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US00002820
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Overview of the PFAS issue to provide the knowledge needed to avoid impulsive reactions
Understand how PFAS reacts in the environment to ensure the most appropriate sampling and analytical methods and treatment technologies are selected
Have the information needed to allow you to focus on your mission and direct your program going forward.
US00002821
ARCADIS U ttitiri Ib re m m e iU fornaturaland built assets
3 US00002822
A R C D IS for naturai and builtassets
Horsham Water and Sewer Authority Takes 2 Wells Out of Service Due to Detection
of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate fPFOS) Above Provisional Health Advisory Level Tw o of the Httefity suppl wells, Well No. 26and Well No,.40 wererecently found to hawP F O S abovethe.RIA level (detected si 0.7 ppband 1,0ppb respectively}. PFOSwasalsodetected in-fterAuthority wills but not abovethe MIA level. After consulting,with BET, theA litanti decidedto takeWill Nos,.IS and41if- liit.
LiC NOTICI FROM YOUR WATER AUTHORITY
FO R B IR NASjRSWILLOWBROVI. PA C WARMIN$T:IP GUARDSTOTIO:
Eg =PA haschanged the limit fii* PFCsto health advisoryw ith lower tong-term limits. Duets this <h?*geti-* Warminster A u tho rity has removedthree additional wells from p r o d u c t , All three tve-sv 'i w r er tty tested a m eet this new standard but a t one tim e tested dose or overthe iMt. Three previouswells taken ou t o f service are u n der construction for carbonfiltration to ! ( | | emtwe PFCs. Wecontinue t o m eet the regulatorystandards issued by ERAfo r PFCs,
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US00002823
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PFAS include PFOS, PFO A and approximately 6,000 fluorinated compounds
AFFF contains > 200 PFAS compounds
US00002824
Magnitude of Problem
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63 water utilities with PFOS and/or PFOA detections above Health Advisory
Health Advisories for long erm exposure to PFOS and PFOA in drinking water (May 2016):
- 70 ppt combined Previous Provisional Health Advisories for short term exposure (2009) 200 ppt PFOS 400 ppt PFOA
US00002825
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Regulatory drivers Budget constraints Need for standardized guidance Public outcry Congressional pressure Impact to 2018/2021 DERP Goals Inconclusive and evolving information
US00002826
Surface Treatment
Carpet Protector
Fabric/upholstery protector
Apparel and leather protector
Protective products for consumer applications
Paper and Packaging Protectors
Food packaging
Paper products
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Performance Chemicals Fire Extinguishing foam concentrates Mining and oil surfactants Electroplating and etching bath surfactants Household additives Chemical intermediates Coatings and Coating Additives Carpet spot cleaners Insecticides raw materials
US00002827
Fire Training Areas Fire Stations Airfields/Airports Hangars Landfills Wastewater Plating Photo development
^ ARCADIS -s'..*.:1for natural and built assets
US00002828
Chemical Properties and tmpfie
PFAS plumes are generally longer High solubility Low log Koc Recalcitrant Mostly Anionic
^ARCADIS fornatural and builtassets
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US00002829
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US00002830
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\ iafs Driving t -AS Standards?
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USEPA has selected RfD for PFOS and PFOA of 20 ng/kg bw/day (May 2016)
European Food Safety Authority (2008):) established a TDI for PFOS and PFOA of 150 ng/kg bw/day and 1.500 ng/kg bw/day
Bioaccumulation
The PFAS web
Oliaei et al. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res (2013) 20: 1977-1992
1Contaminant Levels Biomagnification
US00002831
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Will Europe's Trends Influence the US4"?
Europe has been regulating PFAS for more than a decade Sweden's standard is sum of 12 PFAS compounds <100 ppt Denmark's standard is sum of 7 PFAS < 90 ppt Germany, UK and the Netherlands have standards in 100's ppt
European proposed surface water standard is even lower, 0.65 ppt for inland waters, due to bioaccumulation in fish
Why so low?
PFOS and PFOA are classified as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic PFOS banned globally under Stockholm Convention cPhFaOinAedvoPluFnAtaSrily phased out of manufacturing, replaced by shorter-
On-going evaluation of shorter-chained PFAS health effects
US00002832
ARCADIS U ttitiri Ib re m m e iU fornaturaland built assets
14 US00002833
` tnalytic icfeqyats?
^A R C A D IS ;'1>* .'i- L..v.r.i. for naturai and builtassts
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US00002834
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Offered by a number of laboratories including TestAmerica, Pace Analytical, ALS Global, SGS Accutest, and BSK Associates
Sample costs range from -$250 to $550 per groundwater sample and $250 to $350 per soil sample
Analysis for selected perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs)
Number of analytes reported for groundwater ranges from six analytes for the UCMR3 list up to 23 analytes using an expanded list
Number of analytes reported for soil ranges from 6 for the UCMR3 list to 16 analytes using an expanded list
Expanding the list of compounds that could be analyzed by Method 537 is limited by the availability of standards
Detection limits for groundwater range from 2 and 20 nanograms per liter (ng/L).
