Document gDp8NvBpeZ7YOg5exp81VVjKJ

FILE NAME: Owens Illinois Library (OWL) DATE: 1949 DOC#: OWL026 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Relevant Book Reviews from the Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology T H E JOURNAL OF . INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY V O L U M E 31 JANU AR Y, i$49--NOVEMBER, 1949 PUBLISHED BY THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY Baltimore. Md. VOLUME 31. INDEX TO TEXT AND BOOK REVIEWS (Asterisk denotes book reviews) Abrams, H erbert K . see B ush, A lbert F. Acetal, Assay of Acute Vapor Toxicity (Carpenter, C. P., et al.)...................................................... 343 Range-finding toxicity data, List II I (Smyth, et al.)................................................................. 60 Acetaldol, op. cU................................................ 60 Acetic acid. Assay of Acute Vapor Toxidty (Carpenter, C. P., e t al.)........................... : . . . 343 Acetic anhydride, op. eit.................................. 343 Acetonitrile, op. cit................................................. 343 Acetonyl acetone, op. a t..................................... 343 Acrolein, op. cit............................................... 343 Acrylate, methyl and ethyl, the toxidty of (Treon, Sigmon, Wright andKitzmiller)____317 subacute vapor toxidty and range-finding data ior ethyl (Pozzani, Weil andCarpenter)......... 311 Acrylonitrile, Assay of Acute Vapor Toxidty (Carpenter, C. P., et al.)........................ 343 Acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, comparative toxicity of (McOmie)....................................... 113 Adley, F. E. set F a m e r, Lloyd M . Aerosols, aqueous, dust particles and (A review and reply) (Davies and Dautrebande)............ 160 'Agate, jo in N., Bell, G. H ., Boddie, G . F., Bowler, R. G., Buckell, M onam y, Cheese- man, E. A., Douglas, T . H . J ., D ru e tt, H. A., Garrad, Jessie, H u n te r, D onald, Perry, K. M. A., R ichardson, J . D., a n d W eir, J. B. de V.: Industrial fluorosis, a study of the hazard to man and animals near Fort Wiliam, Scotland...................................... ................... _.......... 306 Agricultural occupation, fatality and illness caused bv ethylene chlorhydrin in an (Bush, Abrams, and Brown)....................................... 352 Air-borne particulates, penetration of through the human nose (Landahl and Tracewell)---- 55 Air hygiene, studies in (Bourdillon, Lidwell, Lovelock, with Cawston, Colebrook, Ellis, Van Den Ende, Glover, MacFarlan, Miles, Raymond, Schuster and Thomas).............._... 308 Airplane engine repair shops, carbon monoxide- hemoglobin levels of workers employed in (Chinn)............................................................. 258 *Alden, John L-: Design of industrial exhaust svstcms. Second edition................................... 121 Alkyl mercury compounds, occupational poison ing by (Lundgren and Swensson)................... 190 A8yt acetate, Assay of Acute Vapor Toxicity 'Carpenter, C. P., et al.)................................. 343 fUnge-iinding toxicity data, List III (Smyth, et a. 60 Alyl alcohol. Assay of Acute Vapor Toxicity Carpenter, C. P., et al.)................................... 343 At> chloride, op. cit.................................................. 343 A# ether of propylene glycol, Range-finding v. :iv data. List I II (Smyth, et al.)............. 60 ASjlidene diacetate, Assay of Acute Vapor i i:>ity (Carpenter, C. P., et al.)................... 343 Ambrose. Anthony M ., DeEds, Floyd, and Rather, Leland J .: Toxidty of thioacet--:nrais...................................................... 158 Aataonia. Assay of Acute Vapor Toxidty 1rt i-nter, C. P., et al.)................................ 343 Aaarrjonla, physiological response of man to, in i . -.Mcemrations (Silverman, Whittenberger *-: Muller)...................................................... 74 Amyl m ercap tan , Assay of Acute Vapor Toxicity (Carpenter, C. P., et al.).................................. 343 Amyl trlchlorosilane, op. cit................................ 343 * Andrews, H . L. see Lapp, R . E. Aniline, Assay of Acute Vapor Toxidty (Carpen ter, C. P., et al.)................................................. 343 * A nnual report of th e Chief Inspector of F actories (Great Britain) for the Year 1947. // January 1949. Publ. by H. M. Stationery Office.. . ............................................................. 306 Asbestos industry in Germany, technical and sdentific developments related to the (German Industry. Board of T rade)................................ 171 A tm opsheric impurities, maximum allowable concentrations of (Drinker and Cook)........... 51 Aub, Joseph C. a n d G rier, R obert S .: Acute pneumonitis in workers exposed to beryllium BALo, xtihdeeeafnfedctboefr,yollniuemxpmereimtael.n..t.a..l..l.e..a..d..,..t.u..n..g..s..t.e..n..,. 123 vanadium, uranium, copper and copperarsenic poisoning (Lusky, Braun and L an g )... 301 * Basic pnndples of ventilation and heating (Bedford)........................................................... 63 * Bedford, T hom as: Baric pnndples of venti lation and heating............................................ 63 Belden, E. A. an d G arber, L. F .: Health of workers exposed to galena............................... 347 * Bell, G. H. see Agate, J o h n N. Benzene, Assay of Acute Vapor Toxidty (Carpenter, C. P., et al.).............................. 343 Benzene and nitrobenzene compounds, nutritional factors affecting the toxicity of some aromatic hydrocarbons with spedal reference to (Shils and Goldwater)...................................... 175 Benzyl alcohol, Assay of Acute Vapor Tox icity (Carpenter, C. P., et al.).......................... 343 Berylliosis, non-occupational (Eisenbud, Wanta, Dustan, Steadman, Harris and Wolf)............. 282 B eryllium oxide and beryllium metal, acute pneumonitis in workers exposed to (Aub and Grier)................................................................. 123 B eryllium poisoning, medical control of (Tabershaw, Dustan and Goldwater)............. 