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FILE NAME State of the Art Literature SAL DATE 1957 DOC SAL068 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Excerpt - Encyclopedia Britannica - Industrial Hygiene | tesertew 4 | ete:8 + 8 ......... The Encyclopedia ee tae AMERICANA AMERICANA ak Ne td beste TheThThee InternationalInternationalInternational kat rea WorkWorkWork yr . . ( 7 a | Complete in Thirty Volumes AMERICANA CORPORATION New York Chicago Washington D.C. PP Oo em oe ea rSahssewis sedETS, y isSeew:itkcce: mh,Tite EACCY Sek iedpoe a2 fSohsaw h e Nosrtbm ey, meeA t a la. 7 fa wee - _ wo a. eT > et sy oem yr ee: iV. 4. mm on Ones ; vc ftw a ewer -. . L-se, <4 aes * 78 =. . . _ + Be A | 1957 EDITION .E 333 a ore ats . 1957 t 1957 * mentam COPYRIGHT '1957 In the United States of AMERICA . . ' By Americana SG Corporation Corporation oe. ote wes emt a ow . 08 . . COPYRIGHT 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1932 ;, 1931 1929 1927 BY AM^ RICANACORPORATION an COPYRIGHT 1924 1922 1920 1918 BY ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA CORPORATION - : ; L ~. ; , ; _ Copyright UNDER INTERNAtional CoryrIGHT - Convention CoryrIGHT . and under Pan American Copyright . . CONVENTIONS ^ . All rights . RESERVED UNDer Inter MEXICAN COPYRIGHT UNION 1910 BY AMERICANA CORPORATION : , l'kinted in the U.S.A. . Library of Congress Catalog Card number 57-5580 , : tee ak Pome Nits wy OT ecg T! ene OHV yee sw ep oe ( VOLUME XV 4 JEFFERS an=enyAEtAT Liner ten a a ee 4xEee 2S, Oy rte ate yon 7 ef . . ; z * : i : . ; { | ! | { : i { t . J t ' i ' . J i ! i , a ( 4 name ee en i ae aan pened Gn rs Cel . =i Reh - oN - ecru tire. toe oe 88 wes eae Ste TS ES ean Tt So ee, 8 oe 8 eer 7 . INDUSTRIAL. in 1lycrene Bs 88 Kreal tart 4 diy Wlate-callir INDUSTRIAL . Shori 88 Faucets with the INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE any OMtained exposure the great part by colcloarllar workers and beryllium beryllium Shori exposure bigh fo One Heof financial arrangements arrangements , purchasing purchasing the concentrations ObeTve.e bzzard financial with the involve assistance purchasing the employer larly the t from examples the concentrations beryllium partico DDT concentrations compounds combpeoruynldlsiumtchompeounds fuoride fuoride may soluble disease disease Apar such company company premonitis Both bzzard tard, planned result his becoming Heavfryequently Poisoning Lrod poisoning Oce workers 2erene workers industry incident in the an incident past Mon Metal Poisoning Poisoning J- next ocempational ocempational . growth industry Kehowsna ranks next silicosis among associated chiefly Wast growth A. Industrist Industrist Houring ae the RMiabylaiomgurraphyMayRaimbulriography Thaimas Wright Henry paintinFg ormerly was is rarely rarely encountered with Nemet a h encountered =n York Kehousing The Future house paitnrtaerdse ib nduu strt ies found found frequently manu country cane Girls Mill diverse industries storage battery i cin Maguntes Girls WannIT facturing manufacturers lead suelters automduike Machler a>e, INDUSTRIAL in . refineries plasties manufacturers automduike automduike coinminest chs Architectural Consultant coinminest symptoms Amphotes turker treme of thee Cortneloterert . Consultant assembly plants wrists wrists and are Amphotes of cnpinie INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE HYGIENE The The applica- the HYGIENE intoxication intoxication observed anentia industry . on rer INDUSTRIAL combinest combinest techniques of engineering engineering of Mercury usually intoxication inhalation vapor inhalation industry ase lisstry : . - 9% elkemistry physics and medicine medicine the control of results formerly ae among hat maketh maketh f felt Chrom descriptive t elkh emie stry environment industriawlurmkajeorr order of formerly common the descriptive knew latter's maken Chrom 2 Te ares, of protect health Employment Employment concept of of United countries countries various of the mot treated industrial nursing principles hygiene Employment Employment health medical medical and United manufacturing han the use there mercury for af the: many far which bee emirely mercubut ry NOt employnuresingrs principlesapaarptart any gr. oup industriamlao nuf famcercutry uring there are are inhalation other Compon oka n Choimcpho 2 hazards secondary witcohncept concept exceptions are Manganese Manganese poisoning