Document gD7jvE3QL0qRjbp1ebmb5Qbde

"a?- St. Louis PUBLIC LIBRARY W4X^"-'' ' - -" * i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Heating ventilating air conditioning guide. VOL 8 1930 St 628.8 AMERICAN 21718 76303 10JJ.990 No._ This Book Shall Not Be Taken From The Library. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1930 An Instrument or Service prepared for the Profession-- and Containing reference data on the design' and specification of heatinc and ventilating systems---Based on the Transactions--the Investigations of the Research Laboratory--and the Practice of the Members and Friends of the Society TOGETHER WITH A Manufacturers' Catalog Data Section Containing Essential and Reliable Information Concerning Modern > Equipment ALSO The Roll of Membership of the Society . WITH Complete Indexes of Technical and Catalog Data Vol. 8 $5.00 Per Copy 1011990 Published Annually by American Society of Heating and Ventil'ating Engineers 29 West 39TH Street New York ' Copyright, 1929 by ... American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and by it Dedicated To the Advancement of The Profession AND Its Allied Industries Printed and Bound by The Horn-Shafer Company BALTIMORE - MARYLAND .5. U v "Ret r 4- Qontents Page Index to Technical Data.................................................................=.................................. v-xii Editorial Acknowledgment................................................................................................... xiii Code of Ethics for Engineers................'...........v...................................... .............:....... xiv Introduction to and Suggestions Jot the Effective Use of The Guide.___ ___ 1 Chapter I. Codes and Standards............ ................................... ................. ,....................... 5 Chapter 2. Heat Losses from Buildings.--......... ................................................................. 5 Chapter 3. Standards of Ventilation.... ......................................................... ....................... 85 Chapter 4. Systems of Ventilation....................................--.................. .'............................ 109- Chapter 5. Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity............................ 127 Chapter 6. Heading with Warm Air Furnaces by FanPressure.............................. 149 Chapter 7. Air Conditioning.................. ................................... --.......................................... 159 Chapter 8. Air Cleaners........................................................ ........................................ .......... 181 Chapter 9. Unit Heaters and Air-Conditioners.... ................................. ........... ..:....... 189 Chapter 10. Heating by Coal.... ................. ............................................................................... 203 Chapter 11. Heating by Gas.......................................... --:................................................... - 217 Chapter 12. Heating by Oil.................... .............................................................................. 231. Chapter 13. Heating by Electricity.................... 247 Chapter 14. Chimneys...... ....... ................................................................................................ 251 Chapter 15. Boilers for Steam and Hot Water Heating............................ :....................; 263 Chapter 16. Conductors and Convectors for Heating by Steam and by Hot Water 275 Chapter 17. Automatic Heat Control..............................................................................-- 287 Chapter 18. Pipe and Fittings......... ......................................................................................... 299 Chapter 19. Pumps and Traps..... ........ ........ :........ 309 Chapter 20. Piping for Steam Heating Systems................................ 331 Chapter 21. Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems........... ............................... 367 Chapter 22. Piping and Equipment for Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Service...... 387 Chapter 23. Water Supply Piping for Buildings...... ................................. 397 Chapter 24. Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces.......................................................... 405 Chapter 25. District Heating............ ........................... ................. ................ ................. :..... 417 Chapter 26. Selection of Fans and Motive Power............................................................ 431 Chapter 27. Air Ducts...... ..................................................... ................................... ......... . 445 Chapter 28. Pneumatic Exhaust Systems............................................................................ 457 Chapter 29. Drying by Evaporation____ --....................... ............................................... 469 Chapter 30. Ozone and Ventilation:_....................................................................................... 491 Chapter 31. Special Heating and Ventilating Applications............. ...............i.............. 499 Chapter 32. Summary of Important Specification Items................................................. 505 Chapter 33. Physical Properties, Weights, Measures and Tables................................. 513 Chapter 34. Symbols and Abbreviations...... ................ .........:.............................................. 523- Catalog Data Section................... ................. :................................ .............:................. 534-874 Index to Modern Equipment.............................................. ......................... ............... ......... 875 Index to Advertisers in Catalog Data Section................. :....... ................ ............ 885 Roll of Membership................... :................... ........................................................ :............... 1-54 n Index to Technical Data Section (Pages 1-532) CROSS REFERENCE TO SUBJECTS IN CHAPTERS 1-34 ALPHABETICALLY LISTED ;4i. A Page Abbreviations for engineeringand scientific terms 523 fundamental principles Page 161 Absolute temperature, definition of Adiabatic drying 514 472 human comfort humidity controlling devices hygroscopic materials 161 179 169 Agitator dryers > 473 industrial processes 159 Air air movement determinations chart changes . distribution in ventilation frictional resistance in pipes as combustion 104 105 64 87, 122, 177 463 218 libraries relation of dew-point to relative humidity rate of evaporation systems of air distribution systems of dehumidification systems of humidification 503 165 166 177 176 170 Air cooling 169, 176 inside temperatures ' motion outside temperatures properties of dry air, table of properties of saturated air, table of purity required for combustion . secondary ' spaces supply for ventilation 6 86 9 520 518 87 205 210, 219 18 85 Air current dryers . Air distribution Air ducts ` exhaust systems friction losses fundamentals of design installation insulation proportioning the size 473 122, 177 452 447, 449 445 452 456 449 . temperature entering unit heaters 191 temperature for ventilation 86 temperature leaving unit heaters . 191 turbine ventilators 115 velocities of dry air at various temperatures and pressures, tables of 446, 517, 518 velocity required for exhaust systems 459 volume handled through collecting hoods 462 Air filters automatic viscous dry air unit viscous viscous * Air turbine ventilators Air velocity in exhaust systems . 187 187 185 184 115 . 469 Air cleaners dust removal efficiency dusts filters fumes rating 187 181 184 181. 181 Air washers control of temperature and humidity humidifying efficiency steam requirements * types - AUoy metal pipe i 182 182 183 182 301 smokes 181 Alternating receiver traps testing code washers . r 188 182 Anemometers l' Air conditioners, Unit 196 Anthracite coal !! Air conditioning \y air distribution .dew-point equipment 122. 177 162 170 Apartment house . water requirements for water supply mains water supply risers evaporation, temperature of 162 Application.of ozone 330 103 203^206.216 v 402 399 399 . 496 efficiency of employees . 160 Arehs of circles, table of 519 v American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Page Page Arrangement heaters for fan-pressure warm-air systems 154 unit heaters 192 direct-fired unit heaters 195 discharge of unit heaters, direction and loca tion of . 192 rating unit heaters 191 pumps return mains for district heating steam pipes supply mains for district heating traps unit heaters water supply piping 309, 313 424 341, 342, 350 424 327 191 397 Automatic heat control bath and shower control domestic hot water heating factory heating gas fuel . greenhouse heating . manufacturing . office heating oil fuel ' residence heating . school and church heating - swimming pool heating theater heating types of thermostats unit heaters unit ventilating machines . - . . Automatic viscous air filters Auxiliary apparatus for industrial oil burners Available draft . 298 297 294 230 296 . 298 292 238 289 291 296 295 288 193 201 187 245 253 B Bacteria determinations 103 Barn ventilation 501 Bath and shower temperature control 298 Bituminous coal 204, 207, 216 Blast heater connections 366 Blowers, centrifugal 433 Capillary moisture in drying 476 Carbon dioxide (CO*) determinations 102 Cast metal pipe 301 Central heating - capacity of returns with various grades capacity of supply mains conduits expansion of pipe pipe-line expansion pipe tunnels service connection methods steam supply, control of steam per square foot of radiation supply mains, capacity of 424 424 427 419 419 429 417 417 429 424 Centrifugal fans and blowers . 433. Chemical reactions of ozone 492 Chimneys construction of design of draft gas appliances horsepower rating oil fuel smoke test 261 242, 256 251 258 254 ' 256 . 262 Church building temperature control 291 Circles, areas and circumferences of 519 Circulation control in drying 480 Boilers cross-connecting coal and gas 230 cleaning 269, 274 care of idle boilers 274 domestic heating for oil ' . 240 flues, cleaning of ' 274 gas * 227 hand fired 211 hot water supply 273 industrial heating for oil 244 installation 268 protection * ' 271 pipe connections, to 271 rating's 266 selection of coal 264 selection of gas 228 smoke breeching and chimney connections 271 space allowance 268 troubles * 272 types 267 water line . 269 British thermal unit, definition of 513 Burner installation, oil 240 Circumferences of circles, table of 519 Coal combustion composition draft required for burning hand firing heating costs with heat values kinds mechanical stoker firing secondary air storage space 205 203 209 210 216 204 203 212 210 215 Codes air cleaners boiler testing . heating and ventilation, general installing warm air furnaces, for radiator warm air gravity furnaces, installation of 188 266 3 131 277 141* Coefficients of transmission by computation by test tables of . , 14,20.35 . 12 , 33 Coke " . 205, 209 C Cold surfaces, insulation for 79. 408 Cabinet convectors Cabinet dryers Calculations draft exhaust systems heat losses infiltration ' Calorie, definition of Calorific values coal gas oil .. ' Conversion burners foi; gas. Capacity *. ' boiler capacity of unit heaters hot water heating pipes ozonizers 286 Cold water 474 ` - branch supply pipe sizes risers . /. . . . 398 398- 251 . . 464 5, 31, 75, 129 67 513 Combustion of coal . Comfort charts, how to use . * Comfort line Comfort zone .' Compartment dryera ., . . .205 / 93 95 95 ' 474 * 204 217 . 232 . 224 Composition of coal' Concealed convectors Condensation on pipes, prevention of Condensation on windows . 203 286 409 82 ? .193 ' Condensation, prevention of in buildings 377, 378 , Conductances of materials 496 Conductivities of materials 79 19 19 % #$ *1 r j Vi Alphabetical Index to Technical Data'Section Conductors definition of heating. . heat emission of pipe coil beat transmission of pin-type Connections blast heater gas appliances for kitchens heater Hartford return mains _ pipe coil preiptuinrgn connecti.ons ,for ,kitcht-ens steam supply for kitchens sterilizers unit beater vapor and vacuum system water connections for kitchens Constant temperature drying Construction of dryers Continuous operation drying Continuous type ventilators Control . dew-point drying operation gas-fired boilers humidity motive power for fans oil-fired heating system temperature Convectors ' blast cabinet . cast iron gravity indirect concealed . definition of . factors affecting heat emission indirect gravity unit of heat output Conveyor pipes for dust Conveyor pipes for exhaust systems Cooling units Corrosion, pipe ,Costs, heating coal electricity * gas ' * oil Cross-connecting coal and gas boilers Cross-sections for materials Cylinder or can dryers D Dairy barn ventilation Definitions British thermal unit . calorie . conductors ' , convectors dew-point differential vacuum heating system down-feed systems dust `fumes gravity heating systems . pumps ' smokes steam heating systems two-pipe heating systems ' up-feed systems vacuum heating systems vapor heating systems wet returns Degree-days - Dehumidification, systems of Page 275 279 284 279 285 366 391 363 360 360 366 360 390 390 395 195, 366 361 390 472 489 470 116 174 480 230 179 439. 44i 238 287 286 286 283 286 276 277 286 276 467 467 198 301 216 247 219 231 230 525, 526 473 501 513 513 275 276 262 331 332 181 181 331 322. 325 181 331 332 332 331 331 332 220 176 Page Density of liquids, table of . 521 Design air ducts chimneys dryers fan pressure warm air systems hoods for exhaust systems ventilating systems warm air furnaces, fan pressure warm air furnaces, gravity 445. 419 242. 256 484 ' 151 467 87, 123 151 128 Dew-point ' control - definition of . relation of relative humidity to 174 162 165 Differential vacuum heating system. definition of . 331 Direct gravity ventilating systems 120 Direct-indirect gravity ventilating systems 120 Disc and propeller fans 132 Domestic beating by electricity 248 Domestic heating by gas 158. 220 Domestic heating by oil burner installations burners, types of chimney design fuel oils . hot water heating ignition, systems of methods of operation oil storage tanks safety controls temperature control Down-draft furnaces Down-feed systems, definition of 240 236 242, 256 235 241 237 235 242 239 238 212 332 Draft available . measurement natural required for burning coal theoretical . . 253 251 251 207, 209 252 Drafting symbols for heating and ventilation Drum dryers , 523, 524, 525 473 Dry air properties of velocities at various temperatures and pressures Dry air filters 520 446, 517, 518 . 187 Dryers air current arrangement and construction cylinder or can . design drum dryers experimental technique loft, compartment, cabinet or room mechanical contact methods of calculation operating pan or agitator rotary . rule of thumb estimating spray types of tunnel *. 473 489 473 484 473 489 474 473 484 480 473 473 489 473 473 474 Drying . adiabatic drying' . continuous and intermittent operation constant temperature drying constant rate period cycle ' .. capillary and hygroscopic moisture control of drying operation . circulation control equilibrium moisture content falling rate period . fiber saturation point 472 470 472 475 476 476 480 480 479 475 477 Vll American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 high-temperature drying heat and humidity control internal moisture gradient low-temperature drying methods ' mechanism of drying ' moisture content calculations omissions in drying cycle radiant heat . removal of free water selection of fans stages of moisture diffusion vacuum drying ventilation phase Ducts exhaust systems friction in elbows friction losses . fundamentals of design installation insulation proportioning warm air furnaces, for Dust collectors conveyor pipes definition of determinations exhaust systems fans for collecting and conveying removal efficiency of air cleaners Page 471 481 479 471 469 474 .482 476 470 477 437 474 472 487 452 449 447 445 452 456 449 134 466 467 181 103 457 438 187 E Economic thickness of pipe insulation Effective temperature 416 85, 93 Efficiency of employees, airconditioning for 160 Ejector type ventilators 115 Electric motors and controls for mechanical stokers 215 Electricity heating costs heat equivalents of hot water heaters hot water heating system storage system warm air heating system 247, 248 249 249 249 ' 248 249 Enclosures, effect of on heat emission of radiators 280 Equilibrium moisture content in drying 479 Evaporation rate of temperature of , 166 162, 163 Exhaust systems, pneumatic air velocity calculations, conveyor pipes .design of hoods maintenance * ' requirements of efficient operation types typical layout Expansion and contraction of piping 459 464 467 467 468 458 457 464 306, 419 Expansion of solids, table of 518 Experimental technique in design of dryers 489 F Factory temperature control Falling rate period In drying Fans . arrangement of drive centrifugal . \' characteristic curves ' . designation of > disc and propeller . drying ' . dust collecting and conveying 294 475 443 433 432 443 432 437 438 full backward curve'multiblade motive power selection . ventilation . Ferrous pipe - Fiber saturation point in drying Filters, air Fittings, insulation for Flow of steam in pipes Flues, cleaning of Forced circulation hot water heating warm air heating .. * Forward curved multiblade fans Friction in duct elbows Friction losses in air ducts Fuel oils for domestic heating Fuel saving with insulation Full backward curve multiblade fans Fumes, definition of Furnaces, warm air fan pressure arrangement of heaters description of design of fuels gas-fired residence system large buildings rating selection of heaters small buildings specifications for residence system Furnaces, warm air gravity calculating heat losses ' code for installing design of ducts forced or booster circulation grilles leader pipe sizes register area recirculating ducts and grilles size of wall stacks G Gas air for combustion boilers chimneys cross-connecting boilers control features conversion burners calorific value fuel costs insulation and weatherstripping requirements of buildings ratings for appliances selection of boilers space heaters table of properties warm air furnaces Generators, ozone Gravity circulation hot water heating warm air heating Gravity steam-heating systems definition one-pipe one-pipe down feed two-pipe ' vapor Gravity ventilating systems * Greenhouse heating Greenhouse temperature control Grilles for warm air furnaces Page 435 439 436 436 299 477 184 416 334 274 379 . 148 434 449 447, 449 235 31 435 181 154 149 151 150 157 153 150 153 156 158 129 141 128 134 148 134 129 134 134 136 132 218 227, 228 258 230 230 224 217 219 224 220 229 228 228 522 227 494 367 127 331 341 343 343 345 119 499 296 134 . via Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section H Page Hand fired boilers . Hartford return connections 211 360 Heaters _ . factors affecting heat emission selection of , types of 277 285 281 Heat emission pipe coils radiators Heat exchangers . 284 277 502 Heat losses air spaces 18 areas where transmission losses occur 31 air changes ' 64 bare fittings 416 bare pipe 405 boiler feed pumps 309 by infiltration 60 by transmission 12 calculating 5. 31 calking of frames computations, examples of condensation, prevention of in buildings condensation on windows conductivities conductances . effect of humidification fuel saving high ceilings , hot-box test hot-plate test heat required for infiltration heat sources heat loss computations, examples of infiltration through cracks infiltration through materials infiltration, calculations for . 66 75 79 82 19 19 6 31 7 12 19 60 73 75 61 60 67 infiltration due to temperature difference 68 inside temperatures 6 insulation, economic value of 31 metal sash windows, double hung 65 metal sash windows, rolled section * 65 Nicholls heat meter 13 outside temperatures 9 radiation saving 33 Reitchels' formula . 9 steel windows 65. 66 storm windows ' 66 stratification of air 7 surface coefficients 18 symbols and definitions 14 temperature at proper level 7 transmission coefficients by test 12 transmission coefficients by computation 14. 20. 35 wood sash windows, double-bung 62 weatherstripping, economic value of 70 wind movement 70 Heat output of radiators, unit of 276 Heating costs coal electricity gas oil 216 247 219 231 High ceilings, temperature of air at 7 High-pressure traps 328 High-temperature drying 471 Hill Dust Counter . 103 Horsepower rating of chimneys 254 Horizontal feed stokers . 214 Hospitals cost of operating sterilizers open and closed sterilizers selection of sterilizers water and vent connections water requirements for 393 394 393 395 402, 403 Page Hotels water requirements for 402 Hot-box test 12 Hot-plate test ' 19 Hot-water heating systems comparison of gravity and forced systems 381 determining pipe sizes 372 expansion tank, location of 370, 385 forced circulation 379 gravity flow 367 maximum water temperature 369 optimum velocity of water 385 piping for 367 supply boilers 273 temperature drop through radiation 371 Hot water temperature control 297 Human comfort, air conditioning for 161 Humidification, effect of on inside temperature 6 systems 170 Humidifying efficiency of air washers 182 Humidity, effect of on heat emission 279 Hygroscopic materials moisture 169 476 I Idle boilers, care of Ignition systems for oil burners Impinger Induction type ventilators Industrial heating by oil auxiliary apparatus burners draft for industrial burners furnace Industrial processes, air conditioning for Infiltration calculations for . due to temperature difference heat required for through cracks through materials Installation of air ducts of boilers of oil burners Insulation cold surfaces conductivities of building insulation conductivities of pipe covering duct economic thickness of pipe insulation economic value of building insulation electrically heated buildings fittings gas heated buildings - hot water lines ` * pipe covering factors prevention of condensation on pipes steam lines thicknesses of pipe insulation used Intermittent operation drying Internal moisture gradient in drying Kata thermometer K - Kitchens . connections for steam supply electricity required for cooking equipment required gas appliances, connections to return connections . steam consumption steam pressure limits water connections water consumption " Konimeter 274 237 103 115 245 242 244 244 159 67 68 60 61 60 452 268 240 79. 408 19, 23 411 456 416 31' 247 416 224 406 411 409 406 411 470 479 104 390 391 390 391 391 390 391 390 390 103 IX American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 L Lacquer spray booths, ventilation of Laundries arrangement of equipment equipment required importance of soft water water, steam and power required , Leader pipe sizes for warm air furnaces Libraries, air conditioning of Lignite Lineal expansion of solids, table of Loft dryers Low-pressure traps Low-temperature drying - - Page 503 389 387 389 388 129 503 205 518 474 329 471 Mains connections to return 1 supply M 360 331 331 Manufacturing processes, temperature ' control of Maximum water temperature in hot water heating systems Measurement of draft 298 369 251 Measures Mechanical contact dryers - 513 473 Mechanical stokers electric motors and controls selection types Mechanical ventilating systems Mechanism of drying 214 215 212 121 474 Metal sash windows double hung rolled section Metric units, table of Micro-organisms, effect of ozone on Moisture diffusion in drying 65 65 521 492 474 Motive power for fans control electric motors 439, 441 439, 440 Natural draft N Natural ventilating systems Nicholls heat meter Non-ferrous pipe 251 109 13 304 O Odoriferous substances, effect of ozone on Office buildings, water requirements for 493 402 Office temperature control 292 Oil ' combustion sounds 234 domestic heating 235 heat content 233 heating costs . 231 industrial heating . 242 ' mechanical sounds ' . 234 storage tanks ' . ' 242 traps -* 350 Omissions in drying cycle 476 One-pipe heating systems, steam 341, 343 Optimum velocity of water in hot water heating systems 385 Overfeed stoker ' 212 Ozone application in ventilation chemical reactions effect on micro-organisms generators industrial ventilation method of application odoriferous substances physical characteristics proper concentration quantitative analysis ventilation ' .` f ' 491 492 492 494 496 496 493 491 495 495 491 Ozonizers capacity commercial Page 496 494 .P Paddle wheel type fan 434 Paint, effect of on heat emission of radiators 279 Pan dryers 473t Partial backward curve multiblade fans 434 Physical characteristics of ozone 491 Physical units 513 Pin type radiators 285 Pipe coil connections 366 Pipe coil radiators 283 Pipe connection to boilers 271 Pipe covering, conductivities of 411 Pipe insulation .. cold surfaces economic thickness of effect of air velocity on surface losses heat losses through bare fittings heat losses through bare pipe hot water lines steam lines 408 416 412 416 405 406 406 Pipe sizes hot water heating systems steam heating systems water supply for buildings 372 335 397 Pipe tunnels 429 Piping ' alloy metal ' 301 arrangement for hot water systems 371 cast metal 301 connections for steam heating systems 360, 366 corrosion . '301 expansion and contraction 306, 419 - ferrous 299 hot water systems 367 non-ferrous 304 protective coatings' . 301 standards - 306 steam heating systems 331 testing 306 water supply for buildings , 397 welding ' 301 wrought iron 301 Pitot tubes 103 Pressing rooms in clothing factories. ventilation of 503 Properties dry air, table of gases, table of saturated air, table of saturated steam, table of 520 522 518 515, 516 Protective coatings for pipe 301 Protection of boilers 271 Pulverizers, fuel . "215 Pumps boiler feed condensation definitions equipment fittings installation data specifications for . vacuum heating . 309 - 310 ' 322,325 324 , . 324 . ,. . 326 .' 321 313 R Radiant heat for drying . 470 Radiation ' 286 equivalent . 331* ratio of radiation to volume of space heated 430 saving due to insulation . . 33 steam per square foot of 429 supply of steam to, in district heating ` .417 x I 1 I | il ]I Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Radiators cast iron definition of enclosures, effect of humidity, effect of heat emission - , location . pin-type pipe coil paint, effect of selection ' types . unit of heat output Rating air cleaners boilers ., fan-pressure warm air furnaces gas appliances insulations unit heaters Recirculating ducts and grilles for warm air furnaces Register area for warm air furnaces Page zoo 275 280 279 277 285 285 283 279 285 281 276 181 266 . 150 229 19 191 134 134 Reitchels formula . Relation between velocity, acceleration and time passed over Relative humidity control of in drying controlling devices control of in air washers . ^control system ' determinations of ." effect of on heat emission of radiators relation of dew-point to Removal of free water in drying 9 514 481 179 182 174 102 277 165 477 Residence temperature control 289 Risers - downfeed one-pipe one-pipe supply two-pipe supply Roof ventilators Room dryers 332 332 332 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 474 Rotary dryers 473 Rotary ventilators 115, 117 Rule of thumb estimate,'dryers 489 S Safety controls for oil burners 239' School building temperature control 291 Selection boilers fan pressure heaters ' ' - 263 153 fans . 436 gas boilers 228 heaters 285 heaters for fan-pressure warm air systems 153 hot water supply boilers 273 radiators 285 roof ventilators 117 sterilizers 393 stokers 215 Siphon ventilators 115 Smokeless arch ' 211 Smokes, definition of ' 181 Smoke test of chimneys 262 Space allowance for boilers 268 Space heaters, gas Specifications description of work general conditions instructions to bidders . items, summary of Specific heat of solids and liquids, table of 228 508 505 505 505 521 Spray dryers Standards - heating and ventilation,,for pipe, for 473 3 306 Page Stationary ventilators 115, 117 Steam heating systems definitions pipe sizes piping connections steam distribution - 331 335 360 332 Steam requirements of air washers 183 Steam required per square foot of radiation 429 Sterilizers for hospitals cost of operating open and closed selection of waste and vent connections 393 394 393 395 Stokers electric motors and controls horizontal feed over-feed selection types underfeed 214 214 212 215 212 213 Storage tanks, oil . 242 Storm windows 66 Stratification of air 7 Surface coefficients 18 Swimming pool temperature control 296 Symbols drawing force, weight, work, power general heat and thermodynamics heat transmission materials properties thermodynamics 523, 524, 525, 526 527 527 527 529 525 527 528- Synthetic air chart 105 T Temperature air entering unit beaters air leaving unit heaters at proper level constant-temperature drying control of oil-fired heating system determinations drop through radiation effective temperature high-temperature drying inside temperatures low-temperature drying maximum water temperature for hot water systems of evaporation outside temperatures temperature regulation Testing . air cleaner code boiler code No. 3 methods and instruments pipe * - Theoretical draft > Theaters, temperature control of Thermostats, types of Thicknesses of pipe insulation Thread cutting -` Transmission coefficients by computation by test tables of Traps air alternating receiver capacity high pressure lifting low pressure oil Tunnel dryers ' ' . .' 191 191 7 472 238 101 371 85, 93 471 6 471 369 162 9 287 188 266 101 306 252 * 295 288 411 301 14, 20. 35 12 35 . .. . 330 330 327 328 329 329 330 474 XI American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Page Tunnels, pipe 429 Two-pipe gravity steam heating systems 343 Two-pipe steam heating systems, definition of 332 air. washers boilers exhaust systems heaters radiators stokers thermostats unit heaters ' 182 267 457 281 281 212 288 190 Underfeed stoker U 213 Unit heaters arrangement 192 automatic control 193 boiler capacity 193 connections 195, 366 direct fired 195 discharge, direction and location of 192 functions of 189 heating mediums 190 procedure for determining heat to be supplied 190 quietness of operation - 198 ratings and capacities 191 temperature of air entering 191 temperature of air leaving 191 types 190 Unit of heat output of radiators 276 Unit type roof ventilators 118 Unit viscous air filters 185 Up-draft furnaces 211 Up-feed systems, definition of 332 Vacuum drying 487 Vacuum heating systems condensation pump 349 definitions of piping connections 331 361 Vapor heating systems ' 345 definitions of gravity * 331 345 piping connections 361 Ventilating machines, unit air intake, location of 200 , automatic heat control 201 blast system . 200 essential parts 199 . location of pneumatic damper control 200 201 ; split system 200 . vent openings . 202 Ventilating systems blast central supply mechanical design ,, , 200 121 123 direct-indirect gravity * 120 r exhaust gravity ' 122 119 indirect gravity 120 . mechanical 121 ' natural split 109 199 unit supply mechanical 121 vent blast Ventilation 200, 201 `air supply for 85 .air temperature 86 air motion air purity . 86 86 air distribution 87. 122, 177 anemometers * air movement determinations ` 103 104 air chart 105 bacteria determinations ; carbon dioxide (COi) determinations 103 102 1 cold storage warehouses . 502 conditioning air for human comfort 98 Page comfort charts, how to use 93 comfort line 95 comfort zone 95 dairy barn 501 design 87 dust determinations 103 effective temperature 85 effective temperature, definition of 93 general requirements of 85 heat from occupants, lights, etc. 87 heat dissipated by atmosphere from human body 95 Hill dust counter 103 human comfort, conditioning air for 98 human comfort, how temperature. humidity and air motion affect 89 human comfort, how relative humidity affects 101 humidity determinations 102 impinger . 103 injurious substances 86 Kata thermometer 104 Konimeter 103 lacquer spray booths 503 odors 87 Pitot tubes 103 pressing rooms 503 psychological and physiological reactions 89. relative humidity, affect of on human comfort 101 relative humidity 86 recirculation 88 selection of fans 436 synthetic air chart 105 testing methods and instruments 101 temperature determinations 101 zoning 502 Ventilators air-turbine continuous type ejector type induction roof rotary siphon selection of roof stationary unit type roof . * 115 116 . 115 115 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 115, 117 115 117 115, 117 118 Viscous air filters - 184 W Wall stacks for warm air furnaces 132 Washers, air . 182 Water line of boilers 269 Water, removal of in drying 477 Water supply apartment house supply mains 399 apartment house supply risers . 399 cold water branch supply sizes 398 cold water risers " ' 398 flow of water for various pressure drops - 400 formula 397 hot water 402, 404 mains for apartment houses' 389 piping 1 pressure required for various heights requirements for apartment buildings 398 400 402 requirements for hotels ` 402 requirements for hospitals - 402, 403 requirements for office buildings .402 risers for apartment houses 399 tank located on roof 403 Weatherstrips, economic value of 70 Weights of materials, table of - 518 Welding, pipe . ' *. . 301 Wet returns, definition of- ' 332- Wrought iron pipe . 301 Wind movement, affect of on heat requirements Wood sash windows, double hung Zoning of heating and ventilation EDITORIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT THE Technical Data Section of The Guide 1930 is indicative of the most modem engineering practice and it comprehensively covers the current knowledge on heating and ventilation compiled, condensed and revised from all available sources.. These data have been contributed freely by the foremost engineers of the United States. In no. other way, save through the medium of this Society,--unfettered by commercialism or self-interest,--could the liberal cooperation of these men have been obtained. The Guide acknowledges the loyalty and cooperation of the men who have labored so generously to the end that its text pages shall serve usefully to advance the interests of the profession. The following members of the Society and their friends have con tributed to The Guide 1930 without compensation, except that which comes from generous public service: R. L. Beers R. G. Birkholz D. R. Brewster R. M. Connor A. A. Criqui C. H. Flink Donald French W. Gardner, Jr. F. E. Giesecke F. E. Hartman J. M. Hartman J. J. Hayes R. H. Heilman J. D. Hoffman J. C. Hornung F. C. Houghten A. M. Houser J. H. Kitchen W. K. Lewis E. C. Lloyd G. W. Martin J. H. McIlvaine H. C. Murphy A. J. Nesbitt H. M. Nichols S. I. Rottmayer T. K. Sherwood H. F. Tapp M. C. W. Tomlinson F. W. Wandless Perry West The debt of the profession, its allied industries and the public at large who will receive the benefits resulting from the untiring work of these contributors, is hereby acknowledged. GUIDE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE S. R. Lewis, Chairman, C. V. Haynes W. H. Carrier J. F. McIntire Vice-Chairmen P. D. Close, Technical Secretary X1U CODE of ETHICS for ENGINEERS NGINEERING work has become an increasingly important factor E in the progress of civilization and in the welfare of the community. The engineering profession- is held responsible for the planning, construc tion and operation of such work and is entitled to the position and authority which will enable it to discharge this responsibility and to render effective service to humanity. That the dignity of their chosen profession may be maintained, it is the duty of all engineers to conduct themselves according to the principles of the following Code of Ethics: . 1--The engineer will carry on his professional work in a spirit of fairness to employees and contractors, fidelity to clients and employers, loyalty to his country and devotion to high ideals of courtesy and personal honor. . 2--He will refrain from associating himself with or allowing the use of his . name by an enterprise of questionable character. S--He will advertise only in a dignified manner, being careful to avoid misleading statements. 4--He will regard as confidential any information obtained by him as to the business affairs and technical methods or processes of a client or employer. 5--He will inform a client or employer of any business connections, interests or affiliations which might influence his judgment or impair the disinterested quality of his services. 6-- He will refrain from using any improper or questionable methods of soliciting professional work and will decline to pay or to accept com missions for securing such work. 7-- He will accept compensation, financial or otherwise, for a particular service, from one source only, except with the full knowledge and*, consent of all interested parties. 8-- He will not use unfair means to win professional advancement or to injure the chances of another engineer to secure and hold employment. 9-- He will cooperate in upbuilding the engineering profession by exchang ing general information and experience with his fellow engineers and students of engineering and also by contributing to work Of engineering societies, schools of applied science and the technical press. - 10--He will interest himself in the public welfare in behalf of which he will be ready to apply his special knowledge, skill and training for the use and benefit of mankind. . xiv American Society .<?/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1930 , ' INTRODUCTION to AND SUGGESTIONS for THE EFFECTIVE USE OF THE GUIDE, 1930 IN this eighth annual edition of The Guide the user will find a vast amount of new and revised, data gathered from a variety of sources. They are presented in readily usable form with the hope that an effective service in the advancement of the industry and profession will be rendered. Truth and service are supreme in the conception of this volume. It is felt that these form the lifeblood of the profession and of all industries allied to the profession. There has been no deviation from the principlesupon which The Guide was founded in 1922. The makeup of The Guide 1930 has been changed radically in the hope that it will make the book easier to use. Several of the older Chapters have been consolidated and an effort has been made to coordinate the various subjects treated in the 34 Chapters. All of the data have been prepared by carefully selected Engineers, each preeminent in his specialty, and have been summarized and tabu lated for ready reference. Several new Chapters appear in this edition of The Guide. All older Chapters have been revised in accordance with current knowledge and practice. It will be noted.that heating and ventilation have been treated together rather than separately, for the reason that they are so related, and inter dependent that no definite dividing line can be drawn. The arrangement and indexing of The Guide 1930 have had special study so that the book may be used with maximum effectiveness. A start has been made this year to supplement the Technical Data with Catalog Data in such form that it "continues the story." Many manu facturers have prepared copy which gives specific instructions to amplify the general rules which appear in the text. An endeavor has been made not so much to enlarge the copy as to improve the content and format, 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 It is recommended that use be made of the Catalog Data to supplement the Text Data on any subject, as it will be found to contain much of the' engineering lore on sizes, shapes, capacities, dimensions, space require ments, applications and installations, so useful in the planning, specifying and installation of mechanical equipment. It is also suggested that the notes and explanations (especially those applicable to tables) be studied, for in the interest of brevity and simplicity certain data have been made to serve many purposes by the use of these notes, but at the same time may be susceptible to improper use if not fully understood. In the Catalog Data section the manufacturer is invited to present the complete story of his products so that the user shall have before him concise and complete information which shall enable him to make the best selection which modern equipment affords. It has been the policy that the manufacturers' data presented in the Catalog Data section be useful and serviceable,--not a mere collection of claims,'high-sounding catch phrases or superlatives, but an informative presentation of helpful information. Those manufacturers whose Catalog Data appear in The Guide, pay for the service rendered to them as effec tive advertising, and the support and cooperation of these manufacturers constitute an important part of the means whereby the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers is enabled to achieve the publication and wide distribution of The Guide, and to extend its wholly philanthropic services to the general advancement of the profession and its allied industries. Engineering and manufacturing are dependent upon each other and both, jointly, are essential to the general interests of the public. . .. The 1930 Guide Publication Committee is gratified by the reception accorded the last edition of The Guide, which had 9,300 users, and in appreciation its untiring efforts have been pledged to the work on The Guide 1930 so that a continuation of this recognition of The Guide's usefulness may persist. More than 10,000 copies of this issue are published and it is presented to the profession and the industry at large with the hope that it will render an unique service as the standard reference work on. heating and ventilating. - .. H 2 VARIOUS codes and standards relating to the design, installation, testing, rating or maintenance of materials and equipment used in the heating and ventilation of buildings, have been adopted. Many of these codes and standards were developed and adopted solely by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, whereas others were developed by other organizations and approved by this Society. The following are the most important of these codes: Code ob Standard - When Adopted or Approted Sponsored Bt Synthetic Air Chart June, 1917 A.S.H.V.E. Standard and ShortForm Heat Balance. Codes for Testing Low Pressure Steam Heating Solid Fuel Boilers (Codes 1 & 2) Performance Test Code for Steam Heating Solid Fuel Boilers (Code No. 3). Revised, June, 1929 A.S.H.V.E. Edition of June, 1929, by A.S.H.V.E. National Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers Association. Code of Ethics for Engineers January, 1922 A.S.H.V.E. Code for Testing Fans May, 1923 Warm Air Furnace Code First Edition 10-1-22 . Second Edition 2-1-23 Third Edition 6-1-24 Fourth Edition 5-1-27 Fifth Edition 3-1-28 Sixth Edition 3-1-29 A.S.H.V.E. National. Warm Air Heating Assn. Befersncb Transactions, Vol. XXIII, p. 607. Pamphlet. Journal, A.S.H.V.E., August, 1929. Transactions, A.S.H.V.E., Vol. XXVIII, p. 6. (See also p. xiv The Guide, 1930. Transactions, A.S.H.V.E., Vol. XXIX, p. 407. Chapter 5, . The Guide, 1930. 3 \/ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Cods ob Standard When Adopted ob Approved Standard Test Code for Heat Transmission Through Walls. January, 1925 Approval Requirement for Central House Heating Gas Appliances. 1927 Code for Heating and Ventilating Garages. June, 1929 Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Ventilation of Buildings. June, 1925 Pipe Flanges and Fittings. 1927-1929 Code for use of Pitot Tube. January, 1914 Identification of Piping Systems. November, 1928 Pipe Thread December, 1919 Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration. Code for Testing Radiators. Submitted for formal approval. January, 1928 ' Sponsored Bt A.S.H.V.E. Reverence Journal, A.S.H.V.E. Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, January, 1928. American Gas Association. American Gas Association, N$w York City. A.S.H.V.E. Journal, A.S.H.V.E. May, 1929, p. 63. A.S.H.V.E. Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Venti lation of Buildings, Edition of 1929.' American Society Mechanical Engineers. American Standards Association. ' A.S.H.V.E. Transactions A.S.H.V.E., Vol. XX, p. 211. (1) American Society Mechanical Engineers; (2) National Safety Council. American Standards Association, Journal, A.S.H.V.E., July, 1929. ; (1) American Society Mechanical Engineers; (2) American Gas A ssociation. American Standards Association. * American Society of Refrigeration Engineers'. American Standards Association. ' " A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, A.S.H.V.E., Vol. XXXIII. .- In addition to the foregoing Codes and Standards, others having-an important bearing on the heating and ventilation of buildings are under preparation. These include Code for Rating Low-Pressure Heating Boilers; Code for Testing Unit Heaters; Code for Testing Unit Ventilators; Code for Testing Concealed Radiators, and Code for Testing Air Clfeaners. 4 CHAPTER 2 HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDINGS Method of Computing Heat Losses; Data on Inside and Outside Temperatures; Heat Losses by Transmission; Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations; Heat Transmission Coefficients; Heat Losses by Infiltration; Effect of Wind Movement; Examples of Heat Loss Computations; Prevention of Condensation. INTRODUCTION MANY important changes and additions have been made to this _ chapter of The Guide, 1930. Special effort has been made to base the conductivities and conductances of building materials, insulations and air spaces upon the latest and most reliable test data available. The heat transmission tables have been enlarged and rearranged to include many common types of construction, and all the tables have been recom puted, using a new conductance factor for air spaces. A discussion of the economic value of insulation has been added, together with formulae for solving fuel and radiation-saving problems. Data regarding the preven. tion of condensation on interior building surfaces have been included. CALCULATING HEAT LOSSES The procedure to be followed in determining the heat loss from any building can be divided into seven consecutive steps, as follows: 1. .Determine on the inside air temperature, at the breathing line, which is to be maintained in the building during the coldest weather. See Table 1, p. 8. 2. Determine on an outside air temperature for design purposes, based on the minimum temperatures recorded in the locality in question, which will provide for all but the most severe conditions. Such conditions as may exist for only a few consecutive hours are readily taken care of by the heat capacity of the building itself. See Table 3, p. 11. 3. Select or compute the heat transmission coefficients for outside walls and glass, also for inside walls, floors, or top-floor ceilings, if these are next to unheated space; include roof if next to heated space. See pages 14 to 30 and Tables 12 to 36. 4. Measure up net outside wall, glass and roof next to heated spaces, as well as any cold walls, floors or ceilings next to unheated space. Such measurements are made from building plans, or from the actual building. 5. Compute the heat transmission losses for each kind of wall, glass, floor, ceiling and roof in the building by multiplying the heat transmission coefficient in each case by the area of the surface in square feet and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air. (See pars. 1 and 2); - 6. Select unit values and compute the heat equivalent of the infiltration of cold air taking place around outside doors and windows. These unit values depend on the kind or width of crack and wind velocity and when multiplied by the length of crack and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air, the result expresses the heat required to warm up the cold air leaking into the building per hour. See pages 60 to 73 and Tables 37 to 42. . 5 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 7. The sum of the heat losses by transmission (par. 5) through the outside wall and glass, as well as through any cold floors, ceilings or roof, and the heat equivalent (par. 6) of the cold air entering by infiltration represents the total heat loss equivalent for any building. Item 7 represents the heat losses after the building is heated and under stable operating conditions in coldest weather. Additional heat is required for raising the temperature of the air, the building materials and the material contents of the building to standard inside temperature. The rate at which this additional heat is required depends upon the heat capacity of the structure and its material contents and upon the time in which these are to be heated. This additional heat may be figured and allowed for as conditions re quire, but inasmuch as the heating system proportioned for taking care of the heat losses will usually have a capacity about 100 per cent greater than that required for average winter weather, and inasmuch as most buildings may either be continuously heated or more time be allowed for heating-up, during the few minimum temperature days, no allowance is made except in the size of boilers or furnaces. General Statement on Specifications In order that no misunderstanding may occur, the specifications for all heating systems or plants shall include a clause covering the following points: 1. The lowest recorded outside temperature in the locality, as reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau for the preceding 10 years. 2. The outside air and inside breathing-line temperatures which were assumed and actually used in making the heat-loss computations. 3. The heating load should be calculated on a temperature not more than 15 deg. above the minimum outside temperature recorded for the locality for the preceding 10 years and at a wind velocity which is the highest recorded in the locality for. such temperature (*.e., for a temperature 15 deg. above the minimum) for the locality in which the heating plant is located. Both wind velocity and direction are to be taken from the U. S. Weather Bureau records of 10 years. .. . Winter INSIDE TEMPERATURES ' The inside air temperature which must be maintained within a building and which should always be stated in the heating specifications, is under-, stood to be the temperature at the breathing line, 5 ft. above the floor and ' not less than 3 ft. from the outside walls. Inside air temperatures, usually specified, vary in accordance with the use to which the building is to be' put and Table 1 presents values which are in conformity with.good practice. ' Effect of Humidification: In connection with inside temperatures for winter where humidifying means are provided, approximately 1 deg. vari ation for each 10 per cent variation in relative humidity should be pro vided. For example: If the relative humidity is raised from a condition of 15 per cent to one of 45 per cent by artificial humidification it is desirable to lower the indoor temperature about 3 deg. as indicated by the Effective Temperature Line on the Comfort Chart. (See Chapter 3, p. 01.) The temperatures given in the table are for normal dry air with dew-points 6 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings , approximately equivalent to outdoor air. A reduction in the tempera tures will be required corresponding to the raise of the moisture content by artificial humidification. Temperature at Proper Level: In making the actual heat-loss compu tations, however, for the various rooms in a building it is often necessary to modify the temperatures given in Table 1 so that the air temperature at the proper level will be used. By air temperature at the proper level is meant, in the case of walls, the air temperature at the mean height be tween floor and ceiling; in the case of glass, the air temperature at the mean height of the glass; in the case of roof or ceiling, the air temperature ' at the mean height of the roof or ceiling above the floor of the heated room, and in the case of floors, the air temperature at the floor level. In the case of heated spaces adjacent to unheated spaces, it will usually be sufficient to assume the temperature in such spaces as the mean between the temperature of the inside heated spaces and the outside air tempera ture, excepting where the combined heat transmission coefficient of the roof and ceiling can be used, in which case the usual inside and outside temperatures should be applied. (See Table 35, pp. 58 and 59 and discussion regarding the use of combined coefficients of pitched roofs, un heated attics and top-floor ceilings on p. 27.) The. air temperature at the mean height between floor and ceiling is the breathing-line temperature, Table 1, for rooms not over 10 ft. in height. For rooms above this height, the temperature should be increased according to the difference between the mean height of. the vertical wall, glass, roof or ceiling surface, and the height of the breathing line. The amount of the increase per foot of height will depend on the inside breath ing-line temperature; the outside temperature; the wall and roof con struction, and the type and location of heaters and other factors. High Ceilings: Research data concerning stratification of air in build ings are lacking, but in general it may be said that where the increase in temperature is due to the natural tendency of the warmer or less dense air to rise, as where a direct radiation system is installed, the temperature of the air at the ceiling increases with the ceiling height. The relation, however, is not a straight-line function, as the amount of increase per foot of height apparently decreases as the height of the ceiling increases, ac cording to present available information. Furthermore, the temperature of the air at any level in a building such as at the mean height of walls, is not necessarily proportional to the distance from the floor or breathing line, although in general the tempera ture increases as the height increases. It is the common practice of engi neers to allow 2 per cent per foot of height above the breathing line in determining the probable air temperature at any given level for a direct radiation system, and this value is, no doubt, sufficiently accurate in most cases. With certain types of heating and ventilating systems, which tend to oppose the natural tendency of warm air to rise, the temperature differ ential between floor and ceiling can be greatly reduced. These include unit heaters, fan-furnace heaters, and the-various types of mechanical ventilating systems. The amount of reduction is problematical in certain instances, as it depends upon many factors such as location of heaters, 7 I American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Inside Temperatures Usually Specified Ttpb or Building Schools-- Class Rooms............................. ....... Assembly Rooms.... ...... ................. Gymnasiums...... .............................. Toilets and Baths............................ Wardrobe and Locker Rooms.__ Kitchens......... .'.................................. Dining and Lunch Rooms............ Playrooms.......................................... Natatoriums...... ................................ Theaters-- Seating Space...... .................... Lounge Rooms...... ................. Toilets.... ................................... Hospitals-- Private Rooms...... .................. Private Rooms (surgical)___ Operating Rooms.................... Wards........ :............................... Kitchens and Laundries--.... Toilets.... .................................. . Bathrooms............1................... Hotels^ Bedrooms and Baths............. Dining Rooms......................... Kitchens and Laundries____ Ball Rooms............................... Toilets and Service Rooms.. Homes-- - , Where 68 deg. is generally the desirable standard of temperature a guarantee of 70 deg. is customarily exacted. . Stores. Public ' Buildings........................;...., Warm Air Baths.................. ........... Steam Baths.......................... .;.......... Factories and Machine Shops.... Foundries and Boiler Shops.--. Paint Shops..............;.......................... Dbg. Fahr. 68 66-68 55-65 70 65-68 66 65-68 60-65 75 68-72 68 68 70 70-80 70-95 68 66 68 70-80 70 70 66 65-68 68 65-68 68-70 120 110 60-65 50-60 - 80 . Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings air temperature, and direction and velocity of air discharge. In some cases it has been possible to reduce the temperature between the floor and ceiling to a few degrees, whereas, in other cases, the temperature at the ceiling has actually been increased because of improper design, instal lation or operation of equipment. So much depends upon the factors enumerated, that it is not advisable to allow less than 1 per cent per foot (and usually more) above the breathing line in arriving at the air tem perature at any given level for any of these types of heating and ventilating systems, unless the manufacturers are willing to guarantee that the par ticular type of equipment under consideration will maintain a smaller temperature differential for the specific conditions involved. Rietschel's Formula: Rietschel states that the average mean tempera ture tm never exceeds 1.15 t for the highest ceilings. His formula is: . <m = / [ 1- + 0.017 (A - 10) ] .- . in which h is the height of the ceiling or outside walls. Substituting tm = 1.15 t, it is found that h = 19 ft., so that for heights over 19 ft. a value of tm = 1.15 t may be used. Temperature at Floor Level: In determining mean air temperatures just above floors which are next to ground or unheated spaces, a tempera ture 5 deg. lower than the breathing-line temperature may be used, pro vided the breathing-line temperature is not less than 55 deg; fahr. Summer Where buildings are being artificially cooled for human comfort during the summer a different scale of inside temperatures is required and this inside temperature must depend to a large extent upon the variation in outside temperatures. It is manifestly undesirable and impracticable to maintain a temperature of 70 deg. inside when it is 95 deg. outside, nor can it be said that the inside temperature should'be as much as 15 deg. below the outside temperature. At 95 deg. outside, and dry air, a tem perature somewhat lower than 80 deg. might be desirable. On the other hand with 85 deg. outside a 70-deg. temperature inside would be entirely too cold. In other words, the spread between the inside and outside temperature must be varied as the outside temperature varies. ' Table 2 is based on average moisture conditions outside and upon the assumption of relative humidities inside, between 50 and 60 per cent, which is usual in such installations. . Table 2. Desirable Indoor Temperatures in Summer Corresponding to Outdoor Temperatures ' Degrees Outride Dry Bulb 95 90 85 80 75 70 Dry Bulb 80.0 78.0 76.5 75.0 73.5 72.0 Degrees Inside Wet Bulb < 65.2 64.5 64.0 63.5 63.0 62.5 . Effective Temperature ' 73.4 72.2 71.1 70.2 69.3 68.2 8 OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES Winter ' The outside temperature used in computing the heat loss from a build ing is seldom taken as the lowest temperature ever recorded in a given locality. Such temperatures are usually of short duration and are rarely repeated irt successive years. It is therefore evident that a temperature somewhat higher than the lowest on record may be properly assumed in making the heat-loss computations. . v. The outside temperature to be assumed in the design of any heating system must not be more than 15 deg. fahr. above the lowest recorded 'temperature as reported by the Weather Bureau (Table 3) during the f9 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 3. Climatic Conditions Compiled from Weather Bureau Records Col. A Col. B Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F State City Average Temp., Oct. IstMay 1st Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vel ocity Dec., Jan., Feb., Miles per Hr. Direction of Prevail ing Wind, Dec., Jan., Feb. Ala___________ Mobile.. .............. ......... Birmingham..... ................................... Flagstaff................. ............... ............. Ark.............. Fort Smith .... Little Rock............. Cal......... ...... San Francisco.____________________ Los Angeles______________________ Colo._ ____ Denver....................... Grand Junction..... ............. Conn________ New Haven...................... D. C_________ Washington___ Fla___________ Jacksonville...... Ga__ . ____ Atlanta........ ................ Savannah............. Idaho________ Lewiston.......... Pocatello__________ IU...................... Springfield________________________ Ind__________ Indianapolis............. Evansville______ Iowa._ ______ Dubuque.... ...................... .............. Sioux City........ ........................ .......... Kans................ Concordia__-........... .......... Dodge City......... Ky..--.............. Louisville______________ ____ ______ La..................... Shreveport. ...... Me.. _______ Eastport.. . ...... Portland.............. Md................... Mass_________ Boston. ..... ........ Mich....... ........ Alpena............. Detroit:.......... Marquette........... Minn. Duluth........ .............. '...... Minneapolis Miss................. Mo..... ............. St. Joseph. .............. St. Louis........ ...... ............................. Springfield Mont..... ..... Billincrs.................................... Havre. ......... Nebr................ Lincoln...... North Platte Nev______ ___ Tonopah............................... .. .. Winnemucca.-- ............ .. N. H................ Concord......................... N. J................. N. V............ Buffalo____________________ New York.-............................... ; N. M..... ......... Santa Fe........ . 57.7 53.9 50 5 34.9 40 5 51.6 54.3 58.6 39.3 39.2 38.0 43.2 61.9 51.4 58.4 42.5 36.4 36 4 39.9 40.2 44.1 33.9 32.1 38.9 40.2 45.2 61 5 56.2 31.1 33.6 43.6 37.6 29.1 35.4 27.6 25.1 29.6 56 0 40.3 43.3 43.0 34:7 27.7 37.0 34.6 39.6 37.9 33.4 41 6 35.1 34.7 40.3 38.0 -i -10 16 -25 15 -12 29 28 --29 -16 -14 -15 10 g 8 -13 -20 23 -24 -25 -15 --32 -35 --25 -26 -20 7 --5 --23 -17 7 -13 -27 -24 -27 --41 -33 1 -24 -22 -29 . --49 , -57 --29 -35 -7 -28 --35 7 --24 -14 -6 -13 8.3 8.6 39 6.7 g() 9!9 74 5.6 9.3 7.3 8.2 11 8 8^3 4.7 9.3 17 p UL2 11.8 8.4 61 12.2 73 10.4 9.3 Qg 77 13 g 10.1 7 2- 11.7 11.3 13.1 11.4 11 1 11.5" 76 . 9.1 11 !8 11.3 8.7 10 Q 9.0 9.9 9.5 6*0 . in 6 7Q 17.7 13.3 7.3 . N N E sw E NW N NE s SE N NW NE NW NW E SE SW NW s s NW NW NNW SW N SE W NW NW ' W' w: : SW NW SW NW SF. NW NW ' SE w. sw ' N w SE NE NW NW ' s w NW NE 10 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Tari e 3 Climatic Conditions Compiled from Weather Bureau Records-- (Continued) Col. A Col. B Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F State or Province . City Average Temp., Oct. 1stMay 1st Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vek odty Dec., Jan., Feb.. Miles per Hr. Direction of Prevail ing Wind, Dec., Jan., Feb. M* C N. D------------- Ohio-------------- Okla---- --------Ore---------------- Columbus________________________ Oklahoma City.___!_____ _________ p? R. I--............ sr sn Rapid City........................................ Vt----------------V* W Va w; Parkersburg...................... ................. Wyo_________ CB. ................. B. C................. NR N. S..,,............ P. E. I. Pt. Arthur.--...... ................................ . Sask................. Prince Albert...................................... 49.7 53.1 24.5 18.9 36.9 39.9 48.0 34.1 45.9 41.9 40.8 37.6 56.9 53.7 28.1 32.3 47.0 50.9 53.0 54.7 60.7 38.1 40.0 29.3 49.1 45.2 47.4 45.3 37.5 38.8 41.9 28.6 31.2 33.0 31.0 28.9 23.3 43.8 41.7 17.2 27.1 35.5 32.5 26.9 21.6 32.0 30.1 27.4 24.4 14.7 1.6 1 31 81 -2 5 -45 -44 -17 -2 -6 -20 -9 7 -2 -43 -34 -16 -9 -2 -8 4 -24 -20 -27 2 -7 -3 3 -30 -21 -27 -36 -43 -25 -45 -36 -57 -2 2 -46 -35 -12 -26 -33 -51 -26 -23 -27 -34 -70 -68 7.3 8.9 11.4 14.5 9.3 12.0 6.0 6.5 11.0 13.7 14.6 11.0 8.0 11.5 7.5 6.5 9.6 10.5 11.0 8.2 8.9 4.9 12.9 9.0 5.2 7.4 9.1 4.8 6.6 ' 12.8 5.6 11.7 5.3 3.0 4.5 8.9 4.2 12.4 8.7 13.0 7.5 13.5 8.7 15.4 15.0 3.2 sw SW NW W SW sw N SE s NW NW NW N NE NW W SW NW NW NW N W SE S N NW S SE SW W S SW NW W NW NE W N E SW NW NW W SW _ NW SW sw sw 11 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 preceding 10 years for the locality in which the heating system is to be installed. The outside temperature assumed and used in the design should always be stated in the heating specifications. If Weather Bureau reports are not available for the locality in question, then the reports for the station nearest to this locality are to be used, unless some other temperature is specifically stated in the specifications. In computing the average heat transmission losses for the heating season in the United States the average outside temperature from October 1 to May 1, shall be used. This is to be that reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau during the preceding 10 years, for the locality in question. Summer The maximum cooling load in summer may be calculated for an outside dry-bulb temperature not to exceed 95 deg. and a wet-bulb temperature not to exceed 77 deg. While higher outside dry-bulb temperatures are frequently observed they are either of short duration or accompanied by low relative humidities. Weather Bureau reports are frequently mis leading in this respect as they report the maximum temperature for the day with the relative humidity, which occurs during a different period and which usually is much higher than the relative humidity occurring at the maximum temperature. Any statement of weather condition which gives a wet-bulb temperature higher than 80 deg. in the United States is questionable. HEAT LOSSES BY TRANSMISSION _ The heat losses of a building are of two kinds: (1) the transmission losses through the walls, floors, roof, ceiling and windows, and (2) the infiltration losses through the cracks, crevices, etc., around doors and windows and through solid materials. The transmission losses are computed by taking into account the heat transmission coefficients (See par. 5, p. 5) of the walls, roof, etc., of the building. These coefficients may be determined experimentally by test, or they may be computed with sufficient accuracy when certain physical constants are known. Transmission Coefficients By Test . Hot-Box Method: The standard method of testing built-up wall sections is by means of the guarded hot-box described in the Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Vol, 32, No. 5, May, 1926, which consists of an insulated outer box about 5 ft. x 5 ft.x5 ft., and an inner box about 3 ft.x3 ft.x3 ft., also insulated.' The wall specimen is clamped to the open side of the outer box and in this position must come in firm contact with the edges of the open side of the inner box. The air in the inner box is heated by means of a resistance coil wound on a cubical frame, and the temperatures in the two boxes controlled thermostatically to maintain the same temperature in each. Fans are installed to maintain uniform temperatures in these two.spaces with a minimum circulation of air. The heat transferred through the wall specimen is readily, estimated 12 : Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings from the heat input of the inner box, and the air-to-air coefficient of the specimen for still-air conditions determined by dividing this heat-loss by the area of the specimen through which the heat passes, the temperature difference of the air on the two sides of the specimen and the number of hours of the test. Nicholls Heat Meter: The Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers has developed an apparatus known as the Nicholls heat meter for the determination of the heat transmission coefficient of any type of construction under natural weather conditions. (See Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Vol. 30, No. 1, January, 1924). The Nicholls heat meter consists essentially of a plate of bakelite, 2 ft. square and Y% in. thick. This plate is equipped with thermocouples which are so constructed as to operate as differential pyrometers. A difference in temperature between the two surfaces of the plate produces a difference ' in electrical potential between the thermocouples.' . The plate is calibrated so that this difference in potential, when meas ured, can be converted into terms of heat transmission through the plate. In connection with this plate, it is also necessary to use several other thermocouples to give the temperature of the air within the building, the temperature of the interior surface of the wall or roof, the temperature of the plate itself, the temperature of the exterior of the wall or roof and the temperature of the exterior air. Tests have been conducted with the Nicholls heat meter on many, types of wall construction, and the results obtained are in close agree ment with the'eomputed values for these same constructions. If tests are made to determine heat transmission-coefficients, the inside and;outside air temperatures should correspond with those actually exist ing in heating practice, and the amount of air movement, both on the inside and outside of the test wall, should be definitely stated in reporting the coefficients. Since actual temperature differences vary widely in different parts of the country, it is desirable to adopt some standard basis for testing, such as 80 deg. inside and 0 deg. outside, and in very precise work make a correction for other temperatures. It has been found that the absolute mean temperature of the wall affects the coefficients materially. The coefficient increases with the absolute mean temperature. If the hot-box method is used, tests are usually run under still-air conditions, which means there was no wind movement during the test over the surfaces of the wall. In practice, some wind movement over the exterior surface of the wall should always be allowed for; hence, still-air coefficients cannot be used in actual work as they do not provide for the normal wind movement over the outside of the building in the locality in question during the heating season. Moreover, still-air transmission coefficients cannot be corrected to provide for moving-air conditions by multiplying by a single constant factor. It would be obviously impossible to determine the air-to-air heat trans mission coefficients of every type of wall construction in use with the Jieat meter or the hot-box on account of the great amount of time involved. Hence, the method of computing the coefficients from fundamental con ' stants must be resorted to in most cases, but heat-meter and the hot-box 13 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 - tests can be used to good advantage in checking the accuracy of the computed values. Transmission Coefficients by Computation Symbols and Definitions: The following symbols which are in agree ment with the recommendations of the Committee on Heat Transmission of the National Research Council are used in the heat-transmission formulae in this chapter: '* . V = Thermal transmittance or overall coefficient of heat transmission and is the amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. transmitted in one hour per square foot of the wall, floor, roof or ceiling for a difference in temperature of 1 deg. fahr. between the air on the inside and outside of the wall, floor, roof or ceiling. k. -- Thermal conductivity and is the amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. transmitted in one hour through 1 sq. ft. of a homogeneous material 1 in. thick for a difference in temperature of 1 deg. fahr. between the two surfaces of the material. The conductivity of any material depends on the structure of the material and its density. Heavy or dense materials, the weight of which per cubic foot is high, usually transmit more heat than light or less dense materials, the weight of which per cubic foot is low. C = Thermal conductance and is the amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. transmitted in one hour through 1 sq. ft. of a non-homogeneous material for the thickness or type under consideration for a difference in temperature of 1 deg. fahr. between the two surfaces of the material. Conductance is usually used to designate the heat transmitted through such heterogeneous materials as plaster board and hollow clay tile. / = Film or surface conductance and is the amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. trans mitted by radiation, conduction and convection from a surface to the air surrounding it, or vice versa, in one hour per square foot of the surface for a difference in temperature of 1 deg. between the surface and the surrounding'air. To differentiate between inside and outside wall (or floor, roof or ceiling) surfaces, fi is used to designate the inside surface or film-conductance and/o the outside surface or film-conductance. a = Thermal conductance of an air space and is the amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. transmitted by radiation, conduction and convection in one hour through an area of 1 sq. ft. of an air space for a temperature difference of 1 deg. fahr. The conductance of an air space depends on the mean absolute temperature, the width, the position and the character of the materials enclosing it. ' R = Resistance or resistivity, the reciprocal of transmission, conductance or con- ' ductivity, i.e.: ' = overall or air-to-air resistance. ' U ." k = internal resistivity. . _1^ c = internal resistance. _1_ / -- surface or film-resistance. J_ a = air-space resistance. x thickness in inches. . .. .' _ Fundamental Formulae: If heat transmission coefficients are to be computed, and in many, if not most cases, they should be computed, the following analysis of the transmission of heat through a simple, solid wall is used as the basis for such computations. The diagram in Fig. 1 exhibits four important temperatures: First, the air temperature t inside of the building; second, the temperature l, of the inside surface of the wall; third, the temperature U of the outside . ` 14 Chapter 2t-Heat Losses from Buildings A represents warm surfaces at temperature t of inside air; B represents cold surfaces at temperature to of outside air. For an actual temperature gradient curve see Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Temperature Curve or Gradient from Air Inside to and through Wall to Air Outside, Wall Material Assumed Air-Tight surface of the wall, and fourth, the air temperature t0 outside of the building. . Heat reaches or enters the inside surface of the wall by radiation and convection, since the air and objects A within the building are always warmer than the inside surface of the wall, when the inside air temperature t is greater than the outside air temperature ta. This heat must then pass through the material of the wall from inside to outside surface by con duction, and is finally given off from the outside surface by radiation and Fig. 2. Temperature.Gradient Curves for Glass (Taken from Bulletin No. 24, Engineering Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State College) 15 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 .. - convection, provided, of course, that equilibrium has been established 3 and all four temperatures are constant. ? The amount of heat reaching or entering the wall per hour depends on t and it and the coefficient /; varying with the character of the wall material. The symbol f may be defined as the B.t.u. per hour entering each square foot of wall surface per degree difference between the inside air temperature t and the inside surface temperature Hence, the heat received by the inner surface of the wall per hour by both radiation and convection is: ; ' Hi=f;(t~h)S (1) where S is the inner-wall surface area in square feet and the other terms are as heretofore.indicated. Whatever amount of heat Hi enters the inner-wall surface must be given off from the outer-wall surface, so that if Ha represents heat emitted from outer surface, Hi = H, =f0 (h - to) S (2) Now/0 may not equal /, in which case (U -- t0) will not equal (t -- h)\ Usually, in an actual wall exposed to wind on the outside, f0 (Table 5) is greater than/i and (tj -- f0) must be less than (t -- {,). Moreover, the heat Hc passing through the wall by conduction is equal to Ht and H,, and if k is the thermal conductivity expressed in B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of material per 1 in. thickness per degree difference between the surface temperatures, then Hi = Ht = Hc = 4- (h ~h)S X where x = wall thickness in inches. . (3) . These equations (1), (2) and (3) are fundamental and are used for determining values for /;, f0 and k for actual wall materials by test. They cannot be used for computing heat losses in an actual building, since the surface temperatures t, and t> are seldom known, although these surface . temperatures can be determined in a test by means of thermocouples. Hence, for actual conditions where the only temperatures known are the inside and outside air temperatures t and t0, it is necessary to use the transmission coefficient U = B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of wall surface per degree difference between the inside and outside air temperatures. Values of U for many common types of construction are given in Tables 12 to 36, inclusive. The heat II transmitted per hour froth air inside to air outside is then computed as follows: t H = U(t- to) S .(4) and since II = IT = H2 = Hc, the right-hand members of equations (1), : , (2), (3) and (4) are all equal. The coefficient U may be computed for any wall provided values for fi,fo and k are known. By proper substitution in the four equations, the unknown temperatures ti and h can be eliminated and the value of the transmission coefficient for a simple wall x inches thick is: . U' = -L + -L + JL fi U + k 16 /(5) Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings and for a compound wall of several materials having thicknesses in inches of Xi, x,, xi, etc., the coefficient is: 1 U = + t+ (6) As in the case of the simple wall, /; and /<,, are always the inside and outside surface coefficients for the two materials in contact with air. If the air is still (no wind), then for the same material/; and f0 are the same, and fi = foi but, if the outside air is in motion, then f0 is always greater than/; and will increase as the wind velocity increases. Values for/; in still air, as determined by various investigators, are given in Table 4. Table 4 Surface Coefficients (/;) for Various Building Materials under Still Air (No Wind) Conditions The valves in the Table are in B.t.u. per square foot op wall surface per hour per 1 deg. fahr. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE IN THE ROOM AND THE INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE WALL. ^ Buildinq Material Surface Coefficient fi (Still Air) Harding and Willard Wood Asbestos (sheet)....................... Brickwork (ordinary)............. Cement Plaster (finished).... Concrete..-........ -....................... Corkboard........ ...... ................. Glass (window)........................ Magnesia (blocks)-----......... Wood (finished surface)--..... Building paper...... ................... Average of all values. 1.40 1.40 0.93 1.30 1.25 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.34 1.20 1.90a 1.40 .Average of both sides of glass 0.12 in. thick and for 70 deg. fahr total temperature difference from air to air with moving air on one side. Probable value for still air on both sides l.w. Values for k and C, the conductivity and conductance of building ma terials and insulations, are given in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, and are taken from the published values of various investigators. It should be noted that values of k and C as well as U are dependent on the tempera ture range, and it is therefore desirable that the investigator determine heat-transmission values under conditions approximating those existing under actual conditions. ' In the case of air-space construction, an air-space coefficient for each air space must be inserted in either equation (5) or (6). Thus for a simple wall with one air space, . 1 U= x T (7) and for a simple'wall of several air spaces having conductances of a,, a,, a,, etc., the coefficient is: 17 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 U= 4-+-7-+-T-+7-+--+ -- + etc. fi fo * ai O't (8) With certain special forms of materials which have irregular air spaces (such as hollow tile) or are otherwise non-homogeneous, it is necessary to use the conductance (C) for the unit construction, in which case k is replaced by L Air Spaces and Surface Coefficients: The following from Bulletin No. 102 of the Engineering Experiment Station of the. University of Illinois, is pertinent: In making calculations for heat transmission coefficients of compound walls, an air space may be treated in either of the following ways: the air space may be regarded as a solid insulating material through which the heat passes according to the so-called conductivity theory or considering the transfer by the three methods, radiation, con vection, and conduction, the radiation and convection action may be combined into a single surface coefficient and the true conductivity of the air neglected. For every air space two surface coefficients, accordingly, would be considered. If different surfaces enclosed the air space, different surface coefficients would be used for the two walls. Because reliable air-space conductance values have not been available until recently, it has been the practice in the past, when calculating the heat transmission through constructions containing air spaces, to assign still-air surface values to the surfaces enclosing the air spaces, rather than to consider the air spaces as solid insulating materials. In the 1928 and. 1929 editions of The Guide the heat transmission tables were based on the average value of 1.34 for surfaces in still air taken from Table 4; which is equivalent to an air-space conductance of 0.67 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit difference in temperature between the two sides. . .: According to tests conducted at the University of Minnesota, under the direction of Prof. F. B. Rowley, conductances of air spaces for various widths and mean temperatures average somewhat higher than 0.67 (Table 6). These tests indicate that there is practically no increase''in the conductance of an air space beyond about 1 in. in width, and that fKe average conductance of air spaces of this width or greater at a mean tent- perature of 40 deg. fahr. is about 1.10 B.t.u. per hour per square foot, per degree fahrenheit difference in temperature, although this value is probably sufficiently accurate for all air spaces of in. or more in width4! Surface coefficients increase with the velocity of air passing over thb surface. Factors for determining conductances of outside surfaces under moving-air conditions are given in Table 5. It is the practice to increase the still-air surface coefficient by the factor 3 to allow for moving-air^. . conditions, which is approximately equivalent to a wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Thus, the conductance of the average surface for still air is 1.34, based on the values given in Table 4, and when increased by. the factor 3 to allow for moving air, the outside surface coefficient, is 3 X 1-34 or 4.02 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit difference between the surface and the air in contact with it. The overall transmission of any wall for a wind exposure other than 15 miles per hour, can be computed by assigning the proper outside sur.-i , 18 . L . . Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings face coefficient, but in most cases the accuracy involved does not^tarrant this degree of refinement, and it is sufficiently accurate to base all calcu lations on the one wind exposure. For example: If the heat transmission coefficient of a certain wall is 0.20 based on the outside surface coefficient of 4.02 for a 15-mile wind velocity, this coefficient would not vary more than 1 per cent, plus or minus, for a variation in the wind velocity of 5 miles per hour, plus or minus, based on data contained in Table 5. Computed coefficients are not accurate to this degree of variation in most cases, particularly when it is considered that overall coefficients will often vary to a much greater extent with the density of the materials used in the construction, the moisture content, the mean temperature, the quality of workmanship, and other factors. Table 5. Factors to be Used in Determining Values of Outside Surface Coefficients (/q) under Moving Air Conditions In each case, the moving air factor is based on still AIR COEFFICIENT fi FOR same MATERIAL. For CONDITIONS WHERE WIND VELOCITY IS NOT KNOWN USB THE FACTOR (3) OR TAKE /o as 3/i FOR SAME MATERIAL. Wind Velocttt in Miles per Hocb Brickwork MEUnPLTEBS OV /i* Wood Average '5 2.38 2.19 2.28 10 3.20 2.71 2.96 IS 3.76 2.95 3.36b. 20 4.22 3.02 3.62 Additional Values--Smooth Surface 10 20 Above 20 2.20 2.60 3.00 _____ -- Taken from Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 102, of the University of Illinois. Addi tional values from Engineering Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State College, reported by Professor Wood. Tests at Pennsylvania State College indicate character of surface; rough or smooth, more important than material of surface. bThis is usually taken as 3 even. Conductivities and Conductances: The majority of the conductivities and conductances of the building materials and insulations given in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, were determined by the hot-plate method of testing. (See Standard Test Code for Heat-Transmission Through Walls, Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, January, 1928, p. 63.) Attention is called to the fact that conductivities per inch of thickness of materials or insulations do not afford a true basis for comparison, although they are frequently used for that purpose. Correct comparisons should take into consideration many, .different factors, including conductivities or conductances, thicknesses installed, manner of installation, etc., while the selection of an insulation should also give consideration to structural qualities, as well as material and application costs. At present there is no universally recognised method of rating insulations. Conductivities and conductances of build ing materials and insulations are useful to the heating engineer in deter- 19 American Society of Heating and .Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 6. Conductances of Air Spaces a at Various Mean Temperatures Temp. Deo. Fahr. 0.128 Conductance op Aib Spaces fob Various Width in Inches 0.250 0.364 0.493 0.713 1.00 1.500 .20 2.300 1.370 1.180 1.100 1.040 1.030 1.022 30 2.385 1.425 1.234 1.148 1.080 1.070 1.065 40 2.470 1.480 1.288 1.193 1.125 1.112 1.105 50 2.560 1.535 1.340 1.242 1.168 1.152 1.149 60 2.650 1.590 1.390 1.295 1.210 1.195 1.188 70 2.730 1.648 1.440 1.340 1.250 1.240 1)1228 80 2.819 -4.702 1.492 1.390 1.295 1.280 1.270 90 2.908 1.757 1.547 1.433 1.340 1.320 1.310 100 2.990 1.813 1.600 1.486 1.380 1.362 1.350 110 3.078 1.870 1.650 1.534 1.425 1.402 1.392 120 3.167 1.928 1.700 1.580 1.467 1.445 1.435 130 3.250 1.980 1.750 1.630 1.510 1.485 1.475 140 3.340 2.035 1.800 1.680- 1.550 1.530 1.519 ISO 3.425 2.090 1.852 1.728 1.592 1.569 1.559 Thermal Resistance of Air Spaces, By F. B. Rowley and A. B. Algren (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vo!. 35,` No. I, January, 1929). '. mining overall coefficients of heat transmission of walls, floors, roofs and ceilings. Computed Transmission Coefficients: As previously stated heat trans mission coefficients of many common types of building construction are given in Tables 12 to 36, inclusive, each construction being identified by a serial number. For example: The coefficient of transmission (U) of a 12-in. brick wall, furring strips, and %-in. of gypsum plaster on metal lath, is 0.216, and the number assigned to a wall of this construction is S-B, Table 12. The coefficients in these tables were determined by computations Similar to those shown in Fig. 3, using the value of k (or C) indicated. The authorities for the conductivities used for computing these coefficients are given in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. As in the case of the examples in Fig. 3, the average value of 1.34 given in Table 4 for/, was used for all surfaces in still air. The value of /0 for outside wall and roof surfaces was ! taken as 3 X /i, or 4.02, corresponding to a wind velocity, of approxh mately 15 miles per hour. The conductance of air spaces in. or more in' ' width was taken to be 1.10 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree: fahreriheit difference between the two sides enclosing the air space. (See Table 6.) . .' y Problems involving the determination of the value'of U from the pon-> . ductivity constants can also be solved by what is sometimes known as' the resistance method which is readily derived from the basic equation' No. 5 as follows: \ + }-+~k ~XM + o + r) . or ' ' U - ---------------------------u 2{Ri + R0+Rr] ' 20 (9) , ' . (. / . '* Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Fig.-3. Examples Showing Method of Computing Heat Transmission Coefficients of Various -Types of Construction 21 V American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The internal resistance of a material is equal to the reciprocal of its so-called internal conductivity (k) multiplied by its thickness and is represented by the fraction X or -g\r, in the case of materials for which the conductance is given in terms of the construction or thickness stated. For example: The internal resistance of 12 in, of brickwork on the basis 12 _ of a value of k of 5.0 is 5 or 2.40. The internal resistance of 2-in. hollow clay tile based on the value of C of 1.18 is y-yg or 0.847. In the resistance, method, the sum of the internal resistances of all the materials entering into the construction, is added to the sum of the surface resistances, which are the reciprocals of the surface coefficients or-y-. The resistance of a surface in still air, based on the average value of/i or 1.34 is y-~y or 0.746. The resistance of an outside surface exposed to the wind, based on the average value of/0 or 4.02 (3 X 1.34) is or 0.249. The computed value of V obtained by the resistance method is obtained by taking the reciprocal of the sum of the internal and surface resistances of the construction. The solution of Example V in Fig. 3, by means of the resistance method is given in the following summary: Material Brickwork Cement Mortar........ .. Hollow Clav Tile.__ Plaster (gypsum).................. Total resistance (R)___ Thickness Inches Internal CoNDccmrrr OB Conductance Surface Coefficients h' f0 Internal Resistance 12 2 V2 5.0 () 8.0 (k) 1.18 (C) 2.32 {k) 4-02 (f0) L34~(7I) 2.400 0.063 0.847 0.215 3.525 *. Surface Resistance 0.249 0.746 0.995'. 3.525 4.520 11 .' . t/ = -^r = = 0.221 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr- difference in temperature between the air on the two sides of tKe wall: In computing heat transmission coefficients of floors laid directly on- the ground (Table 31), only one surface coefficient -(fi) is used. For, ; example, the value of U for a 1 in. yellow pine floor (actual thickness,* % in.) placed directly on 5 in. concrete on the ground, is determined as follows: '. 1___________________ . .. V = 1 0.781 .. 5.0 = 0,472 B.t.u. per^hour per square foot 1.34 + TOO + 8.30 per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the ground and- the air immediately above the floor. . 22 i Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 7. Conductivities (k) and Conductances (C) of Building Materials and Insulations Based on Tests Conducted at the U. S. Bureau of StandardsP Nat,__ the coefficients in Tables 7-11. incl., are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square * --------- ao *ttt \ in. THICKNESS UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED BY NOTE b. ' Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.) Mean Temp. (Deg. Fahr.) CoNDUC-* T1VJTY (fe) OR Conduc tance (C) Asbestos Wood---"--Asbestos Mill Board.-- Balsam Woolb---------- ~ Asbestos and cement compressed-.--- Pressed asbestos................. ................ -- Chemically treated wood fiber be tween layers of paper---- ------- --- Cabots Quiltb-------------------Cabots Quiltb-----------------Celotex-------- -------- ------- --- Eel grass between Kraft paper___ --- Eel grass between Kraft paper_______ I Rigid insulation made from sugar cane fiber--.---------------------------------- -----------------------Corkboard.- Corkboard.. Corkboard------------Corkboard (Eureka)---------Dry Zero*1---............. ............ Fibrofeltb..-......... --..........Flaxlinumb------------------------ Pure; no added binder----------.--- --------- Pure; no added binder Pure; no added binder.......... ................ Asphaltic binder.......--....... .................. Kapok between burlap or paper._____ Flax and rye fiber.......... ...............--.-- Flax fiber........................................ ........ Gypsum between layers of heavy paper (H in. thick)----------------------- Hairinsulb............. --........Hfiirinsulb-------------- ------ Hair Feltb............................. Hair Feltb. Insulex or PyroceJL. Insulex or Pyroce -----------Insulex or Pyrocell.............. Insulex or Pyrocell.............. Insulite -------------*------Linofcltb------------------------------- Uth------------- ------- ----------- 75% hair; 25% jute............... ............... 50% hair; 50% jute-------------------------Felted cattle hair.------- -------- ------- -----Felted cattle hair.. Cellular gypsum--dry------------- ----Cellular gypsum--dry--............-- Cellular gypsum--dry.. Ceilular gypsum--dry......... Rigid insulation made from wood pulp. Flax fibers between paper Rock wool, flax and straw pulp with binder. Magnesia (Rigid)Plaster._ Regranulated cork-. Rock cork---Rock wool--. Rock wool--. Rock wool-- Rock wool$awdust_ 85% magnesia, 15% asbestos.--------Gypsum.......... ................... ' About >6 in. particles-- Rock wool block with binders...__ Fibrous material, made from rock. Fibrous material made from rock..___ Fibrous material made from rock.. Fibrous material made from rock.. Ordinary............. ............................. Shavings-.. Sheetrock- Ordinary. Gypsum mixed with sawdust between | layers of heavy paper (0.39 in. thick)! Sprayo-Flake----Thermofeltb--.. Thermofeltb____ Shredded paper with silica binderi Jute and asbestos fibers, felted. 1 Hair and asbestos fibers, felted.______ ThermofilL-------- Dry. fluffy, flaked gypsum_______ .___ Thermofi.lI--------Thermofillb____ Dry, fluffy, flaked gypsum--................. Dry. fluffy, flaked gypsum__ _ Torfoleum--------- .. Peat moss compressed into sheet form 123.0 60.5 2.2 4.6 3.4 13.2 14.0 10.6 7.0 14.5 1.0 13.6 13.0 53.5 6.3 6.1 13.0 11.0 30.0 24.0 18.0 12.0 16.9 4.9 .. ' 14.3 19.3 46.2 8.1 16.7 10.0 14.0 18.0 21.0 60.7 4.2 10.0 7.8 34.0 26.0 19.8 10.2 86 86 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 86 86 90 86 90 90 90 90 86 86 90 94 90 90 90 90 90 91.5 2.70 0.84 0.27 . 0.26 0.25 0.34 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.32 0.24 0.32 0.31 2.60b 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 1.00 0.77 0.59 0.44 0.34 ' 0.28 0.40 0.51 2.321 0.31 0.37 0.27 .0.28 0.29 0.30 1.04 0.71 3.60b 0.28 0.37 0.28 0.60 0.52 0.35 0.29 Woods: Falsa wood... Balsa woodBalsa woodCypressMaple___ 1........................ Mahogany.......................Virginia Pine----------------- White Pine_______ __ -- Across grain................ Across grain............... Across grain.____ ___ Across grain.............. Across grain-............. Across grain............... Across grain............... Across grain.............. ` 20.0 8.8 7.3 28.7 44.3 34.3 34.3 31.2 90 90 90 86 86 86 . 86 86 0.58 0.38 0.33 0.67 1.10 0.90 0.96 0.78 ` Mn addition to the conductivity values for the authorities listed, considerable work of importance per taining to the heat transmission of various types of construction and materials has been done by the late Prof. John R. Allen and Prof. A. J. Wood of the Engineering Experiment Station of Pennsylvania State College. . bFor thickness stated or used in construction, not per 1 in. thickness. _' bNot compressed. ' ' The conductivity of plaster varies with the composition. Note range of values from 2.32 to 8.0. The average value for plaster is probably about 5.0. On account of the comparatively high conductivity of plaster and the fact that it is seldom applied more than % in. thick, this material does not appreciably effect the overall transmission of a construction; excepting in the case of thin uninsulated walls. pSee Chapter LX, by Chas. H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee, A. S. R. E., Annual Meeting 1922, Revised to 1924, entitled. Heat Transmission of Insulating Materials for a more compre hensive collection of heat transmission data relating to building and insulating materials. 