Document gEb3yaZDVLbwR2zX1pjwo7Qeq

PROTECTED MATERIAL - MONSANTO INSURANCE COVERAGE LITIGATION STG 2 * 3 3 9 3 2 '''Study finds 33 brain tumor deaths^ at Port Arthur, Beaumont refineries By EttNA SMITH Pest Reporter Thlrty-th* brain tumor deaths have been found 1 among union workers at three petroleum refineries in I Por t Arthur anti Beaumont, The National Cnnccr InsU- , tutc has reported. The workers, members of the Oil, Chemicnl nnd , Atomic Workers International Union, were employed at Texaco and Cult refineries in Port Arthur, and the Mobil refinciy In Beaumont. ' The finding* confirm a NCI "hypotheses-generatlng" study, releasee! in May 19ft), that suggested workers In . the entire petrochemical Industry are exposed to in creased risks of several cancers, including those affect ing digestive and respiratory systems. The greatest in crease emerged m the number of brain cancer coses. "Scientists at the National Cancer Institute and the . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health hove found an apparent association between increased - risk ol brain cancer and employment In the oil rolinory Industry," reads an NCI fact sliect. obtained by the Post. However, Gulf -- using u more widely rocogniml tired men who Worked in the rcflncnesfiom UH3-78. statistical method nru examining a larger number of Rcscaichcis examined death ccititiculcs, obtained J deaths -- reported Ihp preliminary remits ol a company by the union and the state'* vital rccocds division,' and study "shows no uKMoased risk of employees developing used that, data to compute ihc frequency of fatal dis cs- dying from brain tumor**1 at Its Port Arthur refin- eases among thewakm. cry. ` : T7ic number of deaths was hlaiisaierrtly compaicd to Furthcrmoi e, the company contends, the "undue deaths from ah causes anthfCSlhs from'all types of can* publicity" given the NCI findings lui$ "paused needless cer arnongjnaJes fifthc U.S. potniintiott as a whole, anxiety and concern among oor employees." Researchers reviewed 1,008 deaths at Texaco, 723 at Three yeari ago, OCAW invited NCf to pjcamimrTts , Gulf and 396 at Mobil Out of the 2,133 deaths examined membership rocoitis to evaluate for the ffisT time can- nl all three rolmcrles, reseai-chers found 27 brain can cer risks among a kirgorgrmip of workers exposed to [- cer cases, compared to the normally expected 15 fatal- trolciun and petroleum product* The union, the largest ' Itles Irani all roi ms of cancer. -labor organization (or petroleum wcikers, has neatly ' At Texaco, scientists observed 15 fatal bram tumor 20,000 members In Texas. cases, comiKired to an expected 7 j fatalities (torn all The NCI and NfOSH scientists In their study couflim- causes of death. Ten brain tumor fatalities were obsetv- ed that ?7 of the 33 OCAW members died of cancer. In ed among Gulf union members compaicd to an expect* the remaining six rases, the cause of deal): was listed ed 7.5, and 7 cases wolg uncovered at Mobil compaieu only as brain tumor. to an expected 3. NCI's original study population consisted of 3,105 j } Terry Thomas. NCI's chief project ve.scarcher, said males whose deaths were reported between IW7 and ,,the institute's findings ate "pieUmnuiry1' and moie 1977 to OCAW locals In Texas. For the brain cancer re > port, scientists examined 2,133 deaths of active und re- ...... I { Pieusc nee 33 dea tba/pago 19A v RSV0034013 protected material - Monsanto insurance coverage litigation v From pagel ) study Is needed to deteimlne U a correlation can be drawn between brain cuncerand exposure to petroleum products. "A lot of other studies need to be done in other plants. It will take a great deal more tesearch to draw con elutions." - The cancer mortality rates among workers who are still employed at the time ot their death Is always high er than the expected rale from all causes ot death In the population as a whole, she noted. . "Some chronic disabling diseases prevent some Indi viduals from becoming employed in the first place, or force them to stop working many years prior to their 'death so these types of deaths are not as prominent within the worker population," she explained, "This is what we call the healthy worker effect " She said researchers will be examining the work histories of the 33 union members. A case control study ot stomach cancer fatalities at the three plants also is underway. ' ' _ _ ... "The new results Indicate there may be an increased' frequency ot stomach cancers and leukemta," she