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FILE NAME State of the Art Literature SAL DATE 1933 Sept DOC SAL021 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION PA Dept of Labor Bulletin - Asbestosis Parts 2 & 3 f- Edie. ES se. SHG ANE . AR AE J6L ape ee ... ... Ryeps = ve re d TS aS earn } : : : . ; a : : : j t : . +. . COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY } RALPH M. BASHORE Secretary | . i Special Bulletins , No. 42 1 No. + ASBESTOSIS ASBESTOSIS ASBESTOSIS Part II The Nature and Amount of Dust - Encountered in Asbestos Fabricar- q.. ing Plants f | 4 Part III The Effects of Exposure to Dusc 1 # in Fabricat- Fabricat- Encountered in Asbestos Fabricat- ing Plants on the Health ofa Group { of Workers ; ~ . : i eee, PETS SLES Sk | BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS i : . JOHN CAMPBELL DireCLOT ! ae } : 4 i F , ! t Harrisburg Pennsylvania September 20 1933 I ~ 1. PLIF EX FILED 11-14 re oe CASE NO 80 - 4614 RICHARD P. BRINKER CLERK CIRCU ICOURL ae. Sauer * ay: a te r) wernt ee re es me, J 0+ a: a wean COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA an danrcefet DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY ~ edetenaayony wk eS ee at oy Set Pore e eRe Asbestosis eR... Part II The Nature and Amount of Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricat ing Plants Part IIL The Effects of Exposure to Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricat- ing Plants on the Health of a Group nt ee of Workers s ete meg eee . by WILLIAM B. FULTON M. D. Chief of Industrial Hygiene ee ALLAN DOOLEY Chemist | JULIA L. MATTHEWS PH D. Chemist ery tn ROBERT L. HOUTH Chemist ak cane Be n eee oo MT zg ated INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS STANDARDS STANDARDS ~-e oer oe mee . et ee ~ ASBESTOSIS- Encour In 1934 the Der wealth of Pennsyl to the health of w Pennsylvania Th of the literature 3 the general subjec lack of information their cooperation include an evaluat gree of dustiness agreement was : neither would be : ings of any partic employes in this being recorded of the Depart~-neki Asbestosis Itas 16 at the Charit in 1924 reported a dergrass 83 in 19 ers Since then o of asbestosis but 74 published the ers together with McConnell and F report of a compr The industry in plants engaged in sulating tape asbe ucts According : there are approxim facture of asbestos The nature of a procedures used fo accepted standard ing and particle x report 41 the countered in this s * of dust take Dort Toma of 11 os Quantiura Quantiura In This Erwerbsvan 11 VIT *** UTAD am DHW counting 1:00 at 16 wese Nity mibul Bibel Bibel mantadi 4 of weather up in HUCA ASBESTOSIS II The Nature and Amount of Dust Encountered in Asbestos Fabricating Plants INTRODUCTION In 1934 the Department of Labor and Industry of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania received a request for information relative to the health of workers employed in asbestos fabricating plants in Pennsylvania The Department had no data available and a review of the literature at that time revealed a scarcity of information on the general subject of asbestos pneumokoniosis Because of this lack of information the industries in the State were consulted and their cooperation was obtained to conduct a survey which would include an evaluation of the hazard from the standpoint of the degree of dustiness and the physical condition of the workers An agreement was made with the employers and employes that neither would be given specific information as to the physical find- ings of any particular workman and that the original identity of all employes in this study would be destroyed ase numbers only being recorded All records obtained were to become the of the Department of Labor and Industry property Asbestosis was first recognized clinically by Dr. H. M. Murray 16 at the Charing Cross Hospital London in 1900. Cooke 16 in 1924 reported a case of pulmonary asbestosis Pancoast and Pen- dergrass 83 in 1926 examined group of seventeen asbestos work- e Since then other investigators have reported individual cases of asbestosis but it was not until 1930 that Merewether and Price 74 published the results of a study on a group of asbestos work- ers together with some evaluation of the degree of exposure Lanza McConnell and Fehnel 66 have recently published a preliminary report of a comprehensive survey on this subject preliminary The industry in this State consists mainly of several brake fabricating plants engaged in the making of asbestos cloth lining in- sulating tape asbestos rope and wick and other miscellaneous prod- ucts According to the 1931 Pennsylvania Industrial Directory 61 there are approximately to thousand persons engaged in the manu- facture of asbestos products in Pennsylvania be The nature of asbestos dust is such that many of the standard procedures used for other dusts could not used Changes in the required accepted standard method were in the collection count- of ing and particle size determination the dust In Part I of this collection report +1 the method of and counting of dust en- countered in this study was described and summarized * ber of dret lakro In plants for fabricating to s mond Investing mum muMmilvitnu Milvitnu thed ante ot the Psoria metho Log 6 Inis Zunifuva tte pestives tery veil th TII Qtilizmi 40 the com BS pcnt pcnt . 3. 2001 eTOMeratwre TW collin P. P. ethyl Imanoi OU dy 6 aad ewe COUNTIE b n of the D 11 It --...--InInT ,> TAS t , emulu Defiore 1x44 .. runad A = 15828 MLB . 7 1451 1290 MLB 1451 1451 Seid remastant remastant Liter hu DQ6 1290 nueter count a TDI TDI .. LAY ITM LAY ITM of welber scrape in such a way bal the Suld a low ampager last us rimble 06 14 >> . 3 . ~~ 4 Ey o oe ce - motes ween oe 7 a . gan tiegs teee Aidala e pe Preliminary to the collection of atmospheric dust samples in each of the four plants included included in the survey general information was obtained concerning all phases of plant hygiene hygiene with special reference to the general plan of the factory , number and types of opera- SatgnyOhwhe, tions ventilation of workrooms illumination etc. The concentration of dust in a plant was determined for each re or department A complete study of each operation was s operation made noting in detail the nature of the work approximate time re- Pers quired for each operation and changes in the process so that samto oo : ples collected would be representative of the actual exposure dust . PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS gee HOME The term Asbestos in its commercial sense is loosely applied to EVENS cer of minerals with a number of divisions having in com a group more or less resistance to mon fibrous structure , and possessing om the action of fire and acid The three mineral groups are 1. Anthophyllite- Sio 2. Amphibole or Hornblende of Fe Ca Mg 3. 3Mg0.2SiO 21,0 of asbestos asbestos ordinarily used in manufacturing are The three types Crocidolite blue asbestos and chrysotile crocidolite and amosite of crocidolite crocidolite both belong to amosite a yellow or brown variety The principal source of the the amphibole or homblende group Rhodesia South Africa Chryso- latter two varietoifesthies saetrppernetsiennet group comprises the bulk about tile a mineral of the asbestos of commerce Only relatively small amounts 9 of 5 crocidolite and amosite are usedused in comparison to the quantity of chrysotile source of chrysotile chrysotile is the Thetford region of Can- principal The miles south of Quebec The United States does ada about forty the domestic output being not rank high as a producer producer of asbestos cent of of the amount used in its asbestos manu- less than three per No asbestos is mined in Pennsylvania facturing industries 10 have been found in serpentine quarries small amounts the time although from time to time No attempt has ever ever been made to separate serpentine and Ver asbestos from the serpentine in these quarries Arizona mont supply the bulk of asbestos mined in this country TABLE TTRICAL AKALT OF CHRYSOTILI Kample No. | Total X8O Do ef ee, 3 30.04 bp ie } 10.c 10.03 12.23 Q Cc 32.33 4.17 60.17 a. 5 | nr 12 at ! t } 73.20 \ 10. 1 14. 77700 | 14 | pune { Le j . ( pS 0.09 \ Lotea | 2.58 \ Abo 1.67% . 1.4 0.00 a = 1 | Comb { 16.4% | 34.50 | 16 i 117 | Bess i 14.00 \ 13.17 11.45 In the Canadian de eighth inch to six serpentine rock The lustrous color althou filaments they are w greasy and slippery to a single fiber like cutt Chemically chrysor small amounts of oxi published analyses o they appear to vary b of chrysotile 95 does not exist as fre bases in a complex workers breathing z analyzed petrographic The chrysotile of : depending on the len separated and . andiberized form M mechanical crushing aration of the fiber is inch and longe up to 4 inch Mill length The spinning qual length Consequent from the crude fiber of textiles and in the ter and cement Preparation gone no treatment ( from the Aber after at the plant in bur The ^...bersmust firs ticles This operat a preparing room are opened and dur fiber is fed into rit minutes These c radial axle and rev is placed After %. ciently they are usually of the Sacr open the fibers > a rectangular shak material and some from the screen by then ready for mix . OCTO roelyere FTC Urho LaDOEBIOIT LaDOEBIOIT oe _ te ee ee _: ee oe rZ <_-- * Est a samplesin each al information was with special refer- ASntdermined opeearcah- SStteerrmimniendedStermined types of Stermined for Each operation was proximate time re- actual . ons loosely applied to having ons in com- . ons * less resistance to Groups are if if Fe Ca Mg manufacturing are blue ( asbestos and e both belong to al source of the . _ Africa Chryso- | es the bulk about ively small amounts on to the quantity ford region of Can- 1 United States does imestic output being : its asbestos manu- ed in Pennsylvania ee serpentine i quarries ere ade to separate the we Arizona and Ver. country + 1 5 110 ! : r : H i 7 rd Lem | _ } en | 3.56 {0 20 } ; Ce] j Cocb HO 14.43 14.50 14.7 14 12.55 12.55 16.05 - ; L . \ 2.1 deposits In the Canadian the chrysotile is found in veins from cighth inch to six inches in length occurring as bandsin the serpentine rock The mineral is generally a dark to blackish lustrous color although when the fibers are separated into fine filaments they are white The fibers are very fine silky soft greasy and slippery to the touch a single Gber like cotton or wool They cannot be separated into chrysotile Chemically chrysotile is a hydrated silicate of magnesium with small amounts of oxides of iron and aluminum There are many published analyses of chrysotile from the Thetford region and they appear to vary but little Table I gives eight typical analyses of chrysotile 95 The silica shown in the analyses analyses in Table I does not exist as free silica It is chanicily combined with the bases in a complex molecule Samples of dust collected in the workers breathing zone with the electric precipitator 30 were analyzed petrographically and were found to contain no free silica The chrysotile of commerce is classified in two general grades depending on the length of the fibers Crude fiber consists of the separated and selected material essentially in its native or unfiberized form Mill fiber includes all grades that are obtained by subsequent mechanical crushing of the rock and mechanial aration of the ^...ber Crude No. 1 consists of Sber whose sep- lengih is ... inch and longer Crude No.2 ranges in from inch length up to 4 such Mill fiber includes all fibers less than 34 inch in length primarily The spinning quality of asbestos fiber depends on its length Consequently the best grades of asbestos textiles are made from the crude fiber The shorter fibersare usedin cheaper grades of textiles and in the manufacture of asbestos shingies paper pias- ter and cement \ DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS Preparation fiber as received from the mines has under- gone no treatment other than hammering to remove the rock from the fiber after which it is sorted and screened It is esived at the plant in burlap bags each containing one hundred pounds be The fibers must first separated and loosened to remove rick par- This is done in what is known to the industry as ticles operation a preparing room A number of sufficient for one batch bags are opened and dumped on