Detection limits for soil range from 0.2 micrograms per kilogram (pg/kg) to 25 pg/kg.
US00002835
^ ARCADIS for natural and builtassets
Aerobic Biefracsfcrmaticc cf Precursors - Implications for " Alp Fate A Transport and Remediation
All Polyfluorinated/ PFAA Precursor Compounds in Commerce {"Dark Matter")
oil
C eF 1:7 ~ 8 - 0 ~ Q
Hundreds of Common Intermediate Transformation Products
Approximately 25 PFSAs, PFCAs, PFPAs-collectively termed PFAA's
2016S) A r c a d is
US00002836
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Total oxidizable precursors (TOP) Assay - Pretreatment of sample prior to LCMSMS - Detection limits to ~ 2 ng/L
Particle-induced gamma emission (PIGE) Spectroscopy - Separation of organofluorine compounds + total fluorine analysis (analogous to TPH for hydrocarbons) - Detection limits to ~ 2 ug/L F
Adsorbable organofluorine (AOF) - Process with activated carbon and subsequent analysis byCIC - Detection limits to ~ 1 ug/L F
US00002837
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Source zone hidden cationic and cation dominated zwitterion `'Dark Matter" in more anaerobic environment
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^ARCADIS Des:ijrt & L'finsi far natural,and built assets
Fire Training Center for AFFF testing and trials since 1970's. AFFF/PFAS sprayed daily/9 months/year for 30 to 40 years. 3,000 foot benzene plume in groundwater /PFAS presence in soil/groundwater. Potential for Significant Brand- PR and 3rd party Liability
Receptor Survey/Vulnerability Assessment - Vapor Intrusion (VI) assessment (BTEX) for off site properties; >80 wells within 1 mile of site.
Source (FTA) and Plume Delineation - Real time delineation using mobile labs; aquifer testing to assess transport and off site risk. Assessment of PFAS in soil and groundwater and regulatory reporting/negotiation.
Source Remediation Design/lmplementation - Client desires a rapid delineation and source excavation during Fall season business shutdown. PFAS disclosure could increase risk/cost ($2M to $40M). Potential for alternative remedies/Arcadis R&D.
PFAS Groundwater Delineation/Remediation - To be determined based on receptor survey. Plume could be more than a mile long.
US00002840
ARCDIS U ttitiri Ib re m m e iU fornaturaland built assets
US00002841
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United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry and Economics. 2015. PFAS analysis in water for the Global Monitoring Plan of the Stolkholm Convention, Set-up and guidelines for monitoring. April.
Government of Western Australia, Department of Environmental Regulation. 2016. Interim Guideline on the Assessment and Management of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), Contaminated Sites Guidelines. February.
Environmental Fate and Effects of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). 2016. CONCAWE (European Industrial Consortium)
Statement of Requirements for FPAS Site Assessments. 2016 Public Services and Procurement Canada & Transport Canada.
US00002842
^ARCADIS fornatural and builtassets
Precautions for personal field gear including no water proof or stain-treated clothing during sampling event
Precautions for field personnel to limit contact with certain food products
Maintain clean work area, consider dedicated plastic sheeting to prevent contact with ground
Use high density polyethylene (HOPE) bottles fitted with HOPE liner screw cap only
Use clean hands techniques - use nitrile gloves at all times and don a fresh pair for multiple steps of sampling process
Avoid markers, use pen or pencil.
Decontamination procedures include Citranox cleaning solution, laboratory-provided, "PFAS-free" water, and methanol.