said. Shortly after Initial cancer study results were reieas-; ed last spring, NCI and NIOSH, with the cooperation of- the companies, began ln-depth epidemiological studies at the refineries, s * - *v The NCI's preliminary brain cancer findings were presented Oct 28 at a New York Academy ot Sciences j meeting in New York. At that time, Gulf released the | , results ot Its in-house study into the deaths ot 4,766 of its | employees and retirees that occurred between June IS,, 9 1935, and Dec. 31, 1979, The death certificates for 4,600 white males were examined. ' -I Gulf's study, billed by the company as the "largest study ot refinery employees ever reported In North America," Included OCAW membeis as well as other union and non-union employees, said company spokes man Kirk Vogeley Using a different statistical methodology, the Gulf scientists observed 30 brain tumor deaths compared to an expected 31 brain tumor fatalities. "In other words, the risk of these workers dying from brain tumors was essentially the same or slightly less than what would be expected for the total population of the United States," according to a Gulf study, statement. ' Despite company study results, Vogeley said, Gulf is continuing its Investigation and Is participating in four, other studies. Including NCI's. , "We have cooperated with NCI, OCAW, NIOSH In the1 NCI study by providing data and assistance. We will' i continue to work with them in Investigating this tmpor-_ tant matter" the Gulf statement continued. .| Texaco spokesman Mike McDermott said "studies of, Individual cases conducted to date have failed to con firm any correlation between work performed and cause of death-" ' Texaco and Gulf are participating in a study by the , University of Texas, compiting and reviewing mortality i records of workers at several sites in both Change and | Jefferson counties. Like Gulf, Texaco is conducting an , In-house study. i In addition, both companies- are involved in a com prehensive American Petroleum Institute study exam ining 100 petroleum refineries for adverse health effects In the workplace. Mobil spokesman John Hint said the company has hired the Stanford Research Institute to "conduct an In- `depth study of our entire mortality experience at the 'Beaumont refinery. We wili share the resutts with gov ernment agencies as well as anyone else, including em ployees, when the study is complete in late 1981." 1 I ST 6 2<33933 RSV0034014 PROTECTED MATERIAL - MONSANTO INSURANCE COVERAGE LITIGATION ' -- ' Xc i V** / '{f~ Clfc (fialbriiiuit JLiity J*,Triu Tuesday Morning, October 28.1980 . - 'fA>F><>\jLe*r ^ cancer.deaths ' . By LEE HERMAN ";' ' News Stall Writer TEXAS CITY-Eighteen brain cancer deaths among workers at the Union Carbide plant here are apparently work*related, a govern ment occupational health in vestigator said in New York Mon day. - * Dr. Victor Alexander, an Occupa tional Satety and Health Ad ministration (OSHA) medical of ficer, added in a telephone inter- ivlew Monday night that the 20- !.month-study of employment 1 recordset Union Carbide showed I "very, very solid" evidence that the deaths werejob-rerated. . f . v Investigators safd it was the "largest single series of presumably occupationally related ] orain cancers" in medical annalst 1 United Press "International reported. ,. " Alexander said-^e research, compiled by ,a team of OSHA and National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) scien tists, was consistent with three other studies on the subject. The other studies involve Dow Chemical Corp.'s Freeport plant, three refineries in Port Arthur and a survey of Oil, Chemical .and Atomic Worker Union Local 4-449 (Texas City) records.' The brain cancer deaths--four or five times as many as those pro jected for Galveston County under normal conditions--occurred bet ween 1956 and 1980, UPI reported, "We can think of no other ex plication and are left with the con clusion that they are occiroAfionsiiv related. y "Until somebody comes up with another conclusion, which would be hard or impossible to do, we think they are occupationally related," Alexander said. Alexander added that he presented the information to the 'lew York Academy of Sciences Workshop on Brain Tumors in the Chemical Industry to allow sciol ists to study the OSHA-NOSHA lata and "have their say." The workshop is a govemment- unded, three-day series of emlnars. *> .................. He said that although the study Is Inly 85 percent complete, the fin- lings were "striking enough" to Sport. . . , , . 