23 4 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The thicknesses upon which the coefficients in Tables 12 to 36, inclusive, are based, are as follows: Brick veneer........... ................................................................................. 4 in. Plaster and metal lath........................................................................... % in Plaster (on wood lath, plasterboard, rigid insulation, board form, or corkboard).... ......... ........................... ............................ M in. Slate (Roofing)......................................................................................... % in. Stucco on wire mesh reinforcing.... ................................................... 1 in. Tar and gravel or slag-surfaced built-up roofing.................... -- % in. Wood shingles (average thickness).......... ........ ................................ % in. Wood siding or clapboard (average thickness)...... ................... . Jig in. 1-in. Lumber (S-2-S)..................................... .......................................in. I l^-in. Lumber (S-2-S).......................................................... ............... 1 Jfc in. 2-in. Lumber (S-2-S)...... ...................................................................... 1 % in. 2J4-in. Lumber (S-2-S).............. ........................................................... 2)/& in. 3-in. Lumber (S-2-S)........................................................... ....... ........... in. 4-in. Lumber (S-2-S).................................. ........................................... 3J6 in. Finish flooring (Maple or Oak)._............................................. ......... 13A<i in. Table 8. Conductivities (k) and Conductances (C) of Building Materials and Insulations Based on Tests Conducted at the University of Illinois, By A. C. Willard, L. C. Lichty and L. A. Harding P Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.). Mean Temp. (Deg. Fahr.) . CONDUC-a TIVITY (ft) OR Conduc tance (C) Asbestos... . .. Asbestos Board.......... Brickwork Brickwork Mortar bond and dry conditions.......... Cement mortar , Concrete......................................... Corkboard , ........................ Stone 1-2-4 mix._________________________ Pure; no added binder.............................. 2 in. hollow clay tile, H in. plaster both sides___ 4 in. hollow clay tile, in. plaster both sides. ______ 6 in. hollow clay tile, in. plaster both sides.--. .... Magnesia Board......... ............ Plaster. ...................... Roofinpff Stucco .......................... Wood (Fir, one- surface finished. Built-up bitumen and felt, gravel or 8lae surfaced Built-up bitumen and felt, gravel or Slav surfaced Across erain... . 48.3 20.4 132.0 140.0 9.7 120-.0 127x0 124.3 13,5 ......... 33.4 110 110 100 110 105 - 0.29 0.48 4.00 5.001 . 8.002* 4 -* 8.30 . 0.32 ' 0.47b 8^001 1.325d 5.30d-b 8.00* ; 1.00 ;* coaaucuvuy values tor the authorities listed, considerable Work of importance petP-Tf fjh), n TV?1 tranfTMss!on. of various types of construction and materials has been done by the late CUUileCgJC. h R` A en and Prof' A- 1- Wood of the Engineering Experiment Station of Pennsylvania State bFor thickness stated or used in construction, not per 1 in. thickness. ^Calculated from 2 in. tile tests. - fCement mortar and stucco assumed same as cement plaster. .- sRoofing, 0.15 in. thick (1.34 lb. per sq. ft.), covered with gravel (0.83 lb. per sq. ft.),'combined thickness assumed 0.25. . *The conductivity of plaster varies with the composition. Note-range of values from 2.32 to 8.0. The average value for plaster is probably about 5.0. On account of the comparatively high conductivity of plaster and the fact that it is seldom applied more than % in. thick, this material does not appreciably effect the overall transmission of a construction, excepting in the case of thin uninsulated walls. . . . jRecommended value. See Mechanical Equipment of Buildings, by Harding and Willard. Vpl. I, second edition. 1929, p. 182. . ., pSee Chapter LX, by Chas. H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee. A. S. R.'E., Annual Meeting, 1922, Revised to 1924, entitled. Heat Transmission of Insulating Materials for a more compre-; hensive collection pf heat transmission data relating to building and insulating materials- , .; 24 . Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings ' Table 9. Conductivities (k) and Conductances (C) of Building Materials and Insulations Based on Tests Conducted at Armour Institute of Technology, By J. C. Peebles p Material Description Density (Lb. per . Cu. Ft.) Mean Temp. (Deg. Fahr.) Co&DUC-* TIVITY (ft) OR Conduc tance (C) Aerocrete.---......... Aerocrete.-------------Aerocrete--------------Aerocrete...-.--.-..... Cellular concrete.... Cellular concrete-- Cellular concrete--.. Cellular concrete.... Asbestos shingles.. Asphalt shingles... Balsam Wool*1----- Chemically treated wood fibre with with plain paper. Beaver Fibre Wallboard-- Calicel-............ .................. Commercial thickness in--............ Granular fill insulation made from combined silicate of lime, and alumina__--............................ ........... _ Celotex............... :.......... Rigid insulation made from sugar cane fibre....... ......... -...... -___ _______ ___ Certainteed Insulating Board---------------------- Concrete..... ................... Concrete. Dry Zero Blanket*1.... Commercial thickness % in Stone-- Cinder............ ... -................................. . Pliable slab form of insulation made from ceiba fibres.-.............................. Dry Zero Blanket**.... Dry Zero Blanket*1.-- Pliable slab form of. insulation made from ceiba fibres. Pliable slab form of insulation made from ceiba fibres----------- ------------- Flax-ii-num*1-- Haydite Concrete............. Homasote "A " Building Board......................... -- Inso Board........ --........... Insulite....:............. ........... Keystone Hair**................ Flax fibre__ Heat treated clay aggregate concrete.... Made from wood and other vegetable fibres chemically treated.......-.......... Rigid insulation made fromwheat straw] Rigid insulation made from wood pulp.. Hair felt between layers of paper; 1 in. thick. Lith............. Rock wool, flax and straw pulp with binder...................... ............................ Maftex.------- Rigid insulation made from licorice roots......... ............. ............................. Maple Flooring.. Across grain............... -.......................... Masonite...... ...... Rigid insulation made from exploded wood fibre__________ ___._____ ____ Plaster Board.; Gypsum between layers of heavy paper Pyrocell or Insulex-............ Cellular gypsum--dry..................... . ' Pyrocell or Insulex--------- -, Cellular gypsum---dry-.................... Pyrocell or Insulex............~.| Cellular gypsunf--dry_.._._............. Pyrocell or Insulex.. Cellular gypsum--dry............... ...... . Roofing................. -- Composition or prepared................. Sprayo-Flake.......... Shredded paper with silica binder.. Thermofil... ............. Dry, fluffy, flaked gypsum.. Thermofil. Dry, fluffy, flaked gypsum............. Thermasote "A" Made from wood fibre, chemically Insulating Board.... - treated..................... _.............. ........... Torfoleum._ Peat moss compressed into sheet form Weatherwood-- Rigid insulation made from hard pine fibres......... .................................... Wood Lath and Piaster*.. Lime plaster.......................... .... ..... Yellow Pine................... ... Across grain............. ......................... 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 65.0 70.0 3.62 ..... - 4.2 13.5 25.9 145.0 110.0 19 1.6 1.5 12.1 73.0 22.2 17.0 16.5 11.0 14.5 16.1 40.0 19.8 62.8 30.0 24.0 18.0 12.0 4.5 24.0 18.0 18*6 11.0 72.0 75 75 75 75 75 75 70 72 70 . 75 75 75 75 75 70 75 68 70 '75 75 81 75 75 70 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 70 70 75 1.06 1.44 1.80 2.18 6.00b 6.50b 0.25 0.50 0.24 0-33 0.39 6.30 5.20 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.30 ^ 1.62 ' 0.38 0.33 , 0.34 0.25 0.38 0.34 1.20 0.33 1.41 0.92 0.74 0.57 0.40 6.50b 0.25 0.48 0.34 0.34 0.26 0.32 2.0b 1.00 oln addition to the conductivity values for the authorities listed, considerable work of importance per taining to the heat transmission of various types of construction and materials has been done by the late Prof. John R. Allen and Prof. A. J. Wood of the Engineering Experiment Station of Pennsylvania State College. .^ *>For thickness stated or used in construction, not per 1 in. thickness. bNot compressed. ^Thickness of lime plaster and wood lath from back of lath to face of plaster, about 96 in. * pSee Chapter LX, by Chas. H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee. A. S. R- ., Annual Meeting, 1922, Revised4,0.1924, entitled. Heat Transmission of Insulating Materials for a more compre hensive collection of heat transmission data relating to building and insulating materials. 25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 10. Conductivities (k) and Conductances (C) of Building > Materials and Insulations Based on Tests Conducted at the University of Minnesota, By F. B. Rowley P Material Description Density (Lb. per tv. Ft.) Mean Temp. (Dec. Fahr.) CONDUC-a TIVITY (k) OR Conduc tance (O Concrete... Dry Zero.. Stone 1-2-4 mix Pliable slab form of insulation made from ceiba fibres_________________ Fir sheathing and building paper........... ....................... Fir sheathing, building paper and pine lap siding..........-j Fir sheathing, building paper and stucco. Gypsum Tile............... ......... Solid.. Gypsum Tile,....................-- Solid____ Gypsum Fibre ConcreteTM.... Lath and M in. Plaster____ Masonite......... ....................... 87M% gypsum and 12>$% wood chips Total thickness H in........................ .... Rigid insulation made from exploded Pine lap Aiding and building wood fibre. paper....... ............................ Lap siding 4 in. wide________________ Plaster. Thickness H in................. .................... Sheet Rock Pyrofill Roofing, 2H in .thick....................... Plaster board, gypsum fibre concrete and 3-ply roof covering------------------ Sprayo-Flake............. ........... Shredded paper with silica binder------- 143.0 51.8 75.6 51.2 17.9 52.4 5.9 30.0 20.0 20.0 69.9 75.9 74.4 70.0 77.6 15.5 73.0 76.0 61.1 9.46 0.23 0.71b 0.50b 0.82b 1.66 2.96 1.66 2.50b 0.32 0.85b 8.8b 0.58b 0.28 aln addition to the conductivity values for the authorities listed, considerable work of importance per taining to the heat transmission of various types of construction and materials has been done by the late Prof. John R. Allen and Prof. A. J. Wood of the Engineering Experiment Station of Pennsylvania State College. - bpor thickness stated or used in construction, not per 1 in. thickness. pSee Chapter LX, by Chas. H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee, A. S, R. E., Annual,. Meeting, 1922. Revised to 1924, entitled. Heat Transmission of Insulating Materials for a more compre hensive collection of heat transmission data relating to building and insulating materials. - Note that actual thicknesses of lumber are used in the computations, rather than nominal thicknesses. ;- On account of the fact that the internal resistances of metal and single ' thicknesses of building paper (used because of its value as a wind stop' only) and roofing felt are very small, these resistances were neglected in the calculations, in accordance with standard practice. The computation^-, for wood shingle roofs applied over wood stripping are based on 1 by 4 in. wood strips, spaced 2 in. apart. Since no reliable figures are available concerning the conductivity of Spanish and French clay roofing tile, of,. which there are many varieties, the figures for such types of roofs were- taken the same as for slate roofs, as it is probable that the values of U / for these,two types of roofs will compare favorably. ; The coefficients of transmission of the pitched roofs in Table 34 apply where the roof is over a heated attic or top floor, such that the heat passes , directly through the roof structure including whatever finish, if any, is applied to the underside of the roof rafters. By a heated attic is meant an attic to which heat is supplied directly from the furnace or boiler by means of radiators, warm-air registers, or other means. - If the attic is unheated, the roof structure and ceiling of the top floor must both be taken into consideration, and the combined coefficient .of ' transmission determined. The formula for calculating the cotnbined \ coefficient of transmission of a top-floor ceiling, unheated attic space and ... pitched roof, per square foot of roof area, is as follows: `' 26 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings where TJ = X Uce n X Ur + t/ Ur = coefficient of transmission of the roof. Uce = coefficient of transmission of the ceiling. n = the ratio of the area of the roof to the area of the ceiling. (10) In using this formula, a correction-factor must be applied. As the amount of heat transferred through an air space is proportional to the difference of the fourth powers of the absolute temperatures of the surfaces enclosing the air space, a greater amount of heat is absorbed or emitted by radiation by the surfaces enclosing an unheated attic than by the surfaces of a wall or ceiling in a room under still-air conditions, where the surrounding objects are only slightly higher in temperature than the interior surfaces of the walls and ceiling. For example: According to the most reliable information at present available, the average coefficient of a surface in still air is 1.34 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit, whereas the average coefficient of an air space in an outside wall is about 1.10 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit difference between the two surfaces, at a mean temperature of 40 deg. fahr. An air space coefficient of 1.10 is equivalent to a surface coefficient of 2.20 for each of the two surfaces enclosing the air space, where the overall transmission is computed by using the coefficients of the two surfaces enclosing the air space instead of the coefficient of the air space itself. HenCe, in determining the values of Ur and Z7ce to be used in the formula, the coefficients for the surfaces of the roof and ceiling enclosing the attic should be increased to allow for the additional amount of heat transferred by radiation, and a coefficient of 2.20 may be used with sufficient accuracy for each of these surfaces, although in very precise work a correction should be made to allow for the fact that the area of a pitched roof over an unheated attic is greater than the area of the ceiling, and hence, the amount of heat absorbed by radiation by each square foot of roof surface is less than is given off by radiation by each square foot of ceiling surface. . The following examplerwill illustrate the use of this formula: Determine the combined coefficient of transmission of a roof constructed of asbestos shingles applied over wood sheathing on rafters, an unheated attic, and a wood lath and plaster ceiling, based on a roof having a Y pitch, for which the valiie of n is 1.2. + +Ur 1 1 = 0.605 1 0.781 4.02 2.20 6.00 1.00 Uce -- = 0.588 1.34 ^ 2.20 T 2.00 Substituting these values in the preceding formula: U 0.605 X 0.588 = 1.2 X 0.605 + 0.588 = 0.271 B.t.u. per hour,, per square foot of roof area per 1 deg. faihr. difference in temperature between the air near the underside of the ceiling and the outside air. 27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table II. Conductivities (k) and Conductances (C) of Building Materials , Based on Tests Conducted by Various Authorities p Material Description Concrete.. Concrete.. Slate.____ Stone__ _ 1M in. Split . . Furring Clay Tile Stone 1-2-5 mix__ Cinder 1-2-4 mix... Limestone or Sandstone____ 2 in. Split Furring Clay Tile 2 in. Furring Clay Tile 3 in. Furring or Partition Clay Tile 4 in. Partition Clay Tile 2 mm--n__n *--?--\-- n--r --?--r--t i--t--r- 6 in. Partition Clay Tile 6 in. Load Bearing Clay Tile 8 in Backup Clay Tile --r ~i--i--r- a TT Mean Temp. (Deg. Fahr.) 95c 122 201 CONDUC-a TIVITY (k) OR Conduc tance (C) Authority 6.27 2.35 10.37 10.0 C. L. Norton, Boston, Mara. C. L. Norton, Boston, Mass. Dees & Chorlton Estimated 1.40b EstimatedTM 1.25b EstimatedTM 1.18b EstimatedTM 1.00b EstimatedTM 0.93b EstimatedTM 0.S6b EstimatedTM 0.54b EstimatedTM -.< 0.50b EstimatedTM Table 11. Conductivities (k) and Conductances (C) of Building Materials . Based on Tests Conducted by Various Authorities P--(Continued) Material Description Mean Temp. (Deg. Fahr.) Conduc-s TIVITY (k) I OR ! CONDUC TANCE (C) Authority 10 in. Load Bearing Clay Tile 0.46b EstimatedTM 12 in. Load Bearing . Clay Tile 0.33b EstimatedTM gin. Concrete Blocks (hollow) 0.84b Estimatedo 12 in. Concrete Blocks (hollow) 8 in. Cinder Blocks (hollow) 1f ! i 0.52b Estimated!* 0.45b Estimated!* 8 in. Backup Clay Tile 8 in. Load Bearing Clay Tile . 8 TT i--?--r 0.39b Estimatedm 0.49b Estimatedm aln addition to the conductivity values for the authorities listed, considerable work of importance per taining to the heat transmission of various types of construction and materials has been done by the late. PCroollfe.gJeo.hn R. Alien and Prof. A. J. Wood of the Engineering Experim.ent Station of Pennsylvania-State . bFor thickness stated or used in construction, not per 1 in. thickness. cHot 6ide of plate. . Average of several values. . - 1 . mEstimated from air space conductance data in Table 6, and Burned Clay conductivity of 5.0-per 1 in. Walls of load bearing tile assumed % in. thick and webbs assumed % in. thick. Walls of all other tile assumed % in. thick and webbs M in. thick. . . - pSee Chapter LX, by Chas. H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee, A. S. R. Annual Meeting 1922, Revised to 1924, entitled. Heat Transmission of Insulating Materials for a more compre hensive collection of heat transmission data relating to building and insulating materials. .- 28 E 12 in- Cinder Blocks (hollow) 0.28b Estimated!* 3 in. Gypsum Tile (hollow) oooo 0.55b Estimatedo 4 in. Gypsum Tile (hollow). OOO 0.46b Estimated<7 Ten Test--------- Rigid insulation made from wood fiber 52 0.33 E. A. Allcut University of Toronto ^Estimated from air space conductance data in Table 6, and Burned Clay conductivity of 5.0 per lin. Walls of load bearing tile assumed, % in. thick and webbs assumed % in. thick. Walls of all other tile . assnumEsetdim$ateind. ftrhoimckaainrdspwaecbebcsonMduicnt.atnhcieckd.ata in Table 6, andjxmdu.ctivit'y of concrete of 8.30 per 1 in. Shells and webbs assumed 2 in. thick. Conductivity of dry Cinder Concrete assumed 3.33. . oEstimat&d from air-space conductance data-in Table 6, and conductivity of gypsum tileof 1.66 per 1 in. -It is assumed that each tile has 4 cores per 12 in. width, each 2M in. in diameter. 1 s nEstimated from air space conductance data in Table 6, and conductivity of gypsum tile of 1.66 per l in. It is assumed that each tile has 3 cores per 12. in. width, each 2M in. in diameter. . . . 29 American SbciETY of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ' Combined coefficients for many common types of pitched roofs and top-floor ceilings for unheated attics are given in Table 35. If the unheated attic space between the roof and ceiling has no dormers, windows or vertical wall surfaces, the combined coefficients, given in Table 35 may be used for determining the heat loss through the roof construction between the attic and top-floor ceiling, but it should be noted that the coefficients given in Table 35 should be multiplied by the roof area and not by the ceiling area. If the unheated attic contains windows, ventilators or vertical wall surfaces, which would tend to reduce the tem perature in the attic to a temperature approaching or equaling the outside temperature, the roof should be neglected and only the top-floor ceiling construction and the corresponding ceiling area taken into consideration, using the coefficients given in Tables 29 or 30. The attic temperature should then be taken the same as the outside temperature. In this case the reasoning regarding the loss of heat from a surface by radiation,, referred to in the preceding discussion regarding the determination of the combined coefficients of a ceiling; unheated attic and roof, does not apply to the heat loss from the attic floor or top-floor ceiling, on account of the fact that the undersurface of the roof will have about the same tempera ture as the attic floor. As stated before, if the attic is heated, the top-floor ceiling should be neglected, and only the roof structure, with whatever ceiling is applied to the underside of the roof rafters, taken into considera tion in determining the heat losses through the roof. .' The temperature in an attic space containing no dormers, windows, vertical wall spaces or ventilators may be estimated by means of the following formula: . where I Hce ~i~ n ip Ur Uce + n Ur U0,) I = inside temperature near ceiling. /j> = temperature in attic. to -- outside temperature. , If in the foregoing problem, involving the determination of the com bined coefficient of transmission, the inside temperature t is 70 deg. fahr. and the outside temperature is --10 deg. fahr., the attic temperature, based on equation (10a) will be: . 70 X 0.588 -1- 1.2 X (-10) X 0.605 0.588 + 1.2 X 0.605 -- 26 deg. fahr. As previously stated, if the attic contains windows, ventilators, etc., the attic temperature will approach or equal the outside temperature, the roof will provide little or no resistance to the passage of heat, and. the heat loss through the upper part of the building may be estimated by assuming the attic temperature to be the same as the outside tempera ture and using the heat transmission coefficient of the ceiling. The heat loss through floors into basements and into unheated rooms kept closed may be computed by assuming a temperature for these rooms of 32 deg. fahr. 30 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Areas Where Transmission Losses Occur . - Heat is lost from a building by transmission through all of those sur faces which separate heated spaces from the outside air or from unheated colder spaces within the building. In general, five kinds of surfaces are involved: (1) outside walls; (2) outside glass; (3) inside walls or parti tions next to unheated spaces; (4) ceilings of upper floors, either below a cold attic space or as the underside of a roof slab, and (5) floors of heated rooms above an unheated space. In most cases, only items (1) and (2), outside wall and glass surface, are considered. Failure to take account of the other heat-losing surfaces, items (3), (4) and (5), when they exist in a building, has generally resulted in more or less dissatisfaction with the operation of the heating plant, as a result of failure to heat the rooms having such surfaces as indicated by items (3), (4) and (5). The net outside wall surface is usually determined by reference to the scale plans and elevations of the building concerned. In some cases, of course, the actual building may have to be measured. The total area of all outside openings which are occupied by windows and doors is accurately measured and listed as glass. The glass area is then deducted from the total outside wall area for each room and the difference is the net wall area. The outside wall areas for any floor should be based on the vertical floor-to-floor heights and the horizontal distance from center to center of partitions separating different rooms. If there are no partitions, measure from inside face of one wall to inside face of next wall. The areas of walls, ceilings and floors next to cold or unheated spaces are found, of course, by taking the inside dimensions of such areas, measured on the heated side. Calculations for Transmission Losses The calculations for heat transmission losses are made by multiplying the area A in square feet -of wall, glass, roof or floor through' which the loss takes place, by the proper coefficient U for such construction (Tables 12 to 36, or by computation as described under Transmission Coefficients by Computation) and by the temperature difference between the inside air temperature t at the proper level (in many cases not the breathing line) and the outside air temperature t0. Therefore, where Ht = A V - to) . . . (U) ; Hi = B.t.u. per hour transmitted through the material of the wall, glass, roof or floor. - A = area in square feet of wall, 'glass, roof or floor, taken from building plans or actually measured. (Use the net inside or heated surface dimensions in all cases). ' t-- . = temperature-difference between inside and outside air, in which t must always be taken at the proper level. Note that t may not be the brealhing~lins temperature in many cases. . ' Economic Value of insulation ' Fuel Saving: Any reduction in the heat losses through the walls and roof of a building, such as by the use of insulation, will reduce the amount of fuel required to heat the building. " The saving in coal resulting from the installation of a commercial insu- 31 .......... American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 lation in the walls and/or roof of a building can be estimated by the following formula : where F = (U ~ Ui) X N X (t ~ X A c Cc X c X 2,000 <191 Fc -- saving in fuel in tons of coal per heating season. U = coefficient of heat transfer of construction without insulation. Ui -- coefficient of heat transfer of construction with insulation. N = number of hours during heating season. I -- inside temperature at proper level for wall or roof, fa = average outside temperature during hearing season N. A = net wall or roof area. Cc => calorific value of coal. Ec = overall efficiency of heating system. To illustrate the use of this formula, suppose that the coefficient U of a certain factory roof without insulation is 0.25 and that the coefficient Ui'oi this roof with a given thickness of a certain type of insulation is 0.15. Let it also be assumed that the heating season is 210 days or 5,040 hours and that the average outside temperature 4 during this heating season is 35 deg. fahr. The roof area A is 10,000 sq. ft., the calorific value of the coal is 12,000 B.t.u. per pound, and the overall efficiency of-the heating system is assumed to be 50 per cent. If the inside air tempera ture t is 75 deg. fahr. (at the roof in this case) and is maintained con stantly during the heating'season, the saving in fuel will be: (0.25 - 0.15) X 5,040 X (75 - 35) X 10,000 12,000 X 0.50 X 2,000 - = 16.8 tons of coal per average heating season. If in the foregoing problem the building is heated intermittently, the fuel consumption and fuel saving will be reduced correspondingly, but not in direct proportion to the number of hours the heating plant is not in operation. Recent tests indicate that a saving in the fuel consumption of from 10 to 20 per cent will result by allowing the heat to be shut off after working hours and only heating the building to' the required tem perature during the period of occupancy each day. Hence, the fuel saving of 16.8 tons would probably be reduced about 15 per cent by shutting' off the heat at night in which case, the net fuel saving would be 14.3; tons of coal per hearing season. If the applied cost of the insulation is 11 cents per square foot for the thickness involved in this case, and the cost of coal including the han- dling of it, and disposal of ashes is $10.00 per ton, the annual return on the investment will be 100 X surance and depreciation. jVAdri or ^ per cent, neglecting in ' Experiments recently conducted at the University of Illinois indicate that ceiling insulation increases the temperature head, thus offsetting the effect of the insulation to a slight degree, and changing the value of l in equation (12). 32 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings In the case of flat roofs, the change in temperature head is due solely to the slight increase in temperature of the air underneath the ceiling. In the case of pitched roofs with unheated attics, not only is the tem perature underneath the ceiling higher, but the attic temperature is lower after the installation of the insulation, excepting where the attic contains windows, ventilators, etc., in which, case the attic temperature will be practically the same in both instances, and will approach or equal the outside temperature. If the attic contains no windows, ventilators or wall surfaces, the attic temperature before and after the insulation is installed may be estimated by equation (10a), assuming the temperature t under the ceiling to be the same in both cases. By using the combined coefficient of transmission of the roof, attic and top-floor ceiling (Table 35), then the change in temperature of the air in the attic space can be neg lected, and only the increase in temperature under the ceiling need be taken into consideration. .. To be strictly correct, this change in temperature head should be con sidered in figuring fuel saving problems, but in most cases this degree of accuracy is not warranted. In the case of vertical walls, the temperature head will be the same before and after the insulation is installed. If oil is the fuel burned the annual saving in gallons of oil can be esti mated by the following formula where (U - HQ X N X it - fa) X A Fa = Co X Bo X W (13) F0 = saving in fuel in gallons of oil per heating season. C0 = calorific value of oil. E0 = overall efficiency of the heating system for ah oil-fired furnace (usually taken as 60 per cent). W = weight of oil per gallon, pounds. ' The average value of the product of C0 and W is about 141,000 B.t.u. To obtain the fuel saving from formula (13) in terms of barrels of oil, divide the result by 42, the number of gallons of oil in. a barrel. If gas is the fuel burned, the annual saving in cubic feet of gas can be estimated by the following formula: where (U - Ui) X IV X (< - fa) X A . Cg X Fg . (H) Fg = annual fuel saying in cubic feet of gas. Cg = calorific value of gas in B.t.u. per cubic foot (usually taken as. 535 for manufactured gas and 1,000 for natural gas). ' Fg = overall efficiency of the heating system for a gas-fired furnace (usually taken as 75 per cent). VT" . . . It should be understood that the heating- efficiencies of 50, 60 and 75 per cent, which are frequently used for estimating fuel savings with coal, oil and gas are approximate values and apply more specifically where the heating plant is not located in the building heated, and consequently, where there is no regain of the sensible heat of the flue gases, and where 33 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 the pipe transmission losses may be considerable. Where the heating plant is located within the building to be heated, the house or building efficiencies for coal, oil and gas may be substantially higher than those specified, although it is even possible that the efficiencies may be lower than these values under,varying conditions of operation. Radiation Saving: The installation of a given thickness of insulation in the walls and/or roof of a building will reduce the amount of direct radiation required to maintain the desired temperature, and in many cases this may be an item of considerable importance; in fact, in the case of certain uninsulated constructions having a high rate of heat trans mission, the monetary value of the saving in radiation due to the applica tion of the insulation, may be sufficient to offset the cost of the insulation. The amount of radiation that can be saved is of course determined from the difference in the radiation requirements of the uninsulated and insu lated buildings. The radiation saving can also be estimated by means of the following formula, if a steam heating system is to be installed : where ,, (U- VO X (t-lo) X A ---------------'------- San------------------ . (15) Rs = saving in square of equivalent radiation based on a steam heating system. to = the outside temperature on which the design of the system is based. If in the example on page 32, the temperature ta is 0 deg. fahr., the , saving in radiation for a steam heating system will be: ' ' D _ (0.25 - 0.15) X (75 - 0) X 10,000 Rs = ---------------------------------- m---------------------------------- == 312 sq. ft. of equivalent direct radiation. - If the allowance on the reduction in the radiation required for this building on the above basis is $1.00 per square foot, the monetary value of the radiation saving will be $312.00, which if credited to the insulation, will leave a net cost of the insulation of $0.11 X 10,000 or $1,100.00 . minus $312.00 or $788.00, and the annual return on the investment, taking both the fuel and radiation savings into consideration, will b.e mo ^ $10.00 X 14.3 flo1 lWX ---- $788 00-- 18-1 ' .. . -, ' A cent' neglecting insurance and dew preciation. .. The radiation saving for a hot water or vapor system can be estimated by substituting the proper heat emission factor in the denominator of equation (15) for the value of 240 for steam. This heat emission factor' varies with the heat dissipation coefficient of the radiator and the tem perature difference between the medium in the radiator and the air surrounding it and is about 160 for hot water. However, it is obvious that the same factor should be used for estimating the radiation saving with insulation as was used for designing the heating system. . 34 ,< Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 12. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Solid Brick Walls> __ these coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. BENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND eSkURS OF 15 MILES PER HOUR. The values of U in this-Table are based on the following Internal Conductivities or Conductances which are expressed m B.t.u. per Mr. perS^ft. per .*F ^ Cement Mortar 8.00 per 1" Plasterboard piaster (Gvpsum) 3.13 perf 2.3Z per I* Wood Lath 4 Plaster Z.00 as applied Cork board P" r Eiqid Insulation (Boardform) 0.3$ perl* Cellular Gvpsum (18*) 0 SI perl- flaked Gypsum, Dry(24") 0.46 perl* Split furrinqTile It 1 40 2"* 1.25 m Y_ Thickness of Insulation where specified i \nterior Construction i Plain'Walls - Ido Interior Finish 2. Plaster on Brick. 3 5 Plaster on Metal Lath - Furred 4 i" Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred 5 j Plaster on ^ Plaster board-Furred Plaster on Wood Lath on 2" Furnnq <0 Strips-Cellular Gvpsum Fill c f Plaster on Wood Lath on 2T Furrinq 7 Strips -- Flaked Gypsum Fill 8 *E Plaster on (2tqid Insulation (Board form) Furred 4 10 -j Plaster on Cork, board jaefc in Cement. Mortar II -* Plaster on li Split Fumnq Tile set 11 aqainst Wall Plaster on 2" Split Fumnq Tile set 13 aqainst Wall Thickness of ferick -X _ V & iz" Kb" AB C 0.385 0.285 0.238 0.35b 0.277 0.227 0.261 0.216 0-184 0.250 0.208 0.251 a if o. m. a if 0.154 0.1Q<\ 0.151 0.137 ri o.ni . 0.166 r 0.148 0.132 if 0.127 0.115 2" 0.105 O.O'tt 0.284 0,231 0.178 o.m 0.135 0.124 0.146 0-120 0-104 0.080 0.H5 0.277 0.227 0,1.82 .Based on in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. -- * BThe coefficients on this page can also be used with sufficient accuracy for the Ideal Rolok-Bak Wall. cThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used- 35 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 13. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Brick Veneer on . Hollow Tile Walls c Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 .deg. fahk. DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 Am.ES PER HOUR. Thevalues 0 in thisTable are base&on the followmq Internal Conductivities or Conductances which are expressed in B.t.u. per Ur per Sq. ft. per 1"F Hollow Tile &`-o.S4 a". a4i io".o.4fe a'. 0.13 Brick. ' 5.00 perl" Cement Mortar Plasterboard 8-00 perl" 3.73 perj|* Plaster (Gypsum) Wood Lath $ Plaster Cortcboard 1.3L per I" 2.00 as applied 0.30 perl" Biqid Insulation (Boordforui) Cellular Gvpsun (I8W) flakedGypsum, Dry (24*) 0.33 perl" 0-51 perl" 0.48 perl" Y-Thickness of Insulation where specified 1[ Cement Mortar Interior Construction Thickness of UollowTile - X Y 8" 10" 12" Plain Walls - No Interior Finish- 0.110 0.257 0.248 0.205 y Plaster on UollowTile J Plaster on Meta! Lath - Furred 0.254 0.243 0.235 0.1% 0.202 0-1*35 0.1*30 0.163 Y Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred j Plaster onPlaster board - Furred x Plaster on Wood Lath on z" Furrinq Strips - Cellular Gypsum Fill b 4 Plaster on Wood Lath on Z" Furrinq Strips - Flaked Gypsum Fill 0.1*35 0.188 0.1&4 0.15*3 0.1*38 0.18*3 0.185 0.15*3 0.144 0.140 0.137 0.123 0.131 0;128 0.12G, 0.U4 x Plaster on IZiqid Insulation (Board form) Furred 10 x Plaster on Cbrkboard set in -5 II Cement Mortar ". 0.158 0.153 0.150 0.133 0.127 0.124 0.122 0.110 I x a M2 0.110 0.107 0.0*38 0.0*34 0.0*32 0.0*31 0.085 . aBased on 1H in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. bThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight- -weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. The 6 in., 8 in. and 10 in. tile figures are based on two cells in the direction of flow of heat. The 12 in. tile is based on three cells in the direction of flow of heat. ;- 36 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Tame 14. Coefficients of Transmission (Cf) of Brick Veneer on 1* Concrete Walls Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per I deg. fahr difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure OF 15 MILES PER HOUR. . Thevoluesdf U in thisTableaus basedon the fatlowmq InternalConductivities ar Conductances whichare expressed in B.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per l*F Concrete (Stone 1.2 4 mix) Brick. Cement Mortar Plasterboard. Plaster (Gypsum) Wood Loth 4 Plaster Corkboand Riqid Insulation (Boardform) Cellular Gypsam(l8*) FlakedGypsum, Dry (24*) 8.50 per 1" 5.00 perl" 8- perl"_ 3.73 perl 2.32 perl" Z.00osapplied 0.30 perl' 0.33 perl" 0.51 perl" 0.48 perl" Y.Thickness of Insulation where specified J4E31i Interior Construction *z 1 Plain Walls - Mo Interior Finish Y 4"J - *.`6 . 0 ' . . ' `* 4 . j `* J . ** A Cemer\t Mortar---- ^ Thickness of Concrete--X . 6" 8' to" iz" A Bc D u&" E 0:387 0.355 0.327 0.303 0.264 2 L Plasteron Concrete 0.358 0.330 0.305 0.2S5 0.250 3 ^ Plasteron Metal Lath - Furred 0.263 0.247 0.233 0.221 0.200 4 X Plasteron Wood Lath -- Furred 0.250 0.237 0.224 0.213 0.1*32 5 4- Placer on Pto.ster board--furred 7s 0,252 0.238 0.225 0.213 0.1*32 a 6 X PIasteron Wood Lath on 2 furrinq Strips -Cellular Gypsum Fdl to if 0.172 0.165 0.158 0.152 0.142 a 7 4 Plaster on Wood Lalh an Z'FumnqStrips 'I* 0.354 0.14*1 0.144 0.13*3 0.130 -Flaked Gypsum Fill 8. 2l" Plaster on Rtqtd Insulation -- *3 (Board form) Furred z 0.182 0.183 0.175 0.168 0.156 0.148 0.143 0.13*3 0.134 0.120 10 Plasteron Cork board set in Cement Mortar 11 0.127 0.123 0.120 0M<o 0.110 2* 0.305 0.102 0.100 0.0*38 o:o*33 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. E bThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 15. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Hollow Tile Walls with Stucco Exterior Finish b-<* ftote.--THESE COEFFICIENTS ARE EXPRESSED IN B.T.U. PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT PER 1 DEO damp E^^^COFNI5EM^KSAPERKHOEuTEEN TM ON THE SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND Tbe.volues of U in this Tableare based on the following Internal Conductivities or Conducfca nces whichare expressed^ &.t.u. per Ur per Sq.ft, per TF Stucco 8-00 perl" MollowTile ?-0.49 10*0.44 Cement Mortar Plaster board Plaster (Gypsum) WoodLath 4 Plaster Corkboard Rtqtd lnsulahon(6oardfonn) CellularGypsum (18**) Flaked Gypsum, Dry(24*) 12". 033 I6*a25 800 perl" 3-73 per |" 2.32 perf 2.00 as applied 0*30perl* 0.33 perl" 0-51 perl* 0.46perl" Yw Thickness of Insulation where specified Interior Construction Plain Walls -- Wo Interior Finish Thickness of MollowTile --X Y 8` IO' 12' I6` B D. Q3I7 a 304 0.241 0185 t Plaster on V-lollowTile 7 Plaster on Metal Loth - Furred 02% 0.285 Q228 0188 0.228 0.221 0.186 0158 2 Plaster on Wood. Loth -- Furred 0.218 0.213 O.l&O 0.153 r Plaster on Plaster board - Furred 4 Plaster on Wood Lath on Z" Furrioq Strips - Cellular Gypsum Fill c QZZO 0.213 0.180 0.153 ai5fc 0.153 0.135 0.120 4 Plasteron Wood Lath on 2' Furrmq Strips -- Flaked Gypsum Fill 0.141 0.138 0.124 O.tll 4 Plaster on Qtqid Insulation -- (Board form) Furred 0.172 0.168 0.147 0,128 0.137 0134 0-120 0.108 IO 4 Plaster on Cork board set in i" Cement Mortar . 0.118 0.117 0.106 0.086 Q088 0.088 0.080 0.083 aBased on 1%'in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. hFigures on this page can be used with sufficient accuracy for hollow tile walls without stucco finish. eThe coefficient used for cellular gyp3um, 0.59 is for IS lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. dThe 8 in. and 10 in. tile figures are based on two cells in the direction of heat flow. The 12 in. tile is baaed on three'cella in the direction of heat flow. The 16 in. tile conaists of one 10 in. tile and one 6 in. tile, each having two cells in the direction of heat flow. - 38 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 16. Coefficients of Transmission (IT) of Limestone or Sandstone Walls Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 dbg. fahr. DIFFERENCE in TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARB BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 MILES PER HOUR. Tbevaluesof U in the Table are based on the foJtowinq infernal Conductivities or Conductances which are expressed m &.t.u. per Ur: perSqFt. per l*F PStone 10.00 perl Cement Mortar 8.00 perl Plasterboard 3-75 perf Plaster (Gypsum) 2.32 perl' Wood Lath i Plaster 2.oo as applied Cork board 0.30 perl' Riqid Insulation (Boardfbrm) 0.33 per T Cellular Gypsum (IS*) 0.59 perl' Flaked Gypsum, Dry (24 d 0.48 per 1 vj pit n7 if r Y, Thickness of Insulation where specified "b _0 Interior 1 Construction z i Plain Walls -No Interior Finish Y 8* A Thickness of Stone -X IO- \zn i>" 20' & c D E. 24" F 0.556 0.50Z 0.457 Q385 0.334 0.285 2 J Plaster on Stone 0.487 0.452 0.415 0.356 0.311 0277 3 J . Plasteron Metal Lath -- Furred 0.330 0310 0.282 0.261 0.236 0.216 4 Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred *' 0.312 0.284 0.277 0.250 0.227 0.208 5 4' Plaster on 4* Plaster board-Furred *2 Plaster on Wood Loth on 2" Furrmq 6 Strips-Cellular Gypsum Fill b . z Plaster on Wood Lath on 2" Furrmq 7 Strips -- Flaked Gypsum Fill 0.314 0.285 0.278 0-251 0.228 0.208 a >1' 0.W8 0.181 0..1&4 o.m 0.160 0il50 a 1 ?" 0.175 0.168 0.163 0.153 0.145 0.137 .8 8 4 Raster on (2iqid Insulation (Board form) Furred 10 -j Plaster on Cork board set in-Jr Cement Mortar II r % 0.225 0.216 0,207 0.181 0.177 0.166 r 0.168 0.163 0.157 0148 0.140 0.132 *' 0.141 0.138 0.134 0.127 0.121 0.115 2' 0.114 O.IIZ 0.108 0.105 aioi 6.088 aBased on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. . bThe coefficient used for eeUular gypsum. 0.69 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 39 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 17. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of 4-in. Cut Stone Veneer on Brick Walls Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 dec. fahr. DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR.ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 MILES PER HOUR.. Thevaluesof U inthisTablearebasedonthe followmq I Internal Conductivities or Conductanceswhichare expressedin B-t-u-per Wr. per Sq. Ft, perlF Stone 10.00 perl" Brick. 5,00 perl* Cement Mortar Plasterboard 6.00 per I* 3.75 per-5* Plaster (Gypsum) Z. 32 per f* Wood Lath 4 Plaster 2.00 os applied Cork_b_o__a_r_d______________________ 0.30 perl* RiqidInsulation (Boardform) 0.33 perl* Cellular Gypsum(18*) 0.54 per I* Flaked Gypsum, Dry (2-C) Q.48 per 1* Y-Thickness <if Insulation where specified Interior Construction Thickness of brick - X 12" IG Plain Walls - No Interior Finish X Plasteron Brick 4 Plasteron Metal Lath - furred i Plasteron Wood Lath - Furred % Plaster on2. Plasterboard-Furred z PlasteronWood Lath on Furrma Strips -Cellular Gypsum Fill b z. Plasteron V6odLath on z'Fumnq Strips -- Flaked Gypsum Fill 0.3Z6 0.306 0.257 0.246 0.215 0.205 0.233 0.1% 0.170 0.224 0.170 0.165 0.225 0.170 0.165 0.158 0.14-1 0.126 0.143 0.128 0.117 2 Plaster on IZiqtd Insulation -- (Board-farm) Furred 10 2 Plasteron Cork board setln-t" Cement Mortar 2 0.175 0.137 0.IZ0 0.100 0.154 0.125 0.110 0.073 0.137 0.113 0.100 0.086 Based on \% in., the actual thickness of 2 ip. furring strips. The coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be'useti. 40 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 18. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of 4-in. Cut Stone Veneer on Hollow Tile Walls Mote,___THESE COEFFICIENTS ARE EXPRESSED IN B.T.U. PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT PER I DEG. FAHR. niFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 MILES PER HOUR. Thevaluescjf U in thisTableare baaedon the fidlowinq Internal Conductivities orConductances winch ace expressed in B.t.u. per Ur-, per Sq. Ft. per IT . Hollow Tile G*-0.54 8" *0.44 IO\=0-4L l2*-0.33 Stone 10.00 per 1* Cement Mortar &00 perl* Plasterboard 3.73 perl Plaster (Gypsum) 1.32 perr VvbodLoth 4 Plaster 2.00 osapplied Corkboard 0.30 perl' Qiqid Insulation (boardform) 0.33 perl Cellular Gypsum (lft") FlokedGypsum, Dry (24 ) 0.54 perl* Q48 perl D>> Y Thtcknessdf Insulationwhen: specified 1 Interior ' Construction Z 1 Rain Walls - Ho Inferior Finish ` Y demerit vMcjrtar Thickness cjf Hollow Tile -- X C 6* 8* AB ( G30Z ` 0 286 io* c 0.276 12? D 0.223 Z X Raster on Hollow Ti le 0.283 0.270 0.260 0.213 3 "4 Raster on Metal Lath -Furred 4 4 Raster on Wood Lath -- Furred 0.220 0.21! 0.206 0.175 . 0.212 0.204 0.177 0.170 5 2 Plaster on |T Raster board- Furred 6 2 Rasteron WoodLalrbon 2" Fumnq Strips -- Cellular Gypsum Fill b i 5 Rasteron WoodLathon 2` Furrmq Strips -- Flaked Gypsum Fill 0.212 a [" *8 0.152 0.204 0.148 0.177 0.145 0.170 0.127 a IS" 8 0.138 0.135 0.132 0.117 8 4 Rasteron Qiqid Insulation -- (Boandfbrm) Furred 7 l" z 0168 i* 0.134 0.163 0.131 0.157 0.140 0.128 0.U5 10 X Plaster on Corkboard set in ^ ' Cement Mortar 11 It OII6 0.114 0.IIZ 0.102 2' 0-057 0.076 0.075 0.088 "Based on 1% in.r the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. ' bThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight-weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. cThe 6 in., 8 in. and-lO in. tile figures are based on. two cells in the direction of heat flow. The 12 in. tile is based on three cells in tbe direction of beat flow. 41 MW American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 19. Coefficients of Transmission (IT) of 4-in. Cut Stone Veneer on Concrete Walls ,,,,TMt'~THESE COEFFICIENTS ARE EXPRESSED IN B.T.U. PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT PER 1 DEC FAHR ^^STo"llES^^Ho^reKN THB *" N TME TW SIDES **" ARE BASK0 OUTSIDE WND Tlxivoluesof U inthisTablearebased onthefbllowinq infcemolConductivities or Conductances whichore ex c iressedtnB.tu. per Mr: per Sq.Ft. per |*F ?one , m~. . ,,, 10.00 perl" cCConcrete(Stone 1:2:4 mix) ement Mortar a30 perl' 800 per f Flaster board 3.73 peri' Flasta- (Gvpsum) 2.32 perf- VitoodLath * Plaster zoo as applied Cjorkboard 0.30 perl' .laidInsulation(Boardform) a33 perl" CellularGypsum (l&) 0.59 perl' / lalced Gypsum, Dry (24*) 0.48 per (* 4J * * N ' w**. *. . <=> ` - . Jjn,r, l ' t .- e . " -- L \ , * ^^ * '.I * Y= Thicknessof Insulationwhere specified Interior 1 Construction 1 Plain Walls - No Inferior Finish ' ^Mortar Thickness ofConcrete --X Y 6' 8" icr 12' 16' A B c o E. 0.454 0.413 0.377 0.345 0296 2 Piasteron Concrete 0.418 Q380 0348 0321 Q274 3 iPlacer on Metal Lath - Furred 0.293' 0.224 0257 0242 Q217 4 i Plasteron Wood Lath-Furred 0.274 0.261 0.246 0.232 0.209 5 5 Plaster on % Plaster board - Furred 0.280 0.262 0.247 0233 0209 a T Plasteron Wood Lath on 7." Furrma 6 Strips -- Cellular Gypsum Fill b >" 0.184 0.176 0169 0.163 0151 k7 Plasteron WoodLath on 7." Furrirta Strips -- PIalaed Gypsum Fill a if 0.164 0.158 0.152 0147. 0.137 & i T Plasteron Riaid Insulation -- (Boardform) Furred 9 10 4 Plasteron Cork board set ini" ll .r z 0.208 0.198 0.188 Q180 0166 r 01*8 0.152 0.147 0142 0.133 if 0.134 0.130 0126 0122 0.116 2" QUO 0.107 Q104. 0.102 Q097 aBased on \% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. bThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 42 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 20. Coefficients of Transmission (If) of Concrete Walls with Stucco as Exterior Finish. Ifole.--These coefficients are expressed m B.t.v. per hour per square foot per 1 dec. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind "rhevaluescfUm this Table are basedonthefollwvinq internal CbnductwitiescrConductances which ane egpressedm atu.perWr perS*Ft per 1 Stucco . 8-00 P*"' Concrete (Stone l<i=4mix) &30 perl Planter board Plaster (Gypsum) 3,73 V*r i.tl perl Wood Lath 4 Plaster lAO as applied Cork board 0.30 per Riqid Insulation (hoardform)0.33 perl Cellular Gypsum (IB*) 0-5<' Perl. Flaked Gypsum, Dry (X?) 0.46 prl Y- Thickness of Insulation where specified ! Interior Construction Y JL--- r--a ` '9 A * 4 <7 * ,X 0 ** / ft r Stucco"^ on Wire Mesh .11 -2> * Thickness of Concrete - X. 6' 8' io' 12.' 16' 20' cA e> DE F i PJaui Walls - Wo Interior Finish* 0.544 0.481 0431 0.341 0.329 3.284 2 Plaster on Concrete 0.486 0.437 0.345 Q36I 0308 0268 3 ^ Pi aster017 Metal Lath -- Furred 0.326 0302 0282 0264 0234 3.2(0 4 j Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred 0308 0287 0268 0.252 0225 3.203 5 -J Plasteron Plasterboard- Furred 0.310 0.288 0.270 0.253 0226 0204 j Plasteron WoodLathon 2. Furring (o Stnps-CeUularGifpsumfill ^ a 0.1% 0.188 0.179 0.172 0.159 0.148 7 T Plasteron WoodLathon "Z Furrtnq Strips - FlakedGypsur* Fill a (e* 0.173 0.167 0.161 0.154 0.144 0-135 8 k. Plaster on Ciqid Insulation (Boardform) Furred, 9 10 k Raster on Corkboardset tn-^ Cement Mortar II \* z 0.223 0.212 0.202 0.192 0.176 0-163 r 0.1C.7 0.160 0.154 0.149 0.139 0.130' o.in>T 0.141 0.136 0132 0.120 0.114 2" 0.114- 0.111 0.108 0.105 0.100 0.096 aBased on in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. bThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 43 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 21. Coefficients of Transmission (17) of Concrete Walls with No Exterior Finish .. , Krte. Tuf-Sk coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot PER 1 DEG PAHR ^S""lS^fc"SREfoTMEN THE A`R ON T"E IWO S,DES BASED " AN.Oura^ WIND Thevaluesof U in thisTable are basedonthefallowinq Internal Conductivities orConductances which are xpressedwB.tu.perWnper^.Ft per l*F Concrete(Stone 1-2:4mix) 8.30 perl- Rasterboard 3.75 per Raster (Gypsum) 2.32 perl' Wood Lath 4 Plaster 2.00 asapplied Cork board 0.30 perl" Riqsd Insulation (Boardform) 0-33 perl" Cellular Gypsum (18*) 0.54 perl" Flaked Gypsum, Dry (24*) 0.48 perl* . ! ` f.V; ` -. a. * . * * a * . YThicknessof Insulation where specified u _Vo Interior E3 Construction 2 1 Plain Walls - Mo Interior Pimsb l z Z Raster on Concrete . Y 6' A Thickness of Concrete--X * 8' IO" . 12" I4>" 20" B c DE F 0.583 0.512 0.455 0.411 0.345 0.214 0.518 0461 0-416 0.378 0.320 0.277 3 X- Plasteron Metal Lath - Furred 0.33*1 0314 0-212 0.273 0-241 02t; 4 4 R aster on Wsod Lath -- Furred 0.320 0.2*17 0.277 Q260 0.231 0.208 5 4 Rasteron ^ Raster board- Furred 4 Rasteron Wood Lath on 2' Furrtnq 6 Stnps -Cellular Gypsum Pill ^ 0.322 0.211 0.211 0261 0232 0261 a 0.202 0.112 0.183 0776 0762 075( ; t" 7 z Raster on Wood Lath oh 2 Purnnq Strips -- RatcedGypsum pill a <C 0.177 0170 0.163 0.157 QU6 0.137 . 8 4 Raster on Ciqid Insulation ~ 0.221 0.217 0.207 0.117 0.180 0766 r 0.170 0.1G4 0.157 0752 0741 0732 (0 l" ' 2 Plaster on Corkboard set in 1 0.142 0.138 0.134 0.131 0722 0.11G II 2" 0.116 0713 0.10*1 0106 0101 0.017 l Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. . I>The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 Jb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 44 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 22. Coefficients of Transmission (17) of Cinder and Concrete Block Walls b-d Hole.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind EXPOSURE OF 15 MILES PER HOUR. Thevaluesof U inthis Tableare basedonthefbllowinq InfernalConductivities or Conductances whichare expressed m B-Lu. per Wn per Sq.FL per l*F Cinder&locks 8"-0.4S Concrete Blochs 8%*0.&4 Cement Mortar Plasterboard Plaster (Gypsum) V/ood Lath 4 Plaster Corkboard Rtqid Insulation (Boardform) CellularGvP^um (18*) Poked Gypsum, Dry (24*) 12*-0.28 a". 0.52. 8.00 per T 3.73 peri 7.32 perl' 2.00 as applied 0.30 perP 0.33 perl" 0.5*1 per!" 0.48 perl" Y-sThichnesscf Insulation where specified Interior Construction Thickness -- X. and. Kind of Blocks fiCinder 8 Concrete 12 Cinder HConcrete A Rain Walls -- Mo Interior Finish 0.311 0.458 0.21*1 0.343 4 Plaster on Blochs 0.2*11 0.4 l<b 0.20*1 0.31*1 Rasteron Metal Lath - Furred 0.225 0.2*13 0173 0.241 Rasteron Wood Lath - Purred 0.216 am 0.1G7 0.231 4 Raster.on| Plasterboard- Purred 0.217 0.280 0168 0.232 4 Rasteron hfood Lath on 2* PurnnqStrips - Cellular Gypsum Pill c 0.155 0.184 0.128 0162 4 Raster on Wood Lath on 2 Fumnq Strips - Plahed Gypsum Pill 0.140 0.163 0.U& 0.l4<b 4 Rasteron Rtqtd Insulation-- (Boardform) Purred 0.171 0.207 0.13*1 0.180 0.I3G 0.158 0.114- 0.141 10 ! |d t. Plastieron Cork.board set in % Cement Mortar 11 0.118 0.134 0.102 0.122 0.0% 0.10*1 0.087 0.701 . ftBased on V>/% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. bThe figures on this page may be used with sufficient accuracy- for cinder and concrete block walls with stucco exterior finish. . The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight---weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. <JThe form of the 8 in. blocks on which the figures in this table are based is shown in the above sketch. The 12 in. blocks are based on two air cells through the block instead of one. 45 1 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930. Table 23. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Brick Veneer on . Cinder and Concrete Block Walls c Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per l deg. fahr. DIFFERENCE IN fSUPERATURB BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARB BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 UH.ES PER HOUR. Thevalues of U in this Table ane based on the fotlowtnq Internal Conductivities or Conductances which are expressed in B.t.u. per Ur per Sq. Ft. perl*F Cinder Blocks -0.45 Concrete Blocks 8*-0.84 If-0.28 ll".0.51 Bnck. Cement Mortar Plaster board 5.oo perl' 8.00 perl' 3.73perl* Plaster (Gypsum) Ufood Lath $ Plaster Cork board Ktqid Insulation (Boardform). CeUularGypsum(l8*) Flaked Gypsum.Dry (24*) 2.31 perl" 2-OOasapplied 0.50 perl' 0.55 perl' 0-54 perl" a48 perl' V-Thickness of Insulation where'specifted ^ Cement Mortal .0sV. Interior Thickness -X and Xinddf Blocks 0E Construction V 8"Cinder 6 Concrete IZtmder IlConcretc Z A B co 1 Plain Walls -- Mo Interior Finish .N 2 Plasteran Blocks 0.245 0.328 0.\84 0.264 0.233 0.306 0.177 0-250 , 3 f Plasteroo Metal Lath-Furred 0.188 0.234 0.150 0199 4 j Rasteron Wood Lath - Furred 0.182 0.224 0.146 0.192 5 5 Rasteroni Rasterboard-Furred 0.183 | a (0 2. Plasteror> Wood Lath on 2* Rimrx^Stnps -'Cellular Gypsum Fi(| b ii" 0.136 0.225 0.147 0.158 0.115 0.193. 0.142 i* ,, a 2 PIasteron Wood Lath on Z Furrtnq Strips 7 Flaked Gypsum Fill `IT 0.125 0.144 0-107 0.130 8 ^ Plaster on Ciqid Insulation -- (Boardform) Furred 9 1" Z 0.149 i" 0.121 0.176 0.124 0156. 0.139 0.104 0.126 10 Z Piasteran Corkboard set in Jr Cement Mortar U li" 0107 2 0090 0.120 0.093 O.ltO o,ioo 0.081 0.093 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. " bTbe coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. r The form of the 8 in. blocks on which the figures in this table are based is shown in the above sketch. v The 12 in. blocks are based on two air cells through the block instead of one. 46 -Tife'C.V; 7... ... . Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 24. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Wood Siding or ' Clapboard Frame Walls .... -ruiKK COEFFICIENTS ASS EXPRESSED IN B.T.U. PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT PER 1 DEG. FABR. ^^TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SHIES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND T-he values of l) in this Table are. basedonthe followinq Internal Conductivities orConductances which are expressed m B.t.u. per Vie per Sq.Ff, per I'F _ VJbod (Yellow Pine or Fir) Plaster (Gypsum) l.00 per 1 2.32 per l Raster board 373 per -- Cork board Wood Lath k, Plaster 2.80 per y 0.30 perl* 2.00 asapplted Kiqid Insulation (Boardform) 0.33 per l Flexible Insulation Cellular Gypsum (18*) Flaked Gypsum C24") 0-27 per 1 0.59 per l 0.48 per 1 Typical Construction 2*x4'' Stude \ W>odSidinq- /l lfI Sheath incV T-VC0 ! Sheathinq z Insulation between Studdmq 1 None Wood Lath Metal Lath Plaster Base Master- r liqid * liqtd iV Cork- board nsulahon mdalton board 1' ;orkboard A B c D .E F G 0.262 0275 0.263 0.198 0.153 0.117 0.098 2 1" Wood b 3 4 5 Flaked Gypsum Fill (24*) a 0.096 0.098 0.096 0.086 QO76 Q067 0060 Cellular Gypsum Fill (1ft*) *-c am 0.113 am 0097 0085 0073 0.065 t** Flexible Insulation Hone 0152 0.157 0.153 0.128 0.107 0.089 0.077 0220 0.229 0.221 0173 0.137 0.108 0.092 f ttiqid <o Insulation Flaked Gypsum Fill (24*) 0.090 0.091 0.090 0.081 0.072 0.063 0.058 a io4.7 (Board form)' Cellular Gypsum Fill (18*) -c 0.10Z 0.103 0.090 0080 0.069- 0.062 8 Flexible Insulation 0.137 0.140 0.137 0.117 0.099 0083 0.073 9 Hone 0.295 0.312 0.297 0.216 0.163 0.123 0102 4* Raster10 board II 12 Flaked Gypsam Fill (24*) a 0.099 0.102 0.100 0.089 0.079 0068 0062 Cellular Gypsum Fill (18*) a'c 0116 0.118 0.U6 0.102 0.088 0075 0.067. Flexible Insulation 0.163 0.167 0.163 0.135 0.H2 0.092 0080 Thickness of fill assumed 3% in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. bBased on H6 in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or J4 in. sheathing. Building paper neglected. The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 47 MM&' > Hi ' American Society o/*-Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 25. Coefficients of Transmission (If) of Wood Shingle Frame Walls Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per I deg fahr DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 MILES PER HOUR. wimw Tf In e valuesof U in this "Table are basedon thefollowmi temal Conductivities orConductances which are I ex pressedin B.tu. per Ur per Sq.Ft. per l"F \j/aod (Yellow Pineor Fir) f.00 per 1" faster (Gypsum) 2.32 per 1" Taster board ('ort board \ 3.73 per 2.80 per A* 0.30 per f *6odkath4 Plaster 2.00 asapptied !}<pd Insulation (Boardform) 0.33 per r flexible Insulation C ellular Gypsum (18*) Flaked Gypsum (24*) 0.17 per f 0.58 per 1" 0.48 per r Typical Const "UctlO n 2fx4* tuds /oodStuncles. (?*** I // **** If. Sheathir r Ir\0L X) 6 d Sbealbinq Z Insulation between Staddtnq Wood Lath A Metal Lath B Plaster- >use ` 3" s zi " r Plaster Gjqid Rtqid if Cork'- board Insulator Insulahon board c D E 'F ' 1' . Corkboard G 1 None 0.Z62 0.115 0.203 0.108 0.155 0.U7 0.088 2 l Wood c 3 t" laked Gypsum Pill (24*) a 0.086 Cellular Gypsum Fill (I8*> am 0.088 0.113 0.086 am 0.086 0.087 0.076 0.085 0.067 0.073 0.060 0.065 4 T Flexible Insulation . 0152 0.157 0.153 0.128 0.107 0.080 0.077 _ 5 None 0.103 0.180 0.184 0150 0.122 0.088 0.085 Ho 4 B-iqid Insulation flaked Gypsum fill (24*) * . 0083 0.084 0.083 0.076 0.068 0.060 0.055 (Boardform) b i CellularGypsum Till (I8W) --d 0.084 0.085 0.044 0.084 0.075 0.065 0.050 8 4 Flexible Insulation 0.IZ2 0.125 0.122 0106 0.081 0.077 0:060. 0 l.o 4 Plaster board b None . 0.233 0.243 0.234 0.181 0.142 0.1U 0.004 flaked Gypsum Fill (24*) 0.081 0.083 0.082 0.083 0.074 0:065 0.050 II Cellular Gypsum fill (18*) 0.105 0.107 0105 0.083 0.081 D.070 0.063 17. 2 flexible Insulation- 0.142 0.146 0.142 0.121 0.102 3.085 0.074 "Thickness of fill assumed 3H in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. . bFurring strips between wood shingles and sheathing. . cBaaed on in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or in. sheathing. Building paper neglected. dThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be uset^-' : '< 48 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 26. Coefficients of Transmission (V) of Stucco Frame Walls __ THESE COEFFICIENTS ARK EXPRESSED in B.T.U. PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT PER I DEG. FAHR. "~'K IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND OF 15 MU.BS PER HOUR. .' Thevalues of U in this Table are basedon the following Internal Conductivities or Conductances whidnart expressed ir) exuu.vc: Vfood (Yfellow Pme or Fir) Plaster (Gypsum) Plaster board Cork bcard 3.15 per " Wood Lath ( Plaster Biqid Insulation (board form) 1.00 perl" 2.32 perl' 280 P^i. 0.30 per I 2.00 as applied 0.33 per 1* Flexible Insulation Cellular Gypsum 08*) Flaked Gypsum (24+) brick Stucco 0.27 per l' 058 per I" 0.48 per \` 5.00 per 1" 8.00 per l` Typical Construction SheatVnnqv _ l* Stucco, l_ _0D Type 0T 3' Sheathmq 2 .. ' Insulation between Studding Plaster Base Wood Metal i ' Ik Lath Lath Flaster- Sl^ld 2,ujfd Cork- board nsulatton psulotion board A E> c D t F V Corkboard G t f Wood b ,None 0302 0.310 0.304 0.220 0.165 0.125 0.103 i flaked Gypsum Fill (24*) a G101 0.102 0.101 0.084 0.074 0.066 0.061 3 Cellular Gypsum Fill (18*) a_c 0.U7 0.120 aii7 0.103 0 084 0.075 0.067 4 V* flexible Insulation 0.165 0.164 0.165 0-137 0.113 0.043 0.080 5 Tttqul Insulation (Board form) 6 None 0.247 0.254 0.248 0.140 0147 0.114 0.046 Flaked Gypsum Fill (24*) a 0.004 0.045 0.044 0.084 0.075 0.065 0.058 7 Cellular Gypsum Flit (18*) ac 0.108 0.110 0.108 0.045 0.083 0.072 0.064 8 Flexible Insulation 0.147 0.151 0.147 0.125 0.105 0.087 0.076 .0 Plaster- None 0.347 0.364 0.344 0.243 0-178 0.131 0.108 (0 Flaked Gypsum Fill (2d*) 0.105 0.107 0.105 0.043 0.081 0.070 0.063 U Cellular Gypsum Fill 08*) a'c 0.123 0.126 0.124 0.107 a042 0.078 0.060 12 4" flexible Insulation 0.177 0.183 0.178 0.146 a4 0.047 0083 "Thickness of fill assumed 3% in., based on 2 in. by 4 In. studding.. X *>Based on u/sx in., the actual thickness of 1-in. or % In. sheathing. Building paper neglected. "The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 49 J American Society of. Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 27. Coefficients of Transmission (//) of Brick Veneer Frame Walls Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. fee hour per square foot per I deg. ease. DIFFERENCE'IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON AN OUTSIDE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 BOLES PEE HOUR. TWvataesof U in this Table are based.on the following Internal Conductivities or Conductances which are. expressed in B.t.u.per Hr. perSq.Ft. per |*F Wood. (Yellow FWor Fir) 1.00 per t" Plaster (Gypsum) _ 2.32 perl" Plaster board 3.73 per 2.80 peri Cork, board 0.30 perl" Wood. Lath 4 Plaster . 2.00 asapplied Eiqid Insulation (Boardform) 0.33 per C Flexible Insulation Cellular Gvpsam?t&*) an perl" 0.53 perl" Flaked Gypsum (24*) Brick. 0.48 per I" 5-00. I' Typical Construction -Sheattunq 4" Brick. _0o) IT E 3' Sheathing 2 Insulation between Studding Ex4'-Studs 4'Cement Mortar - Plaster Base Wood Metal i Ruud TCiqtd iV 2" Lath Uath blaster Insufa- Insula* Cork Cork. board -tion -tion board board A B CDE F. G i Hone 0.247 0.258 0.248 0.188 0.147 QU4 Q087 2 t"Woodb 3 4 Flaked Gypsum FiU(24*) * 0.094 0.085 0.094 0.084 0.075 0.065 0.058 Ce(lutar Gupsutn Filld8*)a-C 0.108 0110 0.108 0.095 0.083 0.072 Q064 4" Flexible Insulation 0.147 0.150 0.147 0.125 0.105 0.087 0.076 5 1 Ciqid None 0209 0217 0210 0.166 0.133 0.106 0.090 (o Insulation FlakedGypsum (Boardform) Fill(24*) a 0087 0.089 0.087 0.079 0071 0.062 0.056 Cellular Gypsum 7 Fill(l8*)a-C 0.100 0102 0.101 0089 0074 0.068 0.061 8 Flexible Insulation 0.133 0.136 0.133 0.114 0098 0.082 0.072 cuoo8 None 0.276 0280 0277 0.206 0.157 0.120 10 x Plaster board! ' Halceel. Gypsum Fill (24*) a 0.098 OIOO 0.088 0.087 0.Q77 0.067 0.060 Cellular Gypsum II fill (18*) a-c 0113 0115 0.113 0.10& 0086 0.074 0.066 12 VFWhiW* Insulation 0157 0.16,1 0157 0131 0109 0.090 0079 Thickness of fill assumed 3% in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. bBased on J36 in-, the actual thickness of 1 in. or H in. sheathing. Building paper neglected . The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 50 1L Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings . Table 28. Coefficients of Transmission ((f) of Interior Walls and Partitions M --THESE COEFFICIENTS ARB EXPRESSED IN B.T.U. PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT PER 1 DEC. FAHR. ttuiWcE in temperature between the ajr on the two sides and are based on still-air (no wind) SmONS ON BOTH SIDES. . .________________/ The valuesof UinthisTable are basedon tbefollowwq Internal Conductivities or Conductances whichare expressed in ft.t.u.per Ur.PpJears5te(*rFfGfcvppesurlm*F) 23&pcrt* Plaster board 3.73 per WoodLathi Plaster 2.00as . apprd . Ctqid Insulation(Boardfom) 0.33 per*" Flexible Insulation 0-27 perf Corkboord 0-30 perf Cfeflular Gypeum (lfiF)0.5Sperr Hated Gypsum ,Ory (24*) OttperT Metal Lath h Wood Lath c $ Plasterboard. c t ^jqidlnsok&ifin(Boardform) 0.50<o fgnpd Insulation(Board form) \j CorV.boo.rd 2* Cork board PUVSTEg.E.0 MftwSQMRY PAg.TtTlOhlS TThhee vvaalluaeesadbtf Uu mmiihniissTuaubuleeaurrtcf basodon-the f"ol"lowing 1In*t-e----r--n---al Conductivities or Conductance which are expressed in bt.a per Ur. per Sq. Ft. per l*F Uollow Cfdy Ti le (4") Brick Hollow GypsumTile. 0V.9. 3 pUePr* 4" =5.0"0 per I' 0.4b per 4 Plain W`alls ' 1 `` 1'* ((Jo Plaster) 'i Gypsum Plaster 0.360 0.437 0.400 / 0-367 4? Hollow GypsumTt.te L__Tlh--e_th_ic_k_ne_s_s o._f t_he_ gypsum fill is approximately 4 in. studding. ' 0.173 0.258 0.244 in., the approximate 4 in. dimension of 2 in. by bMetal lath and plaster assumed fi in. thick. <^*PTihaestceoreaffsiscuiemnet dusHed ifno.r'tcheicllukl.ar gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be, u.sed. 51 American Society if Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930' Table 29. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Frame Construction ' Floors and Ceilings Note.__ These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 dec. fahr. DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR ON THE TWO SIDES AND ARE BASED ON STIU^AIR (NO WIND) CONDITIONS ON BOTH SIDES. , The values of U inthis Table are basedonthefollowinq Internal ConductivitiesorConductances which are expressed in B.t.u. per Hr. per Sq. Ft. per 1"F Wbod (Vellow Pine or Fir) Wood(Maple) Plaster (Gypsum) Plaster board 1.00 per |* 1.20 per 1" 2.32 per I* 3.23 per $' Wood Lath 4 Plaster Cork, board. C-taid Insulation (Boardfarm) Cellular Gypsum (18*) Flaked Gypsum, Dry (18*) Flexible Insulation 2.00 as applied 0.30 per f- 0.33 per 1" 0.3*1 per I" 0.34 per 1" 0.27 per V Typical Construction Flooring - Type -O*u or Ceiltnq -3zS ' Insulation between Joists i. Ho Ceilinq None 2 Metal Lath 4 Planter (%') 3 Wood Lath 4 Plaster^") None Hone :4 fPloder board |Plaster Gi ) klone 5 rjyald Insulation (Board form} None 4 Plaster 6 Wood Lath 4 Plaster (-5") y Flexible. a Insulation 1 Wood Lath 4 Plaster (V) y Ciqid Insulation (boardform) * 8 Wood Lath 4 Plaster (V) Cellular Gupsum sn\i(r) d-o .4 Wood Lath 4 Planter ( ) plated. Gypsum m on c 10 Ij-Gork board 4 Plaster ft") None. II 2" Corlc board f Plaster (4") Wone Type of Flooring Mo Floonnq C Yellow Pineb l" Yellow Rne b & Maple orOat Ploorinq ploorinq ony* ploorinq on 1" pn Joists Rtqidlnsulafrion Yellow Pine (Board foroi) Sub-ftaorwq on Joists on Joists A B co 0.440 0.264 0.334 0.551 0.502 0.248 0.272 0.200 0.142 0.234* 0.230 0.506 0.273 0.143 0.230 ' 0.310 0.210 0.204 0.155 0.156 0.126 0.174 0.140 0.226 0.186 0.127 o.i4q am 0.163 0.141 0.105 0.114 0.100 0.131 0.117 0.040 o.i oi 0.087 0.148 0.124 0.048 0.110 0:043 *The value of U is the same if insulation is applied to underside of joists and lath and plaster ceiling .separated by furring strips. . bBased on actual thickness of approximately % in. for 1 in. yellow pine flooring. cThickness of fill assumed 2 in. - ' <*The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 52 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 30. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Concrete Construction Floors and Ceilings n __ These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 dec. fahr. wmRBlEIJCE in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on still-air (no wind) DIFFB---------- ROTH SIDES. . TVu- values of U in-thisTable are based.ontbefollowing ntemal Conductivities or Conductances which are L^ssedm B-tu.per Ur per ft.per I F Tile orTerraco . Concrete (Stone l:2:4mix) Cement Mortar ,' 10.00 per 1" 8.30 perl 8-00 perP Wood(YellowPineorFir) wd (Maple) 100 perl UO perl Raster board Plaster (Gypsum) * board Riqid Insulation (Boardforoi) . 3.71 per| 231 Per 1" 0.V) per I 0.33 perl" Typical Construction Flooring-, Ceiling ^"'''SJ^^^'TConcrete Type of Ceilmcj JJ ts z: 1 Klo Ceiling 2 3 4 5 C Plaster applied, 6 directly to under -side Cm Concrete 7 8 4 Suspended or 10 Furred MetaJ Lath 4 Plaster It Ceilinq 1? 13 Suspended or 14 Purred Ceilmq of Plaster board 15 4 Plaster 16 17 Suspended, or 18 Purred Ceilinq of 5 Kiqid Insulation 14 (Boardform) 4 20 plaster 21 ^Plaster on l^ 22 Cork board set in Cement Mortar 73 on Concrete . 24 25 Plasleron Z" 26 Cork board set in 27 \ Cement Mortar on Concrete 28 *l. No Floorinq * nau (Concrete bare} C u A' 4" 0-508 (o 0.452 8`` 0.408 10" O- 372 4" 0457 6" 0.411 8" 0.374 iou 0-344 4" 0-312 6" 0.244 8" 0.272 TO" 0.255 4" 0- 247 (o 0-277 8' 0.260 \o" 0.245 4" 0.217 6" 0.206 ft" 0.147 10" 0.187 4" 0.138 (o' 0.133 8" 0124 I0k 0.125 4" 0.112 (a 0-104 ft" 0.106 0.104 Type of Ploorinq I*Vellow Pine Floor * r|#MapleorOak Floonnq T Terrorjo or -wqonWoodSleepers yn fYellowPine Sub- Tile Flooring on embedded m Floonnqon WoodSleepers Concrete Concrete embeddedin Concrete B a.364 0.334 0.310 0.288. 0.337 0.311 0.240 0. 271 0.251 ' 0.237 0.224 0.212 0.241 0.228 0.216 0.206 0 185 0.178 0.170 0.163 0.124 0.121 0.117 0.114 0.103 0.101 0.048 0.046 c 0.242 0.273 0. 256 0.241 0.275 0.258 0.243 0.230 0.215 0.204 0.145 0.186 0. 208 0.148 0.184 0.181 0.165 0.154 0.153 0.147 0.1(5 0.112 0.104 0.106 0.047 0.044 0.042 0.040 D 0.483 0.433 0. 342 O- 358 0.437 0. 345 0 361 0. 332 0.303 0. 282 0264 0.244 0 284 0.270 0.254 0.234 0.212 0.202 "0. 143 0.184 -0.136 0.132 0.128 0.124 O.lll 0.108 0.105' 0.103 ` The figures in column " A " are sufficiently accurate for concrete floors covered with carpet or linoleum. bThe figures in column are sufficiently accurate for in. maple or oak flooring applied directly over the concrete on wood sleepers. . 53 American Society. 'd/'-Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, iQ.tn Table-31v Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Concrete Construction Floors on Ground ' Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 dec. fahr. DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE GROUND AND THE AIR OVER THE FLOOR AND ARB BASED ON STILL-AIR (NO WIND) CONDITIONS. Thevalues of U mthisTaWe arebasedon thefoUowiix| Internal Conductivities or Conductances which are expressed in B.t.u.per Ur: perSq.rt perl'F Tile or Terraco 10.00 per1" Concrete (Stone 1:2:4 mix) 8.30 per1* Cinder Concrete F.20 per1* Wood (Yellow Pine) l .00 per 1* Wood ( Maple) 1.20 per 1" (2tqid Insulation (Boardform) 0.33 perT Cork, board 0.30 perT Typical Construction Insulation between 2. tnembrane Y Thickness of Insulation in Inches where specified water proofinq Courses b JN um ber Type of Type of Flooring Insulation (Between Cinder 4 Stone > >< klo Floormq P Yellow Pine (Concrete bare, Flooringon t| Maple or Oak t` Terraco floonnqon or Tile Concrete) sji<ooc*np. i-- A Vwbod Sleepers embedded in Concrete c B yellow Pine Sub- floorinq on noonnq on Wood Concrete Sleepers embedded in Concrete c0 1 Via limitation 0* 4* 0.556 0.388 0.308 0.526 2 0` 5' 0.521 0.370 0.297 0.495 3 0" 0.490 0.355 0.286 0.467 - 4 0 8" 0.439 ' 0.327 0.268 ' 0.420 5 ftqtd Insulation f 4' (Board form) 6 r 5. i r (o 8 r8 9 Cork. board 2" 4" 0.207 0.202 0.197 0.188 0.118 0.178 0.174 0.171 0.164 0.108 0.159 0.156 0.153 0.148 0.101 0.203 0198 0.193 0.185 0.117 10 2* 5' 0.116 0.107 0.100 0.115 11 2" 0.115 0.105 0.098 0.113 i12 8* 0.112 0.103 0.096 0.110 _ ^Assume ground temperature to be 50 deg. fahr. ' bMembrane waterproofing neglected in calculations. cThe figures in column "B" may be used with sufficient accuracy for maple or oak flooring on wood sleepers embedded in concrete. . 54 T a b le 32. Co effic ien ts of T ransmission ( U) of V arious T ypes of F la t Roofs C overed w ith B u il t -up R oofing w ith o u t C e ilin g s . -- (U nderside of Roof E xposed) H o le ,-- T h e s e c o e f f ic ie n t s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n B .t .u . p e r h o u r p e r s q u a r e f o o t p e r 1 d e g . f a h r . d if f e r e n c e i n t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n t h e a ir o n t h e t w o Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings 55 oPre cast cement tile. For heat-treated clay aggregate cement tile covered w ith roofing, U = 0.438 (1H in. slab) and U * 0.528 (1 in. slab), based on conduebctNNiovoitmbyiuniolatfl-ut1.hpi6c2rkopnoeefrisns1ge.Isn.sTpheecifviaeldue-- faocrtuca.lorrtuhigcaktneeds isreosnuisse ,odbi,tnainceodmpbuytaat.is.sounsm.ing th a t the surface area i.s increase .d 50 pe^r cen.t. . * American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 56 V Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 34. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Pitched Roofs Over Heated Attics Xoic.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature setoeen the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind EXPOSURE OF 15 MILES PER HOUR. Thevalues of U in this Table are basedon thefoiWinq Internal Conductivities or Conductances which are expressed in Ext.u. per Ur: per Sq.Ft. per PF Asphaltor Composition Eoofmq 6. SO asapplied Asbestos Shmqles 4' .0` 0` asapp*lied* Slate Shmqles 10.17 perl' , Wood (Yellow Pine or Fir) 1.00 frerf Wood. Lath 4 Plaster 4.00 asapplied Plaster board 3.7S peri" Plaster (Gypsum) 2.32 per f- Eiqid Insulation(0>oardform) 0.33 per I* , flexible Insulation, _ O.CT per I' Cork board 0.30 per P Cellulor Gqpsum 06*> 0.53 perP 0.46 per I" Typical Construction Roofing Roof Sheathinq Plaster Plaster Base Type of Ceiltnq sVu> ' E Type of Roofinq Insulation Ho Metal Plaster Wood ifctVd fttlqid liCovk remit- and Eoof between Calinq Lath , board Lath Insula- bsula- board board Sheathinq Hoof Rafters andj and? andx -tontf -JMt" and*" andi" d Plaster Plotter Plaster Plaster PliKler Plaster Piaster A , e> c D e F G H i Hone Q483' 0.303 0.288 0.288 0.212 0.161 0.122 0.102 z Wood Shmqles t* Flexible b or? Wood Strips 3 1" Flexible b 0.165 0.161 0.160 0.134 am 0.091 0.078 0.126 aiZ4 0.124 0.107 0.082 0.078 0068 4 3f"Cellular e & Gypsum O.ltZ auo 0.110 0.087 0085 0.072 0.065 5 31**GFvlaokseudm c 0.087 0.086 0.096 0.085 0.076 0.066 0.058 (o Hone 0.518 0.316 0.301 0.300 0.218 0.164 0.124 0.103 7 Asphalt Shmqles Flexible b or Composition 8 Hoofmq on Wood. F Flexible b 3 Sfoeathmq 3f"CftUutar c Gvpsum 10 31* Flaked e Gypsum 0.168 0.165 0.164 0.136 0.113 0.092 0.080 0.128 0.126 0.126 0.108 0.084 0.078 0.070 o.tzo o.tn o.in 0.101 0.088 0.076 0.067 o.toz 0.101 0.101 0.088 0.079 0.068 a06l II Hone 0.515 0.315 0.300 0.288 0.218 0.164 0.124 0.103 12 I2iqid Asbestos VFlexible b 13 Shmqles on Wood Sheathinq T Flexible b 14- 31* Cellular e * Gypsum 15 3 2" Flaked 4 " Gypsum 0.168 0.164 0.164 0.136 0.113 0.082 0.080 0.1Z8 0.126 0.126 0.108 0.093 0.078 0.070 0.118 0.117 0.117 0.102 ao88 0.075 0-067 0.10Z 0.101 0.100 0089 0079 0.068 0.061 ib Hone 0.548 0.327 0.311 0.308 0224 0.147 0.126 0.104 17 State orTile and Hoofmq lb Felt on Wood 17 Sheatbmq 18 ^ Flexible b f Flexible b 3'Ceiiutar c Gypsum 31*GFylapkseudm, e o.nz 0.167 0.167 0.138 a ii4 0.083 0.081 0.131 0.128 0.127 0.110 0.085 0.080 0070 aizt 0.118 0.118 0.103 0-088 0 076 0:067 0.103 aioi aioi 0080 0.078 a 068 0.062 "Based on 1 in. by 4 in. strips spaced 2 in. bCan also be applied to underside of roof rafters with furring strips between. "Assumed 3$4 in. thick, based on 2 in. by 4 in. rafters. The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be U3ed. 57 * American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings . Table 35. Coefficients of Transmission (C,! pitched Roofs with Unheated Attics Note.--The figures on these pages are the combined coefficients of transmission of pwp. 0F .mHEATED ATTICS. AND TOP-FLOOR CEILINGS. AND ARE EXPRESSED IN B.T.U. PER HOUR PER SQUARE FOOT OF ROOF AREA PER 1 DEG. FAHR. DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE AIR UNDERNEATH -- 00F&jgg OUTSIDE AIR. AN AVERAGE WIND EXPOSURE OF 15 MILES HAS BEEN ASSUMED. THESE COEFFICIENTS ARE BASED'ON ONE-THIRD PITCHED ROOFS. BUT ARE SUFFICIENTLY ACCURATE FOR r80J^?1, g FROM ONE-QUARTER PITCH TO ONE-HALF PITCH. . The valuesof Urn this Table are based on the follcmnq Internal Conduc- -tivihes or Conductances which are expressed in Bttu. per Un perSq.Fh perPF Asphalt or Composition Eoofinq 6.50 a*applied Asbestos Sbmqles 6.00 as applied Slate Shingles v tO.VJ per T Wood. (Yellow Pme or Fir) 1.00 per 1" Wood Lath 4 Plaster 2.00 as applied Plaster board 3.23 peri'' . Plaster (Gypsum) Z.32 perf- G.`qid Insulation (feoardform) o.33 per f flexible Insulation 0.27 per V Cork board 0.30 per f Cellular Gypsum (IB*) 0.5S per f flawed Gypsum, Dry C16*) 0.34 per. i` . Mo Attic flooring sao. oofmq and Boot Sheathing Insulation Wood {"Plaster { Hiqtd Tkiqid between Ceilmq Lath and board | Insulate Insulation Joists Plaster .Plaster t Plaster f Plaster p Ceilmq Ceilmq Ceilmq Ceilmq 2 A Bc 0 Typical Construction . Goof Sheathinq-. ' ^^^^Ip^y^^unheoAed Attic ^ S--Attic floormq BDf* --J Plaster Ceilmq-' base tw Yellow Pine Attic Floorinq c Ik" Cork- r Cork- Wood i Planter T Eiqid I'Ciqtd lk Cork- t Corkboard 4 tbard 4 Lath and board ^ Wnulahon Insulation board 4 board 4 Plaster Plaster Plaster Placer 4 Plaster * Plaster Plaster Plaster Ceilmq Ceilmq Ceilmq Ceilmq Ceilmq Ceilmq Peilmq Ceilmq E F G u i j K. i_ \ Klone 2 Wood i" Hewble b 3 Shmqles on Wood Strips4 2* Cellular * Gypsum 4 V flaked Gypsum 5 Asphalt 4 SWinqles or Composition 7 Coofwq on Wood 8 Sheathing None V Flexible b V Cellular * Gypsum 2" flaked Gypsum 4 Klone kiq id Asbestos 10 Sbmqles on Wood II Sbeathnuj f Flexible. b 2* Cellular 4 Gypsum . 11 2- flaked Gypsum 13 Mone ' 14 and Cool mq f Flexible b IS Sfoealhtnq 14 V Cellular Gypsum r flaked Gypsum d 0.143 0.744 0.140 0.141. a 141 0.141 0.114 0.044 0.124' 0174 0.107 0.040 0.047 0.047 0.081 0.071 0.272 0.773 0.144 0.143 a 143 QI43 0.118 0.047 0.178 0.178 0.108 0.040 0.043 6.043 0.081 0.071 0.7r 71 0.777 0.144 0.1430.143 0.143 0.118 0.047 0.I7& 0.178 0.108 0.040 0.043 0.043 0.081 0.071 0.780 0.281 0.148 0.1/15 0.145 0.145 0,120 0.048 0.130 0.13d 0.104 0.040 0.043 0.043 0.087 0.077 ` a life 0.088 0.177 an 2 ai36 0.104 0.087 0.074 0.078 0.048 0.104 0.104 0.044 0.080 0048 0.040 0.074 0.044 0.101 0.101 0.088 0.074 0.044 0057 0.041 0.054 0.078 0.078 0070 0.042 0053 0.044 0.107 0.088 0.175 0.175 0.138 0.110 0.087 0.075 0.074 0048 0.110 o. no 0.045 0.081 0.048 0.040 0.015 .0.044 0.107 0.102 0.088 0.074 0.044 0.057 0.041 0.054 0.078 0.078 0.070 0.042 0.054 0.044 0.107 0.088 0.175 0.175 0.138 0.110 0.087 0.075 0.074 0.048 0.110 0.110 0.045 0.081 0.048 0.040 0.075 0.044 0.102 0.102 0.088 0.076 0.044 0057 0.041 0.054 0.078 0.078 0.010 0.041 0.054 0.044 0.108 0.084 0.174 0.174 0.140 0.111 0.088 0.074 0.080 0.048 0.111 o.m 0.046 0.081 0048 0.040 0.076 0.045 0.103 0.103 0.084 0.076 0.065 aa56 0.041 0.054 0.078 0.078 0.070 a 067 0,054 0.044 Based on 1 in. by 4 in. spaced 2 in. bCan also be applied to underside of ceiling joists with furring strips between insulation and ceUifl* Based on actual thickness of 1 in. lumber of approximately in. - ', dThe coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be uscd- . 58 . ' Based on 1 in. by 4 in. spaced 2 in. *Cah also be applied to underside of.ceiling joists with furring strips between insulation and ceiling. Based on actual thickness of 1 in. lumber of approximately *n* ' <*The'coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 iafor 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 59 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 36. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Doors, Windows and Skylights CJfF"ENTS AEE BASED ON A WIND EXPOSURE OP 15 MU.ES PER HOUR. AND ARB BXPEESQUAEE POOT- PER DEG- E*HR- difference in temperature between THE AIR INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE DOOR., WINDOW OR SKYLIGHT. A. Windows and Skylights . Single....................................... Double............................. Triple............................ u 1.13-= 0.45 0.281 B. Solid Wood Doors^3-c Nominal Thickness Inches i iH 1 Wt 2 2 XA 3 . Actual Thickness Inches 2%2 1Kb m m Ws 2ys V 0.563 0.485 0.432 0.421 0.382 0.321 0.277 See page 212, Volume I. Mechanical Equipment aj Buildings, by Harding and Willard, second edition, X bComputed using C *= 1.0 for wood;/i = 1.34 and /o = 4.02. clt is sufficiently accurate to use the same coefficient of transmission for doors containing thin wood panlels, aas tuhuat ooxf single panes oif glass, namely, 1l..1li3 B.t.u. per hour, per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. dif fereenncce between inside and outside aaiiTt temperature. HEAT LOSSES BY INFILTRATION Heat Required to Warm Air Leaking into Building In addition to the heat transmission of the walls, glass and roof, con sideration must always be given to the inleakage of cold outside air which must be heated to room temperature. This inleakage or infiltration- is exclusive and independent of air that may be supplied for ventilation through ducts or flues of any sort. Calculation of the heat required for this purpose is a very simple matter if the volume of air leaking into the. building per hour is known. .' .* H; = 0.24 Q d (l - l0) .. (16) where . Hi = B.t.u. per hour required for heating air leaking into building, from outside temperature l0 to breathing-line temperature/. ' Q = cubic feet of air entering per hour at breathing-line temperature, t. ' | d = density (pounds per cubic feet) of air at breathing-line temperature, t t -- breathing-line temperature. ; t0 = outside air temperature for which heating system is designed. 0.24 = specific heat of air. ' Infiltration through Materials - It is possible for infiltration to take place through certain types of porous materials, but such infiltration is reduced to a minimum by good workmanship and by the use of building paper and plaster. !' 60 ' Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 37 gives the leakage through brick and wood-frame walls, with and without plaster. In addition to the information in this table, the authors make the following statement: "In the case of walis with furring, lath, and plaster painted, walls plastered directly on the brick with or . - without paint or frame walls with plaster painted, the leakage is so small as to require about 0.10 of a square foot of radiation per 100 sq. ft. of wall, or in fact, it could be said that the heat loss due to infiltration of such walls is negligible." Infiltration through Cracks Definitions of Crock and Clearance: Fig. 4 illustrates what is meant by crack and clearance. The crack around the sash perimeter is equal to one half the difference between the width of the frame and the width of the sash, that is, the crack is the same on each side of the sash. The clearance is the difference between the width of the stile and the thickness of the sash. These terms are chosen arbitrarily to distinguish the two principal air passages which are found in double-hung windows. The linear feet of crack for a double-hung sash is equal to the sash perimeter plus the meeting rail; For a standard type steel sash con structed of solid rolled sections the linear feet of crack consists of the perimeter of the ventilating section plus the linear feet of sash section in contact with steel work as, for example, vertical and horizontal mullion steel. The perimeter of sash properly grouted with cement mortar into brickwork or concrete is not to, be counted as crack. . In no case should the amount of crack used-for computation be less than half of the total crack in the outside walls of the room. Thus, in a room with one exposed wall, take all the crack; with two exposed walls. 61 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 take the wall having the most crack; and with three or four exposed walls, take the wall having the most crack, but in no case take less than half the total crack. . Methods for Determining Infiltration ` The determination of Q, the amount of air leaking in per hour, may be arrived at in either of two ways: (1) by assuming a certain number of air changes per hour for each room, the number of changes assumed (Table 38) being dependent upon the type, use, and location of room, or (2) by computing the infiltration taking place through the cracks around windows and doors in that side of the room which has the greatest number of feet of such crack. Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings V a r io u s T ypes of W a l l C o n str u c tio n Fig. 5. Results of Tests of Leakage through Various Parts of Window and Frame Neither of these methods for estimating the infiltration is entirely satisfactory in view of the limited amount of data available, but for thy purposes of calculation the second (infiltration) method is to be preferred and then checked against the first (air changes per hour) method. In no case use less than one-half an air change where outside doors and windows exist. Leakage through Various Parts of Window and Frame: The results! of tests of leakage through various parts of a window and frame are shown in Fig. 5. f The principal facts brought put in these tests were that increasing the crack around the perimeter of a plain sash does not materially increase the leakage, and that weatherstripped sash, while permitting much less leakage, shows a small increase in leakage with increase in crack. These facts were established by making several hundred tests. , Double-Hung Wood Sash Windows: Table 39, pertaining to doublehung wood sash windows, shows the amount of leakage for various wind 62 63 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 38. Air Changes Taking Place under Average Conditions Exclusive ________________ of Air Provided for Ventilation Koto or Room or Buzutma Number of Air Changes Taking Place per Hour Rooms, 1 side exDosed Rooms, 2 sides exposed . Rooms, 3 sides exposed Rooms, 4 sides exposed Rooms with no windows or outside doors Entrance Halls.......... Reception Halls.................. Living Rooms....... Dining Rooms.............. bath Rooms............. Drug Stores.......... ................................................................ Clothing Stores........... .......................................... Churches, Factories, Lofts, etc. 1 114 2 VitaH 1 to 2 2 to 3 to 3 velocities per foot of uncalked crack around the frame, which can be almost entirely stopped by proper calking, and is taken from a paper entitled Air Leakage, by Houghten and Schrader. (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 30, 1924). ., . This table also indicates the amount of leakage per foot of crack around the sash including meeting rail for cracks of Vfg in. and in clearances of 4 in-, for both plain and average weatherstripped windows, unlocked. It will be noted that this table is divided into two parts, the first part containing values based upon the original test data, and the second part . containing the same values reduced by 20 per cent. . .v According to the authors of the paper: "The values given in the tables are from the tests as made and are probably somewhat higher than those actually found in practice. They represent the leakage when the pressure) drop through the window is a certain value which represents a definite wind velocity at right angles to the window. If the wind strikes the window at an oblique angle the component of the velocity at right angles to the window must be considered. Pressure difference between the out side and the inside surfaces of the window for an actual wind will be slightly less for a given velocity because of a building up of pressure within the room before the air leaks out the opposite side of the building. Atten tion is called to the fact that air leaks in on the windward side of the building and out on the leeward side and, since wind will blow from ' various directions at different times, heating for any room having only one exposure must be based on the maximum loss. The heating plant, however, need not be figured on the sum of all maximum leakages, but in general only half of the total. However, the table gives accurate com parative figures which are probably not much too high for actual practice. In order to apply these values, a further study of the overall results as found in practice should be made, and the figures modified, if necessary, to fit practical conditions." Fig. 6 gives the results of tests of a plain double-hung window with various clearances, and is taken from a paper entitled Air Leakage Around . 64 ' Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Window Openings, by C. C. Schrader. (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E,, Vol- 30, 1924, No. 704). Four sets of sash were fitted with cracks of 24 and M *n- Each set was tested with clearances varying from J^r to in. Each test was repeated a number of times because no tests gave exactly the same leakage, and it was necessary to obtain average results. The tests proved that the size of the crack around the perimeter of the sash had no appreciable effect on the leakage. Therefore, the results apply to any window of the type tested with a crack of from }{6 to % in. (Most new sashes are fitted with the crack at least J4 in., and this crack Fig. 6. Leakage through Plain Wood Window with Various Clearances Note--The above curves show the leakage for the total crack. To obtain the leakage in cubic feet per boor per foot of crack, multiply by 60 and divide by 18.25. becomes greater as the sash dries out and shrinks). Fig. 6 shows that the leakage increases rapidly with increase in clearance. Double-Hung Metal Sash Windows: Table 40, pertaining to doublehung metal sash windows, is based on data obtained from tests conducted in the Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., St, Louis, Mo., and reported in a paper entitled Saving Heat in Skyscrapers, by Houghten and McConnell. (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 33, No. 11, Nov., 1927.) This table contains data for non-weatherstripped windows, locked and unlocked, and weatherstripped windows, unlocked. As in the case' of Table 39, the actual test results are reduced by 20 per cent to allow for the building up of pressure within the room before the air leaks out the opposite side of the .building. ' Rolled Section Steel Windows: Data concerning industrial pivoted, 65 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 architectural projected, residential casement, and heavy casement section projected windows are given in Table 41. The industrial pivoted window is generally employed in industrial buildings. The ventilators are pivoted, usually horizontally at the center or slightly above, the lower part of the ventilator swinging out and the upper part swinging in. Architectural projected is a type of window usually manufactured of the same sections as the industrial pivoted window, except that the out side framing member is usually heavier, and there are refinements in the ' weathering and hardware, with the result that this window is usually used in the semi-monumental type of building such as schools. The ventilators swing in or out and are balanced on side arms. The heavy section casement is a window manufactured of the so-called, heavy casement sections. The leaves are hinged at the side and usually swing out. Heavy casement section projected is a window manufactured of the same kind of sections as the heavy section casement window. The ventilators swing out or in, and are balanced on side arms that cause the ventilators to stay put at any degree of opening. The residential casement window is of the same design, and is manu factured of the same shaped sections as those used in heavy section casement, but lighter in weight, and the swinging leaves cannot be built . so large. Pivoted Steel Windows: Table 42 presents some figures for infiltration through a steel window of the hollow-metal vertical-pivoted type tested in place in the Grand Central Palace Building, New York City. The crack width was not given, but it was stated that the sash was not. in good shape and fitted loosely in. the frame. ,, Frame Calking and Storm Windows: Figs. 7 and 8 show the results of tests that were made at the University of Wisconsin to establish tlfe value of storm sash for reducing infiltration, and reported in apaper entitled Effect of Frame Calking and Storm Windows on Infiltration Around and Through Windows, by Richtmann and Braatz. (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 34, No. 9, September, 1928). While the tests were made on storm sash only, the results and conclusions would no doubt also apply to storm doors. The curves on Fig. 7 show the infiltration through the sash perimeter of a windpw with in. crack and in. clearance. before and after'storm sash have been applied. Curve A is for the window without storm sash, B for the window with storm sash suspended by the hook and eye arrangement, C for the window with storm sash fastened with four turn-buttons, and D is the same as C except a felt strip was placed between the storm sash and the window frame. This last condition could be used to advan tage where the windows are fastened by means of the turn-buttons. . . The curves on Fig. 8 correspond to curves A, B and C of Fig. 7 except that, the windpw is fitted with a }/% in. crack and in. clearance. A study of these curves leads to the conclusion that a storm sash is of little value in reducing infiltration when applied to a well-fitted window, but that a reduction of about 50 per cent might be expected when storm 66 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings sash is securely applied to a poorly-fitted or loose window. Curves B and C, Fig. 8, show that much better results are obtained by means of turn-buttons on the outside than by securing the storm sash with toggle- links on the inside. Calculations fat Infiltration In order to arrive at the heat required for warming up the air entering by infiltration, the following procedure is necessary: X. Determine the average wind movement in miles per hour for the locality in question (Table 3). . , 50.03 (4569 S< I\40S9 A-Without Storm Sash b-Storm Sash-Suspcndeo 13540 C-Storm Sash-Fastened Wm Four Turn Buttons O' Same Aa C With Wool EJ2&90 Weather-Strip Applied To Storm Sash \zQ42 | Fig. 7. 50 ICO 0 200 ZSO 300 Infiltration CAH.Pt/t Toot Or Crack Infiltration through Sash Perimeter of Window with and without Storm Sash--in. Crack and 3^2 in. Clearance 2, Determine the inleakage Of-outside air per lineal foot of the given window or door crack in cubic feet per minute at the given wind velocity, Tables 39 to 42, inclusive. 3. Express the heat equivalent in B.t.u. perTiour per foot of crack to heat this air 1 deg. fahr. Thus, for a plain wood window having in. crack and % in. clearance (see Fig. 4), which means the air channel around the edge of the sash is approximately He in. wide, the heat equivalent of the air leaking in for a 0 to 70 deg. fahr. temperature difference is 157 B.t.u. per foot of crack per hour (Table 39, Part II). This value is found in the sixth column of the table. The computation for obtaining 157 is: . 124 X 0.075 X 0.24 X 70 = 157 B.t.u. where . 124 = cubic feet of air per foot of crack per hour for a 15-mile wind for %4. in. clearance from the 5th column of Table 39. 0.075 <= air density at 70 deg. fahr., pound per cubic foot. , 0.24 *= specific heat of air, and * 70 *= difference in temperature between inside and outside air. ~-- 67 11 American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The most convenient values for use in infiltration calculations are the coefficients of infiltration for the particular kind of crack with a wind velocity of 15 miles per hour under average conditions, with J^6 in. crack and 14i in. clearance reduced by 20 per cent (Table 39, Part II). For a wind velocity other than 15 miles per hour, use the proper velocity for that locality in place of 15. For temperature gradients other than 70 deg. multiply the value given in the tables by the new temperature gradient and divide by 70. For special cases involving unplastered walls or storm sash use values obtained from Table 37 or Figs. 7 and 8. Infiltration Due to Temperature Difference . Even without wind movement, a difference of temperature between inside and outside of a building will cause the pressure state inside to be <0 *. 