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LEAD Lead Plumbing Selected For School Laboratories LIMBING in the chemi Pcal laboratory and physi cal preparation room ol the damage that mav result from embedding pipes directly in concrete or masonry. The larae new Mount Pleasant horizontal runs are supported Regional Senior High School. continuously on 2\2 in. Providence. R. 1.. was done angle irons with hangers with lead to solve the vexing shaped to fit the angles. problem of handling corro Attention should be given sive chemical wastes. About to the heavy weight of lead 1 St it) ft. of lead pipe, of which pipe used in this installation. some 75 per cent is 2 in. pipe For chemical wastes greater neighing 12 11). per ft., has been used in this installation. There are 86 lead stubs and 7 lead stacks: lead bag traps ADVERTISERS STUDIOS Mount Pleasant Regional Senior High School. Pun ii/enre. R. /.. nhere lead is u\ed in the laboratory plumbing. wall thickness is natural I \ required than for ordinary wastes since conditions are more rigorous. Minimum are also being used. weight of lead pipe for this purpose should be Lead Lead serves admirably for chemical wastes, not alone Industries Association Standard B or M weight, which because it resists corrosion bv such a variety of modern may be identified bv the Lead Industries' "Seal ol chemicals, but because it also has flexibility that is abso- Approval ", the letters B or M. the diameter and the lutelv essential in am piping svstem if it is to endure. manufacturer's name or trade mark stamped on it. Building movement and settlement are taken up by lead pipe without damage or strain, an unusual feature in corrosion resistant materials. Furthermore, since joints in lead chemical w astes can be made by lead "burning", This pipe weighs: In side Diameter I nches 1 If i tght per Running r< Pound' 3 3 (hinei 4 12 making continuous homogeneous runs of lead pipe, joint troubles may be eliminated. Since solder is corroded 1>\ main chemicals that do Horizontal runs of lead pipe in the not affect lead all joints in chemical Providence school were hung in drop work should he made hy lead "burn ceilings and vertical runs in brick ing". In this \\a\ nothing hut durable chases. Lead stubs coming through lead is presented to the attack of cor- the concrete floors were encased in r- -ives. ' sheet iron sleeves. These are excellent The architect for Mount Pleasant practices that should be followed in High School is Irvin Gorman, of all pijiing installations wherever pos Providence. Plumbing was done bv sible. as it removes the danger of C. H. Cronin. Inc., of Boston. Lead laboratory waste pipes sup ported continuously on 2x2 in. angle irons. suspended on hangers shaped to lit the angles. IOT0S BV ADVERTISERS STUDIOS Lead pipe installed in chase in brick wall of the Moan! Pleasant School. [2 View showing some uj the many lead stubs used to resist corrosive chemi cals and provide flexibility in the school laboratory plumbing. L I A? 54 5 j Lead Covered Columns Feature Garden House Lead Work Close-up showing cast lead gut ters. loose-locked, standing seam tool, ornamental rope molding, and le/ul crest and finial. Detail of the hand-hamnuo,,! lead covering tor the Hood columns; also ^hoies (end haul- erheads. gutters and leader. OOD columns covered Wwith ornamental lead are a distinctive and ingenious feature pending on the slope. Standing seams are used to loose-lock adja cent roof sheets together. Loose- (,f the suburban garden house locks are also provided between -hewn in the accompanying illus roof sheets and gutter, and be trations. Lead work for this little tween roof sheets and ridge at the building includes, in addition to these lead covered columns, a lead roof, crest and finials. lead gut PHOTO? I!Y UT'Rl Tuo hundred-year old lead cistern and statuette* that ornament the garden pool of the Gelder estate. crest, providing for expansion and contraction in all directions. The ornamental crest and pine ters. leaders and leader-heads, and apple finial which surmount the other ornamental work which enhances the appearance roof are of cast lead with a lead rope molding running of the house. In the seven years since this work was around the crest. Lead rope moldings also form the hip installed rigorous atmospheric conditions, including joints and the top of the gutter face and leader-heads. exposure to salt air. encountered along the shores of The stvle and application of these moldings serve to Long Island have had little effect on the lead bevond avoid sharp and severe looking joints and edges ami weathering it to the beautiful gray patina that makes vet provide an artistic appearance that harmonizes lead work so valued and admired. Besides the lead well with the general theme of the construction. work on the garden house a two hundred-year old The lead cistern and statuettes are doulih interesting cistern and ornamental statuettes grace the rear wall because of their antiquity. They were part of an En of the garden pool. glish fountain and were made in 1738. as may he seen The columns are of wood. 6 ft. 2 in. in height and o bv the date cast on the front of the cistern. In spite of in. in diameter, with a hand hammered covering of lead 200 years' service they are todav in excellent condition running in a spiral from top