227 Bishop, W illiam A. see M arble, H enry C. Blood serum, solubility of lead compounds in human pleural fluid and (Harrold).................. 327 * Boddie, G . F. see Agate, Jo h n N. * B ourdillon, R. B., Lidwell, O. M., Lovelock, J. E., w ith Cawston, W. C., Colebrook, L., Ellis, F. P., Van Den Ende, M ., Glover, R. E., M acFarlan, A. M., Miles, A. A., Raymond, W. F., Schuster, E., and T hom as, j . C.: Studies in air hygiene.......... 308 * Bowler, R. G. see Agate, Jo h n N. B raun, H erbert A. see Lusky, L ehm an M. Brieger, H . see DeMelo, R . H . Brown, H arold V. see B ush, A lbert F. * Buckell, M onam y see Agate, Jo h n N. B urns of the skin produced by trichloroethylene vapors at room temperature (Maloof)..............295 Bush, Albert F., Abrams, Herbert K., and Brown, H arold V.: Fatality and illness caused by ethylene chlorhydrin in an agri cultural occupation.......................................... 352 377 BOOK REVIEW S Technical and sc ien tific developments related TO THE ASBESTOS INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Board of Trade. German Industry. F.I.A.T. Final Report No. 1070, (March 23), 1947. London: H. M. Stationery Office. 4s. 6d. This report is a description of the machinery and installation of the German asbestos industry which is considered to be of interest to American industry, and is a supplement to previous reports especially Fiat Final Report 460 and Bios Final Report 404, Item 22. The main problem for the German asbestos industry is regarded at present as one of lack of material, in which the British Zone is not so badly off as the Ameri can. The report consists broadly of three sections, one dealing with industrial plant, another with prob lems of dust control and a third with some experiments made by German scientists during the war to prepare a synthetic asbestos. The present position with re gard to the plant and installation is solely an engineer ing problem. The preparation of a synthetic product has been held up by the collapse of German industry, and not a great deal appears to be known about it, but the basic idea seems to have been "gelling" of sodium silicate with hydrochloric acid, washing out of the gel to remove NaCl by liquefying it under steam pressure, evaporating the solution to 14 per cent SiO> with the addition of 5-10 per cent sugar, introducing a spinning process and finally ageing the fibre, washing the sugar residue and drying. The section on dust control has a direct bearing on general industrial hy giene. For many years before the war, insurance against the risks of dust and accidents was compulsory. The use of respirators was recommended only in extreme cases, reliance being chiefly placed on an efficient dust control organization. The report gives a translation of the regulation for Dust Prevention in Asbestos Processing Plants issued by the German Government in 1940. This lays down general engineering precautions for dust control, with detailed instructions as to the protection of machines and the provision of exhaust equipment. [Many of these are already in use in Britain, but the details are too technical for abstraction.] An official center for advising on dust prevention, especially in the case of the installation of new plant, was provided by the Government. Children under the age of 18 were not considered suitable for dusty occupations [no details are given, however, as to the regulations for their exclusion]. I t was forbidden to eat, or to remain, in dust-endangered rooms during rest periods. Out door clothes were n o t to be kept in workroom s and work clothes had to be cleaned a t regular intervals [time not stated]. The writer of the report also interviewed Dr. Luise Holzapfel who had had charge of an organization in Berlin for the investigation of silicosis problems, be fore the collapse of Germany. She stated that she and her staff had been engaged for some time on the isola tion of organic silicon compounds. Two important ones had been discovered, but their chemical compo sition had not been completely determined when the war ended. One was a silicon compound of the lipoid group obtained from the lungs of patients suffering from silicosis accompanied by tuberculosis, the other was a Si-N compound present in normal blood. The isola tion of these compounds had been extremely tedious, taking from 2 to 3 years and when the Russians took over that section of Berlin they had ordered the de struction of all material on the ground of risk of infec tion. Dr. Holzapfel considered that there was no risk of tuberculosis provided th at silica metabolism in the body was normal, and she regarded disturbed fat me tabolism in undernourished workers as a predisposing cause of tuberculosis. She was of the opinion that the compound isolated from healthy blood might have some therapeutic value both in tuberculosis and tuberculosilicotic patients. The striking resemblance be tween the tissue of a silicotic lung and vulcanized rubber suggested to her the presence of long-chain organic silicon oxygen compounds, probably formed when the fresh surface of quartz grains reacted with some unknown constituent of the blood. The pres ence of oxygen was necessary, she believed, for that reaction to take place and she further expressed the view that "a compound in which the silicon atoms are completely surrounded by organic radicals probably cannot cause silicosis because such a compound will be insoluble and unreactive". Dr. Holzapfel had tried to cultivate the tubercle bacillus on SiOi gel containing various nutrient substances, but without success. The writer of the report states that further informa tion on the two substances mentioned can be obtained from the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fur Silikat Forschung in Berlin-Dahlem. The substance formed in normal blood had 1.3 per cent SiOj, 6.5 per cent N, but no iron or cholesterol; it was water-soluble, strongly al kaline, with a melting point over 250 [presumably Centigrade] and had been isolated from the lecithin fraction in the blood. The second was a water-in soluble substance from the lung tissue, and could be concentrated in the ester fractions. The lecithin com pound, on the other hand, was almost completely absent from lung tissue. In silicosis the melting point of the extracted mixture of ester-free fat was found to increase in relation to the severity of the disease. Early cases of silicosis yielded a mixture of melting at 45 whilst the material extracted from more advanced cases melted at 72-81. Extraction of silicotic lungs 171 172 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [w>f. 31, nt. 1 gave a higher proportion of lipoids (esters, free fatty interest to industrial hygienists and health physicist! ad d s and pbospbatides) than was obtained from These chapters cover nuclear radiations, ionizatioa healthy lung tissue.