1 Dnn ------1. - ' manager for Union Carbide in said. : Texas City, said that he read a copy SIX separate suits filed against ' of the presentation to be made at ; the conference. Union Carbide by former employees or their widows between (Pzf- ; He said that in the prepared text, March, 1979 and Jan,, 1980 have i there was no definite connection .made between the deaths and the blamed vinyl chloride for illnesses and deaths. ,: workplace. * * 11 Ritchie added that he would wait ' for a final report, which Alexander The study of about 8,600 employees at Union Car bide--which has been "extremely , said is probably from two to sue months away, before making addi- cooperative," Alexander said--began after a worker com tional comments. plained to the government in ; UPI reported that another Union Carbide-Official said there was no November of 1978. ' UPI reported that the median !reason to believe there is a connection between the brain cancer and ; occupational exposure, employment of those with fatal brain cancer was 21 years. .* In February of 1979, the federal r "Our position is that Dr. Aiex- government announced the joint in jander's is an interim report and 1 that more will be learned over the vestigation by NIOSH.and OSHA scientists. . .* 'next two years as company tox- Alexander added that although ! icologists and OSHA--NIOSH scien tists continue the investigation," the study may result in new regula tions, he is not trying to scare pre the spokesmansaid. sent workers. . -* ' Although Alexander said the "This isn't something where peo evidence showed the cancers were ple should stop working. They i probably job-related, he added that the investigation has yet to reveal if should just be careful" and "stick tobasics,"hesaid. 'any particular chemical caused Alexander said that data from ;them. . 1 However, he added that he hopes >to be able to pinpoint a certain related studies will be presented at theNewYorkconference. ' (chemical before the study is finish- j led, "but even U you don't know the specific chemical, there are still t j somethings that can be done.". , Alexander said that scientists will [be looking for a common link 'among the cancer victims at the various plants in hope of determin ing what might be changed to lessen therlsk. : ] "If workers are exposed to , {something that causes this cancer, we can almost be certain that that malignancy can be prevented," J UPI reported NIOSH scientist Dr. . 'Anthony Robbins said. Although vinyl chloride has been suggested as a possible cause, Alex ander said the study had not "made a strong tie" between the resin and these cancers.-- > " .~ "Even after we have looked over all the case histories, we can't link U to vinyl chloride," Alexander STG 2433934 RSV0034015 ;* Science PROTECTED MATERIAL - MONSANTO INSURANCE COVERAGE LITIGATION Brain tumor risk in petrochemical workers Epidemiologists struggle to sort out tenuous evidence represent the result of practices long since outmoded. Many naive and dangerously sloppy procedures of that points to elevated several decades ago have been elimi nated. incidence of brain tumors But sloppy procedures still exist, and other procedures that are gen among petrochemical workers uinely thought to be safe well might be otherwise. Thus, the petrochemi cal industry--and any other industry, Jeffrey L Fox for that matter--must rely on im perfect early warning systems, such as C&EN, Washington those mustered by epidemiologists, to ferret out potential health hazards in The current effort to show a link be the workplace. tween exposures to petrochemicals Epidemiologists often refer to their and the incidence of brain taints preliminary surveys as "hypothesis among workers in the petrochemical generating" devices. The current industry is stretching epidemiology to hypothesis, being voiced by epide its limits. miologists working for the Occupa Some critics even argue that epi-. tional Safety & Health Administra demiologists risk a tumble by leaning tion, for the National Institute for somewhat beyond the reasonable Occupational Safety & Health, and limits of their science. This possibility for the National Cancer Institute, is was apparent at the recent workshop that the incidence of brain tumors sponsored byjh&Ngw York Academy among petrochemical employees is of Science at which was assembled a anywhere from 1.5 to 2.5 times higher blue-ribbon group of epidemiologists