Document gEvpq2g0Q135Z9J48JnKeao3N

* --* t_7 o' ^ PLAINTIFFS P EXHIBIT ASA-95 A STUDY OF THE PROBLEM by The American Wafer tyorks Association Research Foundation 6665 VV. Quir.cy Aver.un Denver, Colorado 80235 i- for the / A/C Pipe Producers Association Suite 1113, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009 July 1974 ... ->*. r 'Tn&iY r.. v . i Va- -i *4 *, . \l * r *.. ' j n* *'* *-H{f A*:' & ".l .'tiCR. *v ft- . -fWi '.v ? ' i ,,. W* '> *4 : % s. * .v *'^#**w V 4 'Vi t: r 3? -ri ' * -*, ! fyjS **,.*"*' >j. r*:&?*%*r. nl HER 0001202 I TABLE OF CONTENTS SscJions I. PROJECT HISTORY II. BIBLIOGRAPHY III. SUMMARY IV. RECOMMENDATIONS V. COMMITTEE REPORT VI. REFERENCES VII. APPENDICES \ Pogg 2 6 14 17 18 26 29 -1- k nl [' HER 0001203 PROJECT H ISTORY Resetnch lias revealed a re-ogni/.cd occupational health hazard connected with excessive and prolonged inh;1 ation of asbestos dust. A related question has arisen regarding the possible- healt! hazard that may result from the presence of asbestos fibers in walur, oc/eic.::?* food, or fluids used for the administration of drugs. Since considerable amount; of asbcsfos-ccmcnf pipe convey potable water in Not !: America Europe. and of cr parts of the world, a question has also been raised with respect to the possible heclth hazard that ma'/be associated with drinking water which ha; flowed fl-otrgh asbestos-cement pipe. The asbestos industry hus been investigating the biological effects of os!;estos for many years. A Jditinrvlly, the AV'C Pipe Producers Association contracted with the Ameiicun Water Y.'orks Association (AWWA) Research Foun dation to study the problem of csbrstos in water, and specifically with relation to the use of asbestos-cement pipe. The objective; of the study were to: (1) assemble all pertinent literature on the biological effects of asbestos; (2) have a committee examine the technical literature and on the busis of present knowledge issue a report answering the question: Does asbestos in water constitute a hazard to health by causing a greater than normal oecurien;e of gastrointestinal cancer or malignant mesothe lioma of the peritoneum or pleura?; and (3) recommend the research required to finally resolve the matter.. Selection of Study Committee In the formation of the s-ilect committee, considerable attention was given to keeping the group manage >bly small but invested with competent) in the following specialties. 1. An individual familiar with the asbestos problem in air and vv.-ier. a A representative of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (E.PA) familiar with the problem. 3. A representative of the water supply industry. 4. An export in analy,:ccil methods. ,a_ l HER 0001204 [ ! 5. A pathologist. 6. An epidemiologist. ndicolcs their interest in the suhiect. The following oersons ser<ed on the study committee: Morvin Kuschner, M.D. Dean, School of Medicim State University of New York Stony Brook, New York Roger Lee Chief, Surveillance & Technical Assistance Section Program Opera'ions Branch Water Supply Division U.S. Environmenta* Protection Agency Gordon G. R.Voeck Director, Water Supply F'search Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency John R. Rossum Sanitary Engineer California Water Service Company Marvin A. Schneiderman, Ph.D. Associate Director for Fi- Id Studies and Statistics, DCCP U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service National Cancer Institute London, England George W. Wright, M.t'. -3- I HER 0001205 .nu, Procedure Two meetings of two days' duration were hefd. Prior to the first meeting the AWWA Research Foundation t`aff gathered and analyzed, to the extent possible, all the pertinent literature on the biological effects of asbestos. Copies of papers dealing specifically with asbestos in water, including analytical methods, were senJ- to the committee members re? the'r study prior to the first meeting. Each committee member also received :bstracts of the Lyon Conference papers, the full text of which was available for th*ir examination upon request. The committee members were also instructed to conduct their own search for additional information. The Lyon Conference, convened by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, was hch! in Lyon, Franc' on October 5-6, 1972. It involved 137 partici pants from 20 countries arc! wc, cull :d to review all evidence relating asbestos with cancer and other biological effects. Worthy cf mention is the .'act that in addition to the technical papers listed in the^ bibliography, fhe conference resulted in the issuance of a report of the advisory committee on asbestos cancers. Pcnels specializing in epidemiology, pathology, ~nd ph-sics and chemistry, met in a separate session after the conference and perarea a report which consisted of two sections. The first section provided a general review in the form of answers to a number of important genera! questions about the relation of asbestos to cancers of different body sites while the second section offered recommendations for further research. Question seven in the first sectio" was phrased as follows: "Is there evidence of on increased risk of cancer resulting from asbestos fibres present in '. o'er, beverages, food or in the fluids used for the administration of drugs?" The answer was os follows: "Such evidence cs there i does not indicate any risk. " The panel on pathology and experimental pathology recommended the following two projects for further exoerimental study. 1. "The effect of Ion ;-tcrm ingestion, of fibres of various sizes, shapes, and chemical composition should be studied. " 2. "The effects of f:' *er and associated metals on the metabolism of target organs should be investigated." -4- l> . ri j HER 0001206 Neither of these two protects were rated high in priority. The bibliocrcohy lists the material distributed to each member or available for their study. The purpose of the r:rst meeting was to orient the committee, exchange information end views, discuss th: work reported in-the literature, and assign various tasks to be car formed by the committee members during the three-month interim between meetings. The second.committee menf'ng concentrated on the health hazards posed bv asbestos in water (based on pr ;e *t knowledge of the subject) end recommendations for research needed !o answer unresolved questions. Following the second r.tec'irr, several committee members collaborated on rhe development of the state;* e.-1 of the committee's position and recommendation This was circu'atci by "cil to c!! members. Section !!'. (Summary): ; .iction IV (Recommendations); section V (Committee Report); section V! (References); end section VII (.Appendices) comprise the COMMITTEE REPORT. -5HER 0001207 r General bibliography Bonser, G.M. & Clayson, D.B. Feeding of Blue Asbestos to Rats. British Empire Cancer Campaign For Research. Annual Report 1967. p. 242. Burns, A.F. Chrysotile Fiber Levels in Municipal Water Systems. Johns-Manvilie Research Report No. 404-79, June 4, 1971. Burns, A.F.; Jaunarajs, K.L.; & Reimschussel, G.P. Method for the Quantitative Determination or Chrysotile Fiber in Samples From Various Sources. JohnsManvillc Research Report No. 404-67, August 3, 1970. Carrier*, J.E. Behaviour oF Asbastos-Cemenf Pipes in the Soil. International Water Supply Assn, paper presented at Stockholm, Sweden, June 15-19, 1964. Cunningham, H.M.; & Pontefract, R. Asbestos Fibers in Beverages and Drinking Water. Nature 232:332 (July 3C, 1971). Eick, Horst. Corrosion in Asbestos Cement and Concrete. International Water Supply Association paper presented at Vienna, Austria, September 1-5, 1969. Elmes, P.C. & Simpson, M.J.C. Insulation Workers in Belfast. 3. Mortality 1940-66. Brit. J. Indust. Med. 28:226-236 (1971). Enterline, P.; DeCouFle, P.; & Henderson, V. Mortality in Relation to Occupa tional Exposure in the Asbestos. Industry. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 14:897-903 (Dec. 1972). Gould, D. A Dangerous Dust. I lew Scientist, p. 453 (9 March, 1967). Harwood, C.F. Asbestos Air Pollution Control. November 1971 report prepared for Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality. Kiviluoto, R. & Meurman, L. Results of Asbestos Exposure in Finlcnd. Kristiansen, Hans. Extraction of Calcium by Soft Water from Concrete and Asbestos Cement Pipes. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, March, 1973. Lewinsohn, H.C. The Medical Surveillance of Asbestos Workers . (British) R.S.H. 2.1972 PP. 69-77. -6- HER 0001208 Mancuso, T.F. & Coulter, E.J. Methodology in Industrial Health Studies. Archives of Environncrtc.l Health 6:210-226. (Feb., 1963). Mancuso, T.F. & El-Atfcr, A.A. Carcinogenic Risk and Duration of Employment Among Asbestos Workers, pp. 161-166 of unknown publication. Meurmai, L.O.; Kiviluoto, R.; Hnkcma, M. Mortality and Morbidity of Employees of Anthophy'!!^ Asbestos in Mines in Finland. Paper 31 at Lyon, France Ccrfe-ence, Oct. 2-5, 1972, 1C p. McDonald, J.C. Ccnccr in Chr so:i!e Minos and Mills. Paper 29 at Lyon, France Conference, Oct 2-5, 1972, 14 p. McDonald, J.C.; McDonald, A.D.: Gibbs, G.W.; Siemictycki; & Rossi ter, C.E. Mortality in the C. -.rysotre Asbes'-os Mines end Mills of Quebec. Archives a: Environmental Health 22:677-686 (June, 1971). McDonald, J.C.; Rcssiter, C.E.; Eysser, G.: & McDonald, A.D. Mortality in Chrysoti! ' Producing Ir'jus'ry of Quebec: A Progress Report. AAanuscript presented r* 4rh frf o. Conference, Bucharest, 1971. Newhouse, M.L. A S'ucy : the V.r-tci'ty c: Workers in c.n Asbestos Factory. British Jourr.c! cr !: v.r -1:: , Aed:cine. 26:294-201 (1969). Newhouse, M.L. Ccncer Among Workers In the Asbestos Textile Industry. Paper 32 a! Lyon, France Conference, Cct. 2-5, 1972, 13 p. Octtle, A.G. Mortality from M;-!r nan*1 Necalasms of the Alimentary Canal in Whites, Coloreds, end As'cns ;n South Africa, 1949-1958. National Canccr institute Mcnccrcrh No. 25. Tumors of the Alimentcry Tract, pp. Ill, Ti2, 121, irTTl, 731 {July 1967). Olson, H.L. Does Asbestos in V.'rto- Sucpfy rresent a Health Hazard? Paper presented at the Conferer e of State Sanitary Engineers at San Francisco, CA, May "-10, 1973. Pontefract, R.D. & Cunningham, H.M. Penetration of Asbestos through the Digestive Tenet of Rats. Nature 243:352-353 (June 8, 1973). Pooley, F.D. Mesotheliomas in relation to Exposure. Paper 34a at Lyon, France Conference, Oct. 2-5, 1972, 15 a. -7- HER 0001209 Quint, S.M. Transite Pipe Test I inc -- Determination of Asbestos Fiber in Water. Johns-Monville P.iseoich Report No. 425-T-1360. Sept. 29, 1971. Rickards, A.L. Estimation of Suhnicrugram Quantities of Chrysotile Asbestos by Electron Microscopy. Anal. Chem. 43:809,,(April, 1973). Sargent, H.A. Asbestos in Drinking 'Water. Paper presented at New England Water Works Association meeting at Northfield, Vermont, May 17, 1973. Selikoff, I.J.; Hammond, E.C.; ! Chura, J. Carcinogenecity of Amosife Asbestos. Arch. Environ. Health 25:183-186 (Sept. 1972). Selikoff, I.J.; Hammond, E.C.; 3> Seidman, H. Cancer Risk of Insulation Workers in l ie United Stu'es. Paper 33 at Lyon, France Conference, Oct. 2-5, 1972, 20 p. Speil, S.; c Leineweber, J.P. Asbestos Minerals in Modern Technology. Environmental. Research 2:165-208 (1969). Swinburne, L.M. Pveport on Research at St. James' Hospital, Leeds. Appendix 4. Included in report fro': Asbestos Research Council (Gt. Br.) Oct. 70 to Oct. 71. Vigliani, E.C.; Ghezzi, I.; & Marcnzaaa, P. Epidemiological Study of Asbestos Workers in Northern Itcly. pp. 147-150 of unknown publication. 