dust manganese Rar compounds ski nIno fectiot us Infectious diseases diseases origifnew exceptions exceptions unt concentrations the damage to manganese of Onger and tate a typically industrial industrial unt system nervous result paralysis paralysis Typical nervous tate Rae major concern hygienist is the diseases empational empational diseases diseases prevention industrial which which coin- partial partial system stumbling mask sion stumbling and most syMINUTE syMINUTE syMINUTE facial expres- yerns Sentral (fgerSentral Inmar fn prevalent tehleief purpose by fumes hygiene gases irri- and The operations most mage smelting smelting mine caused by and almormal vapors factors in mining poisoning frequently results results results Proper antral almormal tating Cadmium Proper environment pneumonitis the environment Diseases worker Diseases worker disease of the * Skit lungs lungs caused by Siliensis Siliensis containing free ski dust lungs caused intradation manufacture ski perhaps most important occupations Association silicz disease The American American detines silicosis Public Health breathing air silicosis France y disease containing silica anatomically from Bree by generalizesi clearacterized fibrotic clearacterized and develope ment of miliary nonitilation both lungs and J decreased clinically clinically nonitilation nonitilation chest metals vanadiuu expansi^n ant CVT. expansi^n shortness capacity work absence absence and such fever susceptibility increased susceptibility susceptibility resis ... resis after eral Chdinarily Chdinarily developed developed only enviroment lenzeme whew rrill environment Chdinarily silicosis , dusty years concentrations concentrations concentrations ser high unusually two Com ney when dangerous conditi te ane dust may exposure of only only year or The bined bined exposure silicate clo^''s tot progress silica tree silica silivanis encom cements tered The form nature commonly cases Wis tered disease responsible responsible Deemuations which which Bee disease Deemuations Demuations mining Cents this nuty paint ing, present hazard tumiel- stoneruiting manufacturing manufacturing sand- from fumes heated ; takes itnhhealcaadt~-in^o"innnpoia soning poisonisng evere chemical chemical pneumonitipsneumoanintisdj4 Chronic manufacture poisoning among stor- paged latteries latteries been reported cadmium Sweden ar age latteries has Sweden stor: transient illness resulting and Zine inhalation of freshly from occurs chiefly freshly formed founders and the welders of galvanized galvanaizmedong brass founders of re Fincase welders Other such arsenic thellium produce sional ovenpational uranium intoxications intoxications produce sional ovenpational lenzeme lenzeme or vuxe Solvents henzul solvents most Absorption Absorption bhwaAbslorptionchangv es cahangeps or may progress infrequently infrequently reqnits reqnits toxicity itt anemia fatal didsiesaesaese Because lacquer the formulations formulations benzene been rubber virtually cements ahamikmed the formulations formulations States but ahamikmed ahamikmed ahamikmed still United States a employed chemical 21 Crihmis Zachuk 2 Slither f . blindne - omer & s 3 Eccocia tot ah Inf Fincase art tee Inf Crihmis Ilir ance Zachuk Tie afrare N. N. blindne operations material thechemical blindne blastiny, blasting and ostotnehruietinrg manufacturing resnovers industry a it tetrachloride widely ms the a blasting cleaner tion disbestosis disbestosis disbestosis disease lung Air of tion asbestos fibers The changes produced because industry Carbon tetrachloride tetrachloride tetrachloride used cleaner widely burn is danger- because difuse aanred are milike milike tlurse silicosisTlh eses fibrosis ably the theliver solvent tuberncoutloasndins ot lular and However there susceptibility susceptibility that United Stanteus mber one toxic solvent ssoollvveenntt problem problem the tuberculosis tuberculosis associated associatedevidence evidence that Carbon disulphide disulphide formerly is a the found asbestosis asbestosis may lung with cancer certa Byssinosis Bysinosis workers especially disease contracted rubber disulphide industry disulphide material formerly used as the chiefly a mu Cortdsore cotton mill England viscose symptoms , leading mental cotton Siderosis Siderosis nondisabling nondisabling condition duces symptoms Major extreme disulphide calc ized hy a deposit ized observed oxide lungs - to insanity Major episodes episodes carbon disulphide Stair mple duently quently observed among welders welders and miners of poisoning solvenrtepsorted Poland and item ure, observed welders from inhalation inhalation of Other solvents have produced - tetrachlorethane cupational cupational intoxications intoxications inclurte tetrachlorethane tetrachlorethane tetrachlorethane Pesticides heey b eryllbieruylmlium Beryllings and certain other refer ethylene chlorohydrin The dioxane dioxane chemicals chemicals inseyt and justmuls berresypilraltoiryum tWrahctde chief sympteitis some the authori- use toxic has created Methyl serious it considered respiratory be a systemic The greatest greatest serious occupational hazards muero y tration cases oi industry industry where the disease the thiorescent been phosphors flourescent phosphors phosphors kump used a furmigant fire extinguisher extinguisher furmigant central nertiax pox system damages berieur central Melivery, derst in erst coat lungs formerly system system also hung created a } oeftes, furtturane, in Teed beer thastateae:d inside the Ieee aw flee treet any berieur ame ISO tes ' bye Lasneyos te eeeseers SYS extinvuicher, damages caine extn sel Adsin je the Central neryinn S ftanse teecongs . us NIs tiene - fe o-, + fr. Mi Procal i consirl taping of the Live coope Bangla ile theter theter muero of tern. De veritas Of as ~ . ers et Mn Te MOE OT et perfs e weerer daepeh Zab EE i ee eer . Tee 4 AL yt te fey ~ . - +. a a s: AS TONE ote . cpp, oa . ff og Sern F , ; PLDI ASEE IEEE Sys FEES :! . See SS Bred 3% gee ; Bi 7 etm ee LEME ., , . . ~ . ania aera . . rset oo ) Serle. ow et rere ee ot io in e te 08. ral a 2 a Reeta. 230tee BT 2 t ae ge aig RS 10 #33pe. eo, He oe rhf] | 3 Ftd id + a4 & .t crm meee _ Ais fee me je a _ f od ieo & ae *N & *. de me psai . PDO 4 yea | 90 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL OR LABOR RELATIONS IN THE U.S 2 tudation enclosure of process to prevent dissemination of dust ur vapor into workr~-w~-m~a-ir 3 Wet methods; especially where dust is produced totally effective in underground drill ing 4 Laval exlumist ventilatione removal of dust ne fume as it escapes from the process before it las a chance tre ~ medispersal inte resan air 5 General ventilation dibition of the air in the room with fresh air to reslice the concentratieste of atmessplurie contumin.ant . 6 Personal Personal protection protection devires respirators gas masks or supplied hounds or heimets where the hazard is a dust or fume; gloves aprons or other protection where contact with a corrosive of irritating chemical is the problem problem - As a rule substitution of a relatively non- toxic sulistance is the most and use of respirator satisfactory devices feast solution Lucal exhaust ventilation is the solsuattiiosnfacmtoosrty frequently appliert Bibliography Sch^/dliche Guse Flury Fentinand aml Zernik Franz Berlin 1931 Jeliman~-n K. B. and Hury .. T'arikulumir und Ivdiene Ivdiene der Lugumizmittel lerim 193 Hirnderson technischen Vandell Harg r~-H. W. Norious Cases New York and Brandt A. 13. fuilwstrial Health Emsincering 1943 New 19471 Patty F. A. ed Industrial Hynene York and Turi culony 2 vols New York Indrestrial Tuan Fairhall I. T. Toxiculine Baltimore 1944 Hamiton AYobrrke amb Har^ ir H. 1 Industrial Toriculent pe 19191 Elkins H. 16. Chemistry of Industrial Turicolare New York 1950 Browning Ethel Tamun of Industrial Ormnie Seirents New York Industrial Drinker Philps Philips and Hateb T. F. 1953 IndustriIndaustrlial Purt New Vuek antar Hetonams Hetonams W. , Plant und Process falken New York 1955 Process Venti HERVEY B. ELKINS Chief of Laboratory Division of Occupational Hygiene Hygiene Massachusetts Department Department of Labor and Industries anu labor representation in government economi anil industrial administrative laulies A Modus Vivendi Between Capital and Labor their totality these relations signif a modus vivendi between capital and labor where hy the production and distribution of goods and equilib services are carried on under increasing gUVAITS mental regulation But it is a dynine rium which is the result of a long period of provest development and which moreover is in oi contimal el^nge . The complex character of eritemyitary EY dustrial relations stands in slurp contrast to the comstratively simple relationship which obtained between employers and employers during the carly