--5. Roadhouse Glcynt, Bull, of chamber instruments, Geiger-Muiier counters, radii Hygiene. tion measurement technique and health physics. The book presents the basic principles of the science- T h e practice of industrial medicine. By R. A . Lloyd Dories, M.D., M.R.C.P., with a chapter on the hazards of coal mining by G. F. Keotinge, M.D., D J.H . Reviewed in Chemistry and Industry, February 5, underlying atomic structure and nuclear fission. I: is a useful book for reviewing fundamentals for peo;i> with technical backgrounds entering the field ot nu clear energy production and protection. The chapter on health physics describes the biologi 1949. cal effects of rxiiation, permissible radiation, radiation standards, safety requirements and monitoring tech, T h e prin ciples and practices o f modern cosmetics. Volume II. Cosmetic materials: their origin, char acteristics, uses and dermatological action. B y Ralph G. Harry, Leonard Hill, Ltd. 17 Stratford Place, London, W .l, 1948, 479 pp. This book presents in alphabetical arrangement a list of materials commonly used in cosmetics or for cosmetic manufacture. Included are discussions onthe origin, characteristics, uses and dermatologic ac nique. The appendices also present useful data on isotopes and safety rules now used by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Manufacturers of radiation instruments are presented in the last appendix but this is the type of information which will require frequent revision as will the description of such instruments. Industrial hygiene personnel will find this book a useful addition to their libraries.--Leslie Silverman. tion of cosmetic materials. Thus one may pass from H istory o f factory and m ine hygiene. B y Ludrif "abracols" to zinc sulfate and find information on Tdeky, M.D. Columbia University Press, New formula, molecular weight, occurrence or manufacture, York, 1948. 342 pages. Price $4.50. physical and chemical properties, B.P. standard, use in This historical treatise, while retaining a welltoilet preparations and dermatologic action. The balanced perspective o f occupational hygiene through appendixes include discussions of methods of U. S. out the world from the Paleolithic Age to present times, Toilet Goods Association for testing for certain sub includes much of the strong, stimulating personality of stances and a list o f the coal tar colors certified by the its author. The major developments in the field have Food and Drug Administration. Although the book occurred since the turn of the century, and throughout is written in England, it, unlike many others, has equal the book are evidences of Teleky's active participation usefulness for those who reside outside the United over this period, injecting warmth and readability into Kingdom. Thus, this volume should be of consider its pages. able usefulness to those in the United States who are We tend to lose sight of the stem pioneering which interested in the preparation or identification of preceeded the state of responsive management attitude cosmetics and cosmetic ingredients. I t is not intended to industrial hygiene existing today until we read of for the practitioner, but it will be found practical for Tricky's experiences 6i not so long ago. By 1906, the pharmacist, chemist, teacher and others who have regulations in the large dries of Austria had driven the interest in the details of cosmetology.--/ . A . i f . A . white phosphorus match industry into the small D eto x icatio n mechanisms. B y R. Teetoyn WilliamsJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1947. 288 pages. Price >5.50. T his is an excellent review of the literature on the metabolic fate of many organic compounds that are of interest to the industrial toxicologist. This book should be in the library of everyone interested in toxi cology.--Albert 0 . Seder. villages. An example of this industry's hostility to investigation of its occupational disease situation in those days is the treatment accorded Dr. and Mrs. Teleky. After a long day of walking through the hamlets of the Bohemian forest in search of cases of phosphorus poisoning, they reached the village inn owned by the match manufacturer only to be turned away because of the purpose of their presence in the area. Teleky does not leave us with any impression that the need for striving for improved working con N uclear radiation physics. B y R. E. Lapp and H. ditions is past or that we should rest on the gains made L . Andrews. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1948. to date. He stings any who may feel that everything 487 pages. Price $6.00. is as it should be with the reminder that there is no T his book is the outgrowth of an elementary manual statistical evidence to support any contention that on radiological safety. In its present form, however, great progress has been made, and he points to the still th e majority of the text is on fundamental nuclear existent need for "laws and regulations thoroughly physics. worked out and enforced by well trained inspectors." There are 5 chapters of the 18 in the book of specific After a foreword by Dr. Alice Hamilton, itself a ,116 * JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY ABSTRA PAGE A n tim o n lal intoxication, use of BAL in heavy metal poisoning with particular reference to (Stevenson, Suixez ana Marchand)................ 103 A ppearance of the chief syndromes known in experimental radio-physiology in persons sub jected to atomic bomb explosion (Lancassagne).................................................................. 