Document gDGddmaMyB184KdZvGedKpVv3

ABD00088431 J., 1989 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ANNUAL TRAINING -CLASS OUTLINE- INSTRUCTORS: Safety Department Personnel PURPOSE: 1. Provide basic information on biomodes of entry and the prevention of harm due to employee exposures to VCM, lead, and noise. 2. Motivate employees to participate in that effort. LOCATION: Safety Training Room I. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose of class - state in own words. B. Schedule of events - Explain briefly. II. BIOMODES OF ENTRY - Use Biomode of Entry outline. HI- VCM ~ Use VCM outline. IV. LEAD - Use Lead outline. V- NOISE - Use Noise outline. VI. REVIEW - Recap general subjects covered. A Page 1 ABD00088432 I BIOMODES OF ENTRY I_____________________________ CHEMICAL AGENTS GASES VAPORS DUSTS FUMES MISTS FIBERS PHYSICAL AGENTS HEAT NOISE IONIZING RADIATION NON-IONIZING RADIATION I - STATES OF MATTER SOLID - A substance that does not flow perceptibly under moderate stress. LIQUID - A fluid (flowing material) but without the tendency to separate. OAS - A fluid that tends to expand indefinitely. PLASMA - A collection of charged particles which has some of the properties of a gas, but is a good conductor of electricity efid is effected by a magnetic field. Page i ABD00088433 11. CHEMICAL AGENTS GAS A fluid that tends to expand indefinitely. Examples: Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen Vinyl Chloride Monomer VAPOR - A gas that originated from a material thaf is normally a liquid. Examples: Water vapor Gasoline vapor Plasticizer vapor Note: Gases and Vapors have the same properties in air. They differ only in how they originate. DUST - Finely divided solids, normally capable of being suspenoed in air. Examples: Talcum powder Lead carbonate PVC resin "fines" FUME - Small particles of a metallic oxide which originate from heating metals to the boiling point in the presence of oxygen. In forming , the metal vapor combines with oxygen, forming the fume particles, which tend to conglomerate and increase in size as they get farther from the source. Personal risk increases with decreasing distance from the source. Ex amples: Welding fumes Lead fumes SMOKE Particles resulting from incomplete combustion. They are chemically complex and among the finest of particles. They are a few hundredths of a micron in size and can easily get into the deepest part of the lung. Examples: Tobacco smoke Gasoline smoke Smoke from "burning out" PVC- con tarninated pipes Page 2 A ABD00088434 MIST FIBER - A suspension of small droplets of liquid in air. Examples: Hair sprays Fog (as on a "foggy day") - Any relatively small solid that is at least three times as long as it is wide. Examples: Fiber Glass insulation Asbestos insulation Cotton fiber Wool III. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE - HI5T0RY Occupational disease caused by exposure to chemicals is one of man's oldest problems, ANCIENT EGYPT In the "Valley of the Kings," embalming became a very important occupation. Although most records the time have been lost (or destroyed by accident intent), those that remain indicate that the embalmers died at an early age because of arsenic poisoning. of or MINING Greek and Roman historians record that certain exposures seemed to be related to occupations. An example was mining, where it was thought that the air in the mines was bad for some unknown reason. Crude attempts at ventilation seenu?d to help: A Page 3 ABD00088435 IV. THE EFFECT ON THE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AMONG CHEMICALS Some are worse than aspirin can relieve or even kill. others. pain; a For example, a larger dose can small of injure DIFFERENCES AMONG INDIVIDUALS A wide difference exists among individuals'. The body has a lot of built-in defenses and some people?, due to health, etc., have a greater ability to "throw off" chemicals. All, however, are susceptible to some degree. DOSE/RESPONSE A DOSE IHOLD" - There appears to be one for each chemical. EXPOSURE SEVERITY The severity of any exposure to a chemical depends on the concentration and the time of exposure. If the total intake exceeds the individuals ability to cast the material off, some injury occurs. % SAFE USE OF CHEMICALS A basic principle of industrial hygiene is that any material may be used safely, provided it is properly controlled. Not all factions of society agree; politics, ignorance, and fear enter into the picture and make it appear uglier than is necessary. Page 4 ABD00088436 A V. BIOMODES There are four principal ways for materials to enter the body : INHALATION