the floor of the preparing room The fiber is fed into wheel crashers and crushed for about fifteen minutes These crushers have two heavy rollers attached to a radial axle and revolve on a smooth surface on which the asbestos is placed After the fibers have been crushed and loosened su ae ciently they are fed into the hopper of an opener or ^...berizer usually of the Lowell type This operation serves to further material pieces lifted open the fibers From the opener the asbestos is discharged rectangular shaker screen where small of stone foreign and some of the dust are removed The asbestos is onto to from the screen by air suction and conveyed storage bies It is then ready for miding with cotton * Petrographic chalpies of samping meme rondineted by Dr. A. 2. Dory of the ac ] Hygiene Laboratory sementara Department al LAINT 1nd incosty 5  gee wn OV . . GBA Mill fiber because of the mechanical crushing and separation given it at the mine does not require the preliminary processing in the wheel crushers as does the crude fiber The mill fiber is Awe fed directly into the Lowell opener and from then on is given the same treatment as the crude fiber Asbestos fibers when emmined microscopically do not possess ATEN the rough imbricated surfaces of other fibers such as wool They resemble fine polished metal rods free from any serrated surfaces This characteristic explains the extreme difficuity encountered in attempting to spin a thread of pure asbestos ^ certain amount oes of cotton must be added as a binden for spinning The amount added depends on the type of fiber and the use for which the finished product is intended Table II shows the average amount of asbes- yaa tos used in the manufacture of products made in the four plants 6 included in this survey . So, OTB TABLE PERCENTAGES OF ASBESTOR EN VARIOUS ASBESTOS PRODUCTS . oH. Xaterial Xaterial . | Pines ry | Piso Piss 8 a Plast D Arakning Arakning VOTES | w%e | | Te | Oe Immolating tape i = | | w@ | mS Asbestos ciola 1 , tee 3 , 10-100 wt Commercial grade yara ! ~ bs | | - | Tico te Govt Specif yarn and cloth ee ee ee ee +: | Asbestos rope and vit i ge wm | we ! Tarm and cioth Couerweiters Spre ee | as | - - sm _ Asbestos cementcemeente ; - | w~ | | - ST Bratening Bratening moided : _ | ~ | t ~ re Asbestos paper a 13 ma^oesia insation es J. ee ee ee ee { is a dstestos stat stat lowber ' - tow \ = - Copied from information scapped or the mufactures _ che one oa agin. a emtidare nN e Weighed quantities of asbestos and cotton and usually some small amounts of card waste are duraped in alternate layers room front in a pile on the floor of the mixing directly in of the The is mixing picker batch is shoveled into the picker which beaters equipped with revolving In order to secure thorough mix- ing the batch is run through two pickers arranged in series the same picker twice or through The mixture is removed by suction to the storage bins to await carding soe, Carding is necessary to remove the remaining small bits of rock and to comb the fibers into a more or less parallel con- is dition so that they may be spun A card a machine with a series of revolving cylinders covered with strips of leather wound di- bristles agonally and fitted with fine close sharp steel A card- ing unit as used in asbestos plants usually consists of two cards the breaker and the inisher The mixture of asbestos and cotton e 6 er we ge 6 @oant. mmr eo = meter Ge te ek ee Ante ane em ab nee ed On Ee RL e ee oo epee ee Oat nc emr. ae mee ee ee Cet Dews e ee a is wheeled in hand tr into the feed hopper volving cylinders of loose blanket or we through ninety degre finisher card The fi finisher onto a movin scrapers or rubbers e unspun yarn These taken to the spinning The rovings at the spinning purposes ber are gathered up as co sequent onerations rT is shredded and adde Some cards are des corporated into the n practice yields a stro In the manufacture used The rope and are thicker than yarn ficient Generaily a manufacture is used . Spinning uns necessarily have no is necessary to twist strength This spinn or on a machine calle all the spinning wa plants had spinning - The mules had ire dred and fity spine which is made to m from the cards are m fastened to the spir spools a maximum are unwound The slight twist to the : point of greatest res yam spun When carriage moves back ing the spun yarn spindles The oper fully wound with su The duties of the the mule when they anspun rovings as constant vigilence | Subscquent Oper transferred to a po ply yarn on other ranster of the yarn oan - LY rr. ng and separation + Juary processing in ~ In The mill fiber is _ . In then on is given y do not possess ~ thas wool They - 2% serrated surfaces My * escountered in A certain amount Eng The amount .* which the finished En.the amount of asbesEEn.the n.the four plants searo .wweOTOs PRODUCTS a F Tiaes MaDnt i 7 1 wa.(| om, : was ~ | | - 5100 . an (= eS ek . * = Tt nd a bones . e a aS s e o otton and usually alternate layers ly in front of the * picker which is are thorough mix- twice or through moved by suction i remaining small 5. less parallel conthine with series Father wound di- bristles A card- fins of two cards -". Destos and cotton t 4 3 . ee 7 eo eee apt oe awe os - ae ie tewsOe is wheeled in hand trucks from the storage bins and fed by hand teem into the feed hopper of the breaker card It is passed over the re- tee volving cylinders of the breaker card emerging in the form of a Ow loase bianket or web The direction of flow is then changed mm through ninety degrees It next passes over a camel into the 10 finisher ard The fiber is stripped from the last cylinder of the ee finisher onto a moving leather apron where a set of reciprocating reciprocating scrapers or rubbers condenses it into loose rovings or slivers of anspoa yara These rovings are wound on long Jack spools to be taken to the spinning department : The rovings at the extreme ends of the cards cannot be used for spinning purposes because of their lack of uniform thickness These are gathered up as card waste and together with waste froin sub- sequent operations returned to the preparing mom where the waste is shredded and added to later hatches Some cards are designed so that a fine cotton thread may be incorporated into the rovings as they are dat ed from the card This practice fields a stronger roving In the manufacture of asbestos rove and wick only one card . is used The rope and wick rovings which are not subsequently spun are thicker than yarn rovings Hence one carding operation is sn^>- ficient Generally a fiber of shorter staple than that used in textile manufacture is used for making rope and wick - Spinning unspun rovings as they are doifed from the cards em necessarily have no twist and therefore little tensile strength It is necessary to twist or spin these rovings to impart the desired strength This spinning may be done either on ring spinning frames or on a machine called a muie all the spinning was done by In the plants includieri in this study the latter method Several of the plants had spinning frames but they were not in operation . The males had from two hundred and sixty to possibly Ave hun- dred _ and fiity spindles mounted in a straight line on a carriage which is made to move forward and backward The Jack spools from the cards are mounted on the mule and the ends of the rovings fastened to the spindles As the spindles recede from the Jack spools a maximum distance of about four inches the rovings are unwound The spindles turn slowly as they recede to give a slight twist to the rovings When the spindles have reached the point of greatest recession they are turned very rapidly and the yam spen When sufficient twisting has been done the spindle carriage moves back arrain in the direction of the Jack spools caus- ing the span yara about fifty incises to be wound on the spindles The operation is then repeated until the spindles are fully wound with single yarn The daties of the mule spinner are to remove the spindles from the mule when they are filled and to tie the broken ends of the unspun rovings as the spindles recede This last operation requires constant vigilence because the rovings are continually breaking Subset Operations spindles from the mules are next transferred to a spooling or winding machine to rewind the single- ply yara on other types of spools This is simply a mechanical transfer of the yarn T . | - pe Semn, + + of Pedqvubagncwsytey ee os ee Lt 4, These spools are next taken to a twisting machine where two or three of the single threads are twisted into one thread For the manufacture of brake lining or packing the yarn may be reinforced with a fine metallic wire This addition is performed during the twisting operation The tristed yarn is finally wound on paner spools about six inches long . The twisted yarn may be sold as much to other manufacturers or it may be woven into cloth tape or brake lining or braided in the same plant rey ory oe i ey. Weaving is done on looms in a similar manner to the wearing method employed in weaving wool cotton or silk In the of asbestos tape intended for electrical insulation single yarn with a very low cotton content is used Most tape looms are con- se lip rad structed so that as many as twelve pieces may be woven at the ed " same time It is the usual practice in weaving asbestos tape to wet seteye the bobbins or cops with water before waving The warp is re kept dry insulating ee ~ Cloth is woven in much the same way as insulating tape Tivo seat or three yarn is used Sometimes the vara is reinforced with Sre metallic wires generally brass or copper Either or both the warp and fill are dry or moistened with water depending on the use for var which the cloth is intended Pr \~ _ Brake lining is woven on looms in the same manner as tape As many as eight pieces may be woven on one loom at the same time It may be woven dry or wet or with the warp impregnated with a done solution This solution is generally a suspension of gilsonite in asoline to which other ingredients may be added Final operations in the manufacture of woven textiles consist of calendering inspecting and winding of the products These opera. tions are all mechanical ones and require no description Gasket Making of the important uses of asbestos cioth is in the manufacture of ring gaskets In this process the asbestos cloth is spread on the floor and impregnated with a solution of rub- ber in gasoline to which has been added barytes and other pigments The treated asbestos cloth is cut into strips of pre- determined size and the gaskets formed by hand coated with soapstone calendered and packed for They are shipment then An inexpensive gasket and packing is made by twisting thick rovings into asbestos wick and repe Still other types of packings are made by braiding asbestos yarn on specially designed machines . OTHER PROCESSES sages oN ay aesne Per et Other products containing asbestos are made in some of the plants included in this survey These products include asbestos paper in- sulation for steam pipes asbestos cements shingles lumber molded brake lining and cold moided asbestos articies generally electrical fittings and household appliances The ^...berused for these purposes is of short staple The percentages of asbestos used in these ar- . ticles is indicated in Table IL 8 . ~ ' s - lL . | | i ; { i ; i i ; | : l | ; i i : , P.A particles Cooke Hill found Hill ( sixty particles in th microns average microns in leng average length length particle were size measure Methods of Partic three general methuki particles meth micrometer inserted made by moving the to determine the diar The second metho 55 to determine th since been applied to dustrial dusts In th of the sample are ma by a stereoptican or images are measured readings me With the third me slide and the image projection app method is the one usi more fully in a later p Nature ricating Nature of Asbestos three plants is now three ; types types fibers and particles cotton fibe I | ; . | | | | | LL ; FIGURE PLANT  ry 5. <= wot mY ote es aside ya mayr bem re- ovis performed dur- thvas inally wound on manufacturers wv a Lo Mote or ^rbraided in the - Sa In the wearing Sa single yarn pe looms are con- a be woven at the - s4 tos tape to wrt ing The warp is Singe Singe Singe is reinforced reinforced reinforced with with + or both the warp fing