'Wagner, J.C. letter dated 27th October 1972 addressed to Dr. P.V. Pelnor. Westlche, G.E.; Spjut, H.J.; & Smith, M.N. Denetraticn of Colonic Mucosa by Asbesto: Porticos. An E'ectrnn Microscopic Stud) in Rats Fed Asbes tos Dust. Laboratory Inv rs!'action t/:2029-2033 (Nov. 1965) Official Journo! the nternctier ai Academy ;f Pathology. Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe end Human Health Cancer Research in 1967. British M.edical Journal. (July 13, 1968). Does A/C Pipe Constitute a Haze d to Health by Causing an Excessive Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Cancer or Malignant Mesothelioma of the Peritoneum or Pleu-a? HER 0001210 Eliminating the Hazards of Asboftos 'Vasto. Municipal Engineering. (British) p.297 (?3 Feb., 1970). --' Exposure to Asbestos. Nature 2* 4:383-384 (Dec. 17, 1971.) Municipal V/c:te* Systems Analysi* -- Tcble provided by Johns-Manville Research Center. Lyon Conference Pcpers Ahlman, K.; Pr'tcren, T.J.; Riuta'o, E.; & Wiikeri, M. Anthophyllite Mining and Mil'ing as a Cause of Asbestosis. Akehursf, R.L. The '969 Asl:ns!-s 'egulotiors - Their Economic Appraisal. Allison, A.C. Ejects of Asl o?<cs Pcrtinles on Macrophcges, Mesothelicl Cells and Fibroblasts. Ashcroft, T.; & Heppler'on, A.C'. Quaatitc'ion of Asbestos Fibres in Lung Tissue. Beck lake, Margaret R. Assessment of Methods Used in the Studies of the Biolo gical Effects t)f A.d- estos - C. Lung Function. Berry, G. Hygiene Slcndr.*ds - Thcory and Appl'cction. Bocrsma, A.; f. Dogana'; end f'avez, R. Meso.thc Home Diffus. Etapes Biochmiques du Diagnostic. Deiecticn et Dosage de L'Acide Hyah.ronicue Dens Le Linuide Pleural. Bohlir, H.; end Gilson, f.C. ' ssessrrn.i-'t of Methods Used in the Study of Biological EH'ccts of Asb st*:.: Radiology. tlohlia, H.; end Heir., E. Cr.-m 's in Relation to Type of Fibre, Dose, Occupa- tion end i>T~`icn of Exp su e *b) Mianufccturing - III Environmental. Butler, E. Tdcncl-.e; one Berry, Anr. V. Diffuse Mesotheliomas Diagnostic Criteria Usi-'g Fx'a!:afivc Cytology. Cooper, V.'. Clark; and Micdcrr i, J. Asbestos in Relation to the Type of Fibre aiv! Dose in the Insulation ladust-y. Cralley, L-'V'Is J.; and Sundermrn, F. William. Interactions of Metals and Minerals in Cercincgenc'is. Interim Report of Investigations after , HER 0001211 22 months. Elmes, P.C. Therapeutic Openings in the Treatment of Mesothelioma . Elmes, P.C. The Natural History of Diffuse Mesothelioma. Enterline, Philip E.; and Weill, Hans. Asbestosis in Asbestos Cement Workers Gibbs, G.W.; and Du Toit, R.S.J. Environmental Data in Mining. Gilson, J.C. Progress in Epidem iology. Greenberg, M. The Value of A Ccncer Register in the Stud/ of Asbestos Tumours. Hammond, E. Cuylor; end Seli`<crf, Irving J. Relation of Cigarette Smoking to Risk cf Death of Ashes'os-Associated Disease Among Insulation Workers in the U.S. Harington, J.S. Chemical Factc'S 'Incljding Trace Elements) as Aetiological Mechanisms. Harries, P.G. Asscs'ment of Methods Used in the Studies of the Biological Effects of A-sbes'os. Hinson, K.F.W.; Otto, H.; Webster, I.; and Rossiter, C.E. Criteria for the Diagnosis end Gradin ^ c: Asbestosis'. Holmes, S. Criteria for Environmental Data end Bases of Threshold Limit Values Environmental Data in Incusiry. Holmes, S. Sarr.o?ing Methods. Jones, J.S.P.; and Sheers, G. "leurcl Ploqcss. Kanncrjtein, M.; Ciiurg, J.; and Magner, D. Histochemical Studies in the Diagnosis of Mesothelioma. Longer, Arthur M.; and Pnoley, f'red D. Identification of Single Asbestos Fibers in Human Tissues. Le Bouffant, L.; Martin, J.C., and Durif, S. Structure Et Composition Des PJaaues Pleurales. -10- (, . her 0001212 LindcH, K.V. Asbestos and the Community -- Industrial Uses. McCauahey, W.T.E.; and Oldham, P.D. DifFuse Mesotheliomas: Morbid Anatomical and Histological Diagnostic Criteria, Including Observer Variation in Histological Diagnosis. McDoncId, J.C. Asbestosis in Chrysotile Mines and Mills. McDoncId, J.C. Cancer in Ch-y; itile Mines and Mills. Meurman, L.O.; Kiviluofo, R.: and Manama, M. Mortality and Morbidity of Employees of Anthophyllite Asbestos Mines in Finland. Morgan. A.; and Cralley, L.J. Chemical Characteristics of Asbestos and Associated Trace Elements. Newliouse, Muriel L. Cancer Among Workers in the Asbestos Textile Industry. Nicholson, W.J. Pund'ack, F.L. Asbestos in the Environment. Oldham, P.D. Asbestos in Luna Tissue. Oldham, P.D. A Trial of Techr'quss for Counting Asbestos Bodies in Tissue. Poolcy, F. D. Miesothelicmc in Relation to Exposure. Pooley, F.D. Methods for Asse'sing Asbestos Fibres end Asbestos Bodies in Tissue by Eiectron Micro'caoy. Rajan, K.T. Experimental Methods - Organ Culture. Selikoff, Irving J.; Hammond, T:. Cuvier; and Seidman, Herbert. Cancer Risk of Insulation Worko'S :n the U.S. Sluis-Cremer, G.K.; and DuToit, R.S.J. Amcsite end Crocidolite Mining and Milling cs Ccusns of Asbestosis. Smither, W.J.; end lewmsohn, H.C. Asbestos): in Relation to the Type of Fibre, Dcse, Occupation and Duration of Exposure in Textile Manufacturing. Stanton, V.'iear! F. Some Aetiol 'gic Considerations of Fiber Carcinogenesis. Suzuki, Y.; Kannerste:n, M.; end Churg, J. Electron Microscopy of Normal, H>pcrplcstic and Necplc >tic Mcsothelium. -11' HER 0001213 Timbrell, V. Physical Factors as AeHological Mechanisms. Timbrel., V. Progress in Physics and Chemistry. Wagner, J.C.; and Berry, G. Considerations of Aetiological Mechanisms and Other Factors - Information Obtained from Animal Experiments. Wagner, J.C.; and Berry, G: Nvestigaficns Using Animals. Wagner, J.C. Report on Progress Mads on the Reccmrrendcficns of the UICC Working Group on Asbestos and Cancer, 1964. Warwick, M. Turner; Farkes, Raymond; Hanson, Audrey; Smither, Walter; Harries, Petor; end Oldham, P.D. Immunology and Asbestosis. Webster, Ian. Malignancy in R-doticn to Crccidolite and Amosite. Summary Report of the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers to the Director of the International Agency fcr Resec'ch on Ccncer, a Division of the World Health Organization. Lyon, Francs, Oct. 5-6, 1973. Recommendations for Further Res-'arch by Epidemiology, Pathology and Experimental Fcihology, and Physics and Chemistry Fcneis. * Abstracts of Papers Curry, M.G.& Gigltotti, G.M. Cycling at:d.Control of Metals. Proceedings of an Environmental Resources Cor'erence, Columbus. Ohio. Oct. 31 Nov. 2, 1972. Report No NERC-C-73-!. Feb. 1973, 187 p. Smith, R. W.; Choi, I.K.; Allen, M.P.; & Thomas, R. E. Aqueous Surface Chemistry of Asbestos Minerals. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Dept., California State University c~d Colleges, University of Nevada, School cf Mines, Reno, ''rveda 89597, Smithsonian Science Information Exchange Notice of Resr arch Project supported by Health, Ecucc4'on and Welfare, Public Health Service, Health Service Mental Health Administra tion, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Sept. 71 to August 72. -12- I HER 0001214 DOES THE USE OF A S B E S TO S - C EM E N T PIPE FOR POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS. CONSTITUTE A HEALTH HAZARD? A Committee Report by MARV!N nUSCHNER, M.D. ro3:.rlee GORDON G. ROS.ECK JOHN R. ROSS'JM MARVIN A.SCKNEIDERMAN, PH.D. E. V1NDLE TAYLOR, C.B.E., M.A., M.D., D.P.H., F.R.C. PATH, GEOrGE W. 'ARIGHT, M.D. (CHAIRMAN) Prepared for The American Water Wnrks Association Research Foundation 6666 V/. Quincy Avenue Denver, Colorado 80235 -13 "I i- HER 0001215 SUMMARY Does the use of asbestos-cement pipe For potable water systems constitute a health hazard? This question lu-s been raised because of the possibility that asbestos fibers might be released by mechanical action during construction or subsequent tapping of the system, or by erosion or by leaching and thus be ingested directly or indirect ly through water drunk or through food prcpcred from water flowing through such systems. Asbestos-cement pipe has been in use for potable water systems for 50 years in Europe and almost 40 years in the Urn ted States of America without overt evidence that it poses a hazard *o health. Populations using these systems huve not beei studied with techniques adequate to reveal small differences of health experience when compered to populations using other water distribution systems. Moreover, the lag time for biological effects such as'cancer may be longer than the per'od spanned by the use of asbestos-cement pipe. For these reasons, a direct evaluation of the question on epidemiologic grounds is not possible at this time. Nevertheless, it is possible to ccnslder the matter in a useful way by exploration of the following questions: A. Is there valid evidence that ingested asbestos is harmful? Asbestos cen cause granulomatous end fibrotlc reactions in the lungs but there is no evidence that it does so in the gastro intestinal tract. There is sufficient evidence to support rhe presumption that occupational exposure to asbestos poses an unusual risk of developing gastre--intestinal cancer. This is assumed to be caused by the cs'-estos ingested os a result of occupational exposure. An excess occurrence of peritoneal mesothelioma has been reported in most occupational groups exposed to airborne asbestos. Although it may be so, it is not certain that this is caused by ing< sted asbestos. 