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W Os:--`^/'J 'U APR 9 Wa EUCB SEWHY tC* Uuiuii.. r PB- 235 359 *4 /}" I PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORIN A'l'ED BIPHENCJ/.S AND HEAVY METALS IN UPPER FOOD CH/ON LEVELS, EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK AND VICINITY John C. Ogden, el al Everglades National Park / Prepared for: . Department of the Interior August 1974 DISTRIBUTED BY: nr: Katisiial Technical Information Senrtcs U. S. DEPART! 3T OF COi.KERCE 5285 Port Roy:1 Road, Spiinjlielil Vi. 22151 HONS 039250 PB 235 4. i iiU' Atj >un(itie PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED RIPHENOLS ALT) HEAVY IXTALS III 9. HtpM Dju Match 1973 UPPER FOOD CHAIN LEVELS, EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK A13 VICINITY. 4. ' 359 7. Av<hi(<) JODll U. UgUCII, H. KOUCl'CSOIl, Jary E. Davis and Thonas \.'. Schmidt V. I'ftltHminf OiK<n>K<*>< '>*'< AaJcc Everglades National Park P 0 box 279 Homestead, Florida 33030 I- l'tilffliA| Orf.iicli* Rej*. N. 10. tnn N*. 11. CaMtiti/Ciim >\i. 12. S;.onicrir>^ O.'^ariiauon Njr.r anj AJJttn* U. S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Southeastern Region 2401 h'hipplc Avenue Atlanta, Georgia 30344 . _ 13. Type l Report a Pe.ioV Coveted Final 14. lit. S|>plmrAiat)r N`oi South Florida Environmental Project: Ecological Report Wo. DI-SrEP-74-16 14. /ktntcii A gcnoral concorn over possible environmental pollution by nan-nadc poisons prompt* ed the extensive survey of chlorinated insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and metals in upper trophic levels of material collected in and adjacent to Everglades National Pari:. Collections vere made between 1971 and 1973, and analyses conducted by ! WARF, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin. The resulting analyses provides *i base line for future! snalysas, and clues for particular poisons or particular species in need of core in* tcnsfvQ study. These data revealed that DDT, DDE, DDD, Dicldrin and PCPs appear to exist in concentrations well below amounts Unovn to have either acuto or ehroulc effect Less Is known of Cho' significance of the various metal concentrations reported htsie, . although levels of mercury in freshwater vertebrates and arsenic in marine species are great enough to deserve more intensive stud/. ir k!t|` vVJt unJ Dvcudh'M Ati)!>>i. Pesticides I Poisons Metals Environmental surveys 17a. Klt'fliHtCf* 0| nvKiiric.! Tctr* j Kverglodcn National Park . I Everglades i Food chain HwMuced by Ij Food . web . ' NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE I * VS Drpi.rln.fni of Commote* | Release I'lvliniti".1. fOmm nm tr.ni . !* 1 Txn.,-.;nr;i this roKM may ik r..i`soM:ci:n 30 j-^ HONS 039251 I SOUTH FLORIDA ECOLOGICAL STUDY Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenols and Heavy Metals in upper food chain levels, Everglades National Park and vicinity Final Report John C Ogden, Research Biologist William B. Robertson, Jr,, Research Biologist Cary E. Davis, Marine Research Biologist Thomas W, Schmidt, Aquatic Research Jlologlst Division of Natural Science and Resource Management Studies Everglades National Park March, 1973 Revised August, 1974 HONS 039252 '\ FORWARD A potentially serious threat to southern Florida wildlife is poisoning by certain human-produced toxic insecticides, industrial compounds or metals which escape or are released into the environ ment. Serious population declines In species of wildlife due to such poisoning have previously been documented in many other regions of the world, particularly among carnivorous species of vertebrates at the top of aquatic food chains (for example: Ames 1965, Blue et al, 1974, Herman et al 1969, Wurster and Wingate 1968). The poisons art absorbed or ingested at various levels of food chains, and become concentrated upward et hlghter trophic levels as each contaminated individual is consumed by a larger animal. In strong concentrations thest poisons cause direct death to adult animals. Of equal concern, lesser concentrations may result in embryonic mortality, chinning of bird eggshells, or chromosomal alterations in first generation young produced by contaminated adults. 1 HONS 039253 INTRODUCTION Southern Florida supports a good many species of aquatic vertebrates potentially endangered by environmental poisons. Field studies and surveys of some of the species (eagles, ospreys* wading birds, pelicans, and alligators) by National Park Service biologists have revealed levels of reproductive success during tht 1960s and early 1970s which appear adequatu for maintaining stable populations. Scattered samples of south Florida sediments, plants, water, vertebrate tissue, and avian eggs, which have previously been analysed for various environmental pollutants have generally contained quite low concentrations of these poisons, as one would expect from the successful vertebrate reproduction observed. However, It was apparent