This is the principal means'. Each minute, you inhale between 32 to 64 liters of air. Were this safety training room air-tight and you were locked alone inside, you would have enough air to last about 44 hours. INGESTION The second most important mode. EYE AND SKIN CONTACT We are normally in direct contact with a w ide variety of things all the time. Although the skin offers a limited amount of natural protect ion, it has no defense against certain types of ma terials. INJECTION Injection in this sense means the physical intrusion of the body by any foreign material via cuts, lacerations, punctures, and the like. Reaction of the body to the intrusion is usually swift. Page 5 ABD00088437 VI . INHALATION Most industrial hygiene-related standards (example: the OSHA VCM standard) are centered around inhalation. TREE STRUCTURE OF THE INTERIOR OF THE LUNG The lungs are not just two big balloons'. They have a very complicated, tree-like interior structure. As the airways branch, they get progressively smaller. They take no active part in the actual exchange process. For the most part, they are wet and ciliated. They terminate in extremely small sacs (alveolar sacs) where the actual exchange takes place. The cillia (hair-like cells) which line the air passages play an important rule in keeping the lun clean. They are in constant motion, moving fore ig materials upward (through the "ciliary escalator") to the throat. From there, the material is normally swallowed. For this reason, much of the material that is inhaled also goes to the gut! There are about 750 million of the small "alveole," each about 0.1 millimeter. It is at their interior surfaces that the air exchange process takes place, oxygen and nitrogen entering the bloodstream while carbon dioxide leaves it. The total combined area inside the alveole amounts to about 70 square yards (about equal to the area of the floor of the Safety training room). The amount of usable area can be seriously decreased by disease. "CYANOSIS" - The condition that exists when the body has too much carbon dioxide and too little oxygen. Victims usually show a blue/gray skin color. Normal air contains about 21 percent oxygen, which is sufficient for a normal, healthy person under heavy stress. When the oxygen level drops below about 17-18 percent, there is a major risk that the body will not be able to get enough of it into the bloodstream. % Since it is branched, the lung acts like a crude filter, with the larger particles becoming trapped before the smaller ones, which may go all the way to the "alveole." Once trapped, particles tend to be flushed upward by the "cilia." Page 6 cc A ABD00088438 PHAGOCYTES In the area of the "alveole" are highly specialized cells known as "phagocytes." They tend to surround foreign particles which are then transported to the lymph system, ending up in 1ymph nodes. which are the storage areas for garbage from the lung. Without these cells, you'd be in big trouble1. LIMITATIONS OF THE LUNG As you can see, the lung, although it has little or no protection against gases, does have a limited amount of protection against solids. Even then, if the limitations are exceeded, some amount of damage, however temporary, will take place. RESPIRATORS Since the lung has only limited natural protection, the use of respirators is frequently essential. Air--Purifying Respirators - Remove contaminants from surrounding air. Air--Supplied Respirators - Provide user with a source of uncontaminated air from a location other than the surroundings. A Page 7 ABD00088439 VII. SKIN PROTECTION The outer layer of the skin, which consists of a mixture of natural oils and dead cells, offers good protection against most of the naturally-occuring materials (including those dissolved in water) that we come in contact with. However, when the skin is cleaned, much of the protection is lost, making the natural openings, such as those around hair and sweat glands, more accessible. Most solvents will penetrate the skin with ease. prevent this, some barrier (personal protective equipment or clothing) must be used. To The skin is also susceptible to radiant energy, such as radiant heat and gamma rays from the sun. Again, a barrier. such and skin creams or clothing helps prevent injury. VIII. EYE PROTECTION Except for tearing. the eye has very little natural protection. Eye protection is advisable whenever any solid or liquid material may come in contact with them. IX. SUMMARY USE EYE PROTECTION USE SKIN PROTECTION USE RESPIRATORS A Page 8 ABD00088440 1989 VCM ANNUAL TRAINING -CLASS OUTLINE- VCM PROPERTIES AND USE A