on the use in -Taner as tape As co at the same time pregnated with a asion of gilsonite ; ed texables consist of cots, These opera- Ciption . If asbestos cloth is xess the asbestos a solution of rab- as and other piginto strips of pre- -They are then for shipment An sing thick rovings : packings are made machines. Py re plants Cory oS some jasbestos of the jasbestos paper inies lumber molded Sommerally electrical # for these purposes 7 used in the e ar- e p PARTICLE ae yal t. PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION : Cooke and Hill 22 in autopsies of asbestos workers have found particles in the lungs measuring up to three hundred and sixty microns in length Accordingly in the determination of the average particle size of asbestos dust all fibers irrespective of length were measured .. . Methods of Particle Size Determination recent years three general methoxis have been used for measuring the size of particles One method a direct one involves the use of the filar micrometer inserted in a microscope tube measurements being made by moving the micrometer adjustment and reading the vernier to determine the diameter of the particies The second method an indirect one was introduced by Green 55 to determine the size of paint and rubber pigments It has since been applied to the measurement of the average size of in- dustrial dusts In this method an indirect one photomicrographs of the sample are made on lantern slides which are then projected by a stereoptican on a screen at a known magnification The images are measured and the average size calculated from these readings third With the third method the dust is collected on a microscope slide and the images projected on a ground screen with a projection apparatus and measurements made This latter method is the one used in the present study and will be describedi more fully in a later paragraph Nature of Asbestos Dust dust encountered in asbestos fab- ricating plants is uniform in nature It is seen to consist of three types particles more or less spherical in shape elongated Sibers and cotton fibers Figure is photomicrograph of duspro- are ee oe oe sty FIGURE 1. PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF FROM AN - ASBESTOS CUST PLANT MAGNIFICATION FABRICA 600 600 . CIAMETERS 9 aay 6 omens tee. ey,pet 50d Bing mud ver o . anags duced when processing mill fiber noted - . The three types can readily . dust average par- Because of the uniformity of this type of tiele size was determined in two dimensons one at right angles to the other Measurements were made of the longest diameters which were termed longitudinal diameters and a second set of measurements were made at right angles to the first which were termed transverse diameters t + dersel trite cbonginv ens games ee (a ee per sb Method of Collection for the determination of particle size were collected by the use of the electric precipitator 30 This method yielded samples that were satisfactory for direct micro- projection and measurement the sample were necessary __ No intermediate steps for preparing The precipitator employed was designed on the principle of the Cottrell precipitator The air was drawn through the precipitating tube by a small rotary fan driven by a motor the rate of flow being measured by a flowmeter The rate of sampling was one cubic foot 23.3 liters per minute The precipitating tube was made of Pyrex glass with an inside diameter of 2.4 cm A number 1 microscope - Cover slip 22 by 70 mm in size was placed in the precipitating tube directly beneath the central electrode The dust in the air was deposited electrically on this cover slip When a representative sample had been precipitated the cover glass was removed and mounted dry on a microscope slide A total of sixteen samples was collected at various operations all being taken in the breathing zone of the workers : Measurement projection apparatus with the microscope arranged in a horizontal position was used Apochromatic obje~ tives 8 mm and 2 mm and a 10x compensating eyepiece were employed This system practically eliminated color fringes gave a fat field furnished maximum light intensity and permitted the measurement of the long fibers - The images were projected on a ground screen at a pre- determined distance from the microscope This screen was ruled in centimeter squares to facilitate measuring A transparent rule was used and the size of the projected images recorded in millimeters Accurate focusing on each individual particle before meas- uring was accomplished by a remote control attached to the fine ^' adjustment of the microscope by a mechanical sleeve Predetermined magnifications of 2000 and 10.000 were used de- pending on the objective Measurements were made according to the method suggested by H. L. Green 56 Using the 8 mm obPy jective magnification 2000 the longest diameters of two hundred particles were measured all lengths less than ten millimeters five microns being neglected The number of fields examined was also 3 recorded An equal number of particles was measured using the 2 mm objective magnification 10,000 and all particles fifty milli- meters five microns and over were disregarded Again the num- Gee ber of fields examined was recorded These measurements were Aire used to calculate the average longitudinal diameter of the sample Ay The method of calculation is shown in Table III For the calcula- eed tion of the average transverse diameter the same procedure was 10 TNT } followed with meas longest diametes TAHLE UF AX Ads omchen ticeeee Sr { mje - RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA { RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA | RHAZUKGRNAQUOSCANBDRFE/8ARIEN RHAZUKGNAQUOSCBDRFE/8AIN RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKRGUANRNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIENA { | RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | 333273258QQAN 333273258QQAN 333273258QQAN 333273258QQAN ae 333273258QQAN Ss 333273258QQAN i 333273258QQAN RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | 333273258QQAN RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | | RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKRGUAN RNA QUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIENA RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE 333273258QQAN 333273258QQAN 333273258QQAN 4 333273258QQAN oe 333273258QQAN ,; 333273258QQAN ?? RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE ?? RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE Z ot RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE RHAZUZKARGURANGNNARNANNAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARRIARENAE RHAZUZKARGURANGN ARNAN AQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8AR IARENAE ] ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ + ZZZZZ RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE j ZZZZZ ] | RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA | RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE => -; ] ] ] JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE | RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE 1 RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | RHAZUKARGUANGARNAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENA | RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKRGUAN RNA QUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIENA RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 ; JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 | JN 200223J293 RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE } RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE 1 RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 - JN 200223J293 - JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 JN 200223J293 RHAZUKARGUANG ARN AQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENA RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE 1 RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE 5 RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE | RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/8ARIARENAE |! RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE JN 2023J293 JN 200223J293 Fs wm oe) 1c tubs Mma 5 RHAZUZKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDURFRE//8ARIARENAE RHAZUKARGURANGNARNANAQUOSCANBUDRFE/ 8ARIARENAE 13 pS o e a 3 2 4 zr z BY a s 1 1 z - 3 9 2 i 1 3 ' t : z Pf ? : 3 : ^' s ! : s : , : b : i : 4 : : 1 2 : Tota oS Results the dust collected but no marked di~stence the two dich ni taapnast Je Mh. iniae jyes can be readily hat average par- Dohat right angles to -.; . Soares diameters +k a second ? which set of -, % fat which were - oe , a 5 Sation particle sca. Sation of particle . pimor 30 This 3 . for direct micro- micro- ; 3 + Seps for preparing s+ . be principle be principle of the - in the principle precipitating precipitating precipitating precipitating in the of being o<f flow | cubic gamas one cubic being foot > as made of Pyrex Saber 1 microscope precipitating precipitating . precipitating ( ( st in precipitating tube the air was in representative was removed removed and xxteen samples was the breathing zone 4 Extrematic the microscope REinxg trematicExtrematic objec- objec- objec- Ring eyepiece were fringes fringes . lor gave 2 and and permitted the 2 : 3 greengreen ; +. ben - at pre-prewas ruled . Tansparent rule A recorded recorded in rticle rticle before milli- millimeas- stated stated stated to the Sne CTL CTL * 300 were used de- according made according to oh- JJinig ng the 8 mm oh- ers of two hundred 7 millimeters five mined was also Measured using the is fifty inilli- 1. Again the nuin- nascements were For of the sample For For the calcula- procedure was : e followed with measurements being made ^/t right angles to the longest diameters ee TABLE 7AMPLE OF NATION URED IN THE CALCULATION OF . AVERAGE LONGITUDINAL ETYM en . - ' i : : { i { } : : | \ i H ; iy i | . | i { . e e e . _ Magi^-ent ti oc 155 Fexis Kagnifiesti@=-10.000 113 Pichia =. ; 13 - 13 13 a M rf) nr 2 2 a . & i Fe roy 54 Fr my a ; = ae] a 3 : cs T.0 Tb g0 RA 9.0 10.0 10 11.0 11 11 i2 ed 14.0 14 15.0 14.0 } 17.5 LO ' | 19.0 13.5 20.0 11.0 a] Te a rr a & . Bt) ms + | m.o ms | .0 : ns my 2S a 1s | 7 m0 be | eS ws! 7 = bo yoo ope = wapees) E E 8882888 8882888 8882888 as | 19.0 as | 6.3 | ao ao! | 70:3 | f.0 Bo 17J10.0 100.0 | 106.0 1.0 | 8882888 2-0: 8882888 8 8882888 1ak.o | Total t 5 .2 d mz. 3 1 3 + } % 2 t 6 y i 2 1 r 1 } t 13 4 1 of] 1 4 5 e 1 6 1 3 b z : 1 ( 3 ( { 3 1 i 2 P] t z } 1 = . fa AQxe am. | - | | txe : . = Watt 3D lo pera) 7 **** i ******* ******* 000057227779702231 000057227779702231 000057227779702231 000057227779702231 234 | 234 234 ! ..... 3.31 1.08 zs 0 =F: +) ~omr1s U5 fir pang) asa: ******* ******* ******* 000057227779702231 000057227779702231 ..... | 14 0.14 [Fa=n9 a) ******* ee aS ans a em +) <8 z=oa5]o f raw aan; Lams [ ~w ae) OTS $08 aH re} 000057227779702231 000057227779702231 000057227779702231 ARWAH90 000057227779702231 ARWAH90 000057227779702231 ARWAH90 000057227779702231 ARWAH90 | 000057227779702231 1 ad i: Ni rm. 2 2, vi 4.73 i= es 21 21 3.3 22.50 SreeEse)s | a|eoce soei0ey ARWAH90 ARWAH90 . an 000057227779702231 | (ji pi 14.00 4aa- | ea Riaeoo 000057227779702231 37} : rene o231S eee) os e020 soit eT er) Totsi 0 101.00 os Mecer) ATG om Bel ansls eo5 Las ge Space SEE) C irr.e! Length of tragetrage we Lagth of partiebse so Frequency 1rt Points) G73 rb] ace} es ais .890 -mns 0 loo O poeDt ams con: toa SS per) p Ee ives 4 asc fx > 13 ) xs.txad | Americe Diameter w mihi xo zu Loam Les <n: = 1 CTEKIS cere) : <n os Less phere] Tas . om oreg Roeren) a0 2 a mas __ __ 15 toms | race) 273 ype 22570650 7062057060 geiuo ms ssc MES LOLS ait oats 51 Ywu00 ean =o .0000 | maz0c Particle size determinations were made on samples ci the dust collected at various stages in the process of manuiscture but no appreciable variation was found However there was 2 marked dierencein the average particic diameter of the dust from the two general graces of asbestos ^...ber The calculated loug 11 . a nap seul 3 0. ewreey 10 30 me 30 30 on 40 a EN EN & etme VU yt 90 90 megs fl a we 98 . 