to bottom. The spiral band and remain a tribute to lead's durabilitv and to the that may be seen in the close-up photograph of the craftsman who made them. This durabilitv of lead, in column is made with a leaf design and is augmented bv addition to its ease of application and remarkabK fine fleur-de-lis at intervals along the face of the column. appearance, has been the keynote of lead's use in build The fleur-de-lis also form the design for the ornamented ing construction through centuries. face of the cast lead gutters and is a device that has Leroy P. ard was the architect for this garden been used for many years in lead work. house which is on the estate of Mr. Irving L. Gelder. The roof of the garden house is comprised of lead at Kings Point. L. I. Mrs. Annette Hovt Flanders wa- sheets 1 ft. 6 in. in width and of varving lengths de- landscape architect. [3] LIA25*52 Lead Coverings Add Years to Lightning Rods Prevent Fine Gas Corrosion LKAL) covering is used to protect lightning rod A ?\ stems for chininevs against the severe corrosion of flue gases as well as against ordinary atmospheric corrosion. In a svstem manufactured by the Building Maintenance Corporation of Milwaukee. is., the entire upper 25 ft. of the conductors is provided with a lead covering so that nothing but durable lead is exposed to the corrosive gases. t Close-up tine 0 t c h i rn n e v where an tin1 cat/cd lishtninc rati svxtern mis cmrutled aic ay hi tine QU'i"-. there i> nu possibility of exposed metal uiher than irad. According to the manufacturers lead ha? been I'., to be the only metal that satisfactorilv resists the tine gases and this method has been found to increase the life expectancy of their lightning rod svstem? from a life of three to five years to greater than the life of the chimney itself. This experience is in keeping with the experience of architects and engineers who frequent I v specify lead for chimnev caps and for rm.lm; and flashing on industrial plants or in industrial areas where corrosive gases are common. Tests of the relati\e durabilitv of metals when exposed in industrial atmospheres, made bv a prominent authoritv on corrosion, bear out the experience of users of lead and were reported in LEAD. March, 1931. Reprints of this article will be supplied upon request. Drtailed drawing of upper part of lead-coiered ligiitning rod system showing method of installation. The air terminals of this svstem are solid copper bars spaced around the chimney head and connected bv a woven copper-wire conductor that runs around the chimnev. Two similar conductors lead down from this circuit cable, one on each side of the chimney and fastened to it. to '>* in. star-shaped solid copper ground ing bars buried in the ground. The air terminals, cir cuit cable, and all fittings and down conductors within 25 ft. of the top are completely covered with lead not less than 1 16 in. thick. The lead is monolithically cast on the job to cover all connections and fittings and where joints in the lead covering are necessary they are made by autogenous welding (lead ''burning" ) so [4] r. \ \e,, lead mote,I light- nine rod'- on r:i::;ne\ pret toady ilano aiaal by lightn t n c 'itter or i sin al un leaded rods had corroded. \ <>t>' the new rn a s o n r v t h e reh \ nrcessiiafpd. LIA25453 lf Lead Joints for Pneumatic Mail Transportation pjp practice of using lead calked joints with cast- Tiron pipe- which for 40 years has proved so successfil in New York Citv's pneumatic mail transportation s tem has been continued in the recently completed li,,k that connects the new Post Office at Church and Ye^ev Sts. with existing lines. Where once mail transport between central offices lll(| outlying sub-stations was effected by horse-drawn vehicle or. later, bv motor truck, it is now accomplished |,\ means of 8 in. diameter cast-iron pneumatic tubes. Heaw cartridges, often containing as many as 600 letters, course through the tubes easily with a minimum ^peed of 30 miles per hour, propelled by compressed air. In order to eliminate friction as much as possible each pipe length is bored to size on a lathe at the louiulrv and carefully cleaned with kerosene on the j,,b Joint friction is avoided to a large extent bv using a dovetail cut on the inside of the bell matched by another at the end of the spigot. Thus a minimum shoulder results on meshing two ends, the joint space then being calked with lead. Permanence is a major requisite of such a system. The problem of determining a route through the maze of pipes, tubes, and other conduits in large metropoli tan centers is. at best, verv difficult. In many cases the most feasible right-of-wav is found to be manv feet below the level of the street, sometimes being as far down as 27 ft. when subway lines and other obstruc tions are encountered. Likewise, it is often necessarv to lav the lines within a few feet of the surface, sub jecting the pipe to the full effect of ground settlement and the pounding of traffic. Consequentlv. as it neces sitates considerable expenditure to excavate for repairs, great care must be taken to insure dependability and durability. The joints between the lengths of pipe must be air-tight at all times and vet flexible, to provide for Pneumatic mail transportation lines in the new \etc York City Post Office Building, joined with lead