Document gDjGV91xzGB8dnDYQOXJd7VYQ

26th National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium Copyright, 1937, Notional Safety Council,1 nc. Foreword THE Trasaction5~Trf''the Twentv-sixth National Safety Congress, 1937, are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street and Highway Traffic, Commercial Ve hicle and Transit Sections. All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ested chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mem bers, however, may obtain it upon request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and others in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantity prices are quoted on extra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume (Volume I), $2 each; 11 copies or more, $1.75 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume II), 75 cents each. HE Transactions are published as a condensed record of Tthe proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Bureau of Informa tion, where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. Tt cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago 38- 4,'ttf )|| Contents Council Officers and Directors....................................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies....................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members......................................................... 11 Annual Banquet ................................................................................ 31 Subject Sessions-- After Work Accidents..................... 33 Agricultural Safety .................................................................. 41 Community Safety Organization.......................................... 51 Fire Prevention ....................................................................... 59 Health Service in Industry..................................................... 71 Industrial Dusts................................... 85 Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors................................... 99 Industrial Safety Lectures...................................................... 109 Maintaining Interest in Safety...............................................141 Pressure Vessels .......................................................................157 Safety Fundamentals ............................................................... 173 Safety Inspectors .....................................................................183 Safety Training ........................................................................ 193 Safe Use of Acids...................................................................... 201 Aeronautical Section........................................................................211 A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section......................................................221 Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections......... 225 Cement and Quarry Sections................................. 249 Chemical Section ............................................................................. 271 Construction Section........................................................................285 Food Section...................................................................................... 307 Industrial Nursing ........................................................................... 323 Marine Section......................................................... 341 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section....... 371 Metals Section ...................................................................................381 Mining Section...................................................................................401 Paper and Pulp Section.................................................................... 429 Petroleum Section ........................................................................... 489 Power Press Section..........................................................................535 Public Utilities Section.................................................................... 537 Quarry Section...................................................................................557 Refrigeration Section ...................................................................... 559 Rubber Section ................................................ 577 Safety Equipment Section...............................................................581 Steam Railroad Meeting.................................................................. 587 Textile Section ................................................................................. 601 Wood Products Section.................................................................. 611 Index....................................................................... 621 National Safety Council, Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS \ssoctation ok Ikon ano Stf.f.l Engineers KonFKT VV. Campbell I.kw R. Palmer OFFICERS (1937-1938) I). I). Ff.nnf.u., President C. W. Df.mpksy, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer Harry Guii.bf.rt, Vice-President for Membership Frank H. Harrison, Vice-President for Industrial Safety Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Vice-President for Public Safety Wai.tf.r S. Painf., Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Rohweder, Vice-President for Local Safety Councils A. W. Whitnky, Vice-President for Education W. H. Camf.ron, Secretary and Managing Director EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1937-1 H. W. Andf.rson, General Motors Corporation J. I. Banash, Past President C. W. BERGgtusT, Past I'resident Henry W. Roc.oess, Petroleum Section C. B. Boulf.t, ASSE-Engineering Section H. W. Boulton, Automotive and Machine Shop Section Haroi.d S. Ruttf.nheim, The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campreu., Past President Robert I. Catun, Aetna Casualty & Surety Company R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Lewis A. Df.Bi.ois, Past I'resident C. W. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corporation Marcus A. Dow, Past President D. D. Fknnf.u., Consulting Engineer John R. Gibson, Western Electric Company Harry Guii.bf.rt, The Pullman Company Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Company P. L. G. Hasskari., Lehigh Valley Safety Council Hon. Haroi.d G. Hoffman, Governor, State of New Jersey S. B. Horrei.i., Food Section Wai.tfr G. Kino, Past President `1 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued W.m. C. Knoki.k, Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Lono, Past President Tims. H. MacDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council 1. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Prof. Roc.er L. Morrison, Street ft Highway Traffic Section K. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Palmer, Past President C-. E. Pf.ttibonk, Past President Albert S. Reoui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. I.t. Col. Henry A. Kf.ningf.r, Past President A. V. Roiiwkdkr, Duluth, Missabc ft Iron Range Railway Co. George E. Sanford, General Electric Co. Charles B. Scott, Past President Gf.n. John II. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safely Council Judge I.ef. E. Skf.f.l, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Iml.) Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council R. T. Soi.ensten, Elliott Service Company C. P. Toi.man, Past President George G. Traver, Greater Chicago Safety Council, Inc. Dr. C. H. Watson, Past President A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. Arthur H. Young, Past President DIRECTORS (1937-1938) George J. Adams, Paper and Pulp Section II. W. Anderson, General Motors Corp. A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Company IT. H. Bailey, Chattanooga Safety Council J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer Carl Rarkf.r, St. Louis Safety Council G. J. Barrett, Mining Section Ernest W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc. C. W. Bergquist, Western Electric Co. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Henry W. Boggf.ss, Petroleum Section II. K. Bolt, South Bend Civir Safety Council 5 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued C. B. Boui.kt, ASSE-Engineering Section H. W. Boulton, Automotive & Machine Shop Section F. S. Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Co. W. A. Brown, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce W. T. Buckeridcf., Employees' Publication Section S. W. Burchiei., Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rhode Island Harold S. Buttf.nhf.im, The American City Magazine B. J. Callaghan, Contra Costa County Safety Council W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Ray Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Robert I. Cati.in, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. R. A. Chaffin, Metals Section Kenneth B. Coi.man, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council J. E. Culunf.y, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. DeBlois, Consulting Engineer Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council C. W. Dempesy, The Liquid Carbonic Corp. James B. Douglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louts I. Dublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. O. M. Edwards, Jr., Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce W. P. Elstun, Public Utilities Section D. D. Fennell, Consulting Engineer D. L. Fennf.ll, Kansas City Safety Council Donald A. Finkbf.inf.r, Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisiif.r, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Chester C. Fisk, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Alexander Foster, Jr., Quarry Section John B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. Howard F. Gilbert, Elizabeth Safety Council Otho M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry Guilbf.rt, The Pullman Co. Isaiah Hale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. C. H. Harper, Refrigeration Section D. T. Harrincton, U. S. Bureau of Mines Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Co. P. L. G. Hasskari., Lehigh Valley Safety Council R. C. Haven, Commercial Vehicle Section G. T. Hei.lmuth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee RR. Co. Chas. E. Hill, New York Central Lines Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor, State of New Jersey F,, C. Holden, Jr., Marine Section 6 FICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Evf.rett Hohd, Madison County Safety Council S. B. Horreli., I-'ood Section H. C. Howsam, Power Press Section Fred B. Hunt, Cement Section Major Norman A. Imkie, Columbus Safety Council R. D. Jewett, Springfield Safety Council Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio Thos. L. Kelley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. Kerrigan, Rubber Section Wm. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm. S. Knudsen, Detroit Industrial Safety Council C. L. LaFountainf, Great Northern Railway Co. Millard C. Lefler, Child Education Section Barney Levy, Jr., Rochester Safety Council A. Augustus Low, Brooklyn Safety Council Thos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council R. A. McArthur, Transit Section Miller McCuntock, Harvard University I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. James K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safety Council Harold L. Miner, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Co. R. B. Mori.ey, Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. Prof. Roger L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traffic Section Ernest Murphy, Albany Safety Council E. J. O'Brif.n, Jr., Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Co. Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Cos. Lew R. Palmer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S. David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. Pelton, Evanston Safety Council Charles W. Pendock, Safety Div. Milwaukee Association of Commerce C. E. Pettibone, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. George B. Pii.lsbury, United States Engineer Office Arthur Potterton, Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. Henry A. Reninger, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Bestor Rorinson, Eastbay Safety Council A. V. Rohwedf.r, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry, Co. Walter Rosenbaum, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co. 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Henry G. Schaffner, Erie Safely Council Kaki. G. Sciioeffi.fr, Rahway Safely Council Harry A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. H. R. Sf.f.i.y, Wood Products Section Kari. S. Shartzer, Utica Safety (,'otmcil Gf.n. John H. Shf.rrurnf., Massachusetts Safety Council F)r. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. Ernest L. Simonds, New Haven Safety Council A. E. Sinclair, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Section Judge Lf.f, E. Skf.f.l, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Ind.) Edwin C. Smith, Blackstone Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Soi.enstf.n, Elliott Service Co. R. C. Spring, Lansdale, Pa. George R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce John Stii.wei.l, Greater New York Safety Council Arthur M. Tore, Consulting Marine Rngineer George G. Travf.r, Greater Chicago Safety Council. Inc. Major R. I). Trimbi.f., Richmond Safety Council Prank R. Vitz, Superior Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Wf.brer, Wilmette, 111. Dr. David R. Wf.gi.ein, Baltimore Safety Council S. R. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau Howard R. Whitney, Worcester Safety Council T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. F. B. Winslow, Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce W. R. Worth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of Commerce (i. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council X Council Purposes and Policies The conservation of human life is the basic purpose of the National Safety Council. The Council works toward this end through a continuous campaign of accident prevention that is nation-wide in scope, ap plies to all types of hazardous activity, and dirfcctly or indirectly reaches the entire popu lation. ' Recognizing that improvement, of health conditions and the prevention of vocational diseases in industry arc closely allied with accident prevention, the Council is also ac tive in these fields. The National Safety Council is a non profit, non-sectarian, non-political organiza tion. It has approximately 5,000 members, repre senting every state in the Union and many of the Canadian provinces. There are about 400 foreign members. Included in the mem bership are industrial corporations, firms, individuals, public officials, schools, cham bers of commerce, clubs and civic organiza tions. About 70 per cent are industrial con cerns, including the large steel companies, the oil companies, most of the railroads in the United States, the automotive industry, and others of outstanding importance. Origin and Growth The history of the Council begins with the first cooperative Safety Congress held under the auspices of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in Mil waukee in 1912. As an aftermath of this Congress the National Safety Council was organized in New York in 1913 with 14 members. During the first year the mem bership increased to 971. These safety pioneers based their pro gram on the assumption that accidents are unnecessary and avoidable. They began to develop the principles and the materials to make accident prevention possible. The continuous growth of the Council and expansion of its activities attest the sound ness of these principles. Every field in which a coordinated program has been applied of fers striking examples of the possibilities of accident reduction. Results of Organized Safety Since the National Safety Council was organized in 1913, the national accident death rate in all fields except motor vehi cle has been reduced 30 per cent. Because the traffic field does not offer the possibilities of control that are found in the industrial field, the motor vehicle accident problem continues to he a serious one. While there was a slight decline in fatalities in 1932--the first decrease that had occurred since the advent of the automobile--increases have occurred in succeeding years, with an all time high in 1936. Better-than-average results in motor vehi cle safety have been achieved among school children, in commercial vehicle fleets, in states with properly administered drivers' license laws, and in cities with an effective community safety organization. These cases indicate that the national problem can lie solved by a careful study and application of the methods which have already produced results. The National Safety Council was started as an industrial safety organization. The results of safety work in this field have often been phenomenal. For example, the steam railroads have re duced the accident rate among employees 74 per cent since 1923. A group of the largest steel industries has cut its accidents 90 per cent since 1913. It is not uncommon for an industrial establishment to complete an en tire year without a single disabling injury among its employees. In the face of such reductions the psychol ogy of accidents is changing. Accidents are becoming out of date both from the view point of the employer and the employee. They arc being recognized as a reflection on the efficiency of the plant. Looking Ahead The universal character of the safety problem makes it natural that the idea which 9 10 senlx-si.vtli A atianal Safety Cnni/ress lias been fostered in the United States should reach into other countries of the world. Organizations similar in purpose and activity to the National Safety Council have been formed in many countries. Council post ers have been widely copied for foreign use, and several National Safety Council publications have been translated into other tongues. The National Safety Council is still young, but it has made amazing progress during its short lifetime. These achieve ments offer inspiration and incentive for continuing its humanitarian efforts. *** Objectives The purposes and policies of the National Safety Council are not always understood by those who are not in close touch with the Council's work. As a concise presenta tion of the Council's objectives, the follow ing has been approved by the Executive Committee as an official statement of policy : "The National Safety Council's objective is the elimination of accidents to men, women and children, as being deplorable, unnecessary and wasteful. It seeks memlierships, cooperation and contacts to insure that its services may provide for instrumen talities and finances to accomplish this ob jective. "Through education it seeks to demon strate that the safe way is the right way and the best way, from the standpoint not only of human satisfaction hut of social effi ciency and economy. It seeks those ways and means for safety that satisfactorily fit into the practical affairs of life. "Its financial policy is to return in service all moneys received, so operating without profit, and to undertake only those activi ties which can be assured of reasonable permanence. Much of its administrative personnel consists of volunteer workers. "The National Safety Council holds itself open to give fullest and most cordial coop eration to all individuals, industries, or ganizations, communities, states and nations that are in accord with the principles and objectives of the organization, and the Na tional Safety Council likewise asks and seeks cooperation from all these in carrying out its purposes." Annual Meeting of Members MONDAY MORNING SESSION October 11, 1937 The Annual Meeting of Members of the National Safety Council at the Twentysixth National Safety Congress, assembling in Kansas City, Mo., was called to .order by Dr. C. H. Watson, President, who pre sided. The invocation was delivered by the Rev. Walter H. North, Pastor, the Country Club Congregational Church of Kansas City. The secretary reported that a quorum of members entitled to vote was present in person or by proxy, and the formal roll call was dispensed with. The chairman then introduced D. L. Fen nell, President of the Kansas City Safety Council, who welcomed the delegates in behalf of the Kansas City Congress Com mittee. Address of Welcome for Kansas City Safety Council By D. L. FENNELL President, Kansas City Safety Council The Kansas City Safety Council in the Heart of America, welcomes you. This is a welcome in which every phase of Kansas City's varied interests sincerely joins. Our schools, churches, women's organiza tions, civic clubs, fraternal societies--in fact, I feel I can speak for every citizen of this community--bid you welcome, because we realize that the ideals of the National Safety Council tend to make a happier life for all of us. The Kansas City Safety Council, in wel coming you this morning, is realizing a hope of which we have long dreamed, and wishes to express appreciation to you for bringing your twenty-sixth Congress here, not because it is merely another large Convention, but because it presents a splendid opportunity for Kansas City and this Mid-West area to learn from the assembled delegates things that will make possible better safety records. We are aware that the eyes, ears and minds of the entire nation are focused upon this Congress in Kansas City, with prayers for the success of its accident prevention pro gram. Our Country wants this Congress to succeed in its purpose. Why? Because America today realizes, as never before, the terrible significance of its huge accident losses. Because America knows today, as it has never known before, that its homes and its dear ones are threatened with their very lives. This wonderful Safety Congress has the power, organization and unity to accomplish great things. The American people expect and have the right to expect that from this Congress will come a program adequate for their protection against death and tragedy by accidents. Kansas City, on the evening of October 6, completed a year in which we had no fatali ties to children IS years of age and under, from motor vehicle accidents. This is a record of which we are extremely proud. The record as to motor vehicle fatalities to persons above this age is not such as we desire, but our record for 1937 shows an improvement in this respect over the same period for 1936. With all public officials and civic organi zations cooperating with the Kansas City Safety Council, we have made plans to the best of our ability to see that your visit with us is an enjoyable one. 11 Industrial Dusts ) WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Chair- York City, and Vice-President for Engineerman A. S. Regula, Executive Secretary, In- ing, National Safety Council, who introdustrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New dared the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R, R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupations are less healthy than those not so exposed. The number of persons ex posed in dusty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion, by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neces sarily arbitrary, since the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, and the chief differentiation is based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Pub lic Health Service in dusty industries' re galed that about 70 per cent of the dust particles examined were between 1 and 3 microns in size, only about 20 per cent were less than 1 micron, and the median size was li microns. Industrial dusts are mainly less lhan 10 microns in size. However, fibrous fasts in the air, such as asbestos, have been found to contain particles as large as 200DO mircons in the greatest diameter. While, generally speaking, according to Collis, dusts are more injurious as their diemical composition differs from that of dm human body, or from the elements of which the body is normally composed,1 it is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition for toxic dusts. Sollmann,* after analysis of various definitions for poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such: "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the body, externally, or in moderate doses (to 50 Gm.) internally.'' Some dusts are known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be either local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son, whether it is caustic in reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc in turn affected.4 It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds of dusts, such as those con taining considerable quantities of free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate from respiratory diseases; while me tallic dusts, such as lead and its compounds, 85 8<S Tii'cutv-sixth National Safely Congress /ndustrial Dusts 87 have been associated with general systemic poisoning.* Dusts may he swallowed with saliva, water, or food, and direct poisoning has l>een traced to absorption hy this method; other dusts may art as irritants and produce affections of the skin, irritate mu cous membranes of nose, eyes and throat, often causing inflammatory diseases of these organs* pulmonary tuberculosis. The second type of reaction is caused by toxic dusts like lead, cadmium, and radium. A third type of mal ady follows the inhalation of finely divided metallic fume particles such as zinc oxide, and is known as metal fume fever. The fourth reaction, allergic in character, is caused by breathing organic dusts such as pollen and certain types of pulverized wood and flour. In all four cases the sole cause Some inorganic dusts arc able to pene of the disability may be dust inhalation, but trate the deep lung tissues and arc the reactions from toxic dusts result from sufficiently insoluble to be retained there. swallowing as well as from inhalation.'* Some of these may be active in the human tissues, causing definite and permanent in jury, while others are inert and may be retained for years, apparently without seri ous damage; some are gradually absorbed without causing pathological changes.' For various reasons it is difficult to set up an absolute classification for dusts. Opinion is rapidly changing regarding socalled inert or harmless dusts and further investigation may prove some of them to be injurious. Some dusts may have Iroth a All inhaled particles are soluble, at least toxic and an irritant action; while on the to a small extent. If harmless, cell activity other hand, the poisoning resulting from ex is stimulated so that phagocytes remove the posure to a dust may he the combined effect dust. If the solute is toxic, the viability of of more than one mode of entrance into the the phagocyte is affected and an ineffective body. However, the following classification accumulation results. At the same time, of dusts, according to physical character further solute may diffuse into neighboring istics and physiological effect, is used for tissues, setting up an irritation and subse quent fibrosis. The nature as well as the convenience. solubility of the solute is an important fac I. Organic Dusts tor, but of two substances of approximately equal toxicity, the more soluble form causes the greater damage. However, sub stances of such low solubility as silica may ultimately produce extensive injury.* Kettle has stated that harmful dusts, if inhaled into the lungs, may activate a latent tuberculous infection; they may exaggerate an active tuberculous lesion or a coincident infection. If sufficient quantities of a harm less dust are inhaled, some of it remains in the lungs and causes a mild degree of fibro sis merely through mechanical irritation, hut such fibrosis is never sufficient to inter fere with the function of the lung.* Organic dusts arc those which contain carbon, and were originally supposed to come from organized substances derived from animal or plant life. Living dusts come under this classification, and are thought to be of the same order of size as industrial dusts, with which they are fre quently associated, llacteria are usually be tween 0.5 and 3 microns, except in a few cases, such as the anthrax bacillus, which ranges from 1 to 1.25 micron in breadth and 4.5 to 10 microns in length and 10 or 12 microns in diameter. However, it is possi ble that the larger and heavier varieties, like the larger and heavier dust particles, Some writers state that while the influ settle due to gravity, and do not remain ence of nonpoisonous dusts on health is a debatable subject, abnormally high death rates from bronchitis and pneumonia are sometimes attributed to chronic exposure to nontoxic dusts. Large amounts of dust are occasionally found in supposedly normal lungs, at autopsy* According to Drinker, there are four dif ferent types of reaction produced in man by the inhalation of dust. The first and most important are the pneumoconioses, such as silicosis and asbestosis, which cause specific lung pathology and often arc followed hy suspended in the air. Many thousands of organic, substances, carbon-containing, arc made synthetically hy chemical process*-", such as dyestuffs, explosives, etc. 1. NONLIVING ORGANIC DUSTS. As the name implies, these are comprised of tionviahle particles, which may or may not he inherently toxic or irritant, hut which nevertheless produce untoward effects in the human organism. "Allergic" dusts, or thosr to which only certain persons arc or may become hypersensitive, with resulting asthma, rhinitis, or other disturbances, are included in this classification. a. Toxic and/or Irritant. Toxic or irritant dusts are all organic dusts which produce untoward symptoms, either systemic or local. Those producing local symptoms are usually described as irritant; those produc ing general or systemic symptoms are termed toxic. A dust may he both toxic and irritant. In reported cases of injury or death fol lowing inhalation of dust from organic com pounds, among the chief offenders are haranitraniline, the dinitrobenzenes, cldorodinitrobenzenes, trinitrophenol, and nitronaphthalene. Eye damage due to inflamma tion of the cornea has occurred among workers exposed to methyl violet dust. The dust from paraphenylene diamine derivatives is particularly irritating and dangerous, causing not only a severe form of derma titis where the dust comes in contact with the skin, but also producing acute inflamma tion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages.* Toxic dusts may be Renerated during the handling of powdered dyes and in preliminary dyeing operations, particularly the hydro-extractor process, where particles are disseminated in all di rections.'' Coal tar and indigo dyes are substances most frequently used. Cases of amblyopia have been reported from exposure to inhalation of tobacco dust." It has been found that inhaled to bacco dust exerts a nicotine action on the organism fifteen times greater than that produced by the same quantity of smoked tobacco with an equal nicotine content." Severe dermatitis is experienced by many workers handling powder containing T.N.T., which is used in making high explosives. Picric acid, which is also used for this pur pose, requires drying, and in this latter state has been found to produce a dermatitis. Picric acid is also the oldest synthetic or ganic dyestuff.'* Dermatitis occurs among handlers of silk with varying frequency. Sails determined that a rash occurring among workers in a silk factory was due to dust from silk cocoons imported from Africa."* Persons engaged in the manufacture of quinine and quinine preparations suffer from dcin phenomena, which occur for the most part on exposed parts of the liodv, and may he caused hy ingestion or hy quinine dust, or powder form of the preparation, ex erting a direct irritating effect on the skin." Dermatitis due to other vegetable dusts such as vanilla, powdered arnica, pyrethrum, etc., have been reported." Dental lesions, of occupational origin, have been reported among workers in sugar. The gingivitis caused by sugar dust is clas sified as purely mechanical, with laterdeveloping caries. Digestive disorders, respiratory conditions, and cutaneous con ditions (especially of the face) were also found." Dock workers, transporters of grain, workers in grain and flour mills, etc. are exposed to dusts during their work. Dusts from cereals may contain many impurities, which may cause an irritating action on the respiratory passages, as well as inflamma tion of the skin. Digestive disturbances, dental defects, diminution in hearing, and conjunctivitis have been observed among millers, and have been attributed to the dusts to which such workers are exposed." b. Allergic. Many apparently innocuous substances may produce reactions in per sons of peculiar personal susceptibility. The term "allergy" is used to describe this con dition of hypersensitiveness or susceptibility, and allergic phenomena most frequently manifest themselves in skin reactions. How ever, they may cause acute reactions else where in the body. When the respiratory tract is involved we have such well known diseases as hay fever or asthma. These diseases may develop as a result of hypersensitiveness to such substances as pollens from plants, horsehair, rabbit's fur, furs, feathers, etc. For instance, furriers, workers in clothing industries who are exposed to wool dust, etc., may suffer from hay fever or asthma." It is unnecessary for the offending dust to reach the depths of the lungs--giant pollens for example are reported to produce their effect after being caught in the upper res piratory passages. Should such an offending substance be finely ground it could reach the alveoli and as a result probably all physiologic reactions would he accelerated." In a survey of a plant where resin is mixed, ground, and molded, it was found that 80 iter cent of the occupational derma titis there was due to hypersensitivity to hexamethylenetetramine and formaldehyde contained in the dust to which the workers were exposed." During the first processes X8 Twenty-sixth National Safety Cont/re.ss I Industrial Dusts K9 of cotton spinning, cotton-strippers are ex posed to dust arising from cotton husks and dibris, which produces a typical form of asthma.' Ordinary wood dust lias been of interest due to its purely mechanical action, but still greater care is required in handling certain kinds, especially woods coming from abroad, because of the essential oils impreg nating them, which when freed in the dust may affect the health of the workers con cerned. Some of the woods capable of causing skin lesions are Brazil wood, satinwood, feakwood, riimaru or tonka wood, black ebony wood, West Indian mahogany, Japanese tagayasan, coccoloba, chestnutwood, olivewood, California sequoia, etc. All per sons who handle these woods are not in jured, only those particularly susceptible to the substances they contain becoming affected.'1 tricltum dermatodes), which is scattered when the bark is stripped off. This powder is irritating to the skin and mucous mem branes. Mycelia and spores of moulds are commonly found to cause rashes: for in stance, the black powder coming from macerated sugarcane stalks. Among basketmakers, the mycelium and spores, in the form of a white mould (hyphomycete) from the rhattan canes used, get shaken out when the canes are split, hammered, and cut, causing painful fissures to develop on the skin where they alight.'* A form of asthma or spasmodic cough, suffered by cotton weavers and known as aspergillosis, has been considered due to in halation of spores of a mildew which some times occurs on the threads." In a study of silicosis among miners, made by the Public Health Service, a number of cases of typical miliary calcification were en countered. Unstained smears of those cases 2.LIVING ORGANIC DUSTS. These examined were positive for fungus, two contain particles capable of exhibiting the types of Aspergillus fungi being identified. phenomena of life' (especially the property All of the subjects but one were farmers, of reproduction or multiplication), such as teamsters, feedmill workers, or residents of bacteria and fungi. They are usually found small agricultural towns where grain is in low concentrations and are associated marketed. Farmers are exposed to fungi in with nonliving dusts in the air. threshing wheat, baling hay, or handling a. Bacteria. One of the most important among these is the anthrax bacillus, which is contained in the dust from skins, furs, wool, and animal hair, horns, hoofs, bones, etc. This disease may occur in two forms: cutaneous (in which the organism affects the skin), and pulmonary (when it is inhaled, as in the form of anthrax known as woolsorters' disease)." Cases of tetanus, reported in connection with jute manufacture, were traced to the various small grains." Some other fungus diseases such as actino mycosis and blastomycosis are associated with occupational exposure to dust. The former occurs among workers handling straw, hay, grass, vegetable debris contami nated with mould, etc. Actinomycosis is likely to affect people engaged in commercial handling, storing, and cleansing of grain (grain distilleries, flour mills, grain crush ing, breweries, and malting houses, etc.)