than the incidence in the general and other authorities familiar with population. Several other epidemi brain tumor incidence in humans and ologists, some of them employed by in experimental animals (C&EN, the petrochemical industry but others Nov. 3, page 6). Some observers at the without such ties, do not find evi workshop could not help concluding dence for elevated incidence. These that establishing a firm link between disagreements were by no means brain tumor incidence and employ reconciled during the New York ment in the petrochemical industry Academy of Sciences workshop. may prove very difficult. Moreover, "Polarizations came to mind dur even if established, that link may ing preparation of this meeting," says workshop organizer and epidemiolo gist Irving P. Selikoff. "We're con scious of this. But we were taught it was good to find causes of disease. Now, when causes in industry are found, there's no automatic pat on the back." There are also no auto matic pats on the back when someone finds the obverse, no evidence for causes, he could have added. Epidemiologic evidence regarding brain tumors is anything hut straightforward. Many factors could serve to show the intense analytic ef forts under way at the Texas petro chemical plants, including facilities run by Union Carbide in Texas City and Dow Chemical in Freeport but also at other installations owned by Texaco, Mobil, and Gulf Oil. For instance, the incidence of brain tumors in the general population in Robbins: bring th* bast mind* togattm the U.S. is on the rise, according to Maltoni: aosape ana mrto are Important Lawrence Garfinkel of the American Cancer Society. The nse is not a sharp one; it applies more to men than women; and it follows no immediately obvious pattern. Also, the apparent rise in incidence might be due, in part, to unproved diagnostic procedures and to better reporting of cancers. Quibbling about statistics and how to analyze them is just the sort of ac tivity that preoccupies many of the epidemiologists now scrutinizing the petrochemical industry. There are plenty of good reasons for the quibbling--scarce data, reliance on old records of questionable validity, and sharp differences on how to ap proach an issue are all factors. "It is clear there is a rise in the risk of brain cancer," asserted NIOSH's Anthony Robbins at the beginning of the workshop. "From the point of view of the workers, we've been too slow in recognizing that risk. We are attracting attention to this issue [by having a public workshop]--not to blame anyone. But until you bring the best minds together, you don't solve the problem." What Robbins said was echoed often during the three-day meeting, particularly by his colleagues from NIOSH and OSHA, Their concerns, quite properly, revolve around the principle of ensuring the health of workers. But those concerns can act like a centripetal force, continually drawing one's attentions back to STG 2433928 Nov 10,1980 C&EN 33 RSV0034016 PROTECTED MATERIAL - MONSANTO INSURANCE COVERAGE LITIGATION \ \ T-* A Animal studies provide troublesome hints Ideally, the results of careMly controlled animal studies of carmnogens will complement epidemiology, confirming suspicions about humans by referring to systematic data about mice bnd rats But a good case may be made that animat studies are sometimes mis leading and can be prejudicial to the ,, epidemiologist. For example, humans ' might be more, less, or altogether In sensitive to a particular chemical that induces cancer St rats and mice. How often such discrepancies crop up Is not so important here. The point is that the existence of bad or even good animal studies can send epidemiologists off on an oriented search, but a wild goose chase nevertheless. To anyone who is strict about the conduct of scientific Investigations, the question of Initial biases--of whatever nature--Is bound to be troublesome. Thus, conscientious epidemiologists are likely to find themselves trapped In a paradox: wanting and needing helpful clues about enigmatic human health problems, but also wishing to avoid one of the worst pltlallsln science--namely, relying on false premises. v There Is plentiful animal data for the epidemiologists searching tor causes of human brain tumors to review. Scien tists have Identified several dozen chemical compounds that can cause brain tumors In various animals, in cluding mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. When tested, however, many of these