4 A rgyria, failure of 2 ,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in treatm ent of (Rosenthal andOllswang). . . 8 A rsenical poisoning, BAL-intrav: a new nontoxic thiol for intravenous injection in. 1. Biological observations (Danielli, Danielli, Fraser, Mitchell, Owen and Shaw).............................. 29 A rsine, a case of industrial poisoning with, treated with (BAL) British anti-lewisite (Garlick). . . 102 generation of deadly amount of, from dross (Spolyar)............................................................ 105 A rth ritis, traum a: an analysis of 162 cases (Wolff).................................................................. 82 and working ability (Heald)................................. 86 A sbestosls: 1. Analysis of forty necropsied cases (Lynch and Cannon).......................................... 98 A she, W illiam F .: Industrial medical education. 38 Medicine and the changing order: Industrial medicine............................................ A sth en ia, tropical anhidrotic, (O'Brien).............. 94 A tm ospheric disposal, stack meterology and, of radioactive waste (Beers)............................... 112 pollution, condensation nuclei, their significance in (Neuberger).................................................... 15 pressures, fluctuating. A novel environmental variant observed in submarines (Ellis).......... 53 A to m ic b o m b s, the effects of on health and medical services in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey).................. 59 A tom ic b o m b 's, the, effects on plants and soils (Joralia)............................................................. 58 A tom ic b o m b explosion, appearance of the chief syndromes known in experimental radio-phy siology in persons subjected to (Lacassagne).. 4 explosions, human pathologic anatomy of ioniz ing radiation effects of die (Decoursey)........ 5 A tom ic energy commission, medical program of (W arren)............................................................ 113 medical aspects of (Warren)................................. 32 A ttin g er, . : Carbon disulfide poisoning under lying the "seemingly unusual" picture of a severe vascular disease..................................... 27 A viation, medicine in (Tillisch and Guilford) -- 80 medicine, civil, application of war research to (Wigodsky)........................................................ 87 B acon, S . D .: Alcoholism in industry.................. 62 B acterial purity of air, methods for maintaining (W illiam s).......................................... B actericidal rad iatio n (Ewell)............................... 31 B a etjer, A. M .: Results of influenza vaccination in industry during 1947 epidemic...................... 84 B aghouse operations a t the Whiting, Indiana, plant of the Federated Metals division, Amer ican Smelting and Refining Co. (Donoso)___ 56 B agosis: a review (Koven)..................................... 3 B ailey, E lean o r C.: An occupational health serv ice in industry...................................................... 38 B akers, clinical aspect of disease of and its patho genesis (Di Prisco).............................................. 74 BAL see also 2 ,3-dithiopropanol, 2 ,3-dimercapto propanol, and anti-lewisite medical progress: (Randall and Seder)................ 29 treatm ent with in acute mercury poisoning, and Ilium, case (Shook and Powell)... in anuric states with continuous pe-Mos] 'delayed chemical pneumonitis or dinu lavage (Batson and Peterson)........... use of, in heavy metal poisoning with par; mi.u reference to antimonial intoxication iM nc.. son, Suarez and Marchand)......... 101 In trav : a new nontoxic thiol for intraw-rv ui t matosis of the lung due to (Wilson . ranulomatosis.................................... `Intoxication by (Ginabat).................. Occupational diseases of the lungs ft inhaling (Carrire, Fnisse, Rie injection in arsenical poisoning. 1. Bioioc;cai 1 Roche)............................................. observations (Danielli, Danielli, Fraser, ade, hazards in the extraction of, ; Mitchell, Owen and Shaw).................... 2 and beryllium alloy manufactur tre a te d rabbits, the acute distribution of intra Mellor, Koppenhaver, Cleland and venously administered lead acetate in normai lisoning, medical control of (Tabers and (Ginsburg and Weatherall).................. tan and Goldwater........................ B arnes, W. R . see Snyder, L. J . itogram, an outline of a (Hodge, B a rn e tt, G . P .: Annual report of the chief ins|Ki- Laskin, Maynard, Neuman, Roths: tor of factories for the year 1946................... 1 and Stokinger)................................ B arron, Jo h n N . see Plewes, L. W. 'spectrochemical determination of: Bartfik, F .; T om eika, M., and Tomliek, 0 .: sensitivity of detection in the cat Stannosis.......................................... ............ W (Cholak and Hubbard)................. B asophilic g ran u latio n , in a battery manu /Ilium sulfate m ist Inhalatlo: facturing plant, a study of (Duvoir, Derobert, week study in animals at a conce and Hadengue)............................................... sol 100 MG/M* (Sprague, Meier, B atso n , R an d o lp h and Peterson, J . Cyril: Smith, Scott and Stokinger)......... Acute mercury poisoning: treatment with' [study a t approximately 50 M G/M ; BAL and in anuric states with continuous Meier, Pettengill, Smith, Scott a pe6ri5toneal lavage.............................................. , get)................................................. Beers, N orm an R .: Stack meterology and atmos the toxicity of, in animals at a cone, pheric disposal of radioactive waste.............. 