that at least small concentrations of various environmental poisons were distributed throughout south Florida eco systems. The total number of samples from south Florida which had been previously analysed, however, was altogether Inadequate for a thorough understanding of this entire problem. This present project was design ed to Improve the knowledge of the distribution of the environmental pollutants which arc known to, or strongly suspected of, adversely affecting upper trophic level vertebrates and invertebrates, and/or are known to be present In eouth Florida environments. MONS 039254 \' / `\ STUDY AREA AND METHODS In all, 95 samples vere collected and submitted for chemical analyses by WARF, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin. This collection of sables repre sented an extensive rather than Intensive look at local environmental contaminants In an effort to determine which contaminants and which species may be in need of further study. These samples were collected primarily between dune, 1971 and January, 1973, as followa: *1. 5 Osprey eggs from western Florida Day, 3 collected January 1969, 2 collected February-March 1972. 2. 6 Brown Pelican eggs from westarn Florida Day, collected March 1972. 3. 5 Common Egret eggs from central Shark Slough avarglades, collected March 1972. 4. 5 Common Egret eggs from western Florida Bay, collected March 1972. *5. Breast and brain tissue (total 6 samples) from 3 White Ibis, collected Chokoloskee Bay, June 1971. 6. 4 White Ibis eggs from western Florida Bay, collected April 1972. 7. S White this eggs from Conservation Area 3B everglades, collected April 1972. 8* 5 Double-created Cormorant eggs from weatorn Florida Bay collacted March 1972. 3 HONS 039255 \\ \ *9. Breast and brain (total 6 samples) fro.J 3 Sooty Terns from the Dry Tortuga*, collected August 1971. *10. 5 Cattle Egret eggs from Taylor Slough everglades, collected June 1972. - *11. Combined breast and brain tissue from 1 Red-shouldered Hawk, near Mahogany Hammock, collected November 1972. 12. Combined breeet and brain from 1 VJMte Tbie, 40-mile Bend, collected September 1972. *13. 4 American Alligator eggn from central Shark Slough ever glades collected June 1972. 14. 3 American Crocodile eggs from eastern Florida Bay, collected May 1972. 15. 2 samples of Plnflsh (3 and 4 fish respectively) from Florida Bay, collected December 1971, and reptember 1972. 16. 1 sample of 7 Pinfiah from south Blecayne Bay, March 1972. 17. 2 samples of Stone Crabs (4 and 4) from Florida Bay, collected December 1971, and May 1972. 18. 1 sample of 3 Stone Crabs from south Blecayne Bay, collected October 1972. 19. 2 samples of Sea Catfish (3 and 3) from Florida Bay, collected January 1972, and September 1972. 20. 2 samples of Crevelle Jacks <4 end 3) from Florida Bay, collected December 1971, and June 1972. 4 MQNS 039256 21. 2 samples of Silver Mullet (4 and 4) from Florida l)ay, collected January 1972, and June 1972. 22. 1 sample of 3 Silver Mullet from south Biscayne Bay, collected November 1972. 23. 2 samples of Spiny Lobsters (4 and 7) from Florida Bay, collected December 1971 and May 1972. * 24. 1 sample of 2 Spiny Lobsters from south Biscayne Bay, collected October 1972. 23. 1 sample of 6 Spiny Lobsters from Dry Tortugaa, collected March 1972. . 26. 2 samples of Cray Snapper (3 and 3) from Florida Bay, collected December 1971, and June 1972. 27. 1 sample of 2 Cray Snapper from south Biscayne Bay, collected January, 1972. 28. 1 sample of 18 Pink Shrimp from south Biscayne Bay, collected March 1972. 29. 1 sample of 2 Blue Crab from aouth Biacayne Bay, collected October 1972. 30. 1 sample of 4 Bluegill from the upper Shark Slough everglades, collected July 1972. 31. 1 sample of 4 Bluegill from Taylor Slough everglades, collected November 1972. 32. 1 sample of 2 Florida Gar from upper Shark Slough everglades, collected August 1972. 3 HONS 039257 33. 1 sample of 3 Largemouth Baas from Taylor Slough everglades, collected October 1972* *34. 1 sample of 3 leopard Frogs from upper Shark Slough everglades, collected October 1972. *35. 1 sample- of 87 Mosquito Fish from upper Shark Slough everglades, collected October 1972. *36. 1 sample of 50 Mosquito Fish from Taylor Slough ever glades, collected January 1973. *37. 1 sample of 9 Everglades Crayfish (Procambarus) from upper Shark Slough everglados, collected October 1972. All samples were analysed for residues of certain persistent chlorinated Insecticides (DDT, DDE, ODD, and Dieldrin), and for the persistent chlorinated Industrial compounds known as Polychlorinated Biphenols. Each sample was also tested for residues of arsenic, mercury, cadmium, lead, sine and copier, with the exception of some of the samples in the groups narked with an asterisk (*) which lacked sufficient volume for total analyses. The analyses were done on whole eggs (excluding shells) of birds sod crocodlllans, breast and brain tissue of White Ibis and a Red-shouldered Hawk, and from homogenates of whole animals in the fish, frog and invertebrats samples. The results of these analyses are presented In Table 1, and are expressed in parts per million, whole wet weight basis. 