8. What is known about the determinants of the biological effects of ingesting asbestos? There is evidence that whatever, gastro-intestinal carcinogenic HER 0001216 effect is demonslrablit is related to dose but is not related to variety of fiber, and whether or not it is related to fiber size is unknown. If ingested asbestos plcys a role in the development of mesothelioma of the peritoneum it can be expected to be dose related and probc bly related to the dose of these fibers longer than ten micrometers and thinner than three micrometers. It is unlikely to be related to the chemical make-up of the different varieties of fibe*. What is the evidence that asbestos is released from asbestos-cement pipe by mechanical handling during installation, tapping for new users, or by erorion or by leaching as water flows through the system? If this does occur, what cire the amounts of the released fiber, its size and pattern of build-up or persistence ? The general pre- alencc cf asbestos in soil results in its presence in most wafers of leke, river, and well origin, and in distribu tion systems whether fabricated of asbestos-cement or other materials. Additional asbestos fibers may be contributed to the wafer flow through transfer from the asbestos-cement pipe wall or deposit in rhe pipe during construction or repair of the distribution system. At present the available data are inadeaucte to describe the quantitative or qualitative con tribution nace by asbestos-cement pipe clone with respecr to the amoun1-, size, and persistence of the asbestos fibers found in pofcblr water distribution systems. If there is evidence to indicate that ingested psbestos is harm ful, what inferences ccn be drawn from the circumstances of such exposure that ere applicable or meaningful with respect to the exposure that might be experienced due to the domestic use of asbcslcs- ;smsnf pipe ? The total omou: tor asbestos ingested by occupational groups spans a range t! :t, even ct its lev csf level, is many times that which is like'y o be experienc *d by the public use of water from asbestos-cement pipe systems. Since the occupational risk of excess gastro-intestinal cancer is a'ose-related, the slight or perheos no risk cored by low le 'el occupational exposure makes it even less likely that the exposure from ingestion of public water would pose a gistro-intestinal cancer hazard. Asbestos-cement pipe systems have serviced large populations for 40 or more years in Europe and the United States. No apparent increase in peritoneal mesotheliomas among the public has occurred during this period despite the fact that this tumor has -15- \ } 1 HER 0001217 been the focus o' greet interest among pathologists for the past ten years. Asbestos fibers shorter than 20 micrometers in length appear to have little or no capacity to induce mesotheliomata in experi mental animals. To the degree that fibers longer than this are absent or scant in the water of asbestos-cement pipe systems the likelihood that such systems would pose a mesothelioma risk would be smal I. No firm evidence shows thal the proper use of asbestos-cement pipe poses a hazard to health by reason cf ingestion of asbestos fibers. Calculations comparing the probable ingestion exposure in occupational groups to ihat likely to occur as a result of ingestion of potable water from asbestos-cement pipe systems suggests that . the probability of risk to health fiom the use of such systems is small - approaching zero. A group of scientists at thr Lyon Conference on Biological Effects of Asbes tos, who looked at the possible hazard posed by asbestos in potable weter, reached a similar conclusion. Additional evidence, currently not available, to show more directly that the usr of asbestcs-cerrent pipe is without risk, is desirable. Appendix F lists proposed areas of research directed toward achieving that goal. -16- k HER 0001218 RECOMMENDATIONS Of primary importance >s the development of a standard analytical procedure to identify and quantify asbestos fibers by type and size as they actually existin water. This ability is essential for the equally important study of pipe systems of various n ate-ial:; to determine the effect of the asbestos content of the soil in which the pipes are laid and the effect of the pipe itself (asbestos-cement) upon tre asbestos content of the water traversing the system. In addition, necessary resnerch should include epidemiological studies of human population groups exposed to asbestos-cement pipe systems, and animal studies to examine the health aspects of asbestos fiber and to explore possible carcinogenic effects. Appendix F provides a mote detailed list of suggested research projects. 4 -17- ,n, HER 0001219 COMMITTEE REPORT Introduction The question we have been ashed is: Does the use of asbestos-cerr.ent pipe for potable water systems constitute a health hazard ? This question has been rai'ed because of the possibility that asbestos fibers might be released by mechanical action during construction or subsequent tapping of the system, or by erosion,or by leaching,and thus be ingested directly or indirect ly by water drunh,or through food prepared from water flowing through such systems.* Asbestos-cement pipe has been in use for potable water systems for 50 years in Europe and almost '10 years in the United States of America without overt evidence that it poses a hazard to health. Populations using these systems heve not been sludiedwith techniques adequate `o reveal small differences of health experience when compared to oopulations using other water distribution systems. Moreover, the lag time for biological effects such cs can :er may be longer than the period spanned by the use of asbcstos-ceae it pipe. For these reasons, a direct evaluation of the question on epidemiologic grounds is not possible at this time." Nevertheless, it is possible to consider the matter in a useful way by exploration of the following questions: A. Is there valid evidence that ingested asbestos is harmful? B. Who'' is hnown ab->ut the determinants of the biological effects of ingesting asbestos? C. What is the evidence that asbestos is released from asbestoscement pipe by mechanical hcndl-ng during installation, tapping for new u`er-., by eros:on, or by leaching as water flows through the system f If this does occur, what amounts of fiber cre released end what is `heir size and pattern of bu*ld up or persis'ence? D. If the evidence indicates that ingested asbestos is harmful, what inferences ccn be drawn from the circumstances of such exposure that are applicable or meaningful with respect to the exposure that might be experienced due to the domestic use of asbestoscement pipe ? *While the use of asbestos-cement pipe for sewege or other water systems might also be considered, it seems logical t*' believe that such systems would have o lesser and more indirect effect and that consideration should first be directed to potable water systems. -18- HER 0001220 A. Is there valid evidence that ingested asbestos is harmful? Data relating human exposure lo asbestos in the environment to subsequent health effects are limited to occupational and para-occupational exposure. Such exposures constitute a combination of inhalation and ingestion, since the bulk of the fibers deposited in the regions distal to the pharynx by inhalation are cleared from the lungs by being brought up into the back of the throat via the mucous removing apparatus and then swcllowed or expectorated. In addition, those fibers deposited in the back of the nose and the pharynx are likewise cleared into the throat and then swallowed or expectorated. Moreover, for most occupationally exposed groups, facilities for eating and washing were not always available, and direct contamination of food consumed on the job was common. Although quantita tive aspects of exposure via the incestion route in man have not been examined, on the basis of studies of pulmonary clearance of particles if is undoubtedly substantial. Asbestos can ccuse granulomatous and fibrotic reactions in the lungs, but there is no evidence that if does so in the gcstro-intestinal tract. Therefore this manifestation was not further considered. An excess occurrence of cancer of the lung', pleura and peritoneum, and also the gastro-intestinc1 tract, has been reported in association with occupational and para-occupational exposure of humans to asbestos. Since it is logical to believe that of these manifestations an excess cf gcstro-intesti nal and peritoneal cancer miglv be associated with asbestos entering the body via the route of ingestion, these two classes of cancer were considered.' Several recent reports have shown a higher incidence of tumors of the gastro intestinal tract in populations exposed ocsupationally to asbestos than in a comparable age group of the general public not thus expos'ed. ^2,3 Another study, comparing an occupational group heavily exposed to asbestos to several groups who had ex perienced lesser exposure in the same occuoation, has shown a gastro-intestinal tumor incidence in the most heavily exposed double that of the lesser exposed. In none of these studies has the cuthor concluded that the data establish unequivo cally that employment in asbestos-producing or -using occupations poses a higher than usual risk of developing gastro-intestinal cancer. Nevertheless, the data, when taken in aggregate, appear to establish the presumption that such a relation ship does exist. In each of these occupational groups the exposure has been by both inhalation and ingestion, but if would appear reasonable to assume that whatever effect on gastro-intestinal cancer rate exists, it is due to Ingestion, since fhe'ingested fibers would have direct access to the cells lining the gastro-intestinal system. An excess occurrence of peritoneal (abdominal) mesoihelioma has been reported in several groups occupation ally and para-occupationally exposed to combined inhala tion and ingestion of asbestos.r5,6t 7,8,9,10 |n confrasf to the gastro-intestinal cancers where the ingested fibers come into direct and immediate contact with the inner surface of the gut wall, the route of access of fibers'to the mesothelial cellsof the peritoneum is not clr irly understood. Channels through which fibers could go from'the lung to the peritoneum without entering the gastro-intestinal tract do exist. Moreover, the intestinal well may provide a barriervto the migration of asbestos -19- HER 0001221 fibers of critical size from the lumen of the gut to the mesotholicil cells covering the outer surface cf the gastro-in'estinal tract. For these reasons, the excess of peritoneal mesolheliomas is less clearly the result of ingestion, nnd may be the result solely of inhalation. B. What ?s known about the determinants of the effects of ingested asbestos? The biological effect of virtually every agent is related to its specific nature, dose, and host sensitivity or reactivity. Data relating the effects of asbes tos to host sensilivity or reactivily rre scant and not applicable to the question being consider? !. Seme deta arc c/ci'cble relating the dose and specific nature of thr f:be:s to 'he biological effac's of asbestos.' With rcsp;ct to the specific nature of asbestos fibers, one should note that the varieties of asbestos hove different chemical compositions end shapes. Some varipM.os hove nv -r ire*' and less magnesium *han others, and some have strrrght, stiff fifcsrs in c: n^rcst to ethers that c;e more flexible and curved or curly. Moreoever. the cirbcm dust to which humans are exposed contains csbestcs fibers that very in leng^i frem hundreds to less then one micrometer, end in diameter f-oni ton or mare to 0.04 micrometers. Studies the- have examined the relationship between the intensity end duration of occupaMcnal exposure !a asbestos and the incidence of. gor^eintestinol cancer heve revealed da>a that can be interpreted cs demonstrating a dose effect, the risk decreasing with diminishing dcse.