3 2: 3 cn *Ooz Fig. 8. Infiltration through Sash Perimeter of Window with and without --}4 14Storm Sash in. Crack and in. Clearance . less than that outside near the ground, and greater near the roof; infil.- tration will occur at windows in the lower part of the building, and exfiltration at windows in the upper part. Thus in the case of a building-; 200 ft. high, arranged in stories with more or less free communicatioh . from one to another, and with a temperature difference of 70 deg., the . pressure causing infiltration near the ground, and exfiltration near the roof, may easily exceed 0.20 in. of water, which is the equivalent of a twenty-mile wind. .' The factors influencing the pressures causing infiltration are so numer ous that it does not seem wise at this time to attempt to include any. quantitative values to express the effect of temperature difference,.but . it. is something that should be kept in mind in the design'and operation /- of heating systems in tall buildings. , 68 T a b l e 3 9 . n f il t r a t io n T h r o u g h D o u b l e H u n g W o o d S a s hI Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings la aji: *o3 '0G3 >.^..^..9 . aeg- 23 . 251ji, 3s 6-.22 g k. H13 fgi &2 B. >Oo rv-t of2*?, N^O# C J3-VO** a3 oog-S 3-s.fi % is can dc stuppcu *8 cs3 J6 %8.>1 OL orAt. -gO3g i-O *3 it g o S | a g g o<8. .52ja3 s; it y <9 A o 69 dSBeaeseAd i ro n L ehaekaatgee,m ibsys ioHno uo fg h2t4e0n B a .t.u nd . S cpherrabdqe.r f(t .T r a n s a c tio n s , A. S. H. V. E ., V o t. 30, 1924, No. 6 8 6 .) t American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Economic Value of Weatherstripping Tables 39 and 40 show the heat losses in B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack for plain windows and weatherstripped windows to heat the incoming air from 0 to 70 deg. fahr. The tables also show the radiation in square feet that must be installed to take care of these heat losses. This radiation is based on a heat emission factor of 240 B.t.u. per square foot. For example, consider a double-hung window at a wind velocity of 15 miles per hour. For a plain non-stripped window, Table 39 shows that 0.65 sq. ft. of radiation is required to take care of the infiltration loss per foot of crack. This table shows for the weatherstripped window, a cor responding radiation requirement of 0.12 sq. ft. per foot of crack, indi cating that the application of good weatherstripping has brought about a reduction of 0.53 sq. ft. in the radiation required per foot of crack. Assuming the heating system costs $2.00 per square foot of radiation installed, and weatherstripping to cost $0.30 per lineal foot installed, there would result for each $0.30 invested in weatherstripping, a reduction of $1.06 in the initial cost of the heating system. For any particular instal lation the costs applying to that locality and for that particular type of construction should be used in making such a cost analysis. No attempt is made here to figure the reduction in operating cost due to the applica tion of weatherstripping, as this varies greatly depending on how tlie plant is operated. WIND MOVEMENT The effect of wind on the heating requirements of any building should be given consideration under two heads: 1. Wind movement increases the heat transmission of walls, glass, and roof, affecting poor walls to a much greater extent than good'walls. 2. Wind movement materially increases the infiltration (inleakage) of cold air through the cracks around doors and windows, and even through the building materials them selves, if such materials are at all porous. It is entirely possible that a building may require more heat on a windy day with a moderately low outside temperature than on a quiet day with a much lower outside temperature. It will, therefore, be evident that the wind movement in any locality must be given careful consideration in computing the probable heating requirements of a building, and for the purposes of calculation, not less than the average wind movement in any locality during December, January and February should always be pro vided for in computing (1) the heat transmission of a building, and (2) the heat required to take care of the infiltration of outside air. . The first condition is readily taken care of, as already explained, by using a surface coefficient f0 for the outside wall surface which is based on the proper wind velocity (Table 5). In case specific data, are lacking for any locality, use an average wind velocity of approximately 15 miles per hour- In a similar manner, the heat allowance for infiltration through cracks (Tables 39 to 42), must be based on the average wind velocity for a given locality, and is explained in the next subdivision of this chapter. , 70 T a b l e 40. n f il t r a t io n th r o u g h D o u b l e - H u n g M e t a l Sash W in d o w s per F oot of C r ac kI Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings 71 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 o w B- CO 5O5 5 & <8 sfiiis sfa til J6-* SbS Ilfs' jtsj --jga-*_ $ 3 rtb 't'P oooooo ^OJc--oi COMOCMtoCOoOto 0 0 0 00*0 p i JMg -<-W o fOOOOWOtOrt O O O* O-t O - CO so O' CM s 3 0 km M && a e-_ +,+*03 a s Jf J O-t Oeo N*4<MVOOO'.O04 Qv -- rf O VD ^ O CM CO 0 VO 00 oooooo *^ONOON CM to 00 CM *0 O N0l/)10W>0 '-i O On CN V? [ CO 00 CM v> CM CO to Ov I ONOOtON O --i CN ^ lO O I oooooo J3 c bC'5 c2 CO " BU. i:- 3 gK.5 S| 1 C-- O tO vO VO CM ^ O ON CN NO *2 aa -o CM CM O O 00 v-l CO tO +O+4 Cv-MH ' 9 ^e go 2a K oo J * ,1 H (^o i - MCO* - > .* W >* . a td <: I1 o Phi 9op0$ 1 OZ 1 4 d .. gaB ijS 8-gja I"3* W*-i ^OUOl NnOOfht). oddd^H ! ON vp - o O dddoOH Joif-' +, A-W O S33S333 01*0 II S83!S33 ^ CM 3s & I 0.1-3 ^> Q +* I"l 0.34 0.71 1.16 1.60 2.00 2.44 CM>0^^0\NO ^ CM _# 11 OCMCtMoO0O0'OCtMoQoO rm CM 1! * NNceoooto CM to Os CM O Ov O O o v-<" ill' 85 gaS*. I";. CM O O0 0\ VO 00 t-- 00 t-- oo NO<0(SNCOO\ to C-O4 CCMM oCO 0CO0 V^O j? IT) trj o to O to to C-O CCMM CoO eooo sTojt tCOM COO VNO ^O^NCM - CM ro CO f |f aS l|Jw > O O*-< tToH O cm to cm OCO 1 , *o vO-H tBo-4 COM CtoM CoO ii i *a ^ Is 33 <kmy o *% || ^ C eg s^ II * S B V a ' km S'. | i & *- if i o +j s: * . -5 P ** ats g| " e Is % $> * 1 "s sa o^ Sa '~Ji B "2 b II u, ^ o c o^ n "a 8 8 Sg c.5 Su ie | IJH v \ _ 1 PART I Values actually deter mined by Laboratory testa. * PART ii Valuesfor practical use; teat values reduced I! 72 V Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings 42. ATable Infiltration, Through Hollow Metal Vertically Pivoted Steel 1. AWindow, Installed in Building3 Won) VzuocrrT ({nS peb Houb '5 10 15 20 25 30 Leasaos Co. Ft. per Hour Pb& Foot or Crack 29.5 88.5 144.5 186.0 221.5 242.0 Heat Loss B.t.u. per Hour 0-70 Deg. Fahb. 37 112 182 234 279 305 Equivalent Steam Radiation Sq. Ft> 0.15 0.47 0.76 0.98 1.16 1.27 From Air Leakage Through Pivoted Metal Windows, by Houghten and McConnell Qournai A. S- H. V. E., Vol. 34, No, 7, July, 1928). bBased on heat emission of 240 B.t,n. per sq. ft. Wind movement involves both direction and velocity, and hence after transmission and infiltration losses have beeirfcomputed, using coefficients which allow for average velocity, a further allowance must be made for the direction of the prevailing wind in any given locality. This shall be done by adding 15 per cent to the wall and glass transmission losses and the infiltration losses on the sides of the building exposed to the prevailing winds. Those walls which lie in the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind are to be considered in making this correction. This is not necessarily the same as adding 15 per cent to the total heat loss of a room on the exposed sides of the building. HEAT SOURCES . Heat Available from Sources other than Heating Plant The heat supplied by persons, lights, motors and machinery should always be ascertained in the case of theaters, assembly halls, and in dustrial plants, but allowances for such heat sources must be made only after careful consideration of all local conditions. In many cases, these heat sources should not be allowed to affect the size of the installation at all, although they may have a marked effect on the operation and con- Table 43. UHeat Given p by Persons and Lights "Persons: Man at rest.- -1................................................................................................400 B.t.u. per hr. Man at work--....................................... -........................................................500 B.t.u. per hr. Lights: Electric lamps, B.t.u. per hr. equals watts per lamp X number of lamps X 3.415 Gas lighting: . 1 cu. ft. producer gas.....................................:................ ............. .................. 150 B.t.u. 1 cu. ft. illuminating gas................................................ :.............................- 700 B.t.u. 1 cu. ft. natural gas.,...................... .....................-.......................................... 1,000 Bif.u. A WELSBACH BURNER AVERAGES 3 CU. FT. OF GAS PER -- HOUR AND A FISH TAIL BURNER 5 CU. FT. PER HOUR. . "For more detailed information see Table 44, Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures. ' 73 American Society of Heatingand Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 trol of the system later. In general, it is safe to say that where audiences are involved, the heating installation must have sufficient capacity to bring the building up to the stipulated inside temperature before the audience arrives. In industrial plants, quite a different condition exists, and heat sources, if they are always available during the period of human occupancy, may be substituted for a portion of the heating installation. In no case should the actual heating installation (exclusive of heat sources) be reduced below that required to maintain at least 40 deg. fahr. in the building. The following allowances may be made when required; Table 44. Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures H = Heat emitted by man at rest per hour. . . . HI = Heat emitted by man at light labor per hour. . Ha = Heat emitted by man at average labor per hour. Hh = Heat emitted by man at hard labor per hour. . H E = Heat Energy = ^ggqt:Pounds PgLhour) = & B.t.u., 168 B.t.u. bnd 252 B.t.u. respectively for light, average and hard labor. T = Room Temperature. H = 13.2 (98.6 - T) Heat due labor = T - HI, Ha, or Hh = 13.2 (98.6 - T) plus Room Temp. Deo, Fahb. 30 40 50 60 68 70 75 80 85 90 905 773 642 509 404 378 312 246 180 114 Heat Emitted bt Maks B.t.u. per Houb at ---------------------------------:-------------------------------- ^ Condition Required 84 B.ttt. light Labor 168 B.tu. 252 B.iu. Average Hard Labor Labor Excess and Shortage m Heat Emission 931 807 684 559 461 436 375 313 251 189 954 838 723 606 518 491 438 375 322 259 981 874 768 660 575 554 501 447 394 342 Increasing Humidity. t ' .~ Heavy Clothing for Reduction or Preven tion of Radiation. Normal Condition. Decreasing Humidity. . Air Currents for Producing Evaporatidn' of Perspiration. - . For children use one-half of table values. Motors and the machinery which they drive, if both are located in the room, convert all of the electrical energy supplied into heat, which is retained in the room if the product being manufactured is not removed until its temperature is the same as the room temperature. , If power is transmitted to the machinery from the outside, then only the heat equivalent of the brake horsepower supplied is used. In the . first case the B.t.u. supplied per hour = ?Lj?orsfPPw_r. ^ 2,546, and ^ Efficiency of motor ` in the second case B.t.u. per hr. = b.hp. X 2,546, in which 2,546 is the B.t.u. equivalent of 1 hp. hour. In high-powered mills this is the chief . source of heating and is frequently sufficient to overheat the building even in zero weather, thus requiring cooling by ventilation the year round. . - , For intermittent heating allow 10 per cent additional for rooms heated; ' ,' 74 -- .; u Chapter 2--Heat Losses'from Buildings ' . tjjg day time only, and for longer intervals of several days or more, add 25 per cent in determining minimum heating requirements, and size of plant. examples of heat loss computations FACTORY BUILDING. (See Fig. 9). 1. Location........................... ............................................................................... Philadelphia, Pa. 2. Lowest outside temperature. (Table 3).......................................................... -- 6 deg, fahr. 3. Base temperature: In this example a design temperature 10 deg. fahr. above lowest on record . instead of 15 deg. fahr. is used. Hence the base temperature = ( -- 6 + 10) = + 4 deg. fahr. 4. Direction of prevailing wind (during Dec., Jan., Feb.).......................... Northwest 5. Breathing-line temperature (5 ft. from floor)7^................................... .60 deg. fahr. . 0 Inside air temperature at roof: - The air temperature just below roof is higher than at the breathing line. Height of roof is 16 ft., or it is 16 -- 5 = 11 ft. above breathing line. Allowing 2 per cent per foot above 5 ft., or 2 X 11 = 22 per cent, makes the temperature of the air under the roof = 1.22 X 60 = 73.3 deg. fahr. 7. Inside temperature at walls: The air temperature at the mean height of the walls is greater than at the breathing line. The mean height of the walls is 8 ft. and allowing 2 per cent per foot above 5 ft., the average mean temperature of the walls is 1.06 + 60 = 63.6 deg. fahr. By similar assumptions and calculations, the ' i mean temperature of the gloss will be found to be 64.2 deg. fahr. and that of " the doors 61.2 deg. fahr. ` 8. Average wind velocity (Table 3)....................................................... 11.0 miles per hour 9. Overall dimensions (See Fig. 9)................................................................ 120 x 50 x 16 ft. 10. Construction: Walls--12-in. brick, with J6-in. plaster applied directly to inside surface. Roof--3-in. stone concrete and built-up roofing. . . Floor--5-in. stone concrete on 3-in. cinder concrete on dirt. Doors--One 12 ft. x 12 ft. wood door (2 in. thick) at each end. Windows--Fifteen, 9 ft. x 16 ft. single glass double-hung windows on each side. 11. Transmission coefficients: Walls--(Table 12). .............................................................................. U = 0.277 Roof--(Table 32).__................................................................................... U = 0.610 Floor--(Table 31)...................................................................................... U = 0.521 . Doors--(Table 36)i................................... .................................. V = 0.382 Windows--(Table 36)--.......................................................................... U = 1.13 12. Infiltration coefficients: . Windows---Crack assumed He in. The leakage per foot of crack for an 11-mile wind velocity is 92.7 cu. ft. per hour, for a plain window. " (By interpolation from Table 39, Part II.) The heat equivalent per hour per degree is 92.7 X 0.075 X 0.24 = 1.67 B.t.u. Doors--Assume infiltration loss through door crack twice that of windows or 2 X 167 = 3.34 B.t.u. 75 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 45. Fig. 9. Elevation of Factory Building Part of Building Brick, M in, plaster. _ Doors (2 in. Wood) M in. Crack ____ Brick, M in. plaster._________ Glass, (Single)___ M in. Crack__ ____ Expo sure Width IN Feet Heighi IN Feet Net Surface Area or Crack Length N 50 16 N 12 12 N 1 pair doors 656 144 60 W 120 16 w 15x4 9 w Doubl e Hung Windo ws (15) 1380 540 450 Co effi cient 0.277 0.382 3.34 0.277 1.13 1.67 South Wall_______ Same See as N Above East Wall. ... Roof, 3 in. Concrete and Slag-surfaced built-up roofing. Same See as W Above No Ceiling 50 120 6000 - 0.610 Temp. Diff. Net B.t.u. 59.6 57.2 57.2 59.6 60.2 60.2 10,820 3,150 11,440 22,800 36.800 45,200 69.3 254.000 . <, Exposure Factor Total B.t.u. 1.15 12*1^ 1.15 v 3,620 H*1.15 6.580 1.15 1.15 1.15 ^26,200 42.400 26,000*- X* 19.690 82,200 None 254,000 Floor, 5 la. Stone Concrete on 3 in. Cinder Concrete. On Dirt . 50 120 6000 0.521 5 15,630 None 15,630 Grano Total of heat required for building in B.t.u. per hour at +4 deg. with ll-mil* northwest 488*780 *Notes.--(1) This building has no partitions and whatever air enters through the cracks on the wind ward side must leave through the cracks on the leeward side. Therefore, only one-half of the total crack : will be used in computing infiltration for each side and each end of building. (2) An exposure allowance of 15 per cent is also to be added to the wall and glass transmission losses and1 to the infiltration losses on the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind as stated in the first paragraph on page 73. "r change per hou?as given 1TMTaWeh&*1totaeife?torytwiitLinirm0f mfilt5?!0n on the basis of half of an X16 = 96,000 cu. ft., and heat required^erhouris ""h minimum equations. Volume = 50 X 120 ao.ooo X)4 X 0.075 X 0.24 X 59.6 = 51,500 B.t.u. . Based on infiltration through one-half the total trackage in all walls, the heat to be supplied per hour is from Table 45 - 6,580 + 26,000 -f- 5,720 + 22.600 *= 60.900 B.t.u. .' The value based on crackage should be used, but if building is to be heated intermittently, not less than' one air change per hour should be allowed. . ` ' 4 76 Fig. 10. Floor Plan of Six-Room Residence3 Plan 6-F-3, Architects Small House Service Bureau. .- ` 13. Calculations: See calculation sheet, Table 45. RESIDENCE (See Fig. 10) 1. Location................................. .................. ................. ......................................................................... Chicago, 111. 2. Lowest outside temperature (Table 3) --,.......................................... -- 23 deg. fahr. 3. Base temperature.-,----------------------------------------------------------(-- 23 + 15) = -- 8 deg. fahr. 4. Direction of prevailing wind (during Dec., Jan., Feb., Table 3)..........Southwest 5. Inside temperature................................................................................................................70 deg. fahr. 0. Temperature difference (item 5 -- item 3)..............................:........................78 deg. fahr. Average wind velocity (during Dec., Jan., Feb., Table 3)____ 17 miles per hour 8. Construction: - Walls--Wood siding, building paper, wood 'sheathing, studding, wood lath, and plaster. Roof--Wood shingles on 1 x 4 strips spaced 2 in. Attic Ceiling--Wood lath and plaster on roof rafters First Floor (over basement)--Maple flooring on rough flooring on floor joists Doors (outside)--Three, 3 ft.x7 ft.xlji in.; one, 2 ft. 8 in. x7ft.x lji in. No weatherstripping Windows--Double-hung, single glass, weatherstripped. 9. Transmission coefficients : ' Walls--(Table 24). ................. _.............................-......................................... V = 0.263 Roof (including attic ceiling)--(Table 34)................................................. U = 0.285 Floor (over basement)--(Table 29).........-............-......... -.............. ............. XJ = 0.339 Doors--(Table 36)................................. ...................... ........................... -................ U 0.421 Windows--(Table 36)-------- :....................................... -......................................... U = 1J3 10. Infiltration coefficients: Windows---The leakage per foot of crack for weatherstripped, double bung, wood sash windows is 27,0 cu. ft. per hour for a 17-mile wind velocity. (By interpolation from Table 39, Part II.) The heat equiva-' lent is . 27.9 X 0.075 X 0.24 = 0.5 B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack. Doors--Assume Jfg in. crack. Leakage = 139 cu. ft. per hour. (Table 39, Part If). The heat equivalent is 139 X 0.075 X 0.24 = 2.50 B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack. 77 m. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 11. Calculations: See summary of heat loss calculations, Table 46-A, and heat loss calculation sheet for living room. Table 46-.8. Table 46-A. Summary of Heat; Loss Calculations for Residence Shown in Fig. 10 Room ob Space No. Room . Glass Trans* mission Losses Other Trans mission Losses - Infiltra tion Losses Total 1 2 Living Room........................................ 7,100 Dining Room........................................ 2,640 9,040 4,640 8,970 742 m 25,110 ' 8,022 3 Kitchen . 4 Dining Alcove 1,060 1,370 3,300 3,718 663 5,023 807 5,895 5 >6 Entrv......... Vestibule... 1,888 1,854 1,312 1,436 4,320 3,900 7,520 7,190 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bedroom (A) and Closet Bedroom (B) and Closet...... .......... Bedroom (C) and Closet................... Upstairs Hall........... .........i................... Bath._.................................... .................. Attic (heated). .................................. 3,773 3,960 2,900 1,450 1,450 3,040 3,558 4,070 3,765 . 920 1,940 28,021 1,445 1,445 1,660 1,660 1,660 1,425 8,776 9,475 8,325 4,030 5,050 32,186 --rGrand Total of heat required for building in B.t.u. per hour at --*8 deg. with a 17-mile southwest wind 126,602 ______ t___' Table 46-B. Heat Loss Calculation Sheet for Living Room (Fig: 10) - Past of Building Exposure Net Surface Area ob * Crack Lenotb Co efficient Temp. Difference Net. B.t.u. c Exposure Factor , Total Ht.o,. Wall.................. Glass..--........... Crack in. Wallb................ Doors............... Crack in... Wall.................. Glass................ Crack in. E E E S s s w w w Floor.... ........ ; Over Basement 75.6 15.0 19.0 127.6 42.0 40.0 75.6 15.0 19.0 241.0 0.263 1.13 0.5 0.263 1.13<= 2.50 0.263 1.13 0.50 0.339 78 1,550 78 1,320 78 (742)4 1,550 1,320 78 2,620 1.15 3,010 78 3,710 1.15 . 4,260 78 7,800 1.15 8,9704 78 1,550 1.15 1,780 78 1,320 1.15 1,520 78 (742)4 33c 2,700 2,700 Grand Total of heat required for room in B.t.u. per hour at --8 deg. with a 17-mile southwest wind...... ..................................................................... 25,110 Windows weatherstripped. bChimney figured as part of wall, that is, of the same construction. Transmission coefficient taken samg as g1?ss for entire door. - djhree.sides of thia mom are exposed and therefore only the wall having the greatest infiltration loss is used m estimating the total leakage for the room. If the infiltration loss for the south side of the roomlcon- taining the two outside doors had been less than half the total infiltration loss for the room, then half the total leakage would have been used. . . '. c r Air temperature, at floor assumed 65 deg. fahr. Air temperature in basement assumed 32 deg.fahr. 78 .- Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings . . PREVENTION OF CONDENSATION ON . INTERIOR BUILDING SURFACES Condensation on the interior surface of buildings is. often a serious oroblem. Water dripping from a ceiling may cause irreparable damage to manufactured articles and machinery. It often results in short-cir cuiting of electric power and lighting systems, necessitating shut-downs and incurring costly repairs. It also causes rotting of wood roof struc tures, corrosion of metal roofs, and spalling and disintegration of gypsum and other types of roof decks not properly protected. Condensation is caused by the contact of the warm humid air in a building with surfaces below the dew-point temperature, and can be remedied in two ways, (1) by increasing the temperature of such surfaces above the dew-point temperature, or (2) by lowering the humidity. Dehumidification, of course, is not permissible where a high relative humidity is necessary for manufacturing processes. Hence, the only alter native is to increase the surface temperature by decreasing the inside surface resistance. This can be accomplished by increasing the velocity of-air passing over the surface, or by increasing the overall resistance of the wall or roof by installing a sufficient thickness of insulation. The latter method is generally used, and the thickness of insulation is determined by ascertaining the amount of resistance to be added to increase the temperature of the interior surface above the dew-point temperature for the maximum conditions involved. This in turn is based on the fundamental principle that the drop in temperature is proportional to the resistance. The thickness of^insulation required to prevent condensation on the interior surface of a wall or roof can be determined by means of the following formula: where . x=k t -to fi(IId) x = thickness in inches of insulation to prevent condensation. k = conductivity of insulation in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit per inch thickness. U -- coefficient of transmission of uninsulated wall or roof in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit. fi = conductance of interior surface of wall or roof in B.t.u. per hour, per square foot per degree fahrenheit. t = dry-bulb temperature of air near wall or roof surface. Id = dew-point temperature of air near wall or roof surface. to = minimum outside temperature (usually taken as 15 deg. above lowest temperature on record for locality of building). (17) ' Example showing Use of Condensation Formula The following example will illustrate the use of this formula: Determine the thickness of insulation required to prevent ceiling con densation on a roof constructed of 1-in. yellow pine sheathing covered with built-up roofing for an inside temperature at. the ceiling of 85 deg. 79 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 fahr., a relative humidity of 70 per cent, and an outside temperature of -- 10 deg. fahr., assuming the conductivity of the insulation to be 0.30 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit per inch thickness: k = 0.30 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit per inch tMrkn. f = 85 deg. fahr. ' to = --10 deg. fahr.. ,F R.H. -- 70 per cent. ' fd = 74 deg. fahr. fl = 1.34 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit (average, Table 4) U = 0.485 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit (Table 32) T --03Q f 85- (-10) ' L 1.34 (85 - 74) I! 0.485 J '. = 1.3 in. , Condensation Chart ' The chart (Fig. 11) can be used for approximating the thickness of insulation required to prevent condensation on the interior wall or roof surfaces of a building. The procedure for using this chart is as follows: , Locate the dry-bulb temperature t of the air near the ceiling on scale A, and pais horizontally to the proper relative humidity curve indicated on scale B. > 2. From this point pass vertically downward. . 3. Locate the difference between the temperature of the air at the ceiling and the lowest outside temperature on scale D, and draw a line horizontally until it intersects line 8. (The vertical line drawn as per paragraph 2). 4. From the intersection of lines 8 and 3 draw a line to the point P in the lower left hand corner of the chart. . 5. From the intersection of line 4 and line AB, draw a line horizontally until it inter sects the diagonal line corresponding to the heat transmission coefficient of the unin sulated roof shown on scale F. . 6. From the intersection found as per paragraph 5, draw a line vertically downward. 7. Locate the conductivity of the insulation to be used (expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit) oh scale G and draw a line to point Q. 8. From the intersection of lines 6 and 7, draw a line horizontally to the left, and the correct thickness of insulation to use will be indicated on scale H. . Although this chart is intended primarily for roofs, it can be used for walls by taking the dry-bulb temperature and the corresponding relative humidity of the air near the walls at the point which will necessitate the maximum heat resistance to prevent condensation, instead of using the temperature and humidity near the ceiling. . Example showing Use of Condensation Chart Determine the thickness of insulation required to prevent ceiling con densation for the following conditions: . Dry-bulb temperature near ceiling...... Relative humidity......... ............................ Lowest outside temperature................... Construction of uninsulated roof.......... Coefficient of transmission of roof........ Conductivity of insulation to be used-- 85 deg. fahr. 70 per cent -- 10 deg. fahr. . 1 in. yellow pine sheathing and built-up roofing. 1 0.485 V; 0.30 80 Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Scale B Relative Uuffuditv at Cetlinq - Percent Fig. 11. Chart for Determining Thickness of Insulation Required to Prevent Condensation The solution of this problem is indicated on the chart (Fig. 11) by the dotted line-- '" 1. Locate the inside dry-bulb temperature of`85 deg. on scale A, and draw a line horizontally to the 70 per cent relative humidity curve, indicated on scale B. 81 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 2. Draw line 8 vertically downward from the intersection located as per paragraph 1, 3. Locate on scale D the temperature difference of 95 deg. between the ceiling tem perature of 85 deg. arid the lowest outside temperature of --10 deg., and draw a line horizontally until it intersects with line 8. 4. From the point of intersection of lines 8 and 3, draw a line to the point P. 5. From the intersection of lines 4 and AB, draw a line horizontally until it intersects with the diagonal line corresponding to a coefficient of transmission of the roof of 0.485, located on scale F. . 6. From the intersection found as per paragraph 5, draw line 6 vertically downward. 7. Locate the conductivity of 0.30 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahren heit of the insulation on scale G and draw a line to point Q. Fig. 12. Saturation Curves showing Relationship between Relative Humidity and Temperature Difference for Single, Double and Triple Windows' 8. From the intersection of lines 6 and 7, draw a line horizontally to scale H, on which the thickness of insulation of this coriductivity is indicated, which is 1.3 in. The nearest commercial thickness above 1.3 in. would, of course, be selected. - Condensation on Windows . Fundamentally, the problem of preventing condensation on windows is no different than that of preventing condensation on walls and windows. However, it is not economical to decrease, the inside surface resistance by blowing air against the window, as this increases the overall transmission. Hence, if it is necessary that a high relative humidity be maintained', the only practical method by which condensation can be prevented or ire duced on windows is to increase the overall resistance by using two'or, more air spaces. .. 82 . Chapter 2--Heat Losses from Buildings Window Condensation Chart The chart (Fig. 12) is intended to be used for determining the number of panes of glass required to prevent condensation for certain temperature and humidity conditions, or for determining the outside temperature at which condensation will take place on the inside surface of single, double or triple glass for the humidity and temperature conditions involved. To determine the type of glass required to prevent condensation, locate the relative humidity on scale A` and then locate the difference in tem perature between the air on the two sides of the glass on scale B. The curve corresponding to the inside temperature conditions immediately above the intersection of the lines drawn from these two scales indicates the type of glass required. For example: If the relative humidity is 60 per cent (scale A) and the inside and outside temperatures are 70 deg. and 0 deg. respectively, the temperature difference (scale B) will be 70 deg. and triple-pane glass will be required to prevent condensation, as indicated by the curve immediately above the intersection of the lines drawn from scales A and B. Because the transmission of even triple glass, with two air spaces, is relatively high as compared with a well-insulated wall or roof, and con sequently the resistance smali, the relative humidity that can exist in a building without condensation taking place on the glass is low. For this reason, and also because window condensation in many cases is not objectionable, no effort is made to prevent the condensation, the only precaution taken being to provide gutters under the windows to drain the water. ' REFERENCES ' Mechanical Equipment of Buildings, Vol. I. second edition. 1929. By Harding and Willard. Bulletin No. 10S, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois. Report of Insulolton Committee, A. S. R. E. Annual Meeting, 1922, Revised to 1924. Measuring Heat Emission in Building Structures, By P. Nicholla (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 30. 1924, No. 685). Air Leakage, By Houghten and Schraeder (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 30. 1924, No. 686). Air Leakage Around Window Panes, By C. C. Schraeder (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 30, 1924, No. 704). Data on Infiltration of Air Through Building Openings, By C. C. Schraeder (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E.t Vol. 31. 1925. No. 716). Some Results of Heat Transmission Research, By F. B. Rowley (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 32, 1926, No. 748). Standard Test Code for Heat Transmission Through Walls, By A. P. Kratz (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 34, No. 1. January. 1928). , Economic Thickness of Building Insulation, By "M. S. Wunderlich (Journal, A. S. H. V. E.f Vol. 34, No. 3. March, 1928). Value of Building Insulation to Reduce Heat Losses, By E. N. Sanbern (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 34. No. 3. March, 1928). Weathertightness of Rolled Section Steel Windows, By Emswiler and Randall (Journal, A. S. H. V, E., Vol. 34. No. 6. June. 1928). Heat Transmission Research, By Rowley; Morris and Algren (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 34, No. 7, July, 1928). . Air Leakage Through a Pivoted Metal Window, By Houghten and O'Connell (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 34. No. 7. July. 1928). . "" Heat Transfer Through Roofs Under Summer Conditions, By Houghten and Zobel (Journal, A.S.H.V.E., Vol. 34. No. 8. August. 1928). , Effect of Frame Calking and Storm Windows on Infiltration Around and Through Windows, By Richtmann and Braatz (Journal, A. S. H..V. E.. Vol. 34, No. 9. September, 1928). Frost and Condensation on Windows, By Leonhard and Grant, (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 35. No. 1, January. 1929). 83 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Thermal Resistance of Air Spaces, By Rowley and Algren (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 35, No. l January, 1929). ' ' Additional Coefficients of Heat Transfer as Measured Under Natural Weather Conditions, By Houghten Gutberlet and Zobel (Journal. A. S. H. V. E.. Vol. 35, No. 2, February, 1929). ' Air Infiltration Through Various Types of Brick Wall Construction, By Larson, Braatz and Nelson (Journal, A. S. H. V. E.t Vol. 35. No. 3, March, 1929). . . Overall Heat Transmission Coefficients Obtained by Test and by Calculation, By Rowley, Algren and Blackshaw (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 35, No. 5, May. 1929). Preventing Condensation on Interior Building Surfaces, By Paul D. Close (Journal, A S H V E Vol. 35. No. 9. 1929). I f 84 CHAPTER 3 STANDARDS OF VENTILATION General Requirements; Air Supply; Temperature; Recirculation; Testing Methods; Instruments; Physiological Effects; Human Comfort; Comfort Charts; Comfort Zone; Humidity and Comfort. VENTILATION is the science that treats of air in relation to human comfort, health, and efficiency. The test of good ventilation is the measure of health, comfort and efficiency derived from it. In general, ventilation is applicable to spaces which are densely occupied by human beings, such as auditoriums, offices and school rooms, to spaces in which atmospheric contamination or over-heating would otherwise occur, as under certain industrial conditions, and to spaces in which a fixed and controlled air condition is required, as in certain manufacturing processes. The object of ventilation is to provide and maintain these desired atmospheric conditions. .' GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF VENTILATION . Proper ventilation depends upon the following factors: 1. Air Volume. 1 2. Air Temperature. 1 These four factors, in combination, contribute to what is 3. Relative Humidity. | termed "Effective Temperature." 4. Air Motion. 1 5. Air purity, in reference to its freedomfrom odors, dust, bacteria, toxic gases, and other objectionable matter. 6. Air Distribution, with reference to general distribution, air movement, and free dom from drafts. 7. Psychological effects. . AIR SUPPLY FOR VENTILATION A comparatively small quantity of air supply is required to take care of the needs of- the lungs. A comparatively large quantity of air is re quired, however, to provide the bodily heat control necessary for the maintenance of health and comfort. In order to provide the necessary air movement and volume to provide comfort and to remove odors in spaces of considerable occupancy, the delivery by the ventilating plant of the quantities of air indicated in Table 1, has been general practice. The resultant volumes will be found to comply with most of the existing legal requirements. It is, of course, understood that the air must be at such temperatures as to promote comfort. -- See Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Venti lation of Buildings, adopted by A.S. H.V. E. in 1925, edition of 1929. 85 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Air Temperature: Overheating is detrimental to the quality of venti lation, and is. believed to be one of the most objectionable conditions of civilization. Dry-bulb temperatures for ventilated rooms are given in Chapter 2, under Inside Temperatures (p. 8). Automatic temperature control in ventilating plants is discussed under Automatic Heat Control, Chapter 17 and under Air Conditioning and Cooling, Chapter 7. Injurious substances, such as gases and fumes, may be of the utmost importance. These are handled usually by mechanical exhaust ventila- Table 1. Quantity of Air Required for Ventilation . Based on Square Feet of Floor Space Trra or Building Schools Theaters Hotels Hospitals ' Room Classrooms..... 1............................ Assembly Rooms........................... Gymnasia--......................... ..... Picture Machine Booths...................;................ Dining Rooms......................:............................ Kitchens.,............................................ Corridors...................................... Wardrobes and Lockers.................. Toilet, Bath, etc.............................................. Seating Spaces..... ............................ Toilets, etc........................................ Picture Machine Booths.................... Assembly Rooms................. .. Dining Rooms.............................................. Kitchens............................................... Wards.................................... Dining Rooms................................. Toilets. _ .............................. Kitchens--........... ........... Cu. Ft. or Am pee Minute fkb 8quabb Foot or Floob Aeea 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 0.5 | 2.0 . 2.0 2.0 . 2.0 2.0 c 2.0 1.5 4.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.0 .' , *- . . . tion with effective distribution of inlets to the exhaust ducts. This phase of ventilation involves, in one way or another, nearly all of the other items. . Relative humidity, bears an intimate relationship to air movement and temperature. These relations are described under Physiological Effects of Ventilation in this chapter. The effective temperature index fixes no limits for- relative humidity. The practical limits, however, are 30 per cent during the winter and 60 per cent during the summer. Air motion is important and is intimately associated with the tempera ture and humidity in producing Effective Temperature as discussed under Physiological .Effects of Ventilation in this chapter. Air purity or cleanliness has to do with human health, both from the standpoint of freedom from dust and other suspended substances, and 86 Chapter 3:--Standards of Ventilation from the standpoint of freedom from bacteria and other infectious media carried along with the dirt in air. Odors are often removed by plentiful air supply and efficient distri bution. In special cases this may be facilitated by other means, such as by the use of Ozone. Air distribution within the space to be ventilated is of the utmost im portance, and is closely correlated with effective temperature. When the air can be so conditioned and distributed that it may achieve maximum contact with each person in a room, the volume per person may be much less than that set forth in Table 1. VENTILATION DESIGN Jn the practical work of engineers who design mechanical ventilating systems, and of architects and owners who have to pass upon these systems, the one item which is the basis of all calculations and layouts, is the quantity of air to be handled by the ventilating system to produce the results desired.. The functions of the air handled in connection with ventilated spaces are: (1) to supply the necessary oxygen for respiration; (2) to keep the dilution of objectionable substances down to the proper proportion, and (3) to maintain the proper effective air temperature. It has been estimated that an adult at rest will breathe 0.25 cu. ft. of air per minute and exhale 0.01 cu. ft. of COj in the same period, or at the rate of 0.6 cu. ft. per hour, thus removing about 5 per cent of the oxygen from the air actually breathed. This does not necessarily indicate .. the-effect on the air in the room occupied. The same air may be re breathed for a limited time without apparent harmful effect. . The air handled by the ventilating system may consist entirely of air taken from the outside or it may consist partly of new air and partly of recirculated air. In any duct system and in all ordinary buildings there is in any event a considerable air change due to leakage. HEAT FROM OCCUPANTS, LIGHTS, EQUIPMENT In a crowded place of assemblage the heat given off by the occupants, together with that given off by the lighting and power equipment, may be, and frequently is, more than the normal heat loss through the structure to the outside air, even in winter under cold climatic conditions. This means that in order to preserve an equilibrium of effective temperature the entering air must be cooler than the leaving air, so that the problem in such enclosures is usually one of cooling and ventilating, rather than one of heating and ventilating. A typical case for winter might show about 30Q B.t.u. of body heat, plus 100 B.t.u. per person from light, etc., being given up to the building against about 200 B.t.u. heat loss from the building, per person per hour. This would mean that 200 B.t.u. per person must be carried away by the ventilation. " If the flow of air is upward, or from the side, so as to bring the incoming _ air into direct contact with the occupants, the temperature of the incom ing air should not be-more than 5 deg. below the temperature of the air leaving the occupant, otherwise the conditions will be drafty and uncom- 87 . . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 fortable. Where the air is admitted through the ceiling, and the ceiling is high, the temperature difference may be slightly increased and, in some cases, the air quantity may be slightly decreased. If a room is crowded in weather of 85 deg. outside temperature, with a relative humidity of 70 per cent, while giving each occupant 30 cu. ft. of air per minute, it may be assumed that there will be an increase of temperature of at least 5 deg. due to body heat and heat from equip ment. The moisture increase, from the bodies of the occupants, may be assumed as 10 grains per minute, or 0.30 grains per cubic foot of air handled. . Under such a condition some method of air cooling will be needed to obtain satisfactory ventilation. A good air washer may reduce the tem perature of the air passing through it about 70 per cent of the difference between the wet and the dry bulb temperatures. Its operation would hardly be worth while without a water supply having a temperature of 50 deg. or cooler because of increasing relative humidity with a decreasing temperature. The beneficial effect of an air washer will increase in pro portion to the dryness of the outside air. It should be understood that the example cited is an extreme case of temperature and humidity. Experience, however, shows that a supply of air which proves to be adequate for maintaining a desirable effective temperature in winter will prove inadequate for the same purpose in hot weather. While an increased volume of air supply is often of material benefit, the use of refrigeration brings the final hot-weather solution, not so much in actual temperature drop as in reduction of humidity. When using an upward system of air supply, as through floor mush rooms, drafts will be felt often with the introduction of air at tempera tures of more than 5 deg. cooler than the average room temperature. For this reason, and for the additional reasons of sanitation and control, the downward system of ventilation is more efficacious in large and densely occupied places of assemblage. The air should be brought in at a point high enough to permit of its being diffused before coming into contact with the occupants. It is always desirable, if not imperative, to prevent cool-air currents from striking the occupants from behind them. RECIRCULATION Where recirculation of air in ventilation work is utilized care should be taken that the recirculated air shall be suitable. Usually the air must be reconditioned by cleaning, dehumidifying and deodorizing. The saving in operating costs obtainable by recirculation of the air in ventilation systems, while very considerable, must not be obtained at the expense of quality. . . 1 The percentage of recirculated air may be varied to suit the seasonal changes so as to conserve heat in winter and refrigeration in summer. Toilets and similar rooms and all kitchens in buildings using recircu lation, should be separately, mechanically ventilated, with the exhaust in excess of the supply, in order to prevent objectionable odors from diffusing into other parts of the building.- This air removal may in many cases be sufficient to insure a sufficient replacement of new air to the general recirculating system. 88 Chapter 3--Standards, of Ventilation PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS The factors which may affect a person's health, comfort, or well being re- (1) temperature; (2) humidity; (3) motion of the air; (4) dustiness; (5) bacteria content; (6) odors present; (7) other injurious substances. Temperature, humidity and motion taken together, determine the feeling of warmth and influence the elimination of body heat. They are the three most important factors in the physiological effects of the sur rounding atmosphere upon the body. Dust, bacteria, and odors may be of secondary importance when compared with the combined effect of temperature, humidity, and air motion, but they are nevertheless important factors, and must be given consideration. The engineer who disregards the psychological factor in ventilation is indeed, short-sighted. As in most human contacts and activities, the effect of air conditions on the mind is profound. Consideration must always be given to the elimination of objectionable noise from machinery and to air-friction noises. It is usually helpful if the occupants of a ventilated room may visualize some indication that air is moving. It helps if they may, when they wish, place their bodies or portions thereof, in sensible air currents, to demonstrate that venti lation is in effect. Periodical or occasional temperature reductions, or increases in air movement, possibly accompanied by muscular exercises, are of great value, psychologically as well as physically. It is a familiar fact that a room may be comfortable at one dry-bulb temperature and yet decidedly uncomfortable at another time at the same dry-bulb temperature. This fact may be due either to a change of relative humidity or to a change in air motion. A room may feel equally comfortable with different dry-bulb temperatures provided the relative humidity or air motion is varied to produce this effect. Other factors enter into this problem, such as changes of clothing (seasonal or other wise), acclimatization, degree of activity, etc. HOW TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, AND AIR MOTION AFFECT HUMAN COMFORT The temperature sensations of the human body depend not only on the temperature of the surrounding air as registered by a dry-bulb thermometer, but alsO they depend upon the temperature indicated by a wet-bulb thermometer. Dry air at a relatively high temperature may feel cooler than air of considerably lower temperature with a high moisture content. Air motion makes any moderate condition feel cooler. Human comfort or discomfort, as regards feeling of warmth, depends largely upon the body temperature, and, therefore, upon the relation between the rate of production and dissipation of heat. By the process of metabolism heat is constantly generated within, the body, which heat must be eliminated from the surface of the body and from the respiratory tract by radiation, convection and evaporation. To maintain a constant body temperature the heat loss must equal the'heat produced. It is, therefore, apparent that any reduction in the elimination of heat from the body must result in a rise in temperature and a feeling of discomfort. 89 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 There are three principal factors affecting loss of body heat: (1) tem perature; (2) humidity; (3) air motion. As the temperature of the air and surrounding objects rises, the loss of heat by convection and radiation decreases. When the air temperature Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation librium by making available more perspiration, resulting in a greater heat loss by evaporation. From the foregoing, it is concluded that there must necessarily exist certain combinations of temperatures and humidities, which produce the same total body heat loss by radiation, convection, and evaporation, reaches that of the body, the loss by radiation and convection ceases. Finally, as the air temperature exceeds that of the body, heat is trans ferred from the air to the body. As the temperature of the air rises and heat loss by radiation and con vection decreases, the body endeavors to maintain temperature equi- 90 Fig. 2. 70 Dry bulb temperature Psychrometric Chart with Effective Temperature Lines for 100 ft. Air Velocity. (Shaded Area Indicates the Comfort Zone) and, therefore, the same feeling of comfort or discomfort. Lines passing through such air conditions plotted as a psychrometric chart may be called equal comfort lines. The fact is further substantiated by the general experience of heating engineers in observing that the lower the humidity the higher the dry-bulb temperature required for the same degree of comfort. 91 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 A series of tests have been made in the two psychrometric rooms of the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers in order to locate these lines on the psychro metric chart. Complete reports of these studies for both still and moving Fig. 3. Psychrometric Chart with Effective Temperature Lines for 300 ft. Air Velocity. (Shaded Area Indicates the Comfort Zone) air are reported in the Society's Transactions, Vols., 27-32 inclusive, and in the Journals for 1926 and 1928. The relation of temperature and humidity to comfort for persons normally clothed and at rest in still air, is given in Fig. 1, while the effect of air motion upon comfort or effective temperature for persons normally clothed is given in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. 92 Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation HOW TO USE THE COMFORT CHARTS In the Psychrometric Chart, Fig. 1, dry-bulb temperature is plotted as abscissae and grains of moisture per pound of dry air as ordinates. The maximum moisture which the air can hold at various temperatures gives the saturation, or 100 per cent relative humidity curve. Relative humidities between 0 and 100 per cent are given by a series of curved lines similar to the saturation curve. The wet-bulb temperatures for all atmospheric conditions are given by a series of nearly parallel oblique lines. Effective temperature is given by a series of oblique but not parallel lines which approach being parallel to the wet-bulb lines at high tempera tures and humidities, and to the dry-bulb lines at low temperatures. The numerical values of the wet-bulb and effective temperature lines are given by the dry-bulb temperatures at their intersection with the saturation curve. Dry-bulb temperature is the temperature of the air as determined by an ordinary dry-bulb mercury thermometer. Wet-bulb temperature is the temperature as determined by a similar thermometer, except with its bulb encased in a fine mesh fabric bag moistened with clean water and whirled through the air until the tem perature depression due to the cooling effect of evaporation from the moistened bag reaches equilibrium. The conditions of comfort as shown by these charts are primarily for winter-time conditions in relatively cold climates, and what is hereinafter said relative to these charts pertains to such conditions. The conditions of indoor comfort corresponding to summer-time conditions or to condi tions in the warmer climates are somewhat different. For data pertaining to this subject, see Inside Tempetatures, Chapter 2, pp. 6 to 9. Wet-bulb temperature corresponds to that which a thoroughly wet body will attain if the air passes over it for a sufficient length of time and with a high enough velocity. A person's body is not thoroughly wet and hence does not react entirely in accordance with either the dry or the wet-bulb temperature. At high temperatures when the body is moist with perspiration, it reacts more nearly in accordance with wet-bulb tempera ture; while at low temperatures when the body is comparatively dry, it reacts more nearly in accordance with the dry-bulb temperature. Definition of Effective Temperature Effective temperature is an experimentally determined scale which unlike the dry7bulb and wet-bulb scales is a true measure or index of a . person's feeling of warmth in all combinations of temperature, humidity, and air motion. In other words, for any one given effective temperature a person will feel the same degree of warmth or coldness regardless of the dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature and velocity of the air re quired to produce that particular effective temperature. The psychrometric charts for moving air (Figs. 2, 3 and 4), differ from the chart for still air (Fig. 1) only in that the effective temperature lines for any particular degree do not intersect the dry-bulb, wet-bulb or dew-point temperature lines at the same degree on the saturation or 100 per cent relative humidity curve, but are removed to the right so that the effective temperature for any dry and wet bulb temperature is lower 93 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 for moving air than it is for still air. This difference between the effective temperature for still air and for moving air, of any velocity, is the cooling resulting from that velocity. The difference between the dry or wet bulb 60 70 Dry bulb temperature Fig. 4. 500Psychrometric Chart with Effective Temperature Lines for ft. Air Velocity. (Shaded Area Indicates the Comfort Zone) temperature and the effective temperature at saturation also gives the cooling produced by the velocity for that condition. The psychrometric chart (Fig. 5) gives the-effective temperature lines for still air and for three velocities ranging from 150 to 500 ft. per minute on.the same chart. It is of value in giving at a glance the relative cooling effect of different velocities. 94 Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation the comfort line and the comfort zone That range of effective temperatures over which 50 per cent of people feel comfortable, namely 62 to 69 deg. fahr. is called the comfort zone. That particular effective temperature at which a.maximum number of oeople feel comfortable is called the comfort line.. While at rest, 97 per cent of people have been found to be comfortable at 64 deg. fahr. effective temperature. Persons working at various rates are most comfortable at effective temperatures below 64 deg. The exact effective temperatures giving maximum comfort for persons working at various rates have not yet been determined by the Research Laboratory, but from the best data available; they are as follows: at rest, 64 deg.; light work, 62 deg.; hard work, 60 deg. The data given in the charts, Figs. 1 to 5, are for persons normally clothed and differ somewhat from the data contained in earlier editions of The Guide, which data were for persons stripped to the waist. HEAT DISSIPATED TO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM THE HUMAN BODY The heat dissipated from the human body is a factor which must be taken into consideration in conditioning air in audience halls. Research at the Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Venti lating Engineers1 has resulted in the data given in Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9, which are in convenient form for practical application. Although total heat loss and sensible and latent heat losses are not exact functions of effective and dry-bulb temperature, respectively, for all conditions of humidity and air motion, they are plotted as such in the curves. This is accomplished by approximations not always rigidly accurate, but sufficiently so for application in most practical problems. These data are offered for the use. of the engineer in solving most of his practical problems. In some instanced, however, in particular cases where extreme accuracy is desired, the variation in the data for different atmospheric conditions as given in the complete laboratory report may be taken into consideration. . An atmospheric condition resulting in sensible perspiration is to be avoided for good air conditions. Table 2 gives the approximate effective . temperature at which perspiration is noticeable in different degrees by most individuals for 95 per cent and 20 per cent relative humidity. Problems Involving Heat Dissipated from Human Body Problem 1-A: How much sensible heat, how much latent heat and how much water vapor will be added per hour to the atmosphere of an auditorium by an audience of 1,000 adults, when the dry and wet bulb temperatures are 75 deg. fahr. and 63.5 deg. fahr., respectively? Problem 1-B: If the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the auditorium were 85 deg. and 63 deg., respectively, how much heat and moisture would be dissipated to the atmosphere? . . Solution--Problem 1-A: From Fig. 7 find the sensible-heat loss per person for 75 deg. dry bulb and still air to be 265 B.t.u. per hour. From Fig. 8 find the latent heat loss per person for 75 deg. dry bulb to be 134 B.t.u. per hour and the moisture added to be Heat and Moisture Losses from the Human Body and Their Relation to Air Conditioning Problems, by F. C. Houghten, W. W. Teague. W. E. Miller and W. P. Yant (Transactions. A. S. H. V. E., 1929. when published). 95 American Society of Heating ami Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 905 grains per hour. 1,000 X 265 = 265,000 B.t.u. sensible heat; 1,000 X 134 = 134,TOO B.t.u. latent heat and 1,000 X 905 = 905,000 grains or 129 lb. of water vapor will be added per hour to the air in the auditorium. These sensible and latent heat loss additions may also be found as follows: The effective temperature of the condition 75 deg. dry bulb and 63.5 deg. wet bulb is 70.3 deg. effective temperature. From ,Fig. 6 find 403 B.t.u. as the total heat added to the air by a person for 70.3 deg. effective temperature. From Fig. 9 find the percentage of sensible and latent heat at 75 deg. dry bulb to be 66.5 per cent and 33.5 per cent. The sensible heat added to the air in the auditorium is 1,000 X 0.665 X 403 = 267,995 B.t.u. per hour. The latent heat added is 1,000 X 0.335 X 403 = 135,005 B.t.u. per hour. Solution--Problem 1-B: From Figs. 7 and 8, respectively, the sensible and latent heat losses per person for 85 deg. dry bulb are found to be 164 and 225 B.t.u. per hour. The water vapor added to atmosphere is 1,520 grains per hour. The audience will then add 164,000 B.t.u. sensible heat, 225,000 B.t.u. latent heat and 1,520,000 grains or 217 lb; of water vapor to the air in the auditorium per hour. Problem 2: Neglecting the gain or loss of heat to an auditorium by transmission or infiltration through the walls, windows and doors, how many cubic feet of outside air, Table . 2. Condition of Sensible Perspiration for Various Atmospheric Conditions *> Atmospheric Condition Degree op Perspiration a 95 PER CENT R. H. . 20 PER CENT R. BL E. T. Forehead clammy........................... ......................... Body clammy............................................................ Body damp................................................................. Beads on forehead- -.................................... Body wet...... ............. ....... ................. ....................... Perspiration on forehead runs and drips. ..... Perspiration runs down body.............. ................ 73.0 73.0 79.0 80.0 84.5 88.0 88.5 D. B. 73.6 73.6 79.7 80!8 85.4 89.0 89.5 W. B. 72.4 72.4 78.4 79.4 84.0 87.6 88.1 E. T. D. B. W. B. 75.0 75.0 81.0 87.0 86.5 94.0 90.0 87.0 87.0 97.5 109.4 108.5 125.2 116.0 60.7 60.7 67.5 75.2 74.6 85.4 79.5 oForty per cent of subjects registered degree of perspiration equal to or greater than indicated. b" Thermal Exchanges between the HumaA Body and its Atmospheric Environment," by F. C. Houghten, W. W. Teague, W. E. Miller, W, P. Yant (American Journal Physiology, Vol. 88, No. 3, April, 1929; pp. 386-406). with 65 deg. dry bulb, 59 deg. wet bulb and 63.1/deg. effective-temperature must be added per hour to an auditorium containing 1,000 people in order that the inside shall not exceed 75 deg. dry and 65 deg. wet bulb, respectively? Solution--Problem 2: Figs. 7 and 8 give 265 B.t.u. sensible heat and 905 grains of moisture as the additions per person with 75 deg. dry bulb in the auditorium. There fore 265,000 B.tiu. of sensible heat and 905,000 grains of moisture will be added to the air in the auditorium per hour. Taking 0.24 as the specific heat of air, 2.4. B.t.u. per pound of air will be required to 265 000 raise the dry-bulb temperature from 65 to 75 deg. and ;-- = 110,400 lb. of air or 110,400 X 13.4 = 1,479,000 cu. ft. of air per hour will be required. This is equivalent 1 479 000 to i nhn vcn = 24.7 cu. ft. per person per minute. J.,Uvv/ X w The moisture content of the inside air as taken from a psychrometric chart is 76 grains per pound of dry air and that of the outside condition is 65 grains so the increase in 905 000 moisture content will be 11 grains per pound of dry air. -- ' = 82,300 lb. of dry air or approximately 83,000 lb. of air at the specified condition will be required. This is equivalent to 83,000 X 13.4 = 1,112,000 cu. ft. of air per hour or *1 = 18.5 cu. ft. of air per minute per person. . 1,0UU X OU . The higher volume of 24.7 cu. ft. per person per minute will be required to keep the 96 Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation dry-bulb from rising above the 75 deg. specified. The wet-bulb will, therefore, not rise to the maximum of 65 deg. . Examples 1-A and 1-B demonstrate that while the effective tempera ture, and, hence, the feeling of warmth and rate of total heat loss, does not differ greatly in the two cases, the relative-proportion of sensible and latent heat loss is.reversed. In order to maintain the air conditions stipulated the air conditioning equipment must remove 61.6 per cent ' 97 -i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Fig. 6. Relation between Total Heat Loss from the Human Body and Effective Temperature more sensible heat in (1-A) than in (1-B); and 67.8 per cent more latent heat or water vapor in (1-B) than in (1-A). In (1-A) 66.5 per cent of the total heat loss is sensible while in (1-B) only 42.5 per cent of the total loss is sensible. .. CONDITIONING AIR FOR HUMAN COMFORT There are four fundamental ways of producing effective cooling: (1) The dry-bulb temperature may be lowered by direct cooling or removal of heat. (2) The moisture content of the air may be reduced. (3) Air motion may produce effective cooling except for extremely severe con ditions. (4) Evaporation of water without addition or subtraction of Fig. 7. Relation between Sensible Heat Loss from Human Body and Dry-Bulb Temperature for Still and Moving Air .. 98 Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation ' heat is accompanied by an increase in moisture content and a fall in dry-bulb temperature along the wet-bulb line resulting in effective cooling. Take as an example a condition of 92 deg. dry bulb and 40 per cent relative humidity having a wet-bulb temperature of .72.8 deg. and effec tive temperature of 81.1 deg. This condition can be made equivalent to 78 deg. effective temperature or it can be made to feel 3.1 effective deg. cooler by any one of the four fundamental changes mentioned. (1) By the removal of heat the dry bulb may be made to fall to 85.5 deg. (see Fig. 1) along the "90 grain moisture per pound of dry air" or 64.2 deg. dew-point line when the effective temperature will be 78 deg. . (2) Without removal of sensible heat or lowering of the dry bulb, the moisture content may be.reduced from 90 to 44 grains per pound of dry air, when the effective temperature will be 78 deg. (3) A 500-ft. velocity (see Fig. 4) will change the still-air condition of 81.1 deg. effective temperature to 78 deg. effective temperature or will give 3.1 deg. effective temperature cooling. . (4) Evaporation of water at room temperature without addition or removal of heat will cause the point on the chart, Fig. 1, indicated by our condition, to move along the wet-bulb line to the left thereby lowering the dry-bulb temperature and increasing the moisture content. The wet-bulb temperature will remain the same but the effective temperature will be lowered. By adding 14 grains of moisture without heat, the dry bulb will fall to 83.8 deg. and the effective temperature will fall to 78 deg. The best method of producing effective cooling to be employed in any particular case will depend upon accompanying circumstances and should be determined by a competent engineer. Generally, the removal of heat or water vapor or both, by direct cooling or dehumidifying is most effective. Effective cooling by air motion or evaporation of water is relatively much less expensive, but these methods of cooling are limited to certain conditions of temperature and humidity. Cooling by evapora tion of water is effective when the air is dry or when there is considerable difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature. Cooling by air motion is most effective at low temperatures. When the effective tem perature approaches that of the body little or no cooling results and for certain higher temperatures air motion will make an uncomfortable con dition even less bearable. For. moderately high temperatures greater effective cooling is ex perienced as the result of air motion at high humidities than at low humidities. This suggests a valuable method of cooling by a combination of evaporation and air motion. Take, for example, a condition of 96 deg. dry bulb and 80 deg. wet bulb having an effective temperature of 85.7 deg. A 300-ft. air velocity will improve this condition by onjy 2.2 deg. Satura tion with water vapor will give a condition of 80.deg. dry bulb, 80 deg. wet bulb and 80 deg. effective temperature or 5.7 deg. effective tempera ture improvement. A 300-ft. air velocity with this new wet and dry.bulli) will give an effective temperature of 75.7 deg. or a total improvement of 10.0 deg. - For cooling produced by velocities other than those given in Figs. 2, 3 and 4 the reader is referred to the Tables and Examples on page 737 of the November, 1926, Journal. Example 1.--Given dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature of 75 and 68 deg. First: what is the effective temperature? Second: is this condition warmer or cooler than 80 deg. dry bulb and 60 deg. wet bulb? 99 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Answer.--The first condition is given by the intersection of the 75 deg. dry-bulb line and the 68 deg. wet-bulb line. The effective temperature is given by the numerical value of the effective temperature line passing through this point and indicated by the scale along the saturation curve, and is 71.9 deg. effective temperature. The second condition is given by the intersection of 80 deg. dry-bulb and 60 deg. wet-bulb and is 71.7 deg. effective temperature. It is therefore 0.2 deg. effective temperature cooler than the first condition. Example 2.--Given 76 deg. dry-bulb and 61 deg. wet-bulb how many degrees difference between this condition and the comfort line or 64 deg. effective temperature? Answer.--The effective temperature of this condition is given by the intersection of the 76 deg. dry bulb and 61 deg. wet-bulb lines and is 70 deg. effective temperature or 6 deg. effective temperature warmer than the comfort line. Example S.--Given the dry and wet bulb temperatures in a room 76 and 54 deg. Fig. 8. Relation between Heat and Weight Loss from the Human Body by Evaporation and Dry-Bulb Temperature for Still and Moving Air respectively, what air velocity will be necessary to make this condition ideally com fortable, that is, 64 deg. effective temperature? Answer.--From Fig. 1 for still air it will be seen that this condition has an effective temperature of 68.1 deg. in still air, while an air velocity of 300 ft. (see Fig. 3) gives an effective temperature of 64.7 deg. A velocity of something more than 300 ft. per minute will give the desired result. The exact velocity may be found by looking through the various tables,2 to 7, for moving air, in the Journal of the American Society'of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, November, 1926. Example 4---Given a condition having dry and wet bulb temperature of 90 and 85 deg., respectively, how much cooler will this condition feel if 300 ft. air velocity is supplied instead of still air? Answer.--From Fig. 1 it will be found that this condition in still air has an effective temperature of 86.6 deg., while if the air has 300 ft. velocity it will be found from Fig. 3 that it will have an effective temperature of 83.8 deg. Cooling of 2.8 deg. will be pro duced by the 300 ft. air velocity. There are many applications for these data. In warm weather it is especially desirable to have greater comfort in school rooms, theaters. 100 Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation auditoriums, also factories, foundries, iron, steel and glass works, mines and other places where workers are subjected to extreme temperature conditions. Maintaining comfortable conditions indoors in summer when the temperature is about 95 deg. is a more complicated problem than maintaining the proper condition in winter. Effective cooling, using cold water or refrigeration, is frequently re sorted to in theaters and other public buildings and this practice may be expected to increase. HOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY AFFECTS HUMAN COMFORT Relative humidity has a bearing on the well being of man besides having an effect in determining his feeling of warmth. While its effect on health and comfort has never been thoroughly investigated, and while authorities do not agree as to reasons why a high or a low humidity is harmful, there is general agreement that very high or very low humidities indoors are to be avoided. It is generally accepted that for good ventilation the relative humidity should not be below 30 per cent or above 60 per cent. Maintaining proper humidity indoors is particularly a problem in cold weather. The reason for this can easily be seen when one considers that most rooms have from 1 to 2 air changes per hour due to infiltration (See Table 38, Chapter 2), or that air circulates freely between the out side and inside of most buildings. The psychrometric chart (Fig. 1) shows that one pound of dry air at 30 deg. fahr. can have a maximum of only 24 grains of moisture even if the relative humidity is 100 per cent. If this air upon coming indoors is heated to 70 deg. fahr. without addition of moisture the moisture content . will still be the same, but the relative humidity will fall to 23 per cent. Likewise an outside temperature of zero with 100 per cent relative humidity will give 5.2 per cent relative humidity inside, while 20 deg. below zero outside will give 1.7 per cent inside. Air at a temperature of 70 deg. with a relative humidity of 20 per cent or lower is noticeably dry and has a great affinity for moisture and takes it rapidly from any available source, resulting in raising of dust, damage to glued furniture, and a parched or irritated condition of the mucous membrane of the outer portions of the respiratory tract. Contrary to common belief, however, the total mois ture removed from the entire respiratory tract through breathing a given mass of air is practically the same indoors with 70 deg. and 5.2 per cent relative humidity as it is out-of-doors with zero and 100 per cent relative humidity. There is likewise difference of opinions concerning the relation of high relative humidity to health and comfort. A high humidity indoors is objectionable due to precipitation on windows and other cold surfaces and a general tendency for a damp unsanitary condition to develop. TESTING METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS Temperatures In the measuring of room temperatures care must be exercised to pre vent the results from being affected by the body heat of the observer, by drafts from doors,-windows and other openings or by radiant heat from some local source such as a radiator, wall, etc. All thermometers 101 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 should be mercury thermometers with engraved stems. The total gradua tions of the thermometers should be from 20 to 120 deg. fahr., in one degree graduations. No ten degrees should occupy a space of less than one-half inch. The accuracy throughout the whole scale must be within one-half degree. The operator should take hold of the top and no part of the body, including the hand, should be nearer than 10 in. to the bulb. The thermometer should not be closer than 5 ft. to any door, window, or other opening; should not be closer than 12 in. to any wall, and should be between 3 and 5 ft. from the-floor. A sling instrument should be used for extreme accuracy. . For measuring duct temperatures an angle-duct thermometer should be used, having a flange to bolt on the side of the duct, with the bulb extending into the duct at least 6 in. Recording thermometers, generally have considerable lag and should not be used for the taking of temperatures for testing, but rather for giving continuous records of the operation of the plant, as the charts will indicate any lack of attention on the part of those responsible for . the operation of the plant. ' Humidity . The sling psychrometer is the recognized standard instrument for determining humidities. In order to obtain accurate readings consider able skill is required on the part of the operator. The wicking must be clean, distilled water should be used, and the temperature of the water should be slightly above the wet-bulb temperature of the surrounding air. The psychrometer should be swung rapidly and two or three obser vations should be made to see that the wet-bulb temperature has become stationary before the final reading is noted. Standard psychrometric tables should be used. In taking humidity readings in ducts it is usually impracticable'to use a sling psychrometer. For this work the stationary hygrodeik arranged for bolting on to the side of the duct, with two bulbs extending into the .duct, will be found very convenient. Due to the velocity of the air passing over the bulbs within the duct an accurate reading will be secured, corresponding to that given by the sling psychrometer. COa Determinations . At ordinary concentrations carbon dioxide is not harmful. The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is a convenient index of the rate of air supply, and of the distribution of the air within large rooms. A high carbon dioxide concentration in parts of an occupied room may indicate air stag nation which can result in objectionable odors or in failure to remove local surplus heat. . The Petterson-Palmquist apparatus has been generally accepted as the standard device for the determination of carbon dioxide in air investiga tions. The principle involved is the measurement of a given volume of air, the absorption of the contained carbon dioxide in a caustic potash solution, and the remeasurement of the volume of air at the original ' pressure in a finely graduated capillary tube, the difference in volume representing the absorbed carbon dioxide. (See Report of Committee on ; Standard Methods for Examination of Air, American Public Health Asso- 102 S Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation ciation, -Vol. 7, No. 1; American Journal of Public Health, Jan., 1917). Where field conditions are such that this apparatus may not be con veniently used, as in street cars, air samples may be collected in prepared bottles having rubber stoppers, and these may be subjected to laboratory analysis. Dust Atmospheric dust is of great importance in certain industrial processes, and if the dust be siliceous in nature, as from grinding stones, the hazard to health may be very serious. The Hill Dust Counter is a simple device with which to measure the number of very large particles of dust in the air, while more exact studies of dust may be made with the Konimeter, or with the Impinger. (See Public Health Bulletin, No. 144, 1925, U. S. Public Health Service). Bacteria The number of bacteria which are attached to heavy particles of dust or drops of moisture may be determined by the number of colonies that develop on a culture plate which has been exposed for two minutes. A standard 4-in. Petrie dish,, with agar-agar for a media, is used for this purpose. The plates are incubated from 24 to 48 hours at a temperature of 98 deg. fahr. At the end of this time the separate colonies have de veloped to a size which are easily counted. If an incubator is not available cultures may be grown at room temperatures (70 deg.) for a period of five days. Volumetric air measurements must be made with skill and precision and great care must be exercised in securing the right conditions under which such measurements are made. There are two general methods in use for measuring air volumes, the first, by means of an anemometer, and the second, by means of a Pitot tube. Anemometers The anemometer, as at present obtainable, is not an authoritative instrument for quantitative measurement of air volume through a register or a duct, however useful and acceptable one may be for relative adjust ment of air speed. When it is necessary to employ an anemometer for measuring, air volume, the instrument must have been recently calibrated, and the greatest care must be exercised in methods of manipulation. The influence of obstructions at the register face, the distance from the register at which the anemometer is held and the great variation in velocities which exists over the area of most air discharge openings all combine to make an exact quantitative measurement of air by an anemometer a difficult matter. (See Report on Measuring Air Velocities with the Anemometer, with discussion, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, 1913, Vol. 19, pp. 202 to 207). Pitot Tubes , ' Measurements of air velocities exceeding 20 ft. per second should be made by means of'Pitot tubes. Volumetric determinations from Pitot tube readings must take into account the barometric pressure, tempera- 103 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ture, humidity, and the possible dust of the air. These factors determine the weight or density of the air. . In general, no accurate velocity pressure readings can be taken of any air current which is affected by changes of directions of the ducts. Accu rate readings can only be taken in a duct which is straight and without turns and elbows for a distance of at least 50 times the diameter of the circular duct, or the greatest dimension of a rectangular duct. Where space conditions do not make such conditions possible, baffling or dividing the duct into numerous smaller ducts by division plates becomes neces sary. (See Report on the use of the Pitot Tube, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, 1914, Vol. 20, Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation cloud being formed by means of an ammonium chloride cloud device, or by a smoke bomb. Carefully balanced gas balloons may also be used. SYNTHETIC AIR CHART The form of the Synthetic Air Chart has been slightly modified since it was originally adopted by the Society and the form here presented is SYNTHETIC AIR CHART OF F*ERFECT VENTILATION Fig. 9. Relation between Heat Loss from the Human Body by Evaporation, Radiation, Convection and Dry-Bulb Temperature p. 211, and Standard Code for the testing of Centrifugal and Disc Fans, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Trans actions, 1923, Vol. 29, pp. 407 to 416). Air Movement Determinations Air movement is a vital factor in the prevention of stagnant areas and bodily discomfort. Where a determination of air movement is desirable the Kata-thermometer, as developed by Dr. Leonard Hill, of England, may be used. (See Report of Committee on Standard Methods for Ex amination of Air, American Public Health Association, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 7, No. 1, January, 1917. The wet Kata-thermometer gives the rate of cooling by. radiation, convection and evaporation. The dry Kata-thermometer gives the rate of cooling by radiation and con vection. . The difference between the two is the rate of heat loss due solely to evaporation. Air movement is a consideration in the determination of the effective temperature. Air movement may be determined approximately by observation of the movement of a smoke cloud and the use of a stop watch; the smoke 104 FINAL PERCENTAGE------------------------------------------------------EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE------------RJ&---------- PRIMARY SENSE IMPRESSION--F-HUs--------- . NNOUTICE.SS-----------_--_--_---_-_--_--_-_---_--_-_ _______________________._PTLEOSTrrB>o'-----5 TTermSy mill CO~ J __Z______ :___________-- Fig. 10. Synthetic Air Chart the one in use at the present time. (See Synthetic Air Chart, by E. Vernon Hill, Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 23, 1917). Description of the Chart The Synthetic Air Chart is designed for measuring the air conditions maintained in a room. Instead of speaking of the ventilation of a room as good, bad or indifferent, the results of tests are plotted on a chart, and the air conditions as a whole determined on a percentage basis. (Fig. 10). This is done by plotting test data for all known factors that make up the air conditions. These factors with their proper weights are arranged in vertical columns across the chart. The base of each column represents ideal conditions, or 100 per cent perfect. The columns are seven in number, and the first six are indicated by the capital letters, A, B, C, D, E, F. 105 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 A = the Effective Temperature Difference, or the amount of variation from the ideal effective temperature. B = Dust Particles per Cu. Ft. C = Bacteria. D = Percentage of freedom from objectionable odors. E Carbon Dioxide,, parts per 10,000. F = the Distribution Percent. The last column is the Percent of Perfect column used for plotting the final percentage. Each of these main columns is further divided into three smaller columns, the center one of which is left blank for recording the test data. To the left of this is the scale for the individual factor, effective temperatures in degrees, dust in particles per cubic foot, carbon dioxide in parts per 10,000, etc. On the right of each central column is the penalization scale. This is arranged with main graduations of 1 per cent which are numbered. Each graduation is further subdivided into fifths so that the scale may be read to 0.2 of 1 per cent on the scale, or by interpolation to 0.1 per cent. The chart gives not only final percentage of the test as a whole, but also indicates at a glance which factors are satisfactory and which at fault. In this way it is a con-' venient guide in correcting bad conditions, and bringing the final percentage up to the point desired. Making the Test In making a Synthetic Air Chart test the observer first divides the room by imaginary lines into small sections, each section having an area of approximately 200 sq. ft. of floor space. He locates an observation station in the center of each section. Taking a school classroom for example, the room should first be divided into four equalrec- 1 tangular areas by imaginary lines bisecting at right angles through the center of the room. (See Fig. 11.) Four stations are now selected, one at the center of each rectangle. These stations are numbered 1, 2,3 and 4- It is always well to use a standard method of numbering stations, so that whoever reads the report can visualize each location. 106 Chapter 3--Standards of Ventilation . Standing at the rear of the room facing the teacher's desk No. 1 is the station nearest the teacher at her right. No. 2 is the one directly back of No. 1. No. S is the station nearest the teacher at her left, and No. 4 the remaining station. . The tests are conducted in the following manner: Column A.--A Psychrometer reading is taken at each station beginning with 1, following with 2,3 and 4 The wet and dry bulb readings are separately recorded on the data sheet (Fig. 12) for each station. . Column B.--Dust determinations are next made at stations 1, 2, 8 and 4, and the count of particles per cubic foot recorded from each station. The scale of the chart is arranged for a direct reading dust counter. If some other type of instrument is used, a correction factor is, of course, necessary. Column C.--Culture plates are next exposed to determine the bacterial content of the air. One plate is exposed at each station for two minutes, incubated, and the colonies that develop are counted and recorded for each plate. The average of all plates is plotted on the chart. HJU>tKr---------------------------------------------------------------- TEST DfJTfJ TDifXtfnuet m rtsit mm / c s 4 .1 6 7 t 9 19 . // m FHX MOWN MSI MeOOOfJ CO. TEJ&N eSUPFLT KGJTIXJ DUtmiST KttfJTUa man C.F.M. maf moan cr.M. !4 PRirmur atmat imuxonch.________________________ Nona. /notxtrm/ro physical Jimz /xsmccrat occupant Ttm.oxjum.roy co. fas simr pet occupant er co.. ....................................................... pm me asmsunori X WMXMU m TYPE ftSCfi Ltaotcc etmo^cucafmfT two?eaxanrr&acH Monror-s rrwe to. rt * tOBU. nneoe: otr manor. to. no mr CMCCkcq er on. stMr/eu Fig. 12. Data Sheet for Synthetic Air Chart Test Column D--Odor determinations are made of the room as a whole. The observer should go outside of the room or preferably outside of the building for a few moments previous to making the test. He then enters the room quickly, and makes his determinations of the air in the classroom by means of the olfactory sense, recording the results whether perfect, very faint, noticeable, etc., in accordance with the following table. Freedom from Odors 100% Perfect 95% Very Faint 90% Faint 85% Noticeable 80% Distinct 75% Decided 70% Strong An Odorometer consists of a case of six vials each containing an odor substance in varying strength. It adds materially in classifying and standardizing odor perception. Its use, however, is not imperative. ' ' 107 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Column E.--Samples of air are next taken at each station, and later analyzed for carbon dioxide, and results of this analysis plotted in Column E in parts in 10,000. Column F.--Distribution of the air in the room is determined from the CO2 analysis taken at the various stations. The following example illustratesfthe method of making the calculation: Stations COa i......... ............................. li.i 2......... ............................. 9.4 3......... ................. ............ 10.4 4......... .............................. 9.9 Stations Variations from the Average i............................. 11.1 - 10.2 = 0.9 2. ............ ............. 10.2 - 9.4 - 0.8 3. ............ ............. 10.4 - 10.2 = 0.2 4. .......... ............. 10.2 - 9.9 - 0.3 Total 40.8 Average 10.2 0.55 X 100 ,, ,, 10.2 - 54 -- per cent ot variation. Total Average 2.2 0.55 100-5.4 = 94.6 = final per cent of distribution. . After the tests have been made as described, the observer completes his test by a study of air motion and air currents. This is done by liberated puffs of ammonium chloride in different locations in the room with a suitable apparatus. Observations of the velocity and direction of travel of these small artificial smoke clouds add materially in obtaining a true conception of the velocity and general behavior of the air currents in the room. ' Plotting the Test Date The results of the tests are plotted in each column as previously described. The following data from the test illustrated on the chart on page 105 will make the entire procedure clear: . Average Dry-Bulb temp. 75 deg.--Wet Bulb temp. 59.7 deg.--Effective temp. 67.4 deg. Effective temp. Dif. 3.4 deg.--Plot in Column A. Aver. Dust Count for 4 Stations--7,000 particles per cu. ft. --Plot in Column B. Aver. Bacteria for 4 Stations -- 3.5 --Plot in Column C. Aver. Odors Percentage -- 90 per cent --Plot in Column D. Aver. CO2 -- 10.2 --Plot in Column E. i Distribution Per Cent -- 94.2 per cent --Plot in Column F. Adding the penalization for these factors found at the right of each column and sub tracting the sum from 100 gives a final percentage of perfect of 84.7, which is plotted in the last column. * ! REFERENCES Modus Operondi of the Synthetic Air Chart, By John R. Allen (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 26, 1920. p. 545). Modern Trend in Science of Ventilation, By Perry West (Journal, A. S. H. V. E.. June, 1924, p. 421). Instruments for the Measurement of Air Velocity, By J. H. Parkin (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., June, 1929. p. 149). . Determining the Quantity of Dust in Air by Impingement, By F. B. Rowley and John Beal (Journal, A. S. H. V. E.. July, 1929, p. 233). Determining Lines of Equal Comfort, By F. C. Houghten and C. P. Yagloglou. (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 29* 1923. p. 361). Cooling Effect on Human Beings Produced by Various Air Velocities, By F. C. Houghten and-C. P. Yagloglou (Transactions. A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 30, 1924, p. 193). , Practical Application of Temperature, Humidity and Air Motion Data to Air Conditioning Problems, By F. C. Houghten, W. W. Teague, W. E. Miller (Journal. A. S. H. V. E., November. 1926). Some Physiological Reactions to High Temperatures and Humidities, By W. J. McConnell and F. C. Houghten (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 29, 1923, p. 122). Air Motion, High Temperatures and Various Humidities-Rcactions on Human Beings, By W. J. McConnell, F. C. Houghten (Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 167). Heat and Moisture Loss from the Human Body and Its Relation to Air Conditioning Problems, By F. C. Houghten, W..W. Teague', W. E. Miller and W. P. Yant (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E.p 1929, when published). ^ Low Humidity Psyckrometric Charts, By M. C. W. Tomlinson (Journal, A. S. H. V. E-, February, 1929). . 108 . / CHAPTER 4 SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION Natural, Gravity and Mechanical Systems of Ventilation; Distribution of Ven tilation; Design of Ventilating Systems; Equipment for Attaining Synthetic Air Chart Percentage. - VENTILATING systems roughly may be classified as natural, gravity and mechanical systems, although frequently various.combinations of these systems are used. Each type has certain favorable qualities and may be especially adapted to particular kinds of buildings. NATURAL VENTILATING SYSTEMS Natural ventilating systems are those which utilize the wind and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air of a building to displace the air. These two forces may either cooperate or oppose each other at any given ventilating opening. If possible, therefore, open ings should be arranged so that the two forces always act cooperatively, or the control should be such that only groups of openings at which cooperative action occurs will be in use. Such openings may be doors or windows for inlets and outlets, or openings in the roof to permit egress of heated air. These systems are not nearly as amenable to control as are ventilating systems which are provided with ducts and which use heat or mechanical force to compel the movement of air. Natural ventilation is perhaps applied most frequently to factory and industrial buildings and the openings commonly consist of windows in side walls or monitors. These openings usually provide for a large air flow, even with wind forces of slight intensity. Natural ventilation is used in many schools, especially in the smaller sized buildings. It is used on most railway coaches and street cars, where advantage is taken of the air movement due to car motion. Where natural ventilation is used in buildings designed for human occupancy some intelligent means of heating the incoming air and of controlling the ventilation always must be provided. - The Wind The wind operates to produce regions of pressure or suction about the exterior of a building as compared with the conditions that would exist in these regions if the air were still. The action of the wind is described in a paper by W. C. Randall, Airation of Industrial Buildings, A. S. H. V. E. Journal, January, 1928. The principal effects of the wind when blowing directly against one face of a building are illustrated in Fig. 1. The 109 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 maximum intensity of pressure at point C is approximately given by the equation. . Pw = 0.00048M2 (1) where Pw is pressure in inches of water, and M is velocity of wind in miles per hour. The mean pressure over the windward face is somewhat less, being, perhaps, 75 per cent of the maximum. The maximum suction occurs at point B at roof and sides, and in magnitude is about three-quarters of the maximum pressure as given by Fig. 1. (AThe Jump of Wind from Windward Face of Building. --Length of BSuction Area; --Point of Maximum Intensity of Suction; C--Point of Maximum Pressure) equation (1). The distance A, measuring the extent of the suction regions on sidewalls and roof, caused by the leap, or splash, of the wind from the windward face, seems to be determined by the height and width of the windward face, and is independent of the wind velocity. The intensity of the suction diminishes from the maximum at B to zero at the point where the stream lines again flow parallel to the surfaces of the building. Maximum effect of the wind in producing ventilation can be obtained. by providing openings in the windward face for ingress of air and in the leeward face, or in sidewalls and roof near the leeward face, for egress of air, in which case the air moves through the building in the same general 110 Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation _ direction as the wind; or, with no openings in the windward face, but with openings provided in the suction regions in sidewalls and roof near the windward face for egress of air, and openings in the leeward end, or in sidewalls near the leeward end for ingress of air, in which case the air movement within the building is in a direction opposite to that of the wind. A knowledge of these facts and their application will often result in a better layout of operations and processes, and even in a more favor able orientation of a building with respect to the prevailing direction of the wind, so that heat and objectionable fumes may be removed more advantageously from an industrial building. Where the wind comes at an angle to the building, the same general rules apply. The mean pressure of the wind on the oblique faces may be considered as being approximately equivalent to the normal component of the wind, except that when the wind's direction is within 15 or 20 deg. of parallelism, the splash from the corner begins to appear, and there will then be suction near the windward corner. Temperature Difference Excess temperature inside a building over that outside tends to produce flow as in a chimney. The total head or force arising from this cause is given approximately by equation (2). . pt = 0.000028mP (2) where pt is the total force or head in inches of water; m is the vertical distance between inlet openings below and outlet openings above; and D is the temperature difference. The total force or head is consumed in forcing the air in at inlet open ings, through the building, and out at the outlet openings. The force required to move the air through the building is usually negligible, so that the total head may. be considered as being consumed at inlet and outlet openings. The part of the total head consumed in forcing the air to flow through the lower or inlet opening will be manifested as an excess of outside pressure over inside pressure at that level; while at the upper or outlet .opening, the part of the total head consumed in forcing the air out will be manifested as a pressure inside, greater than outside. Thus the lower part of the building inside will be in a state of partial vacuum with respect to the outside, while the upper part will be in a state-of pressure. At some point between the levels of the two openings, the pressure state is neutral, and no flow- will take place through an opening at that level. This level is called the neutral zone. For a discussion of the neutral, zone, and effect of temperature difference in general, see paper by J. E. Emswiler, The Neutral Zone in Ventilation, Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 32, 1926. Relation between Head and Flow : The relation between head or pressure difference on the two sides of an opening, and the velocity that will be created thereby, is given approxi mately by equation (3). ' V=4,000 (3) 111 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 where V = velocity in feet per minute through an opening, and p is the pressure difference, in inches of water, existing at that opening from any causes or combination of causes. With V known, the flow, Q, at the opening can then be easily computed by the familiar relation. ' Q = A VC (4) where Q is the flow in cubic feet pier minute; A is the area in square feet, and C is a coefficient. For openings such as result from swinging or sliding windows and doors, where the aperture is essentially an orifice, the value of C will be about 0.60. It would be comparatively easy to calculate flow through an opiening, if the pressure difference could be determined. However, so many factors participate in the general action that it is very difficult to evaluate a pressure difference arising from a given wind velocity and temperature. The difficulty is further augmented by the fact that the pressure difference is likely to have a different value for every different opening or group of openings of a building. - Although it is almost out of the question to attempt to predetermine accurately the pressure difference from fundamental data of wind velocity, wind direction, temperature difference, building dimensions and disposition of openings, in most cases merely a general knowledge of how the forces of wind and temperature difference act, what their maximum magnitudes are, and how they are disposed in and about a building, will be helpful in planning ventilation. On this basis, the following simple rules are suggested:1 2 3 4 5 6 1. In an. industrial building where furnaces, that give off heat and fumes, are to "be installed, it is better to locate them in the end of the building exposed to the prevailing wind. The strong suction effect of the wind at the roof near the windward end will then cooperate with temperature difference, to provide for the most active and satisfactory removal of the heat and gas laden air. . 