6 HONS 039258 DISCUSSION The egg analyses provide hoth a measure of residue levels present in Che adult females of each species, and a means for comparing residues in the egos with a measure of shell thickness. Several research studies have previously shown that sufficient amounts of DDE, and possibly Dieldrln, affect calcium metabolism in birds, resulting in production of thin-shelled eggs (Birman et al 1970, Lockle et al 1969, Wioaeyer and Porter 1970). Increased breakage of these eggs during Incubation, In some cases to the point of elimi nating all successful reproduction In a population or colony of contaminated birds, ht.s been document*' (Keith et al 1970). Other studies of laboratory or field contaminated populations of birds generally showed adversely altered hatching success when egg shell thickness was reducad by approximately 10-20 percent from normal thickness (Wiemeyer and Porter 1970, Wlemeyer et al 1972). We measured shell thickness for the eggs collected during this project and present these dace In Table II. Although no great amount of shell-thickness data from normal, non-contaminated populations of birds are available In the literature, it appears that for at least two species. Osprey end Brown Pelicans, the shell measurements from Florida Bay eggs ere similar to shell measurements from eggs collected prior to 1947 from non-contaminated populations of these same two species (Anderson and Hickey 1972, Bit's et al 1974). We believe it quite likely, therefore, that 1971-1972 eggs produced in the south 7 HONS 039259 Florida everglades region did not contain sufficient contaminants to produce a degree of shell-thlnnlng that would reduce productivity for any species. - The factors which determine rates and patterns of distribution, as well as toxicity of the various environmental pollutants, are extremely complex and only partially understood. Various studies have shown thst temperature, turbidity, end flow rate of water, age and site of animals, presence of other chemicals in local environmenta, and rates of input of toxic chemicals Into ecosystems are only some of the factors which determine distribution end toxicity of chemical pollutants In local areas (for example: Durham 1969, Gish and Chura 1969, Kearney et el 1969). An additional difficulty in Interpreting residue data Is that many potentially toxic metals occur naturally in small amountc in most environ ments. The natural levels of these metals ere not well known in various tissues of most animals, making It difficult to understand the significance of concentrations detected during spot sampling. The metal residues revealed by WARF analyses, while representing a considerable increase in our knowledge of the distribution of these potential pollutants in south TlotidAf ere still insufficient to allow definitive interpretation of the origins, ratoa of conctntratlon, distribution or toxicity with the local conditions whera they sra found. Somewhat batter understanding of tha significance of Insecticides end PC8 residues can be made from the WARF analyses, primarily because of the voluminous amounts of background Information that have accumulated as a result of world wide attsntion and study of tliasa chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds. 8 HUNS 03926Q Where WARF analyses proved most useful was in: 1) providing additional data on distribution and concentration of several potential environmental poisons, including the first information from several local species not previously tested; 2j by providing base-line data for futuie measurements of these earn* contaminants in the same species obtained by similar collecting procedures; and 3) by providing clues for vnere there is need for Intensive Investi gation of particular contaminants that may be at or near dangerous concentrations. Following Is a summary of the apparent significance of levels of DDT end its metabolites, Dleldrin, PCBr, Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium, Zinc, Lead and Copper revealed by the WARF analyses. ANALYTICAL INTERPRETATION 1, DDT and Metabolites (DDE, DDD). An import conanc'tt on DDT and it`s break-down products, DDE and DDD, is that various species of vertebrates have been shown to exihlblt widely different sensitivities to these poisons, so that a lethal amount for one species cannot be assumed to be lethal for other similar slsed species. In general, concentrations between 25 and 50 ppm In brain tissue can be considered approaching probably lethal levels for large aquatic and raptorial birds (for example: Bellsle at al 1972, Blue at al 1974). The residues of DDT, DDE and DDD revealed by WARF analyses, however, art at quite low con centrations in all species tasted, and It probably is true than no significant