chemicals do not cause cancer consistently from one type of animal to another. Moreover, the anatomic site of tumors caused by a particular agent can vary from one species of animal to another. This lack ol consistency is fairly commonplace in animal testing programs. It's a compli cating factor that helps to muddy oth erwise limpid clues now available. Not all brain tumors are aHke The mtyor kind of tumor being followed In the epidemiologic studies is called a glioma. The spontaneous Incidence of gliomas in mice Is "exceedingly low,'' according to Italian toxicologist. Cesare Mattoni of the University of Bologna. Thus, the in cidence of gliomas arising after expo sure to various chemicals Is a relatively reliable test system, he says Nonethe less. that Incidence also varies ac cording to how the chemicals are ad ministered to the animals--by feeding, infection, Implantation, or inhalation "it is Important to know the dosage and route by which a carcinogen gams en trance," Maltom emphasizes Other observations ol animals un doubtedly will complicate the assess ment of the human health question. For example, there is the matter of varying susceptibility to particular cancercausing agents during an animal's life span. "Embryos and newborn animals are far more sensitive to many agents than are adult animals," Maltoni notes, referring to the incidence of central nervous system tumors. This age-dependent variation In sus ceptibility is pronounced in Erythmcebus patas, a species ol reddish, African monkey being studied by Jerry M. Rice and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute In Bathesda, Md. "We cannot get central nervous system tumors by injection of carcinogens into adults,'' he says about such animals. "They need to have very early exposure during gesta tion to develop tumors later, two to three years after birth." To Rice, these results suggest that there may be periods In life when hu mans are particularly or peculiarly sus-'~ ceptible to developing certain kinds ol tumors. Thus, induction of brain tumors in adults "might have occurred very much longer In the past," he notes. Whet all this means regarding work place exposures to putative carcinogens and the Incidence of brain tumors Is difficult to say. And when these obser vations are tied into a widely held view of how cancer develops, the story looks even more complex. Many scientists believe that cancer develops In two phases, called Initiation and promotion. An early event, Initiation, caused by one type of chemical, may not cause a tumor unless followed by exposure to (usually) other types of chemicals, called promoters. Thus, the search for a single type of workpiece exposure to explain brain cancer Inci dence might be misguided. Imagme the following situation. One group of adults, whan children, either had a particular disease, took a certain medicine, or was exposed to some other "initiating agent," whereas another group of adults avoided that agent Then during adulthood, members from both groups were met with an onslaught of many "promoting agents " Some such promoting agents might be found In the workplace, particularly when that workplace Is a petrochemical facility But other kinds ol workplaces and alto gether different kinds of environments also might provide Borne ol the adults with deleterious promoting agents. Sorting through all these possibilities to Identify the culprit agents could prove a formidable challenge Studies of animals are Introducing further complications. For example, some scientists contend that virus par ticles are associated with chemically induced brain tumors m mice Other scientists dispute the importance and even the existence of such particles. Their Imparlance to human brain tumors is unknown. Other observations are puzzling. Why, for instance, does a particular chemical produce primarily brain tumors without affecting other organs? Access of the chemical to such organs partly accounts for their differing sensitivity. But other metabolic Influences, including either different activation or detoxification In various organs, also could be important, according to Paul Klehus of the Uni versity of Frieburg In West Germany. Thus, for Instance, enzymes in the brain cells of rats are slow to rid DNA there of certain kinds of damage. Long-lived damage might lead to brain tumors dur ing the later life of such animals. By far, the most puzzling phenome non Is one noted by Mattoni and Ns colleagues. Varying the dose