^'^ ^so s6 Aprcnd x E. There are data^ showing c greater 'isk of both lung end gastro-Jn`estir!a! c-ncer in maintenance then in production verkers even though their -otal e;*.r osur s were thought tc be simile.'. Among several ether possible explanations f*r this observa tion, the greater likelihood of high intermittent exposure of main ten once -erkers may have ployed a role. Approxir ate!y the same order cf excess o' '.astro-intesti nal cancer hos been reported in `hese occupations where c'irvsctile, - to, or a mixture o? chrysoti'e and crocidnlre, have keen usedj 2*^, 11 Thus, tuorc does not appear to be an effect related to different chemical compcsl'ions or shapes of fibers. /Airborne asbestos in all occupational and parc-occvpct;:*.a! exposures contains fibers of all siz^s as to diameter and length. This rr.akr > it impossible to study the effect of verious sizes of fiber by humcn epidemiology t Feeding exoeriments with anima's using asbestos fibers of mixed leroths -nd diameters have not produced a casiro-intestinal carcinogenic response 14,15,16 Thus, no animal experiments have been conducted thus for to examine the effects of various sizes of fiber on gas to-intestinal ca'cinogen?s:s. * To summerize, there is evidence tnct whatever gasiro-intastrncl carcino genic effect Is demonstrable, it is related to dose and perhaps to pattern of dose, but is not relcted to variety of fiber used in asbestos-cement pipe. Whether or net it is related to fiber size ir unknown. -20- P, HER 0001222 With respect to mesothelioma, the only studies relating dose or severity of occupational exposure to occui ence of mesothelioma are those of Newhouse. They show a dose relationship with the risk lessening as the dose decreases.'21 Animal experiments support the do e relationship premise.22, 23 Unfortunately, the studies by Nrwhouse do not e*-press exposure in numerical terms. Available evidence also suggests that an excess of mesothelioma occurs in occupationally exposed groups at doses below th'. -e that produce pulmonary fibrosis and probably below t.nof necessary to cause an excess of bronchogenic cancer?'^ Evidence of an excess of mesothelioma resuming from para-occupationcl exposure has been presented with the assumption that ir some instances these exposures have been extremely slight. The numerical ntensily of exposure in these non-occupational cases has not been demonstrated. However, on the basis of available information, it appears that many of these exposures have been substantial, though perhaps brief. ^ ^ ^ !t is difficult to evaluate the volidity of a cause-cnd-cffect relationship between casual and pre'uma3ly slight exposures of the genercl public to inhaled asbestos cnc the deve'opmenf of mesothelioma. Such a relationship has been sought by looking for e-.posure to aseestns in the life experience of cases of mesothelioma collected rom hoipital or non-cccupationafly derived records.^''7'^' 1' ^ In view the wide-sorer.} use of asbestos, or asbestos- containing product-, nev and du'ing"rhe pcs* 5C years, frequent slight exposure of the general public must be cc amen. The importance of these casual exposures should be evaluated with caution. The two csbestos comoor er's of asbertos-cement pipe, chrysofile end crocidolife, hove been shown tr be associated wifi; excess development of peri toneal mesothelioma. The experience in pure chrysotile exposure appears to be less severe than the* of mixed v rieties.^' ^ Unfortunately, there are no numeri cal dose data for the latter exprsu es-. Therefore, it is unsefo to conclude that this difference is a true varietal effect in terms of chemical or physical character. Both varieties of asbestos produce tuners of the p:eura in the experimental animal model. Since humans arc expo':d to cl! sizes of asbestos fiber, itis not possible to examine the effect of varying r:hvr size bv hum an epidemiologic studios. Several investigators have produced ccccr of the pleura by introducing asbestos, glass, or aluminum-oxide fibers directly :nto the pleura or peritonea! space of experimental animals. Some dis-g^ec nent e<ists as to whether these tumors are the specific counterpart of nesofhe lama in humans. Chrysotile, amosite, and crocldolite, as well as cicss and cluminum-or.'de fibers will produce these experimental tumors. This suggests that the tvmorogenic effect is no' related specifically lo the chemical composition of the fibers. ^ '< These animal studies have indicated a striking effect of size of fi! ?r on this type of carcinogenesis. One con conclude from such studies that fiber- thinner than three and longer than 20 micrometers arc more carci nogenic than fibers of grectfe* diameter, irrespective of length, or those shorter than 20 micr-meters, irrespective c f diameter.^ Whether these findings ore applicable -21- l> , f*l ( I HER 0001223 \ j the effects of Ingested asbestos lias not been demonstrated by animal experimentation, but they do suggest that If Ingestion of asbestos plays a role In. the development of peritoneal inesothcllcma, it might be < xpecled that the size of the fibers capable of penetrating the gut wall and reaching, the mesothelial cells would be of importance. To summarize, if ingested asbestos plays a role in the development of meso thelioma of the peritoneum, it can be expected to be dose related, and, cn a con servative basis, probably related to the dose of those fibers longer than ten micrometers and thinner than three micrometers. It is unlikely to be related to the chemical moke-up of the different varieties of fiber. C. Is asbestos released from asbt stos-cement pipe during proper use? If it is, what are the amounts and sices of the fibers and what are the patterns of Id-up and persistence ? Answers to these questions are dependent on methods for collecting samples, identifying the1 specific veriety of asbestos in the pipe as distinct from other kina's of co-exisling fibers, end measuring ll*e asbestos fiber size and amount without altering the original state of the fiber . This task, even on c research basis, is extremely difficult and has been accomplished only in some respects to date (see Appendix B). There are no data delineating temporal variations such as might result from repair or tapping of new lines or services. There are scant quantitative data for chrysotile asbestos in wa^er expressed in micrograms per unit of volume. Fiber: identified as asbestos are found iri the pri mary water source (lake, river or wsl!) cc most sys'ems thus far examined. See Appendix D-1,3. y|.;s ;s not surprising in view cf the ubiquity of asbestos of one or another variety in the soil of the United Siates "hrough which source waters flow, or in which they lie, and the consequent opportun'ty for leaching of fibers from the soil into these wafers. Appendix C shows the distribution of asbestos on or close to the surface throughout the United 3tc`es. There is also the opportunity for some of the asbestos fibers cr?ed info the cl -.sphere by wind erosion, by earth disturbance, and by escape c: fibers from the use o' commercial articles containing asbestos to be washed by surface-water drainage inti' the primary sources. Thus, one ccn anticipate that appreciable amounts of asbestos f ber exist in the water as if enters the distribution system. If is necessary to determine !he amount of asbestos in potable water and the increment added by the distribution system. It is also necessary to know whether an observed increment is caused by fibers being removed from asbestos-cement pipe, or by contamination from the soil surrounding the pipe, or left in the pipe during con struction or repair of the system. Limited studies of water circulated through a closed loop of asbestos-cement pipe, not buried in the soil, reveal that asbestos fibers can be transferred from the pipe wall fo the water. ^ee Appepdix D-2. The mechanisms governing this release and its persistence have not been established. -22- HER 0001224 Three asbestos-cement pipe systems in use for a substantial period of time have t ,..n sampled for their asbestos fiber content. The data on asbestos content of the ,i*er from the system reported by Sargent were obtained by examining the samples ]/ilh a light microscope only.^ Subsequent examination of these samples using the |/*ctron microscope, which permits recognition of chrysotile asbestos, revecleb that large proportion of the fibers originally reported as being asbestos were in r'cet yhjj experience exerr.p . !es rhe difficulties inherent in measuring the csbsslcs , ,,ntenf of water. The other two asb3Stos-_3.".ert p`pe systems were analyzed by a tec'nnicv i$ee Appendix 3 end D) permitting microscope recognition and qvc^t'fica- lion of chrysotile asbestos. In one of these the source and pipe system icy in serpen tine soil. Preliminary data place the cruntity of asbestos in tap weter in d-jc syrtem c i 0.119 microgram per liter, "h1 r: ..." water contained C .T-vi nicrar-c 'iter. The in err merit mounted tc 2.Z7- crag an per liter. In the second system the we!! cr~ csbestcs-cement ptoe lay in soil comparatively free from serpentine rock. The tap .c*e" contained 2.0! croarcrr per !:`er and the source weter O.CCoi. The :nar3." ir :ted vo C.TT4J .v.icrcgrcm per n4er. Several points should be made with regard to these studies. Appendix B Indicates the major difficulties posed by a;V..'c!cgy usee. The aua~.t'ta*ive cspec*s are ex pressed for ch.rysst:!e a.n.'y. Chryrc i... .'..aiiy comprises Tuci a* ~cre of the asbestos used in asbestos-cement pipe. The confidence limits with present techniques at these minute amounts may be as much as me order of magnitude. Since the original size of the fibers is altered ay the "rub- cut technique " we hare na knew ledge of the amount of fiber in the water as it i.: ingested by humens cccording to length nd diameter. t/altip.s nlg*.- -:.urr!e scrv crca:c-s rare z ::.z. :: CP ^ CCCC' ^ T^C with respect to the effect of length of p:pe traversed, velocity of flow, and tc~ coral effects do not exist. Nevertheless, there studies cffcrc! a prsi'minury errr.cte cf the likely exposure by way of ingestion r: top water Ccr com car'.an. with, the exposure by ingestion experienced by occupations' groups. They cc net provide infc.rration on the amount of fibers of various sizes. One should else note `he* Jf it ccu!d be established that the make-up of the pipe, the aggressiveness of the wc^er, and factors such as velocity of flew and age of pipe were essentially the seme in t!