mortality or impaired reproduction in the Everglades National Park region Is occurring due to these poleons. DDE in bird eggs at concentrations greater than 10 ppm might result in enough eg'; 9 HONS 039261 shell thinning to depress reproductive success on some species (Cede et eX 1971, Wiemeyer and Porter 1970), but the highest concentratione of ODE detected by WARF in bird eggs were slightly above 1 ppn in three Osprey eggs. No other fish eating bird eggs, Including pelican, cormorant, and Common Egret eggs collected from the same portion of Florida Bay at were the Osprey eggs, contained concentrations as high as 1 ppm. Two of five Cattle Egret eggs contained DDE greater than 1 ppm. Including one egg with about 5.5 ppa DDE. Cattle Egreta art not fish aaters, but feed on large insects captured in fields (Fogarty and Hetrick 1973), and individual egrets may accumulate relatively high concentrations by repeatedly feeding in agricultural fields recently sprayed with DDT. Tissues from Dry Tortugas Sooty Tarns were particular ly clean of these compounds. The highest concentrations of DDE were found in eggs of American Alligators, (mean value for four eggs, 2.42 ppm; range 1.79-3.00 ppa), and American Crocodiles (mean for five eggs, 1.85 ppm; range 0.78-3.23 ppm). So little la known of the affects of DDT, and lta metabolites, on crocodilian* that it is difficult to Interpret these date. It Is interesting that the freshwater flah or invertebrate sample with highest DDE residues was the Florida Car, a species thought to be important as food for alligators. Where crocodiles obtained high DDE concentrations la more pusellng, for residues of DDE in silver mullet and crabs, two important crocodile foods, were particularly low. 10 MOHS 039262 Nona of the specie# analysed by WARF contained concentrations that approach residue levels known to produce chronic damage tn these species. We also recognise* however* that the low levels in decapod crustaceans could reflect the extreme sensitivity these animals have for these compounds (Butler 1969). Greater concentrations* In the range of 1 to 10 ppm, tend to be lethal in some species. All samples submitted to WARF were from live* presumably healthy* individuals, and would aLnost have to be clean of these poisons. This sensitivity is not surprising since these compounds were designed for destruction of closely related arthropod pests. 2. Dieldrln. In general, fai.ly low levels of Dieldrln In the range of 10*20 ppm in brain tissues, may result in death or abnormal behavior In some birds* particularly in combination with relatively high levels of other insecticides (Stlckel at el 1969). Concentrations as low as 1-5 ppm in bird eggs have been reported to cause egg shell thinning In soma spades (Lockle at al 1969 and Stoewsand at al 1971). These con centrations are considerably greater chan any detected by the WARF analyses. All eemplee tested by WARF contain concentrations of Dieldrln leee then 1 ppm. Bird eggs generally contained less than 0.10 ppm* except for Cattle Egrets* where 5 egge contained a meal level of 0.18 ppm (range: none detected to 0.66 ppm). The relatively high concentrations in Cattle Egret eggs is a reflection of this species' food habits in south Florida of large insects captured by farmland fields, including fields where local applications of Dieldrln may occur. 11 HONS 039263 3. Polychlorinated Blphenola. PCBe occurring In the environment ere Industrial compounds used as plasticizers In the production of paints, resins, and electrical insulators, and they may be applied with pesti cides to extend the kill-life of the poisons (Hammond 1972, Peakall and Linear 1970). PCBs have been found to be approximately 1/4 to 1/5 as toxic as DDT in some birds studied, and two or three orders of magnitude less toxic to fish than DDT. Like DDT, PCBs which escape into the environment remain as persistent poisons. A steady diet of PCBs to adult birds. In concentrations of approximately 10 ppm, may result In chromosomal alteration in young produced by these adults, end concentrstione of about 50 ppm in the eggs laid by these adults (Peakall et al 1972). PCB concentrations revealed by the WARF analyses were highest in fish eating birds from Florida Bay (mean value 1*43 ppm In Osprey eggB; 1.21 ppm In Common Egret eggs; tnd 0.84 ppm In pelican eggs). Highest concentrations in freshwater samples were from Coonon Egret eggs (mean 0.33 ppm) and Alligator eggs (mean 0.30 ppm), from the Shark Slough. These concentrations ere well below those known to cause serious adverse effects on wildlife. Samples from several other freeh-vater and marine vertabrates (White Ibis, cormorant, and crocodile eggs; Sooty Tern tissue) contained no detectable PCB reelduee. Marine and freshwater fish and invertebrate samples generally contained less then 0.10 ppm PCBs, con siderably below concentrstione thought to effect these apedes (Hammond 1972). MONS 039264 4. Mercury. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration has declared that flfch and other food which contain more than 0.5 ppm mercury are unsafe for human consumption. Recent studies of wildlife in tiie United States and Canada have revealed that several spcctcs of flch and game birds contain concentrations of mercury at or above this 0.5 ppm level (for example? Adley and Brown 1972* Fimreite 1974). In fact* it appears that such concentrations may not be rare in wildlife* indicating that there Is widespread mercury pollution, particularly in freshwater ecoeysesma. There Is little information on whether these mercury con centrations have chronic effects on the species. Highest concentrations revealed by the V1ARF analyses were, as In other regions* primarily Invertebrates which live or feed in freshwater. Brein and breast tissue from White Ibis ranged between approximately 1 and 2.5 ppm mercury, combined breast and brain from a Rad-shouldered Hawk contain ed 0.78 ppm, 4 alligator eggs had a mean 0.69 ppm, two bluegill samples averaged 0.58 ppm, and a sample of Florida gar contained 0.60 ppm. Cosoon Egret egga from the Shark Slough contained a mean 0.37 ppm mercury, com pared with a mean 0.16 ppm in Cooaon Egret eggs from Florida Bay. The same relationship was not apparent between White Ibis egga collected In the everglades and Florid# Bay, where the values were only slightly higher in the freshwater region. Highest mercury concentrations in marine species were a mean of 0.59 ppm from Che seven carnivorous Crevalle Jack aaaplea, and 0.36 ppm in 13 MQNS 039265 cormorant eggs. The relatively high concentrations of 0.24 ppm in bottom feeding Sea Catfish seemed to reflect their higher trophic position than the similar bottom feeding Silver Mullet, with mercury concentrations of 0.05 ppm. Species with similar feeding methods may be expected to contain more nearly similar amounts of various residues, but the fset that they do not points out the possibility of different rates of assimilation of these poisons by different species. The mercury concentrations reported here apparently are too low to have acute effects on wildlife, but there is no certainty that chronic problems do not occur. The relatively high concentrations in seme freshwater vertebrates deserves further monitoring and study, with emphasis on sources of the mercury, and the possible effects on pro ductivity in these freshwater species. Of particular interest are the seemingly high concentrations of arsenic, sine, lead end copper in more marine species. Many marine organlsaa are known to selectively accumulate heavy metals, a pheno menon Chat has beer, reported for over SO years (Harvey, 1957). It has been established chat marine biological systems accumulsta arsenic, sine, lead, coppar and cadmium concentrations several thousand times groatcr than ambient sea water (FWPCA 1968, Goldberg 1970). Zinc and coppar concentrations are well within a range considered normal for estuarlna fish. The WARF samples contain concentrations of thess metslt, other than arsenic, leas than could ba expected by biological accumulation from average sea water concentrations. Arsenic concentrations 14 HONS 039266 \ \ In some marine fish (7.5 ppm) and invertebrates (18.6 ppm) are slightly higher than expected by accumulation* but probably not by a significant amount. The levels of arsenic found in this study approached the present tolerance of 7 ppm for combined lead arsenate on food crops* and may constitute a health hazard (Pakhals et al.f 1972). The possibility of arsenic at concentrations great enough to have adverse affects is real* and this situation deserves further in vestigation. We also recommend that monitoring of the other metals be scheduled on aoae ragular basis* particularly in conjunction with any studies undertaken of the population dynamics of marine species in Everglades National Park. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS A general concern over possible environmental pollution In southern Florida by man-made poisons prompted this extensive survey of chlorin ated Insecticides* polychlorinated biphcnola* and matala in upper trophic level samples. The resulting analyses provide a base line for future analyses* and clues fo.. particular poisons or particular species in need of more intensive study. These deta revealed that DDT* DDE* DDD, Dleldrin* and RGBs appear to exist In concentrations veil below amounts known to have either acute or chronic effects on local species. Laas la known of the significance of the various metal concentrations reported hare, although levels of mercury in freshwater vertebrates* and arsenic in marine species are great enough to deserve more intensive study. We recoanend the following: 15 MGNS 039267 1. A regular program to monitor amounts of environmental poisons in upper trophic level species In the southern everglades and adjacent estuaries should be established. Not less then 50 samples representing select freshwater and marine species, primarily those tested In this present study, should be tested for insecticides, PCBs, and metala, on a routine basis svery 2 or 3 years. Some effort should be made to collect samples from areas where little sampling haa been done thus far, for example in the west coast rivers and bays south of Everglades City, the lower cypress sloughs, and In Conservation Area 3. 