and the means by which It's administered for some carcinogens can cause system atic fluctuations in brain tumor Incidence In animals. Thus, an elevated dose of vinyl chloride, for example. Induces few (or no) brain tumors, whereas a lower dose may induce many such tumors. This "masking" phenomenon departs significantly from the typical observation that tumor incidence rises directly in proportion to the dose of carcinogen an animal receives. If such a phenomenon pertains to human brain cancer, the search for pertinent workplace hazards may be tortuous indeed. workers and their environment. Thus, well-intentioned beliefs can predis pose one to look for clues more zeal ously In one place than in another, This is not meant to say that OSHA or NIOSH officials are tailoring their investigations to distort the truth, But these epidemiologists clearly are instilled with the belief that the workplace, particularly a modem etrochemical facility, can and must e safeguarded. That committment, which was on clear display among many of the federal officials at the workshop, ib naturally even stronger among offi cials of unions representing the pet rochemical workforce. "We must identify the job places where cases of brain cancer have appeared to see if there's a common denominator," says Raphael Moure of the Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International Union, "What are the locations in the plant?" Once that's known, he sayB, "conditions can be improved and ex posures minimized," Like Moure, Sheldon Samuels of AFL-CIO now assumes that the risk for brain tu mors is elevated for workers in pet- 34 CAEN Nov. 10, 1980 STG 2433929 RSV0034017 V ^ PROTECTED MATERIAL * MONSANTO INSURANCE COVERAGE UTTGATiGN _ __ > Thomas.- analyses suggest matedrisk rochemical plantb. "The failure to identify specific agents is a disap pointment, but not an insurmount able difficulty," he says. Although a fear about elevated brain cancer incidence certainly is justifiable, the statements ofthe two union officials indicate they have al ready gone from fear, to belief to plan of action. Here again, their profes sional commitments more or less make that course inevitable. But it Many chemicals induce brain tumors in animals 2-Acetylamlnofluorene Acrylonitrile 1-Aryi-$,3-<ilalkylti1azems Azoethane* Azoxyelhane* Azoxymethane ButylnKrosouroa Cycasln 1,2-Dlethytiydrazlne DMhylnttrosambie* Diethyl auttate* Dfcnethytbenzanthracene Dimethyl sullate* Elalomycln Ethyl methaneeulphonaie Ethykiltrosobluret* Ethylnltrosourea* l-Melhyt-2-benzyl-hydrazlne* Malhyl methanesuiphonate MelhylnRroeoures* Methylnttrosourethane (bitraplacents!) Procarbazine* Propane suHone Propylene Imlne Pyrrollzldbw alkaloids Vinyl chloride m These tfmmloels can croaa Ys ptocente to induce bran tumors ta offspring Source. Victor Alexander et ei.NOSH 36 C4EN Nov 10, I960 comes when many of the epidemiol ogists are arguing over whether there is any elevated risk. If the risk is the same as that faced by the general population, it seems a rather striking challenge to the petrochemical in dustry to improve the workplace. `Tm puzzled by the widespread nature of the problem [of brain tumor incidence]," says H. Michael Utidjian of Union Carbide. "It seems wide spread over many populations and work classes, sometimes extending to white collar workers. I don't know of' any other case of occupationally re lated cancer where it's appeared over such a wide range of workplaces." It is "oversimplisuc," he adds, to say conclusively that brain tumors are due to exposures in the chemical in dustry. Several epidemiologists have con Wert: /mutts Indicate no tncmaaad dak cluded that brain tumor incidence, at least among Borne petrochemical vations. Women more than men em workers, is not elevated For example, ployed in the Swedish chemical in one such study waaaconducted by dustry might be at greater than nor Chi-Pang Wen of Gulf Oil's medical mal risk for brain cancer. Workers in and health resources division of the the rubber tire building industry in company's oil refinery in Texas--the the U.S. are also at greater than nor same installation included in an NCI mal risk, says Thort^s Mancuso of survey. Wen says his study "repre the University of Pittsburgh School sents the largest retrospective cohort of Public Health. ButSo are workers study of refinery workers to date in in the electrical machinery and also North America in terms of length of observation (44years of employment experience) ana