stages of the industrialization of the United States in the latter part of the 19th century Hasically that relationship was an inwrition press or implied contract between the empl~es who was increasingly a curpuration regarded at law as a juristic person and the employee who was invariably an individual Payment of waco by the employer for work performed by the cur ployce were the principal terms of the contract Theoretically employer and employee were eque parties free to bargain for termis and acquired equal rights and duties Actually however th employer because of superior economic strength over the individual employev only.mah only.mah ketable asset was his ability to work and whos had no alternative but to possesseu de cisive bargaining advantages and dictated the work terms of the contract subject only to the kanal and varialde control of the competitive systemi Owing to the relatively elementary state of is dustrial develqiment develqiment the rules governing formulated by the employer were correstlingly simple CNELGZ ee roman BART ig ee es ON RIE FOES no ares, mo + . reas INDUSTRIAL INSURANCE Sumance ~ smistr~ismiastriall See IN- Scientific Management basic factor profoundly modified the development of industriz relations to their present state The first 25 INDUSTRIAL OR LABOR RELA TIONS IN THE UNITED STATES Induse trial relations usually means the relationships bee tween empleyer and wage worker which with the rise of the factory system large modern industry and the corporation after the Civil War surceeled historically earlier relationships between muster and servant and manager and his few employees The term is applied primarily to relations between management and labor in the manufacturing extractive transportation com- munications atul distributive industries In ac- evedance with this usage employce relationships in other fields are commonly called kamar relations but the distinction is haphazard fur the two terms are also used interchangeably Considered in its more restricted meaning industrial relations nevertheless includes a vast complex of diverse varying interacting and and in- terpenetrating relationships Among essential asparts of industrial relations are wares and legislation leurs lalm~-r and social legislation legislation ; vocational vocational training; wientiemanagement racial reta- ; tionships collective bargaining the scope and grosser vi eni loyer organizations and combinas tients the strength and status ad tradestrades muismisme muismisme and the inthence at the lilke mavement ; falmar- arbitration manlagenwend disputes and voluntary arbitration amul seventeen mediation mediation and evuwiliation stakes tha status sit vixil hl^erty intervention liv the stain aunch posve kruum nit seizine and squrations squrations squrations management .1 quivately quivatelqyuivately inped inped undistry; and management the rapid technological revolution which make United States industry the most productive in ths world The development of vast enterprises en ploying first thousands then tens of thousands omen and finally himdreds of thousands of workers made necessary complex codes of rules governing sunathnert working conditions Precision and are vital the operation of productim *- dustries Econoniies made through divisiu labur and specialization are jenpardized by im ay et terruptions to the flow of work arising from ab senteeism tardiness lack of discipline and lact of efficient coordination on the part of manage ee ment przz- From these needs arose the theory and tice vi scientific management Originally seiere ti^-e management was limited in its basic aim to Oe the achievement of increased productivity throuek improvement in the skill of the labor force and in the planning and coordinated operation of production Subsequently scientific management was extended in include the development of cooperation between capital and lalair through culti- vation of vool will of both parties toward each other Included in this sphere are establishment of fair standards ni work determination of ap propriate as well as effective incentives ine ee work selection of personnel in securdance wit the aptitude of workers for various positions and vane vi tasks and a degree ciiperation ciiperation between agement and workers in the practical solutionnurs om these problems Involved in this extensION ir woes seientitie usatagenent are the application tu ir