2. Concentrations of mercury In freshwater vertebrates, and arsenic In marine animals were high enough to warrent further Investigations soon. Some money and time should be programed for further analyses for mercury and arsenic to determine percent of methyl mercury present In total mercury reported, obtain a better understanding of distribution and source of mercury and arsenic in these ecosystems, and for further literature review to provide Interpretation of significance of mercury and arsenic concentrations being detected locally. 16 HUNS 039266 TABLE L P*Ucidc, PalyeHUalartiJ ntptiarwU. aal Itca-. y mcul eooc*a*rtfli* (ppm) u iwdlt t'lvritb ulrnil* 1971 *72. 9aj.i; i ; ) 4 3 .4 7 S 7 19 21 n is i;y r<*ri<!a Bay F'.J.-iii Say Florida Bay F.erida Jiay Flnrtrfa Hay Florida Say Florida Eay Florida Lay Florid* Hay F:- Ida Day Florida Bay Flor:da Lay Otprwy Fu:* Oaprty Oiprty C;( 0*ptr ztf Ospmy Ei Brows Pc.Kan e;; Brows Pvlicaa i(] Browa F*U<u ;; Brown Hchcaa (({ Brown pelUan *itJ 3rwt PoUcan tj| Brows PiUcm i(( Brown* Palicaa t|| onr 1.94 0.94 1.24 . 1.09 0.12 0.0* O.U o.oc* 0.12 0.45 0.20 9. 14 non nrrr c. so NO* 0.21 0.080 0.29 XD 0.1) Q.UI6 O.CTg 0.014 C.0S4 o.oaT 0.047 0,047 0.09) 0.078 0.014 0.C14 0.093 0.093 0.110 o. no 0.07S 0.047 0.084 0. 047 TM.-Urlw 0.011 0.014 0. oto 0.010 9. 010 0. 020 0.029 0.012 0.0)0 0. 230 0.0)0 0.030 per* A* w- r-? _T-a._ na r*.. 0.64 1.34 1.90 <}. 10 1.37 .!0 e.i <0. 10 0.25 <0.19 0. 37 <C. 10 0.11 <1. 10 0.59 .10 1.24 <7. 10 i.ea <0.10 0.52 <0. 10 0.07 <. 99 4.4 <v. 2 0. 7# 0.21 0.2? 0.34 < o* < <. 0 4.3 <0.2 7.6 <3.2 4. 7 <7.2 C. 4 l.?fc K.72 e. 50 <.09 7. 3 <:.: r.02 0.3) < 04 9.4 <0.2 1.14 0.44 0.0 J9 4.6 7.9 <:.2 <:.2 i.ot. 3. "2 e.u <.C9 *.? <5.1 C.jl 0.28 <.09 9. 3 <0.2 1.C4 HONS 0 3 9 2 6 9 MONS 0 3 9 2 7 0 Sample 14 IS V. JT IS IT 20 SI 22 li 24 l. 24 a: 21 TABLE 1. Cnntinwed t^.x,,n Stork Valley S.ark Valley Shark Valley Shark Valtey Shark Valley r.nrlda Bay Merida Bay rierM* Bay rtertda Bay riartda Cay Teyiar Slough Taylor Slough Taylor Slough Taylor Steugh Taylor Slough Common Egret agg Cwama Egret eg; Common Egret egg Common Egret egg Common Egret gg Common Egret egg Common Sgrit igg CaiMM* Egret egg Common Egret eyg Common Egret egg Cattle Egret egg*** Cattle Egret egg*** Cattle Egret egg Cattle Egret egg Cattle Egret egg DOE ODD dtt OtrUirln PC3 A* Hr Cd 7.B Ft Cu C. 47 4.041 0.0*2 0.914 0.29 <4.19 0.3* <0.C9 9. ? <0.2 0.49 0.29 4.022 0.041 NO 0.19 <0.10 0.1* <0.49 i: 3 <'1. 2 0.74 0.42 4.022 0.04? 0.079 0.31 <0. 10 0.24 <0.09 4.9 <0.2 1.24 0. 4. 022 0.04? 0.014 0.24 <0.10 O.'l <0.09 4.7 <0.3 1.02 0.19 4.0J1 0.042 NO 0.94 <0.10 0.21 <0.0 9.4 <0.4 0.41 0.14 0. 022 0.014 ND NO 0.10 0.19 <4.09 S.4 <0.2 1.0S o.u ND 0.014 KD ' KO <0. 10 . 17 <4.03 9.9 <0.2 1.14 0. S3 4.014 0.047 0.02S 0.S7 0.10 S.IS <3.0 a. 3 <0.2 1.00 0.94 4.031 0.094 0.034 9.00 <0.10 0.1? <409 4.1 <0.2 1.09 0.09* KD 0.014 0.023 0.19 0.10 0.13 <8.69 l. <0.2 C. 94 0. IS 9. 49 0.19 1.43 0.12 4.014 4.11 4.00S 4.03S 4.04? 0.073 NO 0.21 o. mb. 0.040 0.110 0.039 0.12* 0.031 0.034 NO <9.20 O.OS 0. 39 <0.10 O.i'S NO <0.0? 0.09 ND <0 24 0. C 9 ND 0.3 0.09 _-- -- _ __ -- -- _-- -- -- ---- -- -- -- ---- -- TADDO t. CealinJed Vat. r.^L DOE 13.33 nor n.ri'tri 39 30 31 33 33 Fleriila Day Cay Say rior;-: 5af Co-*. Area 33 Con*. Area 33 While IW* SS White Ibi* =Sfi White li>!a ;j White lbl e;s While IM tjii While :si ;i C.031 0.031 NO 0.037 0. SiZ 0.032 0.031 NO 0.1b 0.06 0.016 0.030 c.w o.cii C, CIO O.Ortj 0.077 0.03 3 0.01 3 0.030 0. SO 0.019 S.C17 0.010 ND <<3.10 0.35 C.Cj ND <5.10 O.C8 <.03 3.19 <0.19 C. C7 e.. Ci ND 0.2-i O.Cf <-05 VD -<M0<7.0 <-05 NO <C. 15 (.'.91 C05 7.0 *:.3 i. i> C.2 9.6 O.i S.. C.2 7.0 40.5 6.6 C. U 0. Ole NO 0.02Z no <d. :c c.c: <.:5 3$ C>r.. Area 33 Cor.*. Area 33 White lbl e;s 0.16 0.011 C.031 ND NO 0.35 5.0 .35 Cena. Ana 33 Watte lbi e tC 0.OC2 NO C.0',5 0.020 NO <0. i0 <9. CS <. 01 1.13 1.39 33 33 -!o.-i'-4 3-r norita 3ay Certnoriat 8S C^.'inor.v.t c?j Cerrt'oraAt eg; C.031 0.031 0.031 ND 0.0-l7 NO ND .VO NO ND NO NO ND <C.iC 0.-.S NO <C.11 3.31 NO <0.10 O.-lt .55 .13 .05 rioriOa ay CeraieraaC cgs Florida 3ay Cormorant eS CheU-Uubee Bay White tbi* brca 0. 0-i7 NS 0.033 Nil 0.09a ND ND x:> NO NO NO O.CIC 8.35 0.59 0. 5a ND 0.19 NO 0. 