*s o systems examined, then other explcnctionr far tr difference in cibeslos content c.~ the water must be found. Serpentine soil contains asbestos fibers. Particles of sue!' ;oi! enter ing the pipe during construction, especially those lodging in the crevices of joints, could slowly and over c long per' id cf ti ns contomincte the **. star. At err-ent there ore not ode-juate date for a desemptien of the quantitative or cua'itctive *o!c of csbestos-crmenl pipe as a contributor to asbestos fiber found in potoble water distribu tion system-. However, the avai'cble data do indicate whet edditionai studies need -23-. "I c HER 0001225 fc be made and also afford a first appro- ir*nt:on of the magnitude of the possible health hazard. D. If the evidence indicates that i.ujCsMd asbestos is harmful whet inferences can be drawn From the circumstc -ces of such exposure rhef e. - app!`-coble or meaningful with respect to th ? exposure that might be experienced due to the domestic use cf asbestos-cement pipe ? With respect to an excess of ga^rc-intestinal cancer, such evidence cs there is does not suggest that the vciefy cf c`b"*Aos cloys a ro.e end thus tks hinds or asbestos used in arbest 's-cement pipe : g r be implicated. There is evidence in man or animals about the influence A,e size of fibers ingested r `he cevelopmenr of gastro-intestinal carcinopeneri'. .fence, until additicna! ir'.-C"- sl;or is available,it must be assumed that th" s of fibers existing in uctuh'e vetc-r could play a role. Evidence derived free- cz~ "r ' ' r*c-rr: '--dirctos a direct islr.::c:i- shp between environment! expt.v c c .e c. excess go:;::- "crcsr. The amount ingested can be expsctci directly rr:.crs.d to the wircr.nv:'Ao! exposure. The amount of asbestos in water delivered through asb<-stc-cume-t pipe and other pipe systems is expressed in terms of micrcgrcms per liter. Lbm.g this .i.nd of date, one ccn compare the quo *f``y of asbestos likely is be in^cs^ed f"om water to those ingested by the occupationally-exposed populations exonnenuirc an excess of gastro-intestinal cance-, *hus placing these two categories of popula tions in perspective. As shown in Appendix A, ore cm calculcte the approximate amounts of asbestos ingested by the occupational!;-<p'osed peculations of the `wo goup" where an excess cf gastro-intestinal cancer cud exposure data have been reported. In the McDonald group this ranged from 2.1 -3 68.0 grams, and in the Enterline group from 42 to 336 grams during the working !ir ti--e of the men studied. For comparison, besed upon a water consumptio" of tv !.' ers per dey, one ear. calculate that the total amount ingested in 60 your: fro-- 'he voter system with the highest concentration of fibers would be 0.07 gram (See Ac :rc!ix D-3,Merr.oh:s, no: csbestcs-cemnt pipe, . filtered). The higher cf the fwr cs't.- ?-cer ent pipe systems studied (See Appendix D,Malvern) would provide a tote! c? C.C35 grom ingested in 60 years. That the amount of asbestos ingested from asbestos-;.3.' pipe systems over a 60-year p-uicc v.*ould approach the least of the occupationc exposures is unlikely. Moreover, the dose response observed in (he occupational'*'-exposed populations sueg^'ts the* of the lower levels of exposure there was slight or -v-bcos no risk of excess o astro--nles.inal cancer. 1,4,v5. Also see Appendix 1. -j/ =rcCl-s be *."cn loss probability that the ingestion of asbestos from '-`grisr.of the two pofcble asbestos-cerre v pipe systems would rr ach the risk level rcr guitro-in^estine* career of the occupationally- exposed groups. .74- rt| ( HER 0001226 ' Willi respect- to rnesothelionv- r: the peritoneum, the occupational and paraoccupational exposure is by both inhalation and ingestion. Neither route provides direct exposure of the target cells. The fibers reaching the pleura or peritoneum do so by indirect routes. It is possible, therefore, that peritoneal mesothelioma is not caused by ingestion of fibers and thus not a matter for our consideration. Both chrysotilc and crocidolite are associated with an excess of peritoneal mesothelioma in occupationally-exposed populations. Hence, fibers released from asbestoscement pipe would have tills potential. Mesothelioma is dose related in occupa tional exposures and also the animal model. There are no numerical data defining the hazardous level of this dose relationship in humans. As Appendix A shows, the range of exposure by ingestion "n those occupationally exposed is highe- than that which is apt to be provided by potable water. Since animal studies indicate that the longer fibers are the potent initiators of mesothelioma, the dose should be looked at in terms of categories c'S to length of fibers in potable water. We do not know the proportion of long to short fibers in their natural state in potable water and therefore cannot make the- desired comparison at this time. If al' or most of the fibers released by asbestos-cement pipe are less than ten micrometers long, especially if the quantity of those that are longer is small, the likelihood that asbestos-cement pipe poses a mesothelioma risk would be snail. As stated at the outset, asbestos -cement pipe systems have serviced large populations for 40 or more years in Europe and the United States. No epparent increase in peritoneal mesotheliomas among the public has occurred during this period despite the fact that this tumor has been the focus of great interest among pathologists for the past ten years. Conclusions No firm evidence shows that the proper use of asbestos-cement pipe poses a hazard to health by reason of ingestion of asbestos fibers. Calculations comparing the probable ingestion exposure in occupational groups to that likely to occur as a result of ingestion of potable water frcm csbestos-cement pipe systems suggests that the probability of risk to health from the use of such systems is small - approaching zero. A.group of scientists at the L/on Conference on Biological Effects of Asbestos, who looked at the possible hazard posed by asbestos in potable water, reached a similar conclusion. ^ Additional evidence, currently not available, to show more directly that the use of asbestos-cement pipe is without risk, is desirable. Appendix F lists proposed areas of research directed toward achieving that goal. Most will require several years time and the commitment of substantial money and manpower. Some require techniques not currently developed. -25- . l> HER 0001227 REFERENCES Enterline, P., et al: Mortality in Relation to Occupational Exposure in the Asbestos Industiy, J. Occ. Med. 14: No. 12, 897-903, 1972. Elmes, P.C. and Simpson, M.G.: Insulation Workers in BelFcst. 3. AAortaHty 1940-66, Brit. J. Industr. Med., 28:226-(j?36, 1971. Selikoff, I.J., et al: Cancer Risk of Insulation Workers in the United States, Paper No. 35, Conf. on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Inter national Agency for Researcl- on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct., 1972. McDonald, J.C., et al: Mortality in the Chrysotile Asbestos Mines and Mills'of Quebec, Arch. Environ. Health 22:677-686, 1971. McDonald, J.C.: Cancer ir Chrysotile Mines ard Mills, Paper No. 29, Conf. on the Biological Effects-of Asbestos, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct.; 1972. Webster, I.: Malignancy in Relation to Crocidolite and Amosite, Paper No. 30, Conf. on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Internationa! Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct., 1972. Webster, I.: Asbestos and Malignancy, S.A. Medical Journal 47:165-171, 1973. Newhouse, M.L.: Cancer Among Workers in the Asbestos Textile Industry, Paper No. 32, Conf. on the Bio Ogicat Effects of Asbestos, International Agency for Research nn Can er, Lyon, France, Oct., 1972. McDonald, A. and McDcna!:J, J.C.: Epidemiologic Surveillance of Meso thelioma in Canada, CMA Journal 109:359-362, 1973. Wagner, J.C., et al: Epidemiology of Asbestos Cancers, Br. Med. Bull., 19:71-76, 1971. Selikoff, I.J., et al: Card nogcnici ty of Amosite Asbestos, Arch. Environ. Health 25:183-186, 1972. -76- ^ i HER 0001228 Smith, W.E.L., et al: Test; for Carcinogenicily of Asbestos, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132:456-483, 1965. Smith, W.E.: Asbestos, Talc and Nitrites in Relation to Gastric Cancer, Am. Indus. Hyg. Assoc. J. 3d:227-228, 1973. IJonser, G.M. and Clcyron, O.B.: Feeding of Blue Asbestos to Rots, 45t!i Annua! Report, British Empire Career Campaign for Research, 1967, p. 242. Issued 1968. Swinburne, L.M.: The !ngcs*-ion of Asbestos by Rats (unpublished data). Persona! Communication `o Bureau of Food, FDA, reported in the Federal Register, Vc!. 38, No. 183, o. 27077, September, 1973. Gross, P.: Personal Communications to J. F. Knox end G. V/. W ight. Wright, G.W., Personal Observations of Environmental Conditions in Para-Occupational Exposures. Gilson, J.C.: Asbestos Cancer: Past and Future Hazards, Proc. ?*oy. Soc. Med., 66:395-403, 1973. Newhouse, M.'_. and Thompson, H.: .Mescthelioma of Pleura and Peritoneum Following Exposure to Asbestos ir the London Area, Brit. J. lndus*T. Med., W'agner, J.C., ot al: D'ffuse Pleural Mesothelioma and Asbestos Expcsu-e in the Northwest Cope Prov:nc.e, Brit. J. Incus!.-. Med.,. 17:260-2/1, I960. Newhouse, M. L.: Asbestos in the Workplace and the Commu-:t-/, Ann. Occup. Smith. W.E., et al: Tes`s for Threshold Levels of Ccrcincgenic*ty of Asbestos p. 240-242, Dresden, E. Germany, 1968. Stanton, M.F. and Wrcrsh, C.: Mechcnisms of M.esothclicma Induction with Asbestos end Fibrous Gb *s, J. of Natl. Ccncsr Institute, 48:797-821, 1972. -27- i HER 0001229 25. Stanton, M.F.: Some Aefiolcnic Considerations of Fiber Carcinogenesis, Paper 43A, Conference on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Internat. Agen cy for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct., 1972. 26. Stanton, M.F.: Fiber Carcinogenesis: Is Asbestos the Only Hazard?, Editorial, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52:633-654, 1974. 27. Sargent, H.E.: Asbestos in Drinking Water, A Paper Presented at a New England WaterWorks Association Meeting, Northfie.ld, Vt., May 17, 1973. 28. Robeck, G.G., Personal Communication. 29. Lynch, J.R., et a!: The Ir.ter-e1 ationship of Selected Asbestos Exposure Indices, Am. Indus. Hyg. Assoc. J. 31-598-604, 1970. 30. Gibbs, G. V7.: Personal Communication. 31. McDonald, J.C.: Asbestosis In Chrysotile Mines end Mills, Paper No. 23, Conf. on the Biological Effoc'i or Asbestos, Internc'ional Agency for Resecrch on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 1972. 