112 ' f t 10 MG/M* for 95 days (Sprague, Beeson, C. R . see Reilly, W . A. 1 1*Brown and Stokinger)................... B elknap, E. L .: Occupational Medicine, past and /Iliu m w orker, delayed pneu present as it concerns management, worker I (Agate)........................................... and medical department, doctor and nurse {observations on the causes of dyspne alike................................................................. I pulmonary granulamatosis in (Bru Bell, R . G .: Industry as a medium for the promo ! Brothers, and Velasquez)............. tion of mental health..................................... den-Steele, K. and King, F. H .: " B enign acute pulmonary lesions due to inhalation in operators using elettrically-dr of alkali fumes (Even, Lecoeur, and Kerbrat) tools............................................... B en jam in , Lawrence P . see S tem , A rthur C. rd-D uchesne, J. L.: Amino ti B enzene, leukemias from (Vigliani and Saita)... bladder (called aniline tumors) a much delayed case of a pathological condition cases observed in France............. of the blood, lympbosarcomatous in type, llxby, E. W. see Spealm an, C. R. caused by, (Bousser, Nyde and Fabre)......... [Bjurstedt, H . a n d Severin, G .: Th poisoning, acute, an unusual case of (Rossmann) of decompression sickness and e Benzene and toluene, determination of in the j cosis by the use of hydrogen as workroom atmosphere and in the blood of ' workers handling 'these solvents (Fabre and Fabre)............................................................... Benzol in industrial medicine (Rejskovd)........... poisoning, acute, vasomotor neurosis in (Parodi and Corbella)........................................... . poisoning, myelogenous leukemia resulting from (Sacca).............................................................. poisoning, occupational, medical supervision of the risks of. Results obtained in chemical works (Jeantet and Tronel)............................ synd5r5ome, hemorrhagic, with simple morpholog ical alteration of platelets. The use of system atic examination of platelet slides of workers exposed to benzol (Favre-Gilly, Morel, and Mile. Bruel)..................................................... Berger, L. B . a n d Schrenk, H . H .: Miners' circular 34 (revised). Sampling and analysis of mine atmospheres. U. S. D ept of the Interior 1948.................................................... Berylliosis (Wilson)............................................... B eryllium --health hazards in the extraction of beryllium oxide from beryl and beryllium . alloy manufacture (Shilen, Mellor, Koppenhaver, Cleland, Galloway and Lutz)............. acute experimental poisoning, pathologic anat omy of (Scott)................................................ [Blakemore, F., Bosworth, T. J., Gr Industrial fluorosis of farm England, attributable to the ms bricks, the calcining of ironstone ammelling processes___*........... [Blasting powder, black, hazards o ground coal mines (Harrington an Blood and bone marrow studies on 21 silicosis (Tronchetti and Conti).. changes in luminizers using radiose (Browning).................................. Bloomfield, J . J .: Industrial hygien. Bolivia, Peru and Chile............... [Bone m arrow , physiology of in rela: J trial intoxication (Goldwater).. Bonner, G . see Ackerman, H. Borghero, A .: The action of pyroc phonate of sodium on porphyrir rimental lead poisoning............. Bosirbm, C. G. and Kugelberg, I. sense control in Sweden............. Bosworth, T. J . see Blakemore, F. Bousser, J., Neyde, R ,, and Fabre delayed case of a pathological cc ` blood, lymphosarcomatous in ty benzene...................................... 98 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL H YG IENE AND TOXICOLOGY Ivo/. 31, io. J w ith r espir a to r y complaints. Burley L . Motley, Leonard P. Lang and Burgess Gordon. Am. Rev. Tuberc., vol. 59, pp. 270-288 {March, 1949). One hundred cases of anthracosilicosis with pul* monary symptoms and a long history of exposure to mine dust were studied. The degree of emphysema in these patients was estimated by comparing the residual air with the total lung volume. I t was found th at no re lationship existed between the length of exposure and the degree of pulmonary emphysema. Likewise the degree of pulmonary emphysema could not be correlated with the stage of silicosis present as determined by x-ray. I t was found th a t the maximum breathing capacity gave a better indication of the degree of emphysema than did the vital capacity and the authors recommend the routine use of maximal breathing capacity measure ments in the study of silicosis. The authors discuss factors other than emphysema th at may play a rle in the impairment of pulmonary function in anthracosilicosis.--Albert O. Seder, M.D. /ASBESTOSIS: VI. ANALYSIS OF FORTY NECROPStED CASES* Kenneth M . Lynch and W. M . Cannon. Dis. of Chest, vol. 14, pp. 874-889 {Nov-Dec., 1948). Findings in 40 autopsies on cases with asbestosis are reviewed. The authors believe that there is little pro gression of the disease following cessation of exposure to the dust. Asbestosis bodies persisted as long as twenty-seven years. Three of the forty cases of as bestosis had cancer of the lung. I t is the impression of the authors th at asbestosis does not predispose to tuberculosis.--Albert 0 . Seder, M.D. N eh pritis in chronic carbon disulfide poisoning, LEAD POISONING AND SILICOSIS. 0 . Gsdl. ZtSChf. f . Unfallmed. u. Berufskrankh., vol. 41, pp. 55-65 {March, 1948). Three cases are described in which the problem of a possible causal relationship between nephritis and an accompanying occupational disease is determined. The occupational diseases in the three cases reported were silicosis, carbon disulfide poisoning, and lead poisoning. In the first case it was decided th at silicosis had neither caused nor aggravated the nephritis. The opinion in the second case is th at the nephritis did not arise as a separate disease, but along with injury to other organs, as a result of severe poisoning by carbon disulfide. The chronic nephritis in the third case was regarded as the result of lead poisoning, especially in the absence of any other cause of renal injury.