." raw material, the bacillus having been found in the factory dust." Diphtheria, tubercu II. Inorganic Dusts losis, smallpox, typhoid, or other bacillus- Inorganic compounds are ot mineral produced diseases, may result from exposure origin, not requiring a living organism to to infected dusts. produce them." A number of dusts not Bacterial sensitization can be the cause of any of the allergic diseases, namely, asthma, perennial, hay fever, urticaria, angioneurotic `edema, eczema, or migraine headaches.'* b. Fungi. Dusts containing the mycelia and spores of parasitic fungi give rise to annoyance and discomfort. "Maltster's" itch from the dust alone has been reported. In Provence, reeds used for ceilings are stacked while still wet and undergo fermentation; they become covered with a white powder (a dry fungus of the Mticor family: Sporo- usually classed as toxic may, under some conditions, produce untoward efforts on the human organism. Classified under inorganic are toxic and/or irritant, fibrosis-produc ing, and nonfibrosis-pioducing dusts. a. Toxic and/or Irritant. Toxic dusts are those which are inherently toxic when in haled, ingested, or otherwise absorbed. Among those which produce systemic poi soning, some of which are also irritant, are the dusts from heavy metals and their salts, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, etc. Irritant dusts arc injurious by reason of their strong irritative or corro sive properties. As a rule, inhaled irritant substances im mediately cause a reaction in the upper respiratory tract of such severity that they are prevented from reaching the lungs, al though they may cause lung damage by extension of inflammation if the mucous membrane is corroded.* Lime, calcium oxide, and the di-chromates are examples of irri tant dusts. An inorganic dust may possess both toxic and irritant properties, and the poisoning produced may be the combined effect of more than one mode of entrance into 'the body. Of the directly poisonous dusts, the most widely prevalent are those of certain lead compounds, particularly the oxide, carbon ate and the chromate. The dust is readily absorbed by the mucous membrane; some dust passes into the stomach and is dissolved by the gastric juice.1 According to Fairhall, perforated nasal septum is a common occurrence among workers with bi-chromate dusts.* In a study made by the U. S. Public Health Service it was found that continuous daily exposure to concentrations of chromic acid mist greater than 1 milligram in 10 cubic meters is likely to cause definite injury to the nasal tissues." It is believed that a similar concentration of the dust would be equally toxic. In the case of poisoning from some heavy metals, exposure may be to both dust and vapor. For instance, investigations have shown the safe limit of total exposure to lead oxide dust and fumes to be less than 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air, except for prolonged exposure." In exposure to mercury dust and vapor, it was shown that the incidence of chronic mercurialism in creases rapidly with increasing mercury concentration, after such concentration ex ceeds 2.0 mg. per 10 cubic meters." Alkalis and metallic oxides are common causes of dermatoses. Lye, potash and lime are known to cause irritation to plas terers, cement-makers, bricklayers, masons, stonecutters, modellers, and metal platers.'1 Ulceration and perforation of the nasal sep tum occur among workers exposed to the dust of soda ash; systemic poisoning also occurs from inhalation of calcium cyanimide dust." Cases of dermatitis, scleroderma and can- cer are reported to have been caused by exposure to dust of arsenic compounds. Certain aluminum salts are skin irritants and aluminum dusts may contribute to the infection of skin and mucous membranes, through mechanical action." h. Fibrosis-Producing Dusts. The most important of these are the inorganic, slightly soluble dusts which cause fibrous changes in the lung tissues, some of which are seri ous, and some of which cause little or no disability.* So far as is known, no inorganic substances other than silicon derivatives cause more than a very moderate degree of fibrosis of the lung. Moreover, there seems to be no evidence that any other constituent of ordinary dusts can influence so unfavora bly a pulmonary infection.1 Although other dusts, when inlialed in sufficient concentrations over a long period of time, have been shown capable of pro ducing a pulmonary fibrosis, nevertheless, the pneumoconiosis characterized by nodu lar fibrosis has to date been shown clini cally and experimentally to be associated only with the inhalation of dusts containing free silica. Since this dust, to exert its harmful action, must enter the finer divisions of the lung, the particle size of the atmospheric dust may hear a definite relationship to the in jurious effect produced. The silica must be present in the air in particles small enough to enter the finer air spaces and of such dimensions that the phagocytic cells may engulf them. The greater majority of par ticles found ttpon microscopic examination of the lung fall within the limits of from 1 to 3 microns.1' Examples of siliceous dusts are granite, quartz, sand, pumice, slate, etc. In a recent study among anthracite miners, the correlations between exposure to dust (which contained silica) and the evidence of constitutional changes left little doubt as to the etiological significance of the dust in the air breathed. Like correlations were found between the silica exposure and the extent of pulmonary changes." When the inhaled dust consists of silica combined with bases, silicates, some degree of change in the pulmonary tissue may result. In this respect asbestos dust seems to be unique among silicates in the prevalence and se verity of the disease it causes." The chief distinction between silicosis and conditions due to simple reactions caused by other dusts is the active proliferative 'X) ( Iwcnty-sixlh Xutioiwl Safely Cam/ress reaction in the tissues which results in progressive nodulation. Silicosis, when once established, strongly predisposes the lungs to infection, especially with the tubercle Dust may be entrapped at its source by suction devices and thus removed and col lected. Familiar examples are exhaust hoods in grinding operations, and the devices used bacillus. Chronic interstitial pneumonia, in rock drilling. chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are fre Generally speaking, the exhaust ventila quent complications of advanced degrees of tion method, where applicable, is to be pre silicosis. The relation of the acute respiratory in fections to the reaction due to dusts other than free silica has never been established, though a heightened incidence has often been shown statistically in workers in dusty trades. It is fairly certain that a dust dam aged lung, whatever the cause, fares much worse if an acute infection does supervene upon it.' In a study conducted by the U. S. Public ferred in controlling a dust hazard. Water may be used to entrap dust and prevent its dispersal, and under certain circumstances it may be of advantage to combine the use of water and the use of suction. Sometimes a dusty process can be completely enclosed in a sealed room or compartment. It must be remembered, however, that any mechani cal device of this kind offers adequate pro tection only if it is properly designed, installed, and maintained. Health Service among marble finishers in A great deal of attention has been given Vermont, it was found that marble dust the subject of individual protection from when inhaled in the concentrations found in dust, and there are many types of respira the examined plants produced a mild, bi tory protective devices now available. These lateral, linear fibrosis in some cases, but no are generally of two types: those which serious lung changes were noted and there provide fresh air from an uncontaminated was no disability due to the dust, even source and those which rely upon a filtering after years of exposure." medium for removing dust from the air breathed. Where the use of such a device c. Nonfibrosis-Producing Dusts. These is indicated, only one of the types approved are inert, that is, they do not cause fibrous by the U. S. Ilureau of Mines should he tissue to be produced, but may liecome used. As a rule, it may be said that masks, encapsulated or lie free in the tissues; or respirators, or other such protective device they are absorbed without production of should be used only where exposure to the fibrous tissue. Included among them are dust is intermittent and brief, or where alundum, coal, corundum, emery, limestone, some unusual condition makes a more ade magnesite, marble, plaster of paris (gyp quate dust control impracticable." sum), and polisher's rouge. Where bacteria or other living dusts in Dust Control the air are associated with a process, steri lization methods such as increased tempera Knginecring and medical control are the ture, ultraviolet radiation, and chemicals two most important factors in combating like chlorine or other bactericidal substances, the industrial dust hazard, and arc to a large may be of use. Pasteurization temperature extent complementary. (about 140 F.) will kill most organisms Engineering Control. As Lanza" has stated in a recent paper, "It is a basic principle in dealing with a dust hazard that the dust should he attacked at its point of origin and thus prevented from being dis seminated into the atmosphere." After the dust has been spread throughout the air it is difficult to deal with it, and reliance must be placed on individual protection, which is never wholly satisfactory. Lanza further cites various methods used in controlling dust. These will lie reviewed but briefly, since a paper dealing with the subject of dust control in detail, will follow- on this program. except those bearing spores. Steam disin fection is used for horsehair, and proves to he practicable if the temperature does not exceed 2.10 F. Wool fibres, however, lose their elasticity by steam disinfection, and the "Duckering" process now used in Eng land includes soaking of the wool in a form aldehyde solution, and drying in a current of air at a temperature of 160 F." There are few occupations in which there would be a sufficient concentration of dead bac teria to cause untoward effects in man. In the case of dusts producing external irritation, auxiliary protective measures may include the use of protective clothing, Industrial Dusts gloves, goggles and aprons; as well as pro tective salves, ointments, or other com pounds to delay or diminish the irritant action. General rules for hygiene and good housekeeping should also be observed. Medical Control. Equally important, and closely interrelated with the engineering phase, is medical control of occupational hazards. In addition to directing the proper placement of new workers, and guarding the health of all employees, medical control is a check on the efficacy of the engineering control methods already instituted, or a measure of the need for new protective de vices.. of disease.*' Since some occupational dis eases tend to clear up and recur, records of previous occupations should be included in the physical examinations. The frequency of examinations should be determined by the medical director, unless otherwise speci fied by law. Those exposed to known occu pational disease hazards may have weekly or monthly examinations." "It should always be kept in mind that the basic principle of physical examinations in industry is to keep men on the job and not allow the physical examination to be merely a weeding out process."" It has been stated that "Industry has found that the best way to treat industrial injuries and illness is to prevent them,"" and medical control, through preemploy ment and periodic physical examinations, is one of the most important factors in such prevention. The preemployment examination is made to determine the employee's physical and References 1 Bloomfield, J. J. and DallaVatle, J. M. "Tlie Determination and Control of Industrial Dust." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 217, April, 1935. Collis, Edgar L. "Industrial Pneumoconioses, with special reference to Dust Phthisis." Milroy Lectures, 1915. H. M.S.O., 1-ondon. Sollmann, Torald. "A Manual of Pharma cology." W. B. Saunders Sc Co., Philadelphia, 1932. 4 Fairhall, Lawrence T, "Toxic Dusts and Fumes." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi cology, November, 1936. mental fitness for work. It serves to dis Bloomfield, J. J. "The Sampling and Analysis close the presence of any contagious dis of Industrial Dusts." American Public Health Asso ciation, Yearbook, 1935-36. ease, reveals any minor physical defects which might later become serious, or whether the examinee's condition precludes his em ployment in certain or in all types of work. Gibbs, W. E. "Dust Hazard in Industry." Ernest Benn. I.td. I-ondon, 1925. ' Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. "Sili cosis and Allied Disorders." Medical Series, Bulletin No. 1. Pittsburgh, Pa. April 15,1936. Kettle, E. II. ``The Action of Harmful Dusts." It should be remembered that such preem ployment examinations are not to be made (or the purpose of eliminating an employee, tut rather for allocating him to the type of Inst, of Mining and Metallurgy, London, June 14, i 1934. "Dusts, Fumes, and Smokes." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. 14 Drinker, Philip. "Causation of Pneumoconi work for which he is physically suited. A osis." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxi cology, October, 1936. worker should be given employment unless it ''Dyeing." Occupation and Health Series, totally unfit, or unless his disability, even International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. though slight, would cause him to be a haz "Legge, Sir Thomas. "Industrial Maladies." Oxford University Press, London, 1934. ard to himself or his associates. Further more, the practice of preemployment 14 Burstein, A. "Nicotine Action from Inhaled Tobacco Dust." Journal of Industrial Hygiene, De cember, 1927. examinations should be extended to include executives and officials of industrial organi- 14 White, R. Prosser. "The Dermatergoses, or Occupational Affections of the Skin." H. K. Lewis Sc Co. Ltd., London, 1934. tations. "The purpose of periodic physical examinations is to secure and maintain physical fitness and thereby lengthen work 'pans."" Reexamination of employees some 14 Schwartz, Louis. "Skin Hazards in American Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 215, October, 1934. 14 Downing, J. G. "Industrial Dermatoses: Treat ment and I-egal Aspects: Review of Recent Litera ture." Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, July, 1935. ,T "Occupational Lesions in Workers in Sugar." times results in the discovery of defects and Belgium Letter. Journal of American Medical Asso disabilities which were not observed at the ciation, Sent. 10, 1927. Abst. Journal of Industrial Hygiene. I-ebruary. 1928. time of employment. In such rases, an oc cupational adjustment should be made to provide continued employment, but remove the risk of permanent injury. 14 "Flour Mills." Occupation and Health Series, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. " Mayers, May R. "Susceptibility to Dermatitis." The Industrial Bulletin, Albany, N. Y. Feb. 1937, vol. 16, no. 2. 44 Drinker, Philip, and Hatch, Theodore. "Indus Reexamination of employees is required trial Dust." McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1936. hy law in certain occupations in which the 41 Schwartz, Louis. "Skin Hazards in American handling of poisonous or otherwise deleteri Industry. Part II." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 229, Sept. 1936. ous substances may result in the contraction 44 "Poisonous Woods." Occupation and Health Scries, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. 92 Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress m Hope, E, W.. Hanna, W,, and Sullybrr**, C. O. "Induitrul Medicine and Hygiene." Bailliere* TinHdBarllowannd, CGo.x, TL.ond"oTnh,e19P23ia. gnoiiifi of Bacterial Allergy*" Southern Medical Journal, Vo). 27, No. 10*. OScaty.e1ra9,34R. . R. and Mcrcwether, F. V. "Miliary Lung Di*e*#e Due to Unknown Cauie. U. S. Public He*a"ltAhctRineopmoryt*c,oDaeiac.." 5O, c1c9u3p0a. tion and Health Seriea, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1930. * Holland, J. W. "Textbook of Medical Chemistry and Toxicology." W. B. Saunders Company, Phils* de"lpBhloiao, m19fi2e0l.d, J, J. and Blum, Wm. "Health Has* ards in Chromium Plating." U. S. Public Health Service Reprint No. 1245, Washington, 2930. " Ruaaell. Tones, Bloomfield, Britten and Thompson. "Lead Poisoning in a Storage Battery Plant." V, S. Public Health Bulletin No, zOS, June, 1933. * Neal, Jones. Bloomfield. DaDavalle and Ed* wards, "A Study of Chronic Mercurialism In the Hatters* Fur Cutting Industry." U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 2*4, May, 1937. ,l Sayers, R, R. and Jones, R. R. "Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases." National Silicosis Con* Terence, Washington, D. C., April 14, 1936. ** Sayers, Bloomfield, DaUaValle, Jones, Dreessen, Brundage and Britten. "Anthraco-Silicosis among Hard Coal Miners." V. S. Public Health Bulletin No*. 2M2i1d,dDleetocenm, bEe.r, L1.935".Industrial Pulmonary Dis* ease due to the Inhalation of Dust." The Lancet, JuMlyD4reaensdse1n1,, 1W93a6l.demar C. "Effect of Inhaled Marble Dust as Observed in Vermont Marble Finishers.** U. S. Public Health Service Reprint No*. L1a6n30z.a, A. J. "Control and Prevention of Sili cosis.'* Symposium on Silicosis. California Tuber culosis Association, San Francisco, 1937. * Newquist, M. N, "Medical Service in Industry and Workmen's Compensation Laws." American College of Surgeons, Chicago, 1934. __ ^"Medical Care of Industrial Worker*," Na tional Industrial Conference Board, Inc. New York, 1926. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Assistant to Manager, Engineering Department, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. When one realizes that control of the dust hazard depends upon the combined contribu tions of the physician and the engineer, he ap preciates that the solution requires scientific treatment By scientific treatment I mean the technical analysis of the hazard to discover the causes which contribute to injury or ill health, and the development of control meth pensive methods for making the air clean are still in the realm of dreams. Much work must he done to know more about silicosis and more how to make atmospheres safe inexpen sively. As an accident prevention job, dust control lies almost entirely within the admin istrative responsibility. The control measures are capital expenditures of considerable size. ods which obey physical law and physiology, A plant with a dust hazard is sick, it needs and. which will Ire directed at causes that an expert diagnosis and scientific treatment, admit of most immediate and economical which may include expensive major opera treatment. tions. Home remedies are seldom much good, That goes for' handling the dust hazard in and supervision and employee safety con a given plant It goes double for acquiring sciousness alone cannot accomplish anything. knowledge to the end that the whole problem There may be observed in countless shops may reach ultimate solution. Right now our installations for exhausting dust which are knowledge of the problem is in big chunks, derisively called "tin knocker" jobs in which loosely put together and largely empirical. the horsepower dissipated is out of all pro There are estimates only to judge the mag nitude of the dust health problem, and it is so closely associated with other health problems that a clean-cut estimate of it alone is im(Hissible. We do know that it is great in the aggregate, and for the individual plant it may be very bothersome and expensive. What actually makes quartz dust cause silicosis is not known. It does, so the air breathed by workmen must not contain harm ful quantities of respirable quartz dust. Inex portion to the air-borne dust moved. Tonnage efficiency of material moved may be the proper yardstick for pneumatic conveyors but if the material to be moved is air, contaminated with nearly weightless particles of dust, the entire health hazard can lie in the half of one per cent of materiat not moved. I do not mean that unless a dust supression job was engineered it can be no good. There are many good installations that were never figured at all hut grew like Topsy. The re- I ndits!rial /)usts :) 93 suiting freedom from dustiness was so satis factory that efficiency held little interest to the owner. This is exceptional, however, and I offer tlic opinion that dust suppression jobs should he engineered. A dust-snpprcssion installation is a safely device, designed and operated to provide pro tection against possible disease and provide a sense of security which must be absolute. Its safety is not rushing air and rattling chips but a minimal residual dustiness. There is no more pathetic defeat for a dust control job than to find faith in its effectiveness so low that workers must wear respirators to find (he reasonable safety that was expected from the hoods, ducts and fans. . 1 want to go so far in my opinion as to state that the engineer should not attempt to define the quality of health hazard in a given plant or industry, nor should he establish threshold limits of safe or permissible dusti ness. This may lie debatable, but I shall con tend that the engineer who writes the speci fications of hazard and dust tolerance is really an industrial hygienist, and is using a very much broader knowledge than engineering alone. In the first case the quality of the health hazard is an opinion arrived at after studying all the environmental conditions including the general sanitation, occupational analysis and Diagnosis and Control a scientific analysis of the dust exposures. In the exploration of dust exposures, the Let us examine some of the features by which wc recognize this dust hazard problem, leaving out the socio-legal aspects. In order to develop more fully the engi neer's place in this dust control program, it seems desirable to separate as sharply as wc can the diagnostic considerations from those which deal with control. In the first com partment wc can place all the analytical com ponents which describe the hazard and its exposure, the probability of its producing ill health and all the rest of the medical and industrial hygiene facts which make out a case against the existing dust. In the second compartment place the knowledge of physics and engineering necessary to plan the dust control program and so design it that when installed its performance follows prediction that the probability of industrial disease is reduced to insignificance. nature of dusty operations must be viewed from physical, chemical and mechanical aspects, the determinations of dustiness must lie not only counted and classified by particu late sizes, hot chemically and mineralogically analyzed. The plant layout must be studied with respect to dust production and distribu tion, and the housekeeping and existing dust control equipment evaluated. The presence of specific hazards, such as toxic gases, abnor mal temperature and humidity conditions, etc., must be explored for their complicating effect upon the whole picture. This is distinctly an industrial hygiene job, and some of the most critical data requires only medical viewpoint. This is absolute in the case of tuberculosis study and the qualifying of men for employ ment. So far, not one atom of engineering to suppress dust is involved. It is entirely anal ysis of hazard. The diagnosis must be that The Industrial Hygienist the dustiness is hazardous to health or that it Our first feature of interest would naturally he the specific and relative toxicity of silica, iilica-bearing and other dusts which make up die dust health hazard. Much might be said to advantage about the quality and quantity ot hazard in many dusts. The acquiring of diis knowledge has been, and must remain a nedicat problem. It involves gross and tnicroacopic pathology and x-rays, and experimental utimats. Engineers do not talk that language. Industrial hygienists do; they are a happy combination, half doctor and half engineer. Many of them are quite capable of handling the dust health hazard in all its phases of is safe. If it is hazardous, it must be brought down to a specified residue. If it isn't, leave it alone. On the second point, if the hygienists can not specify threshold limits graduated upward for relatively less hazardous dusts, let the engineer not worry about it. The diagnosis is dust which is harmful and too much of it. The remedy is control of the dust. The engineer designs controls which will produce the lowest practical residual dusti ness. He should not attempt to write his own specifications of threshold limits or permis sible dustiness. This may be an important goal in the study of dust health hazards. instigation and control. For the purpose of Safe Limits this discussion I throw their interest in with doctors. At the present time the medical men and hygienists believe that quartz dust is safe 94 Ideentv-sixtli National Safety Congress Industrial Ihtsts :) 9.1 system. Loss at the hoods, loss at the trends, Ik'Iow five million particles. They seem will ing to graduate upward to 20 million for medium silica and 50 million for low silica jierccntagcs. Tivc million particles is virtually dust free, and is very difficult and expensive to achieve and maintain. The declaration of safety of the installations must remain in the hands of the medical and hygiene groups in whose hands now lies the responsibility for determining the hazard. We now enter the chapter of our discussion intended to demonstrate that dust control is an engineering job, that it must be given scentific treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which are based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior of dust, the performance of air-moving machin ery, etc. Prerequisite Knowledge trical phenomena which bear upon dust be and loss in the ducts must not be guessed at. havior. I'ipe design must take into account the gage Those are all principles of physics which of the metal and reinforcing to withstand explain the behavior of dust and ujxm which pressures and erosion. engineering practice must be based. They The selection of a fan and its motive power must be understood and be taken into account. is a matter of calculation, not guess work. Dust control is not a matter only of general Bower consumption in the system is calcula ventilation; the engineer must study the pro ble, fans follow certain laws, so the engineer duction as well as the dispersion. The problem must know the behavior of axial flow, pro should be analyzed to determine the applica peller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and bility of segregation, enclosure, wetting, local ither fan performance. exhaust and general ventilation. More physics and engineering calculation In some instances, substitution of non-liaz- goes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The ardous material, or non-dust-producing oper selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration ations may have specific application, and they method depends upon what the,dust is, the should be explored first. This implies plant calculation for any methods requires knowl engineering. I am convinced that many bad edge of discharge through stacks, the deter installations are bad because plant engineering mination of sizes of settling chambers; the was not used. In the designing of exhaust behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of systems installed to capture the dust at the a filter, and if so, what type, how it should ixiints of generation, the physical behavior of perform, how big it should be. what kind of Let me recite briefly, a few of the things which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do this job correctly. He must know how to make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, and sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, air moving toward hoods and in ducts must resistance and how much each kind offers, to he known, and that knowledge used. Kacb say nothing of their proper location with system must consist of collection hoods, pip relation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all ing, air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. items for accurate engineering determination. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer must know dust dispersion by dynamic pro Apparatus to check the behavior of installa tions must he known and used. Performance cannot be left to guess work. Supplying suffi cient air to be exhausted is part of the prob lem. The same may be said of heating. Do 1 give the problem too severe a build up? 1 think not. Remember these two things: 1. You are dealing with hazardous mate rial so small in size and so little of it by weight that it is as invisible as the air that liears it. 2. Physical laws involved in the behavior of dust and air do not permit inexpensive methods of control. I am acquainted with budgets set up for this purpose which amount to more than a quarter of a million dollars, and I know of many where 60 to 80 thousand dollars is involved. The need for this much engineering is rec ognized by men who know. Already much has been done toward getting the knowledge into hand!xx>k shape. Perhaps the best job of this sort to date is "Fundamentals Relating to the Design and Operation of Exhaust Systems" developed under American Stand ards Association procedure. the time, the frequency, the amount in a sam jection as well as dust dispersion by air cur ple. and the number of samples so that maxi rents, and design the hood accordingly. mum, minimum and average data mean some thing, so that credibility can be given them. Knowledge Needed For the type of sample involved he must know how to weigh or count respirable dust, as distinguished from large masses of nonrespirable dust which complicate the picture. He must know how to observe the sources of dust floods as distinguished from conditions of normal dustiness. He must know the The aero-dynamic characteristics of suction hoods appear to be little known because littlej The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards thought was given to them in designing! thousands of hoods which can be found every-) By A. D. LAZENBY, M.D., F.A.C.S. where in industry. All the possibility for Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore, Maryland ethnetraspysptienmg dluiesst ainndthmisucfhacotof rt.heAeifrficiveenlocycitoyf K( tnanssir.lor-.oKi.- ,u.s,." ^as existed in the recognize the disease when it is fully de sources of dust and the principles involved static suction, and rate of air flow are ail :n ,i. ,s ",e Physician's func- veloped. in the dispersion of dust. He must determine related, and they must be known. It is esseix Rt wf,at n ,on * "ust diseases, and It is not necessarily the physician's func how much dust enters the problem because it tial to use high velocity of air in certain type) jn(ls unon . engineer s. It is very ob- tion to analyze dust. That is a task for the is part of the material, and what dust is of exhaust systems to entrap dust projected t0 scjences '* casual thought that the chemist and the petrographer. It is not the created in the process by the fracturing of the at high velocities as in the case of a granitt tlr efforts tn c ? hand in hand in physician's function to count the particles of material. surfacing machine, and low velocities must lx o ve the problem. dust in a given industrial atmosphere. That, Any less survey rannot tell the engineer what his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently he should know the physics of Brownian motion, laws of resist ance to the motion of particles moving in air, IKith when the air is in turbulence and for stream-line motion. He should know terminal velocities, movements due to centrifugal mo tion ; flocculation and the effects of air motion and the effects of humidification on it. He must know all alxiut the difficulties of wetting and what is known alxiut overcoming these difficulties. He should know the several elec used in others, as in he 7ase o'f cle"an. 'in.,1 T1,C, ^siTM" Nst be able to `^h his special training tel! the engineer what dusts asbestos fibre of dust to prevent wastnj e dangerous and what are not. He must material. . how those dusts enter the body and Quantity of air and its velocity must o manner in which they do their harm. He determined, then the piping should be (ie Kt he trained in the examination of per- signed to take into account the behavior e ns wj10 are to j)e omp]0yecj to wor|{ jn air-flow through pipes at low and high vela ^ and to discover those who are already ities. Where the problem is complicated 6 seased, or are pecuJiarIy susceptible to the large sized particles which go along witl st disease He must be able to detect the the fine dust, how these behave must be take 5t signs of disease in workers who are into account. Pressure losses are very impot posed to dust, and must be prepared to taut elements in the design of an exhaus in reality, is the function of the engineer. It is not the physician's function to devise ventilating equipment for the removal of dust, nor even to be more than an adviser as to the means that must be adopted to render the atmosphere safe. The physician nevertheless must correlate with his medical knowledge and with his studies of the industrial worker the findings of the engineer. A diagnosis of silicosis, for example, requires not merely characteristic occupational history and characteristic physt- hocnlx-sixth National Safely C omjrcss I Industrial Posts ) 97 ral findings, but the knowledge as well that the patient has been exposed to hazardous dusts in dangerous concentrations. All dusts when inhaled in excessive quantities may be considered as harmful, but only a few can be regarded as dangerous. From the standpoint of their dangerous properties, they may he divided into three We have no real knowledge as to true figures, but as a simple rule, we can adopt for practical purposes the thought that the human body can withstand successfully a concentration of dust containing 100 per cent silica dioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, in a concentration not in excess of 5,000,000 particles per cubic foot. If we decrease the percentage of silica dioxide general groups. present in the dust, we ran correspondingly 1. Those which are dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, and similar substances. 