99 3bee stew ay e tER SIZE FREQUENCY CURVES FOR DUST RICATING PLANTS SHOWING PERCENTAGE NE LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL DIAMETER CRUCE ATE DIAMETR CIAMETER MILL FIBER - TRANSVERSE AND TRANSVERSE AE \ 12 rom G tudinal diameter of t 10 microns while that diameters were 0.00 liber respectively T dred and two micron The percentage fr determined for longi shows these values paper The difference in amination of Table 1 ten microns or more dust occurred within dust was 03 microns fiber dust fell within TABLE IT SEI an) ~~ a S208 :: ee: I wo eS som bee 15.0 42 wad et ores ne All samples were er Smith impinger 58 hoi as collecting the method describes were counted regardi greatest diameter ave the total The GUST in Table V. . e e, \ Be ee Por e a Ni! J . . ft fe es en e ve STATED SIZE tudinal diameter of the dust from crude fiber was found to be 212 , microns while that of fiber was 1.35 microns Transverse diameters were 0.60 microns and 0.45 microns for crude and mill fiber respectively The longest liber observed measured four hun dred and two microns The percentage frequencies of the various particles were determined for longitudinal and transverse dimensions Figure 2 shows these values plotted on Hazen's logarithmic probability - paper The difference in the two types of dust is further shown by ex- amination of Table IV Three per cent of the crude fiber dust wOS ten microns or more in length while only 17 of the mill Aber dust occurred within these limits Twenty per cent of the mill fiber dust was 0.5.microns or less in length while only 16 of the crude fiber dust fell within this range . TABLE 1V SUZE FREQUENCT DISTRUCTION OF ASBESTOS DUST Sse Group in Micros Under 0.4 05-6.09 1.0-1.49 1.0-1.49 ee een L ont. 29 23-1.50 LALO pe es +) 1.14 . . L. and T . , " | 27% jj i 6 { ! 1 i a3 t ] 15 ; 1 i J" 22 ' i 1. $ { 1d | l a 4.8 i 50.1 | ow) i T ' Ind f 13 | | _ | _ | \ ee 1t | rae cts 73 4.0 .. 2. . ' ! 1Q 2 ' 10 11.7 2.3 _ 25 _ 2 29 DUST CONCENTRATIONS IN THE PLANTS All samples were collected by the modified form of the Greenburg- P. Smith impinger 53 using ninety per cent U. ethyl alco- hol as the collecting medium Dust counts were made according to the method described in Part I of this report 41 All particles were counted regardless of size Particles less than ten microns in greatest diameter averaged approximately ninety per cent of the total The dust counts for the different operations are shown in Table V. vs ee Pere ae a a te : : ale . . ( enya 4 . i - 7? | | | . ' e J bd ' . : i | i : . 1 woes DepartimentDepartimenDtepartiment 10 2, . sem om a AY omer are oes esupse 118 ters |nysne HP OcupationOcupation wer Cre pig nes ver trceoneve ert Beniged . Beniged Beniged Beniged particre of | . maiples maimples particles 14 | i] j wo NOSE PrepationPreparation omydrsog Ferling Ferling Ferling Ferling Siluing Siluing Pieter Pieter Crida Fiber Fiber Fiber - - - - - - H ] - - o oo oe oe wo * ' 1. 31. t NaN | aod las aroes eg sweaise yired _eee RIK TR : TID Cositng o8 se a. . om " "UP Pd] 1 . | ' ! : 9 ww soquny odiseg| the, ONELVUIE tal Freiling * pace wes or* Ektrenkic Ektrenkic o ase ove er oe wen oreo fe Cleanig Cleaning Cleaning Cleanig Bl^,rBd l^,rd trils grade card hand } - 7e o- - oo oe - eo " oo oe adil = .... ee Cp po ewrs UTS 16 O as BULANVYmy rw Ee : wens . remten s KE neyoaq .euqei rpned ral | : teqinyteeopterom | Wentlig Weacher Nervione Wentlig Hisulatng Hisulatng Wenship Wreslog 11-11111 eyertTre cre ome oe | esoae toes 1-111 wer thes rete ver f ? x 7 or 7 oo ae 7 o +rH ' ae 11-11111 a , t -- planing planingfare taed&e gata 7@ planig } Vo 13 Aphandog Aphandog Aphandog 313 313 Bber gatlow grade grade xrocke xrocke eancepee ores rte eoe cone seco one eove dated ese ve aer rine ser " is osgrynse4 ( (AI] | Winding Spoeling ONILYUD Spoelingfoliteg Wholing Wholing Wholing Fet Fet pat , o- - -- on ' 1 oe 7 ws.se t . - -- ited iad oo ioe - ; liaLend . wer eits Se40 . , . : : ; coe r AWVICR ..yemsivwm paedewyoediem parcemsno OSees : _ . Brandig ienypste) ncsamero CA WHYS, Crading MPML dipom sectr aemnsro sne snacoer = eee asin a] BurpenyRopiey Raptr Jupswery wayney en store psp ve Windling dh Forming Forming Forming Forming Forming see a Braling Braling Inclu Branding aces IEAIOaPyr Qera m cet A MCePS:carg t eae4rg]pom ed teeFig p orT) od arPeyprdge rag MYTHIC wang A My FayeBupierg ee g - 2 - . ser se th"cu ie cret cores me pam diy (ig Cy sy crnwoe 19g es bapa (arene . . (pea pom tayChe coe tema Lippfay) ped dap ten e gaya) aot pap? Weg, ele MleAeyehGap) dse rose waed wek ated pyren Derpyod -.a11n)9 FBEAyee BoyeBoy dayAa coaers amg dae 1 po eve oe comes simone wsek ged gipd Miam wom hyd RET UG pas a ctesn sen stareern ses encase Derpygery oper perp: ann hd Giem lol yup epory yang feet cuit ony 2 Bap Bape see Beyrey BopveayBera Buy Bipwrog Buseised Sf yy yyyy ee ae yy _. Be32) us yy wu Ferg a Fe e w: Vureie . dag wonet Gory . PuirseD FopemP (Sued) ang Pejonde ype t9erg ints Feirpveu Pes Byoyyde atew mx . Burerg + { , gg a ; . . ; . t : J . t 1 . 5 ' . 4 i] rg tr. | . ! : y | . : { * oo, ' j 4 : . per uw " : v a4 als aq ss v7 atr flo als 5s 3f. CAS als ead yoan zl*n oYe8 bo t # weperk S32oteq F 4 . aelon ve i . 4 2 e e i4rf ' & ) ee -B Ff z a1 3 . ri . i4gwv . Set q Etan] w . ' we A v 9%) hce p ee 28 an e UEOS- met aid i oO Mh oarwt) me Ch Cras 2 BELRHP vbutieUa CD f+ =;JMe te fuse aw Ef sv eau OL me 2 uv. cm 0 ACEReeSEGAYG oRo yay bape -Oe! H5o6o Gs 305 ne cm g | Yu 0 ee zk deonls[: a eeLES ou20 AY Mi G ag a ot ee Ube oO we a eee ow t. Cp | ] DotEUpra sy, * nme) dp ee Tor Ww, S GyiwavEardenbac aoe ee meme {!OM 09 = 3 I. yt! ae Ue ubed& aces Ge r TG 60 Vo in aq men ,e G etl 4G og u' v te OG oe DTe ae y chats Oy Yo=o Ue wee a 2 sbe & ar 3 t= nS Fo nbs Qa er e -0 T ae pow aa boey 8g i PRUE mwovnToe i th Ot Gliew oe i st. = Orou' utuc oa YEE .or H&-f80%5 GOREyearen vin, } teom8 !alfy it c e i : . . : : | H' | | j{ ? "be Oey i a a {| 1 a } e PLANTS -/e 4 me e Imev . , ' Si-7etST a peg e . Departinet Be Departinent Departinent r DepartinetisedTPN? | PreputaionPreputationPreputaion Poennting Penting 3r | le Sle@sct Ocupalon OcupalonOcupalon or a - t Lowel o> s twes eue -_ Ocupalon (Rie cove ersis im wes Number Number Number ad a1) . - eiJ ee 1 j Fiber oe 7 oo eu Stilons Stilions Number Number once dataples dataples jeu wo mo} oo t ad perausticles oly austicles It ot 3 t t= O BLK weg : * poewnioqypiad irew Blinker Up seoFwe dling Fedling Fedling Fedling Bervtilga BervtiBlegarevtilBiegraevtiliga jalo } Blinker Fiber woe wev Lesc erce ense tre ers one core mm oe oreo wot 10.2 esce ores nal Carding . ONELYUIMVd 14 SULZNY S lus eh KE . Cardingteeditrep | pe eye WearingWearingUnpal | way sequan ge Taveg | oe Hepelting Hepelting Hepelting Heplting wrk at at bark barkv ford -B108 ) Fiber Fiber oe - ee .- se . Trackinggle-atTracking Wenylug Wenylug fuabting Tumlatingfuaubating TumlatingTumulating Tape Tape ilty warp warp - wel welmili ee (ee ver are] won t est Wesving t | Wesving Wesving Wesving Bruka Bruka Hulog uch wasje wasje - net ( ) 11 ~s oe te c : pon eo ahd - 41.4 41.4 oe po oeeveyeeen rte cere T1401 rere wore se i]dos oe 8 ow ? t oe e- e Mo fee Sploing ^...ber wires ce ONTLVUYD Minding (Fe se Addpipe po Splo ing Splooing Y Splooing jueny |4204 Na] org Or Orda Alter Alter are grade gradesende ere ese wen ote : sone ( Spoling ) Windbeg Windbeg Windbeg Windbeg alngle ply yssa alngle rain ysa aa 7 a 4 -- -- -- I ee 7 od s a one ores oes wre ores we oo we ee -* o. oe : Le Lend 2: S Pr sre" Windg erc 40 . re er ANYICKOAW Windg Windg Formlig tope on beams PadieYmipcuipenamd res eston reves gasket mers Capea(opan(ap ce re . prandsefaucteam os parking wyinpeai) sawerin soec crets CA OPIVUQNG | Ayden Houlding que2q ray Draidng Maling PeyrnT WHYS tublag duped =a -e . Paeqmeg fprmadyorng RaugentMopegcny e Aptvyaseq BUC pawa rang opredy~ Ppatqeus oat fp warp warp 224Formlig FormligPorming PormingBraidng Braiding Braiding rluicnhgt p^y on warp warp warp and wickand ee and me gasket parking parking lucht - 7 beamsbeamsCE etr core wer | erce ese ty ttl (UP OO diem ~ a ape ews tay ig ss etre yt ih ibe HouldingMali ng fach pparkaingckingpacking packing Aap)Caged qa) Aydap pon fap- pene pQp Any) tublag tublag Aig) wed MheE doe renr Used wank ured weak mess efay an Ana Nowy E fh 2 Lage)asp enaergy eg ot OLE foe de opted AAD rare H don ta y Aupae DO pee Pary UY ee J | ee ter ctr antes cet ; rc +? 75 croe 7 dun MER UO PAS pa diem edus Mull YD Wrig Sa me) : Meayse,) Ayvery Pure Bupwy09g Fuymso09g surent PuryMUPMiqyrosgMeiporg Payaws Bapyes Se ; g om woe May yy rwa y yy ee a Forge aul "fF e MM a nN | eee SC SarueO gx Se ^...ber Oe ELCO Sa . in due toPreparation (Sopeda) Rr1Ay Rupyseg pur Pasyp _ 4 Pmerev ADuyen Pure . , x ' aq t- t- ' f : i; . . . . . | { . ! J . - Pwop:sedBSER 7r>CEweHn ons wo eZ a4 we fens of * ZE ala 5tPthuyPes . is oye & F4s a ee . tit of J G PR FEd PPE | 4 3 te i gwyl . . ee RS] J me ' rf e 2kBE vPet ve a go me qed Eoetiy aweTe eySpey pbc (2-42 Ce ,.a te Poecatg m BES Ge ate ~ mm ze g07 ER me Pe lbaceEc EBRagyle Gore dbasaeley,shiga eae CRP Pay te 6 Le re E ge eophecRdayewf 24.0 Me Sue s og o e erate A.X 6 ele eg Goes See2 ae fa. 7.6.7.8 we } [- b te 10.6 PEAR uew em iM GCfar yeuQv.e BeSeoom PlOonvawgis Ge rue j ESee RL az"hsueo EauoewGPekclaw .BSCE boy yet ee Yuooeh" re se oe& iOpo. me Lo ean ev he EF 5 Sh e Me ier we Sia e.9 2G fa OCR ensryty we & G eosA_SULA me oy nEO oubgy nyeges nguyeuse. EeseeRows EGE 'g:8 e re ~ 2P a BE oy es eEr wesSeon YINe? ry! e fi &&Ge FEts 3 bFsy: 0Abe opener in asbesto . sewer ee se ae yr r oa ne ee Siea ce Ser ieithf eo tstie nbaedrindeeht. me . ed wc zee. Deas e rea t ere + eWT e wOHr!e a oa | ee. was made from crude No. 1 fiber In plant D. when lowest grade oone tet mix was fed into the picker the concentration was 847 ee eye Carding marked difference in the total dust count in the carding operation as the result of using different grades of asbestos e SLD will again be seen When the crude fiber mixture is being carded for the manufacture of electrical insulating tape a concentration of tae WES Ll was noted The mixture for cheaper grades of yarn such as e Add that used for weaving brake lining is generally made from mill fiber The concentrations of the dust when mill fiber was being Late yf carded were 23.4 24.3 29.5 and 80.0 The samples were collected biteng e in card rooms of various plants Ce ga - Sos Occasionally the loose web of asbestos and cotton as it emerges ee - from the breaker card and passes over the camel becomes broken It is then the duty of the operatotro go to the rear of can the card and repair the broken web the task requiring approxi mately half hour per day It was found in one plant that the anal employee was exposed to a concentration of 575 during this time heel while during the remainder of the day he was exposed to a coa- Oh centration of 24.3 At intervals it is necessary to shut down the card and clean or strip the rolls This is done by scraping them with a hand which is a brush covered with strips of card cloth The cylinders are slowly turned by hand at the same time The dust concentration during this operation was 5.5 Sometimes the roils are cleaned while they are being turned at the castomary carding speed The Employes stated that this was a very dusty operation but it was impossible to obtain samples during this procedure Weaving concentration of dust in weaving is dependent on many factors but principally upon the following 1 quality of the warp and fill being used 2 whether weaving is done dry or wet 3 conditions of ventilation and 4 nature of the finished product - The influence of the first factor is shown in the weaving of insulating tape and brake lining in plant C. A concentration of 69 was associated with the weaving of tape made from crude fiber In the weaving of brake lining made from mill fiber the count was 27.1 In both of these operations the warp was dry and the fill wet e As pointed out in the description of the weaving process page 3 weaving may be done either with the yarn dry or moistened with ome water The presence of moisture materially decreases the con- centration of the dust For example in the wet weaving of brake lining the concentration is 6.1 but when it is woven dry the count increases to 27.0 The effect of ventilation is shown in the weaving of cloth in plant D. In this plant ordinary electric fans were located just back oi the weavers so that dust generated in the process would be blown away from the worker's breathing zone When the fans were operating the concentration of dust in dry weaving of cloth forty inches wide