as described in the article. COURTESY V. 5. PI Pf R Installation of twin mail lines calked with lead, running under Barclay Street, .Xew York. V 1 . underground movement caused bv heavy traffic, sub ways and elevated trains. Calking lead fills these re quirements admirably. Joints made with lead have been used in the New York City svstem since 1898 and have rendered trouble-free service throughout the years. During this time approximatelv 56 miles of mail transport pipes have been laid under New N ork City. These convevors run in pairs from the Batterv up both the East and U est Side to 126th St., in addition to st.eral crosstown lines, one of which, connecting the Brooklyn Bridge sub-station, being an original line in stalled in 1898. At the present, plans are being made to extend the svstem up to the Bronx and also to the site of the 1939 World's Fair at Flushing Meadow s. L. I. Installation of the tubes for the new Post Office was made for the New York Mail and Newspaper Transpor tation Co. by the Beaver Engineering and Contracting Co. of New York City. [5] LI A25454 Restored Rheims Cathedral Roofed With Lead LEAD roof has again been employed in the re A construction of the Rheims Cathedral, at Rheims. France, which is of very great interest to both historians and architects. The Cathedral is a superb monument of French art in the middle ages, for which the original plan was conceived by Jean D'Orhais in 1211. The new roof replaces one set in 1481 which lasted in good con dition up to the German bombardment of 1911. M. Deneux. the architect in charge of the tremendous project of restoration, naturally insisted that the edi fice be rebuilt in minute and exact detail. This involved the employment of many tons of lead for the roof, the Interesting pattern formed bs loose-loehed root sheets and one of the glhled orrises teith the fleur-de-lis design. roof crest, and other parts of the oilier metals, is naturalh subject Cathedral. to expansion and contraction. The use of lead for roofing is For this reason the roof should indeed international and has be made up of -beets of small been used abroad for centuries. size which minimize this ten As far back as 1771 the Acad dency and should be ]oo.-e emy of Rouen reported on the locked to adjacent -beets in or qualities of lead and emphasized der to provide in all direction- its very excellent durability, a for the expansion and contrac characteristic which, augmented tion that ma\ occur, Nail- bv its beauty, has won high es should never, under am cundi teem for lead in this country. tion. be drhen through the lead However, to gain the utmost Therefore, cleats are need to advantage from this type of hold the sheets to the supporting roof, several precautions should structure. For more specific and be taken and care exercised in detailed information on the in construction. Lead, as are all stallation of lead roofing and Close-up of the loose-loehed toot sheets of the restored Rheims C.atheilral. flashing. "A Sumnian of Anteon this subject mav he obtained from the Lead Industries Asso ciation upon request. Lead was also used in making the "fleur-de-lis ' crest that was demolished during the uprising of 1789. M. Deneux felt that this should certainly be replaced lie- cause of its historical significance and lor architectural accuracy, as a crest is an essential feature of this tvpe of cathedral and serves to break the more or less se\ere lines of the ridge. Lead was used in other parts of the Gathedral. such as the monumental statues at the base. Over 400 tons were used in all and. because of its invaluable charac teristics. insures that this famous and beautiful archi tectural masterpiece will last through the centuries to CL. ARCH. PHOT. .4 general view of the Rheims Cathedral before the 433 year old lead roof teas demolished in the bombardment of 1914. come. The restoration was made possible by a gift from the Rockefellers and was recently dedicated. [6] LI A25A55 White Lead Paint Economical for Interiors sr iin a l i. lull lieu ul Huilmn House. Ardstey-on-Hudson. \. V. Shreve. Lamb and Harmon, architects. I lit white lead paints were used for the interiors of PHudson House. Ardsley-on-Hudson. N. T. Shreve. 1 .amii and Harmon, designers of such famous structures a the Empire State Building, were the architects for these modern apartments. White lead was specified for thi- building, which rises high on a hill alongside the Hudson and commands a superb view of the river, in ,,rder to obtain a durable paint surface with no in crease in expense oxer paints of less durable nature, furthermore, in speeifving white lead the architects were assured of a beautiful finish, obtainable in a wide \ariet\ of shades, colors and decorative treatments. Bure white lead paints gain the continued good will of apartment owners. Their long life eliminates fre quent repainting w hich is so annex ing and bothersome to tenants. Walls and ceilings painted with white lead max lie washed often, removing dust and dirt with no idled other than regaining the original luster and beaut\ of these surfaces. W ashing mav be done when tenants are not at home and relieves them of the bother of hav ing their rooms turned upside down for painting. For the owner this easv washing and the elimination of fre quent repainting saves unneeessarv maintenance. In