2. In case it is impossible to locate furnaces in the windward end, that part of the building in which they are to be located should be built higher than the rest, so that the wind, in splashing therefrom will create a suction. The additional height also increases the effect of temperature difference to cooperate with the wind. 3. In the use of monitors, windows on the windward side should usually be kept closed, since, if they are open, the inflow tendency of the wind counteracts the outflow tendency of temperature difference. Openings on the leeward side of the monitor result in cooperation of wind and temperature, difference. 4. In order that the force of temperature difference may operate to maximum advan tage, the vertical distance between inlet and outlet openings should be as great as possible. Openings in the vicinity of the neutral zone are less effective for ventilation. 5. In order that temperature difference may produce a motive force, there must be vertical distance between openings. That is, if there are a number of openings available in a building, but all are at the same level, there will be no motive head produced by temperature difference, no matter how great that difference might be. 6. In the design of window ventilated buildings, where the direction of the wind is quite constant and dependable, the orientation of the building together with amount and grouping of ventilation opening can be readily arranged to take full advantage of the force of the wind. On the other hand, where the direction of the wind is quite variable, it may be stated as a general principle that windows should be arranged in sidewalls and monitors so that there will be approximately equal area on all sides. Thus, no matter what the wind's direction, there will always be some openings directly 112 Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation exposed to the pressure force of the wind, and others opposed to a suction force, and effective movement through the building will be assured. Control of Natural Ventilation Control of natural ventilation depends upon hand regulation, which may be applied in two ways: First, by the selection of appropriate locali ties about the building at which to make openings, with regard to direc tion of the wind, and Second, by regulation of the amount of opening, which is accomplished by window operative devices, dampers, or louvres. Control may be effected by the regulation of either inlet or outlet openings, or both and for satisfactory results needs careful study and close attention. Natural Ventilation Openings The openings employed in natural ventilation are: 1. Windows (or doors) representing apertures in walls and roofs. 2. Openings in the roof which may have cowls for induced effect due to wind. Windows have the advantage of transmitting light, as well as providing ventilating area when open. Their movable parts are arranged to open in various ways; they may open by sliding as in the ordinary doublehung, wood window; by tilting on horizontal pivots at or near the center; or by swinging on pivots at top or bottom. Whatever the form and type of window used the thing of essential importance in ventilation is the amount of clear area that can be made available. The motive head to produce, flow through windows is almost entirely dependent upon the distribution of those motive forces in and about a building, as discussed under wind and temperature difference. A pivoted window, projecting out from the plane of the wall is bound to impose some obstructive influence upon such air currents as exist in that particular vicinity, and may result in the production of some localized pressure or suction that will influence flow there, and to that degree, one type of window might give more or less active ventilation than another. But, speaking generally, the' motive head causing flow through a window is determined by the forces of wind and temperature difference existing there, and not by the kind of window, except in so far as the kind of window establishes the area of opening. Windows may be arranged for individual operation, or they may be . grouped in long runs, as in factory buildings. Those used in office build ings may have deflecting devices at the sills for'avoiding direct draft upon occupants, or a bottom pivoted ventilator, arranged to swing in at the top, may serve the same purpose. Roof outlets concern mechanical as well as natural ventilating systems. A roof ventilator of the unit type consists of a structure built up around a roof opening in such a way as to cause the wind to induce a suction in the vicinity of the opening, and so create an outflow. Since roof venti lators are intended for installation on roofs of buildings, and function as outflow openings only, they constitute but a part of a ventilating system, and attention must be given to the provision of openings for inflow. It is evident that such ventilators could not function even in the strongest wind, and with the maximum temperature difference, without inlet open- 113 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ings. Often such Ventilators must depend upon infiltration only for inflow. Inlet openings of about twice the area of the roof ventilators should be provided where natural ventilation is used. Dampers should be installed in ventilators with adequate and accessible operating mechanism. In considering roof ventilators, the general action of the wind upon the building, as described in the earlier part of this chapter, should be kept in mind. . A ventilator located within the region indicated by A in Fig. 1, will not contribute any inductive effect because in this region there is little or no Various* Styles of Roof Ventilators wind. The ventilator opening will function, but will function in the same way as would a window in that locality, because of the resultant effect of the suction produced by the. wind acting upon the building, and by whatever temperature differences prevail. Circular roof ventilators are effective if placed in the wind-flow;, no matter what the direction of the wind. On the other hand, if ventilators do not stand in the path of the wind, and depend only upon the same forces for producing flow as do windows or any other plain opening, they are at a disadvantage because of the greater resistance of their more complex passages. 114 Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation Location of Discharge Openings The discharge openings for all systems of ventilation must be arranged so that they shall not be influenced by wind or other atmospheric con ditions. . If a ventilating outlet looks out horizontally through the side wall of a building, sooner or later a pressure from outside will oppose the air flow and the occupants of the building will suffer. Even when the outlets for ventilation are well above the roof, they must be as distant as possible from higher buildings or obstructions, since the jumps and the eddies illustrated in Fig. 1 are ever-present to the leeward and may cause difficulty. Types of Roof Ventilators The simplest form of unit ventilator is the stationary type shown in Fig. 2 and consists of an outlet pipe with a conical hood above it. The addition of a storm band, as shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5, gives an increased protection against the entrance of rain or snow. The storm band, if placed so close to the cones as to restrict the outflow of air, interferes with ventilation. On the other hand, if the openings are made large enough to permit free egress of the inside air, the storm band increases the venti lation by better utilizing the wind velocity to produce suction. A'further development of the latter principle is the siphon ventilator, as illustrated in Fig. 6, in which siphons or ducts are introduced for the particular purpose of producing suction. In the swiveling or rotary ventilators, typified by Figs. 7 and 8, a freely rotating cowl is used. A wind vane is provided for keeping the opening facing away from the direction of the wind. This type allows free egress of the inside air (unless the outlet is made unduly small). Its action depends chiefly upon the suction produced by the wind on the leeward side of the ventilator. In the induction or ejector type of ventilator, which is also of the swivel ing or rotary type, Fig. 9, the kinetic energy of the wind is intended to create a suction inside the cowl as well as outside. Resistance to flow of air in the ventilator is caused by: (1) restricted outlet openings, or (2) many turns or changes of the direction of the air flow. As regards the first item, this depends entirely upon the proportions, and not upon the type; some of the stationary ventilators have smaller, and others have larger outlet area than some cowl ventilators of the same nominal size. Regarding the second item, the swiveling cowl ventilators offer less resistance than the stationary type, in that the direction of air flow is changed as little as possible. . Unless swiveling ventilators move very freely, the opening, at times, faces towards the wind so that ventilation produced by temperature difference is much reduced, or wholly counteracted. In that case, snow and rain may blow in. The rumbling or creaking noise caused by a hard turning swivel ventilator is also very unpleasant. These troubles are, of course, eliminated in well-designed ventilators, but must be kept in mind. In Fig. 10 is shown a rotary or air-turbine ventilator, which rotates continuously under the action of the wind, the motion being produced by the difference of wind pressure on the convex and concave sides of the 115 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 vanes. This type of ventilator must be very carefully designed if it is to be leak-proof, and if the noises and impact forces, due to ice accumu lating on the vanes in the winter arfe to be eliminated. The continuous type of roof ventilator is illustrated in Fig. 11. It fur nishes a continuous opening in the roof throughout the length of the building, and is in effect a ridge louvre or monitor. It is stated that the high temperature of the air immediately beneath the sheathing, resulting Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation Selection of Roof Ventilators While the average efficiency of one class of roof ventilators will be higher or lower than the average efficiency of another class, this does not in any way determine the capacity of individual ventilators, as ventilators of the same class and, which from a casual observation appear to be the same, may have entirely different characteristics, due to the fact that some of the fundamentals have been overlooked or changed in one or the other. The principles which should be followed in the selection of roof venti lators are: A--Stationary Ventilators. 1. A head sufficiently large to produce a large low-pressure area on the side opposite the wind, and to give an area of outlet for the air leaving the head large enough to obviate undue resistance to flow. Rotary Ventilators from exposure of the roof to the sun's rays, induces a powerful convective effect along the pitched roof toward the opening which offers a direct avenue of escape, whereas in the unit type of ventilator, the free egress of the air is confined to definite points along the roof, and the natural upward flow is diverted with some loss, to a longitudinal movement. These ventilators are expected to function by the force of temperature difference alone, and have no external features designed to generate a suction by the action of the wind. The absence of a conspicuous external structure makes this type of ventilator particularly suitable for certain types of buildings. 116 . Fig. 11. Continuous Type Roof Ventilator At the same time the head should not be so large as to be unwieldy in handling or to be structurally weak when erected. 2. A storm band on stationary non-siphoning ventilators should be sufficiently wide and so placed as to prevent the entrance of external air into the ventilator head. . 3. If the ventilator is a siphoning type, additional outlet air space must be provided in the head in order not to restrict the air pas sage from the exhaust pipe. B--Rotary Ventilators. 1. A flaring outlet from a rotary ventilator will give a better exhaust than a straight outlet. 2. Practically frictionless and noiseless turning of the ventilator head, when the wind direction changes. The head should turn at very low wind velocities. 3. Smallest possible change of direction of the-air ascending from the building and least possible resistance to its egress by louvres or other obstructions at the outlet opening. 117 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 C--All Ventilators. . 1. Freest possible outlet for the air from the building, with large areas and smallest possible change of direction of the air flow. 2. Freedom from down drafts and from entrance of rain or snow. 3. Freedom from being rendered inoperative by collection of snow or formation of ice on ventilator. Capacities of Unit Type Roof Ventilators The variety of factors affecting capacity makes it essential for the user of ventilators to exercise great care in respect to the item of capacity. All comparisons of capacity must be referred to a given dimension, namely the throat area, corresponding to the nominal size of the ventilator. Careful tests of ventilators of various types have been made by reliable investigators, and the reader is referred to their work for information on capacities (See Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 27,1921, p. 67; Vol. 28, 1922, p. 189; and Vol. 29, 1923, p. 39. Also Bulletin No. 14, Engineering Experiment Station, Kansas State Agricultural College). . Conservative figures for the best types of ventilators now on the market, under conditions of unrestricted flow,of air to the ventilator, are given by the equation: where 36 X Q=A X 6+ V <0) + gO X V Q = cubic feet of air exhausted per hour through a ventilator having a free ' area at the throat of A square inches, mounted on a roof at a height of -H feet from the center of the ventilator outlet to the inlet opening of the building, and with a wind velocity of V miles per hour, and average tem perature ti inside t0 outside. . High class ventilators, for instance those of the ejector type, will, under favorable conditions, discharge continuously 25 per. cent more air than these conservative figures indicate. Capacities are lower, on the other hand, if ventilators of lower efficiency are used, or if the flow of air into or through the building is restricted, or if the ventilator is not ex posed to the free sweep of the wind. Tests occasionally show consider ably higher discharge rates over short periods of time. These abnormally high results are produced by the action of the wind upon certain openings of the building; they are not due to the ventilator itself, and cannot be depended upon for continuous ventilation if the direction of the wind changes. In the smaller sizes of ventilators (12 in. or less in throat diameter) the air discharge per square inch of cross-sectional area is reduced, on account of the frictional resistance and, in the rotary types, on account of reduction of free area by the supports, bearings, etc.' ' . Example.--What is the capacity of an 18-in. ventilator, located 35 ft. above the inlet openings, with 6 miles per hour wind velocity, 50 deg. fahr, outside temperature, 68 deg. fahr. inside temperature? Answer.--A = 0.7854 X (18)' = 255 sq. in. . 118 . Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation 36 X y 35 X (68 - 5o) Q = 255 X 6+6 + 20 X 6 average capacity under these conditions. = 50,000 cu. ft. per hour, The air supply per person and per hour is given in Chapter 3, and the number of the renewals of air contents per hour is given in Chapter 2. To obtain effective, uniform ventilation and avoid local drafts, the ventilators should not be placed more than 30 ft. apart; 20 ft. apart is a good average. It is best, although not absolutely necessary, to locate the ventilator at the ridge of the roof, unless the building exceeds 40 ft. in width, in which case two rows of smaller ventilators should be used. Where the building to be ventilated is surrounded by higher buildings which obstruct air currents, it is desirable to extend the ventilators above the buildings by mounting them on stacks. Example.--A foundry building i9 40 ft. wide, 200 ft. long, with an average height of 40 ft.; the ventilators are to be mounted at the ridge of the roof, at a height of 55 ft. above the floor. What number and size of ventilators are required? Answer.--In this case, ventilation is especially necessary in summer. The air in the building should not be over 10 deg. fahr. warmer than the outside air. The wind velocity may be as low as 4 miles per hour. Spacing the ventilators, tentatively, 25 ft. apart, 8 ventilators would be required. Under average conditions, 10 air renewals per hour are sufficient. If the foundry is small and cramped, and pouring takes place over a large section of the floor space, 15 or more air renewals per hour may be needed. On the basis of 10 renewals per hour, the capacity of each ventilator must be: Q = 10 X^ (200 f*t-. X 40 f*tv.` X" 40 ft. )7 --_ 400,000 cu. ft. per hour 8 The discharge per square inch of throat area under these conditions is; 36 X y 55 X 10 deg. 6 + 4 mi. per hr. + 20 X 4 mi. per hr. = 165 cu. ft. of air per hour. The required throat area per ventilator is 400,000 = 2420 sq. in. 165 if there is no resistance and no wind pressure. The diameter is -/ 2430 _ .555 ;n Standard sizes are 54 in. and 60 in. \ 0.7854 ; Either eight--54-in. or else seven--60-in. ventilators could be used, spaced respectively 25 ft. or 28 ft. apart. - The foregoing is based on the use of high class ventilators. If ventila tors of lower efficiency are used, or if the air flow into the building is restricted (as in winter) larger ventilators may be required. GRAVITY VENTILATING SYSTEMS Gravity ventilating systems are those which use openings especially provided for air flowi with ducts and flues, and which depend.on the difference in weight caused by heat to compel the movement of air. 119 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Gravity systems obtain the necessary pressure difference by using chimneys which are called vent flues, and which become more and more effective as the difference between the outside and inside temperatures increases. As long as a temperature difference of not less than 40 deg. between indoors and outdoors exists, these systems can be depended upon for a definite result. With slight temperature differences, the effective ness of gravity systems decreases rapidly. Gravity ventilating systems must usually operate, except when the rooms are on the windward side of the building, at somewhat lower atmos pheric pressure than that out-of-doors. This is due to the necessity for pressure-difference to cause air to enter the rooms on the leeward side. Ejector type ventilators and inlet hoods will cause very effective move ment of air while the wind blows, proportional to the wind velocity, but the results are not always dependable since they are so very profoundly affected by wind movement. . Direct-Indirect Gravity Ventilating Systems Direct-indirect gravity ventilating systems have small openings through the outside walls below windows, with encasement of the super imposed "radiator sections and are sometimes used in school building gravity ventilation. This system is very difficult to control, and becomes less and less effective as the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors decreases. The windward rooms may receive more air supply than can be warmed, while simultaneously, the leeward rooms are losing heated air due to reverse air currents through the direct-indirect heaters, due to the low pressure zone which always occurs in the lee of any obstruc tion during a high wind. # Indirect Systems of Gravity Ventilation Indirect systems of gravity ventilation with convectors in the base ment may operate satisfactorily so long as their air supply comes from , windward and the temperature conditions inside and out permit the con vectors or radiators to be heated. As soon as the heat is shut off from these convectors and the ducts become equalized as^to temperature, air move ment ceases. . For the first hour or so of school on a cold morning, a well-designed gravity ventilating system will function well. After that period and in comparatively mild weather, gravity ventilating systems cease to function since heat must be shut off from the radiator and the temperature dif ference which causes air movement must, without heat, decrease rapidly. Gravity ventilating systems are not well adapted to the installation of humidifiers and air cleaners, and their control and upkeep with such systems is difficult. . . Studies of buildings which operate with gravity ventilating systems indicate that the windward rooms usually may, with care, be provided with satisfactory air movement and temperature control, but that during'' this time the leeward rooms get too warm and usually cannot be made to receive any air supply except that which comes through the windward rooms and the corridors. . .. 120 Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation MECHANICAL VENTILATING SYSTEMS With mechanical systems of ventilation the circulation of air is main tained positively and uniformly regardless of outside air conditions and when properly designed and operated, mechanical systems will furnish any desired temperature or humidity, under automatic control. In all situations where controlled ventilation is desired, mechanical ventilation is necessary. In all situations where temperature control and freedom from odors or dangerous gases or dust is required, mechanical ventilation is necessary. In all situations where air cooler than that in the rooms must be handled, as with dehumidifying and cooling systems, mechanical ventilation is necessary. Central Supply Systems Central supply systems of mechanical ventilation may operate inde pendently, or in conjunction with the heating of the building. In some cities, for instance, the schools for many years have been heated and ventilated satisfactorily with combined heating and ventilating, no heaters being placed in the classrooms. Temperature is controlled by the auto matic varying in proportions of the cool air and of the warm air. The heating, ventilation and cooling of many large banks and theaters is accomplished with combined heating and ventilating systems. With this system it is necessary to operate the fans in order to warm the building and to control the conditions. There are obvious advantages in such an arrangement for certain buildings. It tends to insure proper maintenance and intelligent operation. When the heating is accomplished with radiators, heat conductors or local heaters, separate from the ventilation, the scheme is called a split system. This type of mechanical ventilation is used for many schools. With the split system the building can be heated and conditions can be controlled to some extent even though the fans are shut down. This arrangement is advantageous for after-hours occupancy, and also forfreedom from danger of shut-down in case the power for fan operation fails, etc. The outstanding advantage of central supply systems of mechanical ventilation is that they are especially adapted to control of the air tem perature and moisture and cleanliness. Unit Supply Systems Unit supply systems of mechanical ventilation also may operate to warm the air sufficiently to care for the heating of the building, or may be accompanied by independent heating apparatus. Each unit has a fan and an electric motor and a heater, and each unit should have a ther mostat which insures positive control of the temperature of the air delivered. It is possible to provide viscous dust filters with unit venti lating machines, but the cleaning and maintenance of such filters in the constricted areas which exist in many unit ventilating machines is an arduous and often neglected task. Unit ventilating machines in some what larger sizes than the conventional schoolroom types are available with built-in humidifying arrangements, including water tanks, pumps, eliminators and automatic humidity control. They may easily be con 121 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 nected with central water-cooling equipment located remotely, and so may be used for dehumidifying and for air cooling. (See Chapter 9). Direct fired unit systems of ventilation are used in industrial work, comprising warm-air furnaces with fans and motors. All supply systems of ventilation may take air from out-of-doors, or may recirculate all or a portion of the air. Any of them may operate in connection with gravity outlets or in connection with mechanically induced outlets. For the purposes of this chapter, mechanically induced exhaust ventilation will be called exhaust ventilation. 9 Exhaust Systems ' Exhaust systems of mechanical ventilation may be used in connection with any system of air supply. They will always be more effective if used to supplement controlled equipment for replacing with new air the exhausted air and its objectionable tenantry of gas or dust. Great skill may be used to advantage in the design of exhaust systems, and co operation is required in most cases by the designer of the building itself. For instance, if an exhaust ventilating system is installed in a hotel kitchen which has many windows on three outside exposures, the inevit able opening of these windows by employees, plus the effect of wind pressure, will make the successful operation of such a system very difficult. The outlets from the building for discharged air from exhaust systems of ventilation must be given careful attention. No dependence can be placed upon outlets which look out horizontally even though they come from powerful fans, as previously stated. A cold gale of wind against such an outlet can stop the egress of the objectionable gases. The exhaust fan outlet should look up and it must be far enough away from the windows of higher buildings and from the air supply inlets to ventilating systems that no cross-contamination may occur. DISTRIBUTION OF VENTILATION Distribution of the air used for ventilation to remove the aerial envelope of the bodies of the people is probably the most important function of a satisfactory ventilating system. There is no particular rule for locating inlets or outlets which can be laid down without also stating exceptions to the rule. The effectiveness of the distribution of air supply or exhaust is influenced profoundly by the temperatures of the walls and glass, and the heaters, lights and bodies of the people who occupy the room. Inlets and Outlets in Schoolrooms . A very successful experimental school classroom ventilating scheme used a 3-in. diameter inlet under the book-shelf in each desk. Other favorable and satisfactory inlet locations, are: 1. Slots in the floor under radiators. / 2. Grilles looking down through the ceiling. 3. Grilles looking up in the window stools. 4. Grilles looking up, as with schoolroom unit ventilating machines. 5. Horizontally discharging diffusers on the side of the room looking toward the windows. 122 Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation It is reasonably safe to suggest that with the fifth type of inlet, several openings, symmetrically located, are better than a single unsymmetrical opening. Outlets from schoolrooms usually are on the sides of the rooms opposite the major glass exposure or are in the inner ends of the cloak rooms when the cloakrooms do not have any doors to separate them from the classrooms. Schoolroom ventilation exhaust openings are close to the floor. Inlets and Outlets lor Theaters, Auditoriums, Etc. Successful plants are in operation using the upward system of air circulation from hooded openings in the floor under each seat, but there is less complaint and probably less danger of trouble from drafts in most auditoriums if the downward system of air circulation is used. Unless the ceiling of the room is very lofty, however, the downward-going air must be diverted and baffled horizontally so as to mix with the air already collected in the neighborhood of the inlet, or there will be complaint of drafts whenever air even slightly cooler than that already in the room is admitted. With comparatively low ceilings it is possible to use very satisfactorily these inverted diffusers with their somewhat high-speed horizontally-discharging air currents. Inlets and Outlets lor Industrial Service In many cases it is desirable to use high velocity outlets from supply ducts, arranged so that they act like inspirators, the jets tending to draw large volumes of the surrounding, otherwise stagnant, air along with them. In other cases drop-pipes from overhead ducts may have chainsuspended baffle plates across the bottom which may be adjusted to divert the major part of the air in any desired direction at any desired velocity. Inlets and Outlets in General When there is no heat loss from the room being ventilated, the entering air for ventilating purposes may be at very nearly the same temperature as the air in the room, and the air may be moved across the room, and the inlets and outlets may be opposite each other. They may be suc cessful if calling for air circulation from floor to ceiling, or from ceiling to floor. When, however, windows and cold walls and radiators must interpose their disturbing influence, or when there are gases or fumes or excess heat in great quantities, or when the entering air is cooler than the air in the room, complications are bound to occur, and in general the cooled air in the room or the cool entering air will fall to the floor, while the lighter heated air will rise to the ceiling. Therefore, in many cases both inlets and outlets, well designed, may be placed at the ceiling, the entering cool air being diffused and warmed somewhat as it falls slowly toward the floor, while the overheated air is skimmed off the top. "" DESIGNING THE VENTILATING'SYSTEM After the heating and ventilation requirements have been calculated, the size of the heater and fan may be calculated for a given friction, tem 123 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 perature range, pressure loss in ducts, etc. Pressure losses build up rapidly as velocities are increased and generally they vary approximately as the square of the velocity. The allowable pressure loss through the heater should in general not exceed 50 per cent of the total static pressure of the system. In public building practice the allowable pressure loss through tempering coils and reheaters should be under 0.5 in. of wateV and when an air cleaner is used the friction through the tempering coil and reheater should not exceed 40 per cent of the total resistance, as a rule. For data on the design and construction of duct systems for ventilating work, see Chapter 27. A greater friction allowance for the heaters than 50 per cent of the total may be made in industrial work where the duct runs are compara tively short and where the resistance of the heater is a large part of the entire pressure loss in the system. The fan may be selected when the following facts are known:. 1. Quantity of air required in cubic feet per minute. 2. Static pressure of the system (ducts, heaters, air cleaners, entrance connections, etc.) The rating used for the fan should have been determined by the A. S. H. V. E. Standard Code for Testing Centrifugal and Disc Fans (See Transactions, 1923, Vol. 29, p. 407 and Chapter 26). A mechanical ventilation installation rightly designed and operated will be quiet and efficient, but every precaution should be taken to pre vent vibration or sound transmission to the rooms. It is usually more effective to float both fan and motor on a base common to both on cork, including its foundations, than to attempt to isolate each separate apparatus. There are several systems for sound proofing of machinery available and contracts may be made covering assured results. EQUIPMENT FOR ATTAINING SYNTHETIC AIR CHART ' PERCENTAGES . The following classifications are given to assist in selecting the type of equipment necessary to attain certain percentages on the Synthetic Air. Chart described in Chapter 3. It will be understood that considerable variation may be found in certain classes of equipment due to individual ideas on the part of the designer, the character of ^he workmanship, the location of the building in which the equipment is installed, etc.; never theless, if the equipment is properly designed, installed and operated, it will give at least the percentage listed under any particular classification. To design an installation approaching 100 per cent, it is necessary to pro vide apparatus for heating and humidifying the air, and for cleaning it and distributing it with controlling devices that will maintain the tem perature and humidity in conformity with the comfort lines as given by the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Any equipment omitted or any part that is ineffective will reduce the final percentage attained. . Class " A " equipment capable of attaining over 95 per cent on the. 124 Chapter 4--Systems of Ventilation Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the following apparatus: 1. Mechanical air supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu: ft. per minute per occupant. : 2. Mechanical exhaust equipment. ` 3! Excellent air distribution. . 4. Accurate automatic temperature control. 5. Efficient humidifying apparatus. . 6. Accurate automatic humidity control devices. ' 7. Efficient air cleaning apparatus. Hole.--It is understood that 100 per cent efficiency is a physicaHmpossibility since this would mean 100 per cent efficiency in the air cleaning device, in air distribution, in temperature control, etc. Perfect results of this kind have not yet been obtained in practice, although it is possible to obtain approximately 90 per cent of the Synthetic Air Chart with an apparatus of this kind carefully designed and installed and skillfully operated. . Class "B" equipment capable of attaining from 90 to 95 per cent on the Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the following apparatus: 1. Mechanical air supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu. ft. per minute per occupant. 2. A well designed gravity exhaust system. 3. Efficient air distribution by properly located supply and exhaust openings. . 4. Automatic temperature control. 5. Adequate humidifying apparatus. . Automatic humidity control. Note.--All cleaning devices have been omitted from Class " B" as 95 per cent can be obtained under ordinary conditions without air cleaning. In exceptionally clean localities higher percentages will result. Where the air contains considerably more than the average amount of dust slightly lower percentages may result. Air cleaning apparatus may be substituted in Class " B" for automatic humidity control without materially affecting the final percentage. Class " C" equipment capable of attaining from 85 to 90 per cent on the Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the following apparatus: 1. Mechanical air supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu. ft. per minute per occupant. 2. Gravity exhaust. - 3. Efficient air distribution by properly located supply and exhaust openings. 4. Automatic temperature control. 5. Adequate humidifying apparatus. 6. Humidity control from one or more selected points or manual control. Class "D" equipment capable of attaining 80 to 85 per cent on the Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the following apparatus: 1. Mechanical supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu. ft. per minute per occupant. 2. Gravity exhaust. --- 3. Good air distribution.. 4. Automatic temperature control from one or more selected points or manual control- 125 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930- Class "E" equipment capable of attaining from 75 to 80 per cent on the Synthetic Air Chart. 1. Mechanical air supply with gravity exhaust but without air cleaning device, humidifying apparatus, temperature or humidity control. . 2. Direct-indirect systems with either mechanical or gravity exhaust. ` 3. Open window and other so-called natural systems of ventilation. The recommended percentages of ventilation perfection based on the Synthetic Air Chart, for various types of buildings are given in Table 1. Table 1. Recommended Percentages of Ventilation Perfection Based on the Synthetic Air Chart Ttpb or Building Schools Churches Hospitals Theaters Dance, Lodge and Assembly Halls Office Buildings Department Stores Other Stores Industrial Buildings ' Past or Building Class Rooms. ...................................................... Normal Training Rooms.-- ........................... Domestic Science Rooms................................. Operating Rooms................................................ Other Rooms........................................................ Dressing Rooms...........................................-- Recommended Percentage 92 90 90 90 85 85 90 95 90 85 85 . 85 , Offices in buildings where persons are con tinuously employed........................................ 90 ,, 88 88 " The percentage desirable for industrial buildings will vary over a considerable range, depending upon the character of the work and the processes employed, modified to. a con siderable degree by the dust content of the air and the pos sibility of. maintaining it free from objectionable dust and fumes. This requires careful study for each installation. 126 CHAPTER 5 HEATING WITH WARM AIR FURNACES BY GRAVITY Data on Furnaces; Leader Sizes; Stack Sizes; Air Temperatures; Register Sizes and Locations; Recirculation; Layouts; Standard Installation Code. THERE are several typical systems of warm-air heating in common use today. An analysis of the systems mentioned in the following list will show that warm air may be employed as the heating medium in almost all types of heating requirements: (1) Gravity warm-air furnace systems, with or without booster fans for forced circulation and com bination air and water systems for isolated rooms; (2) Fan furnace heating systems (see Chapter 6); (3) Fan-coil and unit heating systems (see Chapter 9); (4) Indirect radiating systems (see Chapter 16). Each system has its particular application: No. 1 is intended par ticularly for residences and small structures; No. 2 for large residences, small theatres, churches, schools and stores; No. 3 for large buildings, theatres, schools, churches and factories; No. 4 for homes, hotels, schools, etc. . In this chapter of The Guide, consideration will be given to the design of gravity circulating warm-air heating systems. For fan circulating systems see Chapters 4, 6, 7, 9, and 27. Complete engineering data, including the procedure to be followed in designing a typical system, are presented in the first part of this chapter, while the last part of the ' chapter presents a Standard Code Regulating the Installation of Gravity Warm Air Heating Systems in Residences, approved by the National Warm Air Heating Association, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association Sheet Metal Con tractors, as a workable Code for furnace men. DEFINITIONS In general, warm-air furnace heating plants consist of a fuel-burning furnace or heater enclosed in a casing of sheet metal or brick, which is placed in the basement of the building. The heated air, taken from the top or sides near the top of the furnace casing, is distributed to the various rooms of the building through sheet-metal warm-air pipes. The warm-air pipes in the basement are' known as leaders, and the vertical warm-air pipes which are run in the inside partitions of the building are All figures and much of the engineering data which follow are from Bulletin No. 141, Warm Air Furnaces and Heating Systems, Part II, by*Professors A. C. Willard and A. P\ Kratz. Engineering Experiment Station.'University of Illinois. 127 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 called stacks. The heated air is finally discharged into the rooms through registers which are set in register boxes placed either in the floor or in the side wall, usually at or near the baseboard. The air supply to the furnace may be taken (1) entirely from inside the building through one or more recirculating ducts; (2) entirely from Fig. 1. Value of Square Inch of Leader Pipe Area for First, Second, and- - Third Floors . outside the building, in which case no air is recirculated, or (3) through a combination of the inside and the outside air supply systems. Furnace heating plants may be: (1) of the gravity circulating type in which the motive-head-producing' flow depends upon the difference in weight between the heated air leaving the casing and pipes and the cooler air entering the bottom of the casing, or (2) of the fan circulating type in which a fan may supply all or part of the motive-head producing flbw. In most house installations, the former type of system is in general use. EIGHT DESIGN RULES The design of a furnace heating system involves the determination of the following items: . 128 , Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity a. Heat loss in B.t.u. from each room in the buildirtg. b. Area and diameter in inches of warm-air pipes in basement (known as leaders). c. Area and dimensions in inches of vertical pipes (known as wall stacks). d. Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of warm-air registers. e. Area and dimensions of (1) recirculating or (2) outside air supply ducts in inches. There may be one or more of each of these. . f. Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of recirculating registers. g. Size of furnace necessary to supply the warm air required to overcome the heat loss from the building. This "size" should include square inches of leader pipe area which furnace must supply. It is also desirable to call for a minimum bottom fire-pot diameter in inches, which is the nominal grate diameter. h. Area and dimensions in inches of chimney lining and smoke pipe. If an unlined chimney is to be used, that fact should be made clear. ' CALCULATING HEAT LOSSES The heat which will be required for each room in the building depends on (1) the heat transmission losses through walls and glass as well as through floors and ceilings when the latter two are next to unheated spaces, and (2) the infiltration of cold air through the cracks around outside windows and <?oors. Calculations for the heat required in B.t.u. per hour should be made as indicated in Chapter 2, Heat Losses from Buildings. LEADER PIPE SIZES In a gravity circulating warm-air furnace system the size of the leader to a given room depends on the temperature of the warm air entering the room at the register. A reasonable air temperature at the registers must, therefore, be agreed upon before the system can be . designed. The National Warm Air Heating Association has approved an air temperature of 175 deg. fahr. at the registers as satisfactory. At this temperature, the heat-carrying capacity (heat available above 70 deg. fahr.) per square inch of leader pipe per hour for first, second or third floors is shown by Fig. Tat 175 deg. fahr. to be 105, 170 and 208 B.t.u. respectively. For average calculations, the values 111, 166 and 200 will simplify the work and may be satisfactorily substituted for these heat-carrying capacities. If H represents the total heat to be supplied any room, the resulting equations are: Leader areas for first floor, square inches = = approximately 0.0091? (1) H Leader areas for second floor, square inches = jgg = approximately 0.006H (2) Leader areas for third floor, square inches = = approximately 0.005ff "(3) In designing for a lower warm-air register temperature, say 160 deg. fahr., the factors 111,. 166 and 200 become 80, 140 and 166 (Fig. 1 at 160 deg. fahr.), and the resulting equations are: 129 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 *H Leader areas for first floor, square inches = = approximately 0.012/7 (4) H . Leader areas for second floor, square inches - = approximately 0.007// (5) H Leader areas for third floor, square inches = approximately 0.006// (6) These equations are applicable to straight leaders from 6 to 8 ft. in length. Longer leaders must be very thoroughly covered or else the Fig. 2. .( Loss in Temperature in 8-in. Leader Pipe of Various Lengths at Different Register Temperatures -' vertical stacks must be increased in area as discussed under wall stacks. If some provision is not made for these longer leaders, the air tempera ture may be much lower than anticipated and the room will not be properly heated. While Fig. 1 takes care of the drop in temperature in straight leaders up to 8 ft. in length connected to stacks having about 75 per cent the area of the leader, the designer must make allowances for all other conditions. The temperature drop in leaders of various lengths at three different register temperatures is shown in Fig. 2. Leader sizes should in general be not less than obtained by equations 130 Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity (lj to (3) nor should leaders less than 8 in. in diameter be used. It is not considered good commercial practice to specify diameters except in whole inches, although there is no real reason for not using half inches if necessary. The tops of leaders should be at the same elevation as they leave the furnace bonnet, and from this point there should be a n1 1 1 1 1 1 1 rn '/th constant beert /npu t /.00 to he1ate1 r,1 of 21 /,'01 00 13. f.u *r / 1C t 0.90 Af/.starA* /tf-W boot to V register L eaeters. 3-0" to. < if boot / S *' / t > <^p /1 / S' /. ' 1 t //d-, ' / l ) 0.80 Single Wall Stack /kSit Double Ma/t Stack i 6 V/7 U 'er ing/e iVa/t Stack /~~'Dou bJe Vc7 // ->/ack | 7 /! ^ 0.70 h !l It A Ustat'ks come>ar ed 7tt J1_the best s/ng/e watt stack I rh both IO-//7. at7ct 3-in. Leader 060 rests. o o./ ae 0.3 0.4 o.s a6 a7 ad a9 /.o kah'o Stack /freer to L eacter Area Fig. 3. Relative Heating Effect of Stacks at Constant Heat Input to Furnace Note.--Pipe bare, bright tin except asbestos strips for joints. uniform up-grade of 1 in. per foot of run in all cases. Leaders over 12 ft. in length are to be avoided or should receive very special attention. WALL STACKS The wall stack for an upper floor should be made not less than 70 per cent of the area of the leader which has been selected from Fig. 1. So long as the leader is short and straight as was the case for Fig. 1, such a practice is probably justified since the loss (Fig. 3) in capacity occasioned by the smaller stack is not very serious for stacks having areas iii excess of 70 per cent of the leader area. For leaders over 8 ft. in length or for leaders which are not straight, the ratio of stack area to leader area should be .greater than 70 per cent in order to offset the greater temperature losses (Fig. 2) in the longer leader. In gravity 131 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 circulating systems, this stack to leader area ratio is a very important consideration. Specific data for a great variety of cases are presented ( oza Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity B.t.u or above (see Figs. 4 and 5 which show that high temperatures are necessary if rooms of more than 9,000 B.t.u. requirement are heated DO 5 ' wCtf o ' id C*. wit*ii W` o 2 .cH Id X 6 u* . in Figs. 4 and 5 and the designer should check the stack to leader com binations with the nearest comparable case as shown in these figures. Any second floor stack supplying heat to a room whose heat loss is 9,000 132 by stacks in 4-in. studding), should be run within 6-in. studded walls or should have multiple stacks. Stack sections, wherever possible, should be changed from the thin rectangular to the more nearly square shape. 133 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Stack heads should have upper end curved to provide easy flow of warm air to the room. REGISTER AREA The registers used for discharging warm air into the rooms should have free or net area not less than the area of the leader in the same run of piping. The free area should be at least 70 per cent of the gross area of the register. No upper-floor register should be wider horizontally Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity the air stream must change direction or shape, streamline fittings should be employed. Horizontal ducts should pitch at least one-half inch per foot upward from the furnace. The recirculating grilles (or registers) should have a free area at least equal to the ducts to which they connect, and their free area should never be less than 50 per cent of their gross area. The location and number of return grilles will depend on the size, details and exposure of the house. Small compactly built houses may frequently be adequately served by a single return effectively placed in a central hall. More often it is desirable to provide two or more returns, provided, however, that in two-story residences one return must be placed to effectively receive the cold air returning by way of the stairs. Fig. 6. Typical Performance Curves for a. Warm Air Furnace and Installation in a Three-Story Ten Leader Plant, Operating on Recirculated Air than the wall stack, and it should be placed either in the baseboard or side wall, if this can be done without the use of offsets. First-floor registers may be of the baseboard or floor type with the former location preferred. No first-floor register should require a register box more than 14 in. wide, although it may be longer than 14 in. RECIRCULATING DUCTS AND GRILLES , The ducts through which air is returned to the furnace should be designed to minimize friction and turbulence. They should be of ample area, in excess of the total area of warm-air pipes, and at all points where 134 Where a divided system of two or more returns is used the grilles must be placed to serve the maximum area of cold wall or windows. Thus in rooms having only small windows the grille should be brought as close to the furnace as possible, but if the room has a bay window, french doors, or other large sources of cooling and leaking of cold air, the grille should be placed close by, so as to collect the cool air and prevent drafts. When long ducts of this type are employed they must be made oversize and favored in every way. This precaution is par ticularly important when long ducts and short ducts are used in the same system. The long ducts must be oversize, if they are to operate satis factorily, in parallel with short ducts. Return ducts from upstairs rooms may be necessary in apartments .or other spaces closed off or badly exposed. Metal linings are advisable in such ducts. It is important that these ducts be free from unnecessary friction and turbulence, and that they be located to prevent preheating of the air before it reaches the furnace. w Circulation is accelerated if the drop to the furnace is through a round 135 i i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 inclined pipe with, say, two 45-deg. elbows rather than through a vertical drop and two 90-deg. elbows. The top of the shoe should never enter the casing above the level of the grate in the furnace. To accomplish this the shoe must be wide. SIZE OF FURNACE The size of furnace should, of course, be such as will provide the necessary air heating capacity, usually expressed in square inches of leader pipe area, and at the same time provide a grate of the proper area to burn the necessary, fuel at a reasonable chimney draft. The total Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity with it as shown by the efficiency curve of Fig. 6. The fourth fa-'or is the heat value per pound of fuel burned, which was 12,790 B.t.u.. but is not shown on the curves since it was constant for all combustion rates. From the relation existing between these factors it is found (Fig. 6) that the capacity of the furnace under test is 147,750 B.t.u. per hour for the total grate, which gives the capacity at the furnace bonnet per square foot of grate as 51,300 B.t.u. and per square inch of grate as 356 B.t.u. per hour. Suppose it is desired to select a furnace to deliver air to the rooms at a register temperature approximating. 160 deg. rather than 175 deg. leader pipe area required is easily obtained by finding the sum of the leader pipe areas as already designated. The grate area will depend on several factors of which four are very important. First of all, the air temperature at the register for which the plant has been designed must be determined. Usually, this tempera ture is taken as 175 deg. fahr. Second in importance is the combustion rate, which must always correspond with the register air temperature, as is shown by reference to a set of typical furnace performance curves (Fig. 6) for a cast-iron circular radiator furnace with a 23-in. diameter grate and 50-in. diameter casing. The conditions shown on these curves which seem to approximate nearest to the 175 deg. register warm-air temperature are--combustion rate 7 lb., warm-air register temperature 173 deg.; efficiency of the furnace 58.5 per cent. The third factor is efficiency, which, in turn, is a function of the combustion rate varying 136 Referring to the curves, the relation is--combustion rate 5.5 lb., register warm-air temperature 160 deg. and efficiency of the furnace 62 per cent. Under this condition the capacity of the furnace at the furnace bonnet per square foot of grate area is 43,300 B.t.u. per hour, and per square inch of grate it is 300 B.t.u. per hour. From these performance values, the grate area for any plant requirement will be, (allowing 20 per cent heat loss between furnace and registers): 1 2H Grate area (175 deg. register temperature), square inches o* oo = 0.0034#1 (7) Grate area (160 deg.), square inches = = 0.0040H1 , ouu (8) *Let H B.t.u. heat loss from the entire house per hour = summation of all room losses Hi + Hi + etc. -f the B.t.u. necessary to heat the fresh air if any, at intake. This fresh air loss in B.t.u. will be 137 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 approximately 1.27 times the cubic feet of air admitted through the intake per hour on a zero day. For systems which recirculate all the air this value will be zero. For systems which have a fresh air intake, controlled by damper, this value might well be approximated, since this loss will probably be reduced to a minimum on a zero day. Assume for such cases, that the building loss is increased by 25 per cent, and that there is the usual 20 per cent loss between furnace and registers. ' It is not always possible to Obtain performance curves, and the fol lowing method is suggested as being a close check. An addition of 2 per cent of the furnace capacity is proposed for each unit that the heating surface-grate area ratio of the furnace exceeds 20. This addition Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity and for another furnace having 24 sq. ft. of heating surface for 1 sq. ft. of grate the expression is Grate area, square inches __________ 1.2 X 144 H 0.60 X 12,000 X 6 [1 + 0.02 (24 - 20)] (11) The air temperatures at the registers corresponding to the conditions of equation (11) would be approximately 165 deg. fahr. and for 175 deg. fahr. and 12,000 B.t.u. the combustion rate would be about 7.5 lb. with an efficiency of 57 per cent, using the curves of Fig. 6 as a guide. is based on tests of four types of furnaces having various ratios of heating surface to grate area, at the University of Illinois. . Let E = efficiency of the furnace. / = fuel value of the coal, B.t.u. per pound. p -- pounds of coal burned per square foot grate per hour. R = ratio of heating surface to grate area. H -- total heat requirements of the house. Grate area, square inches 1.2 X 144 H for all inside air Ejp[l + 0.02 (R - 20) ] . (9) For coal having a heat value of 12,000 B.t.u., a furnace having .60 per cent efficiency, and 6-lb. coal burned per square foot grate per hour, and 20 sq. ft. of heating surface for 1 sq. ft. of grate this becomes? Grate area, square inches 1.2 X 144 H for all inside air 0.60 X 12,000 X 6 138 (10) APPLICATION OF DATA The application of the preceding data to an actual example may be of assistance to the designer. Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11,* represent the plans of the Warm Air Research Residence of the National Warm Air Heating Association erected at the University of Illinois. Leaders, Stacks and Registers. (Direct Method) Living Room, 1st floor: 17,250 -f- 111 = 155 sq. in. leader area. See summary, Table 1; also Example under Standard Code, Art. 3, Basis of Working rules for pipes. " Leader diameter = 14 in. Register size = 155 sq. in. net area. Gross area = say 1.6 X net area = 14 X 18 in. Owner's Room, 2nd floor: 15,030 -T- 167 = 90 sq. in. leader area. See Summary-Table; also Example under Standard Code, Art. 3, Basis of working rules for pipes. 3Plans used with permission. Bath room on third floor not heated at present. 139 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Leader diameter = 11.4, say 12 in. Stack area = 0.7 X 90 = 63 sq. in. = say 5 X 12 in. Register area = 90 sq. in. net area. Gross area = 1.6 X net area = 12 X 12 or 12 X 14 in. In like manner the leaders, stacks and registers are calculated for each room in the house. Leaders, Stacks and Registers. (Code Method. See Art. 3, Sec. I, 2, 3) Living Room (Glass = 90, Net wall = 405, Cubic contents = 2405) T, /90 , 405 , 2405 ... . Leader = {^+ 60 + W ) 9 = 155 ** " Register, same as Direct Method. Owner's Room (Glass = 68, Net wall = 394, Cubic contents = 2275) .. (68 . 394 , 2275 \ ,, ' . Leader = (^+ 50 + W ) 6 = 90 " m- .. Stack and Register, same as Direct Method. Assuming all air recirculated, the minimum furnace for the plant will be: Grate Area = 0.0034 X 132,370 s= 450 sq. in. = 24 in. diam. at 175 deg. register temperature. (7) Grate Area = 0.0040 X 132,370 = 530 sq. in. = 26 in. diam. at 160 deg. register temperature. (8) (10) If provision shall be made for certain outside air circulation, then increase the building heat loss by, say 25 per cent and obtain by equation (7) a 27-in. grate and by equations .(8) and (10) a 29-in. grate. Table 1. Summary of Data Applied to Warm Air Research Residence Rooms From Chapter 2 on Heat Losses from Buildings B.t.u. Heat Losses H Leader Area Sq. In. Stack Area Sq. In. 0.7 X LA Leader Diameter Inches Stack Size Net First Floor = 0.009-ff 17250 155 14 Dining______ 6810 61 9 2300 21 8 9210 83 11 or 12 25710 230 Two 12 Hall and stair 12570 113 12 Second Floor = 0.006i/ Owners........... 15030 90 63 11 or 12 5 X 12 S. W. Bed___ 9800 59 41 9 3H X 12 Bath................ 2450 15 10 8 3 X 10 N. Bed........... 14800 89 62 11 or 12 5 X 12 Third Floor = 0.005H E. Bed............ 8220 41 29 8 3 X 10 W. Bed.......... 8220 41 29 8 3 X 10 Register Size Gross - 14 X 18 8 X 12 8 X 10 12 X 14 12 X 14 12 X 14 8 X 12 8 X 10 12 X 14 8 X 10 8 X 10 140 Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity STANDARD CODE REGULATING THE INSTALLATION OF GRAVITY WARM AIR FURNACES IN RESIDENCES3 SIXTH EDITION March 1, 1929 . ARTICLE No. 1.--Meaning of the Term "Gravity Warm Air Furnace Heating System" ' Gravity Warm Air Heating Systems, to which this code refers, shall consist of one or more warm-air furnaces, enclosed within casings, together with necessary appur tenances thereto, consisting of warm-air pipes and fittings; cold air or recirculating pipes; ducts, boxes and fittings; smoke-pipes and fittings; registers, borders, faces and grilles; the same being intended for heating buildings in which they may be installed. ARTICLE No. 2.--Certified Measurements . Certified measurements on warm-air furnaces together with the name and number of that furnace, will be issued by authority of the National Warm Air Heating A ssociation, when, if and as, the grate areas and heating surfaces have been accurately measured and approved by the Research Advisory Committee. ARTICLE No. 3.--Method for Determining Size of Warm Air Pipes, Wall Stacks and Furnaces for Use in Residences Method for Determining Sizes of Basement Warm Air Pipes Section 1. Each First-Floor Room: Divide square feet of glass by 12 Divide square feet of net outside wall by factor in Table A Divide cubic contents by 800 Add together the above and multiply by 9 The result is the area of the basement pipe in sq. in. . Stated as an equation, this is: /The sum of: /Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 1) -s- 12 | X.9 *= area of basement,pipe ) Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 2) -f* factor in Table A VCubic Contents -f- 800 ' ' Section 2. Each Seconth-Floor Room: Divide square feet of glass by 12 Divide square feet of net outside wall by factor in Table A Divide cubic contents by 800 ' Add together the above and multiply by 6 The result is the area of the basement pipe in sq. in. (See Section 9. c) Stated as an equation, this is: The sum of: Glass (sq. ft.) {Note 7) -s- 12 | Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 2) ~ factor in Table A Cubic Contents + 800 X 6 = area of basement duct ' Section 3. Each Third-Floor Room: Divide square feet of glass by 12 Divide square feet of net outside wall by factor in Table A Divide cubic contents by 800 ' Add together the above and multiply by 5 The result is the area of the basement pipe in sq. in. Stated as an equation, this is: The sum of: Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 1) 12 | X 5 = area of basement duct Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 2) -i- factor in Table A Cubic Contents -4- 800 This Code .is approved and issued by authority of the National'Warm Air Heating Association, - The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association Sheet Metal Contractors. First edition. October 1, 1922; 2nd edition. February 1, 1923; 3rd edition. June 1, 1924; 4th edition. May 1, 1927; 5th edition, March 1, 1928; 6th edition. March 1. 1929. ' 141 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Basis of Working Rides for Pipes {Sections lf 2, 8) . These formulae are for 70 deg. temperature difference (outside temperature zero, inside temperature 70 deg. fahr.) When temperature difference is more than 70 deg., add 1H Per cent per deg. to final figures. When temperature difference is less than 70 deg., deduct per cent per deg. from-final figures. . The values as given in Table A for use in the working rules. Article 3. Section 1. 2 and 3 are derived as follows: . Example: The unit of calculation adopted for this is the eauivalent of 1.000 B.t*u. transmitted. Any other number than 1,000 might be selected if desired and the result would be the same. Calculations are based on the commonly accepted data for heat loss through different types of walls.* Thus, the factor 60. Item No. 1. Table A, is obtained in the following manner: The rate of heat transmission through a wall consisting of siding, paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster, is 0.238 B.t.u. per square foot, per hour, per degree difference between room and outside temperatures. At 70 deg. inside and zero outside. 1 sq. ft. of wall will transmit 0.238 X 70 = 16.66 B.t.u. per hour. 1,000 B.t.u. will then be lost through 1,000 -r- 16.66 = 60 sq. ft. of wall. Since it is found from experiment that 1 sq. in. of first-floor leader pipe delivers 111 B.t.u., it will require 1,000 -t- 111 = 9 sq. in. to compensate for the loss through 60 sq. ft. of wall. From this we derive the formula: --= area of first-floor leader. Substituting 167 for the second floor and 200 for the third floor in place of 111, gives the factors 6 and 5, respectively. . Other values in Table A for the different types of walls were obtained by substitution of proper coefficient of heat transmission for 0.238 in the above formula. Table A* . (The factor 60 used in the foregoing example is for buildings constructed as in Item No. 1. When other types of walls are used substitute the appropriate factor as given below): Exposed Walls No. 1.--Frame wall constructed of siding, paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster............................. No. 2.--Frame wall constructed of siding or stucco direct to sheathing (no paper), lath and plaster, No. 3.-- 9 in. Brick Wall, no plaster............................. ......... ........................................................,...................................... No. 4.-- 9 in. Brick Wall, plastered one side.............................. ..........................._................ 1........................................ No. 5.-- 9 in. Brick Wall, air space, furred and plastered..... ............. No. 6.--13 in. Brick Wall, no piaster........... .... ...... No. 7.--13 in. Brick Wall, plastered one side................... ............. No. 8.--13 in. Brick Wall, air space, furred and plastered..................... No. 9.-- 4 in. Brick, 4 in. hollow tile, plastered______________________ No. 10.-- 4 in. Brick, paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster (brick veneer).......................................... No. 11.-- 8 in. Hollow tile, stucco and plaster................ .......................... No. 12.-- 8 in. Hollow tile, stucco furred and plastered...................... 60 52 40 48 65 53 57 75 55 68 52 75 Roofs No. 13.-- 1 in. T & G Sheathing Tar and Gravel.......................... ..................................................................................... 48 No. 14.-- 1 in. T & G Sheathing and Composition roof.................................................................................. _............. 40 No. 15.-- 1 in. T & G Sheathing and Tin............. ......... ...........................................*............................................................ 24 No. 16.--Corrugated Iron on strips.................................... .......................................................................................................... 9.3 Ceilings No. 17.--Lath and plaster without floor above..................................................................................................................... . No. 18.--Lath and plaster with tight floor above................................................................................................................. No. 19.--Metal without floor above.................................................................... -........................................................................ No. 20.--Metal with tight floor above....................................................................................................................................... 50 90 40 70 4The heat transmission factors upon which Table A is based do not in all cases agree with the factors given in Chapter 2 of The Guide. Explanatory Notes Note 1.--In obtaining glass surface use full casement opening. An outside door is figured as glass. Note S.--To obtain net outside wall, multiply height by width and'deduct the glass in all windows and outside doors as obtained in Note 1. For all rooms with attic spaces immediately above, full ceiling areas shall be taken into account, using Table A. Floors over unexcavated spaces shall be figured as 50 per cent exposed wall and fully exposed floors shall be figured as 100 per cent exposed wall. . ' Note S.--For rooms having unusual exposure, ordinarily north, northeast and northwest, add 15 per cent to pipe area. For east and west exposure, add 10 per cent. Note 4--Use no basement warm-air duct less than 8 in. in diameter. If a basement warm-air duct figures greater area than any standard commercial size then the nearest commercial size shall be used, provided however, that the total duct area shall in no case be less than the total requirements according to Sections 1, 2 and 3. . Note 6.--It is understood in using the above values for determining basement warm-air duct areas, that these ducts should be run comparatively straight and that they should not be over 12 ft. in length. Sharp turns and long ducts should have extra capacity. When warm-air ducts exceed 12 ft. in length or have more than two 90 deg. turns the next larger commercial size must be used. Note 6.--The value of 800 (used in cubic contents) is for an estimated air change of one room volume per hour. If it is desired to provide for one and one-half room volume use the figure 600. If for two-room volumes use the figure 400. ' 142 Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity Method for Determining Size of Wall Stacks Section 4. First Floor Rooms. Same as Section 1. Section 5. Second Floor Rooms. Not less than 70 per c^nt of basement pipe area as determined in Section 2. Section 6. Third Floor Rooms. Not less than 70 per cent of basement pipe area as determined in Section 3. Where two or more rooms are heated from the same basement pipe and stack, the area of such basement pipe and stack shall equal the combined areas as determined in Article 3, Sections 1, 2 and 3. . Transition Fittings to Stacks Section 7. (a) Transition from warm-air pipes to stacks or register heads shall be made with a well-designed elbow or boot and no stack shall be less than 70 per cent of the area of the warm-air pipe leading to it. b. All first-floor fittings and connections shall maintain a free area equal to the round basement pipes leading to them. . Method for Determining Size of Registers " Section 8. All registers shall have a free area at least equal to the area of the base ment pipes leading to them. . Method for Determining Size of Furnace Section 9. (a) Add together the areas (expressed in square inches) necessary for heating the building, as determined by the foregoing calculated requirements, Art. 3, Secs. 1, 2 and 3, and install a furnace, rated by the following formula: Furnace Rating Formula L - 1.75 C [ 1 + 0.02 (R - 20) 1 L = square inches of warm-air pipe connected to the furnace as calculated. G S3 grate area in square inches; the area of the firepot at the grate level; its most restricted area. R -- ratio of heating surface area to grate area; 1.75 = a constant based upon the results obtained in the Association Research on a furnace having 20 sq. ft. of heating surface for each square foot of grate, and including factors for: E = efficiency of heater; C = combustion rate: F = calorific value of fuel; 0.75 = percentage of heat available at registers; 136 = B.t.u. delivering value of 1 sq. In. of pipe, assuming half of the heat is sent to each floor. This value Is based on an operaring temperature of 175 deg. fahr. at the register. . The formula allows 1.75 sq. in. of warm-air pipe area for each square inch of grate area, for the furnace having a ratio of heating surface to grate surface of 20 to 1. For furnaces having other ratios of heating surfaces to grate surface, it adds 2 per cent or deducts 2 per cent for each unit above or below a ratio of 20. Application: No. 1 Positive Correction Grate area, square inch. = 346 Heating surface area, square inch. = 7540 Ratio heating surface area to grate area = 21.8 to 1 R - 20 =1.8 Correction per cent = 3.6. 1.75 G = 606 L = 1.75 G + correction -- 628 No. 2 No Correction 346 6920. 20.0 to 1 0.0 0.0 606 606 No. 3 Negative Correction 346 5665 16.4 to 1 -3.6 -7.2 606 562 a. In second-floor duplex,.flats or apartments where separate heating plants are used, add 50 per cent to the total net calculated areas as determined in Art. 3, Sec. 2. This 143 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 represents the required warm-air pipe capacity in square inches of the furnace for the second floor. b. Every warm-air furnace shall be equipped with a water pan or other humidifying device. c. In the application of any gas or oil fired furnace to any warm-air heating system, any deviation from the Standard Code shall apply only to the furnace itself. ARTICLE No. 4.--Installation--Location of Furnace Section 1. The location of the furnace shall equalize the length of warm-air runs as far as possible, yet give necessary preference to pipes supplying living rooms, dining rooms and main halls. Foundation . Section 8. (a) The furnace foundation must be provided by the owner or building contractor as outlined in Art. 5 (/). . b. Where it is necessary to place a heater on a combustible floor, not less than 4 in. (4") of hollow tile shall be used in every instance, having joints matched in such a way that air passage will be free from side to. side, so that at no time will the removal of ashes or the handling of coal close up these openings. Such foundation shall be constructed upon, and covered with continuous sheet metal plates, of not less than No. 24 gauge metal, having all joints substantially riveted or double seamed and the bottom sheet to have the edges turned up at least one inch. This floor covering shall extend under the whole of the firebox and ashpit of the furnace and outwardly not less than two feet on all sides. Setting or Assembling of Furnace Section S. (a) The base ring of any portable warm-air furnace shall be cemented to the foundation, and cement flushed in around the back of the base ring, making an air-tight joint. The furnace parts shall be assembled plumb and level, and in a work manlike manner. b. All sections and joints shall be properly fitted. Joints requiring cement shall be well filled and all bolts shall be drawn up tightly. Casings Section 4. (a) Warm-air furnaces shall be enclosed in metal casings or walls of brick, tile or concrete. b. Portable. Sheet metal casings including casing tops or bonnets shall be made of galvanized sheets, not lighter than 26 U. S. standard gauge. They shall fit the castings and casing rings closely, so as to be dust-tight, and shall be securely fastened to the front. The casing shall be lined from the upper casing ring down to a line bn a level with the grate. c. When side collars are used the casing top or bonnet must be of sufficient height so that the largest warm-air pipe can be taken from side without ovaling. In no case shall a distance less than eight inches (8") be maintained between the top of any furnace and the bonnet: d. Any furnace, the casing top of which shall come within twelve inches (12") of a combustible floor, ceiling or joist, shall be protected by a metal shield, extending not less than eighteen inches (18") beyond the casing of said furnace. This shield shall be suspended at least two inches (2") below woodwork, allowing free air space between shield and woodwork. No furnace casing or top, coming nearer than six inches (6") of ceiling or joists shall be allowed in any case. All metal casing tops shall be insulated with an air space, or covered with magnesia, asbestos boiler covering, or sand. e. Openings for side casing collars shall be cut into the casing top or bonnets, so that the tops of all openings are on a level. Casing collars shall be fitted into place with a proper flange, or bead on the outside and drawn up on the inside, making a dust-tight joint. All collars shall be of same size as the warm-air pipes to which they are to be connected. 144 ' Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity /. Brick, cement or hollow tile casings shall be constructed as follows: Walls shall be not less than eight inches (8") in thickness, and shall be constructed air-tight. The least inside dimension of rectangular casings shall be the same as that of the portable casing of a corresponding size of furnace. Walls shall be carried to the same height as the portable walls, allowing not less than eight inches (8") between the top of the furnace and the bottom of the top cover. After placing the collars for the warm-air pipes, continue the masonry up two inches (2") above the top of the collars, lay single or tee irons across the furnace top, spaced eight inches (8"), cover these with sheet metal not less than 26 U. S. standard gauge, cover the sheet metal with masonry or sand and run the side walls four inches (4") above the roof of the furnace. A galvanized iron casing bonnet may be used on a brick set furnace. Provision shall be made in the walls for a manhole to give ingress to heater. Warm Air Pipes in Basement . Section 5. (a) All warm-air pipes shall be made of bright tin not lighter than IC, or galvanized iron. Side seams shall be locked seams. All joints shall be either doubleseamed or lapped not less than one and one-quarter inches (1H") and such joints shall be match-beaded or beaded and soldered or riveted. All pipes and fittings shall be properly secured to ceiling or joist. No solder or riveted joint is required where round pipe slips over the casing collar or enters boot or box. Any pipe twelve inches (12") or greater in diameter shall not be made of material lighter than IX tin or No. 26 U. S. standard gauge galvanized iron. b: All warm-air pipes in the basement shall have an upward pitch of not less than one inch (1") per running foot. c. No warm-air pipe shall run within one inch (1") of any woodwork unless such woodwork is covered with asbestos paper and the paper covered with tin or iron. d. All warm-air pipes in the basement shall be provided with dampers supported on both sides not more than two feet (2') from the casing. e. Where warm-air pipes pass through a masonry wall, a metal thimble shall be provided, having a diameter at least one inch (1") greater than the pipe, and pipe supported in such a manner that the air space is uniform on all sides. Wall Stacks Section 6. (a) Single Stacks. All single wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of tin or galvanized iron and shall be covered with not less than one thickness of 12 lb. per one hundred (100 sq. ft.) square feet of asbestos paper. All such pipes shall be braced in a proper manner so as not to obstruct the flow of air but to retain the full capacity throughout. All joints shall be locked and held in place by means of lugs, or straps. No joint, either horizontal or vertical, shall depend wholly upon solder to make it tight. ' Note 7.--As an added safety factor, it is recommended that all studding and other woodwork facing said pipe be lined with metal and metal lath be used in place of wood lath. An air space of not less than five-sixteenths W) of an inch shall be allowed on the two sides nearest the vertical studs. b. Double Stacks. All double wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of tin, not lighter than IC or galvanized iron and shall be made double, from and including the boot or foot piece in basement to the top of each and every stack and register head on all floors. There shall be continuous uniform air space of not less than five-sixteenths of an inch, which must be main . tained between the outer and inner walls of all such pipes and fittings of all kinds, styles and descriptions; such pipes, heads, boots and other fittings to be of the styles, or equal to those accepted by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. ' ' c. All stacks and fittings, either single or double, must be secured firmly in place by lugs or straps attached to the outer walls of stacks and fittings, and no nails shall be driven through these stacks or fittings at any point. No lugs or straps shall be formed by cutting holes in outer walls of stacks or fittings. No wall pipes or fittings shall be used which depend wholly on soldered joints. The various members shall be so made that all joints are locked or soldered and the several members shall be attached to each other with slip joints which are for the purpose intended--air-tight. d. Where stacks, heads^ boots or other fittings, whether double or single, go through the first floor, all openings around such heads, boots, stacks or fittings must be filled 145 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 with asbestos cement or other incombustible material to make the openings gas and dust tight. . Registers , . Section 7. (a) When baseboard or wall registers are used, they shall be properly and permanently attached to the stack head in such a manner that will prevent any leakage of air between the head and the register. b. . Floor registers shall be provided either with register borders, or double register, boxes of tin or galvanized iron with an air space of not less than five-sixteenths (%&") of an inch between inner and outer boxes. - c. Registers for warm air and warm-air pipes shall not be located in outside walls, unless properly insulated with one-inch (1') air cell covering or its equivalent. d. Any furnace system having not more than two warm-air openings, at least one of these openings shall have a grille and the pipe thereto shall be without damper. Air Supply to Furnace Section 8. (a) The air supply to furnace for warm-air heating plants may be taken from outside or from within the building or may be taken partially from outside and partially from within. In no case, however, shall air be supplied to any furnace from any basement or furnace room not occupied as living quarters. b. The cold air intake or return where air is taken from within the building shall have a net area throughout its entire length of not less than the combined net area of all warm-air pipes leading from the furnace. This may be maintained in one or more ducts. No reverse incline or air trap will be allowed in any section thereof. c. When the cold air supply is taken wholly from the outside of the building the supply duct at its most contracted area must' equal or exceed eighty per cent (80%) of the combined area of all warm-air pipes leading from the furnace. d. Cold air ducts shall be constructed of metal, tile or other incombustible material having smooth inner surface and shall maintain a constant net area throughout their entire length and shall be made dust-tight. Horizontal rectangular return ducts shall have at least 10 per cent (10%) greater area than vertical connecting pipes. Where a boot or shoe is connected to the casing at the base, the opening shall not extend higher than a line on the level of the top of the grate of the furnace. The width of the shoe shall be of proper measurement to make the area at least equal to that of the round or square pipe to which it is connected. e. Wherever the space between joists is used to convey cold air over head, all bridging and bracing shall be removed and a sheet metal pan shall be constructed to extend not less than two inches (2") below said joists. The connection from this pan to the boot or shoe shall be made of galvanized iron not lighter than No. 26 U. S. standard gauge, and shall have a transition collar, the top area of which shall be at least 10 per cent (10%) greater than the area of the connecting pipe. Note 8.--To reduce friction, and for the sake of cleanliness it is recommended that the joists and all wooden surfaces between such joists shall be lined with metal. * /. When it is necessary to set the furnace over a pit and connect up cold air under the basement floor, such pit or cold-air trench shall not exceed eighteen inches (18') in depth below the casing base-ring and the width of the trench or trenches shall be of proper measurement to make the area'at least equal to the pipe to which it is connected. The connection between the cold-air pipe or duct and the underground pit shall be made with reverse transition joint as described in (e) of this section. g. The cold air face or faces shall be made of wood or metal. When set in floors the top of same shall be flush with floor. Where cold air face is placed in a seat or side wall (whether furnished by owner, general contractor or furnace contractor) the open work of face must extend to' within at least one inch (1") of the floor line. . The free area of cold air faces shall be at least equal to the free area of the duct or ducts to which they are connected. .- h. The effective area of a vertical cold air face lies within fourteen inches' (14') of the floor line, hence, the capacity of any vertical cold air face shall be determined by multiplying the base line in inches by not to exceed fourteen inches (14') in height and deducting for the grilles or cross bars. 146 Chapter 5--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Gravity i. When a fan is installed in the air supply duct of a gravity system the same net area of all ducts shall be maintained as calculated under Article 3, Sections 1, 2 and 3 and Article 4, Section 8-(f>). Smoke Pipes Section 9. (a) The smoke pipe shall be as short and direct as consistent with the location of the furnace. It shall be made of metal not lighter than No. 24 U. S. standard gauge, and not less than the full size of the collar on the furnace throughout its entire length. It must have no opening for attaching any fireplace, stove, range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. It shall be lock-seamed or riveted; all joints shall lap not less than one and one-half inches (1J^*) and it shall be rigidly secured. Cast iron smoke pipe may be used. b. All smoke pipes shall be provided with check dampers, placed on the side of the pipe or at the end of a tee; when cast iron smoke pipe dampers are used they must be placed between the check damper and the furnace' and supported on both sides of the pipe. c. Where the smoke pipe enters the flue, a thimble shall be cemented into the flue and the connections thereto made air-tight, see Article 5, (c). Should any smoke pipe come within eighteen inches (18") of any combustible material, such combustible material must be covered with asbestos paper and a metal shield so fastened that a two-inch (2") air space exists between this shield and the combustible material. This shield shall be no less in size than twice the diameter of the smoke pipe and of sufficient length to cover the combustible material at all points. d. No smoke pipe shall project through any external wall or window. No furnace connection is to be made to a flue without a cast iron or steel cleanout having first been provided in the flue (not more than eight inches (8") below the smoke pipe opening). The base of the flue shall be filled up to the bottom of the cleanout, all of which must be made air-tight. Pipeless or One-Pipe Furnaces Section 10. (a) When but one duplex grating is used for both warm air and cold air in a so-called pipeless furnace, the area of the cold-air intake shall be at least equal to the area of the warm-air outlet of the grating. Art. 4, Sec. 4, relative to casing shall not govern when this type of furnace is installed, but the following specification shall be followed: The inner and outer casing of this type of Furnace may be made of either black or galvanized iron not lighter than No. 26 U. S. standard gauge. A uniform air space shall be maintained at all points between the inner and outer casing. In no case shall the top of the heater be allowed closer than twelve inches (12*) to any ceiling or joists above the furnace. . b. Where joists are cut to accommodate this furnace, headers shall be put in and braced. . c. Art. 3 for determining area of warm-air pipe shall not govern in figuring a pipeless furnace. d. Where one warm-air register face is used and separate face or faces for cold air supply are used, then Art. 4, Secs. 5, 7 and 8 shall apply. ARTICLE No. 5.--The following provisions shall be made by the owner , or building contractor, in any building wherein a gravity warm-air heating system is to be installed. . Chimney - Provide a chimney for the furnace constructed in a manner to comply with the following specifications: . __ a. The chimney must be absolutely smoke tight throughout its entire length, and must extend at least three feet (3') above a flat roof or two feet (2') above the ridges of peak roofs. _ b. If built of a single thickness of brick or of cement blocks, it shall be lined through out its entire length with fire clay flue lining, having not less than three-quarter inch (M") thickness. Flue lining to be laid in mortar and made air-tight. 147 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 c.. The furnace flue.must have no other opening for attaching any fireplace, furnace, stove, range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. The chimney thimble shall be furnished and installed by owner or building contractor, of the size and in the location specified by the Heating Contractor. . d. If necessary to offset the flue,'it must be done in such a manner as not to reduce the cross sectional area or create a ledge or obstruction, where loose material may lodge. e. The narrowest internal dimension shall be not less than eight inches (8") and no flue smaller than eight by eight inches (8* x8") rectangular or eight inches (8") diameter round will be considered suitable when hard coal is to be burned, or eight by twelve inches (8*xl2*) rectangular or ten inches (10*) round for soft coal or wood. Note 9.--It is strongly recommended that nothing less than 8 x 12 in. internal dimensions be used in any case. Note 10.--It is recommended that the height above the furnace grate be not less than 26 ft. . Note 11.--It is strongly recommended that all new chimneys be built in strict accordance with the ordinance recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. . - Furnace Foundation . f. Furnace foundation of brick, cement, or other like incombustible, material must be provided. Said foundation shall extend at least fifteen inches (15*) at rear and sides of furnace casing and at least thirty-six inches (36*) in front of furnace casing. Founda tion to be level. (See Art. 4, Sec. 2). Building . g. Where warm-air register boxes, heads, pipes or stacks are to be installed, joists shall be set not less than sixteen inches (16*) on centers and shall be butted and not lapped. Studding shall be set directly over and under joists, leaving a space of not less than fourteen inches (14*) between studs and joists. Wherever joists are cut, headers must be put in to support joists. ' h. All first-story single or sub-floors shall be continuous. In all houses having studded exterior walls, these'floors shall be extended to the outside sheathing and all spaces between studding shall be closed at the attic line. . Note 12.--It is strongly recommended that the attic be tightly floored or ceih*gs insulated to reduce heat losses. ' i. All partition walls (or sections of these walls) in which heat stacks to second or third floor rooms are to be installed, shall be of sufficient size to accommodate stacks required to heat said rooms. .. . FORCED OR BOOSTER CIRCULATION Experiments at the University of Illinois6 have shown that the capacity of a furnace may be increased nearly three times by an adequate fan, with a constant register or delivery temperature maintained, provided that the rate of fuel consumption can be increased to provide the necessary heat. In other words, the capacity of a forced circulation system is limited by the ability of the chimney to produce a sufficient draft. . Booster fans often may be arranged to operate when the gas and .oil burners operate and to stop automatically when the burners shut down. The booster equipment is most effective in increasing output at low operating temperatures. According to tests, efficiencies may be advanced from 60 per cent for gravity to 70 per cent with boosters at low operating temperatures, but at high operating temperatures gravity and booster 'efficiencies are almost identical.6 `See University of III. Eng. Exp. Sta. Bui. 120. p. 129. See Univ. of 111. Eng. Exp. Sta. Bui. 141, p. 79. 148 1 CHAPTER 6 heating with warm air furnaces BY FAN PRESSURE Fan-Furnace Systems for Large and Small Buildings; Ratings, Design, Selection and Arrangement of Heaters; Fuel. THE fan-furnace heating system described' in this chapter is funda mentally a warm-air system in which the air circulation is maintained by means of fans during the period heat is required. For data on booster fans in connection with gravity furnaces, see Chapter 5. For data on direct-fired fan-furnace unit heaters, see Chapter 9. The fan-furnace system of heating provides a positive circulation of either outside air or return air over direct transmission heaters, through ducts to various rooms in the building and thence to the atmosphere by exhaust or back to the fan for recirculation. The use of fans permits warm-air heating and ventilating easily to be provided in buildings larger than those which could be handled properly by gravity alone. When first introduced, fans were used with existing gravity furnaces, but gradually the practice developed of building furnaces particularly designed for fan service. Due to the fact that the fan could be made to deliver any given volume of air against comparatively high resistances, the free area through the fan-duty heaters could be reduced from that required by gravity heaters by interposing more heating surface in the path of the air and by creating a more intimate contact between the air and the heating surface. Furnaces for use with fans must be designed to secure this increased heating surface, with proper fire travel and with commensurate grate area, within economical space limits. Many of the heaters of larger capacity are designed with horizontal travel of the products of combustion to secure these features and properly to care for expansion and con traction. . . A fan-furnace system affords a direct transfer of heat from fuel to air, has few parts, gives quick response with high temperatures and contains no water to scale, corrode or freeze. Heaters for fan-furnace systems usually are made of cast iron or of steel. The cast-iron furnaces are made in sections which are cemented and then bolted together on the job, and the steel furnaces are assembled with welded or riveted joints. 