2. Those which cause only irritation in the respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local inflammation; such suhstances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, flour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials. 3. Those which tend to produce fibrosis of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag nesium silicate. I shall confine my remarks chiefly to dusts occurring in the latter category. increase the concentration with comparative safety. We must, of course, take into ac count the portion of the worker's time spent in the dusty atmosphere. To arrive at a rough conception of a safe atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total num ber of particles per cubic foot. I f the result is under 5,000,000 the condition may be con sidered relatively safe. If the result is over 5,000,000 the condition must be regarded as unsafe. . Bear in mind too that silicosis is essentially a disease of great chronicity. Except in a few exceptional instances it will require | from seven to thirty years for a worker to develop advanced silicosis. It is evident too It has been generally believed that the that coincident dusts may either retard the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent lungs depended more upon their physical research seems to indicate that the admix structure than upon their chemical. It was ture of aluminum dust to a silicious dust believed, for example, that silica dioxide, on will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter; quartz, was particularly harmful because of whereas a silicious dust combined with some its crystalline structure, and the hardness alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de and sharpness of its particles. This concep velopment of silicosis. I tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts which cause their damage by mechanical in terference with function are the dusts which are relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust. Much research is now under way in prob lems such as this. We have never learned how to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapidly liow to prevent it. Our knowledge in this respect seems to be limited to the removal ol dust from the breathing zone of the worker. Chemical Effect Is Harmful The disease of particular interest to us today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to the body, re gardless of the part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue by scars. Thus, given a dust containing silica diox ide in sufficient concentration, in sizes small enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation which offers danger to the worker. Later discoveries may show us how to modify existing dusts with contaminant dusts that will render silica dioxide innocu ous. Owing to its very great chronicity, it it only the rare case who actually develop* disabling silicosis during his industrial life time. It is realized, of course, that excep tional instances take place, but the coincide* ravages of age usually keep pace with tie effects of dust, so that much the die ability usually attributed to silicosis is oftea. in fact, actually attributable to other die eases or incapacities which advancing yeai* bring in their wake. To me the great peril el silicosis, the peril not only to the industral worker himself, but his family, co-workers and the public generally, is the accompanv ing susceptibility to tuberculosis. Complicated by Tuberculosis Silicosis per se does not kill. Tuberculosis as a complicating factor of silicosis rarely recovers despite treatment, and the indi vidual so afflicted is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite menace to all with whom he comes in contact, particularly the fellow worker who may have silicosis. So perhaps the most important places in which the services of the physician in a dusty .trade are necessary are--first, along lines of discovering and barring from exposure to a silicious dust those persons who may al ready have arrested tuberculosis; and sec ondly, discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in whom tuberculous infections may have de veloped. It is well recognized that no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica dioxide until he has undergone a thorough physical examination, including carefully made and interpreted x-ray films of his chest. It is likewise obvious to anyone fa miliar with silicosis that no person who is exposed to silicious dust should be denied the privilege of frequent physical examina tions and x-rays of the chest, not entirely to discover the existence of possible silicosis, but to discover a coincident tuberculosis if such exists. silica dioxide is very likely to excite into activity a turberculous lesion which may be quiescent or arrested, and once such a lesion is reactivated, the chances of recovery are remote. The second problem which confronts the physician at the pre-employment physical ex amination is whether a given individual is, by reason of secondary physical defects, more susceptible to the development of sili cosis than a normal. Is he suffering from diseases of the nose or upper respiratory tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease of the lungs or air passages, or obstructions which produce mouth breathing? We must remember that silica dioxide is not dangerous untii it reaches the lungs, and that the normal individual retains in the nose and the upper air passages a large quantity of the dust inhaled from the atmos phere. In instances where this nasal reten tion is disturbed, exposure to silica dioxide dust may be dangerous to that individual, where it would not be to another. It is believed that certain diseaces of the heart and circulation, of the kidneys, possi bly syphilis, chronic coincident diseases of the lungs, all may render a man more sus ceptible to silicosis than normal. The physi cian at his pre-employment examination must follow certain established criteria in this respect, and bar from exposure to dangerous dusts those persons who through existing disease may be more ready prey to silicosis or tuberculosis. A man so diseased should, in protection to himself and to all with whom he comes in contact, be removed from industry. Let me emphasize the uselessness of a physical examination, unless it be accompanied by properly taken x-ray films, except in cases of gross tuberculosis. It is the function of the physician, there fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent manner the pre-employment examina tion of all persons who are to be engaged in a dusty trade. The purpose of this ex amination should be threefold. First, to discover and bar from employment in dust, any person who is suffering from tuber culosis in an active, a quiescent or an ar rested state. A possible exception might be made in individuals suffering from a so called healed primary complex, or a healed childhood in fection. It is well known that exposure to Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for employment has successfully passed his physical examination and is engaged in a dusty trade, the duty of the physician is not yet ended. This work man must be periodically re-examined, first to discover the early appearances of pul monary fibrosis, but what is even more im portant, to detect the early evidences of complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not be dismissed from em ployment in a dusty trade merely because he has evidences of non-disabling silicosis. Workers in dusty trades, especially stone cutters, moulders, pottery workers, and similar craftsmen, are usually highly skilled, and it seems unfortunate from a social and economic point of view to deny them em ployment so long as they are physically able to carry on, especially since the actual dis abling qualities of silicosis are in doubt. Thrillv-sixth Xatunuil Sajrtx ( u/u/nw.< They should Ik; denied employment in a dusty trade if that condition is found at pre-employment examination, but they should not be barred from continuing an employment in which they arc already en gaged. Of course, in such instances you, as engineers, must realize that you have failed, because if you had kept the breathing zone of the worker free from dangerous dusts, silicosis would not be present on physical examination. In this work of preventing dust diseases in industry, it should he evident that the closest and most intelligent cooperation between the physician and the engineer is necessary. The physician must, through his knowledge and research, tell the engineer what dusts, or, for that matter, what other substances used in industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer how such dusts or other materials enter the body, how they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence in the body. Must Make Analyses The engineer must in turn tell the physi cian of the harmful dusts and other sub stances surrounding his workers. He must make chemical and petrographic analyses of the dusts, and other indicated analyses of the atmosphere in the workshop. He must make dust counts and check his counts at regular intervals, conferring with the physician in an effort to discover whether, in the light of their joint knowledge, working conditions are dangerous. He must develop and install carefully designed ventilating equipment. He must arrange for modification of chemical and other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and must bend bis efforts toward removing from the danger zone of the worker the offending substance, whatever it may be. Too many engineers construe this function loosely. They pass on to the physician as his responsibility certain functions which es sentially are theirs; such functions as dust analyses, dust counts, and similar technical duties. All too often it is considered ade quate merely to install a fan. Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must lie constructed only after careful en gineering study has given a knowledge of the physical properties of the air and of substances polluting it. It is possible to calculate to a very fine point the volume of air that must be removed from a given spot to remove the dust originating at that place, and the engineer must approach his task from just as scientific an angle as the physi cian approaches his. There is no room in industry for hap hazard methods on the part of either the physician or the engineer. .W.roah'XMHXT ' ) Industrial Fumes, Gases and Vapors THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 14, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Voyta of Wisconsin, Madison, who presided and Wrabetz, Chairman, Industrial Commission introduced the speakers. Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them By ROY R. JONES, M.D. Division of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. The inhalation of metal fumes is a com mon cause of illness among certain occupalional groups. Two very different systemic reactions may result from breathing air containing particulate metal or metal com pounds: (a) metal fume fever, an acute, iransitory, non-fatal disease causing slight or temporary disability; (b) systemic metal poisoning, mild, severe, or even fatal in its flfcct. The same occupational exposure may produce both reactions, metal fume fever developing following the worker's early ex posure, chronic systemic poisoning develop ing later as a result of prolonged exposure. We may consider metal fumes as solid particles generated by condensation from metal in a gaseous state. Condensation is usually accompanied by oxidation. There are two chief physical character istics of metal fumes which bear a direct relationship to the case with which they may he absorbed: (a) The solid particles are much finer than atmospheric dust, probably averaging less than .5 micron in diameter; (li) they tend to flocculate and settle out of the air as dust. The finer the solid particles 'impended in the air, the longer the time required for them to settle oitl. Many of tire coarser dust particles in the air arc trapped in the upper respiratory tract and by the ciliated cells lining the trachea and konchi, while the finer particles may be nrned to the terminal air spaces of the 'lines. Here they are taken up by the phago cytic cells and are eliminated chiefly by way of the blood and lymph. Sayers and his associates' found that only about 15 per cent of inhaled particulate matter, such as lead dust from automobile exhaust gas, was retained in the lungs, the remainder passing out with the exhaled air. I frinker and his associates' and Brown' made quantitative measurements of fumes retained in the lungs. They found a direct relation ship between the percentage of fumes re tained and the size of the particle and the density of the fumes breathed. They also showed that slow deep breathing increased the reaction resulting from inhaling zinc, fumes. Such breathing should increase the percentage of particulate matter retained. Hazardous Processes For convenience we may place the more common occupational environments which are likely to alTord a harmful exposure to metal fumes in three large groups; 1. Smelting of ores and refining of metals. 2. Employment at processes handling mol ten metal such as molding, cutting, and welding operations. 3. Salvage ami cleaning operations, includ ing the burning of metals or metal covered objects, especially by means of acetylene torch or electric arc. In the first class, the ores or metals proc essed provide the source for the generation 99 Twenty sixth .Xatiomil Safely ( oinjress 156 placed Inly" in the across thmeaitnop.'. sit. We had "Fourth of "Automobile accidents" with a question mark : "Persons injured" with a question mark; question mark; and `Persons then in killed" brackets with a on the outer edge, "Do your part to keep these at zero," Then just a little phrase at the bottom here: "Remember this, safety is like a ball name. It is the number of times you arrive safely at home that counts." adjovknmunt Pressure Vessels ) WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The session was called to order by Chair man Dan L. Royer, Chief Engineer, Ocean Accident and (itiarantee Corp., New York City,*and (ietieral Chairman, ASSE Kngi peering Section, National Safely Council. Mr. Rover introduced the speakers. The address prepared by Mr. dibits was read by Ralph M. Moon, of the same firm. What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines By E. R. FISH Chief Engineer, Boiler Division, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. With respect to steam boilers and steam lines, the safety man should he familiar with those factors that produce weaknesses re sulting in failures--factors that are prejudi cial to the safety of personnel and property. The safety man is not necessarily concerned with efficiency of operation, hut he is con cerned with how the equipment should he "titrated in the interest of safety. The term steam boilers and steam piping covers a great variety of equipment ranging bom the inconspicuous steel or east iron heating boiler, the pressure of which rarely exceeds 10 or 15 lbs. per square inch, up to the mammoth steam generating units capaHeof evaporating over a million pounds of vater per hour at a pressure of 1,400 lbs. |tr square inch and delivering steam at a tmiperature of 900 to 950 degrees E Obviously, such a wide range makes it im(ossible to discuss the various factors that rfect each of them. However, there are attain fundamentals applicable to boilers of Wth high and low degree, Internal Deposits tYposits or accumulations on the internal faces of parts of boilers exposed to high uperature gases interfere with the rapid Awption of heat. When directly in contact with the metal, water absorbs heat at a suffi ciently rapid rate to prevent the metal from becoming overheated. However, interfere with this orderly process and the metal very rapidly overheats to the point where it loses practieally all its strength. Internal pressure then pushes the metal out and causes the socalled "bulge." In water tube boilers bulges on tubes not infrequently break through, and while they do not often cause any serious consequences to the attendants, sometimes steam or flame arc driven out through openings in the settings and some one is injured. In horizontal return tubular boilers the result is likely to be much more serious both from a personal injury and expense point of view. Bulges in boilers of this type very fre quently break through and, being directly over the fire, flame and live coals are very likely to lie driven out of the furnace. Many state laws now require fire doors to be ccpiipped witli automatic latches that prevent them from being blown open when they are closed. Bulges in H.R.T. boilers have fre quently opened to such an extent that a true boiler explosion has happened and great properly loss as well as personal injuries and dcatli have resulted. A serious explosion of this kind happened 157 U>0 /',\r;i/v sixth Xatimial Safety ( '>i:<jress Steam gages sometimes give wrong read ings and need to In- tested (re(|nent1.v. BlowofT connections, particularly oit horizontal return tuliular boilers must lie of sturdy construction and properly protected from high temperature gases. iilowolT valves must also lie of lieavv eonsimelion and so arranged that they cannot he (prickly opened Construction and Repairs Safety men probably do not often have any part in the selection of equipment or methods of construction or repair, lint it is well for them to know that a groat deal of welded lioiler work is now being done and many pipe lines are being fabricated by welding instead of the usual threaded and or closed. There have heou a multitude of accidents to persons due to failure of sonic part of the hlovvoff connection resulting from improper materials, improper opera tion and insufficient protection. Attendance Hanged construction. Every possible assur ance must he taken to determine that the welding process will give sound welds with the proper physical characteristics. Also that only welding operators arc permitted to do the work who have demonstrated their ability to produce sound welds under the The proper and safe operation of as im portant and potentially dangerous a piece of apparatus as a steam hoiler, he it either high or low pressure, large or small, is dependent on intelligent attendants and should he en trusted only to the care of those who are thoroughly competent. This is a point that is by no means universally complied with, even, oftentimes, in power plants of moder prescribed procedure. There have been so many instances of improperly welded joints, both in pressure vessels and piping, that every precaution should lie taken to assure welds of an accept able and safe nature. There need be no great concern about welded boilers, because that work is invariably done in shops that are properly equipped and supervised. This, ate size. The value of the equipment in a very large plant is such that the management cannot do otherwise than provide it with the best possible care and attention. However, there are many boiler plants that are but very inadequately attended ami in thousands of small heating plants the attendant is wholly uninformed and ignorant. however, is not necessarily true with pres sure vessels of various kinds. There is a great tenqitation to effect re pairs of boilers and other pressure, vessels by welding. Repairs of tiiis kind should lie permitted only after thorough analysis o the conditions and then only by proved, com petent welding operators. Rules have been adopted by the National Board of Boiler Piping Steam piping is not a source of very many accidents. The failures that do take place and Pressure Vessel Inspectors respecting the application of welding to boiler repairs that are highly restrictive. are usually in connection with east iron The American Welding Society has pre fittings, such as tecs, ellrows and tire valves, pared rules for the Qualification of Welding and usually in the pressure line. Processes and Testing of Welding Opera Water hammer not infrequently occurs in tors. steam lines, especially when starting up cold. A slug of water traveling at a high rate of speed ran deliver a sledge hammer blow at Both the rules for repairs and the quali fication of welders should he familiar to those concerned with equipment to which an abrupt change in direction or dead end, and many east iron fittings are broken in this wav. Expansion and contraction stresses that are not properly provided for, not in frequently result in cracked fittings or valves that permit the discharge of steam. Even low pressure steam is at a temperature such that serious injury results from coming in contact with it. Most piping is covered with insulation so that if is not easily examined, lint the holts and flanges and the provision for proper expansion ran lie checked. welding may lie applicable. Less than six months ago the weldcd-w patch in the bottom of a horizontal return tubular boiler in a saw mill failed. The patch measured 24" x ,16" and was suffi ciently large to raust * major explosion. On* man was killed and the hoiler house w demolished. An examination showed tlaf it was a miserable job of welding, evidently done by one entirely ignorant of the dangtf of that kind of repair as well as being M inexpert welder. Pressure I assets 161 Personal Injuries Many personal injuries caused by expo sure to stcani or high temperature water, the discharge of which may lie due to a rela tively minor accident, are constantly happen ing. Many of these omir because of carelessness or ignorance on the part of the injured person lint many of them are through no fault of the injured man. Meticulous attention to smalt details is necessary to avoid the minor accidents. In numerable injuries have been due to men working on, or attempting to make repairs of, parts under pressure. It should lie an invariable rule that the. tightening up of holts in an attempt to stop gasket leaks or making other repairs involving hammering or possi bly welding should be positively prohibited while the equipment is under pressure. Furnace Explosions Furnace explosions are of rather frequent occurrence, particularly where gas, oil or pulverized coal is used as the fuel, (ireat care and an orderly method of both lighting off and operating furnaces using these fuels is very necessary. The lighting means should lie introduced only after a furnace has been well ventilated and before the supply of fuel is started. Some very disastrous explosions have hap pened in large boilers fired with pulverized coal, gas and to some extent with oil. Small automatically oil fired heating boilers very frequently have furnace explosions, hut they are not usually of a serious nature. This kind of accident is worthy of careful con sideration by those concerned with hoiler operation. . ...... ... vvvuutiu uiiuu a new 600 pound boiler in a city electric light plant in Colorado. One man was killed and four injured. The property loss was approxi mately $25,(XX). The boiler was just being prepared for service by men who were familiar with the use of natural gas fuel. Apparently the mismanipulation of valves and failure to take the necessary preliminary precautions by ventilating the furnace before lighting off was the cause. What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air Systems By CHARLES W. GIBBS Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York City Power, to most people, including engi neers, means electricity or steam. To a few it means water power. Less frequently is compressed air thought of as power. It is more likely to he considered a convenience. Compressed air is probably actually handled % more workmen in the average plant than All of the equipment should be designed for the maximum pressures which might be encountered. All reputable manufacturers of compressed air equipment can offer units for practically any service which will pro vide an ample factor of safety. either steam or electricity. Compressed air For the type of plant which the safety man wa personal utility, hut it is also power. will generally he called upon to consider, the Because of this familiarity with com- Htf-ed air and because of its generation and *e in so many small shops (practically every gasoline station has its compressed air ibnt), the question of safe installation and ^ration is important. This paper will not ttempt to cover the actual use of com peted air, but will he limited to the instaltaion and maintenance of the stationary wopressor plant and system. operating pressure will seldom be above 150 pounds, and the compressors will be either single or two stage. By this we mean that the air will he compressed to discharge pres sure in one stroke of a piston (single stage), or it may lie compressed part way in one cylinder and then transferred to another cylinder and compressed the rest of the way (two stage). In general, machines above 100 horsepower will be two stage, the power re quirements for 100 pound units being about I 1 American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--I >. L. Rover, Ocean Accident and (inarantco Corp., New York, N. Y. I'icc-CViutrimm--C. Ik lloui.r.r, Wisconsin 1'uldic Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. I'ice-Chairman--K. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif, tirrrr/ary--W, Dkan Kf.kfer, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Members at Large-- Cykii. Ainswoktii, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. *C. 11. Auei, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. H. R. Iltxt.KK, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) E. W. Bui.i.ard, E. I). Bullard Co., Sail Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) H. F. (iiuiKKT, American Cyanatnid tin., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) *W. M. Grafk, National Bureau of Casualty St Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. H. J. Griffith, Jones it Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) R. McA. Kkown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. J. M. Kerrigan, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara F'rontier Chapter) Everett F. Kind, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Li.oyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, I). C. H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours Ik Co., Wilmington, Del. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Leo. F. Prussing, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. Rai.ston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Rkoiji-a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York. N. Y. (i. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. (. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F. Thai.nkr, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Wii.uam P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1937-38 to/ Chairman--C. II. Boui.kt, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. (Chairman--R. F.. Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. rt-Cliairman--C. E. Rai.ston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 'Deceased. 221 222 Tu'cnty-sixth National Safety Ctnujrcss I'.ni/ineeriin/ SI'ction ;) 223 Secretary--W. Dfan Kffffr, National Safely Council, Inc., Chicago, III. Members at l.aroe - Cyrii. Ainsworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. Engineering and Industrial Accident Prevention ; By E. A. HOLBROOK .1. 1. Uanasii, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. Dean, Schools of Engineering & Mines, University of Pittsburgh, K. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh, Pa. K. W. IUit.i.ahi), K. I>. Itullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) Charles D. Fari.in, Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y., New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) The essence of early safety work was (be safety education of the worker. Editcat ........ ................ J ililLillIOI1 lias ever been one of the two legs supporting safety. only into every corner of our industrial world, but into our individual daily life. Certainly as regards industry, I am ready II. F. Gii.rf.kt, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) We did not go far in our safety program H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) until we discovered that safe materials, safecuards, safety standards and safe equipment R. McA, Kf.own, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. were equally potent with worker education in reducing accidents. These material things to admit that Safety Engineering has ar rived; that in its historical development, in its penetration of organization and manage ment, in its influence on production, eco nomics and design, and by its high standards Evf.rf.tt F. Kino, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Liohtfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. jconstitutc the second leg of our safety body. of research and practice, Safely Engineer ing is on a plane whore it demands a place M. G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, IX C. notice with pleasure a wide diversity of J. E. Lono, The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corp., Albany, N. Y. N. B. MacHosf, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier H. L. Minfr, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. Chapter) use of the term "engineering" in the world of safety. There is nothing to tell you that Jinan must go to college to be a safety en gineer. Nevertheless, an engineering college W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. is perhaps the place where a man may learn in our engineering college curriculum. The curious fact remains that in general the engineering colleges of this country have not yet assigned to safety engineering any definite recognition. Geo. F. Priissino, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. jtasiest how to design a safe boiler or build- Several years ago it seemed that the time A. S. Rkoiii.a. Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., New York, N. Y. jing or of the thousand and one material fac had come where in a great industrial center A. V. Roiiwfder, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn. tors of safety that we associate with engi like Pittsburgh we should offer a course in IX L. Royfr, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. neering. He learns there also how to draw Safety Engineering on a college level. We G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. J. S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (hid.), Chicago, 111. H, S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. F; Thai.nfr, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. S. E. Whitino, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Wii.i.iam P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. conclusions from his facts, and we trust he may later in practice art with professional wisdom. When we remember the efforts of the Red Cross thirty years ago, or we read again the fct mine inspection act in Pennsylvania, jtbere was little to indicate that safety ever jnotdd be of professional engineering inter- determined in this course not to deal with safety as applied to any specific industry, for we believe that in these industries them selves, the special application of safety prin ciples best can he mastered. Rather we tried to uncover the basic principles or essence of safety engineering, common to and of inter est in all industries. Thus our year's out (tst. Today when you consider the enormous ^cumulated data on the material side of alety, engineering of its writings, its myr- line for the subject covered purposes, ori gin, growth, agencies, and organization for safety work; industrial hazards, manage iandards, its exacting practice, you ment responsibility, and safety education. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 The annual meeting of the ASSEEnginecring Section of the National Safety Council followed a luncheon and convened with J). L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation, New York City, general chairman, presiding. All reports bad been mimeographed, and copies were dis tributed at the luncheon. A report of the address delivered at the meeting by Elmer A. Holbrook, dean of the Schools of Engineering and Mines, Univer sity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., will be found elsewhere in this record. admit that to absorb, interpret and ap Then came individual accidents, their causes, is world of material requires a mind costs and prevention; accident classification, d to the college or equivalent level. As Del example, electrical engineering was machinery and the human factor, design as affecting safety; safeguarding the working i,rd of before 1880, yet in the past 50ears, it has through research and prac- icc.umulatcd data, writings and stand)f such importance and variety that the human mind cannot in a lifetime span tole field. place, inspection, and materials handling. Finally, we studied safety codes and stand ards, workman's compensation (origin and rate making), and methods and results of safety work in typical industries. This class has gone on for some seven years; first under its founder, the late Dr. J. W. Hallock, and for the past two years under Irvin Brinkman, safety director of the Mclntosh-Hemphill Company. The classes have varied between 20 and 70 men enrolled. aaAcsoacultliesriffo'avucis'tUod--ryi*ffatiec--ux1tlt1^byoh_oa_k1 s. been vthuev <atbwsaecinivc:Ce OoTf Is it not noteworthy that although there arc hundreds of college text books covering almost every conceiv able engineering subject, I know today of ink again of those modest beginnings of r, mostly in the minds of men in the igv metallurgical and railroad industries, ly it felt its way, largely with a humanii background. Then came workman's ( 224 7'.v<'i/v sixth National Safety Congress no text suitable for a college course in safely engineering. Tlie Armour Institute of Technology has admirable courses in fire prevention engineering, ami Harvard Uni versity has undertaken extensive work in traffic and highway engineering and recently has offered 15 fellowships to men wishing training in this field. These exceptions firing out hy contrast how little attention most eti giueering colleges give to safety, Perhaps it will take another generation of engineering teachers to recognize that today safety is a part of every engineering prob lem and as essential as the items of cost, good design, probable life, and general use fulness. You of the National Safety Council have done a great work in educating employees and employers, insurance companies, stand ardization agencies, the child in the school, the man on the street, and the woman in the home. Hut for some reason you have not made the engineering colleges safety con scious. down from generation to generation, tindimmed and often refueled. For this rea son alone, I say to the National Safety Council that you ought to form an alliance with one or more American engineering schools, trusting in this w^ay to insure the perpetuation, without fear or favor of all that is at the heart of safely. 1 believe also that within a college, and away from the stress of economic struggle, where research in safety principles can best be carried on, you would find, through sup port of a chair of safety engineering, that out of it would come a sifting of wheat from chaff, an extraction of the essence from the mass of material things. Of a more practical nature, an engineering college department interested in safety should lie able to put out text hooks on safety, more valuable therefore to the stu dent than the general references we now have to use. On this foundation must come courses in the principles of safety engineering offered to the undergraduate engineering student. You have accumulated writings and data Whether you like it or not, the truth is that so vast that no single mind ran absorb them. the bright young boys of today go to col You know that your continued success de pends upon diffusing safety knowledge this year and next, yes even from generation to generation. You should have at work men trying to explore for that essence in safety problems which I sometimes think cannot lege, most often to an engineering school, whereas the similar hoy of 30 years ago gen erally entered industry after high school. This means that the future safety engineers and industrial leaders arc largely going to he products of a four year college engineer wholly be expressed--it can only be felt. ing course. May I call attention here to the fact that, so far as we know, a college or a university is likely, next to the church, to he the most enduring agency of civilization. Even in this young country, Harvard University lias cele brated its three hundredth anniversary, re minding us that it has outlived changes in government, in religion, and in peoples. Es sentially it has been the repository of great ideals and truths, equipped to pass the torch Safety engineering can't just he discussed like politics. It must be felt, it must he lived, it must he instilled into these young engi neers firmly. Then and then only will they react instinctively to safety in engineering. 