colorless, sweet-smelling gas at normal temperature and pressure. A liquid under pressure. Main raw material used to make PVC. HAZARDS Fire Low flashpoint - burns much like propane. "Hotwork" - control carefully. HCL - severe lung irritant produced. AOL Finger bone disease. Prevented by wearing impervious gloves when handling residues containing liquid VCM. FROST BITE Skin contact with VCM can produce. INHALATION Breathing out. HCL - Can high concentrations can make you pass cause severe lung damage or death. LIVER CANCER Angiosarcoma No cure No cases in Vista. CHROMOSOME DAMAGE Lab studies show * high VCM exposure may cause EXPOSURE GOAL Keep VCM exposure as low as possible Do your part to protect yourself VCM leaks must be contained. Page 1 A ABD00088441 SAFE LIMITS 1 ppm, 8-hour time weighted average. 5 ppm, averaged over any 15 minute period. LEAKS No VCM leak is acceptable'. Indicators: Icing Hissing noises Condensation Odor - Don't depend on nose. Measurements with instruments RESPIRATORS Must be* used above 1 ppm. Type depends on concentration: Up to 1000 ppm: air-line respirator Above 1000 ppm or unknown: Scott Air--Pak Facial Hair Policy PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING Depends on nature of hazard. May include: Respirator Impervious Impervious Faceshield Gogg1es gloves clothing EMERGENCIES Be prepared - Know what to do1. Leave endangered area unless you are required to stay and handle the emergency. A Page 2 ABD00088442 MONITORING AREA MONITORING Continous monitors Portab Ie instr uments PERSONNEL MONITORING Used to measure actual exposure to VCM. Wear badges as intended. Fill out card. You will be notified in writing of any overex posures. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING RECORDS Done to see if any medically significant problems related to your work exist. Take advantage of the program - participate *. AIR MONITORING - 30 years. MED I CAL - length of employment plus up to 30 years. A Page 3 ABD00088443 198? LEAD ANNUAL TRAINING CLASS OUTLINE- LEAD PROPERTIES AND USE Fine, light-colored powders. Handled in 50-lb bags. Used as heat stabilizers or lubricants in Compound. LEAD POSIONING BIOMODES OF ENTRY Inhalation Ingestion POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO Nervous system Reproductive system Blood system Kidneys Note: Can be fatal! WANRING SIGNS Stomach pain Loss of appetite Nausea Meta 11ic taste Constipation Fatigue T remo^s I rrat iona 1 behavior Insomnia Convulsions Headaches If you notice any of these they may be connected with 1. Tell your super 2. Tell the plant nurse and are concerned your work: \ that SAFE LIMITS 50 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air, 8-hr TWA Limit becomes lower for over 8 hours of work Page 1 ABD00088444 RESPIRATORS 3M Airhats required for certain jobs Charging blenders Colo"" Weigh Room work Check air flows each shift. the test. Don't use if flow fails Turn in for cleaning and repair, as required by schedule. DUST CONTROL Keep your it'. all vent body has hoods and exhaust fans "on." Remember that but limited protection. Don't overload Report inoperative or defective fans and hoods immediate 1y. Avoid crushing bags. Don't clean with compressed air. Its use is illegal with 1 ead PERSONAL HYGIENE Use disposable coveralls when job requires it. Use vacuum cleaners set up by department for cleaning clothes. Wash hands, face, and arms before eating, drinking, smoking, or using cosmetics. Don't take food, drink, or tobaco products into lead areas. MONITORING PERSONAL MONITORING Used to measure actual exposure Wear pump and filter cassete as Fill out card. You will be notified in writing overex posure. to 4,ead. in tended. of any Page 2 ABD00088445 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING Done to see if any lead health exist. Participate\ RECORDS Same as with VCM. A * Page 3 ABD00088446 1989 NOISE ANNUAL TRAINING -CLASS OUTLINE- HEARING LOSS Cannot be repaired. A natural part of aging. Can be hastened by excessive exposure to noise. PLANT NOISE Many high noise areas in plant - oosted. Note: Don't depend completely on warning signs! High noise can occur anywhere. FREQUENCY DIFFERENCES LOW - Does least damage, but hardest to block. HIGH - Easiest to block, but does the most damage. NATURAL DEFENSES Little natural defense against high noise! USE HEARING PROTECTION! SAFE LIMITS FOR NOISE 90 Dba, B-hr TWA 07 Dba, 12-hr TWA Remember: The louder the noise, the les^t time is required to do damage. HEARING LOSS PREVENTION BE ALERT FOR HIGH NOISE. USE HEARING PROTECTION. HAVE AUDIOGRAMS (HEARING TESTS) RUN ROUTINELY. Page 1 A