VS walk was to take an orange out dgj of his lunch box which he started rfetf, to peel and eat--probably one o h jili, the most effective ways to gelt lead poisoning. 1 Unfortunately, when petroleumy products get into th e hands of - customers, ingestion is more frejf quent, usually by small childr whose parents carelessly leav products within easy reach. Yor know that every year there are fatalities reported from child drinking kerosene. W e have had h u rry calls from doctors involvy ing children drinking penetratingj oil and fly sprays. Some times? adults are even worse, as there| are m any cases of anti-freeze poi soning, drinking of brake fluid,;: and one I recall of our radiator | flush which contains muriatic'; acid and chlorinated hydrocarbon. This product is fully labeled, in cluding skull and cross bones. It should be emphasized that^ hardly a substance exists that isj not capable of producing effects; on the human body if taken m j sufficient amounts or under the : wrong circumstances. Even com", mon table salt, if used in sufficient = quantities, is toxic. It is report N a tio n a l Sa-fnty Mews, April, v |f at many years ago the Chinese " ed table salt as a m eans of J 3 mittn g suicide. Every chem- j substance, therefore, has a TOWtlP n-toxic dose and a toxic dose 'roT man, This can be illustrated the following data on a widely tifni-li''' used commodity, shown in Table I. I.ift: Skin and Body Contact - J r Approximately 60 p er cent of -laa.si'R'T jll complaints received by our 'Swi'i'P epartrrent are concerned w ith '-"i1#" .''I dermatiis and skin irritations re- /".! to salting from contact w ith petro- lfiUrn iraterials. By far, the ma- 1piS'hg , jority jf these complaints are ."tep fj-om easterners so this subject is Ip very im portant in the m arketing Iglof petrcl.eum products. "|j Case; among our employees or "ijn our refineries are few w hen Ifomparsd with those among in- Bustrial: users of petroleum prod ucts, and it is believed th a t the j ifneason for this is due mainly to ,4he degree or extent of contact. 1In the petroleum industr:y skin -contact is not generally experi enced ' 0 the extent th a t it is, for example, in the m etal working industries where a daily eight hour shin contact w ith cutting oils often takes place. It is definitely established th at skin is not an impermeable b a r rier tc chemical substances, and it is increasingly im portant as a i h route of absorption for m any mapkterials Action of chemicals on jfek in may be local, resulting in I f 1?; ipderma itis. Examples we are fa ll,,miliar w ith are kerosene, cutting Spoils, etc., or a chemical m ay be | | absorbed through the skin and S' cause damage to blood or internal ft parts of the body. Lead tetraethyl, " ' ,,--Ss8 . : p as an illustration, does not affect 3 times S- the skin or cause derm atitis but s * a . *Irl' k, can penetrate the skin and cause P9 l internal poisoning. e adiater Regarding external or local skin effect:, chemicals may be classi auriatij fied e:;ther as prim ary irritan ts or cari: sensitizing agents. A prim ary ir led, ritant is a chemical th at may >n,es cause derm atitis in individuals 3d ihd frequently after only one contact. that They may have a strong chemical effeetsf action, such as acids, alkalis, :ken aminos, etc., or they m ay have a 3 he. Weak chemical action but require n .,,onv ifficieni prolonged contact to cause der matitis. Most petroleum hydro sportec carbons are prim ary irritants but Safety News, Aprii, 7955 WHY RISK A TRAFFIC ACCIDENT IN YOUR PLANT? Klear-Vu Safety Mirrors, are the answer to the dangerous blind corner problem in your plant or warehouse. They are also adaptable fa r outdoor use in your parking lot, loading dock area or other points where traffic converges. Mounted a t cross aisle intersections, entrances and exits a t a height of 8 to 10 fe et, Klear-Vu S afety M irrors clearly reflect oncoming intersection traffic to both power tru c k operators and Style Circular Circular Circular convox convex convex If: No. intention pedestrians. r;a.