--Indust. Hyg. Found., from Bull. Hyg. M anagement o f common occupational sk in dis ea ses. Nelson Paul Anderson. J . A. M . A ., vol. 139, pp. 912-916 {April 2,1949). The general practitioner faced with a dermatosis of possible industrial origin must be concerned not only with the problem of treatment, but with the implica tions of the dermatosis for the employer and other workers, and with the medico-legal aspects. Criteria are cited for the recognition of the industrial origin of the dermatosis. Diagnosis is facilitated by a knowledge of dermatological hazards in specific industries, by a thorough physical examination, and by the appropriate and judidous application of patch tests. The clinical recognition of infectious eczematoid dermatitis as a concomitant of occupational injuries is discussed. In the treatment of the industrial dermatosis, the importance of avoiding the use of irritant and sensitiz ing therapeutic agents is stressed; among these are the mercurials, sulfonamides, penicillin, local anesthetics, acridine dyes and various dyes and paints; phenol, resorcinol, and nitrofurazone ointments; and, probably, adhesive tape. Ultraviolet rays should be used only in suberythemal doses. Prophylactic aids of value include protective cloth ing; mild soaps, detergents and cleansing agents; and protective ointments, which have some value. Local topical remedies for dermatoses should be con fined to soothing or, at least, innocuous agents, and overtreatment should be avoided. Specific therapy of acute, subacute and chronic dermatitis and of second ary pyodermias is discussed.--Bertrand C. Kride. S tannosis. F. Bortdk, M . TomAha, and 0. Tomitek. Cosop. lik. lesk., vol. 87, pp. 915-920 {Sept. 3,1948). The authors have established stannosis as a patholog ical condition. Their claim is based upon the case of a workman aged 49 who had worked for 18 years in an enamel-ware factory, attending a furnace in which metallic tin was burnt to produce stannic oxide. Much dust was raised during the emptying of the furnace. H e had suffered from asthma for many years, and the attacks had become worse before treatment was sought; his health was otherwise quite good. On X-ray examina tion of the lungs, many small sharply-defined shadows were seen, the appearance of which was unlike that of any recognized condition. Investigation of 16 other persons working in the same environment showed that 6 of them had a similar condition; they had been ex posed to the dust of stannic oxide for periods ranging from 6 months to 25 years. Symptoms were absent. The original patient died of carcinoma of the stomach one year after coming under observation. Examina tion of sections of the lungs showed changes attributable to asthma, and also deposits of black pigment and in filtration with macrophages. Pigment was also found in the tracheal lymph glands. Tin was identified by chemical means in the lungs, lymph glands, liver and spleen. Deposits of stannic oxide were demonstrated in sections of lungs and lymph glands by means of micro-incineration: they were less in amount than those visible in stained preparations, the discrepancy probably being due to a deposit of carbon. The findings were con firmed by micro-incineration of tissues of rabbits and 100 - JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY M . Ji. tu f less of a fibrogenic reaction in the productive silicotic sense than it is a bronchiolar obstruction and pe ripheral atelectasis due to a peribronchiolar inflam matory reaction. Short fibers which reach the alveoli appear to cause no fibroblastic cellular reaction after they have been phagocytized. A recently, recognized fact, that certain amorphous silicas may when superheated or calcined release free silica, was not discussed in this paper. A classical example is crude diatomaceous earth which has always been considered inert, but which when heated to 1,275s liberates a highly reactive free silica, crystobalite. Exposure to dust of the calcined product has caused widespread fibrosis in some workers so exposed. The little understood Shaver's disease due to the fusing of bauxite in the manufacture of the artificial abrasives may have a similar etiological basis. Hamlin closes this excellent discussion of the pneu moconioses with the sound advice that the medical profession generally should inform itself of all phases of this complex problem before giving advice and opinions to workers with lung changes. Irreparable damage is being done every day by some physicians who by their well-intentioned but unstudied advice to patients are causing workers to leave their jobs which they can continue with complete safety. Modem dust control and hygienic practices have so reduced the dust hazard in most industries that it no longer is necessary to recommend change of employment in the majority of the so-called dusty trades. Firsthand investigation by these physicians in the plants involved is invited by most plant management, which will prove to be an enlightening and worth while experience.--0. A . Sander, MJ>. C hances in the tim e s produced by natural graph it e . B . E. Harding and G. B. Oliver. Brit. J . Indust. Med., vd. 6, pp. 91-99 (April, 1949). A brief description is given of the industrial uses of natural graphite, which is a crystalline carbon mixed with up to 10 per cent, of free silica and with other minerals. The greatest dust risk occurs in the grinding of natural graphite, and evidence is presented to show that this can lead to disabling and fatal pneumo coniosis. Marked changes in the lungs are, however, seldom seen in grinders who have less than twenty years' exposure. The results of three autopsies and some of the findings in other workmen are given, together with the results of some experiments on animals. The radiological and histological findings are similar to those found in South Wales coal workers.