was 99. When the fans were turned off the figure rose to 33.3 The fourth factor nature of the finished product also influences the degree of dustiness Thus the average concentration 16 countered in weavi and of brake lining The looms in tim moved periodically with a flexible rubl the time required During this operati Spinning ou depends on the typ yam ^ count of from crude fiber for from a high grade o dust associated wit cheapest grade mai the muie spinning in to which the mule ail operations from same room Conse centration is due ta Other Operations the production of a tions of dust assoc plant A this was for ascribed to winding performed in the sa figure of 24 was for figure increased to Warping is a mo spools or warp bes dust the concentrat Dust C In addition to t plants manufacture was considerably 1 products included < asbestos cements s bestos paper which ^...ber Determinati some of these oper This survey was tos dust but other hazards were found gasket and molded room and lead con the finishing asbest are lacquer solvent tations Sd ee in e o the lowest grade 525 84.7 woe dust count in the grades of asbestos re is being carded a concentration of wr of yarn such as made from mill 11 11 fiber was being ^ leswere collected 4 _- ton as it emerges Anel becomes i go to the rear of requiring approxijone plant that the jone during this time exposed to a con- ard and clean or 1th with a hand 1th The cylinders he dust concentra- ~ eroils are cleaned (ing speed The ion but it was & - ng is dependent on ng 1 quality of the he done dry or wet he finished product the weaving of inConcentration of 69 ( from crude fiber iber iber the count was jay and the fil wet me 18 process page $ or moistened with decreases the con- mm : weaving of brake loven dry the count ing of cloth in plant cated just back of Res would be blown Men the fans were iving of cloth forty med of the Sigure fuct also influences concentration en- countered in weaving insulating tape was 10.5 that of 213 cloth 213 and of brake lining 23.0- The looms in time accumulate a great deal of lint This moved periodically generally once a week by beating the with a flexible rubber paddle Each weaver cleans his own the time required being approximately half hour per During this operation the dust concentration was 74.1 is refoo loom week Spinning concentration of dust in the mule spinning room depends depends on the type of asbestos fiber used in the making of the yam A count of 2.1 existed during the spinning of yarn made from crude fiber for the weaving of insulating tape A yam made from a high grade of mill fiber produced a concentration of 5.5 The dust associated with the spinning of commercial grade yarn the cheapest grade made was found to be 132 These figures are for the mule spinning in plant B. In plant A the average concentration to which the mule spinners were exposed was 23.0 In this plant all operations from preparing to weaving were carried on in the same room Consequently it is impossible to state that this con- centration is due to mule spinning aione Other Operations minor mechanical operations necessary in the production of asbestos textiles have relatively small concentra- tions of dust associated with them In the winding operation in plant A this was found to be 8.0 Again this number cannot all be ascribed to winding because of the fact that all operations were performed in the same room In plant B. in the twisting room a figure of 2.4 was found associated with twisting two yam This figure increased to 4.0 when yarn was twisted three Warping is a mechanical transfer of the twisted yarn to spools or warp beams for the looms gives It rise to very very dust the concentration being 1.0 large little DUST CONCENTRATIONS IN OTHER Processes In addition to the fabrication of asbestos textiles one of the plants manufactured other products in which the amount of asbestos was considerably less than the amount used in textiles These products included 85 magnesia insulation moided brake lining lining asbestos cements shingles lumber and tile One plant made as- bestos paper which contains ninety per cent of staple mill fiber Determinations of the dust concentrations were made at some of these operations The results are shown in Table VII HAZARDS OTHER POTENTIAL HAZARDS This survey was concerned only with the hazard causedcaused by artestos dust but other materials that must be considered hazards were found These materials are gasoline and benzol gasket and molded brake lining departments tale dust in the gasket room and lead compounds in the rubber mixing department the finishing asbestos lumber and tile additional potential are lacquer solvents and sand from the grinding and polishing op- erations 4 Aer - oN 1. TABLE YH KUENTOSOF MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS IN AN DEST COICOMTRATIONS COICOMTRATIONS PLANT ranrwn eA coule ato yap OED TRAE CAE ME Om y Soe Departstrm Paper a HungHungr r plans^ : 23 23 b . cata Poans . Oversee . . | H> H | H H | ' tration Millions ofof parties pet roble 100s of Al Cringsbestos Cringsbestos mit Ther Hazing wil wil ^...ber ' Sawing up up up CITIE Navingtei Navingtei lembr Saung ber ber Boek tile Grooming bathroom the Dusting the paint Fray booth opens: : ed Jong bar with Dagderla Aboveting sa Depile Depile Dann barters into MIST Sremoe Mine Ferung Insulation into reLIKIDET Removing nalation from trimmer 201E pas KN32sq SEEN Grabescos Grabescos Grabescos paper cisten Driling paper cute tactors p oe ed : , $ i 03-166.1 03-166.1 H 1 3 H 30.6 pay) a 3.3 2 Y.e=-3 p= 2 Spee) a 34.7 t | } ; | a ' 3 : 2 : \ or 241 | 1. $ : : WHIMS . 1.1-1.3 05.0 63.6-4127 63.6-4127 ins ae rOe . soe 7. -e . . aL Me id a e wipe earners at ~N resnted r o.oo . . ASBESTOSIS Escountered in A Complete physial 48 men 16 women Part II of this report exposure were used . stricted to those emp longest employed we a sumcient number paid to the group w particular operation VIII shows their ag TABLE VIIT DIS Totale Asbestosis was fe or 25 per cent of the 25 negative and the one individual had p been the primary o eliminated from any bestosis were dividi monary ^brosis no mation of the degre extent of fibrosis sc ings The present past historics were secur might influence the were av symptoms dominating subject and dyspe Othe and frequent coids symptoms se . - . ; a . ' a) oN an TT OE ATE TR TLR COP riiet OPTS, CORT OT DENIES IU OUTSEES SOW URE WITT Ran we VETO Linh shee Leta tate Seats ech data ltaa th ani cn tg tt a 8, At Ogee | . ee woe e ee eS .- : | ee en [ meee ete oe me neeee, 0 . . - IN AM _ OPERATIONS Exposure Effects Exposure Dust of | The a | Conersof Fabrizing sh.4 Xemaee] Mitions 1006 Air of of oe | -- tame made | a 1006 at Air vik | plants oF 7: BL Se Part Those an 153.4 { manufacture workers oan en . nee ASBESTOSIS Encountered in Asbestos to Plants on the Health a Group workers sixty examinations examinations sixty persons examinations were of physical physical | Complete physical cimployed listed . ov (oleae 48 men 16 women II this report were used as at the time in the in Of this number seven raen without previous controls Selection of the workers was re- exposure employed stricted to those in table necessity 1 ws _s { 24.1 TL i I 24.1 . tb 2408 . yj bot pain, . were chosen because the necessity of including employed yee longest evident Attention was also a sufficient number from this group is j paid to the group with emposures a shorter duration and which the worker was employed to the Tabie particular operation at VIII shows their age distribution TABLE YTII DISTRIBUTION ST AGE OF ALL PENSONS MESURE $ | ml... . ae =~; 4 a) 1 | : 434.6-412-7 ee 434.6-412-7 434.6-412-7 | 121 121 121 . : Group . . Number Perioca ' Exammed | : Tome me 1 Xcwomer 18 Aft Groep ' ew | ae - i i Dad OTTY ad (- Controls Nl 7 | 3 tj | Apdum Omnia dt 36 a 1 3 | - | | . : . . . | : , Fegative ___a Ss : . Total | _ \ -- m } o bed 4 | rs : : pt, , , : . . a ' ; 3 -% 2 to : 4 7} : { . . Asbestosis was found in foartem persons 12 men 2 womes . or 25 cent of the exposed group Forty persons were diagnosed per doubtful Of the latter group as negative and the remaining the one individual had previous exposure to silica dust which may have andis been the primary or contributcionngsmidaesreation Thea craesseuslthahvaisngbeams eliminated further from any bestosis were divided into these having slight and moderate pui- Abrosis no advanced ease having been found The esti monary mation of the degree of invent depended on the amount and extent of fibrosis seen roentgenologically and in the clinical And- ings The present past and family medieni and previous occupational histories were secured from add vorker Direct questions witch indivzal's might influence the indivizal's reviies in regard to his subjective symptoms were avoided in obtaining chief complaints The pre dominating subjective symptoms symptoms in the positive group were cough subjective and major symptoms were dry throat Other subjective dyspnea ss. and frequent colds Occid Occid in this group had no : symptoms t .. 2 ate 4g mear t ; oNa 6 et ANI, Le ANS A ihe. canary eirwcepot SS Objectively the major symptoms were again cough and dyspnez Thirteen persons of those diagnosed positive for asbestosis complained of cough and eight of dyspnea Other Other frequently elicited objective symptoms were frequent colds palpatation weakness precordial pain and pharyngeal dryness No objective symptoms could be obtained from one individual in the positive group Occurrence of sente respiratory infections was particularly observed in the past medical history Frequent coryza or other upper passage infections which did not result in a loss of time of three or more working days were listed as objective symptoms Pneumonia during the course of employment occurred in three of the positive and seven of the negative group The past medical his tories were otherwise negative except for an attack of pleurisy in zone individual of the exposed group diagnosed as negative Family histories and in particular tuberculous contacts were noted Two workers with asbestosis had roentgenological evidence of healed tuberculosis and negative family histories Two others who showed evidence of healed tuberculosis and who did not have eTUTE Sr _~ 78 a asbestosis also had negative family histories Physical examinations were made with the workers stripped to the waist Mean variations in the present and greatest weight were less in the asbestosis group than in the group diagnosed as nega- tive and in the controls minute oral temperatures showed a maximum elevation of 0.5 Four persons having asbestosis had an elevation of temperature and eleven in the negative group showed it Elevation of body temperature in the control group was absent The mucous membranes of the nose and throat of the entire group were essentially negative The conjunctivae did not appear to be wrritated Tenderness over the antra and frontal sinuses was not found Defected nasal septa were common and diseased tonsils were noted in a few cases The external auditory canals did not show evidence of plugging or irritation Clinical examination of the thorax included inspection palpation oge percussion and auscultation of the heart and lungs A tendency tn increased posterior diameters of the chest in the positive @ exposed group was noted In the positive group the respiratory were murmur and vocal resonance impaired in five cases Crepitant ue subcrepitant sibilant and sonorous raies occurred in nine of the asbestosis cases the two latter types being predominant we The recognition of cyanosis presented a difficult problem When it occurred the skin had an unhealthy leaden hue with variations in the degree of intensity in the three individuals in the positive e group showing this physical sign Roentgenological examinations made of all workers included hers fluoroscopic examination stereoscopic anterior posterior and oblique skiagrams of the chest In addition to noting gross chest pathology the movement of the diaphragm was measured in centimeters dur- ee ing the fluoroscopic examination Right and left oblique exposures of the chest aided in the interpretation of the films and particularly Sn in the detection of thickened pleura The hila trunk and lung markings of the fibrotic lungs were increased in prominence In oe some fims the lung fields showed a slight tendency