Include collection of field reagent trip blank to evaluate potential for cross contamination to occur
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US00002843
High Resolution Site Characterization
Cape Canaveral Air Force Base
Completed transects of hydraulic profiling tool to map permeability
Vertical aquifer profiling to map PFOA and PFOS concentrations Fixed lab EPA method 537
Incremental sampling to assess sediment impacts due to discharge
Developing mobile lab capability Real-time EPA Method 537 Adaptive delineation Leverage advantages/lessons learned from solvents
^ ARCADIS -s'..*.:1for natural and built assets
US00002844
^ARCADIS fornatural and builtassets
ampling Considerations for PFAS Point of
RPOevEieTwsysstatetemrsequirements for monitoring and reporting performance of cbInorfenluataeknmthtirnsoaaunmgthpclionngceshnotrualtdiofnoscuthsaot ncocuhladraimctpearicztintrgeaatnmyetnetmrpeoqruairl ecmhaenngtsesanind Effluent sampling should focus on confirming that
treatment goals are met and water produced is protective of public health
Effluent sampling can also be used to characterize
and optimize treatment system operation
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requirements, and treatment objectives
US00002845
ARCADIS for naturai and builtassets
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GAG Canister METALS
POST
Replacement
PRE
Semi-Annually
PFOA
MID
First Visit After Each
TOC
POST PRE
FD MS/MSD
Every 20 Samples
im
GAC Canister METALS
POST
Replacement
PRE
Annually
PFOA
MID POST
FD Every 20 Samples
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METALS
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US00002847
la ARCADIS for naturai and builtassets US00002848
ARCADIS U ttitiri Ib re m m e iU fornaturaland built assets
30 US00002849
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214 264 314 364 414
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464 514 300 400
PFOS
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FOSA N-MeFOSAA N-EtFOSAA
499 571 585
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Treatment
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After Dickenson and Higgins, 2016. Treatment mitigation strategies for poly- and perfluoralkyl substances, Water Research Foundation
US00002850
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Granular activated carbon (GAG)
Reverse Osmosis
(RO) or
Nanofiltration (MF)
Ion Exchange
Key Considerations
GAG has been installed at multiple facilities over the past decade for PFOA removal from wafer supplies
Minimal liquid residual wastes Spent carbon requires re-activation / disposal;
Full-scale applications for PFAS are limited May reject a broader suite of PFAS Generates a concentrate stream containing
PFAS at higher levels than in source water
Only removes PFOS, not PFOA
US00002851
I ARCADIS for natural and builtassets
GAO can be BOX more expansive for PFOS/PFOA than BTEX
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CGPreFoAqAlCuuSimrnenedetdedessttietnorgmtrienaet GsitAeCspreeqcuifiicrements are - PFAS mixtures
Competition from - TgrOoCunfdrowmater
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- cOotnhtearminants
US00002852
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Rapid small scale column testing (RSSCT) and TOP Assay to understand long term cost and treatment requirements
Alternative to high temperature regeneration - ScisoR Treatment train -AIX or FluorAdd Treatment train technology Absorbing media and regenerable media Destructive treatment processes for RO/NF concentrates (ScisoR) Destructive treatment processes
34 US00002853
^lARCADIS for naturai and built assets
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Destruction of PFAS by chemical oxidation/reduction
Effective at ambient temperature
35000 -
30000 - Soluble reagents can be injected or mixed 25000 with impacted soil and groundwater
In situ remediation of AFFF impacted source areas
Testing ability to treat waste/stockpiled AFFF
Regeneration of support media (like ion exchange resins and other absorptive media) to destroy PFAS on site
US00002855
ARCADIS ;.:ni:in;c for natural and builtassets
Average % PFOS Remaining Pest SCISOR
PFOS Destruction
During ScisoR*
I2C
100
80
60
40
20
Fluoride Released From PFOS During ScisoR1*
Average % PFOS Remaining Post ScisoR"
{replicate data)
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Replicate Data. Error bars are % Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)
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10 mg/L PFOS starting concentration
3 replicate data sets
83 to 90% PFOS destruction after 14 days
71 % to 118% fluoride released from PFOS during SCISOR
Overall fluoride mass balance (remaining fluoride in PFOS + fluo rid e released to solution)
- 86% to 126% of theoretical
All treated sam ples were blind spiked with 10 mg/L fluoride
- 80% to 99% spike recovery
Spike analyses dem onstrate ion m easured is fluoride, results are quantitative
Longer reaction tim es and repeat applications of ScisoR will cause com plete destruction of PFOS
US00002856
^ARCADIS fornatural and builtassets
C h a r in e f IslESficJs,
State of Goofosejf
PFOS Management Strategy
Persistent bio-accumulative periluorinated compounds in the airport's firefighting Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) were identified in surface waters which were being used as a primary source of the Island's drinking water supply. In 2009 Arcadis was commissioned to assist the State of Guernsey with a strategy to manage the risk to human health and the environment.
Our Approach
ADsesseksBsmaseendt Review & Preliminary Risk Intrusive Assessments and Monitoring
Fate & Transport Modelling
Management/Remediation Strategy Interim Emergency Response Measures Implementation of Remedial Management
Strategies
US00002857
ARCDIS U ttitiri Ib re m m e iU fornaturaland built assets
US00002858
ARCADIS 4tv--s-. for natural and built assets
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US00002859
^ARCADIS fornatural and builtassets
Community of approximately 3,600 people located in northeastern Rensselaer County, N Y - about 10 miles from N Y -V T b o rd e r.
Situated along the Hoosic River - a 70-mile long tributary to the Hudson River with a 720 square-mile watershed in 3 states - VT, MA, and NY
Mix of residential, commercial and industrial zones.