- 120 12" diam. 180 78" diam. A vailable in e ith e r convex or flat f e 240 24" diam, glass styles, the m irrors are easily in Fiat rectangular Flat rectangular 918 1640 9" x 18" 16" x 24" stalled and quickly adjustable to any desired angle. a.: ______________ _____ i li LESTER L. BROSSARD CO 540 N. MICHIGAN AVE, CHICAGO !!, ILL. Write for fi ll Bu/Jefin. CHOOSE FROM TO MEET YOUR EXACT Only Ballymore ROIX-QR-GBIP all-weLded-steel ladders as sure you of just the right portable safety stair for each need, A standard size range from one to twelve steps; a choice of three safety treads (expanded steel lath, steel grip-strut, or rubber-dadsteel plate); optional hinged shelves or removable baskets; and a wide choice of widths within each size---these extras add convenience to the superior safety, features built into ever)' Ballymore -- the original -- safety-step Udder. . BALLYMORE Safety- fa c to ry * tra in e d representative! in p rin cip a l c itio s T o : BALLYMORE CO M PANY, W AYNE I7, PA, ( ) F o rw a rd Yroo c a ta lo g o f S a fo ly -S fa p l adders,. ( j Have representaHvQ ca ll to survey my safety* ladder needs. Com pany Address -- 105 i 1 owl for greater safety N e w S a f e t y - GRIF-STRUT i: stasr tr e a d s c u s t o m m a cte to y o u r e x a c t n n Here for the first time is a really SAFE stair or ladder step, combining the proven features of Safety GRIP-STRUT material with a double locked carrier plate to provide additional safety-over present types. Mode to your r own individual size at the factory, o cast is am a z in g l y ow . . . you can buy n standard 18" stair tread in lots of 50 for $2.40 each. Prices p roportiona tely lower in greater quantities. Distributors in all principal cities, Con sult y our classified telephone directory. GRKP-5TRUT division .. U P*7- SSTTM0I!T$'^ The Globe Company ' M rr r ,`v<5 3j ^ ^ i ^-- A* Nia nv iac lu rn rs sinco 1914 4073 5. Princeton A v e. C h ic a g o 9, Illin o is I S E M U S @@ ,, C U llT D (IC S U M h g ' Whenever normal lighting is interrm ted--no matter what the reason--you get adequate emergency lighting INSTANTLY. Your customers and employees are safeguarded against injuries; property damage, pilferage, loss of process control is minimized. Exide Lightguards are UL-approved and can be plugged in an,-where. Operates instantly--each lamp illuminates up to 10 000 sq. ft. Exide battery in one lamp unit provides power for more than S hours of continuous lighting. Once normal power is restored, automatic controls recharge the dependable, long-life, trouble-free Exide battery. W H sCTJU for facts on why Exide Lightguards guarantee more protection for every dollar you invest in such equipment. INDUSTRIAL DIVISION, The Electric Storage Buttery Co., Philadelphia Pa. 106 are classed in the la tte r cate in th a t prolonged co n tac t is ^ " ally req u ired to cau se irritatiQili! Sensitizing agents, on the oth hand, are chem icals th a t are -ar nocuous to m ost skin h u t capabh of producing d erm a titis in a '[e^ susceptible in d iv id u als following, rep eated contacts o v e r a long U riod. Sensitization m ay require: weeks, m onths or ev en years of contact w ith the m aterial before derm atitis develops. As m entioned above, the petro, leum industry is n ow handling large quantities of chem ical addi- lives and inhibitors, many of which are strong p rim ary irritant*and v ery active chem ical conwl pounds. By nature, inhibitors! u sually have to be v e ry potes) chemicals because while they a r p used in very low concentration! ~ they exert a pow erful influence! on the characteristics or perform! ance of the product, an d many ofj the inhibitors are ju st as potenf towards man. One v ery active class of inhibi tors are the amines and substi tuted amines, and w e are par ticu larly concerned ab o u t them because th ey a re v ery damaging! to the eyes, and a splash can readily re su lt in blindness. T1 amines are usually strong smell; ing caustic liquids, insoluble in w ater, hence difficult to remo by w ashing. T h ey can cause seve eye burns and necrosis of eye ti sue. In addition, most amines readily absorbed through the s and even low q u an tities ms; cause in te rn a l dam age an d dea' Employees should, of course, fully alerted as to the hazards such m aterials and should be edu cated to the use of protective gog gles, gloves and aprons. T he foregoing applies to con cen trated or u n d ilu ted inhibitor's, ^ .. F in ish ed p e t r o l e u m products p-jQ should and usually do contaix^& j such a small quantity, and inhibitor is so diluted, as to r e s u lt gjg in practically no m ore h a rm in tb finished p ro d u ct th a n th e re woul _ be from th e stra ig h t m ineral oi itself. In d u strial d e r m a t i t i s ca se s mg sometimes result in e rro n e o u s.