toward beading LY and nodulation A small area in the distal third of the lung in one TE 20 Wee awa film suggested atelec emphysema occurrer besions were noted : domes of the diaphr of the negative expo and two of the nega evidence of healedt disease in four of the The occurrence of : losis were determine each person Each e obtaining the sputum morning sample A each sample After was centrifuged for and the supernatant the solid centrifuger three minutes A dr scone siide and exam both 3 mra and 4 mm The greater perce color but a few wer pale The The yellowish brown largest asbestos bodies occurres present singly or in or a dumb shar strand at a position : micrograph of a sing of two or three asbe . Soi 220 ta fase De 2a eatpantithecah nts erated hear asi we oe ree eee and dyspnez ip Esbestosis com- quently elicited tion weakness Meative Meative symptoms five group particularly ob- = or other upper shee ae . ty s~,,time of three eroptoms optoms Preg- 46 in three of the past medical his- - fazz of pleurisy in fazz NOR. segative 0scx contacts were ogical evidence es, Two others turno did not have servers stripped to past weight were Samosed as nega- Speratures showed c 17 asbestosis had group showed a sp was absent The entire group not appear to be 1 sinuses was not id diseased tonsils arr canals did not spection palpation Est A tendency to Est in the positive wso the respiratory = ses Crepitant ked in nine of the bminant It problem When He with variations is in the positive workers included isterior and oblique as chest pathology in centimeters dur- oblique exposures ins and particularly 6. trunk and lung ' * prominence In Acy toward beading of the long in one a ns, ne eCe . ' the ee ne ewe tre oe Emer es mame Carre ee 08 oe e core cemme tens ee macs tes ste san art se fF cmare ee tm case he anh Arpseon tae ve film suggested atelectasis Increased aeration such as one sees in few cases Thickened pleura and ad- emphyscina occurred in a movement of the hesions were noted in a few cases The average than that domes of the diaphragm of the positive groun was less of the negative exposed or control groups Three of the positive were found with roentgenological and two of the negative group evidence of healed tuberenlosis Further evidence of pulmonary disease in four of the positive group was clubbing of the fingers of asbestos bodies and the presence of B. tubereu- The occurrence determined in a single specimen of sputum obtained from losis were in the proper method of each person Each employe was instructed chile a obtaining the sputum specimevnoluamned ow fesantriefnourmmsiined wa(s 9 added to morning sample An equal the mixture each sample After complete digestion of the mucus was centrifuged for three minutes at approximately 2000 r p m and the supernatant liquid decanted Disulled water was added to the solid centrifuged portion and the mixture recentrifuged for three minutes A drop of the deposit was transiered to a miern of asbestos bodies under slide and examined for the presence scope both 8 mm and 4 mm objectives FIGURE 3 PHOTOMICROGRAPU MAGNIFICATION ASBESTOS BODY DIAMETERS 600 600 The greater percentage of sputum specimens were of a whitish color but a few were puraient The asbestos bodies were a pale yellowish brown color and varied in size shape and number The body found measured 117 microns in length largest asbestos The bodies occurred singly clumped and as fragments When present singly or in clumps they presented a bead appearance or a dumb shape with bulbous ends tapering into a narrow at a position midway between the ends Figure 3 is a photo- strand micrograph of a single asbestos body In one specimen an average of two or three asbestos bodies or fragments of bodies were seen in 21 21 : N 0 wae me. a f ; 7poraay < "ofewe TSPony 2 gz . aun a toehndene ua bronchitis cach power field while in others only one or two bodies were found in the entire specimen Table IX gives the occurrence of asbestos bexlies in a single specimen from each person Merewether 74 reports that the presence of asbestos bodies cannot be taken at present as indicating anything more than previous exposure to asbestos dust This is in accord with our findings for it will be noted that they were found in a specimen obtained from one of the controls who at the time was suffering from an acute productive of a purulent sputums This worker had been employed as a packer foreman in the magnesia department for fifty years His only exposure to asbestos dust was a rare visit to other parts of the plant TABLE EL OCCURRENCE OF AKBENTOR BODIES IN SPOTUM Pererets ee ... . Qresp Yombrr . Band on Total Immort of Persons | Based on 3} Speelmens Zxamined | Comm EY x ; dire if tosis uve | 17-06 " , , , 2 : . wegn velas Zol^ esprveret z - ebrviesDadbent Dadbent 5 (Gut ?- : _ 2 Tolak 14 | 3 0.0 | t | | @ - bo | | 3 m7 | 2 3 psE y || me aa $e || ae | me ; - a | | | | | A single sputum specimen obtained from each individual was > stained and examined for the presence of B. tuberculosis Both i direct smears and centrifuged antiforminized specimens were found . > to Cblieninceaglateixvaemination of the heart showed the apical impulse to * be displaced in a few cases Apical systolic murmurs were heard in . 7 five of the positive and bro of the negative groups The bloodl 3 was determined with a standard mercury sphygmonano- > pressure meter Hypertension although present in a few cases in each occurred only in the older workers Roentgenological evi- group of the heart was not found However the : dcaerndcieacofsielnhloauertgteemeinnt two individuals having asbestosis was found to be top normal in size fifty , Electrocardiograms of of the workers which were made subiect follow- in period during thirty minute minute rest period during subiect 2 ing a which the was in a eight were taken with the subject in a sit- position rezlining while 4 rezlining most . rest period consistently following The ting position a short the entire was low 2 positive cardiographic finding in group 2 voltage It was found to be present in seven of the positive and + t eighteen of the neg trols Right predom contrul group but ,, asbestosis and three most frequently fou vanced age groups of individuals with a have changes in the the exposed group l plex two of these h pared with an abse R interval was it sons found to be neg A functional test formed by having hi body twenty sin termined immediate two minute end of a minute mined immediately i Table X gives the re were seen in the posed group as com . puise rate Individi resting rate n mi TABLE I. 7 Groap Make a a Frazi eT KEGATIVE tern Tome ASBESTOSIS Mase een Female 1 Poise te 17 above north "Respiratory rate 2 aware Asbestos warts of which has become become le and overgrowth c growths are usually the feet Forry per these papillomas on ean Com eee 4 ^' Hwo bodies were que occurrence of on Merewether jannot : be taken -ous exposure to s for it will be -. ^ from one of the ee heute bronchitis ; her had been em- Xartment for fifty efire efire visit to other efire owns 4 area Oe a tf q i . pm toxis t off Xrer Xrer Coo me individual was xrculosis Both mens were found apical impulse to ars were heard in jups The blood : sphygmonano( cases in each itgenological eviHowever the Stosis was found i tere made follow- isubiect was in a most subject in a sit- most consistently 2mo%st group was low ae the positive and rindi a : f or Wome tee ee eighteen of the negative groups compared with four of the controis Right predominance was not present in the tracings of the control group but did occur in two tracings of individuals with asbestosis and three of the negative group Leit predominance was most frequently found in the tracings of individuals in the ad- vanced age groups Katz and Slater 62 found eighty per cent of individuals with a second positive wave of the R compies to have changes in the heart muscle Our findings show that six of the exposed group had a second positive wave of the R com- plex two of these had asbestosis and four were negative as com- pared with an absence of this finding in the control group R interval was increased in the tracings of two exposed The per- sons found to be negative A functional test of the individual's response to effort was per- formed by having him piace one foot on a chair and then raise body twenty times in thirty seconds The poise fare was termined immediately before and after exercise and again at his de- the end of a minute rest period The respiratory rate was deter- mined immediately before and two minutes after the exercise test Table X gives the results of the functional test Greater variations were seen in the rate of respiration following exercise in the ex- pased group as compared with the controls than were seen in the pulse rate Individuals with a pulse rate of 10 above the normal resting rate two minutes after expreise were considered abnormal TABLE I. FUNCTIONAL TEST OF LEPONSE TO EXTORT -- -- Z Teeurnces 4 Xom Percentage Former Percentage CONTROLS dite Female ~ 11 b 4 7 - 11 -~ _ KEGATIVKEGAETIVE KAM 113 $s 9 et Female = H 35 Tee KESTO51 MAM | 31 Female J - 31 s rw} 2 Lo nemee 1 Prame rate 10 above pormal renting rate wo romutes after cIPTTING * Respiratory rata 2 above normal requng rate two minutes alter exeusa e Asbestos warts are thought to be produced by a ^berof asbestos ree which has become lodged in the skin largely through the irritation e and overgrowth of the horny and malphighian strata I These an growths are usually found on the hands but may also develop on the feet Forty per cent of the exposed group had one or more of ene these papillomas on their hands 33 33 + AD aoe 'meee Awe .ae e . wen nr es Routine blood counts and urinalyses were made on each individ- aren ual examined Haemoglobin was determined by the Haden and hye.s Hausser colorimetric method and expressed as grains of lizemoa : ard globin per 100 cc of blood Smears for differential counts were ar stained with Wright's stain and 200 calls studied microscopically using a 2 mm oil immersion objective Practically no change was ad observed in the blood picture of the three groups Comparable Lauber: average variations did not occur in either the erythrocyte or leuco- er eoat A . cyte count In two individuals with moderately advanced pul- we. monary fibrosis the total leucocyte counts were 10,800 and 11,400 oad 4er with corresponding increases in the percentages of polymorpho Pan) 7 nuclear leucocytes Changes in the percentages of other types of e 1 tt white cells were not observed em : Urine specimens were collected from each worker at the time of we cadindyt physical examination Specific gravity aibumin content and the presence of sugar were determined and a microscopic examination tear e made of a centrifuged portion Urinalyses were essentially negative except for a trace of albumin in four of the positive and thirteen of ce RATED the negative exposed groups as compared with two of the controls A brief summary of the clinical findings of three asbestos mill workers and the accompanying illustrations Figures 4 to 7 inc apr g are presented to show the two stages of asbestosis encountered in 1 Or ar ee this study ten i Case number White male aged 30 years oer pe Chief complaints Objective Occasional frontal beadache 2 Epistaxis rare 3 Dry cough 4 Congning amacks precipitated by strenuous ac- cise ' Past Medical History childhood diseases Traumatic orchitis 1934 : : Ocupational wor work king ai t 16 yn ears og f age Mule spinner worsted mill 2 years lee man 1 year bestos fabricating plant 9 years Milk2myaean rs Mule spinner 15- , Physical Examination Apparently bealthy adult male Hem 62 inches Weigin 122 pounds greatest weight 122 pounds Skin clear No cyanosis . Asbestos warts on both hands Pulse rate before immediately after and t two minutes after exercise 84 100 72 Respiration rate immediately be fore and two minutes after exercise 10 22 Chest normal shape per- casion normal breath and voice sounds Dormal sibilant and sonorous rales both bases Heart apical impulse Sch interspace clavicular line no murmurs Blood pressure 134/90 Diaphragmatic movement right dome 25 cm left dome 15 m Thoracic act is aegative The tramea is in the midline u^flbouette is within normal limits of size The arch of the The cardiac sorta is not wined The domes of the diaphragm are somewhat irregulaorn the left side but fairly