1 do invite, most earnestly, the attention of the Executive Committee of this Council to the need, through cooperation with the en gineering colleges, of educating our future engineers in safety. Automotive and Machine Shop -- Power Press Sections \ Automotive and Machine Shop Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--M. A. Ci.ark, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. I'ice-Chairman--11. W. Boiu.ton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Secretary--W. H. Kratf.r, Cadillac Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. lines letter Editor--R. K. Thai.nkk, liuick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. It. Loomis, Ternstedt Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Health Committee Chairman--Du. A. L. 1!rooks, Kishor Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee Chairman--('. VV. lilsitoi*, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williams- gort, Pa. foster Committee Chairman--E. Markntatk, Motor Products Corp., Detroit, Mich. Program Committee Chairman--W. A. Bmni.l., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Piiblirity Committee Chairman--Paui. A. Dknzio, Kclsey-Hayes Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich. Statistics Committee Chairman--G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Shcncctady, N. Y. Membe, s at Large-- L. E. Avf.rhx, Chicago Eye Shield Co., Detroit, Mich. Hoyt L. Erachfr, Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. Meri.f. C. Hau:, Genera! Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. M. J. McCarthy, Eishcr Body Corp., Detroit, Mich. R. A. Shaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich, Cari. L. Storck, Dolco Products Corp., Dayton, Ohio. R. F. Tiiai.nkr, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich. C. T. Winfcar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. i adjournment Officers Elected for 1937-38 ''fiirat i hairnian - II. VV. Boiu.ton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. >ife-Chainnan--L. B. Loomis, Ternstedt Manufacturing Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Midi. nrretary--C. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamsport, Pa. Ws Letter hditor--L. B. Gatki.v, Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co., Pontiac, Mich. immeermg t ommitter Chairman--W. N. Krausfr, Willvs-Ovcrland Motors, Inc., Toledo, I Bhio. 225 Twnlysixlh National Safely Congress 22A Health Committee ('u-Chairmen--Dr. A. I Brooks, Bishcr llody Detroit Div., (iencral Motors Corp, Detroit, Mit'll'. W. II. Riktz, llg Electric VVeennttiillaattiinngg Cuoi., C. h...i.c.a...g..o.....1..1.1.. Membership Committee Chairman--Nils Juei.l, Hayes Body Corp., '.rati.t.l..R...a.,pids, Mich. Poster Committee Chairman--H. A. Zachari, Henry Vogt Machine Co., Louisville, Ky Program r'i--'-- Committee Chairman Zachari, *M . 1J. McCartihivy, Pisher Body Detroit Div., Ceneral Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Trotter, Plymouth Div., Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Publicity Committee Chairman--V. Mich. ?r, Wcstinghousc Electric & Manufacturing Statistics Committee Chairman--J. C. Bower Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. Members at Large-- L. E. Avf.ru;..ii, M. A. Ci.ark, Chicago Kye Shield Co., II. S. KRuubhblieerr PPrroodduuccttss,, Detroit, Mich Ijnncc..,, Detroit,...M....ic..h... Hovt I.. Eracher, Detroit S" teel "Prod-*u--c*t-s> Co., HDoettrrnoit, Mich. the company will not tolerate accident- prone employees, for they are distinct haz ards to themselves, their fellow workers, and to company property. The employment man should he thoroughly familiar with conditions surrounding the job for which he is selecting a man. He should know the fatigue elements and the types of workers required for the job, remembering that upon his ability to select men depends the functioning of a smoothly running organi zation. The employment office itself can he an important factor in creating the correct impression on the new employee--neatness and orderliness of the office and surround ings can indicate the type of good house keeping in the plant, so essential to proper safety conditions. croachment upon his authority. However, the introduction of compensation laws and labor legislation in many states, the tremendous labor turn-over costs in industry, and the increases in insurance premiums helped to bring to the attention of managements the idea that some medium of control had to be exercised. Consequently, the safety engi neer, thought of in terms of a necessary evil or disease, slowly found his way into the spotlight and his job from then on was definitely outlined. The plant physician can also take a place among those responsible for the develop ment of safe workers in industry. The final selection of any man is subject to the ap proval of the medical staff. While the Mkri.k C. Half, General Motors Corp., New York, N .Y. R. A. Siiaw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Carl L. Storck, Delco Products Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. R. E. Thalnkk, Buick Motor Co., E'lint, Mich. T. Winelar, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. The prospective employee is undoubtedly anxious to obtain the job and make. good. Since he has his mind set on conforming to the requirements of a new job, new associI ates and new environment, lie will un- I Auhtedly react to new ideas on safety, [especially when the benefits lie will derive I are explained. employment man concentrates on the mental and experience qualifications of the new man, the physician decides on the physical fitness angle. The plant physician, in other words, acts as a double check on the proper selection of a new employee. The railroads were among the forerun ners of the safety movement and soon No man will deliberately cause injury to realized the value of educating the workers himself or another, nor do 1 like to charge TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION an injury to carelessness on the part of the person injured. Carelessness might he the October 12, 1937 under-lying cause of an injury---but whose carelessness ? Did the employment man do Sessions of the Shop ami Power P.A.ru.e.t.so.s..m..Soet. icvmteiso-naisndweMraec. hhh_ieen_ll_edd jiooiinnttllyv.. AA list of officers of pthaegeF'o53w5eroPf rtehsiss Section will he found oil ' volume. his duty, or simply provide a book of The opening session was called to order safety rules containing a hundred or more by Acting Chairman M. J. McCarthy, Safely lon'ts ? Director, Eisher Body Div., Glicenneerraail Motor*) Corp., Detroit, Mich,, who introd'uced' th` e~i I recall an incident where a new man was king "written up" in one of our plants. He speakers. ws handed a book of rules on safety and told to read them carefully. After going on accident prevention and accepted as an integral part of their program the selective training of engineers, firemen, brakemen, and round house employees. Their pro gram designated special training periods for each employee and the employee was ad vanced accordingly. The metal working industry finally took a leaf from the railroad manual and used it as a pattern to organize and develop safe workers. It was a good experiment indeed, for a review of the industry's accident ex Developing Safe Workers Through the Employment Office iver them slowly he laid the book down nd indicated that he understood tlieir perience shows the success in the reduction of industrial tragedies that plagued the in [waning. When asked to sign his name to dustry in the early years. Taking General And Job Training 1 employment card he made an X. What id were written rules in this case? The Motors' record, our frequency rate in 1937 is only one-sixth of that in 1925 and the By HARRY C. BIGLER an could neither write nor read, and yet :rch Laboratories Division, General Motors Corporation t could not be denied the right to work. Personnel Director, Res Detroit [Experience has taught us that a little wra time spent by the employment man The employment man is in the best possi ble position to instil! safety consciousness in the minds of new employees. He is the first representative of the company to con tact the new employee. His responsibility for safety is as great as that of the safety engineer or foreman, due largely to his op portunity to observe the physical and meets the new man when lie is in W departmental foreman with a new em- receptive frame of mind. While he may not be able to judge an's ability to perform a certain operati leltfafiuci,eT natulyn,vand_*_( it' m--ay not f^aHll within 1 tyee before he actually starts work will ! only pay dividends in the form of tality and quantity of workmanship, but lill greatly reduce human suffering and line of duty to teach the rudiments of feident costs. In early years, an attempt on job, he should explain company policies t part of anyone to encourage selective place special emphasis on safety. TL. (iloyment was often frowned upon by the should he no hesitancy in explaining tl iployment man who considered it an en mental qualifications of the applicant. He severity rate only one-third. I'm sure other units of the automotive industry can show a similar improvement. At one of our plants a very effective plan was recently adopted and has been success ful in developing safety consciousness among new as well as older employees. This plant held regularly scheduled "executive train ing" meetings for the purpose of developing the best possible kind of leadership. Com pany policies and their effect upon good workmanship and production schedules were discussed. Accident prevention methods were suggested or at least discussed in an Cement and Quarry Sections Cement Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--Fred li. Hunt, Nazareth Portland Cement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Cicc-C hairmatt--W. J. Worthy, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Toledo, Ohio. .Secretary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, III. News Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., I.td., Montreal, P. Q., Can., Engineering Committee Chairman--Wti.t.t am Moeller, I .one Star Cement Co., I tallas, Texas. Highway Committee Chairman--M. A. Kokkman, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Membership Committee C hairman--Hknky A. Keninuer, I.chigh Portland Cement Co., Allentown, Pa. Vaster Committee Chairman--J. W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit, Mich. Program C ommittee C hairman--A. 11. Sunderland, Ash drove Lime & Portland Cement Co., Kansas City, Mo. Members at Large-- D. 11. Coleman, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. R. 11. Fortuin, Pennsylvania-1 lixie Cement Corj>., Nazareth, Pa. Cordon C. Hutii, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Chicago, III. K. Porski.t, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, N. Y. J. II. Zook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., HulTalo, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--Frkd 11. Hunt, Nazareth Portland C ement Co., Nazareth, Pa. Viee-Clutirman--A. 11. Sunderland, Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Co., Kansas City, Mo,i Secretary--A. J. R. Curtis, Portland Cement Assn., Chicago, 111. Vnr.r Letter Editor--Jack Dempster, Canada Cement Co., Ltd., Montreal, P. Q. Canada. l',in/mrrriiig Committee Chairman--Wii.i.iam Moeller, Lone Star Cement Corp., Dallas, Texas. lii/lm'ay Committee C hairman--M. A. Koecman, Southwestern Portland Cement Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman--11. A. Keninuer, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., Allen town, Pa. tor Committee Chairman--J. W. Kennedy, Huron Portland Cement Co., Detroit, Mich. Members at Large-- P. N. llusiiNEi.L, Missouri Portland Cement Co., St. Louis, Mo. R. 11. Fortuin, Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp., Nazareth, Pa. Gordon C. Hutu, Universal Atlas Cement Co., Chicago, III. K. Posski.t, Lone Star Cement Corporation, New York, N. Y. F. E. Town, Medusa Portland Cement Co., Manitowoc, Wis. J. 11. Z.ook, Great Lakes Portland Cement Corp., HulTalo, N. Y. 249 1 25f> V'tivh/v-sixth Xational Safely C onijrexx Cement anil Onarry Sections 3 257 SI. I believe dial nur general safety mootinns will mean more tq, (lie men if, instead nf having outside speakers all of the lime, we should make the programs more our own organisation; using our own men as speakers and possibly working up consider able discussion in taking cases from the Round Table that is put out by the Associa tion; also devoting a part of the time in the study of our safety regulations. S. That is an idea, and I would suggest that you work up next month's program along that line. Has anybody else got an idea? SR. I have one. I suggest that we have a rule requiring any faulty ladder or other tool to lie taken to the storeroom; and let it he the safety inspector's responsibility to see that such a tool does not go hack in the tool room until properly cheeked and repaired by some craftsman. S. Thai's a good one, and we will give it immediate consideration. In addition, I sug gest that we pick out a man from each de partment and bring him in to our safety committee meetings, rotating those men so that we can eventually have them all meet with us, thus giving these men a closer in sight as to our safety work and permit us to get their ideas. Also, I will, until further notice, hold weekly meetings with all the foremen wherein we can make clear the ad ditional duties that you men must assume, one of which will he to see that your men are acquainted with our safety rules and the training of new employees. We can also discuss various individuals who do not seem to he cooperating one hundred per cent. course, some similarity of procedure in di recting the work of any man on any job; but different industries employ such different types of people, under such a wide variety of circumstances, and place such a diver gence of requirements upon them that the. problem of supervisory training in its more comprehensive aspects is peculiar to each type of industry. The general treatises on leadership give the groundwork, Imt the subject matter for any supervisory training course for any par ticular industry lies within that industry. We must go out atul sec how our joh is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor; compare them and select the best; look u|nm supervision as a process in itself, and see how best to direct the work of the people. It is a long, tedious, and costly process, but one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION October 13, 1937 Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work?* By F. M. PEPPER General Plant Employment Supervisor, Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago The Wednesday Luncheon session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed hy Isaiah Hale, Superintendent of Safety, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Ee Railroad, who spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the same as another address hy Mr. Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will be found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. Much of the effort spent in safety work has heen more or less inspirational in char acter, with considerable stress placed on sell ing the idea of safety. Too much time and effort have heen spent in stimulating our people to do something to prevent accidents and in inspiring them, and too little time anil effort in teaching them how. The joh is essentially one of adequate training, both for the supervisor and man. The essential considerations in those manage ment functions which are concerned with doing the joh safely are no different from those management functions which are con cerned with securing a product for which the industry is organized. Effective supervisory training means secur ing effective supervision for the joh as a whole. When a joh is well done, preventable accidents will he at a minimum. There should he a tendency to set up pro cedures which are apart from the usual super visory functions. Prevention of injuries on the joh is a matter which lies almost entirely in the hands of the direct supervision of the job. Editor's Note: This is a brief abstract of Mr. Pepper's address. One of the most difficult problems facing us today is to return to the foreman his res))onsil>ility for the safe doing of the joh which, by various measures, we have taken away from him. He must feel that the safe doing of the joh is his responsibility and feel that lie is the man to do something about it. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION Rarely, if ever, is (her- an accident on a job which is considered particularly hat- ardoits. October 13, 1937 We must not assume that the foreman or supervisor knows how to conduct the work safely. We must fie sure that he does and < assist him through a proper training pro Work of the National Silicosis Conference By R. CAMPBELL STARR gram. Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, It is safe to assume that a majority of Washington, D. C. fatal and serious accidents are directly <* indirectly attributable to the failure of super vision at some level to function properly. It is quite evident that supervisory training as a means of avoiding accidents is necessary. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science lias not reported silica dust u affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air The development of a supervisory training j which they breathe contained excessive con course is a much more difficult proccdi** 9 centrations of free silica. than the development of a technical or vtxn- 9 The interest of the ff. S. Department of tional training course. Apart from the tedt-S labor in a broad social and economic prob riieal features involved, there does not lem such as this has its origin in the Organic to he any general formula. There is, rfS Act, effective March 4, 1913, which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department of Labor the duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profit able employment." With this in mind, and believing that through joint effort of all concerned, much could lie done to eliminate the hazard, the Secretary of Labor called together in Wash- 25K Ttacnlv dtxlli Xalimtal Safely ( i>in/r<\ Cniii'iil and Oi/arry Scclians 5 259 iugton <>n I'fliruar\ 2ft, 19.lti a group of aiiont 75 myit representing leaders in indus tries having a silica problem, labor leaders, and outstanding representatives of the medieal, legal, and engineering professions, as well as insurance carriers and State adminis trators. After considering various phases of the silicosis proldem, this group generally agreed that through a pooling of knowledge and a frank discussion through the conference method important advances could he made toward, first, overcoming the hysterical at titude on the part of employers, labor, and visors, one on labor problems and one on mining matters. These committee members served without compensation and gave freely of their time and effort in studying the problem from their respective viewpoints. After nine months of eareful and searching study, these commit tees advised the Secretary of Labor that they were ready to report. Consequently, on February ,1, 19.17 the Second National Silicosis Conference was called in Washing ton. At this time summary committee rct>orts were presented to the Secretary and considerable discussion was given them. i those already permanently detached from their cniploymcnt by reason of disabling sili cosis. The status of the 1 ,(K)0,(K)0 workers ex posed to the hazard of silicosis was analyzed 'hits |>y the committees making the survey; j A percentage of the 4,000 to 5,000 workers having silicosis are completely or partially disabled because of this disease and have their difiicullics further com plicated with tuberculosis. The remainder of the 4,000 to 5,000 have silicosis and disability in some degree, but np tuberculosis. giueers, insurance companies, legislators, ad ministrators, and others. The reports of the conference committees on engineering control and medical control recomrttcnd specific procedures for attack ing the problem through those two avenues of prevention. A partial list of these recom mendations follows; Survey the working conditions to deter mine the severity of the hazard and indi cate what needs to he done to decrease it. Secure information on best procedure. Design plant for dust control. others; second, after careful investigation, Shortly after this second national confer Approximately 105,000 have silicosis, Provide building ventilation. to consolidate in one place all known data ence the Department published,'as lltilletin hut no disability and no tuberculosis. Store dusty materials in dusttight bins. with regard to the preventive engineering No. 13 of the Division of Labor Standards, Approximately 900,000 arc exposed to Enclose material-handling equipment. methods; third, analysis and recommenda the summary reports of the four committees silica dust, but have not contracted the dis Isolate dusty processes. tions in connection with adequate standards referred to above, together with an abstract ease. Provide wet methods of operation,-- of compensation for those workers disabled as a result of the disease. As an outgrowth of this initial meeting, another group, similar in composition to the first conference, but expanded to include some 200 individuals, was invited to come to Washington on April 14, 19,16 to outline ways and means of attacking the problem. After version containing the principal findings and recommendations written in non-techniral language. The full reports of the committees, com prising several thousand typewritten pages, are now being edited and will go to the printer very shortly. It is expected that they will he issued in four separate volumes Contrary to popular belief, silicosis is slow to develop. Usually it takes seven years or more of exposure to silica dust for a worker to contract the disease. A few cases that have been known to develop in as short a period as one and one-half years occurred under extreme and unusual conditions. On the other hand, many workers have labored Water, oil, and other liquids may be used effectively-- 1. To suppress dust at the point of origin in such operations as rock-drilling; han dling, pulveriz.ing, and milling rock and ore; grinding metal on grindstones; abrasive-wheel culling of granite and sand stone. hearing silicosis discussed from the stand point of the employer, labor, and the medical profession, by outstanding experts in the field, this large group endorsed the confer ence method as proposed, and as a result four main working committees were ap pointed by the Secretary of Labor with the advice and consent of the group to investi gate and report upon the outstanding phases of the silicosis problem. These committees were: sometime during the fall or early winter. Nature and Extent of Silicosis under ordinary exposures to silica for more than 30 years without demonstrating any trouble whatever that could he diagnosed as silicosis. Physicians generally agree that silicosis, in the layman's language, is a disease of the Silicosis Prevention lungs, caused by breathing air containing Silicosis can he prevented in three general silica dust, in which the normal lung tissue ays: First, by preventing the creation of is replaced by fibrous or scar tissue. .silica dust; second, by preventing the dis- Silica dust is found in many industrial iKrsion of dust into the atmosphere of a operations, but the hazard is acute only in Working area; and third, if it is impossible 2. To prevent the redispersion of dust that has settled on the floors, walls, and other surfaces such as in the granite in dustry and in foundries. Design equipment to control dust. Establish good maintenance and house keeping procedure. Provide respirators. Instruct the workers. Responsibility of Workers (1) Committee on the Prevention of Silicosis through Medical Control, (2) Committee on (lie Prevention of Silicosis through Engineering Control, (.1) Committee on the Economic, Legal and Insurance 1 'bases of the Silicosis Problem, (4) Committee on tiic Regulatory and Administrative I liases of the Silicosis Problem. A fifth committee, known as the Correlat ing Committee, was named. It was under the chairmanship of W. II. Cameron, Managing Director of tjie National Safety Council, and consisted of the chairman of the four tech nical committees just mentioned and two ad- such industries as metal mining; anthracite mining; quarrying, drilling, and tunneling in granite, ganister, and sandstone; smelting and refining; foundries; potteries; glass to apply the first two methods, by the use *f personal protective equipment such as mpirators, to prevent the inhalation of the *nt. works; stone-products industries; grinding: In carrying out a prevention program, buffing; and sandblasting. J*iny agencies must cooperate. In the view Of the 49,000,000 workers in the United i the committees studying the problem, the States, only 1,000,000, or 2 per cent, it is es Jasployer is called on to do most of the work timated, are in any way exposed to the haj- d to spend most of the money. Hut his ard of silicosis. About half of this number, *wk and money will never accomplish the oianrrdt1,heapnecdrocauepnnptrtryoo,xfaimtrheeaettexoplytoasl1e1nd0u,0mt0ob0aeorsfoetrfhioewsuoesrhkbeaarwr*- SJwJaBgpxotiomnsucimoboilpriteeysrautfleotsraunhndeleclspasinrrgtyhehtoiwsocsrohknaertrreoislofwdutihlsle-t silicosis in some degree. Medical examina tion of men actually at work indicates that ' for using the personal proleclivc cquip1 lictvveen 4,000 and 5,000 workers are seri b addition, physicians can play a definite ously afTerted by the disease, in addition la prt in preventing silicosis, as can also cti- The cooperation of the workers is neces sary if the hazard of silicosis is to be re duced to the minimum. The worker should realize that the safe practices recommended and the equipment provided are designed to prevent injury to himself and to his fellow employees. The equipment should be used as directed and every effort should be made to maintain it in good working order. Further more, the worker is frequently in a posi tion to observe faulty equipment and unsafe practices, and he should make it a point to report all such conditions to his supervisor. Statutory Regulation While the primary approach to the prob.lem mu-q l*e the prevention and diminution 260 Ttacnlv sixth ,Valimial Safely Coni/ress t Cement and Quarry Sections 261 for the conversion of known facts in the j of the hazard, the fart most he recognized medical and engineering fields working 1 that until silicosis has been wiped out, toward prevention, and in the legal, insurance j workers who now have the disease, as well as those who may contract it, must receive workmen's compensation just as do those and regulatory phases looking toward ade quate tical, workmen's compensation, into a prac readily understood program which will workers who are injured in accidents. adequately lake rare of the silicosis proli- j Accordingly, the committees of the silico lcm. | sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations: Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. (n its program of cooperation with the j 18 States, the Department of I.ahor lias in- 1 eluded a section covering silicosis and simi lar dust diseases. This breaks down into This coverage should he compulsory. three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance in Because of competition between the same or similar industries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should he as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured the preparation of reasonable and adequate codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention ; (2) assistance in the establishment of equitable standards of workmen's compensation for those em ployees disabled as a result of the disease; (3) a general educational program among The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation either through selfinsurance subject to the posting of ade quate funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. State officials, factory inspectors, etc. so that they will he equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treat ment under the workmen's compensation law. Insurance should not he denied any em ployer, provided the State authorities certi fy that he complies with the State require ments as to proper safe working condi tions, and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should he removed from employment. Such workers should he granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (hut with no tuberculosis) should ultimately he granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in- Follows Two Lines This application program, which is just j now getting under way has been commenced ! along two principal lines: (1) The compiling J of practical information concerning actual* dust control installations in typical silica j hazardous plants, together with approxim*- j tions as to cost, not only of installation, hut' also of maintenance of dust control equip-j] ment in such plants; (2) a program of visual' education supplementing the summary and full committee reports of the National Sili cosis Conference. It is contemplated that i*i this field such media as film strips, lantern^ jury. slides, posters, illustrated bulletins, etc. w#s Two years is a reasonable minimum limitation period for filing claims subse quent to the date of the last exposure. he utilized. Further, in connection with At, various exhibits of the department, shown various large expositions, trade association' Further Activities of the Department of Labor meetings, labor and technical organizationmeetings, etc., it is contemplated that nmdl; factual information will he used, pointh() In carrying out its duty as slated in the basic law, the U. S. Department of Labor lias conceived that there is immediate need toward ways and means of correcting M hazard and of establishing adequate stjal ards of workmen's compensation. 4 hazards in quarry operation took place. THl Following the address by Mr. Starr a round table discussion of outstanding concluded the Wednesday program. * THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 Methods Used by a Sand and Gravel Company to Win the National Safety Award By H. A. KOOP Safety Director, Lyman-Richey Sand & Gravel Corporation, Omaha, Neb. The Lyman-Uichcy Sand & Gravel Corporatioi.i operates 22 plants, located throughout the state. Kacli plant is operated as an individual unit, normally employing one foreman and from three to six men on each shift. Total annual employees number 200 to 250, with an average of 275,000 to 325,000 wan hours. All production operations are by lake type dredges, involving such hazards as usually result in electrocution, falling, burning, and drowning. Although our safety problems were the same as those of most small operators, our record in the year prior to the safety pro gram was 79 lost-time accidents in 163,275 an hours' exposure. In fact, there were jo many accidents reported that we received Wry unfavorable comment from the State Compensation Commission, and some insur ance firms flatly refused to insure us. It was evident that the system of each |hnt looking out for its own safety was all "haywire," so a safety program for all plants as decided upon and put into operation in tie following manner. First, an old employee, well versed in all Ihnt operations was selected as safety diWctor, devoting his full lime to safety work. Srcond, all employees were required to ! a physical examination. Most of the eployees passed this examination, hut a wber were found to he physically unfit. Third, all machinery and equipment were rie as mechanically safe as possible; ^rds placed on gears ami around open *ving parts, ladders carefully inspected 4 guards built over them, hand rails and ** boards placed around platforms ami on nways, electric equipment checked for proper size switches ami faulty wiring. Fwrth: An annual meeting of all forewas decided upon to discuss safety Ih*. and plant operations. This proved very profitable, since from experience we had observed that the attitude of the fore man is reflected in the workman. Fifth: In addition to the trophy to he won in a safety contest, substantial cash awards were given the foremen having the best plant safety record; and we honestly believe these cold, round dollars did more than any thing else in keeping up interest in safety and plant competition. Sixth: All plants were provided with bulletin hoards, posters and first aid kits. Seventh: The policy was adopted of hold ing each foreman directly responsible for his plant and each operator responsible for the condition of that particular part of the equipment he was operating. It was the duty of the safety director to go from plant to plant, making routine in spections, observing, and instructing when necessary in methods of safe operation, and conducting plant safety meetings. At these meetings all plant safety prob lems were discussed, and the men encour aged to make any suggestions in regard to equipment or its operation that would tend to eliminate future accidents. Many good ideas, successfully executed, originated from this source. One of our greatest problems has been in getting men to use their hearts for something other than hat racks--to think. This is espe cially true of new men. New men are prone to apply safety meas ures to other than themselves, and the alert foreman proves his worth in directing and cautioning until unconsciously the men be come safety minded. Tit 1934, as a member of the National Safety Council, we entered the National Safety Contest and although we did not win an award several of our plants had no losttime accidents in an average of 30,000 man hours' exposure at each plant. . Xalwnal Safctv Cantiress 284 ' 7\v.-M and disability payments to injured workers, safe working conditions and safe on the pari of a!! employees F^oaf roM increasing ness proposition. It is a means By costs we efficiency and reducing mean not only money costs, saved on insurance hot the even more real cost whirl) is the suffering, pain an I anxiety that results from injury for which no amount of money can ever compensate. JPJOUKNMHN'1 Construction Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Wash ington, 1). C, Viee-Chairnian jar Heavy Construction--K. J. Kkicf.i.iitu, C. W. Tilakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. Vice-Chairman for Iliglm'ay Construction--Id I. Kowk, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksville, Ohio. Vice-Chairman for V. S. lini/lncer Department-- Major Ki.uott Vaniikvanti.r, C. of E., Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, I). C. Vice-Chairman for Iluildiuu Construction--Ciikstkr W. Wrioht, Wright & Krcmers, Inc., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Secretary--Roukrt McKini.f.y, General Arcidcnt, F'ire Si Life Assurance Corp., Detroit, Mich. News Letter Editor--G. O. Griffin, 1 Iravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. litH/ineerinfi Committee Chairman- -Tiiomas Soui.f, Industrial Indemnity Exchange, San Francisco, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman Id J. Chandfi.i., Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Poster Committee Chairman S. M. 1 .aiimi.kdai i:. Civilian Conservation Corps, Washing ton, 1). C. 1 , Pro/fram Committee, Chairman - V. P. Aiifarn, Naliottal Sand Si Gravel Assn., Washing-1 ton, D. C. Publicity Committee Chairman--W. P. Conn, "The Constructor," Washington, D, C.* Statistics Committee Chairman--C. 11. IIi.ack, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. Past General Chairmen-- W. Id Austin, W. Id..Wood Co., Detroit, Mich. Euuar N, Got.iist!ni:, Consulting Safety Engineer, San Francisco, Calif. John Rhssli.l, Ir., Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Officers Elected for 1937-38 inernl Chairman-AV. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Wash ington, I). C. fvt-Chairman for Heavy Construction -R. J. Kima-ximi, C. W. Blakoslec & Sons, New Haven, Conn. fxt-Chairman for Hit/lneay Construction --H. G. CAMum-a.i., Harry T. C'amphcll Sons Co., Ton-son, Md. fxt-Chairman for If S. lint/inrcr Department Major II. II. V.mkuian, Jr., Corps of Engineers, War Dept.. Washington, 1). C. 285 I 286 v Ttvnilv-sixtlt National Safrty Cnntjrcss I'irr-Chairman far Ituihiiiu) Cimstnutinn-('. II. Bi.ack, Stone & Webster Knginccring XrOrrifrlptt.r,yB--osRtoonm, mMaMssc. Kini.iv, (intend Aceiilent, I''ire & Life Assurance t'orp., Hclroit, AfrMje.icdi.l.fltrr lulitiir- I,. K. RiiNiiutm, Industrial Aceiilent Commission, San Lrancisco, linCgainlitfr.ring Cammillr, < hairman- -Thomas Soui.i., Industrial Indemnity Kxchangc, San HfFrmrahnrcrixshcoif,, CCaolmif mitter Chairman -V. ,1. (kaniui.i, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, I'rMota/rsasm. Committer Chairi man -John Kiisski.i., .Ik., Public Service Kloclrir Ik Gas Co., StNateixwtairrxk,CNom. Jm. ittee Chairman--K. N. (Iouistink, .152 Funston Ave., San I'raneisro, Calif. I'ixual hiluiatinn ( am miller Chairman--1?,, M. Lauiikriiai.k, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington. I >. C. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12,1937 The first session was called to order In Francisco, who acted as chairman in the F.dgar N\ C.oldstine; consulting engineer, San absence of W. A. Snow. Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record By R. J. REIGELUTH Vice President, C. W. Blakeslee & Sons, New Haven, Conn. ()ur company has always maintained the policy of trying to make its employees into one large family. We have about forty men who have been in our organization over twenty-five years, and a large number who have been with us over fifteen years, some of these men growing up from water boys to superintendents. As all contractors today arc seeking means to check the increasing costs of material and labor, we were concerned about a further increase in the cost of our compen sation insurance. While the insurance costs are only a part of the cost of a high accident record, they arc an indication of how those costs are running. Most of us construction men do not record all of the costs of an accident in our cost books and do not know the cost involved in time lost by the associ ated workers of the injured man, the cost involved in replacing the injured man with another workman, the cost involved in replacing a broken machine or damaged piece of work; still we all know these cost* exist and when our insurance rates increase, we get an idea of how those other costs are mounting up. We made a thorough study of what wa* involved in our accident records and had conferences with two insurance coinpanie* who carry our compensation insurance. There were several jobs in our record whicli had operated without a lost time accident, including various typical kinds of construc tion work from operating a crushed stooe quarry to reconstructing a bridge on which a pier had failed. We determined what the saving in in surance costs would have been on the joh* which had a record of no lost time accident C onslntciiiin Section 28" if we had been carrying the Retrospective plan of insurance on those jobs. This study showed that a job operating for a period of one year with no lost time accidents re suits in a saving of between $2.5(1 and $5 per $100 of payroll, the saving being deter mined by the type of work. Sis men work ing with one foreman -40 hours per week for 40 weeks amount approximately to 10,000 hours. I f these men averaged 50c tier hour the annual payroll for this crew would be $5,000. If this crew operated through the year with no lost time accident, the saving at $2.50 per $100 of payroll would result in a saving of $125 in the insurance for that period of time. It is obvious' (hat with a foreman having a larger crew of men, the I want to make that point plain. All cot>-truclioti men toe faced with a problem keeping their key men working all the time, and fiom lime to lime demote key men from positions as foremen to jobs in a gang when there is not work for the men as foremen. We have carried on work sometimes it' periods of depression when almost every man on the joh was of foremanship ma terial. So that in an effort to avoid impos ing any hardships on our men wc classify those men as foremen and available for the awards who have been in our employ for a period of 40 weeks in a calendar year and used by us as foremen any time during that year. ! saving would be considerably more, and also We classify as a lost time accident any that the saving would be considerably more accident where the injured man is unable to w a hazardous piece of work where the return to work on the shift following the compensation rate was high. We decided to shift in which he was injured. An injured 'hare that saving with our men. man may receive first aid treatment on the We set up for this first year the following plan of awards for a No Lost Time Aeriilcnt Record: joh or at a physician's office and may be off the job the larger part of the clay in which the injury occurs, hut if he is able to return to work on the next shift, we do not classify We offer cash prizes of $50 and $25 to that accident as a lost time accident. rack foreman attaining the requirements for thf award. The $50 prize is aw arded to any toreman who carries his gang through the calendar year with no lost time accident, and thf $25 prize is awarded to any foreman ho carries his gang through the calendar rear with no more than one lost time accifcit resulting in no more than one week of fe't time. We established the second prize d $25 to meet the possible situation of a toreman almost making the grade of a no accident record only to have it shot the h't week by one accident. We wanted the 1 We put this plan into operation at one of the meetings of our superintendents and foremen. Our plan for meetings of this nature is to have a private dining room in the best hotel in our city to which we call the superintendents and first-class foremen from their jobs, wherever they may be lo cated. In cases of jobs remote from our city, it is necessary for these key men to leave a job in the middle of the day to get to the meeting; but wc consider these meetings of sufficient importance to warrant the effort and cost about once a month. ornto feel that their honest elforts at safety had recognition even though they did not It lias always been difficult to induce the have a perfect score. foreman on a jol> to consider safety from To qualify for these awards a foreman ost be a man regularly employed on our lavroll at least 40 weeks in one year. Wo itace no requirement for a minimum amount i time that a foreman must work as a wemati in any one year. We figure each fefeman's record on the same basis that the Wseball leagues figure a player's batting i*wage. Wc want results and if a man who |rt* to "bat" only once makes a "hit," be k*a perfect score. If a foreman has a job a humanitarian point of view, and it is also dillicull to get him to realize fully the costs involved in accidents to the company. But it is comparatively easy with a foreman, as with anybody else in the world, to point out the value of safely when it means $50 in his own pocket. The foremen are showing a keener interest in safety than they ever have before, and have come to look upon an accident as a direct loss to themselves. Throughout the competition for these !kr only one month or less and lias a no awards we have not abated our efforts to jttident record he has done tlu* lies! that assist our foremen and superintendents to k could for the time we called upon him secure as safe conditions as possible on our 'k performance. work. We have had meetings, not only of the foremen and superintendents, hut also 2<X) ,,l v sixth Xatimin! Snfrtv ( mii/rrss ( onslnir/iiiii Sirliini ) 29! By Hours of the I lay By Hotty Bart Injuted By Nature of Injury By General Cati'-r By major sub-classifications under Gen eral Cause By I'rimary Basie Causes By Secondary Contributing Causes By Foremen in Charge By Manner of Performance By Agency (Machine, Material, etc.) 1 burgh, has expressed the considered opinion I of ,a body of outstanding dust exports as I follows: By Part of Agency ' "There is no satisfactory medical answer By Method of Contact at present to this question, hut the engineer The figures niay he summarized using I is making a had mistake if he lets men days of time lost, medical expense, compen breathe heavy dust concentrations of any sation awards, or other associated data. material. 1 f no other reason for dust control ran he found, then one should read tran are subject to spontaneous combustion with consequent hazards to health, safety, and property. Many dusts have detrimental el ects of various kinds on property as distin guished from persons. Machinery, growing vegetation, animals, dwelling houses, and other types of property arc damaged by dusts, and compensation of some kind often is obtained from industrial concerns through scripts of some of the recent suits at com damage suits or otherwise. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 Methods fer Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified1 mon law in which fantastic damages for alleged silicosis were granted to men who breathed dust containing little or no silica. The courts and compensation hoards arc not impressed with subtle distinctions between dusts with 10 per cent and 40 per cent quartz, especially when medical experts are reluctant to make definite statements as to the com parative significance of such differences. From the viewpoint of respiratory harm fulness, it is generally stated (though actu ally knowledge on this point is by no means certain) that the particle sizes of dust (such as that of free silica) that affect health ad versely upon entering the lungs are those that arc loss than 10 microns in size, different persons having different ideas as to what the maximum may he--10 microns or 8 or 6, and By DANIEL HARRINGTON "It would he well to realize that men some say that the harm really is done by working in dusty trades suffer far more particles less than 2 microns in size. As Chief, Health and Safety Branch, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. from respiratory troubles of all kinds than against this, it is stated that fibers of as While the hysteria with regard to silicosis and other occupational diseases has largely not on the statute hooks of nearly every slate in the Union within the next five years. do men who work in clean air. The evidence that excessive dustiness of any kind is harm ful is beyond argument." subsided and this subject is being more care fully considered and soberly judged, it would he poor policy for any employer to maintain that the storm has ended and that he can relax and revert to conditions as they were some years ago. The fact is that the plan of paying occupational-disease compen sation is now in its infancy and can he ex pected to grow rapidly. At present while all the States of the With this situation confronting him, the farsighted industrialist who has the interest It should also he remembered (bat the of his organization at heart will immediately inhaling of dust is by no means its only start to "put his house in order" hy studying Wizard in industrial work that may require possible occupational disease hazards to his Wnpensation payment; and even here the employees and pnmiptly applying known Wmful effect of breathing dust is not nec remedial measures or attempting to devisf essarily confined to the lungs, as some kinds such measures if none exist. Unquestionably, of dust are known to have detrimental health one of the most important of the surveys to Ik- made relates to dust occurrence. idled on the nose, throat, and bronchial (passages as well as (indirectly) on the heart, (stomach, and possibly oilier internal organs. Union, including the District of Columbia and excepting only Arkansas and Missis While the state dust laws and regulations apply primarily to silica dust and resultant jLternally, dust may cause injury tfes, ears, and skin; and some dusts, to the in con- sippi, have compensation acts, only the fol silicosis insofar as the health hazard is con Sktwith the perspiration, arc absorbed with lowing make provision for occupational dis eases to some extent: California, Delaware, cerned, those rence and its most familiar with dust occur possible hazards recognize, not fcfinite harm to the health of the victim. Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, only that the breathing of large quantities of Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, dust of free silica (SiO) is probably the Dust Cuts Visibility Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, greatest hazard to health likely to he fount! Moreover, heavy concentrations of dust in New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, where dust is involved, hut that not evt* : air reduce visibility materially. Obvi- Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island. Washing silica dust is harmful to health unless it !y, in industrial occupations in wliicb but ton, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. occurs in very finely divided form and i sited amounts of natural light are avail- Silicosis is compensable in one way or an other in California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, breathed in relatively large quantities mult k or in which artificial light is used oleerxnpgeltehrtsssoofnctoidmnuetsi.nt uhMoaurosmrleyfuovhet(eors,rsmaaarenycnootuhwsoiduliegcrchattbwfulwtl ^tjdfy-rd'e]u'l?syt, any decrease concentrations in visibility tine (and the decrease to in Missouri, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, ing convinced it is to he expected that l,ea^lB|0Qniit may, under to 75 per cent some circumstances, or more) is likely to and Wisconsin, and possibly in other States. It will he surprising if comparatively com prehensive ocrupational-discase legislation is will he oobiuliiggeend kind of harmed tuo> b"irvemathiwe dust more whoihgrehlnecssohncucomennattin.nr.a.u.t.oib.o.ue.n.isnsi.gy_os. ftDgjtaisintuah,cemcomamoteprerainaiflerl-yeedqflr-hueyednuatncoinircngcrcuiricrerfriafeci\scnnieiVccr. IcnIVineJo,ry>cfroatamlnletdl-- fessor l'hilip D..r.i.n..k...e..r*, .o...f...H....a..r..v. ard,.asch**i*ti,o^n ccoommmmiittmmecnts. S- ome dusts (coal, man of the l'rcventive Engineering G 1. Published by permission of the Director, P. S. mitteeof the Air Hygiene Foundation, Pi' Bureau of Mine*. (Not subject to cnpyriRhf.) .aluminum, and scores of others, ininl*nd nomnineral) are explosive and many bestos dust as long as 200 microns have been found in the lungs of men, and that undoubt edly these long asbestos fibers exerted at least some detrimental effect. Since a micron is only about one twentyfivc-thousandth of an inch, or much smaller than the naked eye can see, it is usually as sumed that the larger dust particles that can he seen floating in air, and which settle out relatively fast arc not harmful to health. Certainly, this is not so, as the larger par ticles that float in the air (some of them 100 or more microns in size), if present in considerable quantities clog the air passages to the lungs, some of which have agencies that under ordinary conditions intercept dust particles before they can reach the lungs and this clogging then allows the smaller and probably most dangerous dust to enter the lungs unimpeded. A common-sense opinion as to what con stitutes an atmosphere so dusty that dustprevention action should he taken is that any atmosphere in which dust can he seen hy the naked eye is too (lusty, not only for health lint also, at least in many cases, for safety and efficiency. If the visible dust is eliminated, much of the invisible or probably most dangerous dust will unquestionably have also been removed and very likely the health as well as other hazards much mini mized or even removed. After the visible (lust has been removed, it may he necessary, under some conditions or with some types of dust, to make more in- \ 292 '/'tocniysixlh Naliiii tl Soffly Cnni/rcss I tricate investigations as to tlir occurrence of invisible dust, using tlic inipingcr, konimeter, or other instruments; hut unless litigation is in effect or threatened, those intricate studies arc relatively unimportant if the visible dust is eliminated from the air of working places. stead of dry drilling, wet crushing instead of dry crushing, wetting or washing down floors, walls, and rock faces. In general the use of water in industrial processes and otherwise is one of the most effective avail able aids in the prevention of air (lustiness, oven though in some cases wet drilling does give off some dust. Notwithstanding a Prevention Is Best Manifestly, if dust is not produced, it can't get into the air or become harmful other growing tendency in some quarters to decry the effectiveness of wet methods, up to now the use of water is probably our best defense against dust dissemination, especially in min- j wise; and some relief from dust troubles in industry can he achieved by using con struction, practices, processes, or equipment that tend to eliminate dust formation. ing and tunneling. Dust-exhaust devices, such as hoods, traps for drilling, etc., have a definite place in dust control, particularly in surface plants and In designing and equipping the places in which employees must work, the forwardlooking industrialist will he wise to prevent the making of dust or to control it if it must lie made, by using machinery, methods, processes and construction with dust-elimi nating characteristics rather than those that produce or spread dust, even though some additional expense in construction or opera tion may attach to the dust-prevention fea tures. The emphasis now being placed on operations. Under sonic conditions exhaust systems, when well installed and kept in re pair and operation, not only remove dust but also more than pay for themselves in dollars and cents value of recovered dust. It costs approximately $7,000 to install such a device in a surface plant processing one of the metals, and the. value of the dust recovered daily averaged about $25. In addition, the device kept the air of the plant as well the surrounding walls and other surfaces dust in its various phases and the expense practically free of dust. which dust may cause make it almost im On the other hand, the use of dust traps; perative that in the future much more thought he given to dust prevention and handling than has been given in the past. in dry drilling, while definitely applicable to; certain types of surface or near-surfact rock-cxcavation work, lias not been founl Kor instance, processes or practices that produce excessive dust should be discarded for others that produce less dust, or they applicable to general rock-drilling practice* underground work. There are several rea sons for this, some of which may be over should he isolated somehow, such as by come in time. housing them tightly in a separate part of Some types of rock cannot be drilled dry the plant or using them at times when the witli any degree of effectiveness, and as jet least number of persons would he exposed to the available typos of rock-drilling traps aiv them or wheii there is ample time to remove not workable with wet drilling; if dry drdb the (lust from the atmosphere of the working iug can he done, the traps ordinarily will da places. Such installations or practices must a good job of removing the dust from driS* he operated efficiently at all times, however. ing, hut this will leave the rock surfsc* Common sense should lie used in handling a (top, sides, and door in many cases) dry, arJ dust rontrol device or method; certainly it subsequent operations (blasting, muck* is foolish to use an elaborate exhaust system timbering, hauling, etc.) will throw into < to take the dust out of part of an establish air dust certain to he created in large qua* ment and then exhaust the dust-laden air at ties by the other processes. The dust lb such point or in such manner that it will be thrown into the air will settle on dry ll taken into the same or some other part of faces, ready to be thrown into suspemi the establishment or into an adjacent one subsequently by any or all activities. Dl through doors and windows. traps are somewhat cumbersome, espedl If dust must he formed, several effective methods are available to prevent the dissem ination of dust into the air or into places where it may cause trouble. Among these are wet methods, such as wet drilling in- when used in the more or less conSi places in mining and tunneling. However, dust traps with dry drilling!* definite applicability for use in surface near-surface operations where dry drM Construction Section i 293 can lie (lone, and have numerous advantages bver wet drilling, especially in very cold weather. Good Ventilation Needed Ventilation is probably the most effective dust-control practice available for many in dustries, though it ranks second to wet methods in others. Where ventilation can he applied effectively, dust can lie removed from the air or its concentration can he kept so diluted as to render it practically harmless to workers; ventilation ran mini mize dust hazards of almost,all kinds, in cluding spontaneous combustion, though it may enhance hazards of dust extensibility in some instances. In some cases ventilation should be induced liy exhaust methods, hut in others forced or blowing systems arc the more effective, this being particularly true in underground work in places having liightemperaturc air due to rock or dripping water or other condition, such as rapid,oxi dation of surrounding rock or timber. large quantities of dust even though the ma terial floating in the air usually is wet; some of this criticism is undeserved but, some of it is legitimate. The trouble is due largely lo the fact that the holes are collared or started dry and, in sonic cases at least, arc drilled dry for several inches after starting, and the dust created by this dry starting im pregnates the usually stagnant air of the ordinary underground-tunnel or metal-mine working place for much if not most of the working shift. In some cases the driller drastically limits the amount of water sent through the drill steal and, while nominally drilling wet, the actual practice is closely analogous to dry drilling with compressed air, which flows through the drill steel and forces out of the drill hole and into the air of the working place undue quantities of water-entrained dust or particles. In some cases when the drill is out of repair, the driller allows far too much compressed air to flow through the drill steel. To obtain really effective ventilation in such work as tunneling and metal mining is difficult usually because ordinarily but one opening is driven instead of having workings in pairs as in coal mining, where fresh air lows in one opening and return or contami- aated air in the other. Conditions brought bout by dust may force the use of parallel openings in many tunneling and metal-minoperations of the future, and, notwith standing the violent objections this suggestion will raise, there are good reasons for believing that in many cases there would le definite dollars and cents savings if the lurallel-opening system, with its numerous stntilation, health, drainage, and other adsantages, were used instead of the present When present types of wet drills are used properly, the dust from drilling can be kept within reasonable limits, and this is actually being done by numerous alert and conscien tious mining and tunneling companies. Some companies in the United States and Canada are experimenting with rock drills that do not allow compressed air to go through the drill steel hut require the water to be forced through the steel by its own pressure; such drills are said to produce less dust than the usual types in which water is sent through the steel by compressed air, but the practica bility of the newer type of drill is question able and it has been used relatively little in the United States or Canada. e-opening system, with numerous disad vantages and hazards and with aliout its only Must Use Judgment fcal advantage the fact that its use is and has ken customary. However, air dustiness can he kept well within safe limits if modern types of wet Dry drilling is unquestionably the dustiest drills are operated with care and judgment >wk in mining, tunneling and quarrying, and in collaring wet with plenty of clean dirt- continues to he used far too much in the free water; iT the drills are kept in good re 'ted States; certainly, if dry drilling is pair; if the proportion of water and ed at all, it should he done only with compressed air flowing through the drill twist drills or with the simultaneous steel are adequately regulated; if the ex :of up-to-date dust traps. haust from the drill is prevented from im Wet drilling as practiced in the United with water forced or drawn through I*drill steel by means of compressed air, fc ow under fire as producing relatively pinging on nearby dusty surfaces of muck piles, floors, walls, or timbers thereby throw ing dust into the air; and, if, insofar as feasible, the drilling of upper holes is re duced to a minimum, as upper holes, whether I 2<M Twenty sixth Xminimi Safely Coin/rexs ( onstruetion See lion 295 drilled dry or wet, arc relatively heavy; pro ducers of dust in the air of working places. In general the larger the quantity of ex plosive used, the more finely divided the blasted material, the more heavily the air is Next to dry drilling, blasting causes more impregnated with dust and smoke, and the fiinneellyy ddiivviiddeedd dduusstt ttoo b1 e thrown into work greater the quantity of poisonous gases left ing places than anytthhiinng* else;, a..n..d, , in addi at the places; hence, methods should he used tion to throwing violently into the snurround- which will tend to reduce the quantity of ing air immense qnuantities of finely divided dust, blasting with th' e *he-a--v-y charges rotff fe>xY - explosives used and of gases and dust pro duced. In this it will he found that the use plosive required in many mining and tunnel of stemming or of some types of Masting ing operations also impregnates the plugs now available will more definitely con surrounding air as well as the muck piles fine the explosive; lienee, increase its effi with considerable quantities of poisonous ciency anil reduce the quantity of explosive gases, surh as carbon monoxide, oxides of used and also reduce the amount of poison nitrogen and, in some kinds of rock, hydro ous gas produced and possibly reduce the gen sulphate and other dangerous sulphurous violence ooff the Mast and its tendency to fumes, practically all of which occur in produce dust and disseminate it into the surh quantities and percentages under some surrounding air. circumstances as to asphyxiate persons who i---- ,i,,, *t,*m ,.r to cause serious illness, ""v -----often of a more or lessss p,e__r_m_anent character Many persons who have studied the incidenee of dust disease are o...f t.he opinion that the breathing of even small quantities or percentages of extraneous or ham fill gases, surh as carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, etc., inflames or other wise adversely affects the respiratory organs, especially the lungs, ami makes them much more easily and readily susceptible to harm from the breathing of dust particles. And it sives to would bne investigate wtyepnlel sfnooorfe uuesxmep-ril1s*o-s-*oiv>feesxpthloa- are Known iv .......................... , of harmful gases on detonation and to use them; also the elimination of the use of fuse and the substitution of electric blastin would aid in reducing the amount of poison ous gases from Masting. Explosives that have blieeecnn hneclidu iinn smtouriaWge. t.o..n....l.o..n. *g or that have been stored tinder unfavorable con- ditions asi to moisture and temperature, are likely *to cgriivve off maximum quantities of harmful gases if they detonate at all; hence, Past blasting practice most certainly must utmost care should be taken in the storage he modified and reformed if the employer of explosives and to see that they are not is to avoid heavy penalties in compensation held in storage too long before being used and other charges due to the inclusion of legislation on occupational diseases (one be ing dust disease) in the laws of the various Respirators Available feasible, in dust-tight compartments or structures, the tightness of which should he maintained; ledges or surfaces on which dust may lodge and accumulate, to he thrown into the air by some shock or move in a manner fair to the worker as well as to the employer should he worked out, and it must he admitted that to date this has not been done at all adequately. ment, should lie changed to prevent oppor tunity for such accumulation, or, if this cannot be done, such surfaces should he cleaned periodically by vacuum process, by washing down, or by sweeping (the latter being a relatively poor method, and should he Prevention of dust disease is chiefly an employer responsibility he should shoulder willingly, not only to safeguard the health of persons in his employ but also to relieve his firm of the heavy finanrial burden likely to lie thrust upon it by compensation or legal employed only when as few of other workers as possible are present) ; floors should he kept as free of dust as possible preferably by washing them w ith water; and, certainly, air for the working places should not come from dusty sources. authorities, should employees become af flicted with dust disease; and when one takes into account how little is known as to the cause of the disease and how to relieve it if it is incurred, it would seem to be the acme of common sense to do anything practicable Physical examinations should play an im portant part in the drive to minimize health harm from dust in industry, but so much controversy has been aroused because of them that their effectiveness lias been largely nullified. Unquestionably, every person em ployed in an industry where considerable Just may he found in the air should be rig idly examined by a competent doctor pre vious to employment, and if the examination ' reveals the presence of respiratory trouble, to reduce the dust content of the air of places where employees must work. This does not mean that the employee should not help himself, as it is manifestly as much to the interest of the employee to avoid dust or any other occupational disease as to avoid having accidents. However, information as to occupational disease (including dust dis ease) is not readily available to the worker in understandable form, and the employer should carry on an educational campaign to the person should not he employed; this is inform his safety and operating officials I especially true if tuberculosis is indicated. about occupational disease matters and to At six- or twelve-month intervals every per- have them transmit the information to the I ran in dusty industry should submit to a rigid physical examination; and if disease is drawn to lie developing, the victim should lie transferred to nondiisty employment if such it available. Handling physical examinations workers so the latter ran cooperate whole heartedly in trying to eradicate these dread diseases from industry or at least control them to a far greater extent than has been done. States. If at all feasible, blasting should lie Dust respirators of various types are now done at the end of the working shift or on available, for use in excessively dusty atmos an off shift, and the dust- and gas-laden air pheres, and while they are cumbersome and Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment should he removed or thoroughly diluted have numerous features that make the* before the men return to work. undesirable for constant wear throughout a By E. A. BLANPIED Ventilation is, of course, an essential agency in cleansing the air where blasting lias been done, but in addition to ventilating the p'la--ce it mshmou,.ld,....l.i.e....t.h...o..r.o..u. ghly wetted (walls, floors, roof or top, timbers, etc.) be fore blasting is done, and a water blast should he kept in effect during and after the blasting; the region should he thoroughly wetted upon return to the face region after blasting, and the muck pile should he kept well wetted at all limes while loading it out, as the water not only tends to allay the dust hut also either absorbs or otherwise aids in the dilution or elimination of harmful or poisonous gases from blasting, which usually cling to the blasted material. working shift (though they can be worn Safety Engineer of Kansas City Bridge Co., Kansas City, Mo. rI eVartldlMilJy fi o\.r ,s-vev...e..r..a...l...m....i.n. utes at a time), they do give adequate protection to wearer* against dust but give essentially no protec tion against either poisonous or asphyxiate gases. Dust respirators should be regartW as being temporarily useful for emergencies My personal exp_e_r_ie_nc..e. has ubevevnii cc onfined tmly to work of river improvement and Wge building. Our records arc divided |o these two classes. River work consists of driving pile dikes skilled labor, differs greatly from the more complicated bridge work which uses mostly skilled and semi-skilled labor under greater hazards. Conly, whereas protection for workers spusNI dust should he more substantial. l rip-rapping river hanks, generally for U. S. Government. What might he designated "good IiobukJ Bridge classification covers railroad and Jkeeping" lias a definite place in dust pe*J vention. Dusty materials should he stored!*, way bridges of the heavier type invhulIheir foundations, both "pneumatic" and The bridge classification is sub-divided into erection and foundation as each has its own special hazards and treatment. River work lias been the subject of ex tensive research along accident prevention dust-tight containers or bins; dusty si dredged." lines by the U. S. Corps of Engineers and esses, including the handling of dusty i terial, should be carried on, as far River work, being mainly done by floating most of the fatalities are due to drowning. kw and with a large percentage of un Special safety requirements to lessen this hazard have been compulsory by being 1`a't'Hl V sixth 340 One of your local physicians will be pleased to talk to the employees on sickness prevention. Carefully located lutllelitt hoards with >/ W`-'v timely health topics arc useful. Articles in plant magazines are far reaching, and payenvelope inserts discussing hrallh topics have proved beneficial. Marine Section .IDJOUKNMIiNT Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--K. ('. Hoi.iikn, Jr., Ihtiled Slates I'. Sc I. Agency. Ine.. New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (hi Charge of Posters mill Slides)--Unia-Mf F. Hand, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Marine 1 )c*pt.. New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (hi Chart/c of Publicity) VV. E. Stewardson, Colombian Steamship Co., New York, N. Y. ` ' Vice-Chairman (Por the Pacific Coast)--Ai.iikut (). I'm at, Union Oil Company of Calif., Wilmington, Calif. Secretary--Cahi. F. Vandkk Ci.iitk, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. ^iews Letter Editor--Henry Ri.ackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Fran cisco, Calif. Mffiiierriitff Committee Chairman--II. C. Edwards, Atlantic (iulf and West Indies Steam ship Co., New York, N. Y. Itemhcrship Committee Chairman--E. W. Eiske, Ik., Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. "riH/rawi Committee Chairman--Hykon (>f Pickakd, Pacific Coast Marine Association, San Francisco, Calif. Statistics Committee Chairman--Henjamin II. Ski.k, Travelers Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. Stevedoring C ommittee Chairman--!'. C. Greuoky, Waterfront Employers Association, San Francisco, Calif. embers at Large-- Frank E. Amks, Lykcs Hros.-Ripley Slcanikhip Co., New Orleans, Ea. W. P. Htocts, Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, 1). C. C. F. IIi.ackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey, City, N. J. 1 Frank H. Coc.an, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, N. Y. J. M. (iriskk, Alabama I )ry I fork and Shipbuilding Co., Mobile, Ala. Hf.nry J. Hkidorn, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Marine Department, New York, N. Y. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Wtu.ARD F. Jones, (iulf Oil Corp,, New York, N. Y. T. F. Kavanaiui, (irace Line, Ine., New' York, N. Y. Frank C. Eaijrie, Lago Petroleum Corp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. .1. L. LurKF.NnAai, American Ihtrcau of Shipping, New York, N, Y. John McCiratii, John W. McGrath Corp., New York, N. Y. Care E. Petersen, Newport News Shipbuilding Sc Dry Dock Co., New York, N. Y. H. W. Proom, I Hroadway, New York, N. Y. .1. K. Roiiison, Sinclair Navigation Co,, New York, N. Y. J. A. Ru.mskv, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Richmond, Calif. S. A. Schramm, Itlack Diamond Steamship Co.. Pier K. Weehawken, N. I. 341 ( 342 I'teenlv sixth National Safely Coni/ress II. I.. Si ward, Yale l'Diversity, New Haven, Conn. A. I. Smith. Mai me Ollier of America, New York, N. Y. Arthur M. Tom, Consulting Marine Engineer, New York, N. Y. (i. K. Taylor, Federal Barge Lines, New Orleans, La. J. 11. Town, New Y'ork Slate Merchant Marine Academy, New York, N. Y. Hi i mitt Vaniii \ an'ii-k, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Munitions Bldg, Washington, L.I)1.1.CW. estoaih , Hollar Steamship Lines, San Francisco, Calif. A. (>. Woi.i, (ieneral lYtrnleiun Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island, Calif. John Wkiuiit, American Kxjiort Lines, New York, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 General Chairman--K. C. Holden, Jr, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc, New York, N. Y. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Oil Co. of ViNce.-CJ,hMaiarmrinaen D(ienptC, hNaerwt/e YoofrkP, uNb.liYc.ity)--Haroi.d J. Hardino, Marine Progress, New VicYeo-rCkh, aNir.mYa.n (for the Pacific Coast)--Albert C). Petri, Union Oil Company of Calif, SeWcrielmtairnyg--toCna,rtC. aFl.if.Vander Ci.otk, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. News Letter P.ditor--Henry Bi.ackstonk, United States P. & 1. Agency, Inc, San Fran lincgisincoe,erCinaglif.Committee Chairman--Frank H. Cohan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and MeWmebsetersrhnipRaCiloromamditCteoe, CNheawirmYoarnk--, KN.. WY.. Fiskk, Jr, Socony-Vacuiim Oil Co, Inc, New PrYogorrak,mNC. oYm. mittee Chairman--W. P. Hiccs, Navy Department Safety F.ng, Washington, StaDt.isCti.cs Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Company, New SteYvoerdko, rNin.gYC. ommittee Chairman--Frank K. Ames, Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co, New Orleans, La. Members at Large-- C. F. Bi.ackton, F.rie Railroad Co, Jersey, City, N. J. Tiiomas Mi .ah, Draco Line, New York, N. Y. Lohan Cri-sae, Isthmian Steamship Co, New York, N. Y. W. C. Harm'it, Pittsburgh Steamship Co, Cleveland, Ohio. I1'. C. (iRKoonv, Waterfront Kmploycrs Assn, San Francisco, Calif. J, M. (Iriser, Alabama Dry I kick and Shipbuilding Co, Mobile, Ala. Henry I. Khoorn, Standard Oil Co, of N. J, New York, N. Y. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co, Philadelphia, Pa. J. (i. Johnson, Sinclair Navigation Co, New York, N. Y. Willard F. Junks, Dull Oil Corp, New York, N. Y, Frank C. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Corp, Maracaibo, Venezuela. J. 11, Love, Federal Shipbuilding Si Drydock Co, Kearny, N. J. Marine See linn 343 J. L. LtHKi.NBAt ti, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. John Mctinvm, John W. MeOrath Corp, New York, N. Y. Byron O. Pickard, Pacific Coast Marine Associations, San Franeiscn, Calif. J. P. Roney, The Texas Co, New York, N. Y. J. A, Rihisev, Standard Oil Co. of Calif, Richmond, Calif. S. A. Schramm, Black Diamond Steamship Co, Pier K, Wcohawkoii, N.J. II. L. Seward, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. A. J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N. V'. L. R. Sorenson, Newport News Shipbuilding N Dry Dock ( o, Newport News, Ya. W. 1C Sti.wakiison, Colombian Steamship Co, New York, N. Y. Atcnmii M, Tour, Consulting Marine F.nginecr, New York, N. Y. J. 11. Tomb, New York Stale Merchant Marine Academy, New York, N, Y. Major II, B, VadoiiaN, Jit, Corpij of F.ugujcors, War Dept, Washington, D. C. L. 11. Wi-'stiiahLj Dollar Steamship Lines, San Francisco, Calif. A. O. Woi.i, (ieneral Petroleum Corp. of Calif, Terminal Island, Calif. John Wrihht, American Kxport Lines, New York, N. Y. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 The opening session was called to order by llyron! O. Pickard, Pacific American Steamship Assn, San Francisco, Calif, pro- uam chairman of the section. Captain K. C. Hidden, j.lr, Uniteijl I States1 ,1'., anil 1; Agency, Inc, New York City, general chair man of the section, submitted a review of the year's activities. The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry By R. J. BAKER President, American Steamship Owners' Association, New York City The advancement of safety at sea is the *Milt of an endless process of trial and Tror. It is amusing to compare the jircsent attitude toward safety with the one of n* eighty years ago, as indicated in an Tele published in the "Nautical Magazine Naval Chronicle" of London in lR.Sfi, which it was declared that the chief ~s fur loss of ships at sea are: I Tcctotalism -the serving of coffee in stead of rum; l The presence of the captain's wife and ntlier women; 1 Insanity; 4. Drunkenness and revelry; 5. Mutiny and insubordination; fi. Discord and dissension ; 7. No devil being on hoard ; H. The devil having been let loose. Today onr reliance on safety at sea is placed in the results of the navigation laws of the country; the ire patrol; study of ire and current conditions; load line and stow age regulations; removal of derelicts; in stallation of safety devices which provide the best available fire detection and extinc tion ajijiaratus; constructive requirements which will enable an endangered ship to l 1, Metals Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--C. M. Ai.i.i.n, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, O. Vice-Chairman--R. A. Ciiafiin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Secretary and News I.elter Editor--Mki.i. K. Trammf.i.i, Culf States Steel Co., Alabama City, Ala. i ('fintest Committee Chairman--Robert I.. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. Fiigiueerini/ Committee Chairman--R, H. Fkkouson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Foundry Committee Chairman--Irvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--1)k. R. C. Kncki., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Membership Committee Chairman- H. J. (iutiTrm, Jones it Laugblin Sled Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa. roster Committee Chairman--H. 11. Hknry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. 11 Publicity Committee Chairman--C. K. Rafston, Pittsburgh Plate Class Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ftiihtwy Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. JI. Branii, Pullman Standard Car Manti- factoring Corp., Pullman, Chicago, ilite and Safety Kinks C ommittee Chairman--J . A. Oartix, Carncgic-lllinois Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. i Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. Fii.mf.r, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. | Vtmbers at Lari/e-- F G. Bennett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, O. R. A. Rf.yf.r, Central Tube Co., Ambridge, Pa. C. A. Bianciii, H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. E. F. Ri.ank, Jones & Laugblin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. Coi.trin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Craiomii.e, Bclden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. II. M. Croc.han, Inland Steel Co., Hast Chicago, lnd. I. K. Ciiu.iNKV, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. II. W. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Duniiorf, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. FT. Dyk, Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. John P. Km, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet, 111. F,, A. Eu.is, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. JP. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Kcorse, Mich. 0. F. Harvky, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. Ha\vkf.s, Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H.G. Henski., The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. W. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Co,, Waterbury, Conn. 381 3K2 7V.-M/V sixth S'aliniwl Wy <-'<>Hr''s< !' A I.M'iiimw, Republic Steel t'nrp., ("hicago, III. T. II. Mi Ki nni v (ii tiri'il). ( arnegic Illinois Sled Co., (hicago, III. D. \ . Mhim ii , I ntcilnke I run Corp., Chicago, III. John O'Roi hk, I'olltli'lifin Steel I n., Sparrows Point, Mil. C. S. Pun i it's Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Ii'intie, N. Y. Prank Kmvt . Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, (). A. C. St'Hl'i.T/, Bucyrus Erie Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. H. J. St'oKKKK, The Youngstown Sheet anil Tithe Co., Hast Chicago, Inti. K. J. Stkknkk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Kothlehctn, Pa. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Officers Elected for 1937-38 Ceneral Chairman-*R. A. Chai-ttn, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Iml. Pice-Chairman Mi u. K. Tkam\iki.i., Republic Steel Corp,, Alabama City, Ala. Secretary and Se~.es /.rtter liditar- II. J. (iiiii-i'rm, Jones & Laugblin Steel Corp., Pitts Cobnutregsht , CPoa.mmitter Chairman- Rimi-.ur I,. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel ami Railway finSi/uinprpelyrinCio/ .,CLoomumisivttiellee. CKhya. irman--W. T. FikMKR, The Youngstown Sheet it Tube Co., poYuonudnrgystoCwomu,m(itthteine. Chairman--Irvin A. IIrinkman, Mackintosh-flomphill Co., Pitts Hebaurltghh,CPoam. mittee Chairman--Dr. K. C. Know., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O, Memhrrshifi Cnnlmiltre Chairman--I'kki) K. WaRR, Pittsburgh District, Carnegie, Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. i i j Poster Committee C hairman- -H. 11. Hknrv, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Program Committee Chairman -R. II. I'l RiarsoN, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Publicity Committee Chairman--John O'RoUkk, lletblehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Mil Raihvay Car Itttilders Committer Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Maim StafaticsttuicrsingCoCmo.m, iPtteuellmCahna, irCmhaicna--goH. . J. Srokrkr, The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Hast Chicago, Ind. MemCb.erMs.aAt il.ai.tkrn./,eT--he American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. K. 0. Bknni tt, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio R. A. Bkyk.k, Central Tube Co., Ambriilge, Pa. J. A. Coi.irin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Craiumii.k, Belden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. 11. M. Ckoirian, Inland Steel Co., Last Chicago, Ind. I. K. Ciii.i.ini v, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. C. A. Bianchi, II. II. Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. II. W. Daur, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. Dunuokk, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. B. T. Dvr. Republic Steel Corp., Warren, O. K. A. bin ts, Wbeeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. Kari. b'vt.iR, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, III. E. !'. Bi.ank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, I'a. M rials Sec lion J. P. CiATiiKRiiu, Creat Lakes Steel Corp., Eeorse, Mich. (). K. Hakvky, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. IIawkks, MacWhvte Company, Kenosha, Wis, II. (i. IIknski., The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, 111. W. A. Jarvis, Chase Brass & Copper Co., Inc., Waterbury, Conn. b\ A. Laiikrman, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, III. N. B. M acI lost., Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. T. H. McKknnkv, 2512 Ii. 73rd Street, Chicago, 111. (Retired) 1). V. Mkdauk, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, 111. C. S. Putu.li's, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. C. E. Rat.ston, Pittsburgh Plate Class Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowk, Wheeling Steel Corp,, Portsmouth, O. A. C. Scmn/rz, Bucyrus-Hric Co., So. Milwaukee, Wis. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. S) TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 12, 1937 The session was called to order by Cen tral Chairman C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio, who introduced the speakers. Safety as a Morale Builder By ROY W. KELLY Chief, Personnel and Training Division, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D. C. The maintenance of morale is readily con futed to be one of the major objectives of future of one's earning power and doubt as Mnagement. Whether the executive is re'ponsible for building locomotives, making to opportunities for advancement and for satisfying achievement. stresses, managing a Government bureau, These are all recognized as matters prop x commanding an Army division, his stic ks is dependent in large upon keeping up t* morale of his associates. erly belonging in the field of personnel ad ministration or labor management. They arc mentioned merely for the sake of point All of us tend to he influenced by, and to kW` u.p..s.e.o.t.`f.a..mn..d.i.n. kd.epbty/ inunasanmtiiosofssaitctuuonnrsysaattliiissvffiaanccgttooorryyr ing out that safety is an integral part of this functional field. Organization for accident pprreovgeranmtio,niaf ntdhethye amreainttoencaonncetriobuf ttehetsoafiemty- vorkingcon__d_it_io_n_s!.. 1Iff wwee wwaanntt hhiigghh mmoorraallee,, proved morale, must he planned and carried *tmust expect to pay constructive attention out with a view to their direct relationships * such matters as wages, hours, working seditions, basic causes for grievances and (faints, improvement of sanitation, climiwiroi of unnecessary noise, and proper suting, lighting, and ventilation of the work Perhaps no other causes contribute twtto lowered morale than a feeling of inwity in one's occupation, fear as to the with these other essential human factors in management. This is a point on which there is much diversity of opinion as well as practice. Nevertheless, the experience of many or ganizations tends to indicate that a safety program cannot hope to succeed, no matter how well planned, unless conducted in an 11)0 Trimly sixth National Safely Caiit/ress On (lie basis of the Imm.'tn element bring the major problem in the elimination <>f ac cidents and their attendant injuries the safety program must he designed to empha size to the supervision anil workers the ne cessity of licing safety-minded at all times. The most effective influence in selling any proposition is an appeal to the self-interest of the individual. I f he becomes convinced that he can personally benefit by the elimina tion of accidents, he is apt to accept the safety program and become a safety booster. The hazards incident to maintenance work ran he minimized by methods which antici pate and reduce the number of breakdown jobs. This reduces the amount of work and corresponding man hour exposure, and al lows most of the work to he done on a planned basis. The most essential practice in such a program is systematic, thorough and frequent inspection of all equipment, with a follow-up system which will insure that unsatisfactory conditions are corrected as promptly as production allows or eco nomic considerations dictate. If the maintenance foreman's territory is small this inspection can be made person ally. However, the usual division of a steel mill maintenance foreman is too extensive and too many other demands are made upon bis time to allow personal attention to all items of equipment. It is then necessary to delegate this important function to opera tors, oilers, engineers ami electricians who are in a position to observe the condition of each piece of apparatus. In power houses, boiler houses, pumping stations and similar; station jobs the engi neers, oilers, pump tenders and electrical operators are primarily occupied w ith opera tion of the equipment and dose and continual observation is automatically obtained. Such close observation is accepted as necessary due to the importance to production and the fact that little spare capacity is provided. Like wise, the standard of maintenance is high, being kept as far as possible on a preventive basis. The jobs are usually well planned, the crews experienced and efficient, and all tools and special equipment at hand, resulting in efficient and safe performance. The majority of mill auxiliary equipment does not get the same degree of attention and maintenance. Here the operator, in gen eral, has no interest in the apparatus, except that it respond to the controls, and little or no responsibility for keeping the unit in operating condition--hence the necessary, fully organized maintenance crew to take care of such equipment. The only exception to this is the craneman who may have limited responsibilities as to the inspection, lubrica tion and adjustment of his machine, and certain other machine operators. Overhead traveling cranes, gantry cranes, repair trolleys and various types of hoists comprise a class of equipment which require special attention from the standpoint of in spection and preventive maintenance. I hie to the hazards of falling material, whether cas ual material, broken parts of the equipment, or loads dropped due to failure of mecha nisms, every precaution must he taken to keep this class of equipment in good repair. It has been found desirable to supplement the work of the foreman and repairmen charged with the proper maintenance of such equipment by the Use of Crane Inspectors. The eratio inspector goes over all equip ment in detail, recording all items of a me chanical or electrical nature which need ad justment or replacement. This survey pro vides a double cheek and does not lessen in any degree the responsibility of the alovcinentioued foremen and repairmen. Copies of these reports arc forwarded to the su perintendent and foreman involved, as well as to the Plant Safety Department head. All recommended repairs or alterations must he disposed of, either by being carried to completion, or by being rejected for came. 'I'lie inspection covers cleanliness and or derliness of the equipment in tbc interest of minimized fire hazard and increased safety of operators and repairmen. Safety equip ment, such as sanders, fire extinguishers, hand lines, safety belts, gongs, warning lights, light extension cords, gear guards etc. is chocked. Loose or scrap material on the cranes, approaches or runways is not tol erated. Loose, worn or broken parts are itemized and recommended for correction. Inspections at intervals of one to two months have been found sufficient for aver age conditions, with more attention given to particularly bard-worked cranes. Unusual operating conditions, or failures of parts may make it desirable for the inspector to make special checks and reports when requested. ADJOURNMENT Mining Section Officers 1936-37 Ccncrat Chairm....a.n--- C'. W. Hums, Harwick Coal Vice-Chairman in Chart/c of lint/ineerint/--(i, aJn.d MCaokkmektCto, .,UP. itSts. bSutregehl, Cl'oa.rporation Sub sidiaries, Duluth, Minn. Vice-Chairman in Chart/e of llenllh--Lix; Low;, Clinchfirld Coal C'orp., Dante, Va. Vice-Chairman in Chart/c of Membership--ANotts D. Camimiku, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Out., Canada. Secretary anti News I.etler Editor - 1 ).\niki. 1Iawrinito.n, United Slates Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C, Poster and Slide Committer Chairman--J. J. Foriiks, United States Bureau of Mines, Pitts burgh, Pa. Program Committee Chairman--L. C. Cami'Wxi, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman---M. U. Blum, The Explosives Kngiticcr, Wilmington, Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. Aoams, United States Bureau of Mines, Wash ington, I). C. Members at f.nri/c-- Thomas Ai.i.kn, Chief Coal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado, Denver, Colo. J. W. Ai.t, Calumet & Hccla Consolidated Copper Co., ('311111101, Mich. P. M. Annum, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Tcmi. Kurd E. Bkimi.e, Consolidation Coal Co., Fairmont, W. Va. John L. Boakdman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co,, Butte, Mont. Maurice Coui.tkr, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. H. T. Harper, Tennessee ('upper Co., Copperhill, Tom. H. C. Henrik, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bishee. Ariz.. Kush N. Hoki.kk, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating Sc Inspec tion Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. C. F. Keck, Jamison Coal Corp., Ureenshurg, Pa. Thomas K. Ligiitfoot, The Koppers Coal Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. Wm. (I. Metzger, Hudson Coal Co, Scranton, Pa. I). I). Moffat, Utah Copper Co, Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co, Rock Springs, Wyo. U. B. Paui, New Jersey Zinc Co, New York, N. Y. John T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. L. T. Suka, St. Joseph Lead Co, Bonne Terre, Mo. JqtiN Trkwkkk, HomeOstfafkicc eMrsininEgleCcot,eLdeafdo, rS.1D9.37-38 ttnemt Chairman--(i. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co, Duluth, Minn. fW-OtatViimn--Lee Long, Clinchftcld Coal Corp, Dante, Va. Fir-Chairman--Angus D. Camphku, McIntyre Porcupine Mines, Ltd, Schumacher, Onf, Canada. 401 1 102 V.wh/v sixth National Safely Cout/ress Minint/ Section ) 403 Vice-Chairman I. C (ami'HIU., The Koppors Coal Co., Pittsburgh, I'a. Secretary unit A'aes teller t-tHtor Danii-.i Harkinoton, United Slates Bureau of Mines Washington, I >. ( Voder dm/ Sliile (ominillec (hairman J. J. Forres, United Stales Bureau of Mines, Pitts Vubhurtgiiihly, IC'aa. mmillee I Iniirman -M. K. Ilium, The F.xplosivos F.ngineer, Wilmington, I tel. Statistics Committee Chairman--\V. W. Adams, United States Bureau of Mines, Wash ington, I). C. Members at l.ari/e- Thomas Aiifn, Chief Coal Mine Inspector, State of Colorado, Denver, Colo. J. W. Air, Calumet Si Ileela Consolidated Copper Co., Calumet, Mich. I'. M. Arthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee, Mascot, Trim. Fred I'.. Bp.dai.k, Consolidation Coal Co., Inc., Fairmont, W. Va. John I.. Hoardman, Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Butte, Mont. Maurice C'oih.tfr, Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Indiana, Pa. C. W. (iliiiis, Marwick Coal Se Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. H. T. Harpfr, Tennessee Copper Co., Coppcrhill, Tenn. If. C. Hf.nrif, Phelps Dodge Corp., Bishce, Ariz. Rush N. Hosier, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Compensation Rating Si Inspec tion Bureau, Harrisburg, Pa. C. F. Keck, Jamison Coal Corp., (ireenshurg. Pa. Thomas F.. Liuiitfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wii.mam G. Mf.tzof.r, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. V. O. Murray, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. 11. Paui, Nriv Jersey Zinc Co., New York, N. Y. John T. Ryan, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. : ! L. T. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terre, Mo. John Trfwfi K, llomeslake Mining Co., Lead, S. I). Low cost production is the true basis of rlVu ic'ncy, The major item on any cost sheet is labor. A property that achieves a low unit cost due to a cheapness acquired by low wages with the consequent low type per sonnel will not long exist! The reason is obvious--although the daily labor cost is low the ultimate job cost is high. These poor to meet those requirements. 1 le knows that the preceding shifts must meet the same re quirements and therefore he is able to take tip his work safely, exactly where it was left hy his predecessor. Me can thus devote his full lime to work without fear of slipshod methods applied previous to his arrival. workers are the men that efficient organiza I believe that a task well done, regardless tions refuse to tolerate--the "cream of the of the job, is more easily maintained than crop" are hired in their place. a haphazard piece of construction. When a When a mine gets a reputation for unsafe working conditions you will notice an influx of poor workers. The good men leave--the poor ones stay. The reason is that the poor worker realizes he cannot get work in an organization that demands efficiency and ability. F.ach of us has talked to various em ployees coming from other properties. You hear that "such and such" a company kills joli is safe, all components of that job are in first ciass condition. We can, then, surely count on lower maintenance costs on first class jobs and when the operator looks over his cost sheets, repair costs arc the major items. All of us have seen timbermen tearing out old timber and replacing with new. Had this timber been properly placed and properly considered at first, the new job would not have been necessary. men daily, or that someone is always getting hurt. These reports may or may not be Unquestionably we have all had experi exaggerated--but where there is smoke there ence with faulty ventilation. I recall cer is fire! If your property gets such a reputa tain underground fires that could have been tion among the laboring men LOOK OUT. controlled and loss of life averted had venti The basic principles of accident preven tion are: Supervision, education, and disci pline. It is not necessary to discuss these [principles. However, it is true that too much of each day's work is lost hy the working Utn, due to unsafe conditions. If the work lation been considered a major problem in the original layout. The major portion of our small metal mines are notoriously poorly ventilated. Many men are "gassed," causing them to fall from high raises to death or certain injury; others contract pulmonary man must spend half his day remedying jfiulty conditions, replacing staging left by a (previous shift, "blowing out" bis working diseases more readily and are disabled. Some are injured because of their inability to see their work clearly. These things are all due [place, or any one of a thousand similar cir- smstances, you know production costs are png- to a faulty ventilating condition, and any in jury causes certain losses in production re gardless of its seriousness; nor can it be denied that unless breathable air is avail- TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION The efficient mining organization is today aide tile normal efficiency of employees is .`timlardizing every task. These standards decreased. October 12, 1937 The session was called to order by Gen and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., who intro eral Chairman C. W. Gibbs, Marwick Coal duced the speakers. The Relationship of Safety to Efficiency in Mining built up from the study of the task and adopted if efficient and safe. Such jobs >eeasily supervised and it is easy to educate employee in the manner of working. Mien an employee knows bow to do a job kseldom is injured ! From my personal standpoint I believe that In one particular property I recall certain additional work obtained merely by estab lishing proper ventilation. A total of 150 ma chine shifts was being put in each day in a stoping area and prior to correct ventilation the average amount of hole drilled per ma chine was 86 feet. After the ventilation was By JAMES K. RICHARDSON u standardizing of jobs is the biggest improved the average was increased to 118 an organization can make toward im- feet. Loaders who had originally pulled ap Safety Director, Climax Molybdenum Company, Climax, Colorado ring underground or surface efficiency. I proximately 76 cars consistently passed the No person will deny that there ran be but two ways of doing work--a right way and a wrong way. The whole scheme of mining methods is basically a question of safety and efficiency. If the ore cannot he extracted economically the system is abandoned. If the ore cannot lie extracted without endangering the lives of the employees the system abandoned. Unquestionably the latter thouffc' has often been overlooked. We cannot; however, overlook the fact that anything (M kills or maims men is morally wrong. Fr"~ thermorc, if our process or method tear* machines it is surely not efficient. believe that on the standard tasks the lent risk has been lessened SO per cent. If task is done the same way yet there enough variation of conditions in mining "lice so that it docs not tolerate a man "ling mechanical. When a workman he must keep a definite standard re ts of the work being done, he attempts 100 mark. Footages in development work rose from 2.6 per machine to 3.8 feet. Loss of time from pulmonary disorders dropped to a negligible figure, and the accident fre quency fell 2R per cent, Another important factor in accident pre vention is correct illumination. Those mines which have done away with the old carbide Ttxcntv sixth A'atwnal Safely Coiii/rcss 42K the mine iiij>crinC('tilciU and bead*; of the employment and safety departments. Each accident is analyzed and entered on Separate meetings of the contractors working in the two main divisions of the mine arc held once each month, and the accident record of the preceding month is the workman's safety record which shows at a glance, not only the accidents that he has sustained and the action taken, hut also the educational training lie has received and the protective equipment with which he has been provided such as goggles, gloves, safety hats, lamps, safely belts and other similar articles which arc furnished hy the company free of charge, and exchanged without cost to the workmen when rendered unfit hy normal wear. The safety work of the mining depart discussed with them in detail, adopting all possible measures for the prevention of similar recurrences. Two meetings of the general safety com mittee comprising the management, operat ing executives, technicians anil principal as sistants: one for the surface departments and the other to cover mining operations, arc held once each month for a review of the record of the previous mouth, and for the discussion of matters of general nature. ment is under the direction of a safety engi neer, who has under him a corps of trained Fire Prevention inspectors who make an inspection of all working places on each shift, and supervise general blasting operations. I tangerous con ditions arc reported immediately to the boss in charge of the work, and in urgent situa tions the inspectors have authority to stop (lie work until the place has been inspected hy the boss, who then assumes all further responsibility. Typewritten reports are dis tributed daily hy the safety department.to all the Imsses concerned, and at the weekly meetings of supervisors a check is made on the action taken on the recommendations that have been submitted. As a stimulus to greater interest and co operation in the prevention of accidents, a seate of monthly safety bonuses, payable to all Imsses and inspectors lias been estab Every possible effort is made to minimize the danger of a fire underground. In prep aration for siicli a contingency a large number of carefully selected men have been trained in the use of oxygen breathing ap paratus, and five crews of five men each are kept in continued training. A smoke room has been provided to make the training more effective, and fire-drills are held under ground in various sections of the mine once a month. An up-to-date first-aid and minerescue station is maintained on the main patio of the mine, completely equipped with 12 McCaa oxygen breathing apparatuses; 10 all-service gas masks; 50 self-rescuers; oxygen pump; carbon monoxide detector; safety lamps; stretchers of various types; lished. This scale is based on the total rate of aeeidents per thousand shifts supervised, and takes into account the interest displayed during the month hy each supervisor in the elimination of hazards, enforcement of safety rules, and good housekeeping. Once each month all the working places of the mine are inspected hy sectional safety committees, who make a detailed report of the conditions and equipment considered to lie unsafe. Typewritten copies of these re ports are distributed to all the foremen and bosses concerned for their investigation and written comments, and the discussion of questionable recommendations is taken up at a monthly meeting of the committees, bosses, foremen and mine officials. life line, and other miscellaneous equip ment A fire-car fully equipped w ith hoses, axes, pipe fittings, fire extinguishers, first-aid supplies, and other tools and material is also available on the main mine patio at a mo ment's notice. Provisions for an abundant supply of water in all parts of the mine through both air and water lines have been made, and water connections, hydrants, ami fire extinguishers have been placed in con venient parts of the mine. An injector installed on the main air line at the portal of the mine is available to spread, hy mean* of a stench signal, the warning of a fire underground. adjournment Paper and Pulp Section Officers 1936-37 Ceneral Chairman- (iwnu.i J. Adams, International Paper Co., (liens halls, N. Y. Vice-Chairman in < han/e of Membership--Annum E. Winsi.ow, Hollingsworth Sr Whit ney Co., Watervillc, Me. Scerctary and t'rm/rpm Cammillee Chairman F. A. Koiunson, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Ncenali, Wis, Seres Letter Editor and I'nhlicily Committee Chairman--Clayton Bkaatz, Marathon Paper Mills, Rothschild, Wis. Canlesl Cammillee ( 'hairnntn Scott I town, The Paper Industry, Chicago, 111. Ibfi/inecriiiti Committee ('hairman--D. B. Chant, The Ontario Pulp Sr Paper Makers' Safety Assn., Toronto, Out., Canada, Health Committee Chairman- - Du. Edwakd W. Paine, Hollingsworth Sr Whitney Co., Watervillc, Me. Vaster Cammillee Chairman--). II. Tiiknkk, Consolidated Paper Corp., I-td., (Irand'Mcre, P. Q., Canada. Statistics Cammillee Chairman--I*k> \Y. I'.uaiin, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Members at Lart/e-- , Ernest Auiais'i'its, The Mead Corporation, Chillicolltc, O. W. J. Brennan, Maine Department of Labor and Industry, Augusta, Me. M. W. IIdnixikk, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. K. L. Faist, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co., Hamilton. O. W. A. (ii.EAsoN, llanimcrniill Paper Co,, Erie, Pa. 'E. ,K. (Irant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, O. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite Sr Paper Co., Pori Huron, Midi. C. O. Hoi.mer, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. F. L. lltviN, St. Croix Paper Col, Woodland, Me. P. A. McAi.aky, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Kduiundslnii, N. 11., Canada. Don E. McPowki.i., Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. Arthur Murray, Container Corporation of America, Chicago, 111, II. C>. Nov ns, Oxford Paper Company, Kmn ford, Me. J. J. I'i.zak, Consolidated Water Power Sr Paper Co., Wisconsin Kapids, Wis. Samuei. Piiuyn, Finrh-Pniyn Co., Inc., (liens Kails, N. Y. II. I). Romms, Bird Dt Son, Inc., East Walpole, Mass. I\ II. Kosiutisti, Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. S. F, Suattik'K, Kimberly-Clark Corp., Neenah, Wis., Representative, The American Paper and Pulp Association. I.. R. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., West Monroe, La. Officers Elected for 1937-38 siural Chairman- (li.onoi-. J. Adams, International Patter Co., (liens Kails, N. Y. 'vt-Chairman in Charge of Membership- Arthur wy Co., Watervillc, Me. E. Winsi.ow, Hollingsworth St Whit- 429  Tj^enty-sixlh National Safety Cniu/ress 430 Srerrtary nail Proijraiii C am in loci' ( liairman-- F. A. UnptNsnN, Kimberly-Clark Corp., AVNiic'.er naLhe,ttWeris.liditor mid t'uh/inty Committee Chairman--O.avion Uraatz, Marathon l'aper Milk, Rothschild, Wis. Contest Committee Chairman -- A. Scon Dowd, The Paper Industry, Chicago, III. Lni/ineeriiiii Committee Chairman--D. !!. Chant, TIic Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' HeSaaltfhetyCAosmsnm.,ittTeeoroCnhtoa,irmOuatn.,--CDarn.adEa.dward \V, Paink, Hollingsworth & Whitney Co., PoWstaetreCrvoilmlem, iMtteee. ( liairman-- 1. H. Ti/r( nkr, Consolidated Paper Corp., I.td., Grand Mere, StaPt.isyli.e,sCCanoamilma.ittee Chairman--I'rf.d W. Braun, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Members at Larne - Hrnkst Auoustus, The Mead Corporation, Chillieothe, O. M. W. Diindork, Beloit Iron Works, Beloit, Wis. K. I- Faist, The Champion Paper and Fibre Co., Hamilton, O. W. A. (it.KAsoN, Hammermil! Paper Co., Erie, Pa. E. E. Grant, The Crystal Tissue Co., Middletown, O. J. J. Hastings, Port Huron Sulphite & Paper Co., Port Huron, Mich. C. O. Hoi.mf.r, Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co., Minneapolis, Minn. F. L. Irvin, St. Croix Paper Co., Woodland, Me. D. A. McAi.ary, Fraser Companies, Ltd., Edmundston, N. B., Canada. Don E. McDowki i, Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Co., Kalamaz.oo, Mich. Arthur Murray, Container Corporation of America, Chicago, 111. H. Ci. Noyks, Oxford Paper Company, Rumford, Me. i E. W. Patton, The Lawrence Paper Co., Lawrence, Kansas. . J. J. Pi.zak, Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Samuki. Pruyn, Einch-Pniyn Co., Inc., Glens Falls, N. Y. B. D. Rookhs, Bird St Son, I nr.. East Walpole, Mass, E. II. KosF.nitsii, Nckoosa-Edwards Paper Co., Port Edwards, Wis. i S. F. Sit atti it K, Kimherly-Clark Corp., Ncenati, Wis., Reiiresentative, The American Paper and Pulp Association. L. K. Simpson, The Brown Paper Mill Co., Inc., West Monroe, La. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1937 The opening session of the Paper and Pulp Section was called to order by George J. Adams, International Paper Company, < Hens Falls, New York, who presided. Chairman Adams: Following the usual practice, it is my duty as General Chairman to review briefly the activities and progress of the Paper and Pulp Section during this I>ast year. There were two meetings of the executive committee during the year, the first at Chi cago on January 19 and the second in New York City on April 15. At the Chicago meeting, the principal topic of discussion was the program for this Kansas City Convention. The New York meeting -was concerned with a discussion relative to the correlation Paper ami Palp Seelion .3 // 431 of efforts of this Section with other agencies nr associations of the Industry in their aims til promote accident prevention in pulp and paper mills. Also included in the New York meeting was an extensive discussion on acci dent statistics. It was proposed that the Section take some means of perfecting and continuing these statistics because of the very pronounced interest being shown by a number of mills. Accordingly, a committee was appointed at the New York meeting consisting of Fred Braun, Chairman, Ernest Augustus, Arthur Winslow, George Burns and myself to act as a suh-coimnittcc to the tegular statistics committee, of which Mr. Braun is also our Chairman, to consider the following : 1. Improvement of the present form of report of accident. 2. Perfecting a plan for future tabulation. i Perfecting a plan for the presentation nf the statistics to the Section. I have asked Mr. Braun to include in his statistical report also the report of this com mittee. There has been quite an increase in the membership of our Section the past year. About 25 per cent of the industry as a whole are now members of the National Safety Council. Through the good will of Fred Robinson and the Kimberly-Clark Corporation we have the services of a stenotypist to take discussion notes at our meetings here. We certainly are all appreciative to Fred and his corporation for this. J. J. Pi.zak (Consolidated Water Power Sr Paper Co., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis.) : I would like to ask that the membership give the Secretary permission to record a unani mous vote of appreciation for the splendid leadership that this Section has had under our Chairman, George Adams. (The motion was carried.) Report of Accident Experience Exchange By FRED W. BRAUN Manager, Safety Engineering, Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. cuausttes suouut tie used in your accident prevention work for fact-finding interest on TMir program. These can he shifted in any manner. Some very interesting things are fought out in this year's report. Members of the Section arc to lie comtlimented on their response in sending in their reports. We received 678 reports this tear as compared to 108 last year. This year August, with 77 accidents, was to high accident month; Jidy. with 29, low. In Tabulation 2, which indicates the day 4 the week in which these accidents were onsed, you will find that Wednesday was Nth, with 119, and Sunday was low. In '36 Wlay was low and Thursday was high. ilWe is apparently an indication there that to middle of the week is high. You should check with your own plant loperience and see whether the accidents as toy are reported to your plant check with .fa- Do you have the high recording in the Me of the week? Tabulation 3 shows the day or shift. The day worker is low and the shift worker high. Does that mean that the day worker, work ing eight hours a day. during the day, every day in the year, has more natural rest, and that the shift worker who goes on at eleven to three or from three to eleven and so on, one week, and next week some other hours, lias his rest broken up? When a man comes home at seven o'clock in the morning from a night shift, or three o'clock, does he go to bed and get his rest? If so, does he get natural rest? Those are some of the things you should check with your own plant. Tabulation 4, time of accidents, is very close. There is very little difference be tween afternoon and morning accidents in recording. Tabulation 5 shows that for the three years. `35, '3fi and '37, the highest peak in the morning occurred anywhere from eight to twelve o'clock. Here is your first some what consistent fact. In the afternoon you Petroleum Section ) Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--A. W. Brf.ela.nd, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Vice-Chairman--A. J. Martinson, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Mews Letter Editor--J. H. Brown, Tide Water Oil Company, New York, N. Y. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. D. Murphf.y, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, Okla. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. , Poster Committee Chairman--H. T. Marker, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Program Committee Chairman--R. B. Roapek, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--Glenn Bvers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. j Atlantic Division Chairman--R. L. Simpson, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. [beat Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. McLf.an, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., White Star Div., Detroit, Mich. [W/ Division Chairman--D. B. Hiatt, Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort Worth, Texas. 1 Aid-Continent Division Chairman--Kraus Eakhart, The Texas Company. Tulsa, Okla. |Itcific Division Chairman--I.. K. Butler, Union Oil Company of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. jbriy Mountain Division Chairman---B. V. Osborn, Standard Oil Co. (fnd.), Casper, Wyo. I lut General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. R. S. Bonsir, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N, Y. V. R. Currie, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas System, Houston, Texas. G. O. Lockwood, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. Prussing, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. B. Roapf.r, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Sf.nnk, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co, (hid.), Chicago, 111. I). J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Pttory--H. N. Bi.akkslke, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. Officers Elected for 1937-38 tral Chairman--H. W. Boggkss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Chairman--J. H, Brown, Tide Water Associated Oil Co., New York, N. Y. i Letter Editor--V. R. McLean, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., White Star Div., Ifcltoit, Mich. 489 490 Twenty-sixth National Safely Cotujress 1 Petroleum See/ion 491 lint/ineeriiu/ Committee Chairman--F.. I). Miirpiiky, Mid-Continent Petroleum Curp., Tulsa, HeOakltlah. Committee Chairman--I\ K. Kkkcan, Shell Petroleum Corp., Houston, Texas. I'roijram Committee Chairman--A. W. Breeeand, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Euhlieity Committee Chairman--J. I.. Risinc.er, Magnolia Petroleum ( <>., Dallas, Texas. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. W. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (N, J.), New York, N. Y. Visual Education Committee Chairman--C. A. Mu.i.kr, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--L. C. WoopntfirwE, Socony-Varuum Oil Co,, Inc., New York, CrNca. tYI..akes Division Chairman--K. T. Henderson, Standard Oil Co. of Ohio, Cleveland, Cu(>lfhiDo.ivision Chairman- W.u. Chant, Jr., Humble Oil 81 KefininK Co., Haytown, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--J. I). MiCamky, Jr., The Carter Oil (Jo., Tulsa, Okla. 1`acifie Division Chairman--C. J. NoRmann, Shell Oil Co., San Francisco, Calif. Kocky Mountain Division Chairman--K. O. Trayuir, Standard Oil Co. (fnd.), Casper, Wyoming. East Genera! Chairmen-- R. W. Peace, Standard Oil Co. of N. J., Elizabeth, N. J. R. S. PoNsm, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, N. Y. A. W. Hri KEANU, Lone Star (las Co., Dallas, Texas. V. R. Currie:, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas: R. K. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. 1.. UuannwER, United Gas Pipe Line Co., Houston, Texas. G. O. Lockwood, Cities Service Oil Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. Phdssinc. Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. R. It. Roacer, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. K: J. Sknnk, Soconv-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (fnd.), Chicago, 111. I). J. Waeeace:, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. Secretary--H. N. Peakeseee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1937 Gas Co., Dallas, Texas, who introduced the The session was called to order hy Gen eral Chairman A. W. Prrcland, Lone Star speakers and directed the discussion. Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety By HENRY W. BOGGESS Superintendent of Safety, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company, Tulsa, Okla During 193(> 111,000 American citizens died in accidents. Sixteen per cent, or lfi.OOO of them, met death while employed at occupations from which they earned their livelihoods and so are called industrial fatalities. The remain ing 93,000 accidental deaths are broadly re ferred to as D'I'lic fatalities; at least, they were non-occupational. The ratio of public to industrial death more than six to one. It is obvious that broadest need for safety is outside and within the ranks of industry. Whether or industry has any responsibility for these pukfir or outside accidents, whether or not it fc* within its power the ability to prevent any d them, is the question. ii? ; That there is a dose relationship between .accident causes classed as public and those classed as industrial is recognized hy all stu dents of the subject. That relationship causes one to ponder over the right and the wrong id arbitrarily segregating industrial and public accidents. Safety men have long realized that the fundamental causes of industrial accidents differ not at all from those that kill people in the home, on the street or at the seashore. If hazardous equipment leads to injury in the plant, it will lead to the same thing on the highway or in the home. . From the standpoint of society at large there can he no basic difference between giv ing a green and wholly untrained industrial worker a well guarded jointer to operate and giving a green and wholly untrained citizen a modern, safe motor vehicle to operate. Trouble is potential in either instance; irre trievable loss is imminent in cither case. The question should not be, "Who is responsible?" --the question should he, "Why are such fool ish things done?" swing. To attempt to free industry from re sponsibility in even the more remote reactions due to this increased national tempo would be difficult--if it could he shown that industry had both the antidote and the authority to administer it. The thought seems to he that, having changed the environment in which men live, it would follow as a logical sequence that industry should so train men that they can live securely in that changed environment. The answer to such a charge is not difficult: The limits to which industry may go in training humans to safely use its products are very ivcll defined by the liherties that society grants to its citizens. Factual information, detailed in structions and pointed warnings just about exhaust industrial limits. Persuasion is pos sible hut coercion is impossible. Mandatory requirements must he left to society. But there are criticisms that are more prac tical and less idealistic. It has been suggested that the individual consuming the product of It does seem that a united front should he brought to hear upon the fundamental causes of accidents as a whole; not entirely in lieu of, but at least in connection with, the many piecemeal thrusts and parries at contributing causes that arc now flying in all directions. It is altogether probable that a closely knit and well organized one-front safety movement will appear on the horizon eventually. It is readily granted that certain necessary legislation must come if safety is to grow more efficient. The Uniform Vehicle Code is an outstanding example of the right kind of leg islation. Much necessary legislation will in deed be sponsored and fought for hy safety men. But all such legislation must he sound and based upon scientific knowledge of the industry is entitled to as much protection in its use as is the workman in its making. Unless industrial safety is a mere monetary gesture, unless it was devised and is being maintained for purely economic reasons, this thought must he accepted as true. What right has industry to sell a farmer a water pump with unguarded gears that will sooner or later mangle his hand? What right has industry to sell a housewife a porcelain bathroom fixture that is known to frequently break and sever arteries? What right has in dustry to sell a road commission an asphalt road that will he slick in wet weather and result in broken necks and broken hearts? If the water pump can he guarded; if the bathroom fixture can he made of lion-break able material; if the asphalt road can be built Aside from industrial safety men devotedly entering the so-called public accident field. Pt what else can industry do to help minimize accidents outside its gates? Just what are dustry's responsibilities which it lias not yet recognized and accepted? une critical view is that the so-called techikigical development in this country, to which so many of our ills have been charged, the result of research and development by so that it will not he slick in wet weather, then industry should not be permitted to plead economic or competitive pressure, nor even the value of replacement business. It will not even attempt to do so when the time comes that the accident problem is looked upon as one problem and the safety efforts of America arc united in a one-front, efficient drive to stop preventable accidents without regard to where they occur. American industry. It is said that through research and development, the entire sowtfone of America has been changed from > Betthoven sonata t<> a Duke Ellington . ...,,....... .. voniiiini prill- ciple known as "caveat emptor" which means, "Let the buyer beware." But this is rapidly being recognized as poor morals, poor ethics S7fi l prostrations and hence benefited the health hospitals where air conditioning is installed, and increased the comfort of the employees. the doctors anil nurses are comfortable, which tends to promote a steadiness of the nerves. The freedom from perspiration avoids the possibility of a wound infection from that source. Since some types of anesthetics are definitely known to have ex plosive characteristics, it is important to prevent the generation of a static condition that may prove disastrous. This is accom plished by maintaining a relative humidity of 50 per cent at which condition static is en Another important application is the re moval of dust and small particles of irritant chemicals, such as are found in uncondi tioned match factories, some departments of chemical, paints and pharmaceutical plants. In the manufacturing of rayon, an acid solvent is required in the process. Unless an exhaust system is tied into the air con ditioning system, the acid fumes contaminate the air, producing urbealthful working con ditions. The fumes affect the throat and eyes tirely eliminated. In mines, air conditioning has been bene ficial to the health and well being of the men working. In deep mines, without air condi tioning, temperatures and humidities are excessive, which frequently cause prostra tions. In shallow mines the roof and walls are at a temperature of approximately 50 in Fpuasrteicluolaadr.ing departments in ammunition plants is another application where air con ditioning produces safety for employees. The humidity is kept high enough to prevent a static spark. Cooling and dehumidifying in summer eliminate perspiration from the worker's hands, which prevents the powder degrees the year round and in the summer, from adhering to the steel dies. when moist air is induced for ventilation, Some lacquering processes require a sol rapid condensation occurs and accumulates vent having explosive properties. Since in on the shale rock which increases the hazard some plants doing this type of work the due to falls. By supplying dehumidified air solvent has explosive properties, and de with a dewpoint equal to or below the shale rock temperature, moisture condensa tion will not occur, disintegration and falls humidifying is required, an exhaust system is installed and sufficient outside air sup plied to prohibit an explosive mixture. are minimized. Many air conditioning installations have been made in industrial plants where exces sive process heal is generated, such as enameling rooms where materials to he Humidification in tobacco plants keeps down dust, which otherwise would he haz ardous to employees. In the drying process of manufacturing matches, uniform drying, which requires air conditioning, prevents enameled are at intensive temperatures. flaring or sparking when ignited. Air conditioning has reduced the number of Rubber Section Officers 1936-37 General Chairman--J. M. Kkrricjan, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Vice-C'hairman in Charge of Program--R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Secretary--R. W. Morsk, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. News Letter Editor--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Providence, R. I. Engineering Committee Chairman--J. G. Pot.M, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Health Committee-- , I)r. W. S. Ash, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. 1 Dr. J. Nf.wton Shirley, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--Paui. Van Ci.kf.f, Van Cleef Brothers, Chicago, 111. Publicity Committee Chairman--W. H. MacRav, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N.Y. Statistics Committee Chairman--D. G. Welch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Members at Large-- Ralph S. Farnum, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. John L. Grider, American Hard Ruhlier Co., Butler, N. J. John J. Lock, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. John E. Lovas, 11. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Passaic, N. J. Urban L. Moi.er, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. W. P. SpaRton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. C. W. Uffohii, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. Past General Chairmen-- E. W. Beck, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. M. Dietz., Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa. C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Company, Watertown, Mass. J. T, Kidney, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. H. W. Low, Miller Rubber Products Co., lur., Akron, Ohio. W. L. Schnf.iof.r, The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. Chari.es F. Smith, l'. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. ADJOURNMENT Officers Elected for 1937-38 Gneral Chairman--J. M. .Kkrrican, 11. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. Hce-Chairmnn in Charge of Program--R. A. Bullock, Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Secretary--R. W. Morse, The Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Sms Letter Editor--Oliver Hopkins, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Providence, R. f. hgineering Committee Chairman--J. G. Pot.M, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. Iwllfi Committee-- Dr. W. S. Ash, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Dr. J. Nf.wton Shirlf.y, Arrow Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Watertown, Mass. 577 l 578 Trenttv-si.rlh National Safety Cont/rcss Membership Committee Chairman-- Paih, Van Ci.eef, Van Clccf Brothers Chicago, III. I'uhlicity Committee Chairman--W. H. MacKay, Dunlop Tire & Rubber Corp., Buffalo, StNat.isVtic.'s Committee Chairman--I). G. Wf.i.ch, Hewitt Rubber Corp., Buffalo, N, Y. MemRbearis.i'UatSL. aFr<a/re--num, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. John L. Gkidkr, American Hard Rubber Co., Butler, N. J. John J. Look, The General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. John E. Lovas, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Passaic, N. J. Urban L. Moi.f.r, Inland Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio. W. P. Spanton, American Hard Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. G W. Ufford, Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio. PastEG. eWne.raB/f.Cckh,aUirm. Sen. --Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. A. M. Dietz, Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa. C. F. Horan, Hood Rubber Company, Watertown, Mass. J. T. Kidnf.y, The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio. H. W. Low, Miller Rubber Products Co., Inc., Akron, Ohio. W. I.. ScHMEinKR, The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. Charles F. Smith, U. S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y. h'ttbher Seetimi 879 first place; two certificates were awarded to winners of second and third place. Awards were presented by Lew R. Palmer, conservation engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City, and past president. National Safety Council. Plaques were awarded to first place winners as follows: Groups A and It--U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Saugatuck Footwear Plant, Satigatuck, Conn. Groups C and It (under 125,000 average monthly man-hour exposure)--Four tied for first place with perfect records--Van Clecf Brothers, Chicago; Providence Insulated Wire Co., Pawtucket, R. I.; The Lobl Manu facturing Co., Middleboro, Mass.; U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Fabric Fire Hose Co., Sandy Hook, Conn. touched on the following points : 1. What is a workable plan for good housekeeping ? 2. What are the outstanding fire hazards? How can they lie minimized ? 3. How can hand tool injuries be pre vented ? 4. What protective apparel is necessary for the workers? 5. What types of mill and calendar safe ties are most satisfactory? Why? 6. What hazards are involved in molding small rubber parts? How can they be over come ? THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 Buffalo, N. Y., General Chairman of the The session was called to order by J. M. Kerrigan, ll S. Rubber Reclaiming Co., Inc., section. Rubber Section Safety Contest Chairman Kerrigan briefly reviewed the outstanding facts in the 19.17 Rubber Section Safety Contest. Thirty-seven participating plants worked .VM man-hours during the six months' period of competition in the Rubber Section Contest and experienced 642 disabling in juries for an accident frequency rate of 10.079. The 37 plants employed 67,874 men. Both the accident frequency rate and man hours of exposure were higher than for all previous contests. Plants averaging 125,001 or more man hours per month, composing Groups A and B, made the best records in the contest with an average frequency rate of 10.05. Groups C and I), composed of plants with 125,000 or less man-hours of exposure per month, had an average frequency rate of 10.424. Two-thirds of the plants in both divisions had frequency rates below the averages. Perfect records for the entire confer! period were made by four plants. Seven of the 22 large plants in Groups A and B h*4 frequency rates below 2.00 for the corner! period. Five plaques were awarded to winners at Safety Device for Horizontal Heater By K. C. LOOMIS Manager, Runningboard Div., The Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, Ohio The need for a safety device for locks .on the doors of horizontal vuleanizers, com monly called open steam heaters, was im pressed upon us last year when a door Hew off one of our largest heaters. The of steam. As the pressure built up to this point, the door lug slipped back and the door blew open and off. 4oor, weighing more than a ton, was shot Positive Device Sought through tire air like a paper plate. Luckily, none was injured. The engineering division was instructed The operator couldn't explain what bad happened. He was thinking about the. spoiled job in the vulcanizer. We were think- g in different terms--how much more serious this could have been and what could W done to the heaters so that the steam eoold not be turned on unless the door was properly closed. to correct this hazard, and if we were un able to Imy a safety device, to make one. We found that there was no positive safety mechanism available which would make it impossible to turn on the steam if the door were not properly closed nor to open the door before the steam had been completely exhausted from the heater after the cure. Not Fully Closed Examination of the door and the door Ws exposed as the reason for the accifcxt the fact that the door bad been closed M enough to withstand nearly a full head A safety device that will do just this has been developed and is now in use on all heaters in our plant at Willoughby, Ohio. (Illustrating with a large copy of the drawing shown here, Mr, Loomis gave the following explanation of the device.) 5S0 Tu'cnly-sixtli National Safety Coni/rcxx ( Safety Equipment Section 4___r ...v**Afxauumuturcrs Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Sixth National Safety Congress and Exposition Kansas City, Mo., October 11-15, 1937 Exhibition Hal!--Municipal Auditorium Part I. Door is moved into position on lieater and locked liy turning door to the left. Cam (1) operates roller (2) opening valve (.?) which releases air pressure to line (10) which leads to lower inlet of three-way diaphragm valve (8). Operator then sets cure time on time cycle regulator (9). This regulator automatically shuts off air pres sure on line (11) allowing direct acting valve (7) to open. Shutting off the air on line (II) also operates three-way valve (8) which opens lower inlet allowing air pres sure from line (10) to enter reverse acting diaphragm valve (4) opening same, and al lowing steam to enter heater. Part If. When heater is in operation, steam pressure huilt up inside of it will operate the diaphragm valve (5) pushing liolt ((>) down behind door lug. Part iii. When cure time is up, time cycle regulator (9) turns air pressure into line (11) closing direct acting valve (7), also clos ing lower inlet of three-way diaphragm valve (8) which shuts air pressure from air line (10) and vents air from reverse acting diaphragm valve (4) causing this valve to close. Part IV. As steam is exhausted from the heater and the pressure has reduced to less than 12 oz. on diaphragm valve (5), spring (12) will pull bolt (6) up, and heater door can be opened. Note, (a) Tension on spring (12) can be adjusted either to raise or to lower the 12 oz. factor. (b) Steam line has two valves, one clos ing with air pressure and the other closing with air off. ADJOURNMENT Acme Protection Equipment Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Gas Masks. Advertising Displays, Inc., Covington, Ky. Safety Education Materials itt Display Form With Moving Messages. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Hartford, Conn. Safe Driving Tests, Safety Educational Films. A. S. Aloe Co., St. Louis, Mo. First Aid and Hospital Equipment, jAmerican Abrasive Metals Co., Irvington, N. J. Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings, Atnerican-LaFrance and Foamite Industries, Inc., Elmira, N. Y. Fire Protection Equipment. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., lloston, Mass. i Insurance, Workmen's Compensation, Property Damage and General Automobile. American Optical Co., Southbridge, Mass. Head and Eye Protection Products. American Safety Tank Co., Kansas City, Mo. Automotive Fuel Supply Tanks. Amtzcn, Inc., Chicago, 111. Auxiliary & Emergency Stretcher First Aid Equipment, Automatic Trallic Control Corp., St. Paul, Miim, Traffic Actuated Control Equipment Star Manufacturing Co., Rock Island, 111. Safety Inspection and Correction Equipment. Itndix Products Corp., South Bend, Itul. Automotive Equipment. lhck-Sivalls & Bryson, inr., Kansas City, Mo, Safety Heads, Tanks and Pressure Vessels. Itadley Wash fountain Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Group Washing Equipment. Itovrn Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. ;kart R. Browne Manufacturing Co., New York City. 'f Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. 581 I ( 582 Tjccnly-sixlli National Safety Coiii/rcss K. H. Buhrke Co., Chicago, 111. Safely K<|tii|>mcnt for Construction and Maintenance. E. I). Hullard Co., San Krancisco, Calif. Personal Protective Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Co., (U.S.A.), Inc., New York City. I-'irst Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. Champion Brake Corji., Chicago, III. Hand Brakes for Freight Cars. Chicago Eye Shield Co., C hicago, 111. Head, Eye and Respiratory Protective Equipment. Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp., Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains and Safety Hoists. H. S. Cover, South Bend, Ind. Respirators ami Safety (Joggles. Crouse-Hinds Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Traffic Signals and Floodlights. M. E. Cunningham Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Steel Stamps and Type Holders. Davis Emergency Equipment Co., Inc., New York City. First Aid and Industrial Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. Head and Eye Protection. DoMore Chair Co., Inc., Elkhart, Ind. Posture-Health ('hairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald F. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment. ;i Eagle Eignal Corp., Moline, III. Traffic Signals. Electronic Control Corp., Detroit, Mich. Electronic and Photo-Electric Equipment. Elliott Service Co., New York City. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety. Emerson Drug Co., Baltimore, Md. Bromo-Seltzer. Employers Mutuals, Wausau, Wis. Fire and Casualty Insurance, Workmen's Compciisation. Enameled Steel Sign Co., Chicago, III. Day and Night Steel Reflecting Signs. Fairway Laboratories, Inc., Belleville, 111. Anti-Fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Dispensing Equipment. Harley-Davidson Motor Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Police Motorcycles and Accessory Equipment. Hercules Friction Grip Co., Kansas City, Mo. Brake Dressing. Hild F'loor Machine Co.. Chicago. 111. Electric F'loor Scrubbing Machines and Vacuum Cleaners. Holcomb Safety Garment Co., Chicago, 111. Industrial Safetv Clothing. H oof Products Co., Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. I -Wi'O' Section ___ _ t IVIIUU-N Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome First Aid Antiseptic, Thantis Lozenges. Indian Motocyclc Co., Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Co., Danville, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Industrial Safety Equipment Assn., New York City. Association of Manufacturers of Industrial Safety Equipment. International Shoe Co., St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. Junkin Safety Appliance Co., 'Louisville, Ky. Power Press Guards. Juvenile Wood Products, Inc., Fort Wayne, Ind. Automobile Safety Seats for Children. The Karpark Corp., New York City. Parking Meters. Keystone View Co., Meadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Co., Inc., New York City. Fire Protection Equipment. Kimball Safety Products Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Industrial Safety Clothing and Supplies. Lehigh Safety Shoe Co., Inc., Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes, liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. Non-Slip Soles and Heels. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co.. Chicago, 111. Automobile, Compensation anil General Casualty Insurance. Hacwhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Wire Rope Slings. The Martindale Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. UcCloskey Torch Co., Toledo, Ohio. Bomb Shell Torches and Truck Flares. iF. McDonald Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Safety Hats and Respirators. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City, Life Insurance, Industrial, etc. Michigan Malleable Iron Co., Detroit, Mich. Traffic Stop Signs. bum Co., Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupational Skin Diseases, fce Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Appliances and First Aid Materials. IWem Engineering Co., St. Louis, Mo. Welding Torches and Safety Goggles. nay Safety Sling Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Plated Wire Rope Slings. { 5K4 Tceentv-sixth National Safety Coni/rexx National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City. Safety Service, Casualty Insurance. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, III. Posters, Bureau of Information, Research and Kducation I Pi vision. (i. H. Packwood Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Soaps and Cleaning Compounds. Panther-Panco Rubber Co., Inc., Chelsea, Mass, Safety Soles and Heels. The Patent Scaffolding Co., Chicago, III. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. The Piaster Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Fire Protection Kquipment, Protcctoseal Co., Chicago, III. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Kquipment Corp., Itrooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and (ieneral Safety Kquipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co., Greensburg, Pa. Interlock Systems, Potential and Phase Detectors, Insulator Testers. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Co., Columbus, Nebr. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rich Signs Corp., Wichita, Kans. Highway Reflecting Traffic Markers. Rockwood Sprinkler Co., Worcester, Mass. Fire Protection Equipment. Rose Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo. Industrial Safety Equipment. Safeguard Electric Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Rest Co., Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. The Safety Equipment Service Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Co., Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Co., Inc., Chicago, III. Linemen's-Rubber Protective Devices. Shepherd Safety Shoe Corp., Chicago, III. Safety Shoes. The Spencer Turbine Co., Hartford, Conn. Industrial Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collection Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Co., Chicago, III. Industrial Safety Equipment. Stonehouse Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. The Strauss Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Safety Hats, and Foot Guards. Sugar Beet Products Co.. Saginaw, Mich. Industrial Soaps. The Surety Rubber Co., Carrollton, Ohio. Linemen's Safety Kquipment and Synthetic Rubber Industrial Equipment. The Surty Manufacturing Co., Inc., Chicago, 111. Dust Counters, Exhaust Units, Safety Guards and Shields. S-W Supply Co., Girard, Kans. Highway Railroad Signals. l Safety lu/nif'inenl Section Threeway Signal Co., Oklahoma City, Okla. Safety Signal Equipment. Traffic Boy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. School Zone Traffic. Warning Signs, United States Steel Corporation Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Steel Products and Cement. Wahlert Products Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y, Industrial Safety and Fire Protection Equipment. Weaver Manufacturing Co.. Springfield, III. Automotive Testing Kquipment. West Disinfecting Co,, Chicago, 111. Products for the Promotion of Industrial Sanitation. The Western Union Telegraph Co., Kansas City;, Mo. Communication Service. 1 Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Personal Protective I tevires. 585 f>20 Tnriitx-sixth National Safety Camjrcss The session closet! with a panel discussion on wood products mill safety. Amonf? the points mentioned were the following: The need of educating the worker in simple terms; the necessity of personal con tact in safety education; giving reasons in stead of simply orders; the seriousness of minor injuries; safety meetings of super visors and employees. ADJOURNMENT INDEX A Absenteeism: Facta Revealed from Studying the Causes of Absenteeism (Curtis), 76-80, Accident Prone Employees: See Personal Factors. Accident Statistics: Analysis of Accidents, 228. The Function of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statis^ tics in the Field of Accident Statistics, 463-465. (iraphic Method of Portraying Accidents (Spit- ' zer), 264-266. How to Make Statistics Interesting and Useful (Fiimer), 396-398. Keeping a Record of Accident Costs (GoldMine), 288-290. Report of Accident Experience Exchange (Braun), 431-435. What are the Best Ways to Keep and Use Accident Records? 