^ , conclusions as to tlieir cause, even by those who should know better I recall the case of a young man j | 'i 5S fr 1 a q N a tio n a l S afe ty News, A pril, ^ afie jgf | worked in a gasoline station developed a severe dermati- " 0 e went to a physician who 'f5*"e patch tests on him and found i f f ' had 3 sensitivity to special - - hut no reaction to regu- jte r gasoline. |i/ip p a rc ntly, the physician had =|h rd special gasoline contains a | f t 0f lead because the case was ^ g n o s e d as resulting from an pxcess o' lead tetraethyl in the f a c i a l ; ;soline. We thought this |#irange ^ because while we all that lead tetraethyl is a "plent noison and can be ab~ through the skin, it is not fr primary skin irritant and has ,,er been known to cause d er matitis. review of records of gasoline "prnen s into the particular area -wed 'he regular gasoline aetu- con' ained the same or some'`es m me lead than the special Ssoline, clearly proving that lead Traethyl was not to blame, but some other m aterial was Sponsi rle. Bfe- Inhalation H P7' J p F Of tin three avenues by which glgSiiemica s can be taken into the ffipjdy, innalation probably has re- glaived t v far the most study and Aestivation because it is the test im portant consideration in idustri d health. The vast amount esesrch on the inhalation of Jteria.'s has resulted in the uKicahon of very useful data I'safe hum an exposure levels own is threshold limit values, ilnaximum allowable concen- The list is compiled an- ffly oy the A m erican Gonfer- @ Governmental Industrial 'gienists and is published by A m e ric a n -Medical Associa- IgO- h tabulates the maximum ^ o u n t of the various m aterials |grker:; can safely be exposed to W an eight-hour working day rfW'lK 0u1 " ju ry to health. feA e' :/ of the m aterials encoun- iu the petroleum industry g e listed in Table II. | i JpG It; |p ! TABLE II r^ases and Vapors ^ce PPM S i 2 i " ns (benzol) ........................... 35 |j |g ? TM n dioxide ............................... 5000 monoxide ........................... 100 ?bon tetrachloride .................. 25 I g o n o / Safety N ew s, April, 1955 J i <D on't stop tra ffic 1. fp r e p a ir f/ o o r s --u se : P erm am /^ /~ f/ie n e w p ^ ^ fe m p e r a fu r ^ ,, a i. i : P 8 Y T A M P jio o r, patch* DRY TAMP MEANS SPEED No stick y m ass to dig out o f th e drum o r to handle Permamix dry pours sets instantly feather ed ges perfectly no production d elays non-skid surface. A L L T E M P E R A T U R E W on't f r e e z e can b e sto red or u sed in a n y t e m perature * will store ind efin itely a stock room Item will n ot " set" - in drum w h ether open or co v ered . \ M istak es just can 't h a p p e n . Tamp ~ ~ ~ ~*in place and traffic rolls. sim, v v | J kSmf W v f t - CUTS M AI NTE NANC E COSTS on con crete; brick, tile or asphalt floors no sp ecial equipm ent or skill n eed ed " a one man Ob com es In durable SO lb. n e t w t. fibre drums solve your floor patching problem s far good. W rite for Details N ow ! PERMAM1X CORPORATISM 155 W . WACKER DRIVE C H IC A G O !, ILLINOIS Triple strand rope of polyethylene plastic; two strands of yellow, one of black. Attractive and high visibility. Immediately identifies a restricted area in that it carries out the standard CAUTION colors. TENSHLE STRENGTH OVER 4 0 0 P O U N D S N O SAG OR STRETCH Has high di-electric properties. Not affected by oil Will not readily absorb dirt. May be easily cleaned. W RITE FOR BULLETIN N O . 93 'S a fety E q u ip m en t fd ta % d u kb p ji inO U ST R Ifll PRODUCTS t o m p i m v 2850 N. FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA 33, PA. 7 /M ftW /to JM E i... Gasoline ............................................... 500'ifj Hydrogen sulfide ................................. 20 ? Naptha (petroleum ) ....................... 500 1 Octane . . . ......................................... 