32. Report of the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers to the International Agency for Resecrch on Cancer, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 16:9-17, 1973. -28- i HER 0001230 i* APPENDIX A The approximate amount of fiber ingested by reason of inhalation in occupational settings can be e;!imaled retrospectively if the intensity and dura tion of airborne exposure is knrwn. The occupational group reported by McDonald et a! had an airborne exposure spanning the range of 10 to 800 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf) years.Assuming a duration of exposure of 40 years for a person acquiring a total of ton mppcf years, his exposure would have been to an environment containing 0.21 mppcf each day. McDonald estimates that in the general exposures of his study population one mppcf of airborne dust was equivalent to two asbestos fibors per cubic centimeter (cc) large enough to be seen by the light microscope. Thus, the exposure at ten mppcf years was 0.5 fiber per cc for ^0 years. It is reasonable to estimate that during work in the occupations of his study group, the respiratory volume, averaged during a sevenhour period of work per day, '`ould be at the rate of 16 liters per minute. Doing this seven hours a day, five dtys a v/eek, 50 weeks a year for 40 years would pro duce a total inhaled volume rf 6.72 x 10^ cc. If each two cc contained one fiber, this would amount to 3.36 x 10^ Fibers being inhaled in 40 years. In occupational circumstcnces the fibers t'nct are counted by the light microscope can be estimated to overage x 20 micror <etsrs. Based on the weight of this size of fiber, it is estimated that 1.35 grems of asbestos fiber would be inhcled as the equivalent of an exposure c: ten mppcf years. Further, estimating that 80%. of this size of fiber is deposit id and subsequently cleared from the respiratory system to be swallowed, a total of 1.1 grams might be ingested at this level of exposure. Lynch has shown thet in manufacturing operations there aro 25 to 100 times as many thin fibers requiring the electron microscope for recognition as there are of those large enough to be rsen by the ,:ght microscope.29 Gibbs reports similar circumstances for the type of exposure reported by McDonald et al. Using the lower value of 25, and assuming a fiber ?f C.5 x 5.0 micrometers, a lung deposi tion of 50% of this size fibe*, and clearance with subsequent swallowing of 9C%, calculations show that the i' gest'en by `his occupational greup at the ten mppcf level was on additional 1.0 gran of asbestos fiber. Thus, a total of 2.1 grams of asbestos would be ingested --t this level of exposure. Since the greup under study by McDonald et al covered cn exposure range of 10 to 800 mppcf years, the -ange of ingestion during their working life was approxi mately 2.1 to 168 grams of asbestos of all sizes, and 1 to 80 grams for the size of fiber measuring 0.5 x 5.0 micrometers. Based on Lynch's r`ud*es, the group examined by Enterline can be expected to heve had a fiber to pjrt:cle ratio of between two and six fibers per cc for each one-mppcf. Choosing four fibers per cc fer the conversion ratio, and using the -29- "I HER 0001231 same calculations as above for McDonald's study group, the numbers are simply doubled in order to arrive at the ingestion exposure for the Enterline group. The range of exposure for this group wrs 100 to 800 mppcf years.. Therefore, the ingesticn exposure for the Enterlin- group ranged between 42 and 336 grams for both the light-microscope and elecfron-micrcsccpe sizes of asbestos fiber over, the 40-year period of work, and from 20 to 160 grams for the fibers 0.5 x 5.0 micrometers which would be seen only by using an electron microscope. A precise estimate of the ingestion exposure is not possible in these retrospective studies. The estimates arrived at are meant only to provide a frame of reference for comparison of the occupational exposure to that which might occur in the general public by reason of ingesticn from potable water supplies. -30- I- "V 1 HER0001232 APPENDIX B The determination of the asbestos Fiber concentration in water supplies is a very difficult task. Some of the reasons for this are: 1. The concentration of arbestos fiber in water is generally very lov/, i.e. in the parts-por-bil!ion range. 2. There is no convenient chemical method which can be considered because the elements present in all forms of asbestos fiber are common to all rock forming minerals. 3. There are no reliable methods to concentrate or separate the asbestos fiber from the other inorgaric solids present in the water. 4. The size of the fiber is, in most instances, below the limits of resolution of the optical microscope Faced v.-ith these limitations, the analyst must resort to electron microscopic techniques for the ic'rntificeticn ar.c cumv ification cf the asbestos fiber in water. The exact details of the electron microscopic methods whi^ch are used for the analysis of asbestos fiber will deoenc to a great extent on the nature of the informa tion desired. Bcsically there ore tlvee me .'or steps involved: 1. Removal cf the solids frcm the wa'er by filtration on a membrane filter. 2. Transfer cf the capfutod solids fu o suitable mount for examination with the electron microscope.- 3. Examination of the scmrle.. incl .'-'ing counting and measuring the asbestos fibers which are four 1. The nciority of ir.for .'.cticn hic'.hcs been obtained on the asbestos-fiber content of waters was gatcc' *.d by c method designed to determine the mass (or weight) of chiyrotMe present. This method v-os developed to ascertain tne levels of chrysotile fibers in source waters, and also to obtein information on the possible addition of fiber by csbestos-cement pipe. In somewhat more detail, this method involves a considerable deg-ee of rr.echcnicnl work on the sample prior to examina tion by the electron microscope. After the suspended solids are collected on the membrane filter, the entire sample is ashed (at 400 C) o destroy the filter and any organic solids present in the water. An aliquot of tbs ashed inorganic solids is then rubbed out, or ground, -31- HER 0001233 " a dilute solution oF-nitrocoMuloe. Th'S latter step reduces [lie size oF tine tides oF residue which might hid ex tamely smell asbestos Fibers. The Final -csult is an even dispersion oF the in- gar'c residue in a Film which is suitable or tramFcr to a standard electron-rrvc-osr.opn grid. The sample ;s examined unde the electron microscope, and photographs taken ot representative areas. Unde the;?, conditions it is possible to recognize chrysofilo Fibers by their character!: `c hollow-tube structure. QuantiFication is accomplished by measuring the length, cnc diameter oF each Fiber, calculating the totcl mass, and Finally relating t''is ""css to the original amount oF water sampled. This technique, which many investigators ccree is the best available For the purpese, has several shortcoming . hirst, because oF the extremely small Fraction cF the sample which con be tx^nined under the electron microscope, ond because oF the small cnounts oF asb: tc; present, the accuracy cod precision oF the analysis is very poor. Undvr the i.c conditions dup'icaie determinations on the same sample cannot be reproduced t center than a Factor oF three. Although there are insuFHcient data a.'ailah!-, o estimate :he accuracy, most agree that the true value is ct least within a Fa cf ten c the Tei- u'ed value. From these values, it is obvious that- the report* J values car pr'y be used as an index oF the relative amount of Fiber present, an- ".3 creat si mi Scarce should be ola'ced on small diFFersnncs. A second l!mitoion of this rrsthed is the destruction oF the original Form oF the Fibers by the rub-our nrocedu-c. There is in-.rpcsir,g p assure From medicol ond biological resecrchers to have iTcrmaMon o- the exact size and shape oF the Fibers as they mey he ingested. It ?* nncessary, therefore, that methods be devised to obtain this inFormation. Finally, the method ;s spr-cr c fc chrysc `We sr.d ccnnot be used For the determination oF orre hibcle Fivers, `his po:nt is important since many varieties oF asbestiForm rpTr.c.`ss!c can e*.cv: ' "*. and vcidol'te is^a common ingredient oF asbestos-cemen! pice. There are severe1 possible v -k;`?ors oF the ' bove technique which m'ght be.used `o obtain in'jrnction about `hu original siz- and shape cr the Fibers, and the verious types cf fiber orer-nt. ^ /i-'* the transmission s'ectron microscope, it is possible to icier`ify a rrinora! var >ty by naans of selected area electron diFFraction. This method :s a'so 'halted ir: that it cannot be used relichly to distinguish between the diFFerer.t yv's of c~ o^'bc'es, i.e., urocidali.e, amosite, anthophyllite, etc. Thus, ore can only he certain that c.o arrphib--!e mineral is present. In ord r to obtain more info action about the verety oF a.mphibole Fiber, it is necessary tc use an ulectron-prob ; cpprcach to determine the chemical composition -32- HER 0001234 of each Fiber in question. This type of analysis can be accomplished in a scanningelectron microscope wiih the proper accessories, or in the more sophisticated transmission-electron microscope now available, e.g. EMMA IV. These techni ques require more time per sample and more sophisticated instrumentation, and are, therefore, much more expensive. In order 'o obtain the desired information on the original size and shape of the fibers, it is necessary to expl< re new sample preparation techniques. Obviously, the technique cannot involve any excessive amount of physical work in the sample. The most promising approach appears, to be the direct-transfer method. In this method the solids are collected cn a membrane filter. Using a special extraction apparatus,, it is ihen possible to dissolve the filter and deposit the residue on o carbon-coaled electron-microsccce grid. The sample can then be examined by either transmission or scanning electron microscopy and the actual dimensions of the fibers determined aiong with ihe other essential informaticn. This method might suffer from even poorer precision and accuracy than the rub-out technique, but it will yield the information most urgently needed. Finally, it ',->ould be pointed out that the various modifications of the analytical method which have been discussed are only now being explored in various laboratories. Although they do show considerable promise, more work is required to establish their validity and applicability lo this problem. -33- HER 0001235 APPENDIX C KEY TO MAP, PAGE 35 - 1. Crcsshatched or shaded areas a e counties where amphibole asbestos fibers have been reported. 2. Solid block aieas are counties where chrysotile and/or serpentine rock have been reported. If both amphiboles and serpentine are found in a county, it is solid black. 3. Solid lines surround those areas where fiber-bearing rocks might exist. 