person-years of ob servation." And he concludes that paper (and allied products) indus tries. And so also are workers in cer tain segments of the transportation industry, according to epldemiolo-. "the results indicate no increased risk gists at the University of Southern of brain tumors among workers at this California in Los Angeles. Texas refinery." Epidemiology is very much an He and NCI's Terry L. Thomas (and her collaborators) differ sharply in their conclusions. "Our analyses suggest thatrefinery workers have an outgrowth of clinical medicine. Ac cording to one wag, epidemiologic surveys are often really "hunches, shored up with statistics." elevated risk of brain cancer," However, the fact is that many Thomas says. And it's possible that clinicians have hit upon important current studies "underestimate" that medical treatments by following up risk, she adds. their hunches. The same phenome Eventually, their differing conclu non may be at work among the epi sions have to be reconciled: They are, demiologists scrutinizing brain cancer after all, looking at overlapping (al incidence. Hence, the possibility that beit not identical) populations. they are onto something means that Hence, it seems that discrepancies in their surveys, no matter how prelim analytic methods and in deciding inary, cannot be disregarded. whatinformation to include stand in All of this close scrutiny also may the way of reconciliation. serve a broader purpose. For example, Yet other epidemiologists, looking Selikoff and his colleague William J. at different workplaces, come up with Nicholson at Mount Sinai School of all kinds of puzzling clues. Michael R. Medicine in New York City find evi Alderson of the Institute of Cancer dence of higher incidence for other Research in the U.K. has surveyed kinds of cancer besides brain tumors eight refineries there and concludes among several groups of industrial there is no increased risk for brain workers. "Brain tumors may be `the cancer, although preliminary evi canary' for locating other cancer dence for increases in malignant risks," Nicholson says. Thus elevated melanoma (skin cancer) is being fol risks of diseases, such as lung cancer lowed up, he says. "But even if you and malignant melanoma, cited by accept some of the U.S. data, the problem of brain cancer is in no way like other hazards." Hints from other surveys provide a kaleidoscope of incongruent obser several of the epidemiologists at the New York Academy of Sciences workshop well could prove to be a more significant public health prob lem than brain cancer. _l STG 2433930 RSV0034018 GTECTED MA' Vzr. UAL - MONSANTO INSURANCE COVERAGE UT1GATIC L_ ANOTHER TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE 1 ROM SHARP. MURPHY'S LAW DEFIED. "If anything can go wrong, it will" and usually docs, especially when you're entering an equation into a calculator. Until now, you may have been using the error-prone procedure of encoding and decod ing the steps of an assembly code. 'Hie Sharp 5100 Scientific Calculator eliminates this needless procedure. It's the first programmable calculator that allows you to enter directly, using alge braic, logarithmic, exponential and other functions in their familiar form. That's Murphy's Law defied. 'lire 5100 is also the first hand-held to give you a complete display of the equation: you see 24 characters at a time in a dot-matrix display that rolls right or left to accommodate one or more formulas of up to 80 steps. So that while other programmable calculators display only one program >7cp :v .. : tte, the 5100 displays the actual equation in its entirety, and in the wav you're accustomed to . tg it. If, anywhere along the line, you've entered an incorrect character {Murphy's Law at work), the display makes it easy for you to spot. You can then move the 5100's computcr-like cursor to any part of the display to correct it. In addition to the fast solution of frequently used formulas, the 5100 is extremely conven ient tor deriving dilfv.vnce tables, performing data analysis, numerical integration, simulations of linear systems, statistical and probability calculations, and many other procedures. It has so many uses, it would lake a book to fully describe them, and someone has even written once Sharp oilers you a complete line of highly advanced scienlifics, and if you want the leading edge in scientific calculators, buy the 5100 (under $90.00)* I.,'.'.I,V PV b\ I M `sr.-Hlh Pill -Set. RSV0034019