500 I f Sulfur dioxide ..................................... jq iry USUIATE ,T PROTECT -re PQNCTUREPROOF No. 251 Strap-on Sandal No. 504-S Steel Toe Shoe One costly Foot Accident could have paid far 1000 Pairs of W ooden Soles. Reece has a shoe or sandal to fit your needs. Write for Catalog DEPT. N-S-4-55 COLUMBUS, NEBRASKA D iam ond Bulletin Boards are a va il a b le in single and dou ble units. //-V / To stop those passing eyes...and GET YOUR MESSAGES READ ksf&lt DIAMOND Bulletin Boards When you install Diamond Bulletin Boards you are setting up lasting "message centers" where your messages axe easily readable and protected from the elements. Employees can read them a t any time because Diamond Bulletin Boards are illuminated and ventilated so that the glass will not fof Write for further information and prices. T oxic Dusts, Fum es, and M ists Mg. p eT Substance Cu. M, Iron oxide fume ........................ 15 " Lead ............................................... 0.15 Tifi Sulfuric acid ................................ . 1 M in e ra l Dusts Substance MPPCF Asbestos ....................................... ;. 5 Dust (nuisance, no fre e silica) .. 50 Silica m .M high (above 50% free SiO,) .. 5 m edium (5 to 50 % fre e S id 2) .. 20 low (below 5% free S102) . . . 50 ..iS^ These values are based on the best available inform ation from-If industrial experience, from e x -|l perimental studies, and, when.fi possible, from a combination off! the two. They are not fixed valuesfi but are reviewed annually by the! Committee on Threshold Limits'l l for changes, revisions, or addi-jg tions as further information be-ff comes available. Threshold limits3 should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and I should not be regarded as fine ij{ lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They re p re se n t,:|| conditions only w ithin which it is`3 f felt that workers may be r e |I | peatedly exposed, day after day, j without their health being acMj versely affected. . ,i I cannot overemphasize theSj importance of the threshold limipj values. I b e lie v e th a t e v e rfil safety man should be familiaiS with, them and have, copies of the complete table, because they havf| been incorporated in state codes2 and have the force of law in manyM states, and therefore, m ust be|jS complied with. So far some 19pl states have w ritten threshold limit;) values into their law s and often) m anagement is not aware of si requirem ents but would be in a jj1 vulnerable position if trouble re -i suited from, excessive exposure tP || any of the m aterials. Usually it isj up to the safety people and the|| industrial hygienists to alert man-i agement to the existence of th ese|| codes and to institute measures^ for the m easurem ent of air con tam inants so as to insure compA m ance. (| Even gasoline has a maximumj| safe level which is 500 parts Perj| illion. The result of exposure 01 c o n c e n tra tio n s greater than 500 pPul c shown by the following: *tAble ih- g a s o u n e e x po su r e qv,rnptsms: Heada-he, irritation of eyes ' o.nd trroat, dizziness, no,v- sea, 1>ss of conciousness, death. Parts Per Million % Maximum allowable I : concentration fo. prolonged exposure . . . . 500 0.05 cijpht symptoms alter several hours ................. 1000 0.1 Maximum conceni ration tolerable for 1 r r ................ 5000 0.5 nirwerous or sh c it exposure ........................... 15000 1.5 fatal for short exposure. .25000 2.5 power explosive lim it............14000 1.4 Produc: Labeling One very im portant function of the industrial aygienist is in re gard to precautionary labeling of oroduct. This is receiving more gnd more em piasis as state after state passes labeling regulations. The most recent is the State of New York where the Council on public Health passed labeling regulations which became effec tive August 2<:, 1954, as Chapter IX-A of the New York State Sani tary Code. Those labeling regula tions have the force and effect of law and require precautionary' labeling on any product which en tails a hazard in- a reasonably anticipated usi. A hazard is de fined as: The risk of injury or illness which may be encountered during or as a r e mit of any reasc nably anticipated type of handling or use of a substance, or during its specified use, if any, by re a son of the toxicity of the substance through