5 .05 .53 HONS 0 3 9 2 7 1 UcJtlM faintit \ttrrl*l 4>b CitMi'wt Bar Whu* tbt* kntii Bay Whu* tbU br*t 4<k OimiIm'iIci Bay Whit* IbU brat* 4Sa Cbkatos!;e Bay White Jbi* breast 4Sb CSafcalaikaa Bay White lbt brala 4k UitejMT Katnetcaft IU4**kM4ct4 Hawk*** 4T 4t-Uilc co4 VUt* (bl* 4S# Dry TtrlucM S*atr Tara btiu; 41b Dry Tartu;** Sooty Tara bnia 41* Dry T->r:K Sooty Tara Went 41b ' Dry Tartu;** Sooty Tara brala 94* Dry Tortuga* Sooty Tor* br***t Sib Dry Tcrl in* Sooty **ra brala '! Shark V*Ity Alligator c(| 52 Shark Yallay Alligator agg 53 Shark ValUy Alligator ogg * onr pop O.al NO 0.041 ND 0.041 0.012 0.14 NO 0.12 KD 0.011 O.OOS 0.010 O.OOS 0.031 ND NO NO 0.0Jl HO KD ND 1.042 ND 0.14 ND 2. SI 0.0S3 1.11 0.04? 2.30 0.044 POT PtcMrla ND NO ND NO ND N? NO NO ND NO o.oes c.oos O.COS 0.025 ND NO ND 0.11 :;d o.ois ND 0.0M ND 0.020 ND 0.10 0.10 0.044 0.04? ND 0.044 0.011 PCB A* He Ct 7~n PS Ca ND -....................................................................... 0.17 l.?4 0.0S 1.0 0.2 >.0 1.4 ND .. .. .. .. .. NO *. 2.42 * . * .. .. 0.70 O.IS .? -- -............................. 0.0S0 0.0? 1.40 0.03 10. 0.2 7.2 ND .OS.............................................. ND .. .OS .. . .. .* ND -- 0.04 -- ............................... 1.12 * .. .. .. *. .. 0.40 0.03 0.41 ............................................. 0.2S 0.2 0.71 .. .. .. .. 0.22 0.2 0. SI -- -- .. Sample 54 SC. ST St H i3 11 4* , 41 *-< iS a a it TA1T..E L Shark v.suy Firiia Say riwrl-U Car FlcrMa Say r.trl'ia Say Flarlda Cay Shark Valley Shark Vallay Taylar Sleigh Taylar Slough Shark Valley Shark Valley Shark Valley Taylft* Sleagh F!cri4a Hay AlU*Mr egg CmeliU egg Crocodile egg Cmllk egg CmaitkW egg CraccOO* egg BlwtgUl U| <*e Flartua Car 11) Maagill (4) Largemcwth Btn (11 LaayarO Frog ( McxtuilaSah T) Crayflab (9) V.ea^UaSah <M) Crvalla Jack (41 3.CO 9.042 9.040 no 0. 34 0.05 C. S3 .. 1.11 0.14 0. ! 0.0)9 NO 0.05 0.14 0.05 t. 2 ).C4 0.11 9.11 0. 024 NO 0.09 o.oa fl.OS 9. * 1.72 0.11 0. 29 NO NO 0.04 O.Cs 0.05 7.2 J.7 0.042 0. e.oii NO 0.0a 0.10 0.35 9.4 0.71 o.oss O.JS ND NO 0.04 0.07 0.05 It. 0.011 0.0U0 0. 004 ND * NO 0.09 e.94 O.CS 11. 9.29 0.041 0.0S2 NS 0.047 0.5 9.40 0.05 0.050 0.014 0,042 O.OJ2 0. 027 0.004 0.017 0.005 0.075 0.04 0.05* 0.05 0.22 0.11 0.04 0.05 i*. 0.027 0.010 7 0)0 0.010 0.082 0.07 0.07 .... 9.011 o.oio 0.019 0.010 0.19 0.07 0.15 .... 0.004 0. 004 0.004 0.004 0.10 0.1S 0.05 .... 0.017 0. oot 0.000 0.000 0.12 0.07 0.17 .... 0.004 ND 0.009 NO NO 9.55 0.19 0.05 n. .. .. 0.) C.9 0. 5 1. C2 0. 1 a. S-. 0.4 0. 42 0.2 15.0 0. 5 0. a 7 o. C. 17 0. 5 o.s 0.5 3.5 .. .. .. . .. -' 0.4 U.t) MQNS 0 3 9 2 7 3 i I I MONS 0 3 9 2 7 4 y 49 T9 72 TJ 7$ 79 .40 41 S3 rtarid* 0y nri<* Bay Fiwrtda Paf flarlda Bey Fl>*iito Bay FWrldft Bar flarMa Bay rind (la Ear flarida Bay CUaayae Bay Siaceyca Aar Se. Bite. Cay S. BUs. Bay So. Biss. B-y So. Btsc. Bay Sample H.'ltri*! Cray Saapper (5) Stiver KU<t (4) Boa Catfish 13) PteAc* (> PlaAtfc (4) Sa CatAa* |3i Cfovallo Jack IS) Silver Mullet Ml Cray Saappcr (1) HruUfc (?) Cray Stopper (2) Silver Mullet (3) Stoaa Crab* (3) Clue Crab (2) Splay Lobeter Cl) TABLE I. Cantlaued DOT. DPO 1>0T OicUrln PCD Ac Hr Cd Z.~ *S C> .'12 XJ S'O NO 0.000 0.30S 0.004 NO NO 1.4 0.13 0.0? *.: 1.5 C.73 ND 1.5 0,07 0.05 30. C.4 l.le 0.002 0.095 0.00$ 0.COS 0.19 3.12 0.19 0.12 119. 4.3 0.3 0.00S 0.005 0.004 9.005 0.C41 2.05 0.04 O.U 22. 0.5 0.9 0.009 0.003 0.00* o.oes 0.11 3. 52 0. 12 0.05 19.2 0.2 0.0 0.014 XD C. 005 0.005 0.04 7.47 0.24 0.1S 124. 4.2 0.55 0.029 0.0)7 0.0)4 O.COe 0.12 0.59 O.fcy C. 35 U.2 3.2 0.79 0.037 0.037 XD 0.015 0.012 0.00S 0.(704 9.005 0.11 0.059 0.005 0.005 9.00C NO 9.0>o yo 0.037 0.017 0.010 0.012 0.99 2.5! 0.05 0.05 0.O5 X 2.237 .29 C.3S 2.7 0.05 0.05 0.04? 1.4 0.14 0.11 0.073 I.22 0.CS 0.04 25. 5 9.2 17.1 3.2 22. 0.2' l. 0.4 23. C.5 2.4 0.4e 0.73 0.39 C.o 0.00$ 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.024 II.1 0.99 0.74 34. 9,5 24.7 0.905 v.00 9.905 0.035 0.025 ?.< 0.03 0.42 27. '3.5 17.1 0.COS 0.005 0.00) 0.035 0.024 25. 5 0.09 0. IT 24. 0.5 32.2 So. Dias. Ey Florid* fttr TlorU* B*T Florid* Day Flur-a* Lay Dry Tortuja* Siwsl- Material Pink Sbrlmy (1II Stone Crok (4) Siva* Crok <4) Spiny Lobotcr (4) Spiny Lob*tor* <T) Spiny Lob*loro l4| TABLE L Continued nop WO f>r>T D>1 l-ln NO ND 0.012 O.OOS O.OOS O.OOS PC?) Ms nd a.ci 0.04 l.ot 0.11 o.oo is. `'.IS 2-i. * C.> 1.5 Jl.c 1KP O.OOS NO O.OOS NO ND NO NO .l 0.1) ND 15.7 0.0) 0.CS 1.0 0.21 1'. 1.7 5.2 1.4 12.0 NO 0.005 1S.S 0.CS 0.04 1'.* 0.2 11.0 NO XD II, Q.OS 0.10 1` 12.0 'ND -.'.sfitJ r.o cv. eli*>' amount * T.:4.i in .Vo. ) 0. Oil ppm. And No. 2 * ND j Cnyel'.inr'laA* .'a.-umuailM No. 24 O.OIS ppm, tsJ No. 2) 0.0S7 ppm " Lria: nd brain tiaaa* Vuffl nr In ( , UdJiJre* Ik* euniir e4 vlw| Mtlnal* combined lot aaalyiU HONS 0 3 9 2 7 5 HONS 0392 76 table n Egg.h.11 thictae.. *naurement d heavy .tal storing South Florida Environmental Study Specie* Osprey Brown Pelican ^ Brown Pelican . Common Egret Common Egret Double'Created Cormorant Location _ Florida Bay Frank Key Palm Key Frank Key Shark Slough Frank Key dumber 2 4 4 5 '5 S _ Mean (mm) .590 .576 . 566 .336 .346 .436 Ranee (mm) .575 - .605 . 545 - . 621 .536 - .640 ` .287 - .351 .335 -.371 .410 - .490 ; i | ! ; Literature Cited Adley, F. E., end D. W. Brovn. 