149 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 RATING This class of equipment usually is rated in one of three ways, as follows: 1. The temperature rise of the air is listed over a certain range of velocities through the free area of the heater for varying combustion rates, for a certain heating value of the fuel.. 2. The volume of air in cubic feet per minute is listed over several temperature rises with the necessary fuel consumption, taking coal of some known heating value as a standard. 3. The B.t.u. imparted to the air is listed for varying combustion rates. ' Either of the first two methods is preferable to the third because of the inaccuracies that are apt to creep into the latter, due to the fact that for the same combustion rate on any given heater, the B.t.u. imparted to the air will not remain constant, but will vary with the volumfe of air passed over the heater. . The capacities of heaters for large commercial and industrial buildings range from 400,000 to 1,500,000 B.t.u pier hour per unit. The capacities of heaters for residences and other small buildings range from 90,000 to 400,000 B.t.u. per hour per unit. , " Efficiency of Heating Surface The emission of heat from the heating surface of these furnaces will vary from 2,000 to 3,000 B.t.u. per square foot per hour. The average is about 2,500 B.t.u. Ratio of Heating Surface to Grate In commercial sizes the ratio of the heating surface to the grate surface will vary from 30 to 1 to 50 to 1. Free Area and Resistance * The free area through the heaters and resistance to the flow of air at varying velocities are characteristics depending upon the heater in question. .' FAN FURNACES FOR VARIOUS FUELS The proper design of the heater hinges largely on the kind of fuel to be burned. Accordingly, various manufacturers are making special units for coal, oil and gas. Each class of fuel requires a distinct type of heater for the highest, efficiency and economy obtainable. Briefly the char acteristics of a heater to obtain the best efficiency and economy for each , of the fuels are as follows: 1. Coal Burning: . a. Bituminous--Large, open combustion spaces, and self-cleaning heating surfaces. b. Anthracite--Large firebox capacity. 2. Oil Burning: a. Long tortuous fire travel. b. Extensive heating surface. , . 3. Gas Burning: a. Extensive heating surface. ' b. Numerous small flue passages. 150 Chapter 6--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Fan Pressure Anthracite, semi-anthracite, semi-bituminous and bituminous coals are suitable when selected in the proper sizes. The fan-furnace system lends itself to the burning of buckwheat coal by using forced draft from a fan with grates having small air spaces. For burning small-sized bituminous coal, a stoker or a Dutch oven easily can be added. Where oil fuel is used care must be exercised in selecting the proper size and type of burner for the particular type of heater used. It is desirable to provide the following controls with any type of oil burner in addition to the usual house-temperature regulation: 1. A temperature limit control in the warm-air plenum space for burner cut-off in case of overheating. 2. An automatic fan-motor starter, governed by a thermostatic switch in the warmair plenum chamber so that the fan cannot be started until after the heater is sufficiently warmed and which will cause the fan to start as soon as the heater becomes warm. It is advisable in the burning of heavy fuel oil to install an electric oil preheater unless steam is available for warming the oil in the storage tank. A gas-burning installation should be fitted with safety devices, such as safety pilot burners and temperature limit controls in the warm-air plenum space operating in conjunction with automatic snap valves in the gas supply lines. These will function to shut off all gas to the burners in the event the pilot burners should be extinguished or if the temperature in the warm-air plenum chamber exceeds any set degree. PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF FAN-FURNACE SYSTEMS The following general procedure is recommended for the design of fan-furnace systems: 1. Calculate heat loss of. each room in building: (See Chapter 2).' Example: Assume schoolroom with cubic content 6,550. Heat loss = 45,269 B.t.u. 2. Determine volume of air per minute, based on number of occupants and number of air changes: Example: Assuming 33 occupants; 30 cu. ft. per minute per occupant. 33 X 30 = 990 cu. ft. per minute. 5^5? contents = 6J4 min. per air change or approximately 9 changes per hour. 990 3. Figure diffusion temperature of air for each room1: _ . ,, 56 X A 56 X 45,269 _ ,, j _ Example: Diffusion Temperature = ^ p = 60 X 990_ -- ^ ^ deg' 4. Determine required register temperature: . Register temperature equals room temperature plus diffusion temperature: The diffusion temperature may be defined as the number of degrees the volume of air as determined under Item 2 must be in excess of the room temperature, in order to offset the heat loss by cooling over that range. In other words it is the number of degrees representing the difference between the necessary supply register temperature and the room temperature for the conditions under which the heat losses are calculatedin Item 1. It is readily calculated by using the following formula: ' - 56 h * *3 the heat loss *n B.t.11. per hour. Diffusion temperature = rr-- where o is the volume of air in cubic feet per minute wv measured at 70 deg. fahr. for the room in question. 151 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Example: Assume 70 deg. room temp. 42.3 deg. plus 70 deg. = 112.3 deg. 5. Determine final temperature of air leaving heater : Final temperature equals register temperature plus allowance for loss in ducts: . Example: 112.3 deg. register -f- 10 deg. Loss in ducts = 122.3 deg. . 6. Determine temperature rise through heater: Temperature rise equals final temperature minus initial tem perature. Where part outside air and part recirculated air is used, initial temperature approximately equals P0T0 + PrTr: Po -- percentage outside air. T0 = temperature. Pi = percentage recirculated air. Ti -- temperature recirculated air. Example-. Temperature rise 122.3 deg. - 0 deg. = 122.3 deg. with all outside air. or * Assume 50 per cent outside air 0 deg. . 50 per cent recirculation 60 deg. Po To T P\ Tt = 0.50 -- 0 -f- 0.50 X 60 = 30 deg. initial temperature. Temperature rise through heater = 122.3 deg. -- 30 deg. = 92.3 deg. 7. Calculate required free area through heaters2: Select velocity through heaters suitable to problem. Free area Total cubic feet per minute Velocity in feet per minute Example.--Assume total cubic feet per minute of all rooms = 21,000. Assume 900 ft. per minute through heater. (See Table 1.) 21,000 900 = 23.3 sq. ft. free area. 8. Select size and number of heaters: Take temperature rise from item 6; ' * Take free area from item 7; Assume maximum allowable combustion rate for fuel to be burned and stack available; . Note resistance of heaters for air volume; Select suitable heaters from ratings. . 9. Design duct system: ' Ducts may be designed according to standard practice. (See . Chapters 5 and 27). 2Some heaters are rated on the basis of the volume of air that may be warmed over any given temperature range for all heater sizes and list the static resistance in each instance. In this case the Free area need not be calculated, but the combustion rate should be investigated. 152 Chapter 6--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Fan Pressure 10. Calculate total static pressure for entire system. 11. Select fan. (See Chapter 26 and fan manufacturers tables). 12. Select motor. 13. Select the type of power transmission from the motor to the fan. FAN-FURNACE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE BUILDINGS The fan-furnace system is well adapted to public and industrial buildings, including schools, churches, theaters, auditoriums, convention halls, factories, garages, and in recent years, has been much used for aeroplane hangars. In each case the building plans largely determine the type of duct system that can most advantageously be used. So far as the design of the ducts is concerned, the engineer has only to follow his customary practice in ventilating work. He may calculate the duct sizes either on the velocity basis or on the pressure-loss basis, using the same velocities, data, temperature ranges, and methods he would use in planning any other system of forced air circulation for heating and ventilation. (See Chapter 27). The ratio of the amount of outside air to the amount of recirculated air varies with different types of buildings and with the purpose for which they are used. State laws, local codes, and customary practice will govern the engineers' decision. (See Chap ters 3, 4 and 7). Selection of Heaters In selecting heaters for any particular work, the engineer should be governed by certain considerations that arise through the nature of the service for which the plant is intended. The volume of air to be passed over and through the heaters limits the free area required in the latter, once the velocity at this point is agreed on. It will be evident that more heater capacity is required, to offset the heat losses of a building with outside air than with recirculated air. Consequently when designing a plant for operation with recirculated air, the volume of air per heater will be considerably larger than would be the case for outside air. If the velocity through the heater in this case is not investigated, it may prove to be excessive, thus increasing the static resistance of the system unduly and resulting in unnecessarily increased power consumption. The free area may be increased by using wider casings, thus reducing the resistance and power consumption. In practice, velocities through the free area of the heaters are used as follows: 1. Schools, Churches, Auditoriums, Theaters, etc., from 800 to 1,000 ft. per minute. 2. Industrial Buildings, Factories and Garages, from 1,000 to 1,400 ft. per minute. The importance of power cost affects the decision as to what free area and static resistance are allowable. ^ The thermal efficiency of the various makes of heaters is a consideration deserving some thought in case the fuel to be burned is relatively high in cost. ,- . First-cost and fuel-economy are items that bear also on the type of furnace casing to be employed. 153 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 One of the most important considerations is the durability or life of . the apparatus. Consideration should be given to the thickness Of the metal in each heater, the provisions made for expansion and contraction, and the protection afforded the firebox at the point of most intense heat. A heater made of thicker metal than others usually will give greater length of service, other things being equal. Proper provisions for expansion and contraction are imperative. With out such provisions a cast-iron heater is likely to crack and a steel heater is likely to warp and buckle. . Most furnaces have linings around the periphery of the fuel bed to protect the firebox from the action of the hottest part of the fire, 'fhe linings are removable and are as easily installed as new grates. Table 1. Air Velocities and Register Temperatures for Fan-Furnace Systems Velocities IK Feet per Minute Trra or Buildino Thru Free Area of Heaters Id Horizontal Supply Ducts In Supply Risers Into Room In Vent Outlets In Vent Risen In Rzuxsteb Horizontal TemfebaVent Duets TUBS and Recir culating Duets Schools 800 800 500 300 300 500 600 90" to to to to to to to to 1000 1000 600 400 400 600 800 120" Churches 800 700 400 300 300 400 500 80" to to to to to to to to * 1000 900 600 500 500 600 700 120".' Auditoriums 800 800 500 300 300 500 600 80" and to to to to to to to to * Convention Halls 1000 1000 600 500 500 600 800 120" Garages and Industrial Buildings 1000 1000 600 400 400 600 800 80" to to to to to to to to 1400 1400 1000 1000 600 1000 1200 140" Arrangement of Heaters ' Any number of furnaces may be set in battery; all to be enclosed by an outer casing consisting of either masonry or of some form of insulated, metal. This casing provides space under the heaters for air supply and forms a plenum space above the furnaces from which ducts may lead to the rooms requiring heat. The fan preferably is placed at the rear of the heaters to secure equal air distribution over the heating surfaces. It is considered best practice to blow air around the heaters rather than to draw the air around them by suction, and most fan furnaces are designed for this arrangement. The fan-furnace system can be applied readily to each of the following standard duct systems or to any combination thereof: 1. The straight fan-blast trunk-line system carrying heated air only for a series of rooms on any one run. . 154 Chapter 6--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Fan Pressure Ii 5Ecnn - F ig . 2 c . F-acn- F urnace w it h D ouble D ucts 1-- F ig . 3. F a n F u r n a c e w it h S in g l e D u c t American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 2. The double-duct system furnishing warm air in one duct and tempered air in the other duct; the mixture to be secured near the room which is to be heated and ventilated. 3. The individual duct system with separate ducts to each room, providing mixture of warm and tempered air at the furnace casing. The fan-furnace system utilizes automatic temperature and humidity controlling apparatus, air filters, air washers, ozone, etc., as well as does any other type of heating. Automatic temperature control readily can be used on the trunk line system of ducts by volume control of the warm air at the supply openings, and on the double duct and individual duct systems by double-leaf mixing-damper control of the warm and tempered air. For mild climatls the tempered air may be taken from the space under the furnaces; in which case the intermediate type thermostat is recommended. In colder climates the air may be tempered by conducting a portion of the warmair supply from the plenum space over the heaters to the fan inlet, the duct connection having a damper controlled by a thermostat in the fan-outlet connection. Again, a tempered-air plenum chamber may be provided over the warm-air plenum chamber, arranged so that a double leaf mixing damper regulates a mixture of air from the fan (by-passing the heater) and air from the warm-air plenum chamber controlled by a thermostat in the tempered-air plenum chamber. For all plants a warm-air plenum chamber thermometer, of extension type, indicating the temperature of the air leaving the heater, is of great assistance for proper operation. Humidifying pans connected to an outside water supply and regulated by a float-valve mechanism frequently are used for humidification. To accelerate vaporization, water coils, connected to humidifying pans, may extend inside the combustion chamber; but these must be proportioned carefully so as to prevent excessive generation of steam. Automatic control of humidity can be secured by means of sprays or by air washers. When air washers are employed it is necessary to intro duce a warm-air supply in front of the air washer or to use heated water to prevent freezing. The use of air washers as heat transfer agents in conjunction with refrigeration installations is practical with this system for summer cooling, as with other mechanical ventilating plantg.- All styles of air filters not depending on water are well adapted to use with fan-furnace plants. . 'Wherever recirculation is used extensively, ozone may be applied with the utmost ease and facility. FAN-FURNACE SYSTEMS FOR RESIDENCES AND OTHER SMALL BUILDINGS . The field of fan-furnace heating has been extended to include residences and other small buildings through the development of equipment which incorporates in single units all devices necessary for filtering, for humidi fying, for temperature regulation, for forcing a positive delivery of the air. Some manufacturers enclose the heater, fan, filters and humidifier in a steel cabinet casing of neat appearance. 156 Chapter 6--Heating with Warm Air Furnaces by Fan Pressure The most important advantages of the fan-furnace system for. small buildings are as follows: 1. The registers may be placed in outside walls, or under windows; contrary to practice in fan gravity work. 2. The heater location need not be central, and its location may be determined by proximity to the chimney. : 3. Pipes may be of small size and need not be given a slope to aid the flow. 4. Cold-air returns, may be placed with a view to securing the most advantageous collection of return air without sacrificing efficiency. 5. Remote rooms may be heated satisfactorily because the system provides a positive delivery of conditioned air to each room. 6. All air may be filtered to remove dust. ' 7. The fan may be used for circulating air in the Summer. Fan furnaces of this type are adaptable to either trunk line duct systems, or to central chambers or to individual pipe installations, the size and shape of the building being the governing factors. The supply of air to individual rooms may be made with small branches, 6-in. and 8-in. diameters being in common use. Risers and registers of com mercial sizes in use in gravity warm-air heating practice are adequate. The general principles of proportioning ducts apply to this system as well as to other systems, but it has been found desirable to base the design on lower velocities than is the custom for larger buildings. The following velocities have been found satisfactory; Over nominal area of registers. Branches and stacks................... In main ducts of trunk system. In returns.............................. -....... 200-300 ft. per minute 400-600 ft. per minute 500-800 ft. per minute 500-600 ft. per minute On the basis of these velocities it has been possible to evaluate the air delivery, and hence the B.t.u. capacity of commercial pipes and fittings and, therefore, to simplify the design. In order to secure a proper flow of air to the individual registers in a system having a central distributing chamber, orifices standardized and calibrated in terms of cubic feet may be used. In such a system the pipes may all be of one size, and balance or equalization of the flow may be fixed by the orifices. Gas-Fired Fan-Furnace System For gas fuel, high efficiencies have been obtained through the use of large areas of heating surface concentrated in banks of plate heaters through which the air is forced at high velocity. High operating effi ciencies, further, are assured through the use of throttling gas valves, which, actuated by thermostats, proportion the consumption of fuel to the demand for heat, and thereby lessen the losses due to excessive flue temperatures and radiation. Units have been operated at efficiencies from 85 to 90 per cent. __ " When high efficiencies are attained in gas-fired units provision must be made for. disposal of the condensation formed in the passages of the heater, and for protecting the surfaces from the corrosive action of the sulphurous or sulphuric acid formed. Further provision must be made 157 . American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 forjproducing a draft in the flue pipe and for protection against the formation of condensation therein. .. Data on Gas-Fired Residence Installation The more important data for a typical gas-fired fan-furnace installa tion in a residence are given in the following tabulation: 1. Calculated heat losses for entire building.......................... 92,793 B.t.u. per hour 2. Capacity of furnace required (item 1 + 25 per cent)....116,000 B.t.u. per hour 3. Maximum rating of the furnace selected (input).,......... 175,000 B.t.u. per hour 4. Minimum rating of the furnace selected at lowest ( throttling point............................ ........................................... 30,000 B.t.u. per hour 5. Efficiency at maximum rating.,,........................................... 88 per cent ., 6. Gas consumption with gas of 550 B.t.u. per cubic foot; density of 0.50 lb. per cubic foot and pressure of 3H in. water............................................................................. 318 cu. ft. per hour 7. Fan capacity at 750 r.p.m. and-static pressure of 0.30 in. water......................................................'................ 8. Volume of air per B.t.u. delivery........................................ 9. Velocity of air at heater outlet............................................ 10. Filter area.,,..................................................................................... 1,200 cu. ft. per minute 1.57 cu. ft. 438 ft., per minute 6.0sq. ft. 11. Velocity of air through filter................................................. 200 ft. per minute 12. Return connection area........................................................ 2.10 sq. ft. . 13. Velocity through return connection................................... 14. Static pressure at heater outlet--......................................... 570. ft. per minute 0.10 in. water 15. Power input to motor.,......................................................... . 125 watts . 16. Water evaporated for humidification.,............................. 8.5 lb. per hour Typical Specifications for Residence System ' The following are typical specifications for fan-driven heater for a residence: Furnace: Capacity at 5 lb. of coal per square foot of grate.per hour, 118,000 B.t.u. per hour. (An autorqatic stoker, or gas or oil burners may be used). ' Fan: Canvas connections to and from fan. Fan mounted on 2 in. corkboard. Speed, . 400 r.p.m. Brake horsepower, 0.10. Capacity, 1,240 cu. ft. per minute at J4 in- static pressure or equivalent to three times volume of house per hour. Motor: }4 hp., 1,140 r.p.m. belt: connected to fan with endless, over-size belt. Belt guarded. Motor mounted on corkboard. Filters: Two units 20 x 20 in. Made to slide in and out as drawers and tightly fitted * to prevent by-pass of air entering from basement. Furnished complete with 2 gal. of, adhesive oil and charging tank. ., Fan Control: Automatic mercury switch in bonnet of furnace. ; Humidifier: Two cast iron water pans, enameled inside and out as well as frames and Covers, complete with automatic float valve. Thermostat: Eight-day duplex, with limit control on furnace and electric motor. Ozonator: Forty-watt capacity. . Velocities in branches and at inlets and outlets approximately 200 ft. per minute. Velocities in main and return at furnace 413 ft. per minute. 158 CHAPTER 7 AIR CONDITIONING General Requirements for Industry; Comfort; Properties of Material; Equip ment; Air Distributing Systems; Controls. AIR conditioning is the science of controlling the temperature, humidity and cleanliness of the air within an enclosure. AIR CONDITIONING FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Conditioning for industrial processes has become an exact science with results measurable in a more perfect product, in increased production, in elimination of waste and in other equally important benefits. Varying degrees of moisture are required in many manufacturing processes. Heat ing as well as cooling must be considered in the air conditioning of the buildings which house textile mills, printing plants, bakeries, candy kitchens, laundries and many other types of manufacturing. It has long been recognized that relative humidity is an important factor in the manufacture and processing of certain hygroscopic materials such as textiles. Since the normal relative humidity in textile factories is nearly always lower than that desired, various artificial means have for many years been provided to increase the humidity. There are other industries which require a definite and unvaried humidity, so that at some periods (minutes, or hours or seasons) the normal quantity of moisture in the air must be increased, and at other times it must be lowered. These industries include the confectionery, the artificial silk, and the printing and lithographing trades. ^ Other products require not only a constant relative humidity, but also a uniform temperature during the course of manufacture. For example, modern- automatic wrapping machines, such as are used for wrapping chewing gum, foods,-confectionery and machine-made cigarettes, require exact conditions of heat and moisture in order to function satisfactorily without frequent adjustments. In the manufacturing and processing of most hygroscopic materials there are usually stages in the process during which moisture must be removed from the material. When the products themselves are not soluble in water, this is usually accomplished by air drying. In order to avoid injury to the products which require temperature and humidity control, the rate of moisture removal must usually be con trolled with accuracy during intermediate stages of the process, and at the end of the process of drying the material must have a very definite moisture content. This is true particularly in the manufacture of various tobacco products, artificial silk, certain gelatine products including photo- 159 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 graphic films, lumber, paper and macaroni. The importance of exact control of moisture in the finished product is notable in artificial silk, which is manufactured annually to the value of hundreds of millions of dollars. A variation of but one per cent in the moisture content of this silk would mean a very wide range in the sale price of the product. Although such variation in moisture might not affect the intrinsic value of the silk a regulated moisture content definitely is preferred by the pur chasers. The same is true to a less extent with cotton yarns, where an increased moisture content is desirable not only from the sales standpoint but also from the manufacturing standpoint. . Wheat flour is another product which requires careful moisture stand-, ardization; and considerable attention is being given to this field at the present time. Air conditioning is important in certain branches of the chemical industry in controlling the temperature of reaction and in facilitating or retarding evaporation. The control of the moisture content of air supplied to blast furnaces in the manufacture of pig iron is advantageous, and with present im proved methods of moisture removal from the air, this field may become prominent. AIR CONDITIONING FOR EFFICIENCY OF EMPLOYEES Air conditioning combined with ventilation is commercially desirable from the standpoint of efficiency of employees. In many industries the output is affected, and in some cases the output is limited, by the physical endurance of the workers. The output of a factory, therefore, is greatly * increased by the proper control of temperature and humidity conditions, if these conditions are normally unfavorable without control. This is particularly true in the cotton mill industry, in steel rolling mills, in hot climates such as that of India, in deep mines, particularly in Brazil, India and South Africa, and in the manufacture of glazed iron ware and similar processes. In some industries, such as the lithographic industry, the quality of . the product and the personal comfort of the employees assume almost equal importance. In order that the proper register may be obtained for the application of the different colors which may be applied, one at a time*, on different days, a very exact humidity control is necessary, and in hot, moist weather perfect registry can be secured only by dehurriidification ' and by artificial refrigeration, or, if employees comfort is to be ignored," by heating to such a degree as to be almost unbearable for human beings. In other industries, the product is affected both by relative humidity and temperature, as in the manufacture of chocolates, chewing gum, cigarettes and machine-made cigars. In these industries it is necessary to humidify during some parts of the year, and to dehumidify and refrigerate at other seasons, in order to maintain a uniform condition within the limits permissible by. the product. In many instances, of course, the atmospheric conditions best suited to the products and process are ideal fof the health, comfort and efficiency of the workers. 160 . Chapter 7--Air Conditioning AIR CONDITIONING FOR HUMAN COMFORT Air conditioning systems are being used more extensively for controlling conditions for personal comfort. Buildings in which air conditioning is used for this purpose include auditoriums, theaters, department stores, hotels, restaurants, banks and office buildings. Ventilation with cooling and dehumidification have been proved to offer high economic returns for buildings in which human comfort is the sole objective. ` In large department stores air conditioning with refrigeration has been found to be a very satisfactory method of securing the desired degree of comfort during days of special summer sales, when large numbers of people are present. The investment for refrigerating equipment of such installations often represents approximately one third of the cost of the entire installation. Large air cooling installations cost nearly S200 per ton of refrigeration to install for the refrigerating equipment alone, yet it is evident that the investment is economically sound, from the rapidly increasing number of installations which are being made. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES The art of air conditioning is based upon very definite physical prin ciples. The phenomena involved have been given intensive study, both from the theoretical and experimental standpoint. As a result, the various relationships have been quantitatively expressed, either rationally or empirically. The usual requirement in air conditioning as applied to processing hygroscopic materials is to maintain a definite moisture content of the product. In some cases, however, it is desired to control merely a definite moisture content of the air. In problems involving human comfort, it is necessary to maintain certain limiting or desirable effective temperatures which depends upon the experimentally-determined relationships of wet and dry bulb temperatures and air motion. It should be noted that the mbisture content in a given space is inde pendent of the maximum quantity of air or other gases present. In other words, the properties of saturated water vapor are assumed to be in no way affected by the presenfce of other gases. The quantity of'moisture present in a given space may then be determined directly from the data available involving the physical properties of water vapor. . As is well known, the vapor pressure of water, and, consequently the weight per unit of volume of that vapor, depends upon its temperature. Vapor pressure and density curves and tables are available for all the ranges of atmospheric, temperature, and the accuracy of these generally can be relied upon. . Where the vapor pressure of the water vapor present is known, it is evident that the proportionate weight of water vapor to other gases-in . the mixture obeys Dalton's law; assuming, of course, that the gases have no chemical affinity. This may be. expressed by the relationship: ' ' w = pSe 161 (D . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 where ' W = weight of moisture per pound of air. 5 = specific weight of water vapor compared with air as 1. P = barometric pressure. . . e - vapor pressure at temperature t. If other gases than air are present, then the specific weight of water vapor must be taken as the density of the water vapor with reference to the density of the gas at the same pressure arid temperature. The theoretical specific weight of steam, assuming that it obeys the gas laws, would be the ratio of the molecular weight of.steam to that ofc pure dry air. At low temperatures the actual specific weight approaches very closely this theoretical, while at high temperatures the deviation is considerable. The curve of actual specific weights of water vapor is*given in Fig. 1. .. From this, it is possible to compute with accuracy the weight of water vapor contained in a pound of dry air at any given vapor pressure and barometric pressure. In a mixture of air and water vapor, a point is reached where there is a maximum quantity of water vapor present for any temperature; that is, the air is saturated when the vapor pressure corresponds to the tem perature. Air, however, is usually deficient in water vapor. That is, it is unsatu rated, in which case the vapor pressure is lower than the maximum cor responding to the temperature of the mixture. The ratio of such vapor pressure to the vapor pressure of the mixture when saturated at that. temperature is termed the relative humidity. That is: * Per cent relative humidity = -j- Per cent relative humidity = -- (approximately) (2) where e and D are the pressure and the density respectively of the vapor . in the air, and et and Dt are the saturation pressure and density respec tively of the vapor corresponding to the temperature t of the mixture. Dew-Point .* * \ If such an- unsaturated mixture of air and water vapor be cooled; without the removal of any moisture preseijt, it will ultimately become saturated. This temperature is termed the dew-point, for any-further cooling will result in a deposition of moisture from the mixture. . Temperature of Evaporation In the instance cited, the air was saturated by withdrawal of heat, and without change in the moisture content. Air may also be saturated adiabatically by being brought into contact with the liquid itself without any addition or subtraction of external energy. Under this condition water vaporizes into the space occupied by the air, assuming that no heat is available from the water itself. That 162 Chapter 7--Air Conditioning is, no temperature change takes place in the water present, and the heat required for change of state must come from the sensible heat in the air itself, thus resulting in the lowering of its temperature. The moisture content of the air, therefore, is increased and its tem perature is lowered simultaneously, and it is obvious that the increase in latent heat must exactly equal the decrease in the sensible heat of the mixture. Further, this process will go on until the air becomes saturated, when no further exchange between the sensible and latent heat is possible. This final temperature at which adiabatic saturation takes place in any body of air of known temperature and moisture content is known as the temperature of evaporation and corresponds to the wetbulb temperature. In order that no heat exchange may take place between the water and 0.6440 ,. 53.35It*459.6) Ds 3 144p Os = Density in tinper cu. ft t ` Temperature, deq Fahr. p-Pressure in/b.persq m. Equation of curve , S4W22MWOmJe^.000005ikl r~ / / r 06240 06220 ' 0,6200 0 20 40 60 SO tOO 120 140 tQQ ISO 200 220-240 260260 Temperature Fig. 1. Specific Weight of Water Vapor the surrounding air, it is necessary that the water shall be introduced at the temperature of evaporation. On the other hand, if free water shall be exposed to a continuous current of air of a given temperature and moisture content, the water will ultimately assume of its own accord this equilibrium temperature of evaporation. This is not only logical, but has been proved experimentally. It is for this reason that an ordinary thermometer which has its bulb covered by a wetted cloth or otherwise is coated with the liquid, if protected against outside sources of heat such as radiation and if subjected to a stream of air having a definite temperature and moisture content, will- indicate the temperature of adiabatic saturation. This proves the identity between what is termed the wet-bulb temperature and the temperature of adiabatic saturation. With the ordinary sling psychrometer which is used in measuring the moisture content of air, however, there is always some radiation present and, if the wet-bulb be not strongly ventilated, the error due to radiation may be considerable. With strong ventilation, however, the radiation 163 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 effect is usually less than one per cent. This error depends upon the temperature and velocity of air movement, and the relationship of this error to these factors is shown in a paper entitled The Temperatures of Evaporation of Water into Air, presented by W. H. Carrier and D. C. Lindsay, before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1924. From the foregoing, the following fundamental principles in air con- ^ ditioning may be evolved: . 1. When dry air is saturated adiabatically the temperature is reduced as the absolute humidity is increased, and the decrease of sensible heat is exactly equal to the simul taneous increase in latent heat due to evaporation. -. * 2. As the moisture content of air is increased adiabatically, the temperature is reduced simultaneously until the air is saturated, when no further heat metamorphosis is possible. This ultimate temperature may be termed the temperature of adiabatic saturation. 3. When an insulated body of water is permitted to evaporate freely in the air, it assumes the temperature of adiabatic saturation of that air and is unaffected by con vection, the true wet-bulb temperature of air is identical with its temperature of adiabatic saturation. - 4. The true wet-bulb temperature of the air depends entirely on the total of the sensible and the latent heat in the air and is independent of their relative proportions. In other words, the wet-bulb temperature of the air is constant, providing the total heat of the air is constant. ' It will be obvious in considering the foregoing process, that a formula relating the latent heat change to the sensible heat change establishes the relationship of this theoretical wet-bulb temperature to the tem perature and moisture of the air. This was first pointed out by W. H. Carrier in the Rational Psychrometric Formula: in which r1 (W' -- W) = Cpa (t -- l') + CpsW (.t -- (') (3) . - (I -- t') = the true wet-bulb depression. (W -- W) = the moisture absorbed per pound of pure air when it is adiabatically saturated from an initial dry-bulb temperature ,/0 and an initial moisture content W. ' Cpa = mean specific heat of air at constant pressure between temperature t and Cps = specific heat of steam at constant pressure between t and r' = latent heat of evaporation at wet-bulb temperature Knowing any two of the three important values of t, t1 or W, the third . may be solved. . This is an exceedingly useful relationship, not only in air conditioning and the drying of materials but in the psychrometry of air or other gases " to which it directly applies. It is evident that if the wet-bulb temperature of air of a known dry-bulb temperature but unknown moisture content. be determined experimentally with the wet-bulb thermometer, it will be possible to calculate directly the moisture content of that air from the relationship. . From equation (3) a psychrometric chart in common use has been evolved. (See Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Chapter 3, and Fig. 4, Chapter 29). This is most useful in all problems pertaining to air conditioning, drying, and ; in the determination of the moisture content of air. A formula has also been derived which will permit the approximate 164' Chapter 7--Air Conditioning calculation of the vapor pressure from the wet-bulb temperature obser vation. This is useful particularly in determining relative humidities for conditions other than the standard barometric conditions for which the chart is made. The formula for expressing this relationship is: e -- e' -- (P - e') (t - t') 2,800 - 1.3f (4) where e = partial pressure of the moisture in the air, which also equals vapor pressure corresponding to the dew point. e1 = the vapor pressure corresponding to saturation at wet-bulb temperature P = the barometric pressure. t = dry-bulb temperature in deg. fahr.. I' = wet-bulb temperature in deg. fahr. Total Heat In cooling and dehumidifying air, it is necessary to take into considera tion not only the sensible heat of the air itself but the latent heat of the moisture removed. '. Air at any temperature and moisture content may be considered as having a certain definite total heat in thermal units per unit weight as calculated from some arbitrary base, such as zero moisture and zero temperature. By using the psychrometric chart, on which are given wet-bulb temperatures and corresponding total heats, it is possible to determine the total heat to be removed in the process of dehumidification by subtracting the total heat of the cooled air with its reduced moisture content from that of the air in its initial condition as indicated on the chart. This process is simplified greatly by taking into account the fourth psychrometric principle, by observing the fact that the wet-bulb tem perature of the air may be used as the measure of the total heat which the air contains. Thus, by referring to the chart, having given air of known temperature and known moisture content, a corresponding wet- bulb temperature is obtained. Then, under standard barometric con ditions, the quantity desired is determined by reference to the curve of total heat. For example, air at 85)4 deg. with 80 per cent relative humidity has exactly the same total heat as air at 101 deg. and 40 per cent relative humidity, because in both cases the wet-bulb temperature is 80 deg. This wet-bulb temperature represents about the maximum wetbulb temperature ever encountered in the Temperature Zones under extreme conditions, and is nearly the maximum found in the Tropics. A normal high wet-bulb temperature for the Temperature Zone may be taken at 75 deg. in calculating requirements for air cooling, as this is seldom exceeded, except for short periods. Relation of Dew-Point to Relative Humidity A peculiar relationship exists between the dew-point and the relative humidity and this is found most useful in air conditioning work. This is, that for a fixed relative humidity there is'substantially a constant difference between"the dew-point and the dry-bulb temperature over a considerable temperature range. The following table giving the room 165 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 temperature, dew-point temperature, and dew-point differentials for 50 per cent relative humidity illustrates this relationship most clearly: Dry-bulb temperature............... ................. 65.0 Dew-point temperature..................................... 45.8 Difference between dew-point and drybulb temperature.......................................... 19.2 70.0 50.5 19.5 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 55.25 59.75 64.25 68.75 \ 19.75 20.25 20.75 21.25 It will be seen from an inspection of this table that the difference between the dew-point temperature and the room temperature is approxi mately 20 deg. throughout this range of dry-bulb temperatures or, to be more exact, the differential increases only 10 per cent for a range of practically 25 deg. This principle holds true for other humidities and is due to the fact . that the pressure of the water vapor practically doubles for every 20 deg. through this range. The approximate relative humidity for any difference between dew point and dry-bulb temperature may be expressed as: ' . 100 . 2 in20i1 (5) where I, = dew-point temperature. This principle is very useful in determining the available cooling effect obtainable by the use of ventilation with saturated air when a desired relative humidity is to be maintained in a room, even though there may be a wide variation in room temperature. This problem is one which applies to certain industrial conditions, such as those in cotton mills, tobacco factories, etc., where relatively high humidities are carried and where one of the principal problems is to remove the heat generated by . the machinery. It also permits the use of a differential thermostat,, responsive to both the room temperature and to the dew-point tempera ture, to control the relative humidity in the room. . , Rate of Evaporation : In problems of air conditioning and drying, as well as in other industrial applications of evaporation, such as cooling towers, for example, it is desirable to determine the rate of evaporation. There are two distinct cases of evaporation. The first case is that in which the source of heat is primarily from the water itself and in which the air temperature may even be raised. The second is that in which the heat for evaporation is obtained entirely from the air itself, in.which case the air'is cooled and the temperature of the water remains substantially constant at the wetbulb temperature. Both cases, however, may be reduced to a common basis of calculation. It has been found that the increase in the rate of evaporation is nearly in direct proportion to the increase in the air velocity, and that it is in direct proportion to the difference in vapor- 166 Chapter 7--Air Conditioning Fig. 2. Heat Transmitted by Evaporation pressure between the vapor pressure of the water and the pressure of the vapor in the air. The general formula covering the experimental data may be expressed as follows: . ^ = (a + to) (' - e) (6) where ^7 = rate of evaporation. at ' a = the rate of evaporation in still air. b the rate of increase with velocity. ' = the vapor pressure of the liquid. e = the vapor pressure in the atmosphere. v velocity. The only difference between case one and case two is that in case one the vapor pressure of the liquid is one of the known or assumed factors, being dependent upon the known temperature of the liquid, while in case two, e1 is the vapor pressure corresponding to the wet-bulb tem perature of the air. This wet-bulb or evaporation temperature is dependent upon the dry- bulb temperature and the moisture content, or upon the total heat of the air as indicated in the previous paragraph. . The effect of air velocity depends upon whether the flow of air" is parallel to the surface or perpendicular to the surface elements. For a flow of air parallel to a horizontal surface ' w = 0.093 - ) (approximately) '(7) 167 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 where w = pounds evaporated per square foot per hour; v = velocity of atmosphere over surfaces in feet per minute. e' = vapor pressure of the water corresponding to its temperature. e = vapor pressure in the surrounding atmosphere. For transverse flow, as across a tubular surface, the rate of evaporation is nearly doubled. These relationships are indicated graphically on the chart, Fig. 2. Since the difference in vapor pressures is substantially proportional to the difference between the wet and dry-bulb temperatures (i.e., the wetbulb depression) the rate of evaporation is also for case two substantially proportionate to the wet-bulb depression. In case two, the rate of sensible heat transfer, from the air to the liquid to produce evaporation is substantially the same as the rate of heat transfer with the same type of surface, without moisture being present, but with the same temperature differences. In other words, the rate of heat transfer depends upon the temperature difference only, whether the surface is wet or not. For example, it has been shown that the rate of heat transfer with air flowing across staggered coils (transverse flow) may be represented by the formula: 1 where , U' = 0.0447 + V . W f/t = heat transfer expressed in B.t.u per hour per square foot per degree difference in temperature between steam and air, for transverse flow. At a velocity of 400 ft. per minute, Ut -- 5-8, and at a velocity of 800 ft. per minute, Ut = 9.3. Referring to Fig. 1, showing the rate of heat transmission by evapo ration for different air velocities, it will be noted that for transverse flow there are 560 B.t.u. per hour per square foot transferred per inch difference of vapor pressure at a velocity of 400 ft. per minute and 910 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per inch difference in vapor pressure at a velocity of 800 ft. per minute. One inch of vapor pressure difference cor responds approximately to 95 deg. difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature. Dividing by 95, the value of 5.9 B.t.u. per square foot per degree difference in temperature is obtained for a velocity of 400 ft. per minute and 9.55 B.t.u. per square foot for a velocity of 800 ft. per minute. .. It will be noted that for these two cases the heat transfer by evapo ration per degree difference in temperature corresponds almost exactly with the heat transfer, by convection coils. The similarity may be noted by comparing the formula for heat transfer in parallel flow where with 1 Up 0.026 + -- . v (9) the heat transfer by evaporation with parallel flow. The relationship will be seen to be very close in both cases and would indicate that the heat 168 Chapter 7--Air Conditioning transfer by evaporation is actually brought about by a process of con-' vection. The difference in form of the two formulae may be due in part to errors in observation at the higher and lower velocities. In cooling air and condensing out the moisture therefrom the heat transfer is considerably more rapid than when the air is dry and no moisture is condensed. In general the rate of heat transmission on the air side is increased an amount which is proportionate to the latent heat removed as compared with the sensible heat removed. That is, if the latent heat removed was 50 per cent of the sensible heat removed, then Fig. 3. Regain Chart for Cotton (Sea Island) and Paper (Cellulose) at 70 Deg. the conductivity of the surface in contact with the air would be increased approximately 50 per cent. Hygroscopic Properties of Materials . Hygroscopic materials are those which readily absorb or give off moisture to the surrounding air. Air conditioning in many industries is largely concerned with the control of this hygroscopic moisture. The moisture content of a hygroscopic material when in equilibrium depends upon the relative humidity of the surrounding air, but varies widely for different materials. The moisture content also varies to some extent for different tem peratures at the same relative humidity. The content of hygroscopic moisture is sometimes termed regain and is expressed in parts of water per 100 parts of dry material. The curve (Fig. 3) shows the effect of moisture content upon the rate of drying of cotton and paper, with an air temperature of 70 deg. fahr. dry-bulb. ' If the material contains moisture in excess of the regain corresponding to any relative humidity, then it will give up moisture to the air with the absorption of heat and there will be a resultant cooling effect equal to - that of evaporation. On the other hand, if the hygroscopic material contains moisture below that of the corresponding atmosphere, it will absorb moisture from the air with a release of heat which corresponds to the latent heat 'given off!Fa corresponding quantity of water vapor were . condensed. 169 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Certain chemicals, such as a concentrated solution of calcium chloride, solutions of sulphuric acid, alcohol, etc., are correspondingly hygroscopic and react to changes in moisture in the same way. In certain cases, however, such as with sulphuric acid, there is not only the latent heat of absorption but also a chemical heat'of combination. AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT Air conditioning equipment comprises: 1. Apparatus for providing the necessary heat and moisture exchanges within the room to be conditioned and of the air supplied to the room for ventilation. - 2. Automatic devices for governing such apparatus so that temperature and humidity may be controlled within the limits desired. The latter are referred to as controls. Those for controlling temperature are known as thermostats, and those for controlling humidity are known variously as hygrostats, psychrostats, or humidostats. ' Apparatus for effecting humidity changes may be divided into two distinct groups: 1. The humidifiers used for the purpose of increasing the moisture content of the air.and to produce cooling by evaporation. 2. The dehumidifiers used for the removal of moisture from the air and to produce cooling by contact with water or surfaces at a lower temperature than the air. Systems of Humidification Humidifiers may be divided into the following general types, according to the method of operation: 1. Indirect: Introduction of moistened air. 2. Direct: Spraying into the room. 3. Combined: Direct and indirect. Before the advent of modern air conditioning the direct humidifiers were largely used for increasing the humidity in cotton mills and similar places. There has been much improvement in this type of humidifier andit still finds wide application, especially in the textile mill industry. One of these types uses atomizer heads in which the water is drawn into the nozzle and then finally atomized by a small jet of air under high pressure. This type is illustrated in Fig. 4. :, ' In another type, water is supplied at. high pressure (usually about 200 lb. per square inch) to an atomizing nozzle. This nozzle is located in a sheet metal enclosure, suspended from the ceiling, through which a Current of air is caused to pass, either by the action of a motor-driven' disc fan or by the induction action of the spray itself. The heavier par-, tides of water are separated by a simple method of baffling and only- the very finest particles are caused to pass into the room, with the' current of air, where they are rapidly evaporated. This type is illustrated in Fig. 5. '' In a third type of direct humidifying head a small jet of water is thrown upon a. disc rotating at high velocity within a stationary circular comb which consists of fine metal strips or teeth, against which the water thrown from the disc impinges. The finely atomized particles of water are carried out with the current of air created by a disc fan. operated from the motor shaft. This type is illustrated in Fig: 6. 170 Chapter 7--Air Conditioning The three types of direct humidifiers described are suitable only for application in certain types of industrial plants and do not provide either for controlled ventilation or for dehumidification. These two provisions are essential in many industries and for installations providing for human comfort. Indirect humidifiers are similar in operation to spray-type air washers, except that the water is sprayed directly against the current of incoming air. Such humidifiers comprise a chamber usually 10 ft. or more in length, through which the air is drawn at a velocity from 500 to 700 ft. per minute. Inside the chamber are placed one or more banks of spray nozzles distributed uniformly over the cross-sectional area of the chamber. 08SUCm Fig. 4. Direct Type Humidifier Head These nozzles create a finely divided spray through centrifugal action and require water pressures for effective humidification of from 35 to 45 lb. per square inch. At the intake of the humidifying chamber there is provided a set of baffles for distribution of the air and for preventing the spray from escaping from the chamber. At the outlet of the humidifier chamber there is provided an eliminator. This eliminator, consisting of a series of metal baffles, is so designed as to separate all of the free, unevaporated moisture from the humidified air. Thus the air leaving the humidifier is completely saturated, but without any entrainment or, unevaporated water, particles. The general construction of this type of humidifier is shown in Fig. 7. Such humidifiers are used only in con nection with ventilating systems. They are practically always placed on the inlet side of the ventilating fan. Provision is made for warming the water in winter so that the air may be saturated at a definite temperature. 171 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The heating of the water usually is controlled by means of a thermostat placed in the path of the saturated air leaving the humidifier and con trolling the heater through which the spray water passes. ' In other cases, particularly in industrial work where high humidities are maintained, the control of the dew-point temperature is effected by a thermostat controlling the mixture of outside air and return air from the building by means of fresh and return air dampers at the inlet of the humidifier. In industrial work the dew-point regulation is effected in winter time Chapter 7--Air Conditioning In most manufacturing processes relatively little moisture is added to, or extracted from, the air in the room by the process itself, and as windows and doors are closed, conditions in the room rapidly stabilize to the moisture content of the entering air. Thus, it is possible to control the relative humidity within the room by proportioning the quantity of the air in accordance with the heat sources within the room, such as heat from machinery and the occupants, electric lights, sunlight and outside radiation. The quantity of air to be supplied for each unit of heat thus removed is definitely dependent upon the relative humidity to be carried. by both of these means operating in conjunction. In those installations where all outside air must be employed, it is usual to provide in front of the air washer certain pre-heater coils of sufficient capacity to bring the air to a temperature slightly above the freezing point. In summer time ' operation, whenever the outside wet-bulb temperature is above the minimum dew-point desired in the building, all outside air supply is taken and it will be observed from the psychrometric principles previously discussed that the air issuing from the humidifier will have been cooled to the wet-bulb temperature of the entering air, provided, of course, that the water is neither heated nor cooled by recirculation, .which is usually the case in such installations. 172 Fig. 6. Type of Humidifier in Which a Small Jet of Water Is Thrown on a Rotating Disc For example, if 50 per cent relative humidity is to be carried in the room the ventilation must be restricted so there shall be a rise of 20 deg. between the temperature of the entering air and that of the air iri the room, itself. Smaller temperature rises would give increased relative humidities. In textile mills, for instance, with the humidities usually carried it is possible to keep the room temperature within about 12 deg: of the outside wet-bulb temperature. Inasmuch as the wet-bulb tem perature on hot days is usually 15 deg. to 25 deg. lower than the dry-bulb temperature, the mill temperature will be below the outside temperature and provision has to be made by inward transfer of heat through the walls for the heat thus-absorbed. The general design of such a system of humidification and air conditioning is shown in Fig. 8. . . 173 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 . Dew-point control is particularly applicable where there are a number of different departments to be served from one central equipment, and where there is but little change in the moisture content of the air in the room due to moisture changes in the materials processed or due to exces sive air leakage from outside. ' . Another system of control which is used considerably, especially where there is but one room to be controlled from one apparatus and where there may be considerable moisture change in. the room itself due to local conditions, is to adjust the dew point at the apparatus, either con tinuously or intermittently, by means of a hygrostat placed in the room and so connected as to vary either the temperature or quantity of spray water used in the humidifier, or both. This system may be designated as direct relative humidity control. Chapter 7--Air Conditioning decrease of relative humidity. In other words, it permits the entire process to be subjected more nearly to the average room conditions. Where large quantities of power are generated in a limited space and where a comparatively high relative humidity is required, it is often feasible and economical to use a combination of direct and indirect humidification. The indirect humidification provides the desired quantity' of ventilation and cooling and the additional direct humidification pro vides for increase in humidity without interfering with the ventilation or the cooling effected by the indirect system. In general, it may be stated that direct humidification is most satis factory where high humidities are desired but where little cooling, ven tilation or air motion is required. Therefore, the indirect system is most In direct humidity control installations the temperature and humidity are both under control during the heating season, and in the summer the humidity must be maintained constant, but the temperature must be allowed to rise in accordance with the increase of the wet-bulb temperature above the minimum desired. Temperature variations under mill con ditions will be from 75 deg. to 90 deg. fahr. Such results are superior from the standpoint of comfort and well-being pf the operators than those previously experienced without the control. Automatic humidity control has resulted greatly in increasing the effectiveness of the workers, but the provision of ventilation also has improved great.ly the conditions in mills as to dust, lint, and odors. In the spinning of fine . cotton yarns, automatic humidity control is of great value in producing an improved product as well as in bettering working conditions. The uniform air motion results in the lowering of the effective temperature with a consequent increase in comfort and efficiency of the workers at temperatures and humidities which are necessarily high because of the requirements of the product. The air motion results also in removing the heat directly and immediately from the point of production on the spinning frame, thus avoiding localized' increase of temperature and 174 Fjg. 8. General Design of a System of Humidification and Air Conditioning applicable where either low or high relative humidities are desired with maximum cooling and ventilation effect. For conditions that require an unusually large amount of heat to be absorbed by ventilation, together with the maintenance of high humidities, it is ofttimes preferable to make use of the combination system of indirect and direct humidification. If the indirect system alone were used it would mean an unusually large volume of air to be handled, which might interfere, due to air motion, with production, even though it would result in greater cooling effect. If direct humidification alone were used, no ventilation would be obtained, with consequently higher room temperatures. Inasmuch as cooling and humidification requirements in summer are much more severe than those in winter, an excess of humidifying and cooling capacity must be provided to meet extreme conditions and this requires automatic control if the best results are' to be obtained. Such applications of humidity control may be considered standard practice today in the United States. ' 175 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The same type of equipment as used in cotton mills largely is applicable to other textile industries, including rayon manufacture and also is applicable to tobacco factories, paper mills and many other buildings. Systems ol Dehumidification In many industries it is as important to control the temperature in summer as in winter and, at the same time, the relative humidity must be controlled both in summer and in winter. To accomplish this the air must be warmed and the humidity must be increased in winter, and the air must be cooled and the moisture content of the air must be reduced in summer, so that both temperature and humidity indoors may be held at a definite point regardless of outside weather conditions, and regardless of conditions within the plant itself. The design of air distribution equipment and the external appearance of such equipment is the same as described for systems of humidification. The main differences are found in the internal construction of the dehu midifier, in the use of refrigeration or of heat as required for controlling the water temperature, and in differences in the general methods of control. ' Dehumidifiers are of two general types. First, the spray type in which the water is cooled outside of the spray chamber and then introduced. Second, the type in which the refrigerating coils are placed directly in. the spray chamber and in which the water is sprayed over this surface, air coming in contact both' with the wetted coils and the sprAy. v The use of refrigerated surfaces for cooling and dehumidifying air has given way almost entirely to the use of the direct spray of cooled water.. One of the principal reasons for this change is the high effectiveness of heat transfer between the finely divided spray and the air, which is thereby lowered substantially to the temperature of the leaving water. This efficient heat transfer reduces greatly the temperature head required in refrigeration, and therefore, reduces the size and cost of the refrigerating equipment. With the spray type of dehumidifier, all the water vapor is condensed from, the air to the point of saturation at the temperature corresponding to that of the air leaving the dehumidifier and all free moisture is removed by a series of baffles or eliminators, in the same manner as in the standard air washer. The spraying of water into the air to remove moisture from , it might seem paradoxical, except for the application thereto of easily understood laws of physics. . Both types of dehumidifiers have, air-distributing baffles at the inlet end and eliminators at the outlet end. The dehumidifier usually is con siderably longer than the humidifier and in the spray type there are two or more sets of sprays, some of which may be directed against the air flow. The object is to obtain a coarser spray and, at the same time, a much larger quantity of cold water per unit of air to be treated, than in the.' humidifier. Heat absorbing capacity as well as surface must be provided in the spray water. The usual allowable rise in spray water temperature entering and leaving the dehumidifier is from 6 deg. to 10 deg. fahr., and in well-designed dehumidifiers of the spray type the final temperature of 176 . Chapter 7--Air Conditioning the air is substantially identical with the final temperature of the leaving water. This is made possible by the counter-flow effect employed in such apparatus. The air velocities through the dehumidifier usually are ldwer than those employed in the humidifier, normal velocities being from 400 to 550 ft. per minute through the cross-sectional area. Greater care must also be taken to obtain the elimination of free water than with the humidifier, as an entrainment beyond the eliminator defeats the purpose of the equipment.' , Dehumidifier systems usually are provided with two essential control elements; a dew-point control at the apparatus and a room control. The former maintains a uniform temperature of saturated air leaving the dehumidifier at all times of the year. In summer, in industrial work, this is so constructed as to use nearly all return air, thus reducing the refriger ating load required, while when the wet-bulb temperature outside is below the dew point required within the room the latter is controlled by the dew-point thermostat which brings about a mixture of fresh and return air as required. The room temperature is controlled independently at a definite point above the dew-point or saturation temperature either by a thermostat or by a hygrostat, depending upon whether the more important factor is the temperature or the relative humidity. Frequently the nature of the process is the governing factor in the selection of control. For example, if moisture is given off or taken up by the materials in the process of manufacture, and if the relative humidity is the more important factor, then the hygrostat would be used. The amount of infiltration, which affects both temperature and humidity, may also be the governing factor in the selection of control, and the instrument selected would depend on whether the control of temperature or humidity is the more important. The control operates either with volume dampers controlling the quantity of air introduced, or with valves or dampers which govern the heat output from local heaters such as radiators. Usually the con trol is a combination of both volume control and of air temperature control. In installations for auditoriums and theaters the requirements are different from those in factories, since there must be a considerable volume of air circulated in order to provide ventilation and cooling. The moisture content of this air must be relatively constant, but its'temperature must be variable. A satisfactory solution of this problem has proved difficult, but special systems of control are now in general use which permit the temperature and humidity of theaters to be controlled inde pendently and at the same time, to be immediately responsive to changes in occupancy. Some of these arrangements are successful in operation without the use of any external heat whatever. ` SYSTEMS OF AIR DISTRIBUTION In systems of air conditioning, the method of air distribution, as well as the practical details of design are of utmost importance. In an installation where exact relative humidity control is required, uniform temperature conditions are very important, because a variation in relative humidity will be caused by any variation in temperature. 177 American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Moreover, the air is usually admitted, especially in summer, at term peratures lower than that of the room in order to effect the necessary cooling. Therefore, the air must be distributed uniformly, not with respect to floor space but with respect to the amount of heat to be absorbed in the various portions of the room. Thus it is necessary for the air conditioning engineer to have fairly exact information as to the distribu tion and sources of heat within the room, or else to have means of con trolling the temperature or quantity qf air supplied to the different sections independently. A great deal of attention has been given to various methods of air distribution. In industrial work there have been developed adjustable diffusers which will spread the air uniformly in a fan shaped manner. Such outlet may be provided also with dampers which will permit any desired reduction of velocity without changing the uniformity of distribution. _ A second system of distribution utilizes a series of nozzles near the- ceiling, discharging horizontally at high velocity from one side of the room toward the other. The size of the nozzles used and their spacing governs the distance to which the air may be carried. Such a system depends for its effect, primarily, upon the ejector action of a high velocity current of air. This induces a positive movement in a parallel direction of the surrounding air and this in turn produces a secondary current in the opposite direction over the entire floor area to be conditioned. The volume of the secondary air current when set into motion is usually' several times that of the primary air discharged, the ratio depending upony the velocity of the air leaving the nozzles. This system is known as the ejector system of air distribution and is particularly effective in securing a thorough mixture of the air in the room and a corresponding uniformity of temperature and humidity. The ejector system has been applied largely- and is used in the cooling and air conditioning of auditoriums, but can be applied to industrial problems, especially those involving the drying and processing of materials. . . A third system of distribution aims at producing the required results with overhead outlets. This system is known as the pan system of air distribution. In this system the air is. distributed entirely from overhead, symmetrical distribution, arranged to serve, all areas being desirable. The- air is discharged downward against a flat plate and is thus diffused radially in all directions, laying a blanket of cool air which mixes with the warmer air already in the room as it descends. The pan system of distribution has found favor in installations for auditorium cooling, as it is a most effective way to avoid drafts. It is also very useful in certain industrial applications where cooling is.required and where it is desired not to have high velocities of air or sudden temperature changes. 1 A fourth method which was at one time largely used is the upward system. The air is delivered through mushroom hoods in the floor. In theater cooling and air conditioning, however, this upward delivery has objections unless very low velocities are used and unless all seats are occupied. Owing to complaint by occupants from drafts, and because of great variations in temperature between floors and upper levels its use is not general today. 178 Chapter 7--Air Conditioning HUMIDITY CONTROLLING DEVICES Hygrostats are of two general types. One type is a differential thermostat, in which one expansive element is affected by the wet-bulb temperature, which temperature is suitably maintained either by a wick or a spray of water, while another expansive element is normal to the room. These thermostatic elements are so inter connected that they will not be affected by changes of temperature alone, but will be affected only by changes in the relation between the wet and dry:bulb temperatures, which would result in changing the relative humidity. Such a correlation is made possible by the fact that there is practically a straight-line relationship between the relative temperature changes of wet and dry bulb for any definite relative humidity. As in the thermostat, these elements may be either of the solid expansion or of the vapor pressure type. A second form of hygrostat depends upon the dimensional changes of hygroscopic materials due to changes in moisture content. In these instruments the humidity responsive element works directly upon pneu matic valves or electric contacts. The sensitive element expands or contracts in response to relative humidity changes and thereupon influences the actuating mechanism precisely as the thermostat responds to temperature changes. It is found that suitable hygroscopic substances show no material change in physical size with changes of temperature, so long as the relative humidity is constant, although the actual moisture content of the hygro scopic material itself may undergo slight changes under these conditions. Certain types of these hygrostats have been made most sensitive and reliable. . Temperature and humidity controlling devices usually act upon the ^control valves or dampers in the air-conditioning apparatus through the medium of compressed air or electricity. For larger installations pneumatic control practically is universal in use on account of simplicity and relia bility; and also on account of the fact that it permits delicate graduation of the movement of the dampers or valves in proportion to the tempera ture or humidity changes. In smaller humidifying devices electric controls are very serviceable and reliable. Electricity has an advantage, because with it there are ho auxiliaries, such as air compressors, air tanks, air filters, relief valves, etc., required. In the larger systems such accessories are warranted by the greater size of equipment and by the increased number of controls operated from the same compressed air source. In the unit types of equipment, direct acting thermostats and hygro stats are sometimes used, in which the responsive element works directly upon the valves controlled, without the intermediary use of either com pressed air or electric current. . -~ UNIT AIR CONDITIONERS For data on unit air .conditioners, see Chapter 9, Unit Heaters and Air Conditioners. 179 American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 . REFERENCES Rational Psychrometric Formula, By W. H. Carrier (Transactions, A. S. M. E.. Vol. 33, 1911). Air Conditioning Apparatus, By W. H. Carrier and F. L. Busey (Transactions, A. S. M. E,, Vol. 33.1911). The Theory of Atmospheric Evaporation with Special Reference to Compartment Dryers, By W. H. Carrier . (Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Vol. 13, No. 5, May. 1921). CoBey and Home (American Society of Refrigerating Engineers. 1916). The Temperature of Evaporation. By W. H. Carrier (Tbansactions. A. S. H. V. E., 1918). The Control of Humidity and Temperature as Applied to Manufacturing Processes and Human Comfort, By W. H. Carrier (Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning, November. 1929). . V 180 CHAPTER 8 AIR CLEANERS Types of Air Washers; Temperature and Humidity Control and Steam Requirements Thereof; Viscous, Unit Viscous, Automatic Viscous and Dry Air Filters; Dust Removal Efficiency; Air Cleaner Testing Code. EFFICIENT air cleaning devices are essential to good ventilation. The selection of such equipment is governed to a large extent by the character and amount of impurities to be removed. The most objec tionable impurities in the air are soot, flue dust and carbon and its related elements. These may be classified as dusts, fumes and smokes. Dusts are particles which are large and. heavy enough to fall with increasing rapidity due to gravity 'in still air. For instance, particles of flying sand or grit, such as are blown about on a windy day, the average diameter of which would be approximately 0.01 cm, are called dust. Fumes are smaller particles which fall with constant velocity due to gravity in still air. ,The solid particles from atmospheric fog, for instance, are called fumes and have an average diameter of about 0.0014 cm. Smokes are particles which do not settle at all in still air, which diffuseconstantly, and which are actuated by the Brownonian motion, rather than by gravity. An example of this type would be certain smokes, the average diameter of the particles of which is about 0.0000015 cm. RATING OF AIR CLEANERS Air washers and filters are rated as follows: 1. Capacity in cubic feet of air handled per minute. ' 2. Resistance in inches of water which the cleaner offers to the flow of air at its rated capacity. ' 3. Percentage of dust removal at its rated capacity. 4. Percentage of entrained moisture remaining in the air after passing through the cleaner while operated at its rated capacity. : 5. If considered as a humidifying agent, the humidifying and dehumidifying efficiency. The first attempt at air cleaning for general ventilation work was-prob ably by the use of dry screens. Since ordinary Portland cement passes a screen having 100 mesh to the inch, it is apparent that much dust may pass the finest mesh screen. When a screen as fine as this is moistened, not only the dirt ceases to pass but also the air passages clog so that the filter becomes ineffective. Fine cloth filters are very effective, except that they also clog rapidly and soon become impervious to air. These considerations led many years ago to the development of the air washer types of air cleaners which use water. ' 181 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Types of Air Washers AIR WASHERS Air washers are arranged to bring the air into contact with a large water area: (1) by passing it through a fine spray; (2) by passing it over wet surfaces; (3) by passing it both through a spray and over wet surfaces. After the air is washed it is freed from entrained water. The moisture content of air usually is changed when it is cleansed by washing. In passing through the water spray or over the wet surfaces, both the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the air approach that of the water at which temperature the air tends to.become saturated. The moisture content of the air may, therefore, be controlled by controlling the water temperature. By using water at a temperature below the dew point temperature of the entering air, the washer becomes a dehumidifier; or by heating the water to a temperature above, the dew point of the entering air the humidity or moisture contents of the air may be increased. By raising the dry-bulb temperature of the air after leaving the washer, its relative humidity may also be controlled. . Humidifying Efficiency The humidifying efficiency of any air washer may be expressed as: g _ ^ _ Final wet-bulb depression Initial wet-bulb depression For example: With an initial wet-bulb depression of 20 deg. and the final wet-bulb depression of 5 deg., the humidifying efficiency is: E = 1 - 5deg~ = 0.75 . 20 deg. The usual humidifying efficiency of a good air washer is 70 per cent. The humidifying efficiency of air washers of the commonly termed humidifier type should range from 95 to 98 per cent. Control of Temperature and Humidity Air washers require a method of control of temperature to prevent freezing by too low an .initial temperature, and to prevent over-humidi fication by too high temperatures of the air coming in contact with the water. There are available one method of hand control and five methods' of automatic or semi-automatic control. The method of hand control is by the use of tempering heaters, divided into two or more sections in series, the outer section being turned on by hand whenever the outside temperature approaches freezing and the successive sections being turned on as the temperature drops below freezing. Where two sections are available it is usual to turn on the second section when the outside tem perature goes below zero, and to turn on the third section, where necessary at temperatures below zero. The first, or outside section, must always be turned on full in cold weather to prevent freezing of the heaters. The steam supply- to the second, or inside section, may be hand-regulated at all temperatures higher than about 10 deg. above zero. - The five systems of automatic regulation are: 1. The sections of the tempering heater are controlled both by variations [in the outside temperature conditions and by an auxiliary control for one inside section 182 Chapter 8--Air Cleaners from a thermostat located on the discharge side of the air washer. (It is not possible ordinarily to control the temperature of the air entering the washer, except where there. is an unusually long tunnel or duct for the thorough mixture of the air leaving the tempering heaters before it comes in contact with the thermostat)! 2. By heating the spray water so as to maintain a temperature or dew point (as the air is then saturated) of the air leaving the washer at between 35 and 40 deg. This method does not necessarily require a tempering heater. It is preferable, however, to use one section for the purpose of tempering the air, should the washer be shut down; this to prevent freezing of the water when the apparatus is not in operation. More than one tempering section should never be used, except where temperatures may go considerably below zero; then the tempering sections may be turned on, one at about 20 deg. fahr., and the second at about 0 deg. fahr. The tempering section may be operated manually or by a thermostat connected with the outside air. The steam supply for water heating should be sufficient to heat and saturate the air at from 10 to 35 deg. fahr., when water heating is used in conjunction with a tempering section. This is to allow a sufficient margin for safety of operation. 3. By regulating the heat supplied either through tempering sections or through the spray water so that the water in the tank shall.be kept well above the freezing.point. Inasmuch as the wet-bulb temperature of the air and the water in the tank are but few degrees apart when the water in the tank is not heated directly, this method' is a fairly effective and simple one. One permissible variation of this method is to use a thermostat in the air leaving the washer, controlling the dry-bulb temperatures at this point through regulation of the steam supply to the inside tempering section. The wet-bulb tem perature of the air is controlled by means of a thermostat in' the water leaving the eliminator plates and is held at the desired point by means of adding heat to the spray water. This will control exactly the temperature and relative humidity of the leaving air. Two or more tempering sections are required for this method. 4. The fourth method is desirable where recirculation is used and consists in main taining the temperature leaving the washer at about 40 deg. by means of a thermostat located at this point controlling the admixture of fresh and return air through auto matically operated dampers. This prevents over-humidification, eliminates danger of freezing, and effects the highest economy in cost, as no steam is required for either tempering or humidifying, except after the air has passed the washer. 5. The fifth method of automatic control is to reheat the air leaving the air washer to & definite thermostatically controlled temperature, and to control the relative humidity of the air by means of a hygrostat which operates either on the tempering sections to heat the air or which controls a water heater for the spray water. Steam Requirements Where the spray water is not heated it is necessary that the wet-bulb temperature of the incoming air be above the freezing point; otherwise the eliminator plates will coat with ice and stop up, even if the dry-bulb temperature of the leaving air is above the freezing point. It is necessary to heat zero, air to 48 deg. in order that the wet-bulb temperature may be 35 deg. The temperature of the leaving air may then be expected to be approximately 39 deg. dry bulb and 35 deg. wet bulb, with a dew point of 31 deg. If the humidifying capacity of the washer is 75 per cent the additional heat required to furnish humidification is that indicated by the temperature'drop of 9 deg., or 162 B.t.u. per 100 cu. ft. of air, or 1 b.hp. for every 3,400 cu. ft. of air per minute. These are the minimum requirements for humidification', above those required for heating the air. Table 1 gives the heat required, from various outside entering wet-bulb temperatures, to various dew-point tempera tures corresponding with various relative humidities at 70 deg. . These values are the total heat required for both heating and humidi fying the air. The amount of heat required for humidifying only, may be found by subtracting from the values given, the heat required to raise 183 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 the temperature of 1,000 cu. ft. of air per minute between the limits specified. The heat required for heating the air is given by the formula where H = 1,000 ~ * , 55.5 H = B.t.u. required to raise 1,000 cu. ft. of air from a temperature of to a temperature of h deg. fahr. Table 1. Heat Required to Raise 1,000 Cu. Ft. of Air from various Outside Entering Wet-Bulb Temperatures to various Dew-Point Temperatures and Corresponding Relative Humidities at 70 Deg. Fahr. . See Marks' Engineers Handbook. Wet-Bulb of Entering Air, Dbg. Fahr. -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Relative Humidity, Per Cent at 70 Deg.- Fahr. (and Dew Roint, Deg. Fahr.) 30% (37.25) 40% (44.5) 50% (50.5) 60% (55.3) 70%' (59.6) 80% (63.5) 1194 984 750 510 300 __ -- 1452 1246 1025 779 496 178 -- 1653 1447 1228 983 700 384 ------ . I860 1663 1445 1200 920 603 220 2044 1840 1621 1377 1097 783 394 2245 2039 1822 1581 1300 987 619 181 . AIR FILTERS Air filters are distinguished from air washers in that they clean the air without the use of water and without the addition of a water spray:. They are usually of the following types: 1. The viscous filter, depending upon the dirt impinging on a surface covered with a viscous fluid or oil. . .. 2. The dry filter, which removes the dirt from the air by straining or filtering jt. through cloth, felt or paper screens, the openings in which are too small to allow the passage of dirt, or which removes the dirt by passing the air through tortuous passages. Viscous Air Filters . All of the so-called viscous type air filters operate on the principle . of adhesive impingement. Investigation has shown that the dirt and dust in air, including the soot and carbons--the great destructive elements in ; modern ventilation work--are trapped and retained by successive . impingements on oil coated surfaces. This is not a new idea--for years roads and floors have been oiled to keep the dust from flying about. Considerable ingenuity, however, has been shown in the various arrange ments of metallic surfaces which are formed into filter units and made ` available for air cleaning work. While the arrangement of filtering media and the kind of materials , used are almost unlimited, there are certain rather definite requirements for a practical commercial filter, and these have limited the possible constructions. 184 . Chapter 8--Air Cleaners To fulfill the essential requirements of clean air an air filter must: 1. Be efficient in dirt removal. 2. Interpose low resistance to air flow. . 3. Have a large dust holding capacity. 4. Be. easy to clean and to handle. There are, of course, other factors of importance, including weight, strength and permanency. In order to secure maximum efficiency, it is necessary to divide the air into innumerable fine streams; the more intimately and frequently the air is brought into contact with the viscous-coated media the better the cleaning will be. Practically seven impingements are sufficient; more will give better service. As the dirt and dust are leached out of the air and collected on the adhesive coated surfaces, additional supplies of binding liquid are required Fig. 1. Resistance to Air-Flow of a Typical Unit Air Filter .' ' . in order to bind further layers of dirt. For this reason filters are usually designed to hold somewhere within the unit, additional supplies of the binding liquid, capable of distribution by capillary attraction, or by some mechanical means. Investigations in this country and abroad demonstrate that the first impingement of dust-laden air on a viscous-coated surface removes 60 per cent of the dust, the next impingement takes 60 per cent of what then remains--that is, 24 per cent--the next impingement removes 9.6 per cent, etc. The principle of progressively packed media is embodied to a greater or less extent in all unit viscous filters. This arrangement gives relatively large spaces for the collection of dirt in the front part of the filter, where the bulk of the Solids are taken out, without undue increase in resistance. At the back of the filter the openings are.smaller and finer dust particles are removed. The binding liquid used with these filters should be odorless, fire-proof, and germicidal in its action. Unit Viscous Filters __ Unit viscous filters usually are made up of a number of separate filter units with a frame or frames designed to support them and arranged so 185 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 that the filter units are easily removed from the frame for cleaning and recharging. '. . If the unit filters are cleaned progressively the resistance and volume of air delivered may be kept practically constant. By cleaning a pre determined number of filters every week--or every month, as the case may be--the resistance and consequent air volume can be held at any desired figure. Obviously, the resistance and efficiency of a unit air filter of the adhesive impingement type depends upon the velocity at which the air is handled and the condition of the unit--that is,'whether the unit is clean or dirty. The efficiency of the unit is usually highest after it has accumulated approximately 75 per cent of its maximum load of dirt, as the dirt and dust accumulated in the cell usually are efficient media for the further collection of solids from the air. . The resistance of the commercial unit air filter of the adhesive impinge- Fig. 2. Chart Showing Change in Resistance Due to Dust Accumulation ment type varies from to % in. water gage when clean, depending, of course, upon the design selected. As dust accumulates in the filter, usually the resistance and cleaning efficiency rise. (See Figs. 1 and 2)./ Fig. I shows the resistance to air flow of a typical unit air filter, which ' is built in three types, having, respectively, and jlfg in. water gage resistance when operated at a velocity of approximately 365 lin. ft. per. minute. Fig. 2 shows the change in resistance due to dust accumulation; Under actual operating conditions one pound of dust represents about eight weeks of normal service. The resistance of an installation of filters under, the conditions cited could be held at any point between 0.15 in., the resistance of a clean filter, and 0.27 in., the resistance after accumu- . lating one pound of dust, by cleaning a sufficient number of cells each - week to maintain the desired average. To make sure of proper periodic cleaning of the units the installation of a standard draft gage is recommended. Proper washing, drying and recharging equipment should be installed as convenient to each set of filters as possible. 186 Chapter 8--Air Cleaners Automatic Viscous Filters ` Unit air filters have certain limitations in the amount of dirt which can be handled. If the dirt reaches the filter too rapidly, or in such quan tities that the adhesive liquid does not have sufficient opportunity to soak through and wet the successive layers, the cleaning efficiency drops off. Removals for unit filter cleansing sometimes prove so frequent as to be objectionable or impracticable. . This fact, and perhaps the age-old effort to eliminate dependence where possible on the human element, brought forth the self-cleaning or auto matic viscous filters, several distinct types of which are now available. In the main these filters are based on the same fundamental principles as unit viscous filters. All utilize the principle of adhesive impingement. Various ingenious arrangements of struts, woven wires or foraminous metal sheets are arranged to move progressively through the bath of charging liquid, the dirt thus being flushed off, while in other types the filter media itself remains stationary, and the charging liquid moves over the dirt-collecting surfaces, flushing off the accumulated dirt at regular intervals, usually once in 24 hours. Dry Air Filters There are now available various types of unit and automatic air filters in which the dust is impinged upon or filtered out through felt, cloth, paper, etc., screens. These devices require no adhesive liquid of any kind, but depend on the straining or screening action of the filter media. The filters are cleaned or reconditioned by rapping or vibrating the screens. In some cases the air flow is reversed during the reconditioning period. Practically all of the various types of dry filter media have a definite length of useful life depending upon the nature and strength of the texture. .Dry filters, as a class, therefore, differ from the all-metal viscous type in that their filtering media must be replaced periodically as the end of its useful life is reached. Because of the close texture of the filtering media used in most of the dry filters, the surface velocity, or velocity of the air through the media is considerably lower than in the- viscous types. The initial resistance, or the resistance when the filter media are clean, is likewise somewhat lower. The usual practice is to allow the dirt to accumulate on the filtering surface until the resistance has reached a predetermined maximum. At this point the load of dirt is removed by some mechanical means and the filter thereby reconditioned. A constant resistance such as is obtained with the automatic viscous filters cannot be maintained, in a practical way, with the present dry filters. However, an average operating resistance results, provided the filter is properly maintained and reconditioned. ' QUST REMOVAL EFFICIENCY The efficiency in dust removal of air-cleaning devices can be determined by means of tests made with air at stated capacities and with dust of definite quantity and quality. There are a number of excellent corn- 187 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ` ' , mercial instruments available for this purpose. The percentage of dust removal for commercial air-cleaning devices should range between 80 and 98 per cent,,and the minimum removal under such conditions should be specified and guaranteed by the manufacturer. . AIR CLEANER TESTING CODE . A Code for Testing Air Cleaning Devices is now being developed by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and considerable research is being carried on at the University of Minnesota. I Br I : - .] I' . . i ii 188 CHAPTER 9 . UNIT HEATERS AND AIR-CONDITIONERS Functions of Unit Heaters; Types-, Entering and Delivery Air Temperatures; Ratings and Capacities; Arrangements of Heaters; Direction and Location of Discharge; Boiler Capacity; Automatic Control; Quietness of Operation; Connections; Direct Fired Units; Unit Air Conditioners; Cooling Units; Unit Ventilating Machines. - ' IN this chapter are described the various types of unit heating, air conditioning, cooling' and ventilating systems. UNIT HEATERS The industrial unit heater is composed of a heating element enclosed by a casing in which a power driven fan or fans are mounted. The fans draw or force air over the heatings surface, and discharge it in selected directions. . Unit heaters usually are placed directly within the room to be heated. Unit heaters have the inherent characteristic of delivering and distributing the air by mechanical impulse. In many buildings this feature results in exceedingly economical and successful heating. , f .