ingestion, inhalation or absorp tion through the skin, or due to its corrosiveness or irritating properties, or because of its !lammability or explo siveness. Similar labeling regulations al ready' exist in California, Illinois, Oregon, and the Territory of Hawaii, and are in the making in New Jersey, New Hampshire, Ohio and Rho be Island. More can Ne expected, Fortunately, most ^ate regulations are guided by ^commendations of the M anu facturing Chemists' Association, He., and with some few excephons, conformity in one state re sults in conformity in other states. It is recognized that, as a rule, labeling r e g u l a t i o n s of many Products are advisable and result lP safer handling of the m aterial National Safety News, A p ri l, J9SS TV COATED WORK GLOVES CUT GLOVE COSTS TRIPL-PALM design eliminates the "failure points" of ordinary work gloves, resulting in multiplied glove life . . . greatly reduced glove costs. Knit-wrist or gauntlet style with coated or "freebreathing" backs. Ask your jobber or write for information. THE * RUBBER CO. CorroUton, Ohii in C anada: S a fe ty S upply Co., T o ro n to EXTRA-HEAVY COATING FOR EXTRA LONG WEAR . ... and greater paim comfort. NO SEAM HERE TO RIP OUT . , , Wing thumb {ane-pieco palm and thumb) construction for m ultiplied serv ice [if o. H ere is how to . . Make Year Own SHARPS w ith H&K Writ for your 'copy , ot fii/s va/uuMn b'uf/ufin S u td c ^ n d c n e d P` o n t - This bulletin illustrates a simple and inexpensive way of con structing your own guards for moving parts, such as: fly wheels, gears, and belts, and for individual punch press dies. Only ordinary tools, such as a hack saw, hand snip, hammer and screw driver are needed. When properly constructed, guards made of sturdy H & K parts will comply with State and insurance requirements and will conform with Ameri can Standard Safety Codes. 5645 FHImora Street, Chicago 44, Illinoi* 714 Uborty Streut, N a w York 6, N . Y . rwui^ mimHinwT'TmfHnmy! fi:] 'TDVnJ. I Wea" Steel-Grip Alum inized Asbestos Safety Apparel Aluminized asbestos reflects up to 95% radiant heat, and w o n ': burn. Steel-Grip has tailored this material into well-fitting, properly proportioned safety gar ments thi;t protect w orkers while allow ing full free dom of movement. Unexcelled for hot-metai handling and processing. Every yard of cloth has been care fully selected for uniform quality. Each garm ent bears the Steel-Grip label, your guarantee of wear and satisfaction. Available as coats, pants, aprons, sleeves, leggings spats, gloves, mitts and curtains. Many uses in industry. Many advantages to users. Write for test swatches or trial garments. To bo sur ? of the G en nne Wc m anufacture a complete line of guaranteed, tested and ap proved safety apparel in leather, duck, P erm a-P roof m aterials, asbestos, wool, D yn el cloth, Jaxcolitc-coated materials, alum i nu m -co a ted m aterials, etc. . . . known the country over fo r qual ity and dependability, W rite to day fo r catalog. Demand this M Trade Mark INDUSTRIAL GLOVES COMPANY a corporation 1704 Garfield Sfreef, D an ville, Illinois (In C anada: Safety Supply Co., Toronto) GUARD A G A IN ST The Hazards of Sudden Blackouts Big Beam Model 2ATW w ith storage battery and built-in charger th at keeps b attery fully charged a t all times. V ariety of models to choose from. Sudden blackouts breed confusion, panic, p ro p e rty dam age, bodily in ju ry --even loss of life. You can have com pletely dependable pro tection against sudden blackouts by installing Big Beam autom atic emergency lights. (Plug into any con venient lighting outlet.) Then w henever re g u la r lights fail, your Big Beam will provide hours of bright, safe illum ination. ksZ3> PORTABLE ELECTRIC HAND LAMPS . 164 (Sealed Beam) . 0 4 (S ta n d a rd Bulb) W rite fo r C om plete In fo rm a tio n -- C L I T E M A N U F A C T U R I N G C O . 