1972. Mercury concentrations in game birds, State of Washington -.1970 and 1971. Pesticides Monlt. Jour. 6:91-93. Anas, F. L. 1965. DDT residue* In the eggs of the Osprey in the north-eastern United States and their relation to nesting success. Suppl. to Jour. Appl. Ecol. June 1966, 87-97. Anderson, D.W., and J. J. Hickey. 1972. Eggshell changes In certain North American birds. Proc. XV Internat. Ornithol. Cong.., 514-540. Bellsle, A. A., W. L. Relchel, L N. Locke, T. C. Lamont, B. M, Mulhern, R. tf. Prouty, R. B, DeWolf, and E. Cromartie. 1972. Residues of organchlorlne peatlcidee, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury and autopsy data for Bald Eagles, 1969 and 1970. Pesticides Monit. Jour. 6:133-138. Bitman, J., H. C. Cecil, and 0. F. Fries. 1970. DDT-induced inhibition of avian shell gland carbonic anhydraee; a mechanism for thin eggshells. Science 168:594-596. Blue, L. J., A. A. Bellsle, and R. M. Prouty. 1976. Relatione of the Brown Pelican to certain environmental pollutants. Pesticides Monlt. Jour. 7:181-194. Butler, P. A. 1969. The significance of DDT residues in estuarine fauna. In: Chemical fallout (Eds.: M. W. Hiller and C. C. Berg). Springfield, 111., Charles C. Thomas, pp. 205-220. Cade, T. J., J. L. Linear, C. M. White, D. C. Roaeneau, and L. C. Swart*. 1971. DDE residues and eggshell changes In Alaskan falcons and hawks. Science 172:955-957. Durham, W. F. 1969. The influence of other factors on the toxicity of peatlcidee. In: Chemical fallout (Eds.: M. W. Millar and C. C. Berg). Springfield, 111. Charles c. Thomas, pp. 433-446. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1968. Water Quality Criteria. U. S, Dept. Int. Wash. D.C. Fimreite, N. 1974. Mercury contamination of aquatic birds in north western Ontario. Jour. Wildlife Manag. 38:120-131. MONS 039277 / Literature Cited - 2 \ Fogarty, M. J., end W. M. Hetrick. 1973. Sumer foods of Cattle Egrets in north central Florida. Auk 90:268-280. Cish, C. D.* and N. J. Chura. 1969. Toxicity of DDT to Japanese guall os influenced by body weight, breeding conditions and acx. Toxicology and Appl. Pharmacology 17:740-751 Coldberg, E. D. 1957. Biogeochemistry of trace elements. In: Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, Vol. 1 Ecology Ed. J. W. Hedgpeth Gaol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 67. 1296 p. Hammond, A. L. 1972. Chemical pollution: polychlorinated biphenyls. Science 175:155-156. Harvey, H. W, 1957. The chemistry and fertility of aee water, 2nd ed. Cambridge Unlv. Proas. Cambridge, England. Berman, S. C., R. L. Garrett, end R. L. Rudd. 1969. PeBtlddea end the Western Crebe. In: Chemical fallout (Eda.: M. W. Miller end G. C. Berg). Springfield, 111. Charles C. Thomas, pp. 24-53. Kearney, P. C., R. C. Nash, end A. R. I senses. 1969. Persistence of pesticide residues in soils. In: Chemical fallout (Eds.: M. W. Miller and G. G. Berg). Springfield, 111. Charles C. Tliomas, pp. 54-67. Keith, J. 0., L. A. Woods, Jr., and E. G. Hunt. 1970. Reproductive . failure in Brown Pelicans on the Pacific coaat. Trans. 31st North Am. Wlldl. Hatut. Rcsour. Conf. 190-200. Lockle, J. D., D. A. Ratcliffs, end R. Balharry. 1969. Breeding eucceea end orgeno-chlorlne residues in Golden Eagles in west Scotland. Jour. AppI. Ecol. 6:381-389. Peakall, D. B., end J. L. Linear. 1970. Polychlorinated biphenyls It) Another long-life widespread chemical in the environment. BloScienco 20:958-964. Peakall, D. B. J. L. Linear, end S. B. Bloom. 1<P2. Embryonic mortality and chromosomal alterations caused by Aroclor 1254 in Ring Dowse. Environmental Health Perspectives, April 1972:103-104. Fakhala, I., C. B. Burdick, E. J. Harris, D. J. Lisk, end M. N. White. 1972. Arsenic content of fish from New York State waters. M. Y. Fish end Game J. 19(1)12-31. Stlckel, W, H., L. F. Stickel, end J. W. Spann. 1969. Tissue residues of dieldrin in relation to mortality in birds and manmale. In: Chemical fallout (Ede.i M. W. Miller and C. G. Berg). Springfield, 111. Charles, pp. 174-204. MONS 039278 f Literature Cited - 3 Stlckel, W. H., L. F. Stlckel, and J. W. Spann. 1969. Tissue residues of dleldrln in relation to mortality in birds and mammals. In: Chemical fallout (Eds.: H. W. Miller and C. C. Bare). Springfield, 111. Charles, pp. 174-204. Stoesand, C. S., J. L. Anderson, U. H. Gutenn..nn, C. A. fiache, and J. D. Lisk. 1971. Eggshell thinning in Japanese quail fed mercuric chloride. Science 173130-131. Wlemeyer, S. N., and R. D. Porter. 1970* ODE thins eggshells of captive American Kestrels. Mature 227:737-738. Wiemeyer, S. N., B. M. Mulhern, F. J, Ligas, R. J. Hansel, J. E. Kathleen, F. C. Robards, and S. Postupalsky. 1972. Residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychorinated biphenyls, and mercury In Bald Eagla eggs and changes in shell thickness - 1969 and 1970. Pesticides Monlt. Jour. 6:50-55. Wurster, C. F., Jr. and D. B. Wingate. 1968. DDT residues and decllnging reproduction in the Bermuda Petrel. Science 159:979-981. j \ HONS 039279 MONS 039280