176-180. Acids: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 207-209. Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers Such as Carboys, Drums, Jugs, Flasks (Stratton), 201-204. Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plants (Turgeon), 204-206. See also Chemicals. Aeronautical Section: Minutes, 211-219. Officers, 211. Aeronautics: Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Con trol (Berry), 218-219. The Importance of Flight Dispatching in Air Transportation (Frit*), 211-213. Planning for Safety (Gazley), 213-217. Rating of Instructors (Cole), 2I7-21R. After Work Accidents Session: 33*40. After Work Accidents: See also Public Safety. Agricultural Safety Session: 41-49. Ainsworth, C.: Interesting Phases of Construc tion Safety (.'ode Work, 300-302. Air Conditioning; Safety Control in Air Condition ing (HiJIen), 573-576. Aldrich, II. J.: Safety Kinks in the Food Industry, 322. Allen, T.: Safety Program for the Reduction of 1i Accidents in Coal Mines in Colorado, 404*408. Ames, F. K.: The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Prevention, 357-359. Ammonia: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 209. Anderson, A. L,: Can the Safety Engineer Make Effective Motion Pictures? What One Company Has Done, 497. Annual Meeting of Members: 11-30. A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section: Minutes, 221-224. Officers, 221-222. Augustus, E.: How ('an the Industrial Nurse Help Maintain Employee Interest in the Safety Pro gram? 328-332. Automotive and Machine Shop Section: Officers, 225-226. Automotive and Machine Shop Power Press Sec tions: Minutes, 225-247. Awards: See Contests; Rewards. B Babfy L. V.: The Nurse's Part in Getting In jured Men Back on the Job, 323-326. Badger, O. B.: Habit Formation Through Super vision, 526-527. Baker, R. J.: The Advancement of Safety in tlie American Steamship Industry, 34.1.345. Bakeries: See Food Industry. Burnish, J. I. and Reinhnru, H. F.: Welding and ('titling Fires arc Preventable. 385-387. Banquet: 31-32. Barrett, G. I.: Iron Ore Mining, 411-412. Beil, P.: Why the Worker is Not Responsible, 377. Berry, J,.: Cleveland Airport Radio Traffic Con trol. 218*219. Bigler, H. C.: Developing Safe Workers Through the Employment Office and Job Training, 226229. Blakeslee, H. N.: A Statistical Review and Fore cast of the Petroleum Industry, 519*520. Blattnied, E. A.: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment, 295-297. Boggess, H. W.: Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety, 490-493. Boilers: What .the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines (Fish), 157161. Bonus Plans: See Rewards. Bowen, Capt. W. O.: Training of Officers, 368370. Boxboard Mills: See Paper Industry. Braun, F. W.: Report of Accident Experience Ex change, 431-435. Bridges: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Con struction Equipment (Blanpied), 295*297. Brooks, Dr. A. L.: What the Industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases, 334 337. Brown, 1*.: The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Pre vention Program, 337-340. Buckle, P. F.: Adequate Accident Investigation and the Need for Suitable Discipline Before the Accident Occurs, 597-509. Bulletin Boards: The Use of Bulletin Boards in the Safety Program^ 198-199. Bungenstock, A. O.: Getting Facts and Keeping Records on After Work Accidents, 33-35. Burden, O. R.: The Handling of Pijie as it Ap plies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work, 504-511. Burns: Industrial Burns and Their Treatment (Mudd), 81-83. c Calenders: See Paper Industry. Carbon Dioxide; Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman). 564-566. Carboys: See Acids. Cement and Quarry Sections: Minutes, 249-270. Cement Industry: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry (Curtis), 250-252. Facts Revealed from Studying the Causes of Absenteeism (Curtis), 76-80. Cement Section: Officers. 249. Chemical Industry: Safety in Chemical Labora tories (Ritter). 272-274. Safety in Chemical Pilot Plants (Tilden) 275- 279. J' Safety in the Chemical (Zoerb), 280-284. Chemical Section: Contest, 275. Minutes, 271-284. Officers, 271-272. Production Plant 621 ( 622 TwHtv-Sixlh National Soffly Cnnt/rcss Chemical*: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acid* by the Consumer (Kberhnnlt), 207- 209. Safe Handling of Pnrtahle Aci<l^ Containers Stich aa Carboy*, Drum*, Jugs, Flask* (Stratton), 201-204. Safe Storage ami Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plant* (Turgeon), 201-206. See aUo Acid-*. Colahan, K. A,: How to Inspect a Factory Elevator for Safety, 183-187. Cole, K. B.: Katin# of Instructor*. 2t7-218. Colora: Painting Machine* on Which Repetitive Operations are Performed, 246. Committee*: How Can Unsafe Conditions Be Un l)u*ts: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman), 612-614. The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards (Lazenby), 95-98. The Engineer's Part in Eliminating Dust Hazards (Johnson), 92-95. Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified (Harrington), 290- 295. What Industrial Dusts are Harmful? Why? (Sayers), 85-92. Work of the National Silicosis Conference (Starr) 257-260. Dye, B. T.: Planning Your Safety Program, 394- 395. covered, 173-174. Standard Safety Committee Procedure^ 348-340. What Parr, if Any, Doe* the Safety Committee Have in the Training Program, 196-107. Community Safety Organization Session: 51-58. E Community Safety: See also Public Safety. Compressed Air: What the Safety Man Should Know Ahout Compressed Air Systems, 161* 166. Construction Industry: Interesting Phases of Con struction Safety Code Work (Ainsworth), 300-302. Methods Used to Present Safety Movement to Employees (Jessup), 302-304. Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction (Crandell), 304-306. Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Construction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis). 297-300. Construction Section: Minutes, 285-306. Officers, 285-286. Contests: Chemical Section, 275. Contest* (live Result*, 317-318. Marine Section, 370. Metals Section, 396. Methods Used by A Sand and Gravel Company to Win the National Safety Award (Koop), 261-262Paper and Pulp Section Safety Contest, 47J-473. Petroleum Section, 520. Place of Contests in the Safety Program, 153-155, Public Utilities Section, 549. Rubber Section, 578-579. Cooner, J. 1).: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Anthracite Mining, 409- 411. Coats and Money Savings: The Dollars and Cents Side of Safety (Half). 589-590. Craig, J. D.: What the Safety Man Should Know About Processing Kettles, 166-172. Crandell, F. J.: Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction, 304-306. Curds, A, J. R.: Analysis of Accidents in the Cement Industry, 250*252. Facta Revealed from Studying the Causes of Absenteeism, 76-80. Curtis, M. L.: Safety Training for the Construc tion Foreman, 297-300. Eherltardt, E. G.; Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids hy the Consumer, 207-209. Economics or Safety: See Cost* and Money Sav ings. Education of Workmen: The Art of Giving Com plete Instruction (Martin), 521-526. Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads (Hale), 590-592. Five Steps Necessary to Instruction, 619. Habit Formation Through Supervision (Badger), 526-527. Instructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industry, 451-455. Is There any Relation Between Safety Training and Safety Rules? 195-196. Js Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work (Pepper), 256-257. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297-300. Should Visual Methods he Employed in the Training Program? 197-199, What are the Objectives of Safety Training. 193-194. What is Safety Education? 180-181, What Part, If Any, Does the Safety Committee Have in the Training Program, 196-197. What Training Methods are Most Effective? 196. What Types of Training Are the Most Beneficial to Industry? 194-195. Who Shall be Trained, 194. Electrical Industry: How to Make a Safety In spection of Electrical Equipment (Hasskarl), 187-191. Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Relates to Electric Operation (Salshury). 542-545. Electricity: Following the Plant Electrician (Wick ham), 603-605. How to Make a Safety Inspection of Electrical Equipment (HasskarJ), 187-191. See also Static Electricity. Electroplating: See Plating. Elevators: How to Inspect a Factory Elevator for Saftey (Colahan), 183-187. D Employees' Meetings: Compulsory Attendance at Safety Meetings, 142-143. Executive Training Meetings, 227-228. Headman, W. W..* Let'* Go Into This Accident, Employees Training: See Education of Workmen; 253-256. Dermatitis; See Health Hazards. Dibadale, S. S.: Point of Operation Guards for Metal Working Machine*. 236-237. Dickinson. S, C.: Typical Public Xltility Accidents and the Lessons Learned From Them, 554-555. Discipline: Disciplinary Measures for Violation of Safety Rules, 470. Penalties for violation of Rules (Simpson), 455- Safety Training Session. Engineering: Engineering and Industrial Accident Prevention (Holbrook), 223-224. Practical Engineering as Applied to Safety in Construction (Crandell), 304-306. Engineering Revision: Designing for Safety (Rock- hoff), 237-238. Developing Safe Workers in Metal Working In dustries Through the Regular Supervisory 460. Dowd, A. S.: Data on 1936-37 Paper Industry Safety ('ontest, 472'473. Drivers and Driving: See Traffic. Drums for Acids; See Acids. "Dry Ice**: Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564*566. Force (Hunter), 233-234. Executives: See Management. Exhibits: Exhibitors at the 26th National Safety Congress and Exposition, 581-585. Explosions: Explosion Hazards of Common Flam* mable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. Index 2) 623 FG Farm Safety: Farm Fire* and Their Prevention (lames), 46-47. A Program for Farm Safety (Seagraves), 47- 49 Urgent Need for Program on Agricultural Acci dent Prevention (Price). 4 1-42. What Are the Outstanding ('nines of Agricul tural Accidents? (Mohler), 42-45. See also Agricultural Safety Session. Fatigue: Fatigue in It* Relation to Accident Pre vention (Garner). 569-573. Prevention of Accidents in Repetitive Operations (Thomas), 243-244. Fennell, D. L: Address of Welcome for Kama* City Safety Council, It. Ferguson, R. H.: Visual Education Methods, 229- 232. Fernandez, A. C.: Handling Safety in a Large Mexican Mine, 426-428. j Filmer, W. T,: How to Make Statistics Interesting and Useful, 396-398. Fire Prevention: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-518. Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman), 612-614. Explosion Hazards of Common Flammable Liquids (Miller), 67-70. Farm Fires and Their Prevention (James), 46- 47. Spontaneous Ignition and Its Prevention (Nuck olls). 63-66. Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Con trol (Turkington), 59-63. Welding and Cutting Fires are Preventable (Banash and Reinhard), 385-387. Fire Prevention Session: 59-70. Fish, E. R.: What the Safety Man Should Know About Steam Boilers and Steam Lines, 157161. Flammable Liquids: Explosion Hazards of Com mon Flammable Liquid* (Miller), 67-70. Flasks: See Acids. nFl_o_odi Ee>m. ergencies: S~ afety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Telephone and Telegraph (i^edwith), 547-548. Safety in Connection With Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities (\Vehb)t 545-546. Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Relates to Electric Operation (Salshury), 542-545. ^??a:.Preynting Slippery Floors, 321. $6-4?7 Ia'ar< * >i,|"r Mi" Mad""e Room., Flour Mills: See Food Industry. Food Industry: Accident Reduction With a Harmed Maintenance System --Bakeries (Hil debrand), 310-313. Eliminating Accidents Peculiar to Women in the Food Industry (McKeon), 319-322. Safety and Sanitation and Its Relation to Food Product* (Kanipe), 317-319. Safety Kinks in the Food Industry (Aldrich), 322. What Accident Prevention Means to the Flour Milling Industry (YVarkentin), 313-316. Faod Section: Minutes, 307-322. ; Officers, 307*309. ! facbes, ). T.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and i Their Elimination in Mining From the View\ point of the United State* Bureau of Mines, [ 417-422. \ Hitmen: Developing Safety Workers in Metal Working Industries Through the Regular Su pervisory Force (Hunter), 232-234. How Can the Foreman Most Effectively Meet His Responsibility? (Roberts), 608-610. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297-300. FdtL L. C.: The Importance of Flight Dispatch ing in Air Transportation, 211-213. , hm: ee Gases. Garner, Dr. J. R.: Fatigue in Its Relation Ac cident Prevention, 569-573. Gases: Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564-566. Injurious Effects of Metal Fume* and Row to Prevent Them (Jones), 99-104. Gasoline: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-517. Resumi of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants (McCullough), 528-533, See also Flammable Liquids. Gazley, R. C.: Planning tor Safety, 213-217. Gibbs, C. W.: What the Safety Man Should Know About Compressed Air Systems, 161-166. Giessing, H. Vv.: Specific Accidents and Hazards ana Their Elimination in Lead Zinc Mining, 415-417. Goldstine, E. N.: Keeping a Record of Accident Costs, 288-290, Goosman, I)r. J. C.: Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention, 564-566. Gore, G. L.: Accidents in Delivering Refrigerated Products and Their Prevention, 566-569. Grain Elevators: See Food Industry. Griffin, Dr. J. M.: Coal Mine Injuries from a Doctor's viewpoint, 422-423. Guards: Point of Operation Guards for Metal YVorking Machines (Dlbsdale), 236-237. What Constitutes a Good Safeguarding Program? 175-176. H Hale, I.: Employee Training and Its Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroads, 590-592. Hall, F.: The Dollars and Cents Side of Safety, 589-590. Handling Materials: The Handling of Pipe as it Applies to Oil and Gas Pipe Line Work (Bur den), 504-5U. Recent Developments in the Safety of Interna! Transportation Equipment (McAuley), 239. 242. Hanley, G. \V.: The Psychology of Safety, 266270. Harlan, B. J.: How 1 Made Safety Effective in My Department, 388-389. Harrington, I).: Method* for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They Are Justified, 290295. Harville, O. S.: Threads of Safety} 602-603. Haselton, W. D.: New Safety Rinks in Mining, 424-425. Hasskarl, P. L. G.: How to Make a Safety In spection of Electrical Equipment, 187-191. Health Hazards: Combating tne Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman), 612614. TThUe- Doctor's tP, art in C~ ontrolling Dust Hazards (Lazenby), 95.98. Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination (Rastello), 104-108. Industrial Burns and Their Treatment (Mudd), 81-83. Industrial Dermatitis and Its Prevention (Schwartz), 71-76. Industrial Tuberculosis--A Public Health Fac tor (Spector), 326-328. Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them (Jones), 99-104. Methods for Protection Against Silicosis, and When They are Justified (Harrington), 290295. What Industrial Dusts are Harmful? Why? (Sayers), 85-92. What the Industrial Nurse Should Know About Occupational Diseases (Brooks), 334-337. Work of the National Silicosis Conference (Statr), 257-260. 624 V Tt^yhIv-SIvIIi iXaliuiiul Sufrly Coiu/rrss The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry ( KasM'lmttm), 493 197. Health Service Session: 71-83. Heitman, A. W.: Safety Practice of the Inland Lime and Stone Company, 262-264. Henderson, R. T.: Unusual Refinery Accidents, 501-504. Henderson, T. (I.j Methods of Obtaining Employee Interest and : ( oopn atimi in Safety, 435 412, llillen. A. < J.: Safely t nntrul in Air Condition' mg. S7.CS76. Hothrook, E. A.: Engineering and Industrial Ac cident Prevention, 224 221. Holden, Cant, K. What Insurance farrier Can Do to Prevent Accidents in Maritime Trades, J46-349. Ifolzhog. J. H.: The Industrial Nurse as an Aid to die Safety Department, 332-334. Housekeeping: flood Housekeeping in Woodwork ing Plants (Wilson), 614-616. Howell, J. T.: Causes, Prevention and Control of Petroleum Fires, 514-518. Human Element: See Personal Factors. Hunter, V. R.: Devclophtg Safe Workers in Metal Working Industries Through the Regular StP pervisory Force, 232-234. Hydrocyanic Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids bv the Consumer (Eher- hardt), 208. Hydrofluoric Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids hv the ( onstimer (Kher- hard!), 20X, I Industrial Dusts Session: 85-98. Industrial Fumes, Cases and Vapors Session: 99. IOH. Industrial Nursing Session: 323-340. Industrial Relations: Safety's Place in an Indus trial Relations Program (Shattuck), 448-451. Industrial Safety Lectures (Lee), 109-139. Injured Workers: Discussions on Accident Report ing by Injured Employee, 460. The Nurse's Part in (Jetting Injured: Men Back on the Job (Babb), 323 326. Inspection: How Can Unsafe Conditions he Un- coveredj 173 l?1?. Inspectors Session: See Safety Inspectors Session. Investigation of Accidents: Adequate Accident In vestigation and the Need for Suitable Disci pline Before the Accident Occurs (Buckle), 597-590. Demonstration of Accident Investigation, 45L 455. Let's (Jo Into This Accident (Headman), 253-256. J James, W. D.: Farm Fires and Their Prevention, 46 47. Jamieson, F. R.r Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Ptildic, 54'). 5SJ. Jessup, (J. P.: Methods Used to Present Safety Movement to Employees, 302-301. Johnson, A. S.; The Engineer's Part in Eliminat ing Dust Hazards, 92-95. Johnson, (J. R.: Investigation of Personal Injuries Involving Seamen, 350-361. Johnston, C. K.: Stream Lining for Safety, 594507. Jones, Dr. R. R,: Injurious Effects of Metal Fumes and How to Prevent Them, 90-104. K Kamne, R. R.: Safety and Sanitation and Its Re lation to Food Products, 317-310. Kassehaum, Dr. (J. K.: The Worker's Health in the Petroleum Industry, 403-497. Keller, (\ (\: Why the Employer is Not Respon sible, 374-375. Kelly, R, W.: Safety ns a Morale Builder, 3833X5. Knoelk, W. <\: The Officials' Pari in an Organized Community Program, 54-56. Koffman, M. A.*. What a Plant Can Do to Pre vent After Work Accidents, 35 38. Koopj H. A.: Methods Used hv a Sand and Lravel Company to Win the National Safely Award, Jot, 263. L Laboratories: Safety in Chemical Laboratories (Ritter), 272-274. Lazenby, Dr, A. D.: The Doctor's Part in Con trolling Dust Hazards, 95-98. leather Industries Section: See Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section. Lcdwith, T. D.: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Telephone and Tele graph, 547-548, I^ee, I. J.: Industrial Safety lectures (How to Make the Safety Speech), 109-139. I^ee, R. I-.: Highway Safety in Industry, 38-40. Lighting: Influence of Lighting, 244. Lincoln, H. L.: The Human Element in Accident Prevention, 562-564. Linstroth, L, W.: Safety in the Needle Trade, 606- 608. Loomis, K. C.: Safety Device for Horizontal Heater, 579-580. Lounshury, W. C.: Typical Puhlic^Utiiity Accidents ami the lessons Learned From Them, 553554. Lumber Industry: See Wood Products Industry. Lyons, J.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Bituminous Coal Mining, 408- McArdle, J. M.: Who is Responsible for Industrial Accidents? 378-379. McAuley, B. I\: Recent Developments in the Safety of Internal Transportation Equipment, 239-242. McCann, E. J.: Personal Protective Equipment in Meat Packing Plants, 372-374. McClintock, M.: Safety Today and Tomorrow, 2226. i McCullough, Cl. W.: Resumd of Safety in Natural (Jasoline Plants, 528-533. McKeon, K. I).: Eliminating Accidents Peculiar to Women in the Food Industry, 319*322. McLean, F. R.; Lessons from Marketing Depart iiient Accidents, 511-514. Maintaining Interest: How Can the Industrial Nurse Help Maintain Employee Interest in the Safety Program? (Augustus), 328-332. Methods of Obtaining Employee Interest am! Cooperation in Safety (Henderson), 435-442. See also Contests. Maintaining Interest in Safety Session: 141-156. Maintenance and Repair: Accident Reduction With a Planned Maintenance System -Bakerte* (Hildebrand), 310-313. Maintenance and Repair and Its Relation t# Safety in the Metals Industry (Smith), 398400. Proper Safety Training in Maintenance Depart ments (Percival), 309*310. Management: Management's Function in tb* Safety Program (Nicholson), 460-463. Management's Interest in Safety, 149-150. Safety, An Executive Operating Problem (White). 593-594. Why the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller). 374-375. Imlr.v IP 625 Marine Industry: The Advancement of Safety in the American Steamship Industry (Baker), 343- i 345. . Building Safety in Ships (Wrestling), 352-357. Creating a Sense of Kespousihilitv in the In dividual Seaman (Pegg), 3o7. Eliminating Dangers of Cargo Hazards (Wilson). 364*367. (Jovemtuenl Aid in Preventing Injiutes to Long shoremen and Harbor Workers (Swollord). 361-36 l. Investigation of Personal Injuries Involving Sea men (Johnson), 359-361. A Plan to ('rente Interest of Seamen in Pre vention of Accidents (Woll), 350-352. Safety Organization, 348-349. Training of Officers (Bowen), 368-370. The Value of Safety Posters in Accident Pre vention (Ames). 357-359. 1 What Insurance Carriers Can Do to Prevent Ac cidents in Maritime Trades (Holden), 346-349. What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? (Stow), 345-346. Marine Section: Contest, 370. ioint Luncheon with Petroleum Section: 519-520. finutes, 341-370. Officers, 341-343, Martin, R. L.*. The Art of (Jiving Complete In struction, 521-526. Meat Packing Industry: Personal Protective Equip ment in Meat Packing Plants (McCann), 372374. Meat Packing, Tanning and leather Industries Section: Minutes, 371-379. Officers. 371-372. Metal Industries: How I Made Safety Effective in My Department (Harlan), 388-389. Maintenance and Repair and Tts Relation to Safety in the Metals Industry (Smith), 398400. : Metals Section: Contest, 396. Minutes, 381-400. Officers, 381-383. Miller: C. R.: Explosion Hazards of Common Flam mable Liquids, 67-70. , Mining Industry: Coal Mine Injuries from a DocI tor's Viewpoint ((Iriffm). 422*423. Handling Safety in a Large Mexican Mine (Fernandez), 426-428. Iron Ore Mining (Barrett). 411-412. New Safety Kinks in Mining (Hasehon), 424425. The Relationship, of Safety to Efficiency in Min ing (Richardsrin), 402-404. Safety Program for the Reduction of Accidents inaCoal Mines in Colorado (Allen), 404-408. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Anthracite Mining (Conner), 409411. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation tn Bituminous Coal Mining (Lvons), 408-409. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation in Copper Mining (Nowlin), 413-415. Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimi nation it) Lead Zinc Mining ((Jiessing), 415- Specific Accidents atM Hazards anti Their Elimi nation in Mining From the Viewpoint of the United States Bureau of Mines (Forbes), 417-422. Mining Section: Minutes, 40L42X. Officers, 401-402. Minor Injuries: Minor Acrid mt Reporting, 146- Mohler, J. C.: What are the Outstanding Causes of Agricultural Accidents? 42-45. Motion Pictures; See Visual Education. Mudd, Dr. R. 1).: industrial Burns and Their Treatment, 81-83. N National Safety Council: Directors, 5-8. Executive Committee, 4-5. Honorary Members, 4. Nominating Committee Report, 20. (Mfirers, 4, 31. i'utpnses and Policies, 9.|0. ({'`solutions Committee Report, 20-22. National Silicosis Conference: Work of the Na tional Silicosis Conference (Starr), 257-260. Niar Accidents: See Minor Injuries. New Employees: Developing Safe Workers Through the Employment Office and J>b Itaining (Bigler), 226-229. Newlin, R. S.: Specific Accidents and Hazards and Their Elimination in Copper Mining, 4I3-4I/L Nicholson. (J. W. K.: Management's Function in the Safety Program, 460 463. Niehoson, A. A.: Industry Casts a New Safety Die, 27-29, ' Nuckolls, A. II.: Spontaneous Ignition and Its Prevention. 6:3-66. Nurses: How (.an the Industrial Nurse Help Main tain Employee Interest in the Safety Program? (Augustus), 328-332. The Industrial Nurse as an Aid to the Safety ; a Denartment (llolzhng), 332-334. The Nurse's Part in (Jetting Injured Men Back ^ on the Job (Babb)f 323-326. The Nurse's Part in the Sickness Prevention Program (Brown), 337-340. What the Industrial Nurse Should Know About ()ecupational I diseases ( Brooks), 334-337, Nurses Session: See Industrial Nursing Session. o Organization: Methods Used by a Sand and (lravel Company to Win the National Safety Award (Koop), 261-262. Planning Your Safety Program (Dye), 394-395. Oxalic Acid: Protective Equipment in the Han dling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 209. * P Paper and Pulp Section: Contest, 471-473. Minutes, 429-487. Officers, 429*130. Paper Industry: Calender Stack Hazards, 479-482. Demonstration of Accident Investigation, 451- Discussion on the Making of Paper Boxes. 465468. Dryer Hazards, 478-479. Hazards Encountered in Changing Wires on Paper Machines, 474-476. Hazards of Wet belts, 476*478. instructional Methods in Accident Prevention in Pulp and Paper Industry, 451-455. Major Hazards and Their Elimination in Box- hoard Mills (Patton), 442-4 18. Methods of Obtaining Employee Interest and Cooperation in Safety (Henderson), 435-442. Paper Mill Machine Room Hazards, 473-487. Report of Accident Experience Exchange (Braun), 431-435. Triyping Hazards in Paper Mill Machine Rooms, . ' . J," mm i iicir jr,nmina- (ton in Roxhoard Mills, 442-448. V `g<gK, A/. <* >.: C'r"eai'tiimnrg na >S'<einnsei io, f Responsibility in the Indiliivviidrluitaall 'Sseoasnminann, 3)/6".77. Penalties: See Discipline. Pepper. F. M.: Is Training a Vital Factor in Effective Safety Work? 256-257. IVrcival, A. J.: Proper Safety Training in Main tenance Departments. 309-310. Personal Factors: The Human Element in Acci dent Prevention (Lincoln), 562-564. Mental Causes of Accidents (Rail), 560-562 626 Twenty-Sixth National Safety Cnni/ress Method* of Handling Employees Who Are Con tinually Involved in Accident*, 468-469. Prevention of Accident* in Repetitive Operations (Thomas), 242-247, The Psychology of Safety (Manley), 266-270. Safety Training for the Construction Foreman (Curtis), 297 .100. Petroleum Industry: Cause.*, Prevention and Con trol of Petroleum Fires (Howell), 514-518. Efficiency and Safety in Oil Field Transportation (Teague), 498 500. The Handling of Pipe as it Applies to Oil and (las Pipe Line Work (Burden), 504-511. Lesions From Marketing Department Accident* (McLean), 511-514. Resuml of Safety in Natural Gasoline Plants (McCullough), 528-533. A Statistical Review and Forecast of the Petrol eum Industry (Blakeslee), 519-520. Unusual Refinery Accidents (Henderson), 501 - 504. The Worker** Health in the Petroleum Industry (Kassebaum), 493-497. Petroleum Section: Contest, 520. Minutes, 489-533. Officers, 489-490. Physical Examinations: The Placement of Men from the Standpoint of Physical Fitness (Vonachen), 234-236. Picric Acid: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Kherhardt), 208. Paring: Electroplating Fumes and Vanors and Their Elimination (Rastello), 104-108. Putters: The Value of Safety Poster.* in Accident Prevention (Ames), 357-359. See also Visual Education. Power Press Section: Minutes, 225-247. Officers, 535-536. President's Address (Watson), 14-19. Pressure Vessels Session: 157-172. Price, D. J.: Urgent Need for Program on Agri cultural Accident Prevention, 41-42. Processing Kettles: What the Safety Man Should Know About Processing Kettles (Craig), 166172. Psychology: See Personal Factors. Public Satety: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the Public (Jamie son), 549-552. Community Safety Organizations and the Public (SkeelL 56-58. Oetting Facts and Keeping Records on After Work Accidents (Bungenstock). 33-35. Highway Safety in Industry (Lee), 38-40. Industry's Responsibilities in Community Safety (Boggess), 490-493. The Officials* Part in an Organized Community! Program (Knoelk), 54-56. What a Plant Can Do to Prevent After Work Accidents (Koffman), 35-38. Why Have a Community Safety Council? (Strieker), 51-54. See also Traffic. Public Speaking: How to Make the Safety Speech. Lectures (Lee), 109*139. Public Utilities: Activities of Public Utilities in the Prevention of Accidents to the 1'uhlic (Jamieson), 549-552. Typical Public Utility Accident* (Taylor), 552* Typical Public Utility Accident* and the Les son* Learned from Them (Dickinson), 554555. Typical Public Utility Accidents and the Lessons Learned from Them (Lounshury), 553-554. What Are We Doing? (Scott), 540-542. See also Electrical Industry; Telephone and Telegraph; Water Utilities. Public Utilities Section: Contest, 549. Minutes. 537-555, Officers, 537-539. Q Quarry Section: Minutes, 249-270. Officers, 557. R Railroads: Adequate Accident Investigation and the Need for Suitable Discipline Before the Acci dent Occurs (Buckle), 597-599. Employee Training and It* Relation to Accident Prevention on American Railroad* (Hale), 590592. The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety (Syines), 587-589. Stream Lining for Safety (Johnston), 594-597. Rail, A. A.: Mental Causes of Accidents, 560-562. Rastello, I)r. P. B.: Electroplating Fumes and Vapors and Their Elimination, 104*108. Refrigeration Industry: Accidents in Delivering Re frigerated Products and Their Prevention (Gore), 566-569. Accidents Involving Carbon Dioxide and Their Prevention (Goosman), 564-566. Refrigeration Section: Minutes, 559-576. Officers, 559-560. Reigeluth, R. J.: Awards for No Lost Time Acci dent Record, 286*288. Reinhard, H. F. and Banash, J. I.: Welding and Cutting Fires Are Preventable, 385*387. Resolutions: Report of Committee, 20-22. Responsibility: Creating a Sense of Responsibility in the individual Seaman (Pegg), 367. How Can the Foreman Most Effectively Meet Ilis Responsibility? (Roberts), 608-610. Who is Responsible for Industrial Accidents? (McArdle), 378-379. Why the Employer is Not Responsible (Keller), 374-375. Why the Supervisor is Not Responsible (Sloan), 376-377. Wh^ the Worker is Not Responsible (Beil), Rewards: Awards for No Lost Time Accident Record (Reigeluth), 286-288. Presentation of Motion Picture Traffic Safety Committee Trophy to Columbia Pictures, Inc, 32. Safety Practices of the Inland Lime and Stone Company (Heitraan), 263. Richardson, J. K.: The Relationship of Safety M Efficiency in Mining, 402-404. Ritter, A. B.: Safety in Chemical Laboratories, 272* 274. River Work: Safe Practices in Use of Heavy Con struction Equipment (Blanpied), 295-297. Roberts, E. A.: IIow Can the Foreman Most Ef fectively Meet His Responsibility? 608-610. Rockhoff, B. E.: Designing tor Safety, 237-238. Rope: The Safe Use and the Abuse of Wire Rope and Wire Rope Slings (Whyte), 389*394. Rubber Industry: Safety Device for Horizontal Heater (Loomis), 579-580. Rubber Section: Contest, 578-579. Minutes, 577-580. Officers, 577-578. Rule Books: The Use of Printed Safety Rule^ 462-463. s Safe Use of Acid* Session: 201-209. Safety Equipment Section: Minutes, 581-585. Safety Fundamentals Session: 173-181. Safety Inspectors Session: 183*191. Safety Movement: Industry Casts a New Safety Die (Ntchoson), 27*29. Safety As a Morale Builder (Kelly), 383-385. What Are We Doing? (Scott), 540-542. Safety Training Session: 193-199. Salsbury, R. J[.: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Relates to Electric Opera tion, 542-545. Sand, Gravel and Stone Industry: Safety Practices of the Inland Lime and Stone Company (Heil man), 262-264. Saws: How Should Dust Caused by a High Spool Saw be Collected? 616. Index f>27 Sec also Wood Products Industry. jrer, R. R.: What Industrial Dusts arc Maim- fill? Why? 85 92. Schwartz, L.: Industrial Dermatitis and It* Pre vention, 71-76. Scott, C, B.: What Arc We Doing? 540-542. Seifraves, C. M.: A Program for Farm Safely, 47-49. pern How May the Proper Selling of Shaper Knives he Determined? 616. `Muck, S. F.: Safety's Place In An Industrial Relations Program, 448-451. "`is: See l)u*t*. "n, L. R.: Penalties for Violation of Rules, 455-460. an, 7. G., Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Product* Industry, 612-614. Judge L. E.: Community Safety Organiza tions and the Public, 56-58. C. W.: Why the Supervisor is Not Respon sible, 376-377. I Plants: Safety from the Standpoint of the ^ Small Plant, 143-145. Mh, Hon. B. B.: Address of Welcome in Be half of Kansas City, 12-13. fcBtb, C. J.: Maintenance and Repair and Its Re lation to Safety in the Metals Industry, 398400. `or, H. J.: Industrial Tuberculosis A Public Health Factor, 326-328. --;r, E.: Graphic Method of Portraying Acci dents, 264-266. taneous Ignition: Spontaneous Ignition and Its Prevention (Nuckolls), 63-66. Hon. L. C.: Address of Welcome for the tate of Missouri, 13-14. tt* R. C.: Work of the National Silicosis Con ference, 257-260. -J Electricity: Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Control (Turkington), 59-63. ..Railroad Meeting: 587-599. Industry: See Metal Industries. '-an Axigraph, 197, 264*266. :: See Sand, Gravel and Stone Industry. '-jAj E.: What is the Next Step in Controlling Accidents to Longshoremen? 345-346. ":n, R. C.: Safe Handling of Portable Acid Containers such as Carboys, Drums, Jugs, Flasks, 201-204. -l;r, P. F.: Why Have a Community Safety Council? 51-54.^ fiaion: See Foremen; Management, vrd, J. W.: Government Aid in Preventing Injuries to longshoremen and Harbor Workers, 361-364. J. M.: The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety, 587-589. lak Cars: Protective Equipment in the Handling of Acids by the Consumer (Eberhardt), 207. ng Section: See Meat Packing and leather ^ Industries Section. wflsr, A. B.: Typical Public Utility Accidents, 552-553. J. II.: Efficiency and Safety in Oil Field Transportation, 498-500. Wertone and Telegraph: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Tele phone and Telegraph (Ledwith), 547-548. le Industry: Following the Plant Electrician (Wickham), 603 605. SSiafefettyy in the PNeedle Trade (Linstroth), 606-608. Threads of Safety (Ilarville), 602-603. __le Section: Minutes, 601-610. Oieen, 601. Isaas, Dr. J. S.: Prevention of Accidents in Repetitive Operation*, 242-247. P. V.: Safety in Chemical Pilot Plants, 275-279. Design: See Engineering Revision. Traffic: Highway Safety in Industry {Lee), 38-40. Safety 'today and Tomorrow (McClintock), J226. See also Drivers and Driving; Public Safety- Trophies: See Rewards. Trucks Hand: Recent Developments in the Safely of Internal Transportation Equipment (Me* Autry), 239-242. Tuberculosis: Industrial Tuberculosis A Public Health Factor (Spector, 326-328. Turgeon. L. P.: Safe Storage and Distribution of Acids Within Industrial Plants, 204-206. Turkington. E. E.: Static Electricity as a Fire Hazard and Its Control, 59-63. V Vapors: See Gases. Ventilation: See Also Air Conditioning; Dusts. Visual Education: Can the Safety Engineer Make Effective Motion Pictures? What One Com pany Has Done (Anderson), 497. Should Visual Methods Be Employed in the Training Program? 197-199. Visual Education Methods (Ferguson), 229-232. Vonachen, Dr. H. A.: The Placement of Men from the Standpoint of Physical Fitness, 2-34- w Warkentin, C. B.: What Accident Prevention Means to the Flour Industry, 313-316. Water Utilities: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities (Webb), 545-546. Watson, Dr. C. H.: President's Address, 14-19. Webb, H. F.: Safety in Connection With Flood Emergencies as it Affects Water Utilities, 545546. Welding: Welding and Cutting Fires are Prevent able (Banash and Reinhard), 385-387. Westling, L.: Building Safety in Ships, 352-3S7. White, R. C.: Safety, An Executive Operating Problem, 593-594. Whyte, R. B.: The Safe Use and the Abuse of Wire Rope and Wire Rone Slings, 389-394. Wickham, R. B.: Following tne Plant Electrician, 603-605. Wilson, B.: Eliminating Dangers of Cargo Hazards, 364-367. Wilson, J. C.: Good Housekeeping in Woodwork ing Plants. 614-616. Woll, A. O.: A Plan to Create Interest of Seamen in Prevention of Accidents, 350-352. Women in Industry: Eliminating Accidents Pecu liar to Women in the Food Industry (McKeon), 319-322. Wood Products Industry: Combating the Dust Problem in the Wood Products Industry (Sissman). 612-614. Good Housekeeping in Woodworking Plants (Wilson), 614-616. Preventing Accidents at the Point of Operation on Woodworking Machines -From Log to Finished Product (Woods), 617-619. See Also Saws; Shapers. Wood Products Section: Minutes, 611-620. Officers, 611. Woods, R. L.: Preventing Accidents at the Point of Operation on Woodworking Machines- From Log to Finished Product, 617-619. z Zoerb, A. S.: Safety in the Chemical Production Plant, 280-284.