'chUUH G ' IN CANADA: Bernard Marks & Co. Ltd., 459 Church Street, Toronto 5, Ont. no by customers, but it requires ex tensive work, knowledge of prod uct and toxicological informa tion to determine w h a t products must be labeled and how they should be labeled. In our company's operations, w e use sorn^wnat over 2000 basic chemicals or raw materials and manufacture some 3500 finished products which must be reviewed individually. To illustrate, the following are ju st a few of the h a z a rd o u s m ate rials th a t are en c o u n te re d jn p etro leu m refinery operations or th a t m ight b e com pounded into finished products: Respiratory Irritants Acrolein Acetaldehyde Aluminum Chloride Ammonia Asbestos Ditertiarv butyl para cresol Dusts, physiologically inert, general Dusts, attapulgus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Form aldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors Lime Nitrogen oxides Ozone Pine Oil Silica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Welding fumes Toxic Materials Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye Benzol (benzene) Cadmium Carbon Monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chrome compounds Cobalt, metal Hydrogen sulfide Inhibitors Lead, m etal & fumes Lead, oxide, litharge Lead, soaps Lead, tetraethyl Manganese MercuryMethanol Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc Skin Irritants Acids--all kinds Amines Benzol (benzene) Caustics Chromium Salts Coal-tar Compounds Cobalt, metal and compounds Dyes Inhibitors 4SP 'S A S j| 8S> fir fjS ij ;< r , s i ' r N ational Safety News, April, jvckcl salts Oils, general Oils, high boiling ::om Cat. & steam cricking 0 jls, insoluble cutiing phenol Pitch Solvents jptra violet radiation V/iis, untreated yhe petroleM.ni industry has ,nade rem arkable progress in the development o: new and better products and in improving proc essing operations. Accompanying this progress h;.ve been new problems of toxicol igy and health enaineering which m ust be studied with the same zeal as other types of research. The advent of cata lytic cracking resulted in the pro duction and handling of aromatic hydrocarbons, and of importance to us, health problem s long asso ciated with the coal-tar industry. The use of new chemical catalysts, inhibitors, and other chemical compounds involve health prob lems that the chemical industries have faced for years. To illustrate this trend we need only look at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically 100 per cent petroleum with little, if any, additives; today they con tain up to 15 to 20 per cent of chemicals, additives and inhibi tors, and this trend will continue because there is no question that additives contribute' much to im prove performance c h a r a c t e r istics. Every step in this direction, however, does pose new problems of health and safety among our plant personnel and our cus tomers. Fork Trucks --From, page 35 er catalytic muffler--on mining and construction equipment, may add impetus to two growing trends in mining--the shift to ward trackless mining and the increasing use of diesel equip ment underground. The Coplay Cement Company, Coplay, Pa., has been using a Because we have the w idest avail able selection of unit packets, and a b ro a d c h o ic e o f h e a v y d u t y Kits, we can provide you with th e perfect com bination of kit and fill fo r your specific plant and field conditions. Caif your Buiiard representative. Immodiatel/ upon application, glass or plastic surfaces will re main FOE-FREE > STEAM-FREE * DUST-RESISTANT OPTICAL!.r BRILLIANT, for several days. # Eli minotes work-interrupting time breoks for manual wiping o f goggles, masks or eyeglasses . . . TIME SAVING. Fog-proofed lenses protect both worker and co-worker, and encourage use of eye gear constantly . , . GREATER PER SONNEL SAFETY. # In the foundry --. at the lathe -- on the assembly line --- with the truck fleet -- in the busy office, unobstructed vision pays dividends . . . OPERATING ECONOMY, AVAILABLE AS: Raffilati Salf-Ditpunsing Wall Cabinet Indivdua! pocket applicator V/i and 3'A oz. Spray bottle ORDER TODAY thru your dealer or write Dept, N-2 607 Fifth Ave. New York J7( N . Y National Safety Nows, April, 1935 CYUNDRICASL KIT provides protection fo r firs t aid un der the severest field conditions. Units packed in a vinyl ro ll-u p belt. U N I T P A C K K IT with rep la c ea b le ru b b er gasket. Snap-Jocks open with a flick of the finger, and close to seal out indus trial dust and m oisture. BULLARD jet our talnlot) in E.D .BULLARD C O M P A N Y er wrils fur ropy 2 7 5 E ig h th S tro o t S an F ra n c is c o 2) C a lifo rn ia in