- Functions of Unit Heaters - , .. . .. Unit heaters are designed to: 1. Circulate the air in the building at a rapid rate. 2. Promote uniformity of temperature and quick heating-up. 3. Direct the heated air so as to accomplish the positive and rapid placing of the heat where it is effective. , 4. Counteract excessive temperature against cool roofs or ceilings, a concomitant of most other types of heating. 5. Reduce the number of heat emitting units and simplify piping and installation. 6. Increase the capacity of the heating surface by passing the air over it at high velocity. 7. Provide a system by which room temperatures are readily controlled manually or by thermostats. . .. In addition to their prime function of heating buildings, unit heaters may be adapted to a number of industrial processes, such as drying, curing, etc., with which the use of heated air in rapid circulation with uniform distribution is of particular advantage. They may be used for moisture absorption, such as fog removal in dye-houses or for the pre vention of condensation on ceilings or other cold surfaces of buildings in which process moisture is given off. When such-conditions are severe, , it is necessary that the heaters draw air from outside in enough volume to provide a rapid air change and that they operate in conjunction with 189 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ventilators or fans for exhausting the moisture-laden air. (See discussion of condensation in-Chapter 2.) Types of Unit Heaters There are many types of unit heaters available. Most of them employ heating coils to be supplied with steam or hot water. Some are designed primarily for mounting on the floor, whereas others are designed for sus pension overhead. Heating surfaces in the form of pipe coils, non-ferrous tubes or shapes with extended surfaces, cast-iron, and pressed and built-up sections of the cartridge or automotive type are all used in unit heater construction. .. Among the unit heaters available are types having from one to four outlets per heater which may be arranged to discharge in selected direc tions and which will project their heating effect over distances of from 30 to 200 ft. from the heater, depending upon the capacity of the heater and upon the design of the fans and outlets. These heaters have been successful when placed as far as 400 ft. from each other. This makes it possible to select the heater location best suited to the production layout in factories. There are also available propeller fan type heaters of smaller capacity with outlet velocities of from 300 to 600 ft. per minute, and these may.be placed from 60 to 100 ft. apart. Heating Mediums ' Unit heaters are made to operate on hot water, or with steam at high pressure or at: vapor pressure. When high pressure steam is used, the heater must of course be especially designed for that purpose. The present day tendency is to use steam at low pressure when the boiler supplies steam for heating purposes only, and when the trans mission lines are short. Many industrial plants, however, generate steam at high pressure either for long distance transmission or for process uses. When such high pressure steam is available in sufficient quantity for the peak load, it is economical usually to use high pressure unit heaters. Thus the line pressure may be turned into the units directly without, reducing valves and the condensation may be trapped to overhead returns when desired. Smaller coils may be used in high pressure heaters to lessen their cost and to produce a final temperature which will not be too'high.-: Steam turbines may be used for fan power, each exhausting directly into its own heater. . Procedure for Determining Heat to be Supplied * The heat losses of a building to be equipped with unit heaters are determined in the same manner as for any other heating system, excepting so far as the unit heaters may change the air temperature at the ceiling or at the mean height of the walls. (See. Chapter 2). . Unit heaters may be. arranged to recirculate the air or to supply warmed air from the outside for ventilation or to make up air exhausted. If all or a part of the air is to be taken in from out-of-doors, the heat necessary to warm this air from the outside temperature to the inside temperature must be added to the transmission or other losses. Unit heaters of the number and size needed to furnish the total heat required 190 Chapter 9--Unit Heaters and Air-Conditioners are then selected from the manufacturers' rating tables, using these ratings at the steam pressure to be used and at the temperature at which the air will enter the heater. Temperature of Air Entering Heater For recirculating heaters with intakes at the floor level, use the tem perature to be maintained in the room as the temperature of the air entering the heater. Where suspended heaters are used without any intake boxes extending down to the floor level, a higher entering air temperature should be used than that at which the room is to be main tained. With suspended heaters taking in air at some distance above the floor, the temperature variation from floor to ceiling may reach as much as 1 Yi deg. fahr. for each foot of elevation during periods when the maximum capacity of the heaters is required. Unit heaters taking in recirculated air at the floor level should maintain temperature differentials of less than 1 deg. per foot of elevation when the maximum capacity of the heaters is required. These temperature differences per foot of eleva tion are less than the corresponding variations per foot of elevation for spaces heated by direct radiation. Delivery Air Temperature . A rapid recirculation or turnover of the air in the room makes for fuel economy. This calls for the selection of heaters having a liberal air capacity for the required heat output, which in turn means a relatively low final temperature. Extremely low final temperatures can be had only at the expense of larger heaters and increased power, so that a com mercial limit is imposed. Contributing conditions vary too widely to permit of a suggested standard, but in general for heating purposes, it is advisable to use a delivery temperature which is 70 deg. or less above the average room temperature desired. Ra tings and Capacities ' It is standard practice to rate unit heaters in B.t.u. per hour at a given temperature of air entering the heater and at a given steam pressure maintained on the coil. Steam at 2 lb. pressure and air entering at 60 deg. fahr. are used as the standard basis of rating. The capacity of a heater increases as the steam pressure increases, and decreases as the entering air temperature increases. The heat capacity for any condition of steam pressure and entering air temperature may be calculated approximately from any given rating by the use of factors in Table 1. This table is accurate within 5 per cent. The ratings customarily published for unit heaters, apply only for , recirculation and free discharge, unless otherwise noted in the rating tables. If outside air intakes, filters or ducts on the discharge side are used with the heater,, proper consideration should be given to the reduc tion in air and heat capacity that will result because of this added resistance. ' ^ The percentage of this reduction in capacity will depend upon the characteristics of the heater and on the type, design and speed of the fans employed, so that no specific percentage of reduction can be assigned for all heaters for a given added resistance. In general, however, disc 191 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 or propeller fan units will have a larger reduction in capacity than housed fan units for a given added resistance, and a given heater will have a. larger reduction in capacity as the fan speed is lowered. When confronted with this problem the ratings under the conditions expected should be secured from the manufacturer. When steam supplied to the heaters contains superheat, the capacity' of the heater will be but slightly less than with saturated steam at the same pressure. Recent tests conducted at the University of Kentucky indicate that the reduction of capacity from this cause is negligible for Table 1. - Constants for Determining the Capacity of Unit Heaters for Various Steam Pressures and Temperatures of Entering Air {Accurate within 5 per cent) . Steam Pressure Lb. 0 2 5 10 IS 20 30 40 SO 60 80 100 12S 135 - 140 150 Temperature of Air Entering Heater -10 0* 10 20* 30 40 45" 50 35 60 65* 70 75 0.975 0.93 1.01 0.96 1.04 1.00 1.06 1.05 1.15 1.10 1.18 1.14 1.25 1.21 1.30 1.26 1.35 1.31 1.39 1.35 1.49 1.43 1.53 1.49 1.59 1.56 1.61 1.57 1.62 1.58 1.64 1.60 0.89 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.16 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.38 1.44 1.51 1.53 1.54 1.55 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.34 1.40 1.46 1.48 1.49 1.51 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.00 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.46 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.25 1.31 1.37 1.39 1.41 1.42 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.94 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.23 1.29 1.36 1.37 1.38 1140 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.20 1.26 1.33 1.35 1.36 1.38 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.76. 0.74 0.71 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.96 0.94 0.92 1.02 1.00 0.97 1.07 1.04 1.02 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.18 1.16 1.14. 1.24 1.22 1.20 1.31 1.29 1.27 1.33 1.30 1.28 1.34 1.32 "1.29 1.35 1.33 1.31 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.88 0.93 0.98 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.26 ' Note.--To determine capacity at any steam pressure and entering temperature, multiply constant from table by rated capacity at 0 deg. entering and 5 lb. pressure. superheat up to 50 deg. and will not exceed 3H per cent for any degree of superheat. . Arrangement of Heaters *. Heaters may be distributed through the central portions of a room discharging toward exposed surfaces, or may be spaced around the walls, \ discharging along the walls and inward as well, when there are con siderable roof losses. ' In general, it is better to direct the discharge from the unit heaters in such fashion that rotational circulation of the entire room content is set up by the system rather than to have the heaters discharge in random and in counter-directions. Direction and Location of Discharge ' Various types and makes of unit heaters are illustrated in the Catalog Section of The Guide. Usually hot blasts of air in working zones are objectionable, so heaters mounted on the floor should have their discharge . outlets above the head line and suspended heaters should be placed in 192 ' Chapter 9--Unit Heaters and Air-Conditioners such manner and turned in such direction that the heated air stream will not be objectionable in the working zone. In the interest of economy, however, the elevation of the heater outlet and the direction of discharge should be so arranged that the heated air shall be brought as close to the head line as possible, yet not into the working zone. Boiler Capacity for Unit Heaters . The capacity of the boiler should be based on the rated capacity of the heaters at the lowest entering air temperature that will occur, plus an allowance for line losses. Ordinarily for recirculating heaters the lowest entering temperature will occur at the beginning of the heating period and is usually taken as 40 deg., while for heaters taking air from outdoors the lowest entering temperature will be the extreme outdoor temperature expected in the district. No greater allowance in boiler capacity beyond the calculated heat demand need be added in order to supply unit heaters than for any other type of system. It is unwise to install a single unit heater as the sole load on any boiler, particularly if the unit heater motor is started and stopped by thermostatic control. The wide and sudden fluctuations of load that occur under such conditions would require closer attendance to the boiler than is usually possible in a small installation. Where oil or gas is used to fire the boiler, it is possible by means of a pressurestat to control the boiler, in response to this rapid fluctuation. In most cases, however, and particularly where the boiler is coal-fired, it is advisable to use two or more smaller heating units instead of one large unit. Steam pressures below 5 lb. can be used with safety for recirculating unit heaters when their coils are designed for the purpose and when proper provision is made for returning the condensate. If.heaters are to take in air that may be at a temperature below freezing, however, a steam pressure of not less than 5 lb. should be maintained on the heater coils. Automatic Control There are two general methods of automatic control that may be applied to a unit heater installation. One is to start and stop the unit heater motors individually or in a group by means of a room thermostat. The other is to control the steam supply either to individual units or a group of units by means of a graduated-acting valve, operated from a room thermostat. Where steam valve control is used, the return system must be equipped with a vacuum pump, as a considerable pressure difference between supply and return pipes necessarily exists in all unit heaters. A combination of these two methods is sometimes used, wherein the steam supplied to the units is cut off completely before the unit heater motor is stopped and is turned on just after the motor is again started. The function of this control is to cool off the heater and prevent possible discomfort to persons close to the heater from the increased radiant effectof the heater if steam is left on the coils when the motor is stopped. This is accomplished by two thermostats, one controlling the motor and the other controlling the steam valve. The latter is seffor a wider operating range than the former:- With this combination, control there is some possibility of draft-complaint if the fan delivers cool air. 193 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930. Graduated-acting control of the steam valve should not be applied to heaters with outside air connections unless protection against freezing is also used. This protection can be accomplished by separating the heater coil into two parts, one of which acts as a tempering coil and is controlled from an outside thermostat, which will keep steam at full pressure on the coil whenever the entering air is below freezing and which will cut off the steam when the entering air goes above freezing. The main coil is controlled from the room thermostat and is depended upon Fig. 1. Unit Heater Connections Where Condensation Is Returned to Vacuum Pump Fig. 2. Unit Heater Connections Where Condensation Is Returned to Boiler Through Wet Return Fig. 3. Unit Heater Connections Where Condensation Is Returned to Condensation Pump or Hot Well for temperature regulation. Another method of protection is to immerse in the return condensate a thermostat which controls a positive-acting by-pass valve which will admit additional steam if the temperature of the condensate falls to the freezing point. This is purely a safety device and assumes that no condition of normal regulation will require enough throttling to make freezing possible. If this were not the case this method would not be' suitable, as it prevents regulation beyond the point where the by-pass opens. 194 Chapter 9--Unit Heaters and Air-Conditioners As a precaution against allowing the unit heater motors to continue to run if the steam supply fails or is for some reason shut off, either a pressurestat or thermostat in the steam line may be installed to stop the motor when the pressure or temperature in the supply line drops below a selected point. For a further discussion of this subject, see Chapter 17, Automatic Heat Control. . Quietness of Operation In selecting unit heaters, attention should be given to the degree of quietness required for the installation. No given fan speed may be .applied as a measure of relative quietness to fans of different design and proportions. Quietness is a function of type, diameter, blade form and other variables besides speed, and all these must be taken into account. In general small fans can be run at higher motor speeds than can large fans with equal quietness. Unit Heater Connections .' Piping connections for unit heaters are similar to those for other types of fan-blast heaters. Typical connections are shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. 'One-pipe gravity and vapor systems are not recommended for unit heater work. On two-pipe gravity, or on pump and receiver systems the return from each unit should be fitted with a heavy duty or blast trap and an air valve should be connected into the return header of each unit. ; Pressuredrop must be compensated for by elevation of the heater above the water line of the boiler or of the receiver. On vacuum systems the return from each unit should be fitted with a large capacity trap to discharge the water of condensation and with a thermostatic air valve for eliminating the air, or with a heavy duty trap for handling both the condensation and the air, provided the air finally . can be eliminated at some other point in the return system. . On high pressure systems the same kind of traps may be used as with vacuum systems, except that they must be constructed for the pressure used. If the air is to be eliminated at the return'header of the unit, a high pressure air valve can be used; otherwise the air may be passed with the condensate through the high-pressure return trap. The connections for steam and return piping to unit heaters must always be calculated on the basis of the high heat emission or condensation rate of such devices, usually by reducing the heat to be supplied to square feet of equivalent radiation by dividing by 240, and then using the pipe- size tables given in Chapter 20. The supply valve must be at the high point, or provision must be made for draining the pocket above this valve when the valve is closed. ' Direct Fired Units The foregoing discussion relates generally to units in which steam, vapor, or hot water are used as the heating medium. On rare occasions electrical resistances are used as the heating element.- These are applied only where electric powerJs,abundant and cheap and where other'forms of fuel are scarce and expensive. 195 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Where steam or hot water are not available the direct-fired type of heater is used. The heating element is a warm-air furnace in which coal, coke, oik or-gas is burned directly. This heating element is enclosed in a casing through which a fan maintains a rapid air current by pressure. This type of heater is often used for temporary heat during building construction or where the installation of a steam or hot water plant is for some reason not justified. UNIT AIR CONDITIONERS . For a more complete discussion of the subject of air conditioning, see Chapter 7. With the unit type of air conditioner the requirements of a given room are met by installing the necessary number of standard complete air conditioning units, usually without any distributing duct work; the necessary air distribution being accomplished by the distribution of the units themselves. Each unit is a complete air conditioning plant in itself including spray heads or nozzles (humidifier and dehumidifier) air re-heater, fan, spray pump, automatic control, etc. These units usually are built in graduated standard sizes having capacities of from 2,500 to 10,000 cu. ft. per minute each. Advantages of Unit Air Conditioners The principal advantages are that the desirable results of the indirect humidification system can be applied to old buildings without installing. duct work. Also where manufacturing processes are changed and depart ments are sub-divided or enlarged the units may easily be moved or increased in number to suit the new requirements. They are also par ticularly adapted for use by tenants of tented buildings since they are movable and do not become a part of the property when installed. Often . there is more than sufficient saving by avoiding the elaborate duct work . necessary with a central air conditioning plant to pay for the cost of the increased number of units. Standardized production and the lower costs inherent thereto are also an added advantage. Conditioning units are particularly advantageous for manufacturing plants which require different air temperatures and humidities in various rooms. Trouble with one unit does not cripple other units. Owners may approach the ultimate ` investment for air conditioning gradually, buying a unit at a time as. expediency dictates.. ' Disadvantages of Unit Air Conditioners Air conditioning units, especially in factories where considerable dust and lint occur, require frequent attention and cleaning. Attention must be given the adjustment of controls. A multiple unit installation, there fore, involves somewhat more attention than does a single unit located in the basement. In dehumidifying plants there is a decided advantage in having a single air conditioning unit located convenient to the refrig erating apparatus rather than to have a large number of water supplies and returns. For dehumidification, the central station system is to be . recommended where more than three unit conditioners would be required. 196 Chapter 9--Unit Heaters and Air-Conditioners Types of Unit Air Conditioning Equipment ' Unit air conditioning equipment may be of the following types: 1. The air washer type which does not control the moisture content or temperature of the air but which simply cleans the air. 2. The humidifying type which controls the relative humidity without washing the air or controlling its temperature. 3. The complete air conditioning unit, which washes the air, controls its moisture content and which heats or cools the room within which the unit is located. An air conditioning unit may be so designed that it will draw in air from the room or enclosure in which it is placed or from the outside, or by the aid of mixing dampers, may draw any predetermined mixture of Wall Box and Grille f* Fig. 4. Split or Modified Individual Vent Flue System. inside and outside air. This entering air passes through one or more spray or mist chambers, in which space moisture is either added to or' removed from the air in accordance with the temperature of the air and of the spray water. At the same time the air is washed substantially free of dust arid solid matter in this chamber. The air next travels between the customary labyrinth eliminator plates to lose its entrained water. A suitably located1 fan assembly causes the air to flow over a heating element before being delivered to the room, A motor-driveri centrifugal pump or other means is used to deliver water from the tank built into the base of the unit to the spray heads, mist nozzles or other atomizing apparatus: In some makes of unit air conditioners, other means than spray nozzles are used to produce the required water spray or mist for the transfer of heat from air to water or vice versa. Automatic instru ments control the. condition of the. leaving air by regulating the tempera ture of the spray water and also by varying the amount of steam supplied 197 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, X930 to the air heater. Such instruments usually are placed in the path of the return air as it enters the unit to be conditioned, as the entering air is a sample of room air. The spray water can be heated by an ejector or by a closed type heater. For dehumidifying work cold water may be supplied under automatic control as needed. It usually is found best where refrigeration is used to employ a separate water cooler located in close proximity to the com pressors and condensers, rather than to use direct expansion coils or brine coils within the air conditioning units. COOLING UNITS Air cooling units are of two general kinds, the coil type; which is similar in appearance to the floor-mounted heating unit, and the brine, spray type, which is similar in appearance to the floor mounted air con ditioning unit. The coil type may use cold water, brine, or may use ammonia, or other refrigerants, while the brine spray type normally uses, pre-cooled brine, or includes a refrigerating coil for chilling the brine. The coil type unit is identical in operation with the heating unit except that the coii is supplied with cold water or a refrigerant instead of with steam. The coil must be made of bare pipe, since a finned surface would soon clog with frost. The coil type unit is less expensive than the brine spray type, and may be used where there is not an excessive amount of moisture present. It is rapidly replacing the bunker coil in storage rooms for fur, meat, vege table, poultry, and some dairy products. In rooms containing excessive moisture, such as pre-chill rooms in slaughter houses, the coil type unit is not satisfactory unless the room temperature is carried above 40 deg. If lower room temperatures are required, the coil of the unit would frost excessively, thereby reducing its output. For these conditions, the brine spray unit has the advantage of having no coil to frost (the coil, if used, is for the purpose of chilling the brine) and the moisture which is extracted is deposited 'in the spray., drops to the tank and escapes through the overflow. The specific gravity of the brine solution must be frequently checked and when necessary, increased so that the brine will not become diluted to the point where it will freeze at the conditions under which the unit is expected to operate. ' . In addition to showing a saving on installation and- first cost, the cooling unit gives a positive air circulation and a much more even dis tribution of temperature than previous methods of cooling. On account of this positive circulation and even distribution, a slightly higher room temperature may be carried than is customary with bunker coils, which gives an operating economy and results in improved quality of some products. . Usually refrigerating coils must be defrosted at intervals. An advantage of the unit system is that the cooling surface is concentrated in one point, and melted frost or condensation is collected in the drip pan, which may be connected to the sewer if desired. Under certain room conditions, when properly applied, cooling units are virtually self-defrosting. 198 Chapter 9--Unit Heaters and Air-Conditioners ' " Cooling units, like heating units, lend themselves to alteration of plant layout or expansion, since they are easily disconnected and reinstalled at a new location. . . UNIT VENTILATING MACHINES A unit heating and ventilating machine for schoolrooms and public buildings consists usually of a small rectangular steel cabinet, and has the following essential parts: 1. Outside air inlet. ' " 2. Duct filter (optional). . 3. Motor and fan assembly. 4. Radiator or heating element. . ,- 5. Temperature control arrangement (may be by damper or by supply valve). 6. Outside air damper. 7. Recirculating damper (optional). 8. Discharge grille or diffuser. This machine often is partly recessed into the walls, so as to minimize interference with aisle-passages. . ' When the outside air inlet damper is open and the fan is operated the air is drawn immediately from out-of-doors, and is forced by the fan through the cleaning and heating apparatus contained in the machine. All of the air handled by the fan may be driven through the convectorheater and thence' to the room, or part may be by-passed around the convector, depending on temperature requirements of the room. In some cases, instead of a by-pass damper for controlling the temperature, this is accomplished by valves which control the heat supply to all or to part of the convector-radiator inside the machine. +" In some machines the closing of the outside air damper simultaneously opens the recirculating grille at the floor line, so that the air can circulate by gravity through the radiator if no dust filters are present. Split System In. the split system shown in Fig. 4, the unit is used for ventilation only, delivering the air to the room at very near the room temperature, sufficient separate direct heaters being placed in the room to heat it to the desired temperature, independently of 'the unit. With the split system the separate direct heaters tend to improve the air circulation and diffusion within the room, since they constancy pull the cold air from the floor, warm it and use it to counteract the window chill. The split system permits of operation of the room during failure of electric current, since the radiator-conductors will furnish heat, but on the other hand it permits a careless operator to avoid the bother of operating the ventilating equipment. On the whole the split system in normal operation probably gives the best satisfaction where attention and maintenance are mediocre. . In some cases the amount of direct radiation required to maintain the desired room temperature is deficient by deliberate intention of the designer. With this -arrangement the ventilating machine must have sufficient surplus heating capacity, over and above that required for 199 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ventilation, to take care of the heating requirements. Owing to the variations in outside temperature and to the effect of the sun and of changing intensity of occupation it is difficult to maintain satisfactory temperature regulation with most split systems unless there is enough direct radiation to heat the room independently of the ventilating apparatus. jBlast System '. The all-blast system (Fig. 5) employs the unit ventilating machine alone, its capacity being large enough both for ventilation and for sup plying the heat loss. Direct radiation is omitted altogether. ' The blast system requires that all heating shall be accomplished by the machine. It becomes necessary then that the fan shall be running when- Corridor Solid Door Chapter 9--Unit Heaters and Air-Conditioners Automatic Heat Control Automatic heat control is exceedingly desirable with all unit venti lating machines. An intermediate-acting thermostat should be arranged so that on a rising room temperature the thermostat will function to operate the damper very slowly, and to hold it in an intermediate position. If the damper operation fails to control the temperature rise (as in mild weather) the thermostat should then bring about the closing of the steam supply valve to the convector in the machine. . It is important that the thermostats used with unit ventilating Centra!-^ VenfFfue 777777. ever the room is to be occupied and this gives reasonable assurance of' ventilation and of efficient attention by the custodian. With the all-blast; system the distribution of the air within the room probably is not as perfect as with the split system, and more drafts are liable to be encoun tered, since there must of necessity be wide and rapid variations in the " temperature of the air delivered by the machine in order to control the room temperature. . Location of the Ventilating Unit The best distribution of the air is obtained usually when the machine is placed in the center of the exposed side of the room. Location of the Air Intake ' In nearly all installations the intake for outside air is placed just above the floor line and as symmetrically as possible with reference to the center of each room. - 200 machines shall be of the super-sensitive type so as to produce graduated control of the temperature. Pneumatic Damper Control ' . As part of the automatic system of temperature regulation, it is desirable to include manual pneumatic operation of-the outside air inlet dampers so that these dampers on all of the units throughout the build ing, or on any group of units, may be opened or closed from a central point. If recirculating units are used these dampers also may be operated by remote pneumatic agencies. It is quite helpful to group the manual control of the units in accordance with the points of the compass. The inlet dampers on the units to the North, South, East and West sides of the building may each be controlled by separate manual switches. Thus when wind conditions are severe on one side of the building the group of units on that side may be started at an earlier hour in the morning. 201 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Vent Openings The size and location of the vent outlet is important. In many cases the sizes for public buildings are regulated by law, but the location of the vents generally is left to the discretion of the engineer. The best results have been'obtained with a velocity through the vent openings nearly equal to that at which the air is introduced into the room, thus maintaining a slight pressure in the room. Calculated velocities at the vent openings of from 600 to 800 ft. per minute produce the best diffusion results from this, system. The cross-sectional area of the vent flue itself may be figured on the basis of 20 sq. in. of flue for each 100 cu. ft. per minute. Thus the vent flue area of a flue for a room equipped with one 1,200 c.f.m. unit venti lating machine would be 240 sq. in. The area of vent flue opening from ' the room may be figured bn the basis of 25 sq. in. per 100 c.f.m. The vent opening should not be placed directly opposite the unit,' since the incoming air when introduced at lower than room temperature falls to the floor and moves directly toward this vent opening, causing possible floor drafts and in any event causing failure properly to cool the occupants of the room. ' ' In buildings provided with wardrobes or cloakrooms the vents may be so located that the air shall pass through these spaces, heating and ventilating them with air which otherwise would be passed to the outside without being used to the best advantage. Many State codes for venti-, lation of public buildings make this arrangement mandatory. - In rooms without wardrobes or cloakrooms the vent flue may be located diagonally opposite the unit, and two such flues generally are desirable,; one near each opposite interior corner of the room. This gives the air-, an opportunity to mix thoroughly with the room air before dropping to the vent opening. .. . Individual and Corridor Vent Flue Systems The individual vent flue system and the corridor vent flue or central vent flue system are the methods generally used with unit ventilating machines: .. The individual vent flue system, Fig. 5, provides for separate vent flues' from each room. ' The corridor vent or central vent outlet system, Fig. 6; provides for outlets centrally located, to take care of a group of classrooms, the air passing from the classrooms, wardrobe or cloakroom to the corridor, and from the corridor to the central outlets. The grilles between the. ward robes and corridors may be near the ceiling, provided the air leaves the classroom to enter the wardrobes below the breathing line in the class rooms. A velocity of 800 to 900 ft. per minute may be used for the central outlet from the corridor. Where the law and where the type of building construction will permit, the escaping spent air from the building may circulate throughout the attic on its way out. . 202 CHAPTER 10 HEATING BY COAL Composition, Kinds and Combustion of Coal; Hand Firing; Mechanical Stoker Firing; Storage Space. COAL, because of its abundance and low price, has been used in preference to other fuels for heating purposes in most localities. All coals are of vegetable origin, and are the remains of prehistoric forests. Destructive distillation, due to great pressures and temperatures, has resolved the organic matter into its exceedingly complex constituents; among which are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other substances, in varying proportions. Time, depth of bed, disturbance of bed, and intru sion of extraneous mineral niatter have produced the variations which are noted in the degree of evolution from vegetable fiber to hard coal. This variation is shown chiefly in the content of carbon, and Table 1 shows the steps of such variation. * COMPOSITION OF COAL The uncombined carbon in coal is known as fixed carbon. Some of the carbon constitutent is combined with hydrogen, and this, together with other gaseous substances driven off by the application of heat, forms that portion of the coal known as the volatile matter. The fixed carbon and the volatile matter constitute the combustible. The oxygen and nitrogen contained in the volatile matter are not com bustible, but custom has applied this term to that portion of the coal which is dry and free from ash, thus including the oxygen and nitrogen in the combustible. KINDS OF COAL The kinds of solid fuel in general use are anthracite, semi-anthracite, semi-bituminous, bituminous, lignite and coke. They are classed accord ing to their fixed carbon and volatile matter content. Analyses typical of each kind are shown in Table 2. Anthracite Coal .* . Anthracite coal ignites slowly, but when in a state of incandescence its radiant heat is very great: Its flame is short and of a yellowish blue tinge and it can be burned with practically no smoke. This coal does not swell when burned although it contains from 3 to 7.5 per cent of volatile matter. Semi-Anthracite Coal ... Semi-anthracite coal kindles more readily, because of its higher content of volatile combustible, and burns more rapidly than anthracite. It has 203 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Approximate Chemical Changes from Wood Fiber to Anthracite Coal Substance Carbon Htdrogbn OxTGBN Wood Fiber........................................ Peat............................................................... Lignite........................... .............................. Bituminous Coal................................. Semi-Bituminous Coal................... . . Anthracite Coal.......... :...................,....... 52.65 59.57 66.04 75.06 89.29 91.58 5.25 5.96 5.27 5.84 5.05 3,96 42.10 34.47 28.69 19.10 5.66 4.46 less density, hardness, and metallic luster than anthracite, and the average specific gravity is about 1.4. . Semi-Bituminous Coal Semi-bituminous is a softer coal than anthracite or semi-anthracite,contains more volatile hydrocarbon, and will kindle more easily and burn more rapidly. It is usually free burning and owing to its high calorific, value, is very desirable for steam generation purposes. Bituminous Coal Bituminous coals are still softer than those already described and ' contain still more of the volatile hydrocarbons. The difference between semi-bituminous and bituminous coals is an important one, economically. The former have an average heating value per pound of combustible about 6 per cent higher than the latter, and they burn with much less smoke in ordinary furnaces. The distinctive characteristic of the bitu minous coals is the emission of yellow flame and smoke when burning. In color they range from pitch black to dark brown, having a resinous, luster in the most compact specimens, and a silky luster in such specimens as show traces of vegetable fiber. The specific gravity is ordinarily about 1.3. Bituminous coals are either of the caking or non-caking variety. The former, when heated, fuse and swell in size; the latter burn freely, do not fuse, and are commonly known as free-burning coals. Caking coals are rich in volatile hydrocarbons, and are valuable in gas manufacture. : Table 2. Typical Analyses of Various Types of Fuel Kind or Coal Foced Carbon Per Cent Volatile Matter Per Cent Moisture Per Cent Ash Per Cent Heat Value B.t.u. per Pound as Fired Anthracite........................ Semi-Anthracite.--........ ; Coke.......... ........................ Semi-bituminous............. Bituminous...... . ....... Lignite.............................. 82.6 83.3 81.7 73.2 48.4 28.6 3.7 9.4 2.8 18.7 .36.3 31.2 3.2 1.3 5.7 1.2 6.7 31.8 10.5 6.0 9.8 6.9 8.6 8.4 12,840 13,920 12,050 14,370 12,200 7,730 204 Chapter 10--Heating by Coal Lignite . '. Organic matter in the earlier stages of its conversion into coal is known as lignite and includes all varieties which are intermediate between peat and coal of the older formation. The specific gravity of lignite is low, being 1.2 to 1.23, and when freshly mined it may contain as high as 50 per cent of moisture. Its appearance varies from light brown, showing a distinctly woody structure in the poorer varieties, to black, with a pitchy luster resembling hard coal, in the best varieties. It is non-caking and burns with a bright but slightly smoky flame with moderate heat. It is easily broken, will not withstand much handling in transportation, and if exposed to the weather will disintegrate rapidly, which will increase the difficulty of burning it. ' Its composition varies over wide limits. The ash may run as low as 1 per cent and as high as 50 per cent. Its high content of moisture and the large quantity of air necessary for its combustion cause large stack losses. Lignite is distinctly a low-grade fuel, and it is used almost entirely in the districts where it is mined, because of its cheapness. Coke . " Coke is a porous product, consisting almost entirely of carbon remain ing after certain manufacturing processes have distilled off the hydro carbon gases of the fuel used. Coke is produced (1) from gas coal distilled in gas retorts; (2) from gas or ordinary bituminous coals burned in special furnaces called coke ovens; and (3) from petroleum, by carrying the dis tillation of the residuum to a red heat. Coke is a smokeless fuel. It absorbs moisture readily from the atmos phere and if not kept under cover its moisture content may be as much as 20 per cent of its own weight. Gas-house coke is generally softer and more porous than oven coke, ignites more readily, and requires less draft for its combustion. The heal values of coke range from 12,500 B.t.u. per pound to 13,500 B.t.u., depending on the ash content, which may vary from 5 to 10 per cent. COMBUSTION OF COAL The combustion of coal is the process of combining oxygen of the air with the carbon of the coal. In order to obtain perfect combustion, a definite amount of air is required for each pound of coal burned. The prime requirements for complete combustion are the combination of these elements in correct proportions and the thorough mixing of them in a zone of proper temperature. A deficiency of oxygen or of air supply causes the formation of CO (carbon monoxide), which is incompletely burned carbon and which is evident by the soot and smoke. An excess of air absorbs heat from the products of combustion and carries it out of the chimney as waste. Air Required _ ___ . . The theoretical amount of air required per pound of fuel for perfect combustion is dependent upon the analysis of the fuel; however, for 205 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 practical purposes the air supply required for different grades of fuel may roughly be taken as follows: Pounds of Air per Pound of Fuel as Fired * Anthracite Coke Semx-Bituminott8 . Bituminous Lignite 9.6 11.2 11.2 10.3 6.2 An excess of about 50 per cent over the theoretical amount is con sidered good practice under usual operating conditions. Chapter 10--Heating by Coal . Egg size is suitable for large firepots (grates 25 in. and over) if the fuel can be fired at least 20 in. deep. The air spaces between the pieces of coal are large and normal combustion is slower than with the next smaller size coal. Pieces of rock and. slate sometimes may be large enough to cause some trouble in shaking the grate. For best results this coal should be fired deep: The grate should be shaken before every firing. ' Stove size coal is the popular size of anthracite fuel for most boilers and furnaces used for heating buildings. It is small enough to burn well . on 17 in. grates, but large enough so that the draft loss through the fuel bed is not too great. Practically the only instructions needed for burning this type of fuel are: .. The grate should be shaken before each firing; the fire should never be poked from the top; the fuel should be fifed deeply and uniformly. Fig. 1. Relation Between C02 and Excess Air in Gases of Combustion The amount of excess air, based upon the laws of combustion, can be determined by its relation to the percentage of C02 (carbon dioxide) in the products of combustion. This relationship is shown by the curves (Fig. 1) for high and low volatile coals and for coke. Combustion of Anthracite Coal . An anthracite coal fire should never be poked, as this serves to bring ash to the surface of the fuel bed, where it melts into clinker. Grate size anthracite coal is suitable for, large grates and for a fuel, depth of 20 in. or more. The air spaces are large; the amount of surface in contact.with the air is small, and consequently combustion is slow. Lumps of rock or slate, being large, may cause trouble in shaking the grate. On grates 25 in. and under, the fire is likely to go out easily with this fuel, unless mixed with small size coal for reducing the air spaces. 206 Fig. 2. Draft Required at Different Rates of Combustion for Various Kinds of Coal ' Chestnut size coal is in demand for firepots up to 20 in. in diameter, especially those in which the fuel cannot be fired over 18 in. deep. The ' percentage of ash is higher than m stove coal, but the pieces of rock and slate are small and do not interfere with the shaking of the grates. - Pea size coal is often an economical fuel to burn. It is relatively low in price. When fired carefully, pea coal can be burned on standard grates. It is well to have a small amount of a larger fuel on hand when building new fires, or when filling holes in the fuel bed. Care should be taken,to shake the grates only until the first bright coals begin to fall through the grates. The fuel bed, after a new fire has been built, should J)e increased in thickness by the addition of small charges until at least . level with the sill of the fire door. This-keeps a bed of ignited coal in readiness against the time when a sudden demand- for heat shall be made on the heater. When^ firing, the bright fuel should either be pulljed forward or pushed to the back of the firepot, leaving a hollow in which'to : 207 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 throw the fresh fuel and leaving a portion of the glowing coal exposed, to ignite the gases rising from the fuel; otherwise a gas explosion may occur. Pea size coal requires a strong draft and therefore the best results generally will be obtained by keeping the choke damper open, the coldair check closed and by controlling the fire with the air-inlet damper only. Buckwheat size coal requires much the same attention as pea size coal, except that the smaller size of the fuel makes it more difficult to burn on ordinary grates. Even greater care must be taken in shaking the grates than with pea coal on account of the danger of the fuel falling through the grate. A good draft is required and consequently the fire is best controlled by the air-inlet damper only. Where frequent attention can be given and where there is riot a big heat demand, this fuel is frequently burned without the aid of any special equipment. In general it will be found more satisfactory with buckwheat coal to maintain a uniform heat output and consequently to keep the system warm all the time, rather than to allow the system to cool off at times and then to attempt to burn the fuel at a high rate while warming up. A uniform low fire will minimize the clinker formation and keep the clinker in an easily broken up condition so that it readily can be shaken through the grate. Forced draft and special grates or retorts frequently are used with this fuel for best results. . Combustion of Bituminous Coal . . Bituminous coal should never be fired over the entire fuel bed at one time. A portion of the glowing fuel should always be left exposed to ignite the gases leaving the fresh charge. .. Air should be admitted over the fire through a special secondary air device, or through a slide in the fire door or by opening the fire door slightly. If the quantity of air admitted is too great the gases will be cooled below the ignition temperature and will fail to burn. The fireman can judge the quantity of air to admit by noting when the air supplied is just sufficient to make the gases burn rapidly and smokelessly above the fuel bed. The red fuel in the firebox, before firing, excepting only a shallow layer of coke on the grate, should be pushed to one side or forward or back ward to form a hollow in which to throw the fresh fuel. (Some manu facturers recommend that all red fuel be pushed to the rear of the fir.ebox and that the fresh fuel be fired directly on the grate and allowed to ignite from the top. The object of this is to reduce the early rapid distillation of gases and to reduce the quantity of secondary air required for smoke less combustion). It is well to have the bright fuel in the firebox so placed that the gases from the freshly fired fuel, mixed with the air over the fuel bed, pass oyer the bed of bright fuel on the way to the flues. The bed of bright fuel then supplies the heat to. raise the mixture of air and gas to the ignition temperature, thereby causing the gaseous matter to burn and preventing the formation of smoke. The fuel.bed should be carried as deep as the size of fuel and the 208 Chapter 10--Heating by Coal available draft permit, in order to have as much coked fuel as possible for pushing to the rear of the firebox at the time of firing. A deep fuel bed obtains the longest firing intervals. If the coal is of the caking kind the fresh charge will fuse into one solid mass which can be broken up with the stoking bar and leveled from 20 min. to one hour after firing, depending on the temperature of the firebox. Care should be exercised when stoking not to bring the bar up to the surface of the fuel as this will tend to bring ash into the high temperature zone at the top of the fire, where it will meTt and form clinker. The stoking bar should be kept as near the grate as possible and should be raised only enough to break up the fuel. With fuels requir ing stoking it may not be necessary to shake the grates, as the ash is usually dislodged during stoking. The output obtained from any heater with bituminous coal will usually exceed that obtainable with anthracite, since soft coal burns more rapidly than hard coal and with less draft. Soft coal, however, will require frequent attention to the fuel bed, because it burns unevenly, even though the fuel bed may be level, forming holes in the fire which admit too much air, chilling the gases over the fuel bed and reducing the available draft. Combustion of Semi-Bituminous Coal Semi-bituminous coal is fired like bituminous coal and because of its caking characteristics requires practically the same attention. Combustion of Coke . Coke is a very desirable fuel and usually will give satisfaction as soon as the user learns how to control the fire. Coke ignites and burns very rapidly with less draft than anthracite coal. , In order to control the air admitted to the fuel it is very important that all openings or leaks into the ashpit be closed tightly. A coke fire responds more rapidly than an anthracite fire to the opening of the dampers. This is an advantage in warming up the system, but it also makes it necessary to watch the dampers more closely in order to prevent the fire from burning too rapidly. A deep fuel bed always should be maintained when burning coke. The grates should be shaken only slightly in mild weather and should only be shaken until the first red particles drop from the grates in cold weather. Since coke weighs only about half as much as anthracite coal per cubic foot, and therefore only about half as much can be put in the firepot, it will be necessary to' fire oftener; but during the greater part of the heating season this will not be an item of importance. The best size of coke for general use is that which passes over a I in. screen and through a 1)4 in. screen; for small firepots where the fuel depth is not over 20 in. For large firepots where the fuel can be fired over 20 in. deep, coke which passes over a 1 in. screen and through a 3 in. screen will be most satisfactory. Large sizes of coke should be either mixed with fine sizes or should be broken up before using. Draft Required for Burning Coal -- The amount of draft required to effect a given rate of combustion is dependent upon the following factors: 209 , i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 1. Character and condition of fuel. . 2. Combustion rate, or amount of fuel burned per square foot of grate area per hour. 3. Thickness of fuel bed. Insufficient draft will cause the coal to accumulate on the grates, the result being a dead and smoky fire and consequently poor combustion. The curves (Fig. 2) give the intensity of draft necessary properly to burn several kinds of coal at various rates of combustion. Secondary A)r * Secondary or auxiliary air (air supplied over the fuel bed) should be provided whenever it increases the temperature in the firebox. Soon after each firing, considerable combustible gas rises from any fuel, and enough air for its combustion cannot be supplied through the fuel bed, but must be provided by other means; usually through a slide damper in the fire door. The amount of secondary air required for high volatile coals is often as much as 50 per cent of the total air required for combustion. Too much secondary air will cool the gases below the ignition point, and prove harmful rather than beneficial. The amount of secondary air required depends on so many variables that it is impossible to establish a set of rules to fit all cases. The following suggestions will be helpful: 1. In cold weather, with high combustion rates, the secondary air damper should be half open all the time. . 2. In very mild weather, with a very low combustion rate, the secondary air damper . should be closed all the time. '. 3. For temperatures between very mild and very cold, the secondary air damper . should be in an intermediate position. 4. For ordinary house operation, secondary air is needed after each firing for about , one hour. Secondary air, when used with bituminous coal, serves the purpose of . preventing smoke as well as increasing the efficiency by burning the gas ' escaping from the fuel bed. As a guide to the amount of secondary air required, it may be remembered that the user should supply just enough ; secondary air to eliminate the smoke. Preparing for Pick-Up Load The period of maximum heat demand should be anticipated in order that ash and clinker can be removed and enough fuel fired to have a * deep fuel bed well ignited at the beginning of this period. This is even more important with anthracite than with bituminous, due to the slower ignition of the former. ' In extremely cold weather, which occurs only during a few days per season, it is advisable, if the reserve output of the heater is small, to keep the room temperature normal continuously, to eliminate the peak' . demand due to pick-up temperature. HAND FIRING Hand firing is the oldest and the most widely used method of burning coal for heating purposes. To keep the fuel bed in proper condition where hand firing is used, the following general rules should be observed: 210 Chapter 10--Heating by Coal 1. Remove ash from fuel bed by shaking the grates whenever fresh fuel is fired. This removes ash from the fire, enables the air to reach the fuel and does away with the for mation of clinker (which is melted ash). . 2. Supply the boiler with a deep bed of fuel. Nothing is gained by attempting to fire a small amount of fuel. A deep bed of fuel secures the most economical results. 3. Remove ash from ashpit at least once daily. Never allow ash to accumulate up to the grates. If the ash prevents the air from passing through, the grate bars will burn out and much clinker trouble will be experienced. Hand-Fired Boilers The principal requirements for a hand-fired furnace are that it shall have enough grate area and combustion space. The proper proportion of these features generally will give ample fuel space, which always is desirable for heating boilers. The amount of grate area required is dependent upon-the desired com bustion rate, recommendations for which are given for various kinds of coal in Table 1, Chapter 15. The furnace volume is influenced by the kind of coal used. Bituminous coals on account of their long-flaming characteristic require more space Jn which completely to burn the gases of combustion than do the coals low in volatile matter. For burning high volatile coals provision should be made for mixing the combustible gases thoroughly so that com bustion is complete before the gases come in contact with the relatively cool heating surfaces. An abrupt change in the direction of flow tends to mix more thoroughly the gases of combustion. Hand-fired furnaces may be classed as follows: Up-draft, smokeless arch (inverted bridge wall) and down-draft furnaces. The up-draft furnace is the usual type provided in heating boilers and is used generally with all kinds of coal. While it is suitable for use with anthracite, coke, and semi-bituminous coal, the up-draft furnace is decidedly inadequate for burning bituminous coals from a standpoint of economy. Due to the difficulty in controlling properly and mixing intimately the air supply with the gases of combustion, combustion usually is incomplete within the up-draft furnace. Consequently, high losses occur due to unburned carbon in the chimney gases and the smoke nuisance is a constant annoyance. There are many more or less efficient schemes for introducing heated air above the fire in up-draft boilers. These all when well adjusted, reduce smoke. , The smokeless arch is an inverted baffle placed in the ordinary up-draft furnace toward the rear. Its purpose is to aid in mixing the gases of combustion. In the operation of a furnace which has an arch, a heavy bed of coked fuel is maintained, which at the time of firing is pushed toward the rear of the furnace while the fresh fuel charge is added in front of it. The volatile matter distilled from the fresh fuel and a secondary air supply above the fire are deflected underneath the arch so that mixing, ignition, and combustion occur in the hot zone over the bed of coke. Admission of the secondary air supply is usually either through registers in the fire doors or through ports located in the sides of the furnace or through a combination of both. With the side port arrangement the air 211 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 is carried through the hollow arch where it may become heated and from which it is delivered into the combustion chamber through a series of openings along the bottom or rear side of the arch. By aid of the smokeless arch, high volatile coals can be burned with practically no smoke at moderate rates of combustion. The down-draft furnace (originally known as the Hawley down-draft furnace) consists of an upper grate of water tubes located above the usual rocking grate. The draft draws down through the upper grate and up through the lower grate. Coal is fired above the fuel bed on the upper grate and after the ash and some coke have been worked down on the lower grate a lively fire is maintained on both grates. The volatile gases pass down through the upper fuel bed and become highly heated as they meet in the combustion chamber between the grates, with the heated _ excess air from the lower fuel bed. This type of furnace has proved successful for burning bituminous coal with high efficiency and without smoke. MECHANICAL STOKER FIRING Mechanical stokers have long been considered essential standard equipment for all major heating installations. They make it possible to 'r burn coal at a high efficiency without smoke. Within recent years the i smaller sizes of mechanical stokers have been developed to a remarkable ;> extent, and it is now possible to achieve results with the small sizes which are comparable to those obtained in the large plants. Advantages of Stoker Firing . - ` . With mechanical stoker firing there are a number of advantages over , hand firing for burning bituminous coal. A good mechanical stoker instal- lation will result in a saving of from 15 to 35 per cent of the fuel cost. . It may save labor cost. Stokers will burn nut, pea and slack Screenings, 1 t which are difficult if not impracticable for hand firing, and which can ; be purchased generally at a lower price than the coarser sizes of coal ; usually required for hand firing. The stoker, feeding coal continuously, k without the uncontrolled blasts of excess air inherent to hand firing, will give more uniform combustion results than will hand firing, and will provide smokeless operation. For this reason alone, to abate the smoke ' nuisance, stokers are being specified for heating plants in many of the larger cities by smoke controlling departments. With mechanical stokers, automatic control is provided to give uniform steam pressure or tern- . perature, the work and attention of the fireman is reduced and usually < he can direct more attention to other duties. Frequently with old plants a lower capital charge and a higher return can be secured by installing stokers to increase the output of the old boilers rather than to purchase additional hand-fired boilers. ' Types of Stokers Stokers may be classified roughly as of the overfeed type and the- underfeed type. .. The overfeed stoker principally /is used with natural draft. Although it feeds the coal automatically and continuously and gives improved results ' ' 212 Chapter 10--Heating by Coal over hand firing, it requires heat-storing masonry arches to: give proper combustion and must have large combustion space and good draft to draw the air through the fuel bed. There is some' evidence- that the natural draft overfeed type of stoker is less flexible and adaptable in heating boilers than the forced draft underfeed stoker. The underfeed stoker, as the name implies, feeds the coal underneath the fuel bed. The hot fire is on top of the bed and the fresh fuel as it is pushed up underneath the fire is ignited thoroughly. The gases from the igniting coal, being forced through the hot fire above the coal, have all volatile matter burned completely and no unburned carbon leaves the furnace. In heating boilers the combustion chamber often is water jacketed and this directly exposed surface plays a very important part in the heat transfer to the boiler, so that the under feed stoker, with its hot coals on top of the fuel bed, is particularly well suited to heating boilers. ' With this type of stoker a forced draft fan is used for driving the air through the fuel bed, and the chimney is required only to draw the gases through the boiler. With an underfeed stoker, due to thorough ignition, the gases burn with a short flame and it is possible to achieve smokeless combustion even where the combustion space is limited. Underfeed stokers are made with multiple retorts and with single retorts. The multiple retort, rear cleaning types are used in large plants where great quantities of coal are burned. Smaller boilers up to about .30,000 sq. ft. rating in size, generally are best adapted to the single retort type. The coal is fed into the single retort stoker either by a screw con veyor or by a reciprocating ram. The screw type of conveyor is very old in stoker practice but has been revived recently and gives good results for small retorts. The larger retorts using a screw conveyor, experience some difficulty in getting uniform distribution of the coal sideways and longitudinally. With a reciprocating ram, however, equal distribution may be obtained to both sides of the furnace. A distributing moving bar in the bottom of the retort of a ram type stoker makes it possible to control the distribu tion of the fuel longitudinally. It is obvious that uniform distribution of the fuel is essential in any underfeed stoker. Single retort stokers are made in the dead plate type and in the side dumping grate type. With the dead plate arrangement the hot ashes must be pulled out through the fire door, whereas with the dumping grate type the ashes are dropped into the ashpit and may be removed at the convenience of the fireman. This arrangement makes it possible to clean the fires much more quickly and easily than with the dead plate type and dust and hot gases in the boiler room may be reduced. ^ Single retort underfeed stokers are furnished complete with forced draft fan, electric motor and air duct all built-in as a unit as shown in Fig. 3. This makes a compact and economical arrangement which is particularly well suited for heating-plants. Each boiler is a self-contained independent unit. In plants of two or more boilers there is a saving in electric power 213 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 with unit stokers over the cost for a central fan system, particularly when only one boiler is operated for light load conditions. The underfeed stoker particularly is suited for burning high volatile coals such as bituminous, semi-bituminous, sub-bituminous and the lignites. With low grades of fuel it is of course necessary to install a . larger stoker than the size which is necessary to obtain the same capacity with the higher grades of fuel, such as are mined in the Eastern States. The size of coal preferred usually for underfeed forced draft stokers is 134 in. screenings, consisting of approximately equal portions of nut, pea and slack. With the coking fuels a greater percentage of slack can be burned than with non-coking coals, but with the non-coking coals at least one-third of the screenings should be nut size. With the non-coking coal, such, as Illinois and Indiana mines produce, too much -slack:- makes-the fueUbed: dense and it is more difficult to force the air through it. The coarse sizes of coal such as lump and mine run are usually sold at a higher price per ton than screenings, and are more difficult to feed into the stoker. The coarser sizes of coal will not give as uniform a fuel bed nor as good com bustion results as the screenings. ' A horizontalfeed stoker for service with small boilers has recently been > developed. This type of stoker has some stationary and some movable .. grate sections, each made up of a number of small bars. These sections - are inclined so that the movement of the fuel bed is forward and down the hill, though gravity plays no part in the advancement of the fuel. . Electric Motors and Controls Constant speed motors are used on some of the smaller mechanical . stoker installations. The fan and the stoker are operated at full speed and the motor is stopped and started according to the load demand. / With this arrangement a magnetic switch is used- and is controlled for automatic operation by a regulator which may be influenced by the steam ; pressure, the water temperature or by a thermostat set to maintain a . certain room temperature in the building which is being heated. . With polyphase alternating current or with direct current, variable speed motors are much more desirable than constant speed motors. They are furnished with speed regulators and magnetic switches providing - 214 Chapter 10--Heating by Coal overload and underload protection. The automatic control may be pro vided to start and stop the motor from an adjustable automatic regulator controlled to maintain any desired steam pressure, water temperature or room temperature. With the variable speed motor high speed is used for heavy load conditions and may be reduced automatically for light load conditions. The best combustion results thus are obtained and longer life for the stoker mechanism and more quiet operation of the fan is achieved. Variable speed motors also may be controlled from hydraulically operated compensating automatic regulators. With this arrangement the speed of the motor is varied gradually according to the load demand. The speed regulator may be interlocked with the magnetic switch so that the automatic regulator will also start and stop the motor for extreme variations in the load. This hydraulic-electric regulation usually is superior to the start and stop type of control, but naturally is somewhat more costly. Selection of Stokers In recent years there have been put on the market a large number of different makes of stokers, and competent advice and judgment are required in selecting the equipment. Usually each plant has its own peculiar problems and requires study by a capable combustion engineer. In general the necessity for adequate height between grate and boiler surface and of combustion space within the firebox must be emphasized. It is especially important, when installing any mechanical stoker, that adequate instruments shall be furnished for indicating to the operator the exact conditions as to draft and air admixture, since without these the operation of the boiler may be exceedingly inefficient. Pulverized Fuel There are a number of very successful installations of pulverized coal burning plants in heating boilers, especially in the Central West. These are of the unit type, in which the pulverized coal is delivered immediately after grinding, with the proper amount of preheated air, into the furnace. With this apparatus, where the necessary furnace volume is obtainable, exceedingly high efficiencies without any smoke or fly ash, can be obtained. Each year witnesses improvement and simplification of the apparatus and a gain in the skill in designing and in operating pulverized fuel burn ing equipment. High ratings are obtainable and one of the great advan tages of pulverized coal equipment is the fact that a boiler can be heated and made to deliver high output in an almost unbelievably short time. With unit pulverizing machines especially there is apparently no more danger of coal dust explosions than there is with other types of coal handling machinery. STORAGE SPACE FOR COAL - The storage space required for coal or coke is dependent upon the frequency of fuel purchases during the heating season, as well as upon the rate at which the fuel is burned. ~ In general, the size of the storage space can be determined on the basis of burning tons of coal or coke per heating season per 100 sq. ft. 215 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 of attached equivalent radiation, based on a heat emission of 240 B.t.u. per square foot. Anthracite coal weighs approximately 52.5 lb. per cubic foot; bitu minous, 45 lb. per cubic foot; and coke, 28 lb. per cubic foot. HEATING COSTS WITH COAL In most cases, heating costs with coal are lower than the costs with gas, oil or electricity, even though the efficiency of combustion usually is less than that with gas and oil. At prices of today the cost of coal ranges from about 40 cents to $1.20 per 1,000,000 B.t.u., giving proper con sideration to efficiencies. For comparisons with the cost of other heat sources, see Chapters 11, 12 and 13. 216 CHAPTER 11 HEATING BY GAS Original and Conversion Installations; Gas Fired Boilers and Furnaces; Space Heaters; Combustion and Heat Values; Installation Data; Costs to Operate. THE desirability of gas for heating purposes is quite generally recognized, but the use of this fuel has been limited in many cases because of its higher cost. Hence, one of the problems peculiar to the use of gas for heating purposes is that of fuel utilization. Gas is a fuel with a high thermal value and is easy to handle and control. This ease of "control makes possible extreme economy, and gas-burning appliances should, therefore, be designed and selected to take full advantage of this potential economy. Determination on the part of gas companies that building heating is a desirable load to have on their lines has led to an increasing number of such corporations granting materially reduced rates for gas used for heating purposes. The. communities in which reduced rates for heating purposes have been granted are of a widely diversified character as to size, climate, geographical situation and industries. In natural gas ter ritories, the rates, while showing a tendency to increase, are still such that gas is a cheap fuel for any purpose. An increasing demand for efficient gas-burning appliances always follows an increase in gas cost. The corporations from which gas is purchased usually display a con tinued interest in the up-keep and efficient operation of the fuel-burning appliance. A large proportion of the gas-burning heating appliances are installed and distributed through gas companies. The gas company then stands ready to see that the purchaser of the appliance enjoys uninter rupted and efficient service from it. A notable development of com paratively recent date is the offering of gas-burning boilers designed for large-scale heating. ' CALORIFIC VALUE AND EFFICIENCY When gas is burned a large amount of water vapor is produced as one of the products of combustion. This ordinarily escapes up the chimney, carrying away with it a certain amount of heat. However, when the heat value of gas is determined in an ordinary calorimeter, this water vapor is condensed and the latent heat of vaporization that is given up during the condensation is reported as a portion of the heat value of the gas. The heat value so determined is termed the "Higher Heat Value" and this is what is ordinarily meant when the heat value of gas is specified. The heat that is reclaimed by the condensation of the water vapor 217 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 amounts to about 10 per cent of the total heat value. It is practically impossible to utilize the entire higher heat value of the gas in any house heating appliance, because to do so it would be necessary to cool the products of combustion down below their dew-point, which is ordinarily in the neighborhood of 130 deg. A stack temperature of 130 deg. is not sufficient to produce a good draft under actual installation conditions. The heat balance of a gas-burning heating boiler or furnace, therefore, includes the following items: Heat in the dry flue gas. Heat in the water vapor. . Heat loss due to incomplete combustion. Heat loss through radiation. ' Heat absorbed by the water or air in the boiler or furnace. . ,, Table 1 shows the maximum theoretical efficiencies when burning a typical manufactured gas with various stack temperatures. These, are based on the higher heat value of the gas, and do not include any correction for radiation from the boiler covering. Radiation will reduce these efficiencies as much as 5 per cent, depending on the insulating properties of the covering. The gas is assumed to be burned with 35 per cent excess air and has the following composition: . CO, 8.6 per cent H, 52.5 " " CH4 31.6 " " C,H. 1.1 " " C,H, 1.1 " " O, 0.1 " " CO, 1.5 " " N, 3.5 " " Heat value per cubic foot at 60 deg. fahr. and 30 in. hg., 535 B.t.u. Specific gravity 0.58 (air = 1) Air Temperature 60 deg. fahr. Atmospheric moisture neglected. 100.0 per cent Table 1. Products of Combustion and Theoretical Efficiencies with a Typical Manufactured Gas Stack Temperature (deg. fahr.) 250 Heat in Dry Flue Gas above 60 deg. (%) _____ 3.57 Heat in Water Vapor above 60 deg. (%).._____ 9.13 Heat absorbed by boiler, or efficiency (%) 87.30 .......... 0 275 4.05 9.22 86.73 0 300 4.52 9.30 86.18 0 350 5.48 9.47 85.05 0 . . Flue Gas Analysis 100.00 100.00 100.00 5.63% Na 83.19% 100.00 It will be seen from Table 1 that the maximum attainable efficiency under practical operating conditions, which include the necessity of having a stack temperature sufficiently high to insure a good draft, and with a normal radiation loss; is approximately 80 per cent. AIR FOR COMBUSTION Most gas appliances consume the gas with a blue or Bunsen flame, although some room heaters use a luminous or yellow flame. Bunsen flames and luminous flames differ in the.way in which the air necessary 218 ,i . | ^ It r- i>. i Chapter 11--Heating by Gas . for combustion is supplied. Bunsen type burners are provided with an external mixer, in which a portion of the air is mixed with the gas previous to ignition. This is called primary air. The aspirating effect of the jet of the mixture issuing from the burner ports, and the chimney effect of the gas passages above, draw currents of air past the flame and into it, in sufficient quantity to cause complete combustion. This is known as secondary air. In order for combustion to be complete and for the products to be free of carbon monoxide, it is necessary that heating surfaces be sufficiently high above the burner to prevent the pale blue inner cone, which is a characteristic part of a Bunsen flame, from striking any cold heating surfaces. A yellow tip on the flame indicates insufficient primary air and is corrected by opening the adjustable air shutters. Some room heaters which consume gas in very small amounts use . the luminous flame. A luminous flame is limited in its application to appliances burning small amounts of gas. No part of a luminous flame can be allowed to touch any cold surface, as this will result in incomplete combustion with the formation of soot and carbon monoxide. Table 2 shows the heat values of a cubic foot of each of three common varieties of gas, together with the theoretical air requirements and the ' air requirements with 50 per cent excess. In practice excess air must be admitted to the fire in order to insure complete combustion. Table 2. Volume of Air Required for Combustion of Different Gases Gas B.t.u. pea Cubic Foot ' Mixed Coke Oven and Water Gas...... 1131 560 537 Theoretical Am pee Foot op Gas Cu. Ft. ` 10.70 4.78 5.03 Actual Am with 50 Pea Cent Excess Cu. Ft. 16.05 7.17 7.55 In designing and installing gas-burning equipment, particularly where large amounts of gas are to be consumed, it is important that provision be made for the easy access of sufficient air to support combustion and to provide boiler room ventilation. Very little motive force exists to draw air into the boiler room. Therefore, the opening through which it enters must be large enough to keep the velocity to a very low value. FUEL COSTS WITH GAS In comparing the cost of gas with that of other fuels, a common basis .should be used. This is usually taken as the cost per 1,000,000 B.t.u. and for gas involves consideration of the calorific value of the fuel, the overall efficiency and the average gas rate, which should include the de.mand rate as well as the commodity rate. The chart (Fig. 1) can be used for estimating the cost per 1,000,000 B.t.u. for both manufactured and natural gas for various efficiencies and average gas rates. This chart is based on a heat content of 535 B.tTu. per cubic foot for manufactured gas and 1,000 B.t.u. for natural gas. By reference to the Chapters on Heating by Goal, Heating by Oil and Heating by Electricity, a comparison can be made as to heating costs with these other heating media. 219 American Society of Heating and .Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Residences GAS REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS It is a fact, based upon observation, that the user of a gas-fired central heating appliance in a residence uses more heat during the course of a year than he does when depending upon solid fuel. The extreme ease of starting and operating a gas-burning appliance results in the pilot light being lighted on the first cool day of the season. Thereafter the system generally operates entirely under thermostatic control. It is in operation on many days when very little heat is required, days when it would be impracticable or inconvenient to keep a coal-fire going. On many cold days the gas unit is kept operating continuously at maximum capacity, *lP & 2- 11 f-- /Vssuumpb on 3 CalorificValue Manufactured Calorific Value Watural <vl Nf v-0 / \/ / a"10 fi 1 g <n*ais i tT of Chart ____ / / // // / i l-l.ocote Efficiency on Scale tl inddrawalineto point P . i i ~r i i-t.ocote Average GasRate in Scale Q and drau/a line . t o line i __ Is rfomthi9 intersection draw . a line datmu/ard to Scale S for Manufactured Go* and T1 to Scale T farNatural Gas. " 1"he costs per 1,000,000 B.u. i 7 are vndiceted<na 3cales s 1 and T- 1 1 IT eat l* *1.50 *ipo ' *s.oo lyw Scale S - Cost per Vooo.ooo Ex.tu.for Manufactured Gas aso *1* *t Scale T - Cost per 1.000.000 &tu. for Matured Gas ! Fig. 1. Chart for.Estimating the Cost per 1,000,000 B.t.u. for Manufactured and Natural Gas for Various Efficiencies and Average Gas Rates so that the premises are never permitted to cool below the temperature ordinarily maintained. For a given building maintained at a given temperature, the curve of gas consumption follows the curve of outdoor temperature very closely. The efficiency of the appliance is almost independent of the load, so that the gas consumption is almost proportional to the temperature difference. This property of the gas-burning heating plant makes it relatively easy to estimate the heating costs, once the basic relations have been determined. In making an estimate of the gas that will be consumed by a gas-fired heating installation during the average heating season, two variables must be taken into account. The first of these is the size of the heating system, usually expressed in terms of square feet of direct cast iron radiation. The other one is the duration and intensity of the heating season. This is easiest expressed in terms of degree-days. A definition of . the term degree-day may be in order. It has been found that people who 220 Chapter 11--Heating by Gas use gas under automatic control for heating their homes, seem to require heat on those days when the mean temperature drops below 65 deg. Thus 65 deg. is taken as the datum line from which to measure the number of degree-days in a month or any other given period. The degree-day can be defined as a day on which the mean temperature is one degree below 65 deg., or 64 deg. Therefore, if the mean temperature for each of the 30 days in a month was 64 deg., we would have accumulated 30 degree-days in that month. By summing up the degree-days for the dif ferent days of the heating season, we get the total degree-days for the entire heating season. Studies of weather reports have established the number of degree-days for over 300 cities in the United States and Canada, and it is easy to calculate the heating demands for a particular city. Gas consumption for a given type and size of installation will always be proportional to the number of degree-days in the heating season for the locality in question. Table 3 gives values of degree-days for repre sentative cities. By averaging the records of a large number of gas-boiler installations, operating under thermostatic control, with a reduced temperature at night, the following equations have been derived: where 110 X R X D For Steam G -- H 64 X R X D For Water G = H G = cubic feet of gas per season. R -- square feet of direct cast iron radiation (as calculated) D - degree-days per season. ~ H -- B.t.u. (gross) per cubic foot of gas. Example: To estimate the gas consumption for the average heating season for a 200 sq. ft. steam heating system in Chicago. From Table 3 it is found that the average heating season in Chicago has 6,007 degree-days. The gross heat value of the gas supplied to that city is 535 B.t.u. per cubic foot. Substituting in the equation: 110 X 200 X 6,007 G= 535 = 247,017 cu. ft. ' Observe in the equation that the calculated theoretical amount of radiation is to be used. By this is meant the actual amount of radiation that is required, as determined by accepted methods of heat-loss calcu lations. Over-radiation will not materially affect the gas consumption, while under-radiation will merely reflect itself in inability to heat in extremely cold weather. The amount of gas consumed for heating a residence during any given heating season may vary decidedly from an estimate according to the method outlined, but the variation will be in almost direct proportion to the difference between the actual degreedays for the season in question and the average degree-days as shown in Table 3. Large Buildings . .. , In comparing the true cost of heating a large building of a commercial nature with, gas, as opposed to other fuels, there are a number of items 221 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 3. Degree-Days for Cities in the United States and Canada Col. A State Col. B City Col. C Degree-Days Col. A State Col. B City ~ Col. C Degree-Days Ala..... ....... Mobile. .................... Birmingham............. Phoenix. .................. Flagstaff...................... Ark............ Hot Springs............... Little Rock................ Cal..... ....... San Francisco........... Los Angeles............... Colo... ....... Denver........................ Grand Junction........ Conn.;....... New Haven............... D. C......... Washington............ Fla............. Jacksonville............... Ga.............. Atlanta........................ Lewiston..................... Pocatello..................... Ill............... Chicago........... ........... Ind... ....... SEInpvdariiannnsgvafiipelloledl.i..s..................................... Iowa.......... Dubuque.^ ................ Des Moines................ Topeka..................... Ky............. La........ Me-..... Md....... SLEBNPDohaaoeoursldwrtettigilsmpvaOeveonoriprCldlrletoee..ai..r.t.nt..y...s..........TM.............,,.................................... Detroit............. Minn..... MDualruqtuhe.t.t.e.................... MMios.s............ Minneapolis........ St. Joseph.......... Springfield.................. Mont......... Billings....................... /.Havre........................ Nebr......... Lincoln............. ........ North Platte......... 1,439 2,527 1,446 10,913 2,665 2'861 3,450 1,517 5,880 5,570 6,039 4,502 L080 2,880 1,517 4'924 6,459 6,007 5,495 5,331 3'355 6,744 6,464 5,282 5|035 4,366 1,044 2,097 8,676 7,267 4,591 6,055 8^319 6^202 8,866 9,650 7,953 1,920 5|289 4,583 4,650 6,983 8,608 6,231 6,479 N. H. .. N. J. N. V. N. M..-- N. C. New York............... N. D....... Okla. Pa. . R. S. CI....!....... .S. D.... ..... Utah...... vt...._ ...;. Va........ Wash..... W. Va.... Wis............ Wyo.......... 6,069 6,266 7'335 5,250 6^542 6,750 5,303 6^064 3 287 2,493 8*498 9 724 6 096 5 426 3 827 4 449 4 629 4 950 5 327 6 111 1 770 2 600 7'213 7*683 3,517 3 550 1 912 1,050 1 362 5 358 6 750 8 123 3 789 3 849 3,316 5jl56 6]085 5 813 4,884 8201 7,309 7'366 8 113 7,360 Col. A Province Cou B City Col. C Col. A Degree-Days Province Col. .2? City Col. C Degree-Days B. C--.. Victoria.................... Vancouver................ Kamloops................. Alb...... ,.... Medicine Hat....... . Sask._....... QuAppelle. ............. Man......... Winnipeg.................. Ont........... Port Arthur............. 5,777 5,976 6,724 8,152 11,261 11,166 10,803 Ont........... Toronto.................... Que.......... Montreal. ............. Quebec...;........... ..... N. B......... Frederickton............ N. S...._.... Yarmouth................ P.E. I....... Charlottetown......... 7,732 8,705 8,628 9,099 7,694 8,485 222 . Chapter 11--Heating by Gas that should be considered in addition to the bare fuel costs. Rental value of the floor space occupied by the boiler installation and of the space required for fuel and ash storage, may have a strong bearing on the true cost of heating. When gas is burned the added feature of cleanliness resulting from the elimination of coal delivery and ash removal may add materially to the attractiveness of the building. It is difficult to evaluate the reduced necessity for redecoration when gas is used, because the frequent changes in tenancy encountered in this class of building always necessitate redecoration. There are many cases however, where this factor has a tangible value. . Table 4. Gas Requirements for Large Buildings Steam Radiation B.t.u. ran Square Foot, per Degreb-Dat 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 L1,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 20,000 114.5 110.0 107.0 105.0 104.0 102.0 100.5 99.0 97.5 96.0 94.5 92.7 91.0 89.5 88.0 80.5 The supervision of a gas-heated plant is reduced to a minimum. The methods of control produce a uniform temperature at all times, with the minimum requirements of making sure that the pilots are operating and that the temperature controls are set at the proper joint. It is often possible to eliminate on many engineers and coal-passers, substituting therefor about a half-hour's supervision of a building supervisor or porter. Gas companies generally provide necessary engineering attention to the installations, such as periodic inspections; which include cleaning, wash ing down and adjustment of controls and burners. Gas-fired installations for heating larger buildings are controlled by the usual methods, or by the application of distinctive gas methods designed to prevent sudden large demands on the services at the instant when the boilers are called upon for heat. Where a battery of boilers is installed, magnetic valves bleeding gas from the tops of unbalanced snap-action diaphragm valves may be employed under the control of an intermittent timing device or of a conventional type of thermostat. By drilling" the bleed orifice on each of the boilers of a different size, the boilers will come on at intervals, depending on the size of-the bleed orifice. In this way the full demand.is not allowed to come on the meters or gas service instantaneously and full-line pressure is available for each of the boilers 223 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 as it starts. In the same way, when the boilers are shut down, the demand is taken off in steps, eliminating fluctuations in the service pressure. The steam pressure controls on each one of a battery of several boilers may be set to cut off at different steam pressures. By this means, one boiler can be allowed to carry the base load and the other boilers can be allowed to come on at different pressure intervals and thus carry the peak-loads. It has been found by analysis of a number of installations that the values given in Table 4 represent the gas requirements of large commercial building heating installations under thermostatic control, expressed in B.t.u.'s per square foot of steam radiation per degree-day. These values can be converted into annual gas consumptions by the method outlined on a preceding page. Figs. 2 and 3 graphically represent the number of cubic feet of gas per square foot of radiation for the heating season in any climate, the climate being expressed in degree-days. These figures are applicable to any heating condition in the United States. These charts give very close estimates when the radiation is proportioned to maintain a maximum inside temperature of 70 deg. and when that temperature is maintained. The rate structures of many gas companies are so .devised that addi tional uses of-gas, such as hot-water supply, restaurant use and incinera tion are charged for at preferential rates, if the main load is for building heating. INSULATION AND WEATHERSTRIPPING If fuel had no value, there would be no object in reducing the heat losses of a building, at least from the standpoint of fuel economy. On the other hand, the more costly a fuel, the greater the thickness of insulation required to economically heat a building. It is therefore important that the walls and roof of a building to be heated with gas, especially manufactured gas, be well insulated. The windows should also be equipped with weatherstripping and. storm sash. If the heat losses of a building to be heated by a more expensive fuel are reduced sufficiently, the building can be heated at no greater annual fuel cost than the same building could be heated with a cheaper fuel, if it were not insulated. In many cases the proper insulation of gas-heated buildings is an economic necessity, for without wall and roof insulation,, weatherstripping and storm sash, the cost of heating would be exorbitant. Conversions - During the period when gas heating was limited to those localities where a cheap supply of natural gas was available, practically all instal lations were conversions; that is, appliances designed for coal, with gas burners inserted in them. This practice has not been generally followed n by manufactured gas companies, for definite economic reasons. The usual coal-burning appliance is designed to present a large amount of heating surface to the radiant heat emitted by the flame and fuel bed. Flue passages for the absorption of heat by convection are large because the draft loss, already large on account of the fuel bed resistance, must be kept within reasonable bounds. Heating surfaces in the.flue passages of 224 Chapter 11--Heating by Gas coal-burning boilers must not be so great as to cool the stack gases to a very low temperature, since a high stack temperature is required to produce sufficient draft for high rates of combustion. When gas is burned in heating appliances, it may be burned either with a Bunsen (non-luminous) flame or with a luminous (radiating) flame. If a Bunsen flame is used and no attempt is made to cause this flame to produce radiant heat, such as by the use of refractories, the heating 225 F ig. 2. G a s C o n s u m p t io n p e r S q u a r e F o o t o f S t e a m R a d ia t io n American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 surface in the combustion chamber will absorb heat much more slowly than it would if a solid fuel were burning in the combustion chamber By burning the gas with a luminous flame, or in such a manner as to heat refractory surfaces to incandescence, the heat-absorbing surfaces 226 F ig : 3. .G as C o n s u m p tio n per Sq u a r e F o o t o f H o t W a t e r R a d ia t io n Chapter 11--Heating by Gas in the combustion chamber of the appliance designed for coal can be made to do their duty. The large flue passages, however, are not as efficient as heat-absorbing surfaces. If sufficient gas is burned to cause the appliance to deliver its rated capacity, the stack temperature will be too high for efficient results. When the rate of gas consumption is adjusted to give a low-stack temperature with consequent high efficiency, the output of the coal-burning appliance will be below its rated capacity. Gas Boilers Gas boilers have, therefore, assumed a well-defined individuality. The usual boiler is sectional in construction with a number of independent burners placed beneath the sections. In most boilers each section has its own burner. In all cases the sections are placed very close together; much closer than would be possible when burning a soot-forming fuel. The effort of the designer is always to break the hot gas up into thin streams, so that all particles of the heat-carrying gases can come as closely as possible to the heat-absorbing surfaces. Because there is no fuel bed resistance and because the gas company supplies the motive power to draw in the air necessary for combustion (in the form of the initial gas pressure), draft losses through gas boilers are low. Warm Air Furnaces Gas-burriing, warm air furnaces are variously constructed of cast iron, sheet metal and combinations of the two materials. If sheet metal is used, it must be of such a character that it will have the maximum resis tance to the corrosive effect of the products of combustion. With some varieties of manufactured gases, this effect is quite pronounced and extremely difficult to contend with. Warm air furnaces are obtainable in sizes from those sufficient to heat the largest residence down to sizes applicable to a single room. The practice of installing a number of separate furnaces to handle individual rooms is peculiar to mild climates, such as that of southern California. Small furnaces, frequently controlled by electrical valves actuated by push-buttons in the room above, are often installed to heat rooms where heat may be desired for an hour or so each day. The same fundamental principle of design that is followed in the construction of boilers; that is, breaking the hot gas up into fine streams, so that all particles are brought as close as possible to the heating surface,, is equally applicable to the design of warm air furnaces. The desirablity of using an appliance designed for gas, when gas is to be the fuel, applies even more strongly to furnaces than to boilers. . Codes for the proportion of warm-air heating plants, such as that formulated by the National Warm Air Heating Association (see Chapter 5), are equally applicable to gas furnaces and coal furnaces. Recirculation should always be practiced with gas-fired warm-air furnaces. It not only aids in heating, but is essential to economy. Where fans are used in connection with warm-air furnaces for residence heating, it is wellJto have the control of the fan and of the gas so coordinated that there will be sufficient delay between the turning on of the gas and the starting of the fan, to prevent blasts of cold air being blown-into the heated rooms. An additional thermostat in the air- duct easily may be arranged to accomplish this. . 