irregular on the right The picura appears to be slightly . thickened on the left side and is more clearly shown in the oblique view mae in the right spex there is possibly an old healed tuberculous process giving biese s the appeaorf aannacpie cal cap The hila are increased in prominence The tronk markings and linear markings are increased in prominence Ao 24 tees Na en Ry sy. re made on each individ- mined . - we by the Haden and as grams of haemo- itsw differential counts were its studied microscopically Practically nochange was Pfargees e Comparable Shee free groups ; the erythrocyte or leuco- way rately advanced pul- . i PageissPwaegrees10o,f800poalnydmo1r1p,h4o0-0 Images Images of other types of ~3Mize *"ach worker at the time of 1. albumin content and the 1. microscopic examination cement were essentially negative ta. positive and thirteen of ee with two of the controls -, ry % of three asbestos mill __ons Figures 4 to 7 inc ft stosis encountered in oR dele s bebe 2 Fristraan rei3 s Dry i pied by surmous cur ro Traumatic orchitis 1934 tem tw ts3 of year lom2a yen ars .. year Mule spinner 27- Cosee I make Height 62 inches ee TTemoesmosTemos Skin dimar No cyanosis 2before immediately after and ems Nespiration rate immediately beee Cbest normal shape per- ute g normal sibilant and sonorous GO a a a interspace clavicular line eer wee und 25 cm left dome 1.5 m en te sa sa in the midline The cardiac aes . The arth of the aorta is not ee 7 ee smentat irregular on the left ea pleam appears to be slightly be pily shown in the solique view ivaled cuberculous process giving jarea are ureased in prominence jare promiin npreomn inc ene ce pew ten ivrone we tem 7 AA a be hea te eh snaf CIT . y SON eae wore . o ee e ee FIGURE 4. CASE NUMBER A8730 . om . oat BS be Toate ' a? re FIGURE 5. CASE NUMBER 447 Pas ee fee a >y oo . . ; an . pare Be _ ~ : TT . . . - i Cartine 72 72 R 0.16 swood rate interval - interval interval VoltVoaltgag 4 2 } Electrocardiogram mr slight Diagnosis Asbestosis slight White 3 5 Case Number 447 marie aged 47 years i - Chief Complaints Comps 2 Shortness of breath < north 1922 Past Medical History childhood diseases | z works L Ocupational Farmer ; ! Occupational 15 Farmer Preparation rLoomaboremilrl | { 1 2 years Laborer grain mill year Preparation + ; =< i . ' > 5 : 1 i : t - 3 : . > ; FIGURE 6. 6. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC TRACING OF CASE NUMBER A8730 . . : i i 1 : . ' . , ; 1} 4 . ELEC : ELEC ECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC TRACING of case FIGURE 7 NUMBER 447 : si Examination apparance fair Skin char Height 59 inches of fingers ; PhysiWceailght 120 pounds greatest weight 125 pounds No clubhing ; No asbestos wand Nail beds not anoxic est normal shape per- ; cussion sormal respiratory murmur witmi normal limits vocal resonance maltered sibilant and sonorous rales Heart no apparent enlargement z Do us Pulse rate before inmediately after and two minutes alter : 26 26 : 2 : ; exercis xes after functie Fluoroscopy Diaphr The thoracic cardiac silhouette regular regular The regular markin . Electrocardiogram voltag Electrocardiogram Low Diagnosis Asbestasis DiagnosisAsbestasiAssbestasis I TAKLI WIDESC OCATION Dr . Overpa1100 Overpa1100 Avervet | 721108 | 721108 ; ot ot 5 per exp { Prroerers LDd Carders + Spinders 423 | [ | iL wot 4 L + _ l Warpers. ---- . 1.4 . : | Totem : principal principal The fact degre degree of the pneum the dust length of e . owefi. oe ~ ae Le mo" e . . . Wa : eo rr and Voltage 4 mm owen ences Ip Laiioner steel works ven abestus mill 15 Oe tales Ah NG OF CASE Cr r Height 59 beber in cind ingof ingerl ( normal shape permits rocal resonance Soarere enlargement And two minutes after CE RIE eRcreeY RS PRT RON NO Nea Tn ans SUR ae trane wa way eee tee oe a ee wee mete eee ee functional exercise test 76 118 76. Respiration rate before uxl two min tra after functional exercise test 14 18. Blond pressure 134/90 Diaphragmatic excursion right dome 17 cm left dome 25 on Ray thoracic cage is negative cardiac silhouette is within normal The trachea is in the line The limits The dortes of the diaphrag~-n are regular The hila and trunk markings are increased in prominence The lung markings are also increased in prominence Electrocardiogram rate mm Low voltage of all Q R imerval complexeL 0.16 xood Vollage 15 Asbestosis moderate TABLE XI INCIDIZNOT AND DEGREE OF AKMENTOSIS WITH RELATION TO OCCUPATION DUST CONCENTRATION AND THARS OF EXPOSTRE . Ocempa tices . . | . Concro- { iration | partes Tears Tolat * per cubic of Norber Norber toot of Exord - dstemtosts H I Segative sight Moo Advanced Domberul Domberul xed Carders . ws ea 1115 pve 29 OTTY | Total oe | : 1 | , | - ot I toa fe 1 ee ~ { | | z 4 - de | 1 | KPETITI out Setneers os mo) 187 | Ls 10-10 ane ever | Total | > | ot; ef 3 | , | os doje. " aft ~ FS tm fF 2 2 |= | = | | MW 3 i | - | oe Joe | - - |- i ~_ | ~ | 1 | vo TYROT 111 oF fl Ue hE a 111 Warpers 4.44 en De ee ete. | wo | i | + rn er | ~ | = OTET { | # ji - fb ow | ee | | | : Total 1 a ! bd | -- - ow Pe z -- | eeo te length the ee The principal factors now thought to determine incidence and degree of the pneumonoconioses are nature and concentration of dust of exposure and individual susceptibility The in- em wy af pomp -_ 24, : 4 Frets e . arect CARLSGCaera7, os per L) St tea et et iL cidence of asbestosis with relation to occupation concentration of the dust and length of exposure in the fifty persons examined in this study is indicated in Table XI Obviously the examinatioonf such a relatively small group prevents the formation of definite conclusions as to the influence of these factors Nor is it possible from our findings to establish the maximum safe concentration of asbes tos dust in the air However the results of this investigation show the necessity of a reduction of the dust concentrations in those operations shown in Part II of this study where there is continuous exposure to high concentrations . SMARY dep n : ey - 1 The concentration of dust in asbestos fabricating plants depends primarily on the grade of asbestos mill fiber gives rise to a higher concentration than crude fiber Operations arranged in de- creasingconcentration of dust are preparing carding weaving spin- Bega ning twisting winding and warping o 2 The average particle size of asbestos dust is stated in two MOTE diameters longitudinal and transverse 3 Petrographic analyses of dust encountered in asbestos fabricating plants collected in the workers breathing zone shows it to Ok contain no free silica 4 Fourteen or 25 of fifty workers employed in the tex- eree a tile departments of asbestos fabricating plants in Pennsylvania had es both clinical and roentgenological evidence of asbestosis \ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Department of Labor and Industry of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania wishes to thank the management and employes of a) the plants studied for their cooperation and interest which made the success of this study possible Dr. H. K. Pancoast and Dr. E. P. rn Pendergrass of the University of Pennsylvania whose interpreta- oy tions of the films have been used Dr. G. AV Grier of the University tal of Pittsburgh for his interpretation assistance and advice in the Py roentgenological study Dr. J. Evans Selechie Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Welfare in extending to the Department of Labor and Industry the facilities of his department Dr. C. A Laubach roentgenologist and cardiologist of the Norristown Ne State Hospital for doing a large majority of the ray work and his technicians for the routine laboratory examinations Dr. J. D. Heard and Dr. A. B. Fuller of the University of Pittsburgh and Dr. C. C. Wolferth of the University of Pennsylvania for their 25sistance and interpretation of the cardiograms a her ce. TTS . 1. Amiante Hyg du trav 191-192 1930 , 2. Anderson H. V. and Clark G. .: Application of rays in the Cassification of Fibrous Siticate Minerals Commoniv Termed Asbestos Ind and Eng Chem 21 924-933 1979 28 hs. yy ere er oh or Aumbault N dans les fil trav p 121 4. 4. Bander E. W med Wehns Beger P. .: 5. Arch 200 Berrer P. .: 530-539 19 Beger P. .: Med Klin J. Ind Hyg Beintker .: bebyg 3 Beintker E 1934. Abst 10. Bowies Olive U.S. Bur ! 11. Bridge .: of Fact fo don 1929 F Bromley J. F -A Discu Asbestosis Radiol p 1934 13. Buttzer asbestosis 115.5 Tub 14. Grkel Fritz tion Milli Dep't of M 15 Clynes Asbe 16 Cooke W. E Asbestos I 17 Cooke W. 18 Cooke W. E. 1928 19. Cooke W. Pulmonary Abstr . Hyg 12 Cooke W. E. Lungs of 1931 , concentration of Persons examinedin the examination of * on of definite con~fl is it possible from a entration of asbes- i investigation show Entrations in those Entrations ae . =.there continuous * sricating aT hee . sricating . sricating plants de- ber gives rise to a is arrangedin de- Hing weaving spin- it is statedin two i in fabri- fabri- 33 in asbestos fabri- : zone shows it to * uplayed in the tex Pennsylvania bad Destosis _ommonwealth of and employes of terest which made Toast and Dr. E. P. i whose interpreta- of the University and advice in the Secretary of the jag to the Depart- . department Dr. of the Norristown Nations ray work and Nations Dr. J. D. of Pittsburgh and ania for their as- nation nation of raysin unerals unerals unerals Commonly 524-933 1929 adie; te ge se ee ee oe e cs te ne oy me ow mk omes toe wre . ge a oe . 4. 4. .5 7. & Aunbault Notes sur l'hygi^ne et la s^'curit^'des en Mt dans les filatures et tissages d'amiante Buil de r trav p 120-132 1906 ya Baader E. W Asbestose mit Warzenbildung med Wehnschr 79:83 1932 M yale Beger P. L Ucher die Asbestosis K^rperchen Arch 290 280-353 1933 ; xe 530-539 Beger P. L More on Asbestosis Bodies Virch Arch 1934. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 17:32 1935 3s (2: Begur P. .: Injurious Factors in Asbestosis and Si Med Klin Sept. 14 1934 p 1253-1261 1922-1927 J. Ind 17:17:3 32 12 7:32 1935 aoe Beintker E Asbestosis behyg 345 3518931 Arch f Gewerbepath w : 10 11 Beintker .: Asbestosis Bodies Virch Arch 293 $ 1934. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 17:33 1935 Bowles Oliver Domestic and Foreign Dr. U. Bur Mines Inf Circ No. 6790 June 1934 Bridge Rep of J. C Asbestosis In Ann the Chicl of Fact for the Year 1928 95. HL M. Stat CR don 1929 Lee aan 3 a 4s Bromley J. F. Wood W. -A Discussion Part Pneumonoe B. EllmanP mar Silicosis Part Pui Asbestosis Part Pulmonary Asbestosis 13:04 Radiol p 262-295 1934. Abstr J. Ind Hyg If -1934 -1934 at 13. Buttner W. and Trillitzsch C Die Bergach ii : asbestosis was der deutsche Artz von ihr TEUSS Tuberkulose 11-14 1931 wet Cirkel 14. Fritz Fritz Chrysotile Asbestos Its Occurrence Em tion Milling and Uses Mines Branch Ball 69. ( Dep't of Mines 1910 vy. 15 Clynes Asbestosis and Silicosis Brit Med J.379 i - 16 17 18 19. Dust Lungs Cooke W..: Fibrosis of the due to Inhala Asbestos Brit Med J.147 1924 vo. Cooke W..: Cooke Cooke W. E Asbestosis Brit Med .. -1023 Pulmonary Asbestosis BrBriit t Med Med .. Cooke W. E Asbestos Dust and Curious Fe Bodies Pulmonary Asbestosis Brit Med J 573-530 J. Abstr Am Med Assn 1431 1930. Abstr Hyg 12:34 1930 ares ee) 4 we [0% 20. Asbestos Cooke W. .: Lungs of 1931 Asbestos Dust and Workers J. Asbestosis Bodies State Med 39:51 7!" vad| o - Yr: @ . ") . 3, t pitis ot eomuntaogpelntcad ae \~ X oo Cooke Curious 21. W. .: Anthraensis Presenting Bodies Similar to Those in Asbestosis Brit Med J. 1 656-637 1932 , Cooke W. E. and Hill C. Pneumokoniosis due to Asbestos Dust J. Roy Micr Soc 232 1927 Cooke W. E. and Hill C. .: Pneumokoniosis Caused by Asbestos Dust Brit Med J. 1990 1927 Cooke W. E. MacDonald S. Oliver .: Strange Bodies Found in Asbestos Workers Lancet 136 1317926 _ C. Cooke W. E. and Hill .: Further Observations on Pul- monary Asbestosis with Special Reference to Dust and Curious Bodies found in the Lungs Micr Soc 15-19 1930 Asbestos J. Roy Earlywine Davis G. G. Salmonsen E. M. .: The Paen- monokonioses Silicosis Bibliography and Laws Ind Medicine Inc. Chicago 1934 Dewirtz A. .: Warts from Mineral Substances Roussky Vestnick Derm 1.:243-247 March 1930. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 125 1931 Dhers .: Amiante et asbestose pulmonaire La med du tra1v931 147-172 187-209 1930. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 13:49 . Donnelly .: Pulmonary Asbestosis 23 1275-1231 1930 Am J. Pub Health Drinker .: Alternating Current Precinitators for Sanitary Air Analysis J. Ind Hyg 14 364-370 1932 Drinker .: The Size Frequency and Identification of Cer- tain Phagocytosed Dusts J. Ind Hyg 305-316 1925 Effect of Asbestos Dust on Workers Health in Asbestos Mines and Factories Labour Gaz 12-761-762 1911-1912 Ottawa 33. Ellman .: Report on Cases of Pulmonary Asbestosis Proc Roy Soc Med 526 541 699 1930-1931 Ellman .: Chest Diseases in General Practice H. K. Lewis 1932 p 116 London 35. Ellman .: Pulmonary Asbestosis Lancet Feb. 4 1933 p 252-253 Abstr J. Ind Hyg 15:43 1933 36. Ellman .: Pulmonary Asbestosis Clinical Radiological and Pathological Features and Associated Risk of Tuberculosis Infection J. Ind Hyg 165-183 1933 37. Fahr .: pneumokoniose Aertal Verein March 3 1914. Hamburg 28. Fahr .: Asbestosis Klin Wahnschr 1114 191 39232 Pryor 39. Feil .: Asbestosis in Asbestos Workers Professional As- fae bestosis Press^'Med 1931 1872-1874 Ave 30 metrey De Fenerstack 1 veolen bei schrift 1882 41. Fulton W. B. Asbestosis bestos Dust try 1934 42. Gardner U. mental Phe Dust Its } J. Ind Hyg Gerbis H. and inn Med Gerbis E. and ed Weho German Work 1932 Gloyne S. .: Asbestos W Glovne S. .: Reference to 1930 Giorne S. .: in Sputum c 1931 Glovne S. .: 399-401 1 Gloyne S. .: Case of Puln Gloyne S. .: Gioyne S. Lung Tub | Glovne S. .: Tubercle 14 Hyg 127 Gordon B. Jr. 659 1932 Green Henry tion of Part Franklin Ins Green H. L Number and Hyg Hyg 1619 Haddow A. Brit Med | | ae ~ Curious Bodies sts J. 656-657 ene Siosis due to As- wt wm : iosis Caused by cpm ee A Strange Bodies at 1926 36-137 cemnt Lungs J. ced 2 Ervations on Puljence to Asbestos Roy Te f L ThePre- CT and Laws Ind Stances Roussky i. Abstr J. Ind fire fire La med du Ind Hyg 13:49 Pub Health i _ Ftors for Sanitary 932 tification of Cer17 305 3161925 alth in Asbestos 161-762 1911-1912 Asbestosis Proc 131 Practice London icet Feb. 4 1933 4913 ical Radiological 3d Risk of Tuber- S3 1933 March 3 1 Verein a1ys 1114 1932 1 Professional As- tet sn 41 Fenerstack Teber das Verhalten des Epithels der Lungenal- veolea bei der fibrinosen Pneumonia schrift 188 Gottingen Preias--Preias- Falton W. B. Houtz R. L. Dooley A. Matthews J. L Asbestosis Part The Collection and Counting of As- bestos Dus Spec Bull 37 Pz Dept. Labor and Indus- try 1934 Gardner E and Cummings D. E Studies on Experi mental Paramokoniosis VI Inhalation of Asbestos Dust Its Effect upon Primary Tuberesiusis Infection J. Ind Hyg 65-81 97-114 1931 Gerbis H_ and Ucko Ueber Asbestosis der Lungen inn Med -Berlin Sitz v Dec. 7 1931 Ver Gerbis H. ad Ucko Asbestosis of the Lung med Wonsch 58285 1937 Deutsche 47. 49. Wois on Pulmonary Asbestosis Lancet 392-93 GermanGloyne S. E Presence of Asbestosis Fiber in Lesions of Gloyne Asbestos Markers Tubercie 404-407 1929 GioveSE SE Reference to 1930 Reaction of Tissues to Pulmonary Asbestosis Asbestos Fiber with Tubercle 151-153 E Gloyne S. Method of Staining Asbestosis Bodies Found in Spaten of Asbestos Workers J. Ind Hyg 53-8G 1531 Glove S. L Formation of Asbestosis Bodies 12 399-410931 Tubercle Gorde S. 2 Presence of Asbestosis Bodies in Faeces of Case of Frizonary Asbestosis Tubercie 156-161 1931 Gorne L Asbestosis Body Lancet 1351-1355 1932 Goyee S. R Infra Photomicrographs of Asbestosis Lang Tabercle 208-209 1933 Asbestosis E S. Morbid Anatomy and Histology of Asbestosis Goyne 455-01 Tubercle 14 493-497 550-553 1933. Abstr J. Ind 17-123 1933 Eyg 17-123 1933 Gordon B. .: 639 195 Asbestosis Asbestosis Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Med J. J. 35537537- - Green Ery A Photographic Method for the Determina- tion of Particle Size of Paint and Rubber Pigments J. Franklin Inst 192 537 6616921 Greta FL Some Accurate Methods of Determining the Number and Eyg Size Frequency of Parncies in Dusts 27.39 1934 J. Ind HaddowAC AC Clinical Aspects of Palmonary Asbestosis Ent Madj Madj 2530-631 1922 Il ae oe - 58 Hatch T. Warren H. Drinker .: Modified of the Form Greenburg Impinger for Field Use with a Study of its Operating Characteristics J. Ind Hyg 301-311 ' ers4, 59.59. Hatch T. and Pool C L Quantitation of Impinger Dust . oa . Samples by Dark Field Microscopy J. Ind Hyg 177- . ote 191 1934 weogus Holtzmann .: Die Einwirkung des Asbeststaubes Zentralbl .. Gewerbehyg 8-725-226 1931 val 9 ae Lae s wn 61. 61. 61. Industrial Directory Edition Pa Dep't of Internal Affairs Harrisburg mnaprdnidoe iar Katz and Slater The Second Positive Wave of the R Complex Arch Int Med 55 No. , Jan. 1935 63. Kettle E H Interstitial Reactions Caused by Various Dusts and their Influence on Tuberculous Infections J. Path and Bact 395 4015932 ... Knopi .: The Quantitative Determination of Quartz Free Silica in Dusts U. Pub Health Reports 183-190 1933 ... Kruger E Rostoski O. Saupe .: Asbestosis Arch Gewerbepath u Gewerbehyg 553-590 1931. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 144 1932 66. Lanza A. J. McConnell W. J. Fehnel S. W Efects of the Inhalation of Asbestos Dust on the Lungs of Asbestos Workers A Preliminary Study U. Pub Health Reports 1-12 1935 = 67. London Letter Pneumonoconiosis Caused by Asbestos Dust J. Am Med Assu 304 1927 . tae B Lovisetto .: Asbestosi In Studi sulla pneumaconiosi in tom Italia 1930 p 115-132 Istit Poligr dello Stato Rome ohn Lynch K. M. and Smith W. .: Asbestosis Bodies in Sputum and Long J. Am Med Assn 559-661 1930 ates e n Lynch K. M. and Smith W. A Pulmonary Asbestosis 11 Including a Report of a Pure Case Am Rev. Tuberc 7ow 23 166-43-660 1931. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 241 1931 aten oe 71. MacDonald .: Histology of Pulmonary Asbestosis Brit Med J. 1025-1026 1927 Occurrence teeote Merewether E. R. Mtb of Pulmonary Fibrosis and seeth Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers J. Ind Fraps Hyg 198-272 239-257 1930 . ewer btat 73. Merewether E R. .: A Memorandum -- --Asbestosis pam Tubercle 15 59-31 109-113 152-159 1933 @ den Kan ost Sa od. ~ mn .Na Fe Merewether E Asbestos Di Asbestos Inc 1930. Abstr Mills R. 1930 Mussa G. Note amiauto Ir p 133-139 Oliver T Pul Ind Hyg S 78. Oliver T A i 1026 1927 79 Oliver .: Ast Oliver .: Pt Rev. 317 81. Oliver .: F Arch . Ge Palmieri V. 83. Pancoast H. Roentgenoic 1926 p 155 Pancoast H. = coniosis ies Am J. Pancoast H. 2 al Aspects portance J Parsitano .: 139 1922 Pidgeon L. M by Asbestos Abstr Che Policard Policard A. Provoqu^'zs d'amiante francaise ( d'histol ap 1930 Price W Heat and N in Dom En Pulmonary As oa7 : e.' " oe . s #2 ~ - , . . 4 . ot Ad 4 - ; { pa ry . . bd . . . ae as ee -_ 1 Seer of T3140 t Az? =iyss Zentralbl a Fs _ B z of o. f E ad 7 the Various e. wae Fs srious Dests inns. J+ Quartz : Qearts ( rg, 435 see Arch {- Arch. _ 4 wee EfensEfens Efens & -< . ESecs of Emith igs 1. AsbestAsboesstos op,Asbestos Bodiein s Sputum x imim Rev. Rev. Tubert Tubert TubertTubert Brit Asbestosis wy ee abe ConaryConary Conary Fibrosis Fibrosis Conary Workers Y : ASW!orkers InIdnd tonart Asbestosis Asbestosis Wovorctners. je 38 og r | Ym oo . tS - Asbestosis of W.: Report ont Edects in une Price. c. Suppressoe Dust London. % R.A. and 5 Merewether. MI. Sut Cit. 74, Price C. Merewether Merewether and Price W Asbestos Asbestos Dust Dust the 1920, Home Suppression Suppression Effects Dust 1930. Abstr Ind a3 75. Mills 495-409 7S. Minneson Med - 76, Mills Asbestosis Case Minneson Minneson 495-409 495-409 Med 1930 1930 Asbestosis suila 76. cliniche sulla Note Mussa Note cliniche radiologiche radiologiche pneumoconiosi pneumoconiosi 3. Poligr P- amianto pneumonoconiosi pneumonoconiosi . . ! \ . \ 1 \ { ; : \ cs { 1 \ . : \ ; Va \ Abstr Asbestosis Pulmonary 97, 77. Oliver 133-139 .: Pulmonary Poligr 4 . Aspects Med J- Oliver Oliver Hyg 483 485 483 485 Asbestosis 1927 Asbestosis Asbestosis ClCliinniiccaal lAspects 73, Oli. ver Oliver 483 Asbes4to8sis5in its Clinical syge Brit Oliver .: Clinical Aspects Aspects . J. Mosthiy J. 39. Oliver Med 204 T Oliver Asbestosis Pulmonary Li gO. Pulmonary Abstract Monthly Rev. = Asbestosis arr, Li gi, Oliver T f Pulmonary Asbestosis Asbestosis Asbestosis Socio 5S7>-76 Medical Study Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbebyg EN V. M 1207 82 Palmieri Pendergrass med med med bce P Pneumoconiosis 1207 1930 H. K. and Pendergrass 83 Pancoast Pendergrass York Inc Roentgenological Hoeber Inc 153 1926 p Hoeber Pendergrass Pneumo- H. K. and ; Roentgenological g4, coniosis Further Roentgenological oO: * E. .: Review Pathological 556 Roentgenological Inc Srace coniosis Stud 85. professionale ue a5, Am Roentgen Roentgen ies e. p.: Tae and Pendergrass Pendergrass The Roentgenologi Roentgenologi The Aspects Aspects Pneumoconiosis and Pneumoconiosis and Medical portance portance 117 135 Hyg 15 Morgegtis Ind os . L'amiantosi Parsitano L'amiantosi profes ionale Roentgenologi um Panos a tal ; \ : D Fj | ; . L'amiantosi of "Naver 1932 - 6 Pidgeon M. The Sorption Sorption an A Sorption Water Water Asbestos Fibers VanWinsen VanWinsen Research Research Research 37, Asbestos Chem Chem Chem Chem . Abstr Abstr 5230 1933 Abstr laswiaitts AbstrAbstr 5230 and Tissulaires A. Mouriquancdonjontivale earmcaics d'amianted'amiante par Acad 8, francaise des 7153-157, appi appi ^ Reaction^' Tisulaires Tis ulaires l'injection hopseance la Reaction^' conjontivale Tissulaires intra Lancaea tot l'injection conjontivale de parcales parcales May Lancaste Lancaste Paris Lancaste Lancaste Bu 103 737MaMayy 1 17 7 1930 pathol et micros micros 71193-199 appi de 2 pathol W and 163-172 200-207T1e7x3-t1i79le1931-1932 9. appl. in Asbestos 163-172 163-172 Dom Eng London Dom London 200-207 Pulmonary AsbestosAissbestosis Med $4 in Asbestosis : : : . Mypt. Textile 10 15733 15733 1930 Works Inst Works Inst 1931 Also OS). , .~_33, 1920 nst Ort") 50. . 23 Pyimonary 2 te em cere . . une wf a . e . poset a : D eS ee owe A Dust Monthly Lab . = ealth J. 21 576-577 AlaHe and Inspectors cngsy Dust in Stat Asbestos : Ala Mines Branch 3 2 Abercolosi AbercoloAsbercoloisi XVIIXVIIII t } Path and Bart (~ ult of the In- .982 .982 1928 Esis Case Brit Buth Africa Brit ' A Bodies in Sin Asbestos MILL isis and Review me F. J. Ind Hyg Oe 149-1257 1931 ee : a Workers Briz Asbestosis Asbestosis Two Asbestosis MedMed Med J. 275 Sputum Sputum for As- aren \ - ~ ~ ee e eey Dem -_ . - Some ne ee me mn, ante ee we eee. . : 110 111. 112 Stewart M. .:Asbestosis Bodies in the Lungs ofGainea Pigs after 3 to 5 Months Exposure in an AshestosFactory J. Path and Haet 948 1930 Stewart M. J. and Haddow A. The Immediate DiagnusisDiagnusis of Pulmonary Asbestosis at Necropsy Brit Mel J. 500 1928 Stewart M. J. and Haddon A. C Demonstration of the Peculiar Bodies of Pulmonary Asbestosis ^ sbestos Bodies in Material Obtained by Lung Puncture and in the Sputum J. Path and Bach 172 1929 Stewart M. J. Tattersall Cumps of Asbestosis Workers J. Path and Ind Hyg 15:78 1933 N. Haddow A. C Occurrence of Bodies in Spatum of Asbestos Bach 737-741 1932 Ahstr J. 116. 117. Stock G .: Palmonary Admin 10 125 1219933 Asbestosis Med Bull Vet Terrel A Analyse d'une chrysotile serpentine fibreuse ayant l'aspect de l'asbeste alice fibrense r^'sultant de l'action des asides sur les serpentines C. r hebdomadaires des s^'ancesde l'acad des sc Paris 100-251 1883 Timmermans F. D .: Asbestosis 260 307 1931 Zentralbl f Gewerbebyg Gewerbebyg Tylecote F. E and Dunn J. .: Asbestos Bodies in Lungs of Coal Miner who had Never Workedin Asbestos Case Lancer 532-633 1931 118. Wahlstrom E. .: An Mineral 178-180 1934 unusual Occurrence of Asbestos Am 1934. Abstr Chem Abstr 23 0048 119. 121 Wood W. .: Asbestosis Radiographic Appearances in Skiagrams of Chests of Workers in Asbestos Tubercle 10 353-363 1929. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 210 1929 Wood W. .: Pulmonary Asbestosis Tubercle 10:23 1929 Wood W. B. and Gloyne S. .: Pulmonary Asbestosis Lancet Dec. 22 1934 p 1383-1335 17:33 17:33 1935 Abstr J. Ind Hyg 122 Wood W.B. and Glovne S. .: Asbestosis Lancet 445- 448 1930. Abstr J. Ind Hyg 146 1930 Pulmonary 123. Tubermusis Wood W. B. and GloyneS. .; Pulmonary Asbestosis Com plicated by Lancet 2954 1931 Abstr J. Ind Hyg 14:66 1932 Wood W. B. and Page D. S .: Asbestosis Case 457 4610929 Tubercle Asbestosis Wood W. B. and Page D. .: culosisTwo Years after First Exposure 157-158 1920. Abstr J. IndHyHg yg Death from Tuber- to Dust Tubercie 146 12 146 1930 1930 25 ee wee ew;