respect to painting costs, a verv important prob lem when writing specifications, it should be remem bered that the original cost per gallon is not indicative of the final expense. The coverage per gallon and the ease of application are major factors in such considera tions. To gain an accurate view of resultant painting costs thex should be reduced to a common factor, the cost per square foot. Two items enter into this: cost per square foot of material, and the cost per square fool of labor. A useful formula for computing painting costs represents the items in this manner: C.s= ^ + where -V -Ml] Cx = final cost per square foot of painting. C,, = cost per gallon of paint. C|d = cost of a day of labor. \R = square feet of coverage per gallon. N i,i = square feet covered hv one painter in one day of labor. In order to render an example of this let us take two paints. A and B. Paint A costs $2.20 per gallon: B costs SI.50 per gallon. A covers 700 sq. ft.. B 450 sq. ft. per gallon. The cost of labor is S8 per day. while A and B cover 1400 and 1000 sq. ft. per dav. respectivelv. Hence: 2.20 8.00 C,,= Jj o o =-00884 l Final cost per sq. ft. I For B 1.50 8.00 C,= 450 ' io o o : : .01133 Thus it mav be seen that, although A costs 70 cents more per gal., because of its high coverage and spread ing rate it costs .00249 cents less per sq. ft. By careful examination of painting costs, and hv taking advantage of the high coverage and ease of spreading of pure white lead paints, architects are able to render prospective owners and builders a paint finish unexcelled in beautv. durahilitv. and economy. Furthermore, the ultimate cost of painting is the cost per sq. ft. per vear. which is brought to a minimum hv the excellent durahilitv of white lead paints. HA M OKA One of the interiors of the Hudson House, all oi which were painted with white lead and oil. [7] \ L*A2 5 56 Administration Building of the Aew York World's Fair of 1939. showing the steel flagpoles and light colored window shades, painted with lead chromate. Lead Chromate Paint Gives Protection and Beauty ASIC lead chromate paint has been used to provide B a suitable and harmonizing color for decorating the Administration Building of the New York World's Fair. This pigment gives a very beautiful and attractive orange color and the use of lead chromate in this "in ternational orange'' is covered bv Government specifica tions. Lead paints are widely recognized for the superior protection given by them against the ravages of atmos pheric conditions. This applies especiallv to outside metal structures which must be thoroughly and efficient ly isolated from natural elements which tend to rust or corrode them and in consequence weaken the entire structure. In painting the two steel flagpoles that grace the front terrace of this building, lead chromate not only serves as an excellent protective coating but also colors these poles to fit in with the modern color scheme. As the chosen color combination for the Administra tion Building combines white, blue and international orange, the latter color is to be seen in great promi nence. The colors blend together to give a very pleasing appearance. This combination has been carried out in the entire decoration of the building down to curtains, chairs and window shades. The latter are painted with the orange lead chromate for several reasons. Natural ly. durability and completing the color scheme are two of these. According to the makers of the paint w ho sup plied the shade manufacturers: "We used this basic lead chromate for two reasons: first, its dependability in light fast ness; second, its non-bleeding quality w hich is essential in your processing." In addition to these excellent characteristics of lead chromate paint, there is added that of high visibility. This is advantageously employed in airports where fences and other types of construction barriers are painted this color. Its high visibility should also render it very useful in painting bridges and highway mark ings. A striking example of lead chromate on a bridge is the Golden Gate Bridge at San Francisco [LEAD. July. 1937], Companies licensed to use the "Lead Industries' Seal of Approval" on calking lead as of Dec. 28. 1931 Ame r ic a n Le a d Co r p . An d r e w s Le a d Co ., In c . Bu n k er Hil l & Su l l iv a n Min in g & Co n c e n t r a t in g Co . Ca mb r id g e Sme l t in g Co . Th e Ea g l e-Pic h er Le a d Co . Fe d e r a t ed Me t a l s Div is io n o f Ame r ic a n Sme l t in g & Re f in in g Co . Ge o r g ia Le a d Co . Gib s o n & Pr ic e Co . In t e r n a t io n a l Sme l t in g & Re f in in g Co. Ka n s a s Cit y Sme l t in g Co. Mo r r is P. Kir k & So n , In c . Jo h n T. Le w is & Br o s . Co . Ma r k s Lis s b e r g e r & So n , In c . Ma s t e r Me t a l s , In c . Me t a l s Re f in in g Co . Na t io n a l Le a d Co . No r t h w e s t Le a d Co . No r t h -We s t er n Me t a l Ma n u f ac t u r in g Co .. In c . Ro c h e s t er Le a d Wo r k s , In c . Sil v e r s t e in & Pin s o f . In c . Un it ed Ame r ic a n Me t a l s Co r p . Wh it e Me t a l Ro l l in g & St a mp in g Co r p . UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE, WITHOUT OBLIGATION. IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LI 42 545 7 PR! NTLD IN U.S.A. BV PUBLISHERS PRINTING CO.. NEW YORK CITY rr