PFOA detected in Village water supply wells and other private wells.
New York State responded by listing Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics on the State Superfund List.
NYSDEC set up an Incident Command Center to respond to needs of residents, business owners and village officials.
SARATOGA NY
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US00002860
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HoosieF Fall NYSDEC WorF Assign!^
Treatment System Design and C onstruction - GAC treatment systems on water supply for schools and apartment complex
POET System: Bench-scale Testing
Small scale treatability testing (e.g. rapid small-scale column testing, RSSCT)
correctly design/size the treatment system provides an estimate of expected service life to breakthrough. performed within a much shorter time that a pilot or full-scale test.
Because of the rapid response needed in this case, POET systems were being installed concurrently with design verification tests using via RSSCTs.
US00002861
^ARCADIS fornatural and builtassets
Hoosich Fails NYSDEC Work Assignments (cost)
Engineering Oversight - installing Point-of-Entry Treatment (POET) systems on approximately 900 residential and commercial water supply systems.
Incident Command Center - Leading situational and planning tasks, operating call centers, scheduling field tasks, inventorying POET equipment, collecting and recording field and system data.
POET System Operation, Maintenance & Monitoring 20 months of PFOA water sampling and operations/maintenance of approximately 900 POET systems installed by NYSDEC contractors
Alternative Water Supply Development (2 to 3 MOD: adjacent alluvial Valley): Confined (protected) aquifer identified using geophysics; confirmed with Hydraulic and chemical testing.
US00002862
ARCADIS 4tv--s-. for natural and built assets
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US00002863
PFAS Maniifacfiiririci * t F
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In most of the U.S. and Europe, C8 PFAS species have been phased-out due to potential health concerns
PFOS (C8) and PFOA (C8) and related PFAS have been replaced with compounds with shorter (e.g., C4, C6) perfluorinated chains
Shorter chain replacement chemicals are typically less bioaccumulative, but they are still persistent and more mobile in aqueous systems vs C8.
Solutions for characterizing all PFAS species, from C4 to C8, are imperative; all carbon chain lengths are present in most environmental samples and even in historical "C8" products
US00002864
A P P P U s3 p in U S .
I AR C AD ISiiS?
Navy developed AFFF with 3M after the devastating USS Forrestal Fire in 1967 (134 dead, 161 injured)
Historically, AFFF contained PFOS, PFOA, and C8 and C6 precursors - exact PFASs used are manufacturer dependent
Since early 2000's, U.S. military and airports use fluorotelomer-based foams that contain C6 compounds - they do not contain PFOS/PFOAand PFOS/PFOA precursors
Com m on brand nam es are Ansulite, National Foam Aer-o-W ater, Buckeye, Chem guard (all M ilS pec approved)
US00002865
Fluorine Free Fuero Replacements to FFAS-AFFF are Available
S) Arcadis 2016
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Fluorine Free AFFF
Floe: < Fomtec So Iberg Dr. Sthamer
Fc:)|:oi Enviro 3x3 Plus Re-healing Foam RF6 / RF3 Moussol F-F3/6
Sol berg foams are used by many airports in Europe
Fluorine free foams work via mechanisms that involve aspiration (nozzles that introduce bubbles)
Alternative fluorine free foams may have higher COD/BOD
MILSPEC requires 30s extinguish time, and fluorine free foams currently do not meet this criteria
US00002866
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Overview of the PFAS issue to provide the knowledge needed to avoid impulsive reactions
Understand how PFAS reacts in the environment to ensure the most appropriate sampling and analytical methods and treatment technologies are selected
Have the information needed to allow you to focus on your mission and direct your program going forward.
US00002867
AARCDEi'S*" advances h renediation
Discoverthe innovationsthat willchangetheremediation industry,Downloadyourfree copyofournewAdvances in Remediation booktoday!.
.v'.'r !
^ ARCADIS for natural and builtassets
ReserveyourcopyofRemediation Engineering: Design Concepts, the industry'spremiereducationaltextbook. Secondeditionscheduledforreleasein November.Preordernowfora20% discount.
Suthan Suthersan, Chief Technical Officer (267) 685-1807 suthan.suthersan@arcadis.com
Joe Quinnan, National Emerging Contaminant Leader (248) 789-4951
joseph.quinnan@arcadis.com
......$
Jeff Burdick, National PFAS Techiical:l^aderi|iii|l375-4879:. jeffrey.burdick@arcadis.com
Rhonda Stone, A rm y Program Manager (610) 563-6122......................... rhonda.siorie@rcdis.com .. .... :VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
HeatherPolfnsky, Federet Program- Director (410) 353-7855..............................
^ heather.polinsky@ arcadis.com
| ||
US00002868