227 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Space Heaters In residence heating work, the space heater is most commonly used in the form of a radiant heater. Radiant heaters make admirable auxiliary heating appliances to be used during the occasional cool days at the beginning and end of the heating season; when heat is wanted in some particular room for an hour or two. The radiant heater gives off its heat in the form of radiant energy emitted by an incandescent refractory that is heated by a Bunsen flame. Radiant heaters, and all other types of space heaters, are preferably flue connected and should never be operated in unvented rooms, particularly bedrooms. Luminous flame reflector heaters diffuse a large part of their heat by virtue of the radiating power of the bright yellow flame. They are usually backed by a polished copper sheet which reflects radiant heat into the room. Convection type heaters are typified by the gas-fired steam radiator, the gas-fired tubular heater (built in radiator form) and the floor furnace. The radiator, types of gas-fired heaters provide an economical form of heating apparatus for intermittently heated spaces, such as stores, small churches, and some types of offices and apartments. Since they give off the greater portion of their heat by convection they do not produce a hot spot within the room and are therefore capable of being operated under thermostatic control. The floor furnace is a convection type heater that is hung underneath the floor. It is generally installed with a duplex register having a warm-air outlet and a cold-air return, so that complete recirculation is secured. SELECTION OF GAS BOILERS While gas-burning equipment can be and usually is so installed as to be completely automatic, maintaining the temperature of rooms at a pre determined and set figure, there are in use installations which are manually controlled. Under such control the temperature variations are consider-' able because the human body does not react as readily to temperature changes as does a thermostat, and a greater boiler output is required quickly to regain comfortable temperatures. Experience has shown that in order to effectively overcome the starting load and losses in piping, a manually-controlled gas boiler should have an output as much as 100 per cent greater than the equivalent standard cast-iron column radiation which it is expected to serve. Boilers under thermostatic control, however, are not subject to such severe pick-up or starting loads. Consequently, it is possible to use much lower selection or safety factors. A gas-fired boiler under thermostatic control is so sensitive to variations in room temperatures, pressure of steam, or temperature of water, that in most cases a factor of 25 per cent is eminently sufficient for pick-up load. The factor to be allowed for loss of heat from piping, however, must vary somewhat, the proportionate amount of piping installed being con siderably greater for small installations than for large ones. Consequently, a selection factor for thermostatically controlled boilers must be variable. Table 5 gives selection factors to be added to the installed steam radiation 228 Chapter 11--Heating by Gas under thermostatic control. They have been established by experience and are recommended by the American Gas Association. Appliances should have the American Gas Association's approval seal and the installation should be made in accordance with their recom mendations. . RATINGS FOR GAS HEATING APPLIANCES . Since a gas appliance has a heat-generating capacity that can be pre dicted accurately to within 1 or 2 per cent, and since this capacity is not affected by such things as condition of fuel bed and soot' accumulation, makers of these appliances have an opportunity to rate their product in exact terms. Consequently all makers give their product an hourly B.t.u. Table 5. Selection Factors for Gas Boilers IEquivalent Cast eon Steam Radiation (Square Feet or 240 B.t.u. Each) Selection Factor (Per Cent) 500 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 3,000 4,000 and over 56.0 54.0 51.0 48.0 45.0 42.5 40.0 . rating. This is the amount of heat that is available at the outlet of a boiler in the form of steam or hot water, or at the bonnet of the furnace in the form of warm air. In the case of boilers, this rating can be put into terms of square feet of equivalent direct radiation by dividing it by 240 for steam, and 1501 for water. This gives what is called the American Gas Association rating, and is the manner in which all appliances approved by the American Gas Association Laboratory are rated. To use these ratings it is only necessary to increase the calculated heat loss or the equivalent direct radiation load by an appropriate amount for starting and piping, and to select the boiler or furnace with the proper rating. It might be stated at this point that the rating given by the American Gas Association Laboratory is not only a safe rating when considered from the standpoint of capacity, but is also a safe rating when considered from the standpoint of physical safety to the owner or caretaker. The rating that is placed upon an appliance is limited by the amount of gas that can be burned without the production of an amount of carbon monoxide that would be dangerous to human life. This same limitation applies to all classes of gas-consuming heating appliances that are tested and approved by the Laboratory. Gas boilers are available with ratings up to 10,000 sq. ft. of steam, while furnaces with ratings up to about 500,000B.t.u. per hour are available. ----- . `A value of 160 for the heat-emission of hot-water radiators is used by many engineers. 229 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 CONTROL FEATURES One feature of the piping installation that adds to the satisfactory service rendered by gas boilers is provision for adequate and rapid venting of the air from steam heating systems. If air leaks into the steam dis tribution system during the period that the gas is turned off, and then vents out slowly when the thermostat calls for heat, the result will be a further cooling of the premises between the time that the thermostat calls for heat and the time that steam reaches the radiators. A freely venting steam or vapor system gives maximum economy and minimum temperature variation. When gas boilers are attached to existing heating plants, it is good practice to check the effectiveness of the venting devices and if necessary, replace them with more effective ones that will prevent the return of air into the heating system, and also to check the tightness of the piping. . On account of the ease and effectiveness with which the fuel can be ' controlled, gas-burning appliances are particularly adaptable to full automatic control. Standard equipment on steam -boilers generally includes provision for control through a thermostat, steam-pressure regu- * latiori, and safety devices by means of which the gas is cut off either by lowering of the water in the boiler below a safe level, or by extinguishing the pilot flame. Water boilers are adapted to operation under ther mostatic room temperature control and are also provided with water temperature control, as well as the safety pilot feature. Warm air furnaces can be under the control of thermostats in the spaces being heated, as well as thermostats located in the heat ducts for the purpose of preventing.unpleasantly hot air reaching the heated spaces. Variations in the pressure under which the gas is supplied to the appliance are controlled by means of a gas-pressure regulator. This is a standard part of practically all makes of gas-burning heating appliances. CROSS-CONNECTING COAL AND GAS BOILERS Frequently, when a customer already has a coal boiler in his home, it - is expedient to leave the coal boiler in place, and to cross-connect the gas boiler with it. Where gas heating is new to the community, it pro- - duces a more secure feeling in the customer's mind when putting in gas- fired house-heating equipment, if he knows that he can burn coal at any time he may desire. . For steam or vapor installations, it is desirable to have the water line in both boilers at the same level so that if-desired the gas boiler may automatically take up the load if the fire in the coal boiler goes out. CHIMNEYS . See Chapter 14 and the material relating to gas appliance chimneys contained therein. 230 CHAPTER 12 HEATING BY OIL Fuel Oils; Types and Characteristics of Burners; Automatic Control; Instal lation Data; Costs to Operate; Domestic Heating; Industrial Heating. THIS chapter is intended to provide the essential data on the use of oil as a fuel for heating and industrial services. The advantages claimed for liquid fuel are: 1. Minimum space for storage. . 2. Simplicity in location of storage adjacent to burners. 3. Reduction in labor and handling of fuel. 4. Elimination of ash removal. 5. Ease of control of furnace temperatures. 6. Elimination of expense of banked fires. Each case, however, where the liquid fuel is contemplated, must of necessity, stand on its own merit. The operating cost both with oil and other fuels must be figured and the user will have to evaluate the extra convenience, after which a decision can be made as to what type of fuel should be used: ' In the selection of burner equipment and in the determination of storage facilities, it is well to decide what grade of oil is to be used, its Baum6 gravity, viscosity, flash point, and cold test, or temperature at which it will cease to be fluid. The Commercial Standard Specifications of the U. S. Bureau of . Standards classify fuel oils according to Table 1. Oils, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, are used primarily for domestic purposes and do not require pre-heating. The other grades, with the exception of No. 4, are viscous at normal temperatures and require pre-heating for satisfac tory operation. For commercial oil burning, oil No. 6 is used whep avail able because of its higher heat content and lower price. Installations for the heavy oil and the labor to operate cost more than those for furnace oils but. the lower price and higher heat contents frequently justify their use. Fig. 1 gives the heat contents of various quality oils, per pound and per gallon. FUEL OIL HEATING COSTS The cost of producing heat by the combustion of oil depends upon the calorific value of the oil, the weight per gallon, the cost per gallon and the efficiency with which it is utilized. The efficiency of an oil burner system 231 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Commercial Standard Fuel Oil Specifications A. Detailed Requirements for Domestic Fuel Oils Grade of Oil Approx. B.t.u. per Gal. Flash Point, Min. Max. Water AND Sediment, Maximum a Pour Point, Maximum Distillation Test Viscosity Maximum No. 1 Light Domestic Fuel Oil A light distillate oil for use in burners requir ing a high grade fuel. 139,000 110F 165F or legal 0.05% 15F 10% point, End point, maximum maximum 420 F 600F No. 2 Medium Domestic Fuel Oil A medium distil late oil for use in burners re quiring a high grade fuel. 141.000 125F 190 F or legal 0.05% 15F 10% point, 90% point, maximum maximum 440F ` 620F No. 3 Heavy Domestic Fuel Oil A distillate fuel oil for use in burners where a low viscosity oil is required. 143.400 150F 200F or legal 0.1% 15F 10% point, 90% point, Saybolt maximum maximum Universal at 100F 460F 675F 55 seconds aLower or higher pour points may be specified whenever required by conditions of storage and use. However, these specifications shall not require' a pour point less than 0 deg. fahr. under any conditions. B. Detailed Requirements for Industrial Fuel Oils Grade of Oil Approx. B.t.u. per Gal. Flash Point, Min. Max. Water and Sediment, Maximum Pour Point, Maximum Viscosity, Maximum No. 4. Light Industrial Fuel Oil An oil known to the trade as a light fuel oil for use in burners where a low vis cosity industrial fuel oil is required. 144,500 150F. See Note b 1.0% See Note c Saybolt Universal at 100F 125 seconds No. 5 Medium Industrial Fuel Oil Same as Federal Specifications Board Specification for Bunker Oil "B" for burners adapted to the use of indus trial fuel oil of medium viscosity. 146,000 150F 1.0% Saybolt Furol at 122F 100 seconds No. 6 , Heavy Industrial Fuel Oil Same as Federal Specifications Board 150,000 Specification for Bunker Oil "C" for burners adapted to oil of high viscosity. 150F Water sediment 1.75% . 0.25% Saybolt Furol at 122F 300 seconds bWhenever required, as for example in burners with automatic ignition, a maximum flash point may be specified. However, these specifications shall not require a flash point less than 250 deg. fahr. under any conditions. . cpour point may be specified whenever required by conditions of storage and use. However, these specifications shall not require a pour point less than 15 deg. fahr. under any conditions. 232 Chapter 12--Heating by Oil will depend entirely upon the individual installation, but it is reasonable to assume an increase in efficiency of 10 to 15 per cent over coal. The chart (Fig. 2) can be used for estimating the cost per 1,000,000 B.t.u. for various heat contents per gallon (see Fig. 1), and costs per gallon and is based on an overall efficiency of 60 per cent. The cost in 233 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 dollars per 1,000,000 B.t.u. for other efficiencies can be estimated from the following formula: ' . . where ' 7 = i.ooo.ooo X P Co X W X E0 ` , Z = cost of oil in dollars per 1,000,000 B.t.u. P = cost of oil in cents per gallon. C0 = calorific value of oil, B.t.u. per pound. W = weight of oil per gallon, pounds. Eo = efficiency of heating system. For example, if the cost of oil is l\i cents per gallon, the heat content Fig. 2. Cost of Heat per 1,000,000 B.t.u. with Oil for Various Heat Contents per Gallon 141,000 B.t.u per gallon (the product of C0 arid W) and the efficiency 65 per cent, the cost per 1,000,000 B.t.u. will be: 1,000,000 X 7.25 141,000 X 65 = 80.792 per 1,000,000 B.t.u. . It js frequently desirable to compare the cost of producing heat with oil with the cost for other fuels, giving consideration to the efficiency of the heating system as well as the calorific value of the fuel and the cost. Information concerning heating costs with other fuels is given in the chapters on Heating by Coal, Heating by Gas and Heating by Electricity. MECHANICAL AND COMBUSTION SOUNDS The perceptible sound incident to the combustion of oil is dependent largely upon the means employed to mix the oil and air and the rate of heat liberation per unit of combustion volume. It is obvious that this 234 Chapter 12--Heating by Oil characteristic can be controlled to some degree by the design of the burner and by the method of application to the combustion chamber of the heater. A further controllable factor is the amount of mechanical sound which will vary with design, mechanical condition and the adjust ment of the unit. The transmission of both mechanical and combustion sounds can be governed to some extent by the utilization of some means of absorbing vibration. . DOMESTIC HEATING With the large number of domestic oil-heating units that are available, it is important to look into the construction of the burner as to design, workmanship and materials, but.one of, the most important points to be kept in. mind is the ability of the man making the installation and adjust ing the burner to meet the needs of.each-application and-to give the.proper service to the installation. Further considerations in making a choice are the adaptability of the particular burner to the boiler, its ability satisfactorily to burn the fuel that is available in a given locality, and its quietness of operation. Fuel Oils lor Domestic Heating Oils Nos. 1 to 3 are those used for domestic heating installations as they are available in most territories and they do no require pre-heating. They are suitable for installations requiring up to 30 gal. per hour, or more, in districts where heavy oil is not available. Burners should be selected that will satisfactorily handle the grade of oil available arid owners should be advised to employ only the grade of fuel for which the burner is designed, except that a lighter grade than the one specified, can be used in most any type of burner-. . Methods of Operation There are three fundamental methods of operation: (1) Intermittent; (2) High-Low Continuous Flame; (3) Graduated Continuous Flame. The majority of burners operate on the intermittent system. Intermittent Operation: With this method of operation the flame is all on or all off. Usually when the flame is on it is adjusted for fuel and air to carry from 20 to 25 per cent in excess of the maximum demand for heat. Thus, during a protracted cold spell, this type of burner operates nearly continuously and must be capable of maintaining continuous operation for many hours. On warm days, when no heat is needed, the burner is, of course, inoperative. Throughout the average heating season such as is experienced in the latitudes of Chicago and New York, the burner operates from one-quarter to one-third of the time. High-Low Continuous Flame: As the name would indicate, this type of burner operates on a low flame when there is little or no demand for heat and a high flame when heat is required. The low flame serves as a pilot light and must be sufficiently small to avoid waste of fuel and-dis comfort during unseasonable warm days in the spring and fall. As with the intermittent type of burner, the high flame should deliver from 20 to 25 per cent in excess of the maximum demand for heat. Oil and air supply controls are usually interlocking and must be adjusted for both operating positions. If mechanical draft is used, the 235 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 burner motor and other moving parts must be properly designed to operate continuously throughout the heating season. Graduated Continuous Flame: In this type of burner, the operation is continuous as with the high-low type with high and low limits of com bustion rate to satisfy the greatest and least demands for heat. However, the burner is arranged to operate at several intermediate steps insteadr of at only two points, so that the rate of combustion is proportioned more nearly to the demand for heat. With manual operation, the oil and air may be separately adjusted to any required rate of combustion,-but for automatic operation, the oil and air controls must be interlocking and must be capable of permanent separate adjustment at the several inter mediate steps. With mechanical draft, the burner motor and other moving parts must be designed for continuous service. Relative Merits: Engineers are not in agreement concerning the relative merits of the three methods of operation from the standpoint of fuel consumption. The high-low or graduated systems may have a slight advantage during the coldest weather, whereas, the intermittent burner will usually be more economical during the milder weather.' Over the entire heating season, the total amount of fuel used usually will be very nearly the same. ' Types of Burners There are two distinct types of oil burners used for oil heating--the natural draft burner and the mechanical draft burner. Their names indicate the manner in which the air for combustion is obtained. Natural Draft Burners: The natural draft burner requires no motor and usually has no moving parts. The air for combustion is supplied by the pull of the chimney and is, therefore, dependent upon the construction . of the latter. This type of burner is often incorrectly referred to as a gravity type burner. Gravity indicates the manner in which the fuel is fed to the burner and a gravity system is applicable to either natural draft or mechanical draft burners. This type of burner is more susceptible to changes in the weather, wind currents about the chimney and other factors which cause a variation in the draft intensity than is the mechanical draft burner, unless the effects of this variation in draft can be overcome in the design of the chimney, in the design of the burner, or by the *use of a draft regulator. A natural draft burner usually is limited to small heating loads, depending in size somewhat on the design of burner, and for best operation requires the use of lighter oils. It has in its favor- a low first cost, simplicity of design, and requires no power for operation.. Mechanical Draft Burners: The mechanical draft burner is motor- driven and often the air for combustion is supplied by a fan or blower. Generally, where a fan is used it is of sufficient capacity to supply the entire amount of air for combustion when the burner is operating at its maximum capacity. Often where a blower, either of a centrifugal or positive pressure-type is used, only a portion of the air required is supplied under pressure, the balance being induced by the injector action of the air from the blower, plus the natural draft from the chimney. The air from the blower usually is used to aid in the atomization of the fuel. The blower produces a comparatively constant supply of air under varying 236 Chapter 12--Heating by Oil draft conditions, and therefore, maintains a uniformly efficient combustion condition. Another classification of burners used has to do with the means em ployed to prepare the fuel for combustion. The terms are vaporizing and atomizing burners. Vaporizing Burners: In the vaporizing burner the fuel is prepared for combustion by the addition of heat. The heat serves to convert the liquid fuel into a vapor which is mixed with the air for combustion either just before or during the combustion process. Blue flame combustion is sometimes advocated, but as a blue flame radiates very little heat it is of no particular advantage in a boiler or furnace that has been designed for coal burning, wherein the major heat transfer is secured through radiation. By vaporizing the fuel, moving parts can be eliminated and the fire is easy to control at low combustion rates. However, vaporizing burners require a light fuel for best results and with poor design there is the possibility of carbon trouble due to cracking or decomposition of the oil in the vaporizing chamber. Atomizing Burners: In the atomizing burner the fuel is broken into a fine mist which is mixed with the air for combustion either just before or progressively during the combustion process. The particles are so fine that they are quickly vaporized by the heat of combustion and if properly mixed with sufficient air will burn with a clean hot flame. There are many ways to atomize oil--under pressure through a small orifice, by compressed air or steam, by centrifugal force from the edge of a rapidly rotating cup or disc and by numerous other equally effective methods. Any of the methods used will break the oil into very fine particles and when applied with intelligence will give satisfactory results. With the. atomizing type of burner cheaper oils may be utilized than with other types of burners; they will start readily from a cold condition and can be applied to installations requiring a high fuel consumption. Systems of Ignition The methods of ignition may be classified as follows: . 1. Manual. 2. Continuous gas pilot. 3. Expanding gas pilot. 4. Continuous electric spark. 5. Intermittent spark. 6. Combination electric spark and gas. Ignition of the high-low and graduated continuous flame burners is manual, by means of a gas or oil torch. No automatic ignition devices are required. If the oil is prepared for combustion by vaporization, sufficient, time is required to preheat the vaporizing plate or chamber. If the oil is atomized, preheating is unnecessary. In most natural draft burners the oil is lighted manually, with a torch through the fire door, although some of them are provided with gas, electric or oil pilot, at the option of the owner. . . The continuous gas pilot method of ignition is simple, but to insure an adequate flame in'case the pressure drops, an. excessively large flame must be used, consuming an excessive amount of gas. 237 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 With the expanding gas pilot system, the pilot is small during the off period of the burner and is automatically increased when the burner is started. After'allowing a sufficient time for ignition, it is then auto matically decreased again. The valve controlling the size of the pilot flame is actuated by means of a solenoid or a small motor. Continuous Electric Spark Ignition: By means of a transformer the line voltage is stepped up to many thousand volts, causing a spark to jump between two electrodes placed so as to ignite the atomized oil. This spark continues as long as the burner is in operation. With the intermittent spark system, the spark continues only long enough to ignite the oil. In some burners, the electrodes are then auto matically removed from the zone of the atomized oil. With the combination electric spark and gas system, the electric spark ignites the gas pilot, which in turn ignites the oil. Temperature Control There are two. methods of maintaining the desired temperature--by thermostat and by boiler control. When thermostatic control is used, a room thermostat is used to indicate the temperature of the room and to control the operation of the burner so as to maintain the desired temperature between limits of plus or minus 2 deg. This instrument is mechanically accurate and will function according to the temperature conditions of its location. There fore, it should be located with care. Most people prefer to have it located in the living room. It should be on an inside wall about 5 ft. from the . floor at the breathing level, protected from abnormal drafts such as come from stairways, or entrances; it should not be placed near chimney, radiators, registers, hot water or steam pipes or other sources of heat. Special care should be taken to avoid concealed steam or hot water pipes. Another important factor in maintaining a satisfactory uniform tempera ture throughout the house, and one which cannot be controlled by the thermostat is the matter of distribution of the heat within the various rooms. It is important that the distribution be proportioned so that when the desired temperature is reached in the room where the thermostat is located the same temperature will have been reached in all of the rooms of the house. When the boiler control system is used, the pressure in the boiler operates against the diaphragm or bourdon tube and opens or closes the burner circuit by means of a platinum point or mercury tube switch. Diaphragms or tubes of varying sensitivity may be selected to accom modate wider ranges of pressure, and the starting and stopping limits may be adjusted to meet different weather conditions. Of necessity, this type of control is only semi-automatic, but in large buildings, where it is impossible to locate a thermostat which would control properly the temperatures of many rooms, occupied by many different tenants, this method of control must be used if automatic operation is desired. Due to the fact that hot water and warm air heat are used mostly in smaller residences, thermostatic control is effective and control of tem perature at the hot water boiler furnace casing is seldom employed. (For a further discussion of this subject, see Chapter 17, Automatic Heat Control). 238 Chapter 12--Heating by Oil Safety Controls ' Apparatus is usually provided to control the operation of the burner to prevent overheating of the boiler or furnace. In the case of a steam boiler, such a device prevents the development of abnormal pressures; in the case of a hot water boiler, it prevents too high a water temperature; and in the case of a warm air furnace, it prevents too high a temperature in the warm air chamber. A safety control is also provided to establish a time limit within which the oil must be ignited every time the burner is started, and to shut the burner down if for any reason the ignition does not take place or if there is a cessation of combustion. The most important safety devices used for this purpose are as follows: 1. Stack Safety: This device consists of a spiral bi-metallic coil, similar to the warm-air limit control actuating one or two mercury tube switches depending on the type of circuit used, and serves to maintain the control motor or relay device in the burner on position providing the heat of the products of combustion causes it to reach a certain temperature within a certain specified length of time, 20 seconds or so. Should the oil fail to ignite, the stack will remain cold, and at the expiration of the allotted time, the burner will be shut off. The accumu lation of soot on the bi-metallic spiral affects the operation of this type of switch, and for this reason, some burners force air through a tube passed through the combustion chamber, the stack safety being actuated by the air blown through this tube. 2. Radiant Heat Safety: In this device the radiant heat of the flame takes the place of the heat of the products of combustion to actuate the shut-off device. In one type a black surface absorbs the radiant heat causing it to expand and so shut down the burner. In another type, two bulbs are filled with a gas and connected by a tube at the bottom. One bulb is clear and one is black. The radiant heat of the flame causes the gas to expand in the black bulb forcing a quantity of- mercury in the connection tube up into the clear bulb making the necessary electric contacts. ' With intermittent operation, all the methods of temperature control using thermostats, boiler controls, electric safety devices, expanding gas pilots, etc., are used. Where certain steps must be followed each time there is a call for heat, an accurate timing device is necessary to insure the proper sequence of steps and the correct time intervals. This timing device consists either of a small induction motor which actuates the various gas and oil valves and electric switches, or of a system of relays and electric contacts opened and closed by magnets or electrically heated by-metallic strips. - 3. In the absence of an electric safety device, some burners use a shut off in the form of a valve which stops the supply of oil to the burner, or a switch which breaks the burner motor circuit. In the event of a flame failure, a small quantity of oil runs into a bucket which overcomes a counter weight and closes the oil valve or opens the switch. Sometimes the counter weight is pivoted so as to pass dead center and lend its weight to the weight of oil in the bucket serving also to deliver an impact to firmly seat the valve or open the switch. . 239 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 4. In some burners a special thermostatic element serves to shut off the gas in the event that the gas. pilot goes out. Low Water Safety: Due to rapid evaporation on starting, particularly with steel and copper tube boilers of small water content, a low-water safety is essential. This device consists of a float chamber mounted at the water line between the boiler and the glass gage. A lowering of the water line causes the float to depress one end of a mercury tube switch stopping the burner. Even with slow heating boilers of large water con tent and weight of metal, the low-water safety is necessary, as an oil-fired boiler is not subjected to the same observation and care as a boiler fired two or three times a day with coal. Burner Installations Most oil burners are installed in heaters which are designed for coal, and the results are usually quite satisfactory. Where a heater is being purchased for use with oil heating equipment care should be taken to select one that has long flue passes, that do not short-circuit the gases from the combustion chamber to the flue. There are several boilers which' have been designed especially for oil burning and which are very efficient and economical. Every oil fuel boiler should be provided with an auto matic feed water regulator or a low-water cut-off as the boiler is often neglected; since the automatic features eliminate the necessity of a daily inspection. _ . With many of the cast iron water-tube sectional boilers it has been found possible to increase the rating by using oil as a fuel. This increase amounts to from 10 to 25 per cent, but boiler equipment should not be selected on this basis without the knowledge and approval of the boiler manufacturer, This increase in rating usually is not possible with round boilers. Where round boilers are used with oil heating equipment it is best to select a boiler that has extra indirect heating surface in the form of intermediate sections. . In applying oil heating equipment to existing coal burning boilers it is often advisable to baffle the passes in order to lengthen the travel of the hot flue gases and also to keep them in closer contact with the heating surface. In fire-tube boilers it is often desirable to use retarders inserted in the tubes so as to give the flue gases a spiral motion and keep them in contact with the surface of the tube. Warm air furnaces are used satisfactorily with oil burners. It is,, of course, important'that they shall have very tight joints, and these should be maintained carefully, with an inspection and cementing at least every year. A good chimney draft especially is important with warm air furnaces, as it will tend to insure that inleakage of air shall be more common than outleakage of products of combustion through the furnace cracks. . . Installations should always be made by trained men under the direction1 of the burner manufacturer as every burner has peculiarities that should be given consideration when the installation is made. It is also important that the burner should be correctly adjusted for each installation as loss in efficiency more often results from poor adjustment rather than, from poor design. A burner should have sufficient capacity to develop full 240 Chapter 12--Heating by Oil rating of the heater which it serves and it is preferable that it have some excess; it should also be adjustable over a range from 50 to 100 per cent rating (See Fig. 3).. The flame adjustment is best determined by a flue gas analysis, but a good check can be made by noting the color of the flame. A white flame indicates excess air or insufficient oil; a red, smoky flame insufficient air or excess oil, and an orange flame just tipped with red indicates efficient and clean combustion. The boiler room should be well ventilated so that the burner can obtain an adequate supply of air at all times. Burner and tank installation and all electrical work should be installed in accordance with local ordinances. If no local rules are in force the Scale E Oil Consumption, Gals, per Wour Fig. 3. Full Load Rate of Oil Consumption for Heating Boilers rules recommended by the National Board, of Fire Underwriters should befollowed. Domestic Hot Water Heating For domestic hot water supply a steam coil heater is quite satisfactory when steam or vapor is used, and with suitable controls on the hot-water tank, can be used the year round at a very reasonable cost. An iron shell type of heater with local hot water circulating lines between the shell and the water of the boiler and with a copper coil in the shell, through which the water in passing is heated, is very satisfactory with either steam or. hot-water boilers, but care must be taken to have such heaters of ample capacity and connected to ample-sized storage tanks, especially with hot water boilers. This system may also be very successfully used the year around if an automatic control such as described above under Temperature Control is used. Small size oil burners are made which are suitable for installing under small hot-water heaters and which may be controlled automatically by a thermostat in the-hot-water tank. A coil in the combustion chamber is not generally satisfactory for service hot- water heating. '" 241 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Oil Storage Tanks Tank installations. should always be made in accordance with local regulations, or in absence of these, the regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters should be followed. These latter regulations permit the oil to be fed by gravity from an exposed 275 gal. inside storage tank, if desired, and if proper precautions are taken to prevent an abnormal, flow of oil. Inside tanks should be installed on non-combustible supports and located at least 10 ft. from the burner. In some localities it is per missible to install two 275 gal. tanks with a three-way valve in the feed line connecting the two tanks, permitting gravity feed from either tank. This type of installation has many advantages and is rapidly coming into favor with local authorities having jurisdiction over the installation of oil heating equipment. For .targe installations a very desirable installation is with an outside buried tank of at least 1,100 gal. capacity. Where it is impractical to locate this tank below the level of the burner, it is necessary to use some means to prevent the siphoning of oil from the tank, in case of a break in the fuel supply line. There are several devices for this purpose which have been approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories. The use of a large buried tank eliminates the necessity of constantly watching the fuel supply, and in some cases will permit the purchase of fuel at enough lower price to pay for the difference in installation cost. All tanks should be provided with direct reading gages to give a constant check on the amount of fuel on hand. All tanks must be vented and should be located so that the Ailing line terminal is near the drive, or curb, to facilitate delivery from the tank truck. Chimney Design Although slightly less draft is required for oil burning equipment than is required for coal burning equipment, and a smaller chimney area ordinarily would be satisfactory, it is recommended that the chimney be designed to meet the boiler manufacturer's requirements as specifled for coal burning. It is preferable to have the oil burner flue isolated from other flues as this may be helpful in preventing any mechanical sound from being transmitted to the rooms of the house. A well designed chimney that will insure uniform draft conditions is just as important to an oil burner as it is to a coal-flred heating plant. For further infor mation on this subject, see Chapter 14, Chimneys. Burners INDUSTRIAL HEATING ' Atomizing burners are used exclusively for installations with heavy oil. Of these, there are three types: steam atomizing burners, air atom izing burners, and mechanical atomizing burners. The steam atomizing burner has two classiflcations, the outside mixing and the inside mixing type. With the outside mixing type, the oil is forced through an oriflce at a comparatively low pressure and just as it emerges from this oriflce it is struck by a jet of steam traveling at a high velocity from a direction at right angles with the flow of oil. The steam jet breaks the oil and injects it into the combustion chamber in a fine 242 Chapter 12--Heating by Oil spray or mist. The inside mixing type has a turbulence mixing chamber between the steam orifice and the burner opening. The mixing inside the burner permits some vaporization of the lighter hydrocarbons due to the heat in the steam, so that the mixture issuing from the burner opening lights readily and maintains a steady burning flame. Steam burners require from 1.5 to 5 per cent of the total steam generated for atomization; 2 to 2.5 per cent being a good average. This average easily can be maintained by correct adjustment of the burners. For the best results the steam should be dry. Air atomizing burners using high-pressure air are similar in design to those using steam. This type is not used as much as low-pressure air burners. Low-pressure air .burners use comparatively large volumes of air under pressure of lj^ to 2x/i lb. per square inch. If the blowers or compressors supplying the air are steam driven, they will require approxi mately 2}4 to 3 per cent of the steam generated for the motive power, but the exhaust steam is available for use in the pre-heaters, so that the steam consumption for air atomizing burners compares very favorably with that for steam atomizing burners. The first cost, however, is greater with air atomization than with steam atomization. ,. Mechanical atomizing burners are those which atomize the oil without the aid of air or steam, although it is common practice to use air under low pressure in connection with mechanical atomizers further to atomize the fuel, though this is not essential. The high-pressure atomizer forces the oil through a small orifice under high pressures (100 to 200 lb. per square inch). The oil is given a rotary motion by slots cut tangentially to the diameter of the orifice; of the burner, so that the centrifugal force of the oil leaving the orifice acts as an aid in atomizing the fuel. Another type of mechanical burner is the rotary cup burner. In some burners the cup is positively driven by an electric motor or steam turbine and has a fan mounted on the same shaft so as to provide a portion of the air for combustion under pressure to aid in the atomization of the oil as it leaves the edge of the rotating cup. Another type of rotary cup burner has the cup driven by an air turbine utilizing the velocity of lowpressure air from a centrifugal blower. This blower usually is located at a remote point from the burner and is of sufficient capacity to supply all of the burners in the battery, although there are some installations where each burner has its own individual blower. While the first cost of mechanical atomizing burners is usually comparatively high, the steam driven type has the advantage of returning all the exhaust steam for heating the boiler feed water. Further advantages of this type are simplicity and economical operation with uniform combustion regulation. Burners for commercial installations are usually manually operated although they may have semi-automatic controls which vary the amount of air and oil as the load fluctuates.' For some burners, the air for combustion is partially supplied from a blower and is used to aid in the atomization of the fuel, the balance being induced by the natural draft through openings in the refractory hearth of the combustion chamber. These openings-should be arranged to conform to the shape of the flame from the burner so that the air comes in contact with burning fuel and is not permitted to escape unused 243 American Society of Heating and Ventilating' Engineers Guide, 1930 . through the boiler passages and up the stack. With other burners there is an air register, designed as part of the burner, which admits the air by natural draft through adjustable vanes, giving a. rotating motion to the air as it enters the combustion chamber about the atomizer. Some installations are provided with forced draft by connecting the air register to a.duct from a fan blower. . There are many factors that should be taken into consideration when selecting burners for application to a particular installation. A good burner should be flexible in its adjustments; it should be adjusted easily over a considerable capacity range; it should be suitable for the lowest grade of oil that will be used, and its design should permit the shaping of the resulting flame from the burner so that the flame will fit the com bustion chamber closely. A flame that does not fit properly the shape of the combustion chamber permits air to escape around the flame with out mixing with the fuel and is, therefore, responsible for inefficient com- bustion results. If possible, it is best to use a single burner, rather than burners in multiple, wherever the shape of the flame can be adjusted to meet the combustion chamber requirements and whenever the burner has sufficient capacity and flexibility to meet the variable loads imposed on the boiler. Single burners ordinarily meet the requirements of buildings such as schools, theaters, churches and apartments. For large office and commercial buildings the boilers usually are of such size as to require two or more burners per boiler in order to obtain the required flame application and flexibility of control. ' - . . - Draft for Industrial Burners , `. There are several reasons why less draft may be required with oil burning equipment than is necessary where coal is used as a fuel: The _ principal reasons are that the draft loss through the fuel bed and grate ; is eliminated, and as a general rule the stack temperatures are lower and . the volume of gas less than with coal. For this reason the cross-sectional area of the stack may be smaller. Some authorities say that it may be safely assumed as 60 per cent of the area that would be furnished for an equivalent coal-fired boiler. In determining the height of the stack, care ! should be taken to secure sufficient draft for the maximum requirements of the boiler and no more. It is advisable, therefore, to follow the recom- f mendations of the heater manufacturer, and if possible the burner manu- . : facturer should also be consulted, so that the air-ways shall be designed correctly for the available draft, and provide for sufficient air to develop the. rating of the boiler in the combustion volume available. Furnace . Under average conditions the combustion volume should be such thata release of 40,000 B.t.u. pier cubic foot per hour shall not be exceeded at: 100 per cent of the boiler rating. This is not the maximum heat release possible, but it is representative of good practice. . Where oil-burning equipment is applied to existing coal-burning boilers excess draft can be corrected by using a damper. It also is advisable in many cases to use baffles to provide for a longer flue travel. In fire-tube boilers it is good practice to insert retarders in the tubes of a type which244 244 Chapter 12--Heating by Oil will give the flue gases a spiral motion and which will keep the gases in contact with the surface of the tube. Auxiliary Apparatus . Regardless of the type of burner used, the installation of the oil system, j which includes the tank, heaters, strainers, pumps and piping, is im portant. ! Tanks should be installed in accordance with the local rules for the ' storage of oil fuel, but in the absence of local regulations, it is suggested that the rules and regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters _ be followed. The size of the storage tank is often governed by the amount of space available but it is a question that should be given due considera tion, taking into account the time required for delivery, the daily fuel requirements, and the price in various quantities. Where purchases are I to be made by carloads it is advisable to have at least a 15,000 gal. tank. ' While oil consumption can be fairly accurately checked by gaging the } tank with a stick gage through the measuring well, the use of an oil meter is the most logical method of determining fuel costs and for gaging the - relation between fuel consumption and work performed. It is recom mended that each tank be equipped with a direct reading gage so that a . constant check may be kept of the fuel on hand. ' A small heater usually is installed in the storage tank around the suction inlet. This heater is used to reduce the viscosity of the oil so that it can be pumped readily. The oil heaters are usually steam coils, but some local regulations require that this heating be done by hot water only. The oil is delivered from the pump to the supply line for the burners and is passed through larger heaters where the temperature is raised to a point that insures the viscosity being low enough for atomiza tion. This temperature is variable for different oils but will usually be between 150 and 200 deg. fahr. It is important that oil be kept at a uniform temperature for satisfactory atomization. This is done by means of automatic temperature regulators which open and close the steam . ' supply valve to the heater coils. From the heaters the oil is delivered as directly as possible to the burners for atomization. As all fuel oils contain a certain amount of foreign matter in suspension, it is important that the oil line have large strainers with sufficient screen area to permit their being used for some period of time without the screens becoming clogged and preventing the flow of oil. The best practice calls for strainers in duplicate on the suction side of the pump, and additional . strainers, known as discharge oil strainers, on the delivery side of the pump. It is important that strainers be located where they are readily accessible for cleaning. For small commercial installations, the oil pumps are usually of the rotary type driven by electric motors and are sometimes incorporated into the design of the burners. For large installations, steam operated piston type pumps are commonly used. It is recommended that pumps and heaters be installed in duplicate. This also is required by some local regulations where the boiler service is used in connection with . the fire protection apparatus. ~ With the various types of burners which are being used, there have been developed oil-handling systems which differ in their construction 245 1 A American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 and arrangement of piping, pumping and tank equipment. One of the most widely used oil systems at the present time is the continuous circu lation system. In this system, the oil is pumped from the tank by the oil pump and is delivered to the burner supply line; any excess oil is by passed through a regulating valve back to the tank or to the suction side of the oil pump. In this way the proper atomizing temperature of the oil is maintained and choking or accumulation of sediment in the supply line is avoided. In the layout of the piping for pre-heated oils it is important to keep the oil supply pipe below the level of the burner and without traps, so as to prevent the formation of vapor pockets which are liable to shut off the fuel supply or cause irregular operation. REFERENCES Some Hints on Installing and Operating Domestic Oil Burners, By C. H. Chalmers (Journal, A. S. H. V. E.. October, 1925). Design and Performance of Domestic Oil Burners, By W. C. McTarnahan (Journal, A. S. H. V. E.. August, 1928). Application of Oil Burners to Various Types of Domestic Heating Systems, By J. H. Mcllvaine (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., March, 1929). . Handbook of Domestic Heating, published by American Oil Burner Association, October, 1928.- 246 CHAPTER 13 HEATING BY ELECTRICITY Desirable Features; Cost Comparisons; Off-Peak Systems of Heating; Domestic Hot Water Heaters. THE use of electricity for both domestic and industrial heating is increasing and the desirable features of this type of heating are as follows: . 1. Minute and exacting regulation of temperatures. . 2. Extreme simplicity and automatism of operation with minimum maintenance. 3. Freedom from the dangers attending the presence of a flame. 4. Freedom from handling and disposition of resulting products of combustion. 5. Reliability of source of supply. 6. Maximum efficiency of conversion of the fuel into usefulness. 7. Cleanliness. These features embrace all the requirements of an ideal heating agent, except one: low cost. Where electrical energy is sufficiently low priced, it is being used for heating buildings. Heaters of both radiant and convection types are available. The resistors of these heaters are made usually of nickel-chromium wire or ribbon. Radiant type heaters are seldom employed in house heating, except for booster-heaters or emergency heaters in small rooms which are isolated. HEATING COSTS WITH ELECTRICITY The major recent development in the domestic field of electrical heating has been the educational effort to demonstrate to the electric light arid power companies and to the consumers, the availability of comparatively low cost electricity, if taken at certain hours, when the cost can be made low, namely, the off-peak hours during which the stations and a con siderable part of the lines are not worked to full capacity. Cost. comparisons between various fuels and electricity for house heating should be made on a heat unit basis, giving due consideration in each case to efficiency. The cost of heat per 1,000,000 B.t.u. for any rate per kilowatt-hour for electricity may be determined from Fig. 1. A comparison between the cost of heating with electricity and the cost of heating with other fuels may be made by referring to similar charts in the chapters on Heating by Coal, Heating by Oil and Heating by-Gas. The importance of insulation and weatherstripping for electrically heated houses cannot be over-emphasized. ..The remarks on page 224, Chapter 11, on this subject, apply to even a greater degree here. The more costly the fuel, the greater the need for insulation, weather- 247 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 stripping and storm sash. Unless the heat losses of a building to be heated by electricity are reduced to a low point, the cost will be excessive as compared with other fuels. STORAGE SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL HEATING Recently there has been developed a new system for applying elec tricity to house heating whereby it has become possible to purchase current at low cost. Advantage is taken of the high capacity of water for storing heat from electric energy purchased from the utility company. Large tanks of water are heated at night when the energy is available at a lower cost, and this stored heat is drawn upon as required through the day. Such a system has been applied to houses provided with hot water, steam and warm air heating systems. Power companies in various parts of the country are investigating and sponsoring development of off-peak electrical house heating and are pre- Fig. 1. Chart for Estimating Cost per 1,000,000 B.t.u. for Electricity paring to support its widespread use. The nature of the load and its bettering effect on the power factor curve is favorable both to the public utility and the consumer. The characteristics of the electric heating load, when used with the thermal storage system are ideal from the electrical operating standpoint. The units are non-inductively wound so that the load is unity power factor, and the load is timed so as to be used exactly at the time specified by those responsible for the operation of the systems. It is, therefore, corrective in its effect and tends to fill up the valleys in the load curve. It corrects the inherent peak characteristics of the domestic load in that it places a load at hours when otherwise a resident would use no electricity . The electricity is taken at the hours when the electric light and power company most desires load and the result of the energy--the stored heat--is used during the day when it is needed to heat the house. Cost of Electricity The public service companies assign the periods during which elec tricity may be used for such heating, and charge usually a base rate of about 1 cent per kilowatt-hour. Even this rate does not make electricity 248 . Chapter 13--Heating by Electricity a price-competitor of oil and gas for heating, but is low enough to attract consumers. Hot Water System ' The tank used with these storage systems is heavily insulated and is equipped with built-in electrical heating elements. The size of the tank is a function of the heat loss of the building and of the length of the periods allowed by the utility company, during which electricity may be used for heating. The water in the tank is warmed to a temperature of about 300 deg. fahr. It is then circulated, usually by an electric pump through the heating system in the building, the regulation of the flow of the water in the system being thermostatically controlled. Warm-Air System The scheme developed for warm-air heating systems makes use of the same kind of tank. A housing is built around the tank, from which radiate the supply ducts to the registers in the rooms. The return air ducts from the house are connected back to the tank housing. An automobile-radiator type of unit heater is mounted within the housing with its flow and return connections joined to the top and bottom of the hot water storage tank. The fan on the unit heater is controlled by the house thermostat, which causes the desired day and night temperatures to be maintained in the rooms. Because a fan is used to circulate the warm air, the effect of a fanfurnace system is obtained, and it is possible to use small ducts and of such shapes as will accommodate themselves architecturally to the struc ture of the house, which of course cannot usually be done with warm air where the circulation is solely by gravity. Domestic Hot Water Heaters The storage principle for using electricity at off-peak periods is also applied to domestic hot water heaters. Installations of this type of electrical heating have been made in many houses in the middle West during the past four years. HEAT EQUIVALENTS OF ELECTRICITY Fundamental Equations The relation between electrical energy and heat and power is given by the following equations: 1 horsepower = 746 watts. = 33,000 ft. lb. per minute. 1 B.t.u. = 777.64 ft. lb. non y fin 1 horsepower-hour = ------- -- 2,546 B.t.u. per hour. 1 watt-hour 1 kilowatt (kw) 2,546 = 3.415 B.t.u. per hour. 746 = 1,000 watts. . = 3,415 = 21.3 sq. ft. of hot water radiation based on a heat 10O emission of 160 B.t.u. per square foot. = 3,415 = 14.2 sq. ft. equivalent of steam radiation, based on a 240 heat emission of 240 B.t.u. per square foot. 249 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Efficiency . The efficiency of electricity in direct heaters is 100 per cent. There is only a small loss due to transmission through the wiring system. The effective use of insulation on heat-storing water tanks as used in indirect electrical heating reduces the radiation losses practically to a negligible amount. The efficiency of electricity as a heating agent, then, is a maximum. 250 CHAPTER 14 CHIMNEYS Natural, Forced and Induced Draft; Theoretical and Available Draft; Friction Losses; Chimneys for Coal, Oil and Gas Fuels; Details of Construction; Underwriters' Rules. THE purpose of a chimney is to produce the required draft as well as to carry off the products of combustion and to discharge them so that they will not be harmful or annoying. DRAFT The draft required where natural draft is employed is equal to the sum of the following items: 1. That required to overcome the friction and to produce the velocity of the air at the entrance to the furnace. 2. That necessary to force the air tKrough the fuel bed (if any). 3. That necessary to produce the velocity and to overcome the friction of the products of combustion in their passage through the heat absorbing surfaces. 4. That necessary to produce the velocity and to overcome the friction of the products of combustion in their passage through the breeching, from the heater to the chimney. 5. That necessary to produce the velocity and to overcome the friction of the products of combustion in their passage through the chimney itself. The draft required where forced draft is employed is the sum of items 3, 4 and 5; items 1 and 2 usually being taken care of by the forced draft apparatus. ' When induced draft is employed the entire draft required is generally taken care of by the induced draft apparatus. In the case of either forced or induced draft any part of the required draft may be taken care of by the chimney and the remainder by the apparatus, but the exact conditions to be met in this respect should be known and the chimney should be proportioned accordingly. The combination of natural and mechanical draft is frequently used, especially where loads are quite irregular, so that the plant may- be run on natural draft during light loads and on mechanical draft during peak loads, only. This combination also affords a factor of safety against breakdowns in the mechanical draft equipment, since at least a partial load may always be carried on natural draft. Draft measurement is usually in inches of water; by which is meant the static head of water (in inches) corresponding to the difference in pres sure between any point in the heater, breeching or chimney, at which the draft is being measured, and the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. 251 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 One inch of draft is equivalent to 5.2 lb. per square foot of pressure difference. . Theoretical Draft The theoretical draft of a chimney is the hypothetical draft that would be produced if the chimney were completely heated and filled with the normal gases of combustion, at the average temperature for which the chimney was designed, and then the. flow of these gases was suddenly stopped. This theoretical draft can never be attained in practice, but it is the basis of all scientific chimney design. The general formula for the theoretical draft of a chimney, with all observable factors taken into account, is expressed by equation (1): Dt = 6.43 HP0 - (1) where ' Dt = theoretical draft in inches of water. H = height of the chimney above grate bars, in feet. Po = pressure of the atmosphere in pounds per square inch. W0 = weight of air (at 32 deg. fahr.) in pounds per cubic foot. . Wg = weight of the flue gas (at 32 deg. fahr.) in pounds per cubic foot. T0 = absolute temperature of the air in deg. fahr. jTc = average, absolute temperature of the gases in the chimney in deg. fahr. . For an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 lb. and a weight of air equal to the weight of the flue gases (at 32 deg. fahr.) of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot this formula becomes: . ' d^7S3(y--y-J (2) where .. On = the normal theoretical draft per foot of height of chimney under usual atmos pheric conditions at sea level. .. For a temperature of 0 deg. fahr. outside and an average temperature of 600. deg. fahr. in the chimney this reduces to 0.0094 in. of draft per foot of chimney height. The correction factor for changes in atmospheric pressure, ranges from 68 per cent at 10 lb. pressure to 100 per cent at 14.7 lb. pressure, in direct, proportions to the pressure. The corrections for different densities of flue gas are'given in Table 1. Table 1. Corrections in Inches of Water per Foot of Chimney to be Deducted from the Theoretical Draft for other than a 0.08071 lb. per Cubic Foot (at 32 Deg. Fahr.) Density of Flue Gas Densitt op Flub Gas in Pounds per Cubic Foot at 32 Dbg. Fahr. 0.08071 0.0820 0.0830 0.0840 0.0855 400 Temperature of Flub Gas--Deg. Fahr. . 600 800 0.00014 0.00025 0.00036 0.00053 0.00011 0.00020 . 0.00030 0.00043 0.00009. 0.00017 0.00025 0.00036 Chapter 14--Chimneys Available Draft ' . The available draft of a chimney is the theoretical draft after deducting the various losses back to the point of reference, such as at the base of the chimney or the furnace of the boiler. Ordinarily the point at which the available draft is measured is in the furnace directly above the fuel bed. The losses which must be deducted from the theoretical to obtain the available draft at this point are the velocity and friction losses in the chimney, breeching and boiler. The loss due to velocity of the flue gases in the chimney is expressed by equation (3): . v (V w2 Dcv = 0.1185 = 0.193 -pfyT- = 0.0001222 (3) where DCv = loss of draft due to velocity in the chimney. Vc = velocity of the chimney gases in feet per second. Q = cubic feet of gas flowing per second. D = diameter of a circular chimney in feet. W = weight of gases flowing in pounds per second. ' AH for a flue gas and air weight of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot (at 32 deg. fahr.) and an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 lb. - The correction factor for different weights of flue gas runs from 100 per cent at a weight of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot (at 32 deg. fahr.) to 109 per cent at a weight of 0.088 lb. per cubic foot in direct proportion to the flue-gas weight. liquation (3) gives the loss due to velocity in the chimney in terms of the velocity, the quantity and the weight of the gases flowing, so that this loss may be figured from either of these factors which may be known. The loss of draft due to the friction of the gases in the chimney is expressed by equation (4):, where Dcf = 0.0076 = 0-0123 = 0.0000078 W) Dcf = loss in draft due to friction in the chimney. L = length of chimney (in feet) through which the gases pass; all for the standard condition heretofore specified. It will be noted that equation. (4) also gives the loss in terms of the velocity, quantity and weight of gases flowing. Equation (4) is for circular sections. For square sections the friction loss is approximately 62 per cent of that for circular section of a diameter equal to the width of the square when handling the same weight of gases per second. The loss of draft in the breeching is expressed by equation (5): W2 Db = 0.000955 (5) where Db = loss of draft in the breeching per foot of length and d = the width of the breeching in feet; all on the following basis:, jlue-gas temperature of 600.deg. fahr. a flue-gas density of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot (at 32 deg.) coefficient of friction --0:016, standard atmospheric pressure and ratio of height to Width of cross-section of a rectangular breeching of 2 to 1. . 253 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The correction factors for different atmospheric pressures and different flue-gas densities are the same as given for the losses in the chimney. . The correction factor for different flue-gas temperatures ranges from 0.8 at 400 deg. to 1.2 at 800 deg. based on the same weight of gas flowing per second. ' , The loss of draft in the turns of the breeching, including one right angle turn where the gases pass from the boiler to the breeching and another where they pass from the breeching to the chimney, is expressed in inches of water per right angle turn by equation (6): W* T Dbt = 0.0013 (6) ' where A = area of breeching in square feet. The loss of draft through the boilers varies very materially with the size and type'of boiler, number of passes, sizes of tubes, etc., but may be taken from Table 2. Table 2. Average Friction Loss of Flue Gases in Passing Through Boilers . Per Cent Rating too Loss, Inches, Water 0.1 to 0.3 ISO 0.2 to 0.6 20Q 0.3 to 0.9 250 0.5 to 1.4 300 0.7 to 1.9 The loss of draft through the fuel bed or the force of draft necessary to burn different grades and sizes of coal at different rates of combustion may be taken from Fig. 2, p. 207 of Chapter 10, Heating by Coal. ' By use of Tables 1 and 2 and equations (1) to (6) inclusive, the theo- retical draft and the available draft of any chimney may be calculated under any given set of conditions. 1 The quantity of gases to be handled is quite variable, depending upon : - the fuel and the proportion of air used. . The theoretical amount of air required per pound of coal is approximately 12 lb. Fifty per cent excess air is generally allowed, which means that 19 lb. of flue gas may be used per pound of coal burned. The pounds of coal burned per horsepower developed will depend upon the efficiency of the boiler plant but will usually fall between four and five. . ' . T. ' The horsepower rating of. a chimney is usually a fallacy, except for the smaller plants operating under standard conditions, for which the horse power ratings of the chimney may have been computed. The horsepower ,' capacity of a chimney depends not only upon the many variables already referred to, but also upon the efficiency of the boiler plant, the fuel used , and the rate of combustion required to develop the required output. . For instance, a chimney which would produce 1 in. of available draft under a load of 100 hp. in a plant using 4 lb. of coal per horsepower, with a combustion rate of 30 lb. of anthracite pea coal per square foot of grate, would prove entirely inadequate for a 100 hp. load on a boiler plant using 5 lb. of No. 3 buckwheat coal per horsepower at the same combus tion rate. ' 264 Chapter 14--Chimneys While, as can readily be seen, this method of proportioning chimneys according to horsepower is very approximate, it is frequently used with a fair degree of safety for small plants operating under ordinary conditions. Low-pressure heating plant chimneys of moderate capacities may be taken from Table 3 or the curves in Fig. 1 with very satisfactory results. According to their height, heating plant chimneys are divided into three classes, the erratic, uncertain and reliable. Chimneys less than 36 ft. high are erratic in their action. The head produced by such a low height is so small that the least unfavorable conditions or interference practically put the chimney out of commission. Fig. 1. Chart for Determining Chimney Size for Low-Pressure Heating Plants Note 1.--It is impossible to make a rule for chimney dimensions which would apply to all boilers, but ' it will be found that in general all heating boilers when burning any coal except smallest sizes will deliver more than the output shown at the bottom of the chart. Fig. .1, with the corresponding chimney dimensions, during the period when the boiler is likely to be in operation. ' Nbie 2.--It is recommended that the manufacturer of the boiler be consulted in the case of exceptional boilers, or where chimney dimensions are less than shown on chart for any given continuous output. . Note S.--For battery installations the area of chimney is generally taken two-thirds to three-fourths the sum of the areas required for the same number of single boilers. The height is increased 5 to 15 ft. above the single-boiler chimney height in order to compensate for additional turns and damper leakage. Note 4--Chimneys for oil-fired boilers may usually be taken 75 per cent of height and area of chimney for same output with solid fuel, except that in cases where the possible change to coal is contemplated the chimneys should be selected as for solid fuel. . Note 6.--For gas-fired boilers the chimney dimensions may be selected from Fig. l.but do not have to supply draft to move the products of combustion through the boiler or to supply air to the boiler. They serve only to remove the products of combustion from the boiler room. The draft diverter supplied with all gas boilers effectively limits the draft at the boiler outlet and also prevents a reversal of-direction of flow in the chimney from effecting boiler operation. At best the head produced by chimneys up to 64 ft. in height is so small that the draft is frequently affected by surrounding conditions making the draft a doubtful one. Chimneys over 64 ft. in height are not usually so affected, because as a rule the chimney is designed by an engineer and must be well built to sustain such a heavy load and the height is such as to produce considerable draft to offset unfavorable weather conditions, etc. Chimneys in this class produce about 0.00945 in. of theoretical draft per foot of height in zero weather with 600 deg., in the stack. 255 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 3. Chimney Sizes for Low-Pressure Heating Boilers and Warm Air Furnaces . Wash Air Furnace Capacity . IN Leader Pipe Sq. In. Steam Boiler Capacity Sq. Ft. OP Radia tion Hot Water Heater Capacity Sq. Ft. of Radia tion Nominal Dimen sions OF FirbClay Lining In. Rectangular Flub . Round Flue Actual Inside Dimensions of Fire Clay Lining In. Actual Area Sq. In. Effec- . tive Area Sq. In. Inside Diameter of Lining In. Actual Area Sq. In. Height in Ft. from Grate 790 1000 590 973 8^x13 7x11)^ 81 . 70 690 1140 900 1490 13x13 nxxnu 127 99 10 2 79 ea>uo- C.o 900 1490 8Hxl8 6%xl6X iio 100 1100 1820 12 113 gg 1700 2800 13x18 UJ4xl6K 183 156 1940 3200 15 177 gxi 2130 3520 18x18 15^x15^ 248 195 o-s 2480 4090 20x20 17^x17}* 298 234 o 3150 5200 18 254 c *w 4300 4600 5000 7100 7590 8250 20x24 24x24 17x21 21x21 357 278 441 20 314 ^2 c g* 5570 9190 24x24s 576 380 5580 9200 22 380 6980 7270 11500 12000 24x28s 672 468 24 452 .*T a ee rt 8700 14400 28x28s 784 531. <3 8 3 9380 15500 27 573 10150 16750 30x30s 900 616 10470 11800 17250 19500 28x32s 896 635 30 . U jjj 707 as 14700 17900 24300 29500 33 855 c-fs w 36 1018 <2--ox: Dimensions are for unlined rectangular flues. Chimneys recommended for larger boilers 15 to 250 hp. may be pro portioned in accordance with the report made by a joint Committee of the American Boiler Manufacturers Association and Stoker Manufacturers Association and approved by these organizations. The sizes are given in Tables 4, 5 and 6. Chimneys for still greater horsepowers are given in Tables 5 and 6. , CHIMNEYS FOR OIL FUEL1 The requirements for stacks for oil fuels are entirely different from those connected to coal-fired boilers, as there are certain losses through the boiler proper that are eliminated. Gas temperatures entering the stacks are lower for a given capacity, and the volume of gas is less than with coal. The cross-sectional area of the stack may therefore be less. In most instances this may safely be taken as 60 per cent of the area that would be furnished for coal-fired boilers. In determining the height, care must be taken to design a stack that will give a sufficient draft for the maximum requirements of the boiler, but no more. In this way the *Frora Marks' Mechanical Engineers Handbook. 256 Chapter 14--Chimneys Table 4. Draft Losses with Forced Draft Stokers and Corresponding Height of Stack for Average Installations (Sea Level)3 100 Furnace Draft**....................................................... Friction Loss (Boiler)0--...................................... Friction Loss (Breeching)<i................................. Total Draft Required.--.;:............................. -..... Height of Stack (Ft.)._........................................ - 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.43 80 Rating--Per Cent 150 0.15 0.4 0.10 0.65 112 200 0.15 0.6'5 0.10 0.90 145 250 0.15 0.9 0.10 1.15 178 300 0.15 1.20 0.10. 1.45 220 For boilers from 15 to 250 hp. bAllow 0.15 in. for forced draft and 0.35 in. or higher, depending on rate of combustion and fuel used, for natural draft. . Friction loss through boiler varies according to construction. dAllow 0.05 in. for each right angle bend and 0.1 in. per 100 ft. of length. . Table 5. Diameter of Chimney in Inches for Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers3 Nominal Horsepower 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 75 90 100 115 125 ` 150 175 200 210 . 225 250 100 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 25 26 . 27 28 30 32 33 34 35 36 Rating--Per Cent 150 14 16 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 28 29 31 32 34 36 38 38 40 41 200 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 27 29 31 . 33 34 35 38 40 43 44 45 47 The figures in this table are based on the following assumptions: Rating...................... 1......--... Efficiency................................ CO*........... _..L........................ Stack Temp. deg. fahr.____ Pounds of gas........................ 100% 65% 8% 450 85 150% 65% . 9% 500 77 200% 63% 10% 550 73 efficiency is safeguarded, and the danger of a draft such as to pull through too large an excess of air is eliminated. Table 9, adapted from a similar table calculated by C. R. Weymouth {Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol. 34, 1912) and based on actual test data, will be found to give-.satisfactory results under the assumed conditions, as given for stacks with oil-burning boilers. 257 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 CHIMNEYS FOR GAS APPLIANCES The burning of gas differs from the burning of coal in that the force which supplies the air for combustion of the gas comes largely from the pressure of the gas in the supply,pipe, whereas air is supplied to a bed of burning coal by the force of the chimney draft. If, with a coal-burning boiler, the draft is poor, or if the chimney is stopped, the fire is smothered and the combustion rate reduced. Such a condition on a gas boiler or furnace would interfere with the combustion of the gas, but the gas would continue to pass to the burners and the resulting incomplete com bustion would produce a dangerous condition. In order to prevent incomplete combustion from insufficient draft, all gas-fired boilers and furnaces should have a back-draft diverter in the flue connection to the chimney. A study of the drawing of a typical back draft diverter will make it plain that a stoppage in the chimney will cause the combustion products to come out into the boiler room, but there will be no-interference with Table 6. Height of Stack in Feet for Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers (Sea Level and 60 Deg. Fahr. Outside Temperature)3 Nominal. Horsepower 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 .75 90 100 115 Drapt at Base or Stack, Inches 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 Rating--Per Cent 100 21 26 35 43 52 60 69 78 86 . 95 104 112 150 22 28 37 46 56 65 74 84 93 102 112 121 200 25 30 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 122 132 ' Friction loss in stack assumed 0.1 in. per 100 ft. See also Note a, Table 5. the complete combustion of the gas. Another feature in the construction of the back-draft diverter is that a down draft from the chimney will have practically no effect upon the combustion of the gas, due to the baffle deflecting the draft into the boiler room. As is the case with the complete combustion of almost all fuels, the products of combustion for gas are carbon dioxide (CO,) and water vapor' with just a trace of sulphur trioxide (SO,). Sulphur usually burns to the trioxide in the presence of an iron oxide catalyst. The volume of water vapor in the flue products is about twice the volume of the carbon dioxide when coke oven or natural gas is burned. Because of the large quantity of water vapor which is formed by the burning of gas, it is quite important that all gas-fired central heating plants be connected to a chimney having a good draft. Lack of chimney draft causes stagnation of the products of combustion in the chimney and results in the con densation Of a large amount of the water vapor. A good chimney draft draws air into the chimney through the openings in the back-draft 258 Chapter 14--Chimneys Table 7. Available Draft for 100 Ft. Steel Stacks of Different Diameters3 (Based on a stack temperature of 500 deg. JahrP and 100 lb. of gas per horsepower. For other heights of stack, multiply draft by height + 100) HorsePOWER 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600 2000 2500 3000 35CX) 4000 4500 5000 36 0.55 0.21 42 48 0.62 0.46 0.56 0.19 0.42 0.23 54 0.61 0.53 0.43 0.29 Diameter or Stack in Inches 60 66 72 78 84 96 108 0.59 0.52 0.58 0.61 0.63 0.45 0.53 0.58 0.61 0.63 0.35 0.47 0.54 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.31 0.43 0.52 0.56 0.62 0.64 0.43 0.50 0.59 0.62 0.41 0.54 0.60 0.48 0.56 0.40 0.52 0.48 0.43 114 0.65 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.52 0.49 0.44 120 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.49 132 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 144 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.60 Data from Marks' Mechanical Engineers Handbook. bFor other stack temperatures add or deduct before multiplying by height 100. as follows: For 750 deg. fahr. add 0.17 in. For 700 deg. fahr. add 0.14 in. For 650 deg. fahr. add 0.11 in. For 600 deg. fahr. add 0.08 in. For 550 deg. fahr. add 0.04 in. For 450 deg. fahr. deduct 0.04 in. For 400 deg. fahr. deduct 0.09 in. For 350 deg. fahr. deduct 0.14 in. Table 8. Stack Sizes by Kent's Formula (A ssumirig 5 lb. of coal per horsepower per hour) Dlim. Area In. Sq. Fr. SO 60 Height or Stack in Feet Side or. Equivalent *80 100 150 175 200 | 225 | 250 Square Stack, Diam. Inches Commercial Horsepower Inches 33 5.94 106 115 133 149 36 7.07 129 141 163 182 39 8.30 155 169 196 219 245 42 9.62 183 200 231 258 289 316 48 12.57 246 269 311 348 389 426 460 .54 15.90 318 348 402 449 503 551 595 60 19.64 400 437 505 565 632 692 748 66 23.76 490 537 620 694 776 849 918 72 28.27 591 646 747 835 934 1023 1105 78 33.18 700 766 885 990 1107 1212 1310 84 38.48 818 896 1035 1157 1294 1418 1531 90 44.18 96 50.27 102 56.75 108 63.62 114 70:88 120 78.54 126 86.59 132 95.03 144 113.10 156 132.73 168 153.94 1338 1496 1639 1770 1893 2008 2116 1532 1713 1876 2027 2167 2298 2423 1739 1944 2130 2300 2459 2609 2750 1959 2190 2392 2592 2770 2939 3098 2192 2451 2685 2900 3100 3288 3466 2438 2726 2986 3226 3448 3657 3855 2697 3016 3303 3568 3814 4046 4265 2970 3321 3637 3929 4200 4455 4696 3554 3973 4352 4701 5026 5331 5618 4190 4684 5131 5542 5925 6285 6624 4878 5454 5974 6454 6899 7318 7713 30 32 35 38 43 48 54 59 64 70 75 80 86" 91 98 101 107 112 117 128 138 150 33 36 39 42 48 54 60 66 72 7ft 84 90 96 102 108 114 -120 126 132 144 156 168 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 diverter, lowers the dew-point of the mixture, and reduces the tendency of the water vapor to condense. A chimney for a gas-fired boiler or furnace should be constructed in accordance with the principles applicable to other boilers. Where .the wall forming a smoke flue is made up of less than an 8 in. thickness of brick, concrete or stone, a burnt fire clay flue tile lining should be used. Care should be used that the lengths of flue tile meet properly with no openings at the joints. Cement mortar should be used for the entire chimney. Table 9. Maximum Capacities of Stacks in Boiler Horsepower for Oil Fuel Inches 33 36 39 42 48 54 60 66 72 84 96 108 120 80 161 208 251 295 399 519 657 813 980 1373 1833 2367 3060 Height in Feet Above Boiler Booh Floor 90 206 253 303 359 486 634 800 993 1206 1587 2260 2920 3660 100 233 295 343 403 551 720 913 1133 1373 1933 2587 3347 4207 120 270 331 . 399 474 645 847 1073 1333 1620 2293 3087 4000 5040 140 306 363 488 521 713 933 1193 1480 1807 2560 3453 4483 5660 160 315 387 467 557 760 1000 1280 1593 1940 2767 3740 4867 6160 "Figures represent nominal rated horsepower; sizes as given are based on 50 per cent overloads and centrally located stacks, short direct flues and ordinary operating efficiencies.. ' ` Correction for altitude may be made according to Table 10. Table 10. Correction Fagtors for Altitude . Height Above Sea Level Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Ratio Increase m Diameter 1.000 1.015 1.030 1.063 1.096 1.130 1.165 Ratio Increase in Height 1.000 1.079 1.164 1.356 1.580 1.841 2.144 Table 11 gives the minimum cross-sectional diameters of round chim neys (in inches) for various amounts of heat supplied to the appliance, and for various chimney heights. This is in accordance with American Gas Association recommendations. , The flue connections from a gas-fired boiler or furnace to the chimney should be of a non-corrosive material. In localities where the price of gas requires the use of highly efficient appliances, the material used for the flue connection not only should be resistant to the corrosion of water, but should resist the corrosion of dilute solutions of sulphur trioxide in 260 Chapter 14--Chimneys Table 11. Minimum Round Chimney Diameters for Gas Appliances (Inches) Height or Feet 20 40 60 80 100 100 4.50 4.25 4.10 4.00 3.90 Gas Consumption in Thousands or B.t.u. peb Hour 200 5.70 5.50 5.35 5.20 5.00 300 6.60 6.40 6.20 6.00 5.90 400 7.30 7.10 6.90 6.70 6.50 500 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.35 7.20 750 9.40 9.15 8.90 8.65 8.40 1000 10.50 10.25 10.00 9.75 9.40 1500 12.35 12.10 11.85 11.50 11.00 2000 13.85 13.55 13.25 12.85 12.40 water. Sheet aluminum, as well as some other materials, seems to serve this purpose very well. . CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS For general data on the construction of chimneys reference should be made to the Standard Ordinance for Chimney Construction of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Briefly summarized, these provisions are as follows for heating boilers and furnaces: The construction, location, height and area of the chimney to which a heating boiler or warm-air furnace is connected affect the operation of the entire heating system. Most residence chimneys are built of brick and may be either lined or unlined, but in either case the walls must be air-tight and there should be only one smoke opening into the chimney. Cleanout, if provided, must be absolutely air-tight when closed. The walls of brick chimneys shall be not less than 3% in. thick (width of a standard sire brick) and shall be lined with fire-clay flue lining. Fire-clay flue linings shall be manufactured from suitable refractory clay, either natural or compounded, and shall be adapted to withstand high temperatures and the action of flue gases. They shall be of standard commercial thickness, but not less than % in. All fire-clay flue linings shall meet the standard specification of the Eastern Clay Products Association. The flue sections shall be set in special mortar, and shall have the joints struck smooth on the inside. The masonry shall be built around each section of lining as it is placed, and all spaces between masonry and linings shall be completely filled with mortar. No broken flue lining shall be used. Flue lining shall start at least 4 in. below the bottom of smokepipe intakes of flues, and shall be continued the entire heights of the flues and project at least 4 in. above chimney top to allow for a 2 in. projection of lining. The wash or splay shall be formed of a rich cement mortar. To improve the draft the wash surface should be concave wherever practical. Flue lining may be omitted in brick chimneys, provided the walls of the chimneys are not less than 8 in. thick, and that the inner course shall be a refractory clay brick. All brickwork shall be laid in spread mortar, with all joints push-filled. Exposed joints both inside and outside shall be struck smooth. No plaster lining shall be permitted. Chimneys shall extend at least 3 ft. above flat roofs and 2 ft. above the ridges of peak roofs when such flat roofs or peaks are within 30 ft. of the chimney. The chimney shall be high enough so that the wind from any direction shall not strike the top of the chimney from an angle above the horizontal. The chimney shall be properly capped with stone, terra cotta, concrete, cast iron, or other approved material; but no such cap or coping shall decrease the flue area. There shall be but one connection to the flue to which the boiler or furnace smoke- pipe is attached. The boiler or furnace smoke-pipe shall be thoroughly grouted into the chimney and shall not project beyond the inner surface of the flue lining. " The size or area of flue lining or of brick flue for warm-air furnaces depends on height of chimney and capacity of heating system. For chimneys not less than 35 ft. in height above grate line, the net internal dimensions of lining should be at least 7 x 11H in. for a total leader pipe area up to 790 sq. in. Above 790 and up to 1,000 sq. in. of leader pipe area the lining should be at least 11)4 x 11)4 in. inside. In case of brick flues not 261 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 less than 35 ft. in height with no linings, the internal dimensions should be at least. 8-x 12 in. up to 790 sq. in. of leader area, and at least 12 x 12 in. for leader capacities up to 1,000 sq. in. Chimneys under 35 ft. in height are unsatisfactory in operation and hence should be avoided. SMOKE TEST The chimney flue must be smoke tight and shall be subjected to a smoke test by the mason contractor in the presence of the architect or his representative, after the mortar has thoroughly hardened. The method of conducting this test shall be as.follows: With a good fire in the boiler or furnace, or in the base of the chimney, put about a square yard of tar paper on the fire. As soon as smoke appears at the top of the chimney close the top of the flue with a piece of old carpet or wet newspapers held down by a weighted board. Keep the tar paper burning in the firepot for five minutes. The architect or his represen tative shall sign an acceptance in triplicate, stating that the chimney was tight under the foregoing test, and shall give one copy to the mason contractor, one copy to the heating contractor and one copy to the owner. 262 CHAPTER 15 BOILERS FOR STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING Duly of Boiler; Boiler Selection; Boiler Ratings; Types of Boilers; Boiler Troubles; Operating Conditions; Burning Anthracite and Bituminous Coal; Pick-up Load; Hot Water Supply Boilers. THE function of a boiler is to deliver a specified quantity of heat in the form of dry steam or hot water at its outlet. If the boiler is equipped with automatic temperature or pressure con trol, this control should actuate dampers or other means for governing the rate of combustion within certain limits. When equipped with devices intended to accomplish a definite combustion result, as, for example, to burn bituminous coal smokelessly, the boilers should accomplish this without undue attention. The most important conditions affecting the operation of the boiler to be met, if it is to accomplish its purpose, are as follows: 1. There must be a chimney or other means of draft of adequate capacity. 2. The fuel used must be as good as that contemplated when the boiler was selected. 3. The quality of attention and its frequency must equal that contemplated when the boiler was selected. 4. The piping and heat-emitting surfaces connected to the boiler must function properly. . 5. The water in the system must be in favorable condition, free from grease and other foreign matter. BOILER SELECTION Ordinarily, especially in residence heating and' in other small installa tions, the information upon which the boiler is selected is meager. This information usually covers the heat output of radiators under normal temperatures, the kind of fuel, whether anthracite or bituminous coal, oil or gas, and in a few cases the amount of heat-emitting surface in the piping. Successful selection of a boiler based only upon this information requires good judgment and the boiler usually must be selected large enough to deliver the required quantity of heat under the most adverse conditions of attention, fuel, draft, etc. A boiler usually is selected from the manufacturer's catalog with a rating 80 to 100 per cent in excess of the manufacturer's. rating expressed in equivalent square feet of direct radiation. "* The following items taken from the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Ventilation of Buildings cover information which should be available for intelligent boiler selection: 263 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 1. The estimated heat emission in B.t.u. per hour of the connected radiation (direct, indirect or blast) to be installed, as previously determined by calculations given in Chapter 2 of The Guide. 2. The estimated maximum heat in B.t.u. per hour required to supply water heaters or other apparatus to be connected to the boiler. 3. The estimated heat emission in' B.t.u. per hour of the piping connecting the radiation and other apparatus to the boiler. 4. The estimated increase in the normal load in B.t.u. per hour due to starting up cold radiation, etc. This percentage of increase to be based on the sum of items (1), (2) and (3) shall not be assumed less than the following: Sum of (1), (2) and (3): Up to 100,000 B.t.u. add 65 per cent. ' 100,000 to 200,000 B.t.u. add 60 per cent. . 200,000 to 600,000 B.t.u. add 55 per cent. 600,000 to 1,200,000 B.t.u. add 50 per cent. 1,200,000 to 1,800,000 B.t.u. add 45 per cent. Above 1,800,000 B.t.u. add 40 per cent. - Other things to be considered are: 5. The kind and amount of attention available. Attention is least skillful and least frequent for owner-operated residence installations and generally increases in skill as well as frequency as size of boiler increases. Local fuels and types of firing service must be considered carefully in this connection. 6. The kind of fuel to be used, including size and characteristics. 7. Size arid height of the available chimney. With definite requirements as given by items 1 to 4 available, the boiler performance information, obtained according to American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Code No. 3--Performance Test Code for Steam Heating Solid Fuel Boilers, can be used for selection of the proper size of solid fuel burning boiler. Other Factors in Selection of Boiler As it will usually be found that several boilers will meet the specifica tions, the final selection of the boiler will be effected by other considera tions as follows: (a) Dimensions of boiler; (b) Height of water line; (c) Durability under service; (d) Convenience in firing and cleaning; (e) Type of controls; (/) Adaptability to changes in fuel arid kind of attention; (g) The output required during the greater part of the season. In large installations the use of several smaller boiler units instead of one larger one will obtain greater flexibility and economy by permitting the operation of a required number of units according to heat require ments at the best operating efficiency. Numerical Value of Maximum Hourly Output Experience with gas-fired boilers, which are rated on B.t.u. output and which can only slightly exceed the rated output, but which require no chimney draft, has shown that a continuous output capacity of 25 per cent in excess of the normal heat loss of radiation, plus piping, is ample for all direct radiator installations. This corresponds to an output of 40 to 60 per cent in excess of the normal heat loss of the radiation, depending upon the proportion of piping to radiation. Gas-fired boilers rated according to the American Gas Association 264 Chapter 15--Boilers for Steam and Hot Water Heating method and having, therefore, A.G.A: Ratings are selected in the majority of direct radiator installations, according to the table of selection factors given in Chapter 11, page 229. Upon the basis of gas-fired boiler experience, a coal-fired boiler which could deliver a continuous average output of 25 per cent in excess of radiation and piping would be amply large for any job. This is true for an oil-fired boiler, provided the known output of the combination of boiler, burner, and chimney is used. Where test data are not available for the contemplated combination of boiler and oil burner, economical performance may be obtained by selecting a boiler in which the heat absorbed per square foot of boiler heating surface at the maximum continuous output is approximately 4,000 B.t.u. per hour. It should be ascertained that the burner selected has sufficient combustion space to permit the burning of the required quantity of the available oil fuel. In the case of coal-fired boilers, however, it is necessary to make addi tional allowance for the following conditions not due to boiler construc tion which may obtain at the time when the maximum pick-up load occurs, (a) insufficient draft; (b) poor quality of fuel; (c) fuel bed not in ;good condition; (d) inferior quality of attention; (e) necessity of firing a charge of fuel that will last for a long period; (/) dirty flues. The conditions (a) to (/) inclusive, reduce the output obtainable to a . point below that which could be obtained under good or normal conditions and necessitate a larger boiler, in order that when the normal output is decreased by the effect of items (a) to (/) there will still be available a quantity of heat 25 per cent in excess of the radiation-plus-piping loss. Coal-fired boilers, therefore, are usually selected with a maximum con tinuous output 60 to 80 per cent in excess of the demand of radiationplus-piping. For large boiler installations the foregoing percentages in excess of the heat loss of radiation-plus-piping may be reduced to the following: ' Per Cent School buildings without recirculation of air.............................................. ............... :.. 50 School buildings with full recirculation of air........,.......................................... ........ 25 Buildings with periodical heating only......... ..............................--............................... 50 Other large buildings.............. ...................... ...............................:............... ........ . ......... 