4. The dashed line s''bws lowest linvt of glacial activity. Rocks not native to the area can be found north of this line. -34- I HER 0001236 A't'VCINLMA V- -35- ! ill iI ill HER 0001237 APPENDIX D-I JOHNS-MANV1LLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. E404-79 INTRODUCTION Tins project was conducted to investigate the removal of chrysotile fiber from the inner walls of asbestos cement pipe b; potable wa*er in municipal water systems. Two municipal systems were selected: Malvern,Pennsylvania and Glendale, Arizona. Both systems utilize well water sources. The Malvern well is drilled in a serpentine rock belt (known to contain chrysofil'' fiber intermixed with the rock), while the Glendale system is outside any serpentine-bearing area. EXPERIMENTAL Pertinent features of the two municipal systems and water properties are given in Table 3 of Appendix II. Sampling w.-s conducted at the we!! site and at a loca tion down-line, referred to as the domestic site. The objective was to obtain weekly samples at both sites in both -/stems; however, manpower and equipment problems caused occasional sampling interruptions. Sampling was initiated at Glendale during September 1969 and rontinued through December 1970. Sampling at the Malvern 'veil site was initiated in June 1969, but the domestic filtration site was not placed in operation until December 1969 so that comparative well and domestic site data at Malvern was no: available as early as Glendale. The sampling sites were not changed throughout thr p'ogram, with the exception of the Malvern well site where a new well was drilled on the original site in October 1970. The sampling equipment and procedures ore described in Appendix 1. Sample analysis for fiber content, including tshing, rubout and counting, js described in Report No. E404-37 and 404-67.. Analysis wc* conducted at the J-M Research & Engineering Center. Analytical results for the Malvern an I Glendale municipal water systems are presented in Tables 1 a-J 2 of App.T-'iv !!. Table 3 of Appendix II, in tabulating the water properties at the well and ` Utlinirg the pipe systems, provides a basis for interpreting the fiber level data. T! sse fiber level data were analyzed statistically and the results arc outlined below. There is u greater than 99 oer cent piobnbility that the initial fiber level (ct the well site) is higher at Malvern than at Glendale. Table 3 of Appendix II shows the average of all well site samples for Malvern (0.17 pf|'9a0 and for Glendclc (0.023 ug/gall. As stated in the In'rcduction, the Malvern well is drilled in an area of serpentine rock, which contains chrysotile filter, while the Glendale well is not in such an area. It is, therefo e, not unexpected that well water from Malvern contains more fiber. -36- , is, i HER 0001238 H. it; JOHNS-MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. E404-79 Statistical analysis of the data yields a ?0 per cent probability that there was on in crease :n Fiber level between the well site and the domestic site at both Malvern and Glendcle. In addition, it was shewn that at both Malvern and Glenda's (within each system) there is no signiFican'- cor-e lotion between the initial Fiber level and the amount oF increase, it thus opyerrs that the water is picking up Fiber From the pipe v/c:!'s, but the amount oF pick -up is not signiFicanfly inFluenced by the existing fiber level in the water. Also, this fact of correlation between initial fiber level and amount of increase indicates that 'he Fiber quantification procedure can define changes in fiber level una fected by the initial level. Table 3 of Appendix II shows thet ;Se overage fiber level increase at Malvern is 0.28 pg/gcl, while at Glendale the overage increase is 0.015 yg/gal. Statistical analy sis yields a 90 per cent probability tha` Malvern hod a greater fiber level increcse between the well site end the domestic site rhan did Glendcle. Among the factors that could influence removal of Fiber from pipe by water are the water [-operfies, the length of erposur. time of the pipe to the v.ater, the flow rate of the water through the pipe and the pipe surfece area exposed per unit volume of water. Table 3 or Appendix !l shows that 'here is not a large difference in pipe area ex posed per gallon of wafer between the Malvern (0.80 sq ft/gal) "nd Glc-.dcle (0.96 sq ft/gal) pipe systems. The flow rate through about 90 per cent of the length of the Glendale system was 54 ft/min., similar to the 48 ft/min. through the Malvern system. The first 10 r er cent of the Glendale system had a flow rate <?f 138 ft/min., so that the overa1! potential for erosion of the pipe was somewhat greater in the Glendale system. The length of exposure time of the pipe to the water could be an influencing fcc'-or, but has not been systematically evaluated. -37- I- ,P| HER 0001239 JOHNS-MANV!LLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CEN TER Reoort No. E404-79 Ar'PE'OX ! Sampling Mur.:c'pr: Y'/p:sr Systems Appcra^js Description The filter assembly consists of a top nnd bottom section. The bottom section (cn four legs) contains c coarse stainless rls ' mesh cr.d sintered stcinless steel fi'ter- support disc. Tns f-:c< :r top sect's' 's Hr: Id in piece by stainless steel \*Hr.r-ruts and is fitted with c s.r.c ' Heed vclv -, whole assembly Is sealed `ith h-,r O rings. Both top and bottom sections ; s center-dr'Med end tapped to rec*;vo /i* in. pipe. Apparatus Hook-up 1. To the top section/ co.-.r.ect z 4- :r.. nips.*, an elbow, end another -ippls to which a picstic pipe cr r.cse .;vry be clomped. The plastic pipe "s connect ed to a cut-off valve tepped into the system. 2. To the bottom section. :t i s*ort ripple, cr. elbow, r~d .sr.crhe' nipple to connect the water merer. Th.: outflow *; run off into a convenient drain. (Note - Ail fittings should be c.*c:: c sf sinless st: =.. Ribbon cope i? used cs dps dope could fou! the c':'rers.) Collecting Sample 1. Remove the tep section o" >-r cserr.bly. .2. On the sintered fi'ter-suppcr'-, ay (c) a Whctman 541 filter pepe wh: ch hos been cut to size, (b) c 0.8 . m. acre s?ze Millipore filter sheet, end ('c) another V/hcr.r.cn 541 c:,vs" cccer. * ** f' ?.* sheets ere all 293 n cfic.ns-ter 3. Wet the filter papers f-err. th . enter cutv/arcs, and smooth out the ripples. 4. Replace the top and spin on he wir.g nuts finger tight. 5. Open the water valve siewh- w'h the bleed valve open. When, the tost chamber Is filled, close t'-c j'.e ;d vclve. 6. Run approximately 203 -A3C cr lcrs threurr the filter, or until the cu^flow slows 5o a trickle. -38- r| HER 0001240 JOHNS-MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. E404-79 7. Shut off the water. Not*: the initial and Final meter readings, and record volume, data, location, and any other pertinent data or observations. 8. Open the assembly and remove the tcp Whatman 541 Filter paper plus the Millipore Filter sheet, '.save the bottom Whatman Filter paper in piece For the next test. This bottom Filter paper is only used to protect the Millipore From possible damage due to direct contact with the sintered metal support. 9. Fold the Filter sheets together info a petri dish For shipment to be analyzed. -39- "I HER 0001241 y* ov o cg/.. tui la-j ---, cLliJ:J in t! C3 C2 r cO --O a<A Uro < u. -- I. 0> V*JI au0 i*- ro. i es <i 3: u c1*1> iuaj ri f.-. 1co; <ii*:). ?o"2: ca < O 0 --a --6 A^ tZ l --nix --u l| l>;W'-- fH '*3w? HER 0001242 JOHNS-MANVIU.E RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report Nr. E404-79 APPENDIX II Table 3. Municipal System Characteristics and Data Summary ripe System Diamater (in.) Length (ft) Area exposed to water (sq ft) Wcter volume flow ret3 (pal/min.) Water linear flow rate (ft min.) MaTvem 8 2800 . 5860 125 48 Glendale* t !! i 12 ! 1300 ; 4150 i6 12,000 18,700 i 800 138 80 54 Pipe area exposed (sq ft cal) -Water volume In pipe Water properties (well site) Total hardness (mg/.CnCOj) Cclcium hardness (^0 t CaCO.3) Alkalinity (mc/;CcC03) Dissolved solids ( mg/i) pH Average initial fiber level (j.g gal) (well site) Average fiber level increase ( p/g..!) C .80 4? 2/ 110 . 106 7.8 0.17 C .28 0.54 1, 0 .96** 94 61 114 328 8.0 0 s'*}** 0 1> 15 *The first 1300 It cf t'nn Glendale system utilized 12-`n. diameter pipe, followed by 12,000 ft of i-in diameter pipe. ** Overall system t ^ [' , HER 0001243 Al'PENDIX D-2 , Z'~!NS-MANVILLE RESEARCH J.-Q ENGINEERING CENTER____ ___________________ Report No. 425-T-1360 INTRODUCTION 7 -"ing 1968, a TRANSITE pipe lest line v'as installed in a building situated adjacent -- "He Research filtration plant. The purpose of this installation was to determine -- :T amount of asbestos fibers entering a potable water supply after passing through NS I fE water pipe. PROCEDURE Ill I-`ginally, the system was constructed for 175 GPM to pass through the installation a once-through basis. Trial runs rrvealed that a once-through system was not -'5-aLsIble due to almost immediate planning of filters. Consequently, the system was r:r~vcrted to a semi-closed recirculating system with a small amount of filtered fresh --er continuously entering the system, and cn equal amount of system water dis charged to the sewer, in order to prevent dissolved solids buildup. (See Figure 1 r* appendix for schematic anc equipment list'. (Rrrer also to Research Report No. -:5-T-l3'15). ~>e most critical portion of the test involved two Mi 11 i pore filters, one before the "'ANSITE line and one after the TRANSITE line. The TRANSITE line was 30 feet of C ass 200 RTPP from Waukegan Plant. The pre-TPANSITE filter was a 40 plate *- :lliporc containing 40 sheets (293 mm diameter) of 0.8 micrometer filter paper. :*ore entering the TRANSITE line, all water passed through this filter. The 0.8 ~*crometer size was chosen based on ehem lab tes:s shoving that 0.8 micrometer ~ ;ter paper would retain 100 percent of the asbestos. (See Research Report No. -- Co-- Int--1301). After leeving the TRANSITE line, ten percent of the wateV was sampled by a ten plate Millipore filter c:is6 containing 0.8 micrometer filter paper. ->us, all of the asbestos fiber found cn this filter can be considered to have come am the pipe wall. Hardness of the a'er was controlled by a water softener and pH was controlled by a chemical injection vump using dilute sulfuric acid. Water volume -as about 150 GPM and flow rate wa: 6-8 EPS. A series consisted of a minimum cf ten weekly runs at a chosen pH an<! hardness level. At the end of each weekly run, the ten papers from the sampling Millipore were delivered to the chemistry lab for fiber analysis. A fresh TRANSITE line was installed at the start of each series of runs. Fiber analysis was originally intended to be based on the magnesium content found on the sampling Millipo-e. However due to the extremely small amounts of fiber and because of traces of magnesium horn cement in the pipe and magnesium in the wafer, this approach was abandoned. The results from the first few runs were, there fore, considered invalid and are not reported. Runs "C " through "G" results were considered to be as accurate as possible and ore reported as valid runs. (See Tables -42- ."I HER 0001244 NS-MANVILLE RESEARCH ENGINEERING CENTER Report No. 425-T-1360 *1 >. Fiber anolysis was performed by the chemistry lab using particle and fiber --.