--Authors? summary. So lu bility o f industrial siliceous dusts. P. P. Bolt and H .V . A . Briscoe. Nature, vol. 163, pp. 334336 {FA. 26,1949). The solubility theory of silicosis has given impetus to the study of the solubility of siliceous dusts in water and in various media. All the experiments have. In* made under conditions quite different from those the body, especially in that in the body the liquid a contact with the dust is continually renewed. The m suits obtained have been quite variable, apparently dr pending upon small differences in the conditions oftik experiment. The authors have studied some of these conditions and in one case have attempted to simuute the action of body fluids. They have demonstrated experimentally the following factors in the influence of carbonates on the solubility of silica, especially (roa flint: (1) calcium silicate is decomposed by carbon di oxide, resulting in a marked increase in the silica which passes into solution, shown by re-igniting a sample of calcined flint dust, converting much of the caldutn sulfate into silicate; (2) carbon dioxide reduces the solubility of lime-free flint; and (3) calcium carbonate increases the solubility of flint. Under the authors' experimental conditions, the solubility of silica from purified flint was reduced from 8.6 to 0.2 mg. per 100 cc. by saturating with carbon dioxide, while from natural flint, the solubility was increased from 0.6 to 2.0 mg. They also obtained different results at different dilutions, which is to be expected from the aboveresults. According to the solubility theory, cement dust is less harmful than flint dust because it is less soluble, as shown by several earlier investigators. However, the authors found that on repeated extraction of samples of calcined flint and of cement dusts with fresh portions of water saturated with carbon dioxide, flint shows a progressive decline in the rate of solution with each successive extraction, but the opposite is true of ce ment; on the fourth extraction, for instance, about four times as much silica is extracted from the cement as from the flint. In a future paper on experiments on dissolution of dusts in the body, a similar comparison will be reported.--Indust. Byg. Found. Silicosis as view ed by an internist. W. Bernard Yeggs. Dis. of Chest, vol. 14, pp. 550-567 (Jtdy-Aug., 1948). Dr. Yegge reviews briefly the etiology, symptomatol ogy, differential diagnosis, roentgenographic classifica tion, complications and treatment of silicosis. Ten case histories serve to illustrate various aspects of silicosis.-- Albert O. Seder, M.D. Silicosis and pulmonary fibrosis, a contribution TO THE TERMINOLOGY OF PULMONARY DISEASE DUE to dust. K. W. J eilen and H. Grtner. Deutsche med. . Wcknsehr., vol. 72, pp. 531-534 (1947). ' The authors discuss at length in the light of recent publications the present confusion in the terminology of the dust diseases, in the world's literature. Intensive methods of study, chemical, miner&logical and phys ical, have been introduced since the last international conference on silicosis met shortly before the war .1949] rhile new substances have also cor 'as a result of a world war in which tion was exploited]. Now, in addi nodular silicosis due to free silica, without nodule formation has bei re to many different substai crystalline silicic add, t.g., sill idum, emery, aluminium, e tc .,; itnre is needed. "Without free [add, no silicosis" is the authors' dir To this group may be added asber 'dusts and tuberculosis complicate tl jtuNG LESIONS IN A CORUNDUM SMI . Ztschr. / . d. ges. inn. Med. u. d. ( 761 (1947). This artide is a discussion on tin ings in the lungs of two electric o\ process of corundum smelting. (Cor pure natural oxide of aluminium, 1 glass; it is now made by an electr used for polishing purposes; vide E Encydopaedia, 7th edition by R. 1 Baillire, Tindall and Cox, 1946.] was recorded by the author in coll: Marwyck (see p. 45), the other by f. d. g. Innere Med. u. Grenzebiet The artide begins with a succinct accounts in the German journals o problem of the aluminium dust summary it is conduded that th - pulmonary lesion by metallic alum accepted, but that the nature of the resulting from the inhalation of a less certain. The salient features of : review are set out in tabular form. \ i as an "aluminiumlungc" whereas tl his as a "siUimonitiunge". (Silliman: l aluminium silicate occurring natu: form in gneisses and schists. A si mullite, almost identical crystallog tically with this, is obtained by hea and other substances a t very high "artificial sillimanite" is used for glz furnace bricks exposed to great h : /upra.] Both workers had a history /y e a rs to the fumes of the electric ' both had been regarded as instance disease due to corundum. In WStje: in the lung were those of a chronic believed to be a tissue reaction to : in the case recorded by Girtner anlung picture was that of nodular fib that produced by the experimental mais with sillimanite. The findings were correlated with chemical, phast E AND TOXICOLOGY M . 31, no. S various media. All the experiments have been ader conditions quite different from those in y, especially in that in the body the liquid in with the dust is continually renewed. The re amed have been quite variable, apparently deupoD mH differences in the conditions of the :nt. The authors have studied some of these \s and in one case have attempted to simulate n of body fluids. They have demonstrated exally the following factors in the influence of es on the solubility of silica, especially from ' calcium silicate is decomposed by carbon disuiting in a marked increase in the silica which to solution, shown by re-igniting a sample of flint dust, converting much of the calcium ito silicate; (2) carbon dioxide reduces the -of lime-free flint; and (3) calcium carbonate the solubility of flint. Under the authors' ital conditions, the solubility of silica from unt was reduced from 8.6 to 0.2 mg. per 100 ltuxating with carbon dioxide, while from int, the solubility was increased from 0.6 to hey also obtained different results a t different which is to be expected from the above results. : to the solubility theory, cement dust is less han flint dust because it is less soluble, U several earlier investigators. However, the und that on repeated extraction of samples of int and of cement dusts with fresh portions aturated with carbon dioxide, flint shows a - decline in the rate of solution with each extraction, but the opposite is true of cehe fourth extraction, for instance, about four iuch silica is extracted from the cement as lint. In a future paper on experiments on of dusts in the body, a similar comparison orted.--Indust. Byg. Found. " -r : , \S VIEWED BY AN INTERNIST..IP. Bernard is. of Chest vol. 14, pp. 550-567 (JtJy-Aag^ :e reviews briefly the etiology, symptomatot* ntial diagnosis, roentgenographic dasrifica* cations and treatment of silicosis. Tea case ve to illustrate various aspects of silicosis.- - tier, MJ>. 40 PULMONARY riB EO SIS. A CONTUEUfMM EBM1NOLOGY OT PULMONARY DISEASE DC* ,I. IF. Jotlen and ff. Gartner. Deutsthe mid. vol. 72, pp. 531-534 {1947). irs discuss atTength in the light of rectal the present confusion in the terminology in the world's literature. Intensive study, chemical, mineralogies! and pfcf* es introduced since the last ntcraatkaa) it silicosis met shortly before the wee Soft. 1949] ABSTRACTS 101 [while new substances have also come into the picture as a result of a world war in which every scientific invention was exploited). Now, in addition to the classical nodular silicosis due to free silica, pulmonary fibrosis without nodule formation has been described after exposure to many different substances containing no free crystalline silicic arid, e.g., sillimanite, graphite, corundum, emery, aluminium, e tc , and a new nomendature is needed. "Without free crystalline silicic arid, no silicosis" is the authors' dictum. , To this group may be added,asbestosis, while mixed dusts and tuberculosis complicate the issues. I t is im- portant therefore in describing a pulmonary fibrosis to add the causal agent thus: pulmonary fibrosis due to sillimanite, to kieselguhr, to metallic aluminium, etc. Again many different forms of silicic arid, aystalline, amorphous and soluble, are now recognized. Lastly, the new methods of investigation include, in addition to the older chemical and histological examinations of the lung, phase analysis, and radiographical analysis and polarization of the dusts extracted from the dried lung as well as similar tests made on the dusts of the factories implicated in tin manufacturing processes.-- S. Roodhouse Gloyne, Bull. Byg. INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY Lung lesions in a corundum smelter. B . Gartner. Zlschr. / . d. ges. inn. Med. u. d. Grenzgeb., vol. 2, p. 761 (1947). This article is a discussion on the pathological find ings in the lungs of two electric oven workers in the process of corundum smelting. [Corundum is a nearly pure natural oxide of aluminium, hard enough to cut glass; it is now made by an electrical process and is used for polishing purposes; vide Kingzett's Chemical Encyclopaedia, 7th edition by R. K. Strong, London: Baillire, Tindall and Cox, 1946.] One of these cases i was recorded by the author in collaboration with van I Marwyck (see p. 45), the other by W&tjen (Zeitschr. f. d. g. Innere Med. u. Grenzebiete, 1947, v. 2, 179). The article begins with a succinct review of previous accounts in the German journals on this little-known , problem of the aluminium dust lung, from which 4 summary it is concluded that the production of a I pulmonary lesion by metallic aluminium can now be : accepted, but that the nature of the changes in the lung ; resulting from the inhalation of aluminium oxide is less certain. The salient features of the two cases under review are set out in tabular form. W&tjen recorded his as an "aluminiumlunge" whereas the author describes his as a "sillimoniilunge". [Sillimanite is an anhydrous aluminium silicate occurring naturally in crystalline form in gneisses and schists. A substance known as mullite, almost identical crystallographically and op tically with this, is obtained by heating bauxite, kaolin and other substances a t very high temperatures. This "artificial sillimanite" is used for glass-making pots and furnace bricks exposed to great heat; Kingzett, vide supra.] Both workers had a history of exposure for five years to the fumes of the electric smelting oven and both had been regarded as instances of industrial lung disease due to corundum. In Watjen's case the findings in the lung were those of a chronic interstitial fibrosis believed to be a tissue reaction to aluminium; whereas in the case recorded by G&rtner and van Marwyck the lung picture was that of nodular fibrosis and resembled that produced by the experimental inoculation of ani mals with sillimanite. The findings in this second case werecorrelated with chemical, phase-analysis and radio- graphical analysis of dusts isolated from the lung and of seven samples of dusts from the factories. In the lung, particles of corundum above lp, of mullite below 1m, and of bauxite intermediate in size between those of corundum and mullite, were isolated, as well as amor phous SiOi. Sillimanite is known to have been isolated from the lungs of nine porcelain workers in 1939 and Gartner believes that this substance can produce tissue changes in the lung similar to those of silicosis. Although at first sight there was some resemblance between these two cases reported by W&tjen and himself he concludes that the more nodular reaction and the analysis of the dust point to the fact that the substance which causes the damage to the corundum smelter's lung is really mullite (sillimanite), possibly in combination with amorphous SiOj.--5. Roodhouse Gloyne, Bull. Byg. M anganese pneum onitis, fu rth e r clinical and experimental observations. T. A . Lloyd Davies and B . E. Hording. Brit. J . Indust. Med., vol. 6, pp. 82-90 (April, 1949). Pneumonitis has continued to affect men exposed to the inhalation of dust containing manganese dioxide and the higher oxides of manganese. The intratracheal injection of suspensions of manganese dioxide in normal saline and solutions of manganese chloride in normal saline into the lungs of rats causes characteristic histological changes. Within fifteen minutes of contact with manganese dioxide the epithelial cells of the bronchi discharge tbeir mucus and the epithelium be comes ragged and may be loosened from the basal membrane. An intense mononuclear-celled infiltration of the alveolar walls and alveoli develops after about twenty-four hours, and shortlyafter this large hydropic cells appear, often in large numbers. Late and incon stant changes are a granulomatous reaction and giant cell formation. After about a year these changes have disappeared and the lung appears normal. The injec tion of manganese chloride causes intense congestion of the lung; many animals die from pulmonary oedema. The bronchial epithelium is disorganized and often detached, but compared with the effect of manganese