~s of magnified electron microscope photographs cpmbined with a radioactive fra- -echnique. Observation of the data showed that in all series of runs, the amount r';sr in the water is extremely small. For instance, calculating the numbers of ons needed to produce one gram of fiber results in the following: Run No. Gallons Required for 1.0 g Fiber C 5.950.000.000 D 8.130.000. 000 E 12,800,000,000 . . .F 71.400.000. 000 G 11 200 000 000 -43- *1 p HER 0001245 Johns-Manville Research end Engineering Center Report No. 4:15-1-1360 Figure I. Schematic Diagram of Tc*t Line Installation -44. JOHNS-MANVILLE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING CENTER Report. No. 425-T-1360 Figure 1 (cont'd) - List of Equipment - Test Line Installation Inlet Water Flowmeter - Fischer <\ Porlcr No. I0A3535SY - 9.5 GPM max. Inlet Water Filter - Pali Trinity M'cro Carp, filter housing No. MCSI002UXI6 utilizing two pleated paper Filter oc: .'ridges No. MCY100IUX rated For 100 percent removal oF 0.8 micrometer. Chemical Pumo cn Inlet Water - Cheincon Pump - Model No. L24 "Raider" Diafomite Filter - DIF Model No. IC':5-03 vacuum diatomile filter, 240 square feet, flow rc:`e 175 GPM a t five pr.ig. Op'rated with leafs removed and no diatomite in system. Pump - Weirman Model ?KB (Cer`rifuacl) capacity 175 GPM at 220 feet TDH, 2-inch . discharge, 3-inch suction flanged '"O HP 3500 RPM motor 460-3-60. Cuno Filter - "Micro-Wyn!) cartridge type filler, type CG 40 S-4 for 175 GPM at 1.0 micro meter filter density, 95 ps;g inle! - five psig pressure drop. Cartridges used ore 160 each of JM 2E7P r* equivalent. Large Millipore - Millipore 20 so' multi plate filter unit complete in 30 set plate capacity bclTTousing. 0.3 mi arc ns: ter filter papers. Sample Millipore - .Millipore five set multi-plate filter unit complete in five set capacity bell housing. 0.8 micr<- ncter filter papers. Sampling Flowmctrr - Schutte '2> ' c rtinn Figure Nc. 18410 size 6HCF6 type SK W/S.S. fittings, 17.5 GPM at 55 psic enr -i ch conrie :tions. Sampling Crfice & Reccr !er - 3c kmcn model No. 153062, capacity 17.5 GPM with one pair I--I -'2 inch. vC orifice T ;ngcs. pH Meters * Beckman Mod*.'! No. 9n0. Water Softener - Sears Roebuck f -.odel No. 625.3474 - capacity 8.5 GPM. Total Flow Orifice C. Display - F-xboro, serial No. 423484, capacity 300 GPM (modtfl No. unknown). Water Testing - Hach portable er.-jineers kit - Model No. DR I834B. -45- "I HER 0001247 46 HER 0001248 A ita g /t CnCOi Run Hates 'J a n u a ry 6, 19u9 - J u ly 25 HER 0001251 HBWHS$PISESB!SW?BGS5585BS!8I Xi; ; k x XK C| o ON J ft * 2 O o e X X a X VO CO er t- VO o o 8 9.CtN <OM O o ij }z E U mo u. ro9 l/N w an I < n a%n cr. I. \e** r*j :* Cj 3 3 .| w 4i c: Ii*. i** 4* i n .N u F' ^4 I! i! S VO It o > 1 b 4* Sr **l *?4. i 2 G UO o V 44* a *i M 3 to u fci 5 <i o IX v. * -4 e 6i5 M fc 2 w si a. $ b 4 44 (X $ 2 f4l o. I 9 f*u t I 4- f. UO rt om U Vo . '3 9 Xa 3 r-2 X a e o a <3 < * it O i'. * 3 aft: o VO H >o < -- a 2 a ala MO ; p] i/N ,* UN UN UN JS -f UN UN Jl i*i wttoiloclo --I c :: I : eu*wH 2oo rc 3 o 9 o V* t (i .1 ( r* fat--4 UN atk <VI ^ oUN VO t*on ** o<rj> n ia un o a ro..|f.ti tr> V vO <VJ UN VO 4*N VO CO ;v".>:i i.i-i* " a :-s 51 fT *II .U4l o v v)h ** :l * x o i( e 0 01 Oo ' & Oi u 4 uo W 4 CJ S5 h :> 51 n5: xo|I *4 M to /> CO f:': ^ *. * ; 3 3'l -50- n, HER 0001252 I MUNICIPAL V/Atu. >YSUM$ ANALYSIS Sumpto j) Globe louree Filtered Quantity Alh (Cols) mg s 3.0 Per Crnl Fiber in Ash 0.043 . FiU' m Oritlind V/oti r ..f^/n-il 0.26 JvtuJ JoraJ Solids Hardness mg/l mg/. pll 8.1 479 156 *2 Globe dill, yilem 5 40.4 0.0053 0.43 6.0 614 163 J3 Son Oiego source 5 2.0 0.047 0.77 -- - |4 Sun Diego dill, lyitcm 4-1/3 10.0 0.137 3.15 B.O 753 324 IS Long Beoch source 5 20.9 0.040 2.51 -- - Long 8each disf. syflcm 4-t/O 10.3 0.098 2.34 8.0 409 104 17 Providence source 4 2.7 0.141 0. >5 9.4 63 2? 13 Providence dill. system 4 3.4 0.161 1.45 10.5 86 56 1? Providence dlsf. system 4 2.5 0.351 2.'9 10 2 82 45 20 Providence source 4 1.0 0.302 0.75 9.8 62 31 21 Providence dist. system 4 0.7 0.574 l.CI 9.8 6) 30 22 Wichita dist. system 2 21.1 C.015 1.58 9.0 359 113 23 Wiehilo source 4 S.4 0.084 1.13 8.4 355 72 24 Wichita dist. system 1 27.4 0.022 6.C3 8.9 389 105 25 Memphis dist. system 5 7.6 0.422 6.-2 8.3 59 28 46 Saginaw source 4 18.0 0.00026 0.::2 8.0 138 106 47 Snninaw dist. system 4 4.3 0.00045 0.0048 9.0 113 80 48 Winncpeg source 5 M.O 0.024 0.57 7.8 137 97 4? Winncpeg dist. system s 6.9 0.034 C.-7 8>Vl29 98 Pl.rnolphtho!cin Alkolinify * AAethyl Orenre Aikolinity {Tote* AHe'inity In mg/1 CoCOj) Append! 0-3 Calcium TotiJ Hcrdnets Alhcllnity * mgA my/l Iron mg/t 124 214 0.02 118 . 228 -204 114 0.10 0.07 -- - 76 134 0.C5 25 5*10(15) 0.02 55 35*15(50) 0.05 44 20*15(35) 0JU 25 10*5(15) 0.7! 25 5*10(15) 0.03 61 13*32(95) 0.71 49 2C4Ce*) 52 9*80(37) 2.5 1* 36 0.08 75 82 0.725 54 68 9.'*!! 69 87 0.O-.3 63 87 0.735- Juniata River Breeiewood, PA. Newion-Homilton Lewistown Amity Holt Connecticut River Conaan, Vf* Littleton, N.H. Lebanon, N.H. Greenfield, Mass. Middletown, Conn. CHRYSOTIlf ASBESTOS CON?E VT OF RIVER WATER 3/71 4/71 5/71 6/71 ' 7yr 8_/17TM1"" 9"/71 "1 10/71 " 1' 1""/7"1 12/71 1/77 2/72 3/72 0.0 0.0 1.31 2.75 o.c 4.06 9.20 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.37 0.0 0.0 2.96 2.89 2.36 3.35 - 10.79 0.0 0.0 6.06 6.30 2.96 0.0 - 2.02 0.0 0.0 0.19 1.21 1.09 2.36 2.92 6.18 8.57 0.0 1.61 5.48 14.94 14.83 5.! 0.0 4.16 8.66 ---- ---- 48.05 2.61 2.43 6.39 6.33 13.93 0.0 0.0 23.48 11.59 1.48 2.81 0.0 3.41 4.61 1.25 2.77 3.13 0.0 10.10 0.0 5.0S 2.64 0.47 6.75 4.74 C.O 1.92 4.07 14.48 1.83 13.79 0.0 2.98 0.0 2.95 0.83 1.66 4.44 0.88 0.43 1.25 1.70 1.63 0.48 1.58 0.0 1.15 1.03 -- 0.0 l.?5 1.37 12X8 3.0? 0.44 0.0 l.tt 0.0 1.03 0.0 4.59 1.95 4.32 8.68 Nolt: Alt Aumbn In mlctcnranH per gotten* 0 * no libn or fr fiben than considered ret* Ate All alui by electron microscope olnffvqiltw. No fibers rs visible in ony of the topples \rdir optical microscopic obserwia* or A50X magnification* SS/1-5-73 -51 I v HER 0001253 APPENDIX E DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP In persons occupationally exposed to ctberias (McDonald and Enterline) most cf the cancers reported are cf the respiratory system. However, some of the asbes tos is ingested, and excesses of digestive system cancers ore also reposed. The figure compares the rates of digestive system cancers following exposure of two groups of asbestos workers: McDonald - miners; Enterline - retired industrial workers. Since McDonald and Entorline meacur" M- 'ir responses on different scales, an attempt was made to equate these sea.:.; ring the bronchus and lung date. This led to an "equivalent cverage death rcie' (EADR) of ten being roughly ccmpcrable to o "standard mortality ratio:' (SMR; r: ICO, an EADR of 20 - 5MR of 400, EADR of 30 ~ SMR of 600, etc. as show- cr '+5 figure. It also led to a dose response rrlcticns' ip as shown by the line of trangles. This dose response relationship is not apprcprrr.Te for the digest!'e system. In fact, there appear to be two dess response re!' ,-ionships in these data with rhe ere fer the miners at a higher risk than the in: us'ria! werksrs for the seme exposure in .r.ppcf years. Because of the paucity of data, ;orr.2 core groups for both the Me Danc'd series and for the Enterline series were combined AcDonald originally reported six dose groups collapsed here into four. Enferline first reported seven doss gicups. In one publication, he collapsed these ir'-o *'ve. and in this figure they are fu-rrer collapsed into three. Both the McDorcfc data and the Enterline data shew posi'ive dose response relationship'. The Erte!,i,*s data are possibly consistent v/ith a threshold somewhere above ten mpeef ye. rs. The McDonald date show no `derse of a threshold. -52- , fl| HER 0001254 31VH HLV3Q 30VM3AV JLN31VAin03 I* 3 r'' l' HER 0001255 DOSE MPPCF - YEARS (LOO SCALE) Prepared by Marvin A. Schneiderman, Ph.D. Associate Director for Field Studies and Statistics National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda,MD, 20014 USA Al PENDIX F Research suggested for further elucidation of the primary question "Does the use of asbesfos-comenf pipe in potable water systems constitute a health hazard?" Not arranged in priorities. 1. Develop a standard method for determining asbestos in water according fq needs for Item 2. 2. Determine the quantity of usbistos by categories of size (length and diameter) as it actually exists during variations that might be introduced over time, installation, topping, etc. in potable water supplies distributed in asbestos-cement, metal and plastic pipe. 3. Determine the increment cf osbestos fibers added to the water as it traverses a:' cstos-cc.ment, metal and plastic pipe systems under varying circumstances of installation and operation. 4. Determine the contribution that the asbestos content of soil, in which pipe of the three kinds is imbedded, mokes to the asbestos content of the water traversing the pipe. 5. Determine the effect of water flew in an asbestos-cemont pipe loop (not installed in soil) under varying conditions of velocity and aggressiveness, and olso with respect to diitance and temporal influences. 6. Examine the use of crocidcMte contert af water as a "marker" of fiber migration from the asbestos-cament pipe wall tc water in operating sysferrrs cep ' * c ' A 7. Conduct animal studies both by inhalation and direct ingestion to examine the quantitative aspects (total and for various kinds, sizes and shapes of fiber) of fiber entry into and its fate in the gastro-infestinal system and migration from the system. Clearance and migration studies. 8. Conduct animal inhalation and feeding studies to explore possible carcino genic effects (gcstro-inteslinal, peritoneal and others). Perhcps combine ^ . this with "6. 9. Conduct studies to ascertain whether or not fibers migrating from either lung or gcistro-intcstinal tract might reach the peritoneum. Perhaps as part of ^6. -54- b HER 0001256 * Conduct a direct study of human population groups exposed to asbestoscement pipe distribution systems in contrast to distribution systems of other materials in terms of cancer experience -- especially gastro intestinal and peritoneal mesothelioma. Conduct studies to develop better dose relationships involving occupa tional exposure to asbestos and gastro-intestinal and mesothelial cancer experiences. -55- I- "I t HER 0001257