25 For any boiler selected it is well to determine whether the rate of com bustion (fuel burned per square foot of grate per hour) will be required continuously for more than a few hours and whether it is low enough to prevent clinker trouble. With natural draft it is recommended that for continuous output (under favorable conditions), with a minimum of attention, the combustion rates given in Table 1 be not exceeded. In the case of boilers having larger grates, better draft and more frequent attention, rates of combustion may be greatly increased over those shown in Table 1. Selection of Steel Boilers Manufacturers of steel heating boilers '(members of the American Boiler Manufacturers' Association) prefer the following method of selec tion : Select a boiler with published rating (rating determined by heating 265 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Practical Combustion Rates for Relatively Small Coal-Fired Heat ing Boilers Operating on Natural Draft of from % In. to In. Water So. Ft. Gbate Up to 4 5 to 9 10 " 14 15 " 19 20 " 25 Up to 9 10 to 19 20 " 25 Up to 4 5 to 9 10 " 14 15 " 19 20 " 25 Up to 4 5 to 14 15 and above. Kind or Coal . Lb. or Coal per So. Ft. Gbatb per Hour 3 4 5 5 5)4 6 5 6 7 s 9 4 7 10 surface and grate area) corresponding by heating surface to the estimated design load as defined in Section V of the Code of Minimum Require ments, being the sum of items (A), (B) and (C) in Paragraph 1. (This is the same (1), (2) and (3) on page 264 of this chapter.) BOILER RATINGS The use of boilers the output of which has been determined in accor dance with the boiler testing code No. 3 of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers is recommended. A method sometimes used for estimating the approximate reasonable output of a boiler where more accurate and reliable test data are not available, is as follows: ' The output in B.t.u. is obtained by multiplying together the square feet of grate surface by an assumed rate of combustion (in pounds of coal per square foot of grate per hour) by the B.t.u. value of the fuel (per pound) by the efficiency of the boiler (at the load and rate of combustion assumed). ' This gives an approximate rating. For data on rates of combustion, see Table 1, also Chapter 10, Heating by Coal, and Chapter 14, Chimneys. Ordinary heating boiler efficiencies for normal rate of combustion usu ally range between 55 per cent and 75 per cent. Gas-Fired Boiler Ratings The rating of gas boilers, in contrast to that of coal boilers is a com paratively simple matter. The following conditions of rating established by the American Gas Association .have been generally accepted: 1. The boiler must deliver rated output without chimney connection. 2. There must be no carbon monoxide formed when the gas pressure in service line is normal, 50 per cent below normal, or 50 per cent above normal. 3. The boiler must have an efficiency of at least 75 per cent at rated output. 4. Gas pressure drop in all valves and fittings must not exceed 1 in. of water. 266 Chapter 15--Boilers for Steam and Hot Water Heating The maximum B.t.u. input or gas that can be burned may be deter mined by the manufacturer but is checked by the American Gas Asso ciation laboratory before being approved. An arbitrary efficiency of 80 per cent is assumed in computing the output rating from the B.t.u. input. The actual B.t.u. delivered by any gas boiler when burning gas at the rated B.t.u. input will vary from the A.G.A. output rating in the direct proportion of the actual efficiency with the gas being burned to the assumed efficiency of 80 per cent. Oil-Fired Boiler Ratings The output of a boiler with oil fuel will depend upon the combined efficiency of the boiler and burner and the quantity of oil that can be burned properly within the space provided in the boiler. Oil burner ratings in use at present have been obtained either from tests with typical burners or have been obtained by multiplying the coal rating by a constant. Coal boilers converted to oil may have as high or a higher rating and as high or higher efficiency than with coal. To inaugurate unproved terminology: . Size means physical dimensions, in contradistinction to rating or output. Rating means the output of the boiler; the work which it performs. TYPES OF BOILERS Broadly speaking, three types of boilers are commonly used--sectional, fire-tube and water-tube. Sectional boilers may be of the rectangular pattern with vertical sec tions, or of the round pattern with horizontal sections. They are usually constructed of cast iron; and on account of their sectional construction and the usual practice of being shipped knocked down and assembled on the job, they are easily handled through small openings at any stage of construction. Their design also facilitates the removal and replacing of darqaged parts as well as an increase of decrease in capacity by the addi tion of removal of sections. Cast iron boilers usually are limited to operating pressures of 15 lb. steam or 30 lb. water, excepting when used for hot water supply, in which case the boilers are built for operation at city pressure and are tested at pressures two and one-half times the operating pressure. , Fire-tube boilers may be of the horizontal tubular brickset pattern, the horizontal tubular firebox pattern (with or without supplementary brick setting), the vertical tubular brickset pattern or the vertical tubular firebox pattern. - Fire-tube steel boilers may be built for high or low pressure, but when used for heating with consequent usual low-pressure operation, they generally are built according to the 4.5. M. E. Steel Plate Heating Boiler Code which limits working pressure to 15 lb. per square inch for steam boilers, or 250 deg. fahr. or 160 lb. per square inch for water boilers.. In construction they may be riveted or weldedr Where higher operating pressures are required, boilers of the-same dimensions as low-pressure boilers can be obtained at a comparatively small increase in cost. 267 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The large water content of this type of boiler provides for heat storage capacity against sudden demands and minimizes water line fluctuations under sudden variations in load. Chimney heights for the larger sizes of fire-tube boilers as specified by the manufacturer generally are lower than for corresponding sizes of cast iron boilers. Water-tube boilers may be of the horizontal brickset pattern with either horizontal or . cross drums, the vertical brickset pattern, the bent , or inclined tube brickset pattern, or the self-contained firebox pattern with any one of the above arrangements of tubes. Water-tube boilers usually are constructed with steel or iron tubes, steel drums and either steel, cast steel or cast iron headers. They heat up and steam rapidly and also lose their heat and steam pressure quickly, since the water content is small. The principal heating surface, consisting of tubes with the water inside and the heated gases outside, is easy to clean from the inside with hydraulic or pneumatic tube cleaners and from the outside with steam of air jet soot blowers. Water-tube boilers are to be avoided where the water con tains large quantities of scale forming material. - Since water-tube boilers usually have limited steam-disengaging, area at the water line, it usually is desirable to operate them at comparatively high pressure, and water-tube boilers operated at less than 15 lb. pressure in heating service are and should be, unusual. SPACE ALLOWANCE FOR BOILERS Boilers often are placed in quarters which are too cramped for con venient handling of the fire, the coal and the ashes. The space in front of the boilers should be sufficient for firing, stoking, ash removal arid cleaning or renewal of flues, and should be at least 3 ft. greater than the length of the boiler firebox. A space of at least 3 ft. should be allowed on at least one side of every boiler for convenience of erection and for accessibility to the Various dampers, cleanouts and trimmings. The space at the rear of the boiler should be ample for the chimney connection and for cleanouts and with large boilers the rear clearance should be at least 3 ft. in width. The boiler room height should be sufficient for location of boiler accessories and for proper installation of piping. In general the ceiling height for small steam boilers should be at least 3J4 ft. above the normal boiler water line. With vapor heating especially the height above the boiler water line is of vital importance. INSTALLING AND PREPARING BOILERS FOR SERVICE The directions of the boiler manufacturer always should be read before the assembly or installation of any boiler is started, even though the contractor may be familiar with the boiler. All joints requiring boiler putty or cement, which cannot be reached after assembly is complete, must be finished as the assembly progresses. * Nuts or tie rods of sectional cast iron boilers always must be drawn up and then loosened about one thread to allow for expansion of the boiler. 268 Chapter 15--Boilers for Steam and Hot Water Heating when hot. The nuts should be just a little more than hand-tight when the boiler is at its operating temperature. Flow piping connections should be full size of the manufacturers outlet and preferably should be vertical from the outlets to the maximum height available above the boiler. A large tall outlet pipe and a low outlet velocity are of great value in separating the steam from the water; especially if the. boiler has accumulated grease and other foreign matter. Maximum steam velocities of from 20 to 25 ft. per second at the boiler outlet are recommended. The outlets from steam boilers should be placed as remotely as possible from the areas of the water surface at which steam separation is most violent. There is usually some advantage to be obtained with low-pressure steam boilers by installing a large drip connection back to the boiler below the water line, from a point as near as practicable to the steam outlet. Recommended methods of connecting piping to steam boilers are shown in Chapter 20, Piping for Steam Heating Systems. WATER LINE IN STEAM BOILERS Enough water only should be added to heating boilers to keep the water line at the height established by the manufacturer. Raising the water to a higher level may result in carrying over of water with the steam. Water from small steam heating systems should not be lost by leakage or withdrawn to serve as hot water supply as the fresh water required to make up the loss may introduce scale-forming or corrosive matter. On the other hand the occasional addition of new scale-forming water under some conditions may prevent excessive corrosion or pitting of the boiler interior. ' CLEANING STEAM BOILERS The grease used to lubricate the cutting tools during erection of new piping systems serves as a carrier for sand and dirt, with the result that a scum of fine particles and grease accumulates on the surface of the water in all new1 boilers, while heavier particles may settle to the bottom of the boiler and form sludge. The scum is best removed through an outlet at the surface of the water. The method given has been used successfully for cleaning new boilers. The boiler should be blown off within about one week after it has been placed in operation. This blowing off is to remove the unavoidable accumulation of oil, grease, etc. These impurities unless removed have a tendency to cause foaming; preventing the generation of steam and causing an unsteady water line. This blowing off should be done when the boiler is under fire. If one blowing off does not result in a steady water line and a clean water gage, the operation must be repeated and repeated; sometimes requiring the exercising of great patience and persistence. An approved procedure for blowing off is as follows: Close all radiator valves and remove the thermostatic members of all return line traps, if there are valves at the boiler, close both the supply and return valves. Remove the damper regulator and plug the opening. Remove the plug at the water line blow-off 269 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 or provide an equivalent opening and connect a blow-off pipe to the opening, with a gate valve or cock extending this pipe to a suitable drain or out of the basement window, providing that the basement window is lower than the point of connection to the boiler. The blow-off piping should be as large as possible, in any event not smaller than 1 in. in diameter. Many boilers have permanent surface blow-off openings and connections. With sufficient fire in the boiler to keep the water at the boiling point, turn on the cold water supply enough to cause the water in the boiler to overflow slowly through the blow-off pipe until the surface of the water line is thoroughly skimmed of all oil and wease. One to two hours, generally, is sufficient. At intervals the water supply and blow-off valves may be closed to allow the temperature of the water to be raised. The best results in skimming a boiler over the top can be obtained by regulating the fire and the water supply in such manner as never to allow the overflowing water completely to fill the surface blow-off pipe. The flow through this pipe should be slow, so that the grease on top of the water will float away and not be forced against the upper inside surface of the metal in the top of the boiler. When assured that the overflowing water is free from grease, shut off the water supply valve and the gate valve in the overflow pipe and draw the water down to its correct, line, using the regular blow-off at the bottom of the boiler, then close the lower blow-off, and using wood as a fuel, raise the steam pressure to at least 12 lb. Then open the lower blow-off cock wide, using care to see that the supply of water has been blown out, but do not have the fuel bed so thick that it will be, difficult to dump the grates when all water has been blown from the boiler. Then open all fire and flue doors wide and allow the boiler to cool; close the drain cock; remove the surface blow-off pipe; close the opening, replace the damper regulator, and fill the boiler slowly to the water line. Then open all radiator valves, open the boiler flow and return valves, and if the ther mostatic members have been removed from the return line traps, these can be replaced while the boiler is cooling. The fire then can be rekindled and the boiler may be tested for steaming. On some boilers it may be convenient to make the temporary surface blow-off connections at the safety valve tapping; this is permissible, though it will be necessary to carry a higher water line to accomplish the skimming action. The balance of the operation will be as already described. In boilers where a large amount of grease is present, it may be desirable, to add a quantity of soda ash, which should be boiled in the boiler for at least half an hour before the blowing off operation is started. If soda ash is used it should be purchased from a wholesale drug house or drug store, for package products sold in grocery stores sometimes contain a percentage of soap, which is undesirable for this purpose. The quantities of soda ash necessary can be determined by'allowing 1 lb. for each square foot of grate area. About 3 lb. is the minimum quan tity for boilers having a grate area less than 5 sq. ft. For instance, a boiler having a grate area of 10 sq. ft. requires 10 lb. of soda ash. In some cases this may be a trifle in excess of that actually required, but it is a fairly good average of what is necessary to obtain satisfactory results. When soda ash is used care should be taken to see that all traces of this chemical are removed before the boiler is again put in operation. This can accurately be determined by testing the water occasionally with pink, not blue, litmus papier during the floating process. Litmus paper can be purchased from any drug store; the pink paper turns blue when immersed in water containing soda and retains its original color when the water is free from soda. The use of litmus paper is not feasible when natural feed water contains a high percentage of alkali. In such cases the skimming process should be continued from two to three hours, depending on the size of the boiler. 270 Chapter 15--Boilers for Steam and Hot Water Heating In cases where there is no water supply pressure it will be impractical to use the surface blow-off method. Under such circumstances the bottom blow-off process should be repeated many times. On new installations it is advisable, wherever possible, to drain all con- . densation directly to the sewer during at least the first week of operation, thereby preventing passage of grease and dirt to the boiler from the system. The length of time during which this process should be continued depends somewhat on the amount of scale-forming material in the water, as it would be objectionable to accumulate excess scale on the heating surfaces due to the use of raw water. PROTECTION OF BOILERS The following physical precautions should be taken in all installations to prevent damage to the boiler; 1. There should be provided proper and convenient drainage connections for use if the boiler is not in operation during freezing weather. . 2. Strains on the boiler due to movement of piping during expansion should be prevented by suitable anchoring of piping and by proper provision for pipe expansion and contraction. 3. Direct impingement of too intense local heat upon any part of the boiler surface, as with oil burners, should be avoided by protecting the surface with firebrick or other insulating material. 4. Condensation must flow back to the boiler as rapidly and uniformly as possible. Return connections should prevent the water from backing out of the boiler. 5. Low water cut-off devices which shut off the source of heat if the water in the boiler falls below a safe level are recommended for boilers fired with oil or gas. SMOKE BREECHING AND CHIMNEY CONNECTIONS Connections from the boiler outlet to the chimney should be air-tight and as short and direct as possible, preference being given to long radius and 45 deg., instead of 90 deg. bends. The bend at the entrance to the chimney should not project beyond the inside of the chimney and it should be pointed up from the inside of the chimney. Where a battery of boilers is connected into' a breeching each boiler . should be provided with a tight damper. The breeching for a battery of boilers should not be reduced in size as it goes to the more remote boilers. Good connections made to a good chimney will usually result in a rapid response by the boilers to demands for heat. PIPE CONNECTIONS TO BOILERS The pipe connections which must be made to both steam boilers and hot-water heaters are: . 1. Steam or flow connections from the top. 2. Return connections to the bottom. 3. Blow-off or drain connections. 4. Cold water connections for filling. . The steam or flow connections and also the- return connections must be carefully designed-to provide for expansion of the piping, as well as of proper size and number so as to give low outlet velocities, and uniform .. 271 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 distribution of the return water over the boiler heating surfaces. The velocity of flow through the outlets of low pressure steam heating boilers should not exceed 15 ft. per second if entrainment of moisture is to be prevented, as with higher velocity the steam leaving the boiler may carry water with it. Blow-off or drain connections should be made near the boiler and so arranged that the entire system may be drained of water by opening the drain cock. In the case of two or more boilers separate blow-off connec tions must be provided for each boiler on the boiler side of the stop valve on the main return connection. Water service connections must be provided for both steam and water boilers, for refilling and for the addition of make up water to boilers. This connection is usually of galvanized iron pipe, and is made to the return main near the boiler or boilers. The heating contractor is required to run this line to the nearest water service main, in which the plumber has left a plugged tee. For further data on pipe connections for steam and hot-water heating systems, see Chapters 20 and 21. . BOILER TROUBLES A complaint regarding boiler operation generally will be found to be due to one of the following: ' 1. The boiler fails to deliver enough heat. The cause of this condition may be: (a) poor draft; (ft) poor fuel; (c) inferior attention or firing; (d) boiler too small; (e) improper, piping; (/) improper arrangement of sections; (g) heating surfaces may be covered with soot and (A) insufficient radiation installed. 2. The water line is unsteady. The cause of this condition may be: (a) grease and dirt in boiler; (ft) water column connected to a very active section and, therefore, may not be showing actual water level in boiler, (c) boiler operating at excessive output. 3. Water disappears from gage glass. This may be caused by: (a) priming due to grease and dirt in boiler; (ft) too great pressure difference between supply and return piping causing water to back into return; (e) valve closed in return line; (d) connection of bottom of water column into a very active section or thin waterway; (e) improper connections between boilers in battery permitting boiler with excess pressure to push water into boiler with lower pressure. 4. Water is.carried over into steam main. This may be caused by: (a) grease and dirt in boiler; (ft) insufficient steam dome or too small steam liberating area; (c) outlet con nections of too small area; (d) excessive rate of output; (e) water level carried higher than specified. 5. Boiler is slow in response to operation of dampers. This may be due to: (a) poor draft due to air leaks into chimney or breeching; (ft) inferior fuel; (c) inferior attention; (d) accumulation of clinker on grate; (e) boiler too small for the load. 6. Boiler requires too frequent cleaning of flues. This may be due to: (a) poor draft; (6) smoky combustion; (c) too low a rate of combustion; (d) too much excess air in firebox causing chilling of gases. 7. Boiler smokes through fire door. This may be due to: (a) defective draft in chimney: or incorrect setting of dampers; (6) air leaks into boiler or breeching; (e) gas outlet from firebox plugged with fuel; (d) dirty or clogged flues; () improper reduction in breeching size. . If boiler trouble is attributed to oil and dirt in boiler one of the following tests will determine whether cleaning of boiler is necessary: 1. Draw off a small quantity of water from the try-cock near the water line. Boil this water in a pan and at the same time boil an equal quantity of water such as fed 272 Chapter 15--Boilers for Steam and Hot Water Heating to boiler in another pan (of same size if available). A marked difference in liberation of steam from the surface will indicate that the boiler should be cleaned. 2. After building a pressure in the boiler of 2 to 5 lb. open safety valve by means of a wire attached to lifting lever. Keep valve open for one minute. If water is discharged with the steam after the first rush of steam and water, it can safely be assumed that the boiler should be cleaned. HOT WATER SUPPLY BOILERS Boilers for hot water supply are classified as direct, if the water heated passes through the boiler, and as indirect, if the water heated does not come in contact with the water or steam in the boiler. Direct heaters are built to operate at the pressures found in city supply mains and are tested at pressures from 200 to 300 lb. per square inch. The life of direct heaters depends almost entirely on the scale-making properties of the water supplied. If water temperatures are maintained below 140 deg. the life of the heater will be much longer than if higher temperatures are used, owing to decreased scale formation and minimized corrosion below 140 deg. Direct water heaters in some cases are designed to burn refuse and garbage. Indirect heaters generally consist of steam boilers in connection with heat exchangers of coil or tube heaters which transmit the heat from the steam to the water. This type of installation costs more than a direct system, but has the following advantages: 1. The boiler operates at low pressure. Water hammer and cold water shocks are not transmitted to the boiler. ' 2. The boiler is protected .from scale and corrosion. 3. The scale is formed in the heat exchanger in which the parts to which the scale is attached can be cleaned or replaced. The accumulation of scale does not effect efficiency although it will effect the capacity of the heat exchanger. 4. Water hammer due to formation of steam is minimized especially if the steam supply to the heater is under automatic control. 5. Discoloration of water may be prevented if the water supply comes in contact only with non-ferrous metal. SELECTION OF HOT WATER SUPPLY BOILERS The size of hot-water supply boiler selected is based upon the quantity of water used in 24 hours, the temperature rise, the peak load, the dura tion of peak load, and the size of storage tank used. A boiler capable of delivering per hour 1/24 of the 24-hour demand, operating continuously, would be sufficiently large, but it is good practice to provide at least 20 per cent reserve capacity in the boiler by selecting a boiler which can deliver per hour 1/20 of the 24-hour demand.' The storage tank should be of such size that the water stored during off-peak hours, plus the hourly output of the heater will equal the demand during the period of peak load. If the storage tank is already installed and is too small, a larger boiler must be used; the boiler having such capacity that the stored water plus the hourly heat output of the boiler equals the demand during the peak period. -- Control of the water temperature by means of thermostats is discussed in Chapter 17 on Automatic Heat Control. . 273 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 For the determination of hot water supply requirements, refer to Chapter 23 on Water Supply Piping for Buildings. ' Hot water supply boilers usually are rated in gallons of water heated through a specified temperature rise within a given time. It is important to determine the temperature rise and the time required, as there is con siderable variation in the values as used by different manufacturers. CLEANING FLUES All boilers are provided with flue clean-out openings through which the ' heating surface can be reached by means of brushes or scrapers. Flues of solid fuel boilers should be cleaned often to keep the surfaces free of soot or ash. Gas boiler flues and burners should be cleaned at least once a year. Oil burning boiler flues should be examined periodically to deter mine when cleaning is necessary. . CARE OF IDLE HEATING BOILERS . During summer months damage is frequently done to heating boilers and is often more serious than during the period of operation. This is due chiefly to corrosion following the combination of sulphur from the fuel * with the moisture in the cellar air. At the end of the heating season the following precautions should be taken: ' 1. All heating surfaces should be cleaned thoroughly and if the boiler is of steel the heating surfaces should be given a coating of lubricating oil on the fire side. 2. All machined surfaces should be coated with oil or grease. 3. Connections to the chimney should be cleaned and- in case of small boilers the pipe should be placed in a dry place after cleaning. 4. If there is much moisture in the boiler room, it is advisable to drain the boiler to prevent condensation of moisture on the surfaces when- the boiler temperature becomes lower than the dew point. In steel boilers kerosene poured on the surface of the water will form a protecting film over the inside surface as the water is drained out. 5. When the' boiler room is comparatively dry, in the case of cast iron, boilers, the water level should be raised into the steam riser to exclude air from the boiler. A hot water system usually is left filled to the expansion tank. 6. The grates and ashpit should be cleaned. . 274 CHAPTER 16 CONDUCTORS AND CONVECTORS FOR HEATING BY STEAM AND BY HOT WATER THIS chapter is intended to apply to the salient data on thedifferent kinds of heating elements pertaining to that field where heating is done by direct radiators, direct-indirect or Concealed heaters (performing their function of emitting the necessary heat by radiation or conduction) or wherein the heating is done by concealed built-in heaters, cabinet heaters or indirect heaters, performing these same functions, mainly by the processes of convection. ' ' It should be understood that any heater, whether it be a' cast-iron radiator or one of the newer non-ferric, extended surface hefiters specifi cally designed for enclosure within a wall or cabinet, heats the air which comes in contact with its surfaces almost wholly by conduction; the radiant effect being negligible. .. ` ' Careless nomenclature has resulted in such confusion that the facts should briefly be reviewed. ., An exposed cast-iron radiator emits from 10 per cent to almost 30 per cent of its heat emission, as radiant heat, as developed by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Research Laboratory. The balance or major portion of its emission is, of course, by conduction to the air in contact with the heated surfaces. Thereupon the heated air, through convection, sets up a circulation which tends to distribute the heat more or less uniformly in accordance with the manner in which the convection currents are utilized. When a cast-iron radiator, or one of the newer non-radiating heaters provided with extended conducting surfaces, is enclosed within a- wall or cabinet, it emits practically no heat by radiation, functioning-as a conductor rather than a radiator.. Hence the term radiator or. radiation applied to such heaters, or such heat-surface, is distinctly a misnomer, which should not be perpetuated. And it should be equally emphasised that air is heated by conduction in contact with a heated surface, while convection is that phenomenon by which heat is distributed-within k fluid, liquid or gas. .; ' In an effort to pioneer more descriptive nomenclature, borrowing the terms from no less an authority than Prof. L. P. Breckenridge, a direct heater shall be termed a conductor and an enclosed heater a convector. The following is a glossary of the terms used: 1: 1. Conductor or radiator--a heater exposed to view, and which transfers heat-by radiation to objects which" it can "see" and by conductance to the air currents which pass over it. . ' ' 275 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 2. Recessed conductor--a heater set back into a wall recess but not enclosed in any way. A flat surface wall panel heater is a panel conductor. 3. Convector--a heater which is enclosed in a duct or cabinet and which gives off the heat to an air stream, which passes into the room which is to be heated. 4. Cabinet convector--a heater placed in an enclosure located within the room which is to be heated. 5. Indirect convector--a heater placed exterior to the roam which is to be heated. There are both gravity indirect convectors and blast indirect convectors. 6. Direct-indirect heater, or conductor--convector--a heater arranged so that some of its sections operate as convectors, being partially housed in so as to heat air which enters frotn outside the room, while other sections and part of the housed sections may operate as conductors. 7. Column conductor--the cast-iron column type of radiator not inarmfact ured since 1920. 8. Tube conductor--the cast-iron radiator of 1930. 9. Wall conductor--the wall type of cast-iron radiator of 1930. The past few years have seen a greater variation and multiplicity of design in heaters for various purposes than has been experienced in any other, branch of the heating industry. Until quite recently, practically a|l conductors for all purposes were made of cast-iron, of steel pipe, or of pressed sheet steel, and types were well standardized so that data on heat output could be given which were applicable to all makes. More recently the design of cast-iron conductors has changed, resulting in a greater heat output for a given weight, a more attractive product, and greater variation in the design and sizes of conductors on the market. There are many new types of heaters for all types of service made of non-ferrous metals, which lend themselves to construction of much lighter and smaller units for a given heat output. Cast-iron heaters are still used predominently as conductors, but non-ferrous convectors are rapidly replacing cast-iron convectors for cabinet, concealed, and blast heating. Extended surface, as contrasted with direct surface, is a charac teristic feature of most of the new designs of non-ferrous metal convectors.' UNIT OF HEAT OUTPUT , In the past the unit of measure recognized in computing heat emission of radiators was the square foot of heating surface. The use of this unit ; is being discarded rapidly, however, for the. reason that heat emission depends upon the design of the heater as well as upon its surface area. . The engineer is interested primarily in the amount of heat emitted by, rather than the amount of surface in a heat-transferring agent. As a result heaters are now rated on the heat given off either in B.t.u. per hour or in equivalent square feet, based on 240 B.t.u. per hour, and there is a , growing demand for some sort of new measure which will express also ' the room-comfort effect of the heater. . The purpose of supplying heat to a room is not alone to increase the. temperature of the building, but also the purpose often is to maintain a . condition of comfort for the occupants. In this connection it cannot be denied that comfort-feeling for human beings in winter calls for the delivery of warmth to the lower part of the room or to the zone of occu pancy, instead of for overheating the parts near the ceiling. Recognition qf this principle has led to considerable study and speculation on eco nomical application or distribution of heat in domestic heating. 276 Chapter 16--Conductors & Convectors for-Heating by Steam- & BYrffer Water One scheme for securing maximum comfort in the zone oUoccupancy with minimum heat loss is the use of heaters especially designed to give off the greater part of their heat by radiation directly to the'bccupants in the lower or occupied portion of the room, without unduly heating the upper part of the room. Another method of accomplishing the same result is in the proper use and application of concealed and cabinet heaters, whereby the heat is transferred to the room by' means of heated air continuously projected horizontally slightly above the plane of occupancy of the room and replaced by an equal volume of cooler air drawn into the base of the cabinet convector from the floor, thus creating a local circulation within the zone of occupancy and tending to prevent overheating of the air in the upper part of the room. FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEAT EMISSION The heat emission from a heater is affected by a number of conditions. These include the temperature and the moisture in the air of the room, the temperature of the steam or hot water in the heater, the speed of circulation of the air over the heater, the kind of paint used on the heater, the location of the heater in the room, and whether or not it is in an enclosure. Temperature The heat emission depends upon the difference in temperature between the heating medium in the conductor or convector, and the temperature of the surrounding air. The exact relationship depends upon the design of the heater and the relative proportion of conducted and convected heat. However, the Code of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers for Testing Radiators, assumes the following relationship as applicable to the average run of direct cast-iron conductors. where H = K (Ts - Tr)'-S . H = the rate of heat emission in B.t.u. per hour per square foot of surface. K = a constant. . Ts = the temperature of heater assumed to be the temperature of the steam or hot water. 7Y = the temperature of the room in which the heater is located. ' The Society's Code also accepts 215 deg. and 70 deg., respectively, as standard steam and room temperatures. Accepting this assumption," the heat emission for any other than standard conditions is equal to: where (215 - 70)1 -3 Hx = Hs Ts - Tr Hs = the heat emission under standard conditions. If the conductor or convector is to be used under any other than standard conditions of room and steam temperature, this fact should be given consideration. This may be done by applying the foregoing formula to the standard heat output of the heater or more conveniently by iriul- 277 60 deg: fahr. 1 50 deg. fahr. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 N t-- M OO <0 ID *-> O' oo <> ^ 'O'ONOOO'O oddodn eoOir-'tOco-H H rS oo t- cm oo m ^JO'CO'OIO' `0,0'0t>`00 0\ ddoddd -HOOiortfsOKio &NOOOOONCS Ov^i-Hi-HCdcNeNco 65 deg. fahr. e m p e r a t u r e o p R o o mT 75 deg. fahr. 70 deg. fahr. T a b l e X. H e a t E m it t e d b y D ir e c t C a s t r o n H e a t e r s -- C o n v e r s io n F a c t o r sI 0\ r-- *o ^ cn ^MD'OlNOOO' ddoddd lOcOOt3*OOOfO`DOOrqf> 1 .0 0 0 1 .0 3 6 1.063 1.091 1.109 1.137 1.183 1 .2 3 0 MOOb-NNOO > fO v OO TriovONOr-oo oooooo* . 0.955 0 .9 9 1 1.018 1.045 1.063 1.091 1.137 1.183 O' t-- O . CX Oit* *D ^ (S ddoddd 0.911 0.947 0.973 1 .0 0 0 1.018 1.045 1.091 1.137 80 deg. fahr. CO cs oo *- t-- CN OQOfD bO0 f*X ^ iq O O N ddoddd o*0o01o^0o0o01o0 `0 0NiDC'OV)O esesc-*e*'iescNCNCN 'S'S II Absolute CO <t* to t' 1 r>.00000v'00 00* 0'Ob*OOOiOMTj` V) s CU i otM r-- co co r-- to td ^CNPO^tO'OOOO CO Os *o e-j oo > 2 CS *-1 T emp. of Steam in DBG. FAHR. vacuum In. Hg. 278 Chapter 16--Conductors & Convectors for Heating by Steam & by Hot Water tiplying its standard heat emission by the proper factor taken from Table 1. In estimating the size of heater required for a room under other than standard conditions divide the estimated heat loss from the room by the factor for the prevailing conditions as given in Table 1, and choose a heater which will supply this corrected heat loss when operating under standard conditions. Thus, if a room whose heat loss with 60 deg. air is 7,200 B.t.u. per hour, is to be heated to 60 deg. with steam at 200 deg., divide 7,200 by 0.955 giving 7,539, and pick a heater which will give 7,539 B.t.u. per hour when supplied with 215 deg. steam in a 70 deg. room. ' Effect of Humidity Fig. 1 shows the. effect of increasing the humidity upon the heat trans mission. It will be noted that with extreme change of humidity there is a slight change in the heat transmission. Heating the Conductor It'is often very important to know the maximum condensation that occurs in a heater when steam is turned on. Fig. 2 shows the conden sation rate in pounds per hour for the time elapsing after steam is turned into a column conductor. In practice the rate of steam supply to the conductor while heating up is, however, frequently retarded by controlled elimination of air through air valves or traps, and if sufficient time is allowed for the heating-up process, overload on the boiler may practically be eliminated. __ Effect of Paint Painting a conductor changes the emissivity constant of the radiating surface, but has practically no effect upon the heat lost by convection. It is, therefore, a surface effect and it makes no appreciable difference 279 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 what paints are placed on the heater as a priming coat; the result's are always dependent upon the last coat of paint. In conductors having a large proportion of radiating surface such as pipe coils or wall coils, the effect of painting will be more marked than in tubular conductors having a comparatively small radiating surface in proportion to the amount of convecting surface. Most finely ground pigments have about the same radiation constant as black cast-iron. Therefore paints having finely ground pigments will usually have little effect. Bright metals have a much lower radiation constant and therefore, bronze metallic paints will reduce the direct radiation emission from a conductor. . The effects of painting a six-section 32-in. three-column conductor as found by Win. H. Severns are given in Table 2. Effect of Enclosures It is assumed generally that an enclosed conductor shows a decreased heat emission. This is borne out by results obtained by Kratz and Fahnestock1, Table 3. These data indicate that the heat emission from the enclosed heater, equals or exceeds that of an exposed heater only in Table 2. Effect of Painting 32-in. Three Column, Six-Section Cast Iron Column Conductor . Radiatoh Na Bare iron, foundry finish One coat of aluminum bronze. Gray paint dipped One coat dull black Pecora paint... Abba Be. Ft. 27 27 27 27 Coefficient or Heat Trans. B.t.c. . Relative Heating Value Per Cent 1.77 1.60 1.78 1.76 100.5 90.8 101.1 100.0 `Effect of Enclosures on Radiator Performance, by A. P. Kratz and M. K. Fahnestock Journal June,American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 1927. 280 Chapter 16--Conductors & Convectors for Heating by Steam & by Hot Water the case where the enclosure is much higher than the heater, so as to produce a pronounced chimney effect. There is evidence, however, that under some conditions of installation the enclosure may so improve the distribution of heat to the occupied zone that the decreased heat output will produce a satisfactory comfort condition. Figs. 3, 4 and 5 give results of a study of the relative heating effect of bare and enclosed radiators as made at the University of Illinois.2 Fig. 3 gives the relative heating effect of a bare radiator and the same radiator in a well designed enclosure. The enclosed radiator condensed 13 per cent less steam than the bare radiator and maintained the same breathing line temperature. Below the breathing line the enclosed radiator gave a higher temperature, while the bare radiator gave a higher tem perature at the ceiling. Fig. 4 shows the relative heating effect of a bare radiator and the same radiator in two poorly designed enclosures. The enclosure decreased the rate of condensation slightly, but did not satisfactorily heat the room. Fig. 5 shows the relative heating effect of a bare radiator and the same radiator with a well designed shield. The shield had the effect of decreas ing the condensation by 11 per cent, and gave the same breathing line temperature with a slightly higher temperature below the breathing line and a lower temperature at the ceiling. These results show that properly designed enclosures and shields will result in greater efficiency and consequently more economical heating. However, this improved effect is not had except where the enclosure is properly designed. To accomplish the best results, care must be exercised to follow certain rules in designing the enclosure, the most important of which are: 1. Enclosures should be insulated with 1 in. magnesia or asbestos block, lined with bright tin or non-corrosive sheet metal, placed next to the conductor. 2. The surface of the conductor should be painted flat black, maroon japan, white enamel or white zinc. If the conductor is entirely concealed it may be unpainted. 3. The free area of the grille or opening at the outlet should be not less than the free area through the sections of the conductor. 4. The free area of the grille or opening at the inlet should be not less than 80 per cent of the free area at the outlet. 5. If the outlet is in the face of the enclosure so that the air flow is horizontal, the free area of the outlet should be at least 150 per cent of the free area about the con ductor, and the clear height between the top of the conductor and the underside of the top of the enclosure should be not less than the depth of the enclosure. 6. Best results are obtained with a tight fitting enclosure, provided the free area about the conductor at point of greatest restriction is not excessive. As a general rule the efficiency of the conductor is inversely proportional to the depth of the enclosure. TYPES OF HEATERS Types, sizes, and heat emission for tube conductors and for the various other forms of cabinet convectors and for the extended surface-blast convectors now on the market, are not sufficiently well standardized to give heat-emission tables applicable to all makes of a given type. For investigation of Heating Rooms with Direct Steam Radiators Equipped with Enclosures and Shields, by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock and S. Konzo, Journal of American Society of Heat ing and Ventilating Engineers, VoI. 35, No. 4, April, 1929. ` 281 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Chapter 16--Conductors st Convectors for Heating by Steam & by Hot Water T a b l e 3. E ffe c t o f E n c lo su r e o n H e a t E m is s io n fr o m R a d ia t o r . Fig. 3. Room Temperature Gradient and Steam Condensing Rate for Radiator with Well Designed Enclosure such information the reader is directed to manufacturers' guarantee in the catalog data section of The Guide and elsewhere. Pipe Coil Convectors Table 4 has been developed by a method of deduction from the avail able data on such experimental work on pipe coils as has been recorded, and does not represent definite experimental results of tests. Cast-Iron Gravity Indirect Convectors Table 5 gives the cubic feet of air per hour (measured at 70 deg. fahr.) usually allowed pier square foot of heating surface, through cast-iron gravity indirect convectors. Table 6 gives the final temperature of the air leaving cast-iron gravity indirect convectors corresponding to different entering temperatures and different cubic feet of air per hour per square foot of surface. 282 F . 4.ig Room Temperature Gradients and Steam Condensing Rates for Radiator with Improperly Designed Enclosures , 283 - American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 4. Heat Emission of Direct Pipe Coil Conductor for Steam Steam Temperature 215 deg. fahr. Room Temperature 70 deg. fahr. WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Horizontal pet Lineal Feet of Coil pei Hour (Not Lineal Feet of Pipe) Size ot Pipe Coil Conductor Single Row............................. Two................................ Four.__ 1............. ............. Six--.......................... ............... ............................... Eight................ .. .............. Ten__ ___________________________ _______ _ Twelve.......... ......................................................... l' 132 252 440 567 651 732 812 W 155 312 545 702 796 907 1005 W 185 348 616 793 907 1020 1135 . WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Vertical Emission varies in inverse ratio of the height of the coil Use 100 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe as an average for in. coil, 10 ft. high. CEILING COILS--Coils Placed Horizontally--Pipes Horizontal Emission is equal to that of a single row coil Allowance must be made, however, if the coil is at the ceiling iri a higher temperature. In this case use: 126 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe for 1 in. coils. 146 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe for 1 x/\ in. coils. 175 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe for 1)4 in. coils. Table 5. Cubic Feet of Air per Hour per Square Foot of Heating Surface for Cast Iron Gravity Indirect Convectors Indirect heaters supplying 1st floor registers..................................... 150 cu. ft. Indirect heaters supplying registers 7 ft. above first floor................... 200 cu. ft. Indirect heaters supplying 2nd floor registers...................................... --..300 cu. ft. Indirect heaters supplying 3rd floor registers............................................ 350 cu. ft. perhour perhour perhour perhour Table 6. Final Temperature of Air Leaving % in. Pin, Cast-Iron, Gravity Indirect Convectors ' Temperature Entering Air Deg. Fahr. 50 Cubic Feet or Air (at 70 deg.) per Hour pep. Square Foot Radiation 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 -10 0 10 20 50 40 50 60 152 130 128 126 125 121 119 136 134 132 130 127 125 123 140 138 136 134 131 129 127 144 142 140 138 135 133 131 145 146 144 142 139 137 135 152 150 148 146 143 141 139 156 154 152 150 147 145 143 160 1S8 156 154 151 149 147 1st Floor -2nd Floor----------------- ------------3rd Floor------ 116 113 111 108 120 117 115 112 124 121 119 116 128 125 123 120 132 129 127 124 136 133 131 128 140 137 135 132 144 141 139 136 105 103 109 107 113 111 117 115 121 119 125 123 129 127 133 131 > * __ Temperature of air entering room shall be assumed lower than temperature of air leaving convector as follows: 1st Floor, S deg. lower; 2nd Floor, 8 deg. lower; 3rd Floor lO deg lower 8 284 Chapter 16--Conductors & Convectors for Heating by Steam & by Hot Water Table 7 illustrates the difficulty in tabulating any definite conductor outputs, since there is so much variation between the product of the different manufacturers. Only on the four-tube and six-tube sizes is there practical agreement in output value. Pin-Type Conductors . Table 6 is for % in. pin-type convector using steam at 1 lb. pressure. For 1 in. pin-type the temperature- rise of the air is about 95 per cent of the corresponding rise for % in. pin-type, and for hot water at 170 deg. fahr. the temperature rise of the air ranges from 80 to 85 per cent of the corresponding temperature rises, with steam at 1 lb. pressure. LOCATION OF HEATERS It should be made a rule to install heaters beneath or near the-space of greatest heat loss. The best place is underneath an outside window. Fig. 5.' Room Temperature Gradient and Steam Condensing Rate for Radiator with Shield This seems logical for the following reasons: 1. Heat emitted by radiation from the heater will counteract the effect of heat . radiated out through the window from occupants in the room. 2. Cold air leaking in through the window is warmed before it reaches the interior of the room. . 3. Air currents from the heaters pass upward, mingling with the cold infiltering air, and form a screen of warm air protecting against cold window drafts. 4. There is less discoloration of walls from dust arising from the heater. If the heater cannot be placed underneath the window, then it should be located as- near the window as possible, near outside doors, underneath skylights, near to very exposed walls or corners, etc. SELECTION OF HEATERS ___ In selecting the proper heater for heating a given room or space, the following procedure should be followed: ; 1. Estimate the total loss from the room or space to be heated in accordance with Chapter 2, making proper allowance for exposure, wind velocity, height of ceiling, etc. 285 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 7. Variation in Dimensions and Catalog Rating op 10-Section Tubular Conductors made by Six Manufacturers No. of Tuhfis _____ Height with Legs--Inches 13-14 16-18 20-21 - 22-23 , 25-26 . 30-32 36-38 3 4.6-5,1 2,5 4 6.O-7.0 2.5 5 8.0-8.9 2.5 6 9.1-10.4 2.5 Heat EkHSSION--SQUi.as Feet 7 11.4-12.8 15-3.0 28.5 15.0-17.5 20.0-22.5 25.0-31.2 20.0-21.3 25. 30.0-33.9 20.0-26.7 25.0-27.5 32.5-39.8 25.0-30.9 33.3-35.0 40.0-48.6 30.0-36.7 40.0-42.5 50.0-56.5 20 30 35 37.5^-40.0 50 60 25.0-32.5 30.0-38.3 36.7-45.0 40.0-45.2 50.0-53.5 63.3-62.5 70.0-75.4 Direct Radiation 2-/4. Decide upon the type and the number of heaters to.be used. Then find from manufacturers guaranteed performance tables for the particular type of heater as given in the catalog section of The Guide or elsewhere, the number of sections or the size of each heater required to supply the heat loss from the room. Cabinet or Concealed Convectors . 2-5. If convectors for which heat emission data are given only for use as conductors are to be used, estimate the percentage decrease in heat emission from a conductor thus installed and add this percentage to the heat loss from the room as estimated in (1). 3-5. From the manufacturers guaranteed performance data as given in the catalog section of The Guide or elsewhere, find the number of sections or size of each convector to supply the corrected heat loss found in 2-5. Indirect Gravity Convectors 2-C. Add to the estimated heat loss from the room from (1) any additional heat loss, not entering the room to be heated, irom the. duct or enclosure of the convector. If the enclosure or ducts are so designed as to decrease the heat emission of the convector as given by the manufacturer, estimate this percentage decrease and add it also to the estimated heat loss from the room as given in (1). 3-C. From the manufacturers' guaranteed data as given in the catalog section of The Guide or elsewhere, find the number of sections or size of convector to supply the estimated heat loss given by 2-C. Blast Convectors 2-D: Decide upon the desired temperature of warm air entering the room and from . this temperature and the estimated heat loss from the room from (1), calculate the quantity of air to be supplied. . 3-D. Increase the temperature of the air entering the room by an amount sufficient to take care of the heat loss from the duct system to give the temperature of air leaving the blast convectors.4 5 6 4-D. Estimate the temperature at which the air will enter tKe cold side of the blast convectors, and calculate the temperature rise through the convectors. 5-D. From the manufacturers' guaranteed performance data as given in the catalog . section of The Guide or elsewhere, find the required number of sections or size and arrangement of the blast convectors to give the temperature rise indicated by 4-D, to the air.rjplume given in 2-D. -' 6-D. The.resistance offered by the convector chosen, must be added to the resistance of the duct system in choosing the fan. In order not to make this resulting resistance too high, consideration should be given to the resistance of the convector in selecting it. 286 ' CHAPTER 17 AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL Types of Thermostats; Temperature Control Requirements; Residence Heating; School and Church Heating; Office Heating; Factory Heating; Greenhouse Healing; Swimming Pool Heating; Domestic Hot Water Heating; Manufac turing Processes; Household Devices. HE control of heat as applied to the multitudinous industries and Tprocesses where heat is employed involves much more than the mere regulation of .temperatures. Heat control usually means some arrange ment that will not permit overheating, and this arrangement or device may be manual, semi-automatic or full automatic. Whether the heat supply be for human comfort, for process work, or for any of the other myriad requirements, it should be equal to the maxi mum demand, and any quantity wanted short of this maximum demand must be subject to control. It is obvious that the control of heat is necessary not only to comfort, perfection of product, etc., but also that it is necessary if economy shall be achieved. Heat control may be divided into the following classes: 1. Control of heat employed to give bodily comfort. 2. Control of heat in process work in manufacturing industries. 3. Control of heat in laboratory research. This is of the greatest importance in: all matters pertaining to the exactness of the heat components. : 4. Control of heat in service-rendering devices such as refrigerators,' laundries* household appliances, etc. ' The subject matter of this division will deal largely with the control of heat as employed in the daily activities of life and to a great extent it will confine itself to automatic heat control, since the refinements in the art of heating find its highest expression in automatic control. The term heating will include everything pertaining to air temperatures in the spaces controlled. Where water temperatures or metal tempera tures are involved appropriate words will be added. For convenience in classification heating is divided as follows: . .- . 1. Residence Heating. 2. School and Church Heating. 3. Office Heating. 4. Factory Heating. 5. Theater Heating. 6. Greenhouse Heating. 7. Swimming Pool Heating. -- 8. Domestic Hot Water Heating. 9. Bath and Shower Heating. ' 287 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 THERMOSTATS Primarily there are four types of thermostats used today in the heating industry. (See Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4). The first type may be called the diaphragm type which, by means of an expanding liquid or gas within a diaphragm or bellows, furnishes motion; and this motion may be mechanically transmitted in proportion to the rise and fall of temperatures surrounding the diaphragm. The second type may be called the bi-metal type which furnishes motion by means of intimately attached metals having dis-similar coefficients Fig. 1. Diaphragm Type Thermostat Fig. 2. Bimetallic Type Thermostat A mires - Special : thermometer Fig. 3. Direct Expansion Type Thermostat Fig. 4. Mercury Type Thermostat Four General Types of Thermostats of expansion. This type is inherently more sensitive to temperature changes than the first type but lacks in force to transmit or cause motion.- The third type operates by direct expansion and contraction of a substance which has a high coefficient of expansion such as hard rubber. The slight movement of the thermostatic element usually must be multiplied through a system of levers. The fourth type is the mercury type. Usually it takes the form of a standard thermometer with electric contacts carried through the glass tube at the degree points where motion is to take place. For instance, if heat is to be turned on at 68 deg. and off at 70 deg., the contacts would be welded through the glass tube at 68 deg. and 70 deg. This is a very sensitive type of thermostat, but is not subject to adjustment for different 288 Chapter 17--Automatic Heat Control temperatures. This type of thermostat is well-adapted for situations where there is considerable vibration, as for instance in the control on moving vehicles. Thermostats may further be subdivided into two classes or types. One, the self-contained or unit type, which by means of its thermo element exerts its resultant force directly upon the flow of the medium through the agency of a damper or valve. Two, the pilot type, which in itself transmits only sufficient motion to operate very small valves or to make and break light electrical contacts. Through these small valves liquids or gases already under pressure may be employed to an unlimited degree. So, also, the delicate electrical con tacts may energize relay circuits which in turn may place in operation the most gigantic machinery. A further classification may be made, namely, thermostats having two or more thermo-elements acting in conjunction to transmit a combined or integrated motion. Thermostats are designed with a multitude of motion-ratios and modi fications to meet a wide range of requirements, a few of which are: 1. Room thermostats for controlling air temperatures in living quarters. 2. Immersion thermostats for controlling liquid temperatures in tanks. . 3. Thermostats for controlling or limiting flue gas temperatures. 4. Thermostats for controlling maximum and minimum pressure or temperature con ditions in boilers, refrigerators, etc. 5. Thermostats for operating electric circuits and for closing fuel valves on automatic fuel burners on failure of any part of apparatus or of fuel, commonly called safety ther mostats. The ever-increasing demand for greater perfection in heating, with minimum attention and care, are responsible for the many thermostatic devices which not only control but limit or stop automatic fuel feedingmachines when safety demands it. RESIDENCE HEATING Homes of every description and in nearly every dime from cottages to palaces require some heat at some time beyond that given by the sun in its daily course. This heat may be called manufactured heat, and in order that it shall be supplied in the correct amount to produce comfort some means of regulation must be used, it being assumed that the equipment employed to deliver the heat is of sufficient capacity to produce enough under any and all circumstances. In modern accepted practice heating equipment may today be called upon to supply the maximum load, and tomorrow 90 per cent of it may be or should be idle if the human comfort curve and heat curve run at all parallel. An average residence, not employing mechanical ventilation but main taining a temperature of approximately 70 deg., can, in a climate halving an average temperature of 40 deg. during the heating season, closes off its heat source fully one-third of the time; that is, for a heating season of 5,040 hours the heat supply may well be cut off for more than 1,700 hours. Refinements, such-as conditioning of air, effect the heat requirements, but also need additional control to perfect their operation. . 289 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The first requisite in any well-ordered heating system is a design which will give most nearly 100 per cent perfect heat. The second requisite, only slightly less in importance, is economy of operation. Residence Heating Control * . . Automatic control of heat in residences is invariably accomplished by means of thermostats, and these devices are located in representative or key places; never, of course, on an outside wall or near a window, nor too close to radiators or in a drafty hallway. They should be located on a wall of the room which has the greatest number of hours of occupation, preferably the living room. Fig. 5 illustrates a hot water heating system with thermostatic control. Thermostat No. 1 asks for heat and gets it unless thermostat No. 2 '/#/////////////////////////z/^ 1 2 I No. I Thermostat 'w Living Room I I I VA First F/oor-t, f/////7//////7////^ \ ^ A/o.E Thermostat '/ 'in Heating Medium 1 '-- Electric Switch Heater OitBurner Motor _*77_//7/y, 3'No. Thermostat at Pilot y7,7_77_77_, Fig. 5. Typical Arrangement of Hot Water System with Thermostatic Control claiming the heating medium is already too hot, prevents it. Thermostat No. 3 will shut down everything regardless of No. 1 and No. 2, if once having been warm it gets cold, indicating that the pilot flame is out; or if following operation of the burner it does not get warm promptly, indicating that ignition has failed. . . Fig. 6 illustrates a steam or vapor plant performing the dual service. Either the room thermostat or the tank thermostat may cause the open ing of the valves in the mains which supply them and will start the fuel burner, but the burner will not stop unless both thermostats have closed their valves, or unless the steam pressure shall have reached that allowed by the pressurestat. This applies to an oil burner, gas burner or coal stoker. Safety controls, though not shown, should be used. In the average residence one thermostat is usually sufficient, but as the home enlarges the desirability for added control-points, which means added refinements, increases. 290 Chapter 17--Automatic Heat Control The modern automatic fuel burner has made possible a marked advance in automatic heat control over the older banked fire furnaces and many practical combinations of automatic heat control now are available for use with oil, coal and gas burners, as well as with electric heating. One fuel burner may do a double service or triple service, that is, it may heat the residence, the hot water for domestic service and the lodge or garage that may be located some distance from the residence. Inter connection of thermostats on the several services may be made so that the fuel burner will stop on no demand and start on first demand for heat. For convenience and for complete freedom of attention by the resident, central station or district heat, purchased on a meter basis, just as elec tricity or water is bought, may be the most nearly ideal method of heating, Fig. 6. Typical Arrangement of Steam or Vapor System with Two Thermostats Controlling Automatic Fuel Burner Used for House Heating and Water Heating . and since readiness for maximum service is practically a constant through out the entire heating season, automatic control with district heating is not only desirable but is highly productive from a cost standpoint. The tendency toward greater refinement in residence heating is sure to bring air conditioning more and more into use, and to meet this demand automatic control, that is, the thermostat, stands ready to do its share. SCHOOL AND CHURCH HEATING . To make school houses and churches comfortable, under all conditions of occupancy, automatic control of temperatures and also of air volumes and in many instances the control of the condition of the air is necessary. Buildings occupied intermittently such as schools, require a heating system having considerable flexibility. Steam or vapor, hot water and warm air all may be used with success. .... Where the air is to be taken in large volumes direct from the outside without regard to temperatures, steam usually is preferred to hot water as a heating medium. The heating surface both in tempering coils and direct radiators is'materially less for steam and there is less possibility of freezing. Thermostatic control is employed on the direct radiation and 291 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 on the indirect radiation or convectors used for heating the air. On systems requiring mechanical ventilation, the air temperature may be controlled by means of thermostats with dampers in the air ducts. The heater shown in Fig. 7 usually serves several classrooms. The thermostat causes the double-mixing damper to vary the mixture of warm air from the heater and tempered air from the by-pass air way so as to maintain optimum conditions in the room. The thermostat also causes the diaphragm valve on the radiator to close when the room becomes too warm. The cumulative damper in the by-pass air way is remotely operated by hand. When it is closed all the air and all the heating power of the re-heaters goes to the coldest or slowest-to-heat room automatically. The zoning damper also is manually controlled. When the leeward zoning dampers are closed a heavy interior air pressure can be delivered against cold winds. Many states and cities have enacted rules and regulations governing installations where public health and comfort are involved. While automatic fuel burners are well-adapted to the intermittent service required in schools and churches and respond admirably to the several thermostatic controls, care should be exercised in the location of burners, as well as the mechanical blowers, often used with them on account of the noise which may accompany operation of machinery. (See Chapter 12, Heating by Oil). OFFICE HEATING The highest mental alertness is necessary to secure business efficiency and in this equation heat is a very important factor. Too much heat is quite as destructive to efficiency as not enough heat, so that it is incum bent upon some sort of automatic heat control to furnish comfort. Office buildings as a class consume more heat in proportion to the floor space than other types of buildings, and when compared with the productive floor areas the heat consumption in such buildings shows a decided waste unless controlled very efficiently. , 292 Chapter 17--Automatic Heat Control It is not usually necessary to maintain the office-hour temperature during the hours of non-occupancy. It should not be necessary to over heat a large space just because some small part of that space requires extra warm conditions. Still another factor is that excess temperatures are likely to follow the sun, and that the leeward side is overheated before the windward side gets comfortable. To meet all these requirements in an acceptable manner and at the same time to give due regard to efficiency and economy of operation of the complete heat installation, automatic heat control is required. Hot water is an ideal heating medium for office buildings, since the temperatures in the radiators can be controlled at the source within prac tical limits if the requirements within the building are identical through out or are met by exactly proportioned heating surfaces. To meet the different temperature requirements in different parts or sections of a building, the piping can be zoned and the flow of water automatically restricted to the sections requiring a lower temperature, and possibly arrested entirely during many hours. The periods of non occupancy can be satisfied very acceptably' by lowering the temperatures of the circulating water. (It is not recommended that the flow of heat be reduced by retarding the general water circulation). While it appears that the major requirements would be met with this method of heating, at least from the standpoint of automatic and efficient control, very few office buildings are today heated by forced circulation hot water. Steam, circulated at close to atmospheric pressure, is used almost universally. . Several methods of steam heating, in large office buildings are in use, all of which employ automatic heat control to a greater or lesser degree. One method is that of maintaining temperatures in the radiators which will balance as nearly as possible the heat given off by the radiation against that required by the losses from the structure. These tempera tures are controlled by varying the pressure or vacuum within the radi ator. The higher the vacuum the lower will be the temperature, and thus the temperature in the radiator will be reduced. This method is some times supplemented with thermostatically operated valves in rooms or spaces where overheating is likely to occur, or where the same tem peratures are not desired in all the rooms or spaces of the building. Another method employs automatic control on the steam supply to the system as a whole, but with fixed restrictions in the openings to radiators or groups of radiators. The component of the outside elements--: temperature, wind, sun--is utilized to anticipate the inside heat require ments by means of a thermo-element placed outside of the building.. The steam may be supplied at pressures below atmosphere or above atmos phere as requirements demand. Another method embodies the use of a system of thermostatically operated valves. The building is first divided into sections or zones which may have quite different heat requirements.- With this method of control; First: The zoning should be done with referehce to the compass, since the north and west quarters in most localities require considerably more heat during the heating season than do the south and east quarters. 293 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Second: The period of occupancy should be taken into account, since much heat is wasted if office-hour temperatures are maintained during. 24 hours for each day of the entire heating season. Office hours average about 50 per week, or about 1,500 per heating season. The heating season is approximately 5,040 hours, so that it becomes at once evident that much can be done toward reducing the overall heat cost in office buildings by lowering the temperatures during the hours of non-occupancy. Third: Most large office buildings have more or less space occupied by merchants, and some by clubs, restaurants, etc., which have short hours of occupancy. Much can be accomplished in zoning with reference to. the kind of occupancy of space. There are other schemes employing various pressure devices for main taining temperatures in radiators to meet controlled heat requirements. Individual control on each heating unit is in wide use with thermostats and valves. Disregarding investment and operating cost, this system is ideal. However, when an open window permits cool air to touch the thermostat it must turn on the heat, defeating the purpose of the open window and resulting in overheating and waste. Possibly some day all office windows will be sealed and all air will be brought to the rooms metered and washed arid at the temperature de sired,, in which event, of course, there will be no open windows to upset the thermostats. FACTORY HEATING Automatic heat control in factories is of the greatest importance, since the most productive returns come from man power and this power is vitally influenced by the temperatures and condition of the air in the work rooms. Window control of heat and ventilation is always wasteful, but may in some cases be justified, as for instance, where a factory generates its own electric or mechanical power by means of steam engines. The exhaust steam from engines may be sufficient at all times to supply the required heat. In fact, it may even be economical to waste considerable heat through the radiation to increase the efficiency of the engines generating the . power by reducing back pressure. Hot wa ter, circulated mechanically, lends itself to factory heating where air conditioning is not a primary requirement. This is on account of the fact that the temperature of the heating medium can readily be raised and lowered at the central plant to meet the requirements. Unless some . process work demands special temperature conditions and if the entire space can be given approximately the same temperatures, the control of' temperatures may rest solely with the operator at the central plant when ' hot water is used. If certain parts of the factory need higher temperatures than others, automatic heat control can readily be applied to both the direct and indirect distribution systems and can be subdivided to the most minute degree. It is well to remember that if several heating units are controlled from one thermostat and the heating medium is steam, the thermostat, unless 294 Chapter 17--Automatic Heat Control placed near the last radiator on the circuit, will tend to over-throttle the supply valves and finally will close them when the desired temperature has reached the thermostat and before the radiator has become warm. This may lead to complaint of uneven heating and to unfair criticism of the heating device or the thermostats. . Fig. 8 shows an arrangement of automatic control' for a unit heater whereby thermostat No. 1 asks for heat, and passes electric current to motor valve No. 2, which operates, admitting steam to the heater. The same impulse from thermostat No. 1 also seeks to operate switch No. 3 and so to cause operation of the fan motor, but is prevented by contact thermostat No. 4 coiled around the return pipe of the heater. Thus unless the heater is warm its fan cannot operate and the ensuing cold drafts are avoided. As soon as the contact thermostat No. 4 becomes warm it permits operation of switch No. 3, starting the fan motor, and where desired also permits the motor damper operator No. 5 to open the intake Fig. 8. Arrangement of Automatic Control for a Unit Heater . damper from outside. The fan always stops and'the damper always closes when the heater is cold. Electric heating finds many uses in factories where small spaces need higher temperatures than the average, or where heat is desired tem porarily at times when the balance of the factory requires no heat or very little heat. Electric heating lends itself perfectly to automatic con trol, since its efficiency, is 100 per cent, that is, every heat unit does useful work and there is no lead or lag due to accumulated heat in the radiator after the supply of energy is shut off. (See Chapter 13, Heating by Electricity). . THEATER HEATING The modern theater requires temperature control of the most exacting type. Large volumes of air are handled. When this comes from outside it must be warmed or cooled and its moisture must be regulated. With the rapid air changes and the wide fluctuations in heat demand due to electric lights and varying intensity of occupation, there is a real necessity for automatic heat control. ~ The heat requirement curve of a modern theater will usually 'indicate the radiation working to maximum capacity one hour before the curtain rises and as the auditorium begins to fill with people this requirement curve rapidly drops until finally the curve crosses the zero line and cooling 295 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 is required. The extent of this cooling depends on the outside temperature and on how many people are in the seats. . There are in successful theater air conditioning plants many thermo stats, valves and dampers, all supplemented by expert manual super vision. The air conditioning apparatus involves refrigeration as well as heating, and is within the province of the thermal engineer. It is no field in which amateurs should practice. GREENHOUSE HEATING Heat control in greenhouse heating is practically the fundamental basis of the industry. Without some form of .adequate thermostatic control, the man-hours required to maintain the rather exacting temperatures demanded by the growing of plants and flowers under glass would involve a prohibitive cost. The system of heating employed is not in itself vitally important, although it is desirable to use a heating medium having a low tempera ture when the demands for heat are low. This assists materially in coordinating the artificial heat with the sun heat, that is, the temperature regulators can handle the artificial heat more exactingly if the tem perature in the radiation is not greatly above that required to maintain the correct temperatures in the spaces to be heated. . Sectional or zone heating should be employed in greenhouse work to a great degree, both with automatic control and with manual control. An experienced greenhouse engineer would divide the heating units in any given space into at least ten separate elements so that each kind of growing thing which may at various times be placed there can be given optimum conditions regardless of those out of doors. In an.industry where quality of product carries so much weight and where the ultimate purchaser usually is willing to pay for that distinctive, quality, the cost of heat control to secure such quality is a minor con sideration. (See Chapter 31, Special Heating, and Ventilating Appli cations). SWIMMING POOL HEATING Swimming pools, to be acceptable in every way, require a considerable amount of heat, and while the temperature control need not be fine enough to split degrees, and while there are several ways of supplying the heat, a controlled supply of it must be maintained. 296 Chapter 17--Automatic Heat Control Fig 10 '' Connecting Hot Water Generator to Low Pressure Gravity Return System Showing Automatic Control _ The water in the pool may be circulated by means of a pump through a heat transfer tank in which it makes contact with correctly controlled hot surfaces' such as steam coils. The injection of steam directly into the water through a circulating arrangement may meet the requirement at a considerably lower cost for equipment and this can be controlled exactly. When a directly-fired heater is used the draft dampers can be con trolled automatically. . DOMESTIC HOT WATER HEATING This is a class of heating as universal as that of house heating. Auto matic control of the hot-water temperature as it leaves the heater is very essential to economy and to freedom from danger of scalding the bodies of the users of the water. Domestic hot water must not reach steaming temperatures as these put a severe strain on the piping system and are very destructive to valves and valve packings. Every degree of excessive domestic hot-water temperature means wasted fuel. When the water is heated with an individual heater, as for instance a small boiler with an automatic fuel burner, the thermostat in the supply or storage tank may control the burner direct. If the water is heated from a steam coil, the thermostat controls a valve which regulates the Fig 11 Connecting Hot Water Generator to Vacuum Pump System Showing Automatic Control 297 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 supply of steam. If the water is heated electrically, the thermostat throws an electric switch to control the heater elements. Fig. 9 shows the thermostat and diaphragm valve on a storage water heater. The removable head of the heater has separate supply and return compartments which serve the heat transfer surfaces inside the tank, and which must be easily removable for cleaning. The supply, piping must be provided with drains or traps arranged so that whether the steam valve shown in open or closed no condensation can accumulate ahead of it. A hand valve should be installed alongside the automatic valve. (See also Figs. 10 and 11). When automatic fuel burners are employed, as in residences, the one burner through a system of controls readily may heat both the house and the hot water for domestic purposes. In most installations, this makes it unnecessary to install two separate fuel burners. Fig. 6 illustrates such a scheme. BATH AND SHOWER CONTROL The temperatures for the home bath or shower are usually controlled manually by mixing valves which combine the streams of water of dif ferent temperatures. In clubs and many hotels, as also in public buildings and factories, there has come into use, not only for convenience, but as a safety measure, thermostatic control at the showers of the mixing-valves to prevent excess temperatures. MANUFACTURING The ever-increasing demand for perfection in everything that con tributes to the daily needs of a modem people is being met by the great host of manufacturers through the employment of just the right heat in the making of their products. Factory-prepared foods and. canned goods are invariably cooked or pasteurized at most exacting temperatures. A degree or two of excess heat may break down or otherwise impair the quality, while a very small margin of insufficient temperatures may permit many harmful organisms to remain alive in the food. The eternal vigilance of automatic heat control is an ever-increasing factor in the food industry. . Synthetic fabrics and other materials from which clothing are made -. go through temperature processes, which in many cases require fractional ' degree automatic heat control. . . The .manufacture and preservation of many building materials employing wood or vegetable fibres necessitate very high and carefully controlled temperatures. The ceramic industry which supplies all the earthenware creations found in our modern bathrooms is wholly dependent on the most exacting temperature regulation in the kilns. The slightest deviation from the right temperatures is sufficient to cause. rejection of large percentages of the product. * A list of the manufactured articles which depend on automatic heat control for their production and perfection would include nearly every thing which contributes to the pleasure and the profit of civilization. 298 CHAPTER 18 PIPE AND FITTINGS Kinds of Pipe; Corrosion; Coatings; Cast Pipe; Wrought Iron Pipe; Thread Cutting; Welding Methods; Standards. THE factors which control the characteristics and properties, and thus produce the modem improvement in various tubular materials, are the facilities of the manufacturer; the special processes employed; the availability and quality of raw materials and the ideals and skill of the men in the organization. . Ferrous Piping . Among modern improvements none have received greater attention than the efforts to produce a uniform quality of wrought pipe. To secure and maintain uniformity, necessitates complete control of all materials and manufacturing operations---from ore to finished product. This prac tice of producing uniform skelp and its fabrication into finished tubular products is supplemented by a mechanical process of roll-knobbing, to make the metal more uniformly dense when there is any tendency-to physical irregularity in this respect. Another condition which gives rise to electrolytic centers and pitting is the presence of irregular areas of heavy welding-scale on the surface of the finished product, caused by oxidation at the high temperature of welding. This'scale is strongly electro-negative to iron, like copper, and should, therefore, be removed in the interest of preventing corrosion. Other advantages of having the welding scale removed from pipe are: Its clean, smooth surfaces present an ideal base for the adherence of a galvanizing coating, full working capacity is assured (the interior being free from any obstructions tending to reduce the flow), troubles caused by the deposit of scale in valves, strainers, and other apparatus, are practically eliminated and pitting by corrosion is materially reduced. Scale removal, where accomplished in the process of manufacture, is done by passing the oversize pipe through a series of finishing rolls (after its temperature has been reduced to about 1,800 deg. fahr.) which rolls reduce it to the proper size and also crack the hardened welding-scale from both the inside and the outside of the pipe. The loose scale is then washed or blown off. While with such expedients considerable improve ment has been attained, the fact still remains that the life of pipe is governed largely by installation conditions, and no matter how well made or uniform the pipe may be, its life, particularly under severe corrosion conditions, such as must be met in hot water-supply lines and in boiler feed and return lines, is limited, and some protective measures are neces sary to secure a longer life. . 299 v/ T a b l e 1. Sta n d a r d W r o u g h t P ip e Table o f Standard Dimensions American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ^NQ^lVO3OVO)f'Hn'oOONo^O'Orof)ON'O^N^oOcOOOO)-i<< 4| $8 OOOO-H- 'NNf)ior0'O^OvOOO^NiO<-<'Ov50 ss* 5o5 (N^iOOOt i O N N vo rC io t-'O0v\0OvCSMTf'*0Ot^NOO oddo. 'r^r^r^tior^oNO^o-o---^-ooro -- ^O^fOOv SS| Ov PO * ~t ito/>v-fOi>Tt*-cj.'W>v4Of)NON.fO>^.*i^/O5TsNoCoOOKO'O^.ONiOs-r'oM0o^ob'r^--`^N^rr`>N'0^r-)^*f>^O*f'OOoofO<^>^^ C-Iok Is ^ON'd^rtNN^H.-PHododdooddodd IS * s j2g%d t^^^Oft#^5>'0000`O5t^l'ft6>rOt^O,'*O-O<'OO^OO'5OtN0cOO^0>^vO00O^0,v'OOOOv*OOr-M''tT'MtO,tNWvOr0t<OV0l>Of0*O<ifN^0O<CvJSOlO^vv oJNio^rtnNNw^Ho'oddo'dddddodd JJN3O0O,rhNoO*-O|O/^vOOvTOj,vcNOfr'^NcOo*O-'vNoNo <y . *N'OrtfO`ONfOC>'-'OOv^'000 oooooooo* hCSNCO^`ON.OOO'0'0*hNt}' ejg i~ O`O^OHOiHvOfOWio'OoOOin^WO^fltO^ 2fOJO22O<r>-0'-S2coJ'^--CO?r0-cmo'0O0o'|ooOf,^aoOoOv OOOOOO-- r^O>N-^Ocs0f0sio-iioO>Nooo-'cOo0rNQ(i?Ov^-.wMi O'OCCTj<'0C0't0O(N w^CMSfOoi^oOnr'OoiCoO'oT^j<toTja< rr-J*i'oO<Oi'O'0lr^)N'0N'0'OoOw'fOo''0O^r"tN0'N0 OOOOO^NN^VO flv*MNiWO(^N^rQOOtOO`OOtNM.OOOiaOOvoOONNMN gs H Cu^v^Or**H^0i>`o`WTOt,50ioW^O'0OfN'i0,0W)0lO^O*Or^^''ON'OO'Of'OO'Mo^O''tO'0`O0'O`tOvOoio<^iOO>O0O0vO*O^O'^^ONO^iv/M>OOrOtOOc4vO0'Ovs l<^NO\0vC~N<f0O\OOv'*f-^'o-O0,*''O-,tcO>JO'0'''OOftO^*Ir>^'r'O-'9'0v'Ooo^c)NNCKNNCM-^Hi,i`0oto0 (NVOrHVCTJ^MO'J'OOv'O^'fOOOCKNNtvC^^OO HHMNfO^'iO'rtNOvON^'^ONNO^^'O'OQP III 00O00cCo00*a*HO-5l''''r--)"'f^^<^^5^C'i'-ltl'ONoN^OfC^''0-SiOCMNNtSc^iC0'^<OcfOtS^WNN(NfNO'OtNK1ftO#N)?-'OOVlO)rlOt-<^>ONtO^ jddddddddddddddddooooooo. Ills CW-H < Si^C2?C*i^,O'OO*^O\0000NOf lO -< rtHNvOOOOO ^^<>(0^(00rt0l^0000 0'0>-'00 00 OOOOOHHN>i(t)(r)^^ vO od r'OOodo-dNrN 8 -sf o O O o , ^(NNfO,t'i"0'OiCOOvOOOHCSN ^xsist ;sx ^ ^ ^-(^MN(*)fOitV)'OOOoOOvOOO^NfS 300 Chapter 18--Pipe and Fittings Corrosion The electrolytic theory of corrosion, as formulated in 1903 by Dr. Whitney, led to the development of certain protective methods for closed water systems, which are based on the removal of dissolved oxygen from the water. Careful experiments in various research laboratories have demonstrated that the amount of corrosion found in such systems is almost directly proportional to the amount of oxygen in solution, and varies with the temperature. All reliable data on this subject indicate that the composition of the iron--i.e., the varying amount of carbon, phosphorous, manganese, sul phur, silicon, oxides, slag and copper usually found in wrought iron and soft steel--makes very , little difference in the amount or character of corrosion under water, although under atmospheric exposure the influence of composition is sometimes more marked. In practice, oxygen removal has been accomplished in two ways, namely; by de-aerating the water mechanically; and by fixing the free oxygen by chemical combination. .Suitable apparatus for this purpose is now on the market. Pro tec five Coa tings . The introduction into piping systems of various chemical compounds, usually for forming a protective coating of thin deposit has apparently been rewarded with some success. Piping exposed to elements or buried in the ground is quite successfully protected by coatings of the ashphaltic type, usually applied hot. Cast Metal Piping There are available several types of cast ferrous metal piping made in special process to insure uniform wall thickness, which are believed to be exceedingly resistant to the agencies which so rapidly destroy wrought steel and iron piping used in heating systems. Wrought Iron Piping . . Genuine wrought iron piping has in many aged installations demon strated superior resistance to corrosion. Alloy Metal Piping Claims of superiority are made for wrought steel piping bearing a small alloy of copper. These claims, however, have not received general recog nition. They will, undoubtedly, be proved or disproved within a com paratively short time. . Thread Catting It is not usually practicable with threaded piping to screw- all the threads into the fittings, so that there is left a raw metal cut, partly through the wall of the tube, inviting attack by outside influences. Welded or compression-flanged piping may have a longer life so far as attack from the exterior is concerned due to absence of this weak point. Pipe Welding ~~ The application'of-welding on the job gives to the heating industry an improved method of joining pipes. 301 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, T a b l e 2. E x t r a Str o n g W r o u g h t P ip e Table of Standard Dimensions, EjzS2fScg&ofly^Uft fHOfWO)nf"*o0O^rs'itH'.OO^'P'0O0fS'O'ON'OlOOOCONNitO-Of*O)NNNfOOt^^^' odd^^NN^^NON^OOO^OO^OiO 11 II p 3 oog O l| Zs gra E Internal Surface 2i2ic5^3Svl/500'0|,,'*ooo"j-HC,>iioQboJoo<?i fO (N t-( O OQ Tt* w* O CO tO t-- --< 00 )0 N b-'OOO'*' O*) NNCi'oiOfoiNNiHHHHdoododo'o w-4 CO 00 N- < toQ 0O OO -- 00 O *0 04 O 1/5 O) sssaslssssssssioflpfi o>M^rtN(SNHHr(6dd6dd666 E x te rn a l Surface 3.S Sft) g. 0)V5^MfOrOOO'OriG^fN.O*HQ'OfOO^S OOOOOOOHHNf^f'j^hpoON^'Or'Oi 1 Hzi *15= -*o O O O O "<N^*V5aOwoOO*^oO^Oo3 HHPi^inNeio |d COiSOCiONO^iG,'0iG0'0O'dlO*'OO^OfONHO'Mp)O#iPOO'tO'tNOOCO5^^i'S0 ooooo^NwrjJ'OovNintr^ooNoooK nrOiot^O'ON *| 8 gsM 1C = OS o !S&2ito~55lOP',c*2?~HOOoo')*0'0~*eM'<* s'0f*)NOjOONONiOOHO ON Ov oI- is SI NNp-tO5O\-<lO0))MN\O'Ot>-Nt)'O00C4^'tO H^NNf<>^V)lorsO\ONTl'NONOt,5'o6 111 o S2^5:SR5:S2S82S;SS?88SSS OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Approxim ate In te rn a l Inches i l004co'OCSN-oOOOtrOQ'^!'OcO^HiOoOOO C*HNOCOf4TTj4lOt'er^'OOt<NNOtOnOMv^OO')0f^(SO^ONGOONN-NfMOvbOnU-5l^UNl.5 a oooooo-<'4HMNfc^^inNcooi6:H *H w-i i 3 ! Q o nioioioooo 8 Q^tOfl'O'NO^O,/OJ*^H'OlOOQNN^ONOOiOOOOlO'OiONVtSONvolOSUNN5lN/l H j= w 000 0-i*Hr^(SN(^Tj<tt UlOCOoiOiHCN JHgW *HtH^cSCN^tO'e,10'OCOO>0*NM 302 Chapter 18--Pipe and Fittings The oxy-acetylene torch, both for welding and for cutting, and the electric arc may be used to cut the pipe to the proper length and to bevel the ends for welding. It can also be used for cutting out the walls of the pipe to receive the branches. The torch may be used for joining piping, both with lapped and butt welds and for welding branches into the main lines. The electric arc may be used where welding is to be done on flanges, making a fillet weld. Fittings often cause so much friction as to impair seriously the smooth and rapid transportation of the piped material. With the application of pipe bending and welds all branches and all changes in direction can be made with long sweep turns, greatly reducing friction at the bends. Whenever a branch is joined to a main, templates should be used for cutting the hole through the wall of the main pipe and for preparing the end of the branch pipe. The branch pipe should not project inside the main but should fit snugly against the main so that with the process of welding no surplus metal will drop into the interior of the main. When a branch is taken off from a main line and there is very little room for expansion it is good practice and very easy to weld in a reenforced brace between the branch and the main line. This is particularly true on large piping where high temperatures occur. In changing the direction of the run of pipe it is better to use bends than to use fittings and nipples. Special welding-fittings of uniform thickness are manufactured in all pipe sizes. These bends can be cut with the welding torch to any desired angle. Welding rods of high grade material should be used on all welds. The more complicated the turn and the more severe the strain and service the better quality the rod must be. Expert workmanship and correct engineering are of no avail if the welding rod is of improper character. Steamfitters are now being trained as rapidly as possible in various schools throughout the country to handle the welding and cutting torch and to perform the electric arc weld. Since welding is a new industry there is some danger that failures may occur unless great care is taken with the workmanship. . The following rules are basic in welding practice and should be followed rigidly: 1. A skilled operator with the torch or arc, preferably a steamfitter, should be employed. 2. The proper welding rod and electrode must be supplied. 3. The qjioice of oxygen-acetylene or electric arc will be governed by the adaptability of each for the particular installation. ' . 4. Templates shall be used for all cuts, with joints which are to be welded fitted closely, prior to starting the welding. 5. Standard welding tools and equipment of recognized make should be used. The cost on small installations using welding is said to be higher than that using threaded fittings. 303 ft American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 On large installations, however, it may generally be assumed that welding is less costly than threading. It is to be remembered that a considerable saving in weight is made where welding is used, due to the elimination of heavy cast iron fittings. An indirect saving due to welding is that resulting from the lighter supports and hangers required. Non-Ferrous Piping A recent development in the pipe trades is the use of copper tubing with compression fittings. No threads are cut on the tubing, but the ends are expanded so as to fit against smooth spherical surfaces in the fittings, and are clamped there by a sleeve which may be screwed over the fitting, but which has no contact with the transported material inside the tube. The tube is thin enough to be bent readily, so that no elbow-fittings ordinarily are required. A typical example of this sort of piping and fittings is evidenced in the gasoline piping of any automobile. It is possible that piping and fittings of the non-ferrous type may prove most satisfactory for comparatively large sizes and for heavy pres sures and for rather high temperatures. Table 3. Standard Roughing-in Dimensions Angle Type Valves Size of Valve w Vi 1' ihr 2" . Tolerance H Dimension A Steam and Hot Water Angle Valves and Union Elbows Effective Jan. 1,1926 2 hr 3" 3X" 4 K" Dimension A Modulating Valves Effective Jan. 1, 1926 2H' 2%" 3" 3^" 3 - . Dimension A Return Line Vacuum Valves Effective Jan. 1, 1925 ' .. 3M' The standardization of the Roughing-in Dimensions of Angle Steam and Hot Water, and Modulating Radiator Valves was made possible by the cooperation .of the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valves and Fittings Industry. , 304 Chapter 18--Pipe and Fittings Expansion and Contraction In all piping systems which are subject to temperature variation pro vision must be made for adequate anchorages with expansion and con traction arrangements between them. In designing any system of steam or hot water piping the expansion for each straight run should be calculated and allowed for. All risers must be anchored and safeguarded so that the difference in length when hot from the length when cold shall not disarrange the normal and orderly provisions for drainage of the branches. It is especially necessary with ultra-modern light-weight radiators so Table 4. Dimensions of Elbows, 45 Deg. Elbows, Tees, and Crosses (Straight Sizes) A Nominal Pipe Size Center to End, Elbows, Tees and Crosses cBE Center to End, 45 Deg. Elbows Length of Thread Min. Width of Band, Min. F Inside Diameter of Fitting Min. Max. GH Metal Thickness, Min. Outside Diameter of Band, Min. H 0.81 Vs 0.95 Yi 1.12 % 1.31 l 1.50 m 1.75 m 1.94 2 2.25 2H 2.70 3 3.08 m 3.42 4 3.79 5 4.50 6 5.13 f 8 6.56 10 8.08 12 9.50 14 O.D. 10.40 16 O.D. 11.82 ' '' 0.73 0.80 0.88 0.98 1.12 1.29 1.43 1.68 1.95 2.17 2.39 2.61 3.05 3.46 4.28 5.16 5.97 0.32 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.58 0.67 0.70 0.75 0.92 0.98 1.03 1.08 1.18 1.28 1.47 1.68 1.88 2.00 2.20 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.84 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.28 1.47 1.68 1.88 2.00 2.20 0.540 0.675 0.840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.750 14.000 16.000 0.584 0.719 0.897 1.107 1.385 1.730 1.970 2.445 2.975 3.600 4.100 4.600 5.663 6.725 8.725 10.850 12.850 14.100 16.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.155 0.170 0.185 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.310 0.380 0.430 0.550 0.690 0.800 0.880 1.000 0.93 1.12 1.34 1.63 1.95 2.39 2.68 3.28 3.86 4.62 5.20 5.79 7.05 8.28 10.63 13.12 15.47 16.94 19.30 All dimensions given in incHes. Dimensions for reducing elbows and reducing tees are given in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. . 305 ^i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 to anchor and so to give freedom for expansion of the piping that no strain therefrom shall be allowed to distort the radiators. When expansion strains from the pipes are permitted to reach these light metal heaters they usually emit sounds of distress which are exceedingly troublesome. Standards Several. tables of-standard . dimensions of piping and fittings are appended. 125 Lb. Cast Iron Flanged Fittings Chapter 18--Pipe and Fittings Table 1 is for standard wrought pipe and Table 2 is for extra strong wrought pipe. . ' ;` Standard roughing-in dimensions for angle type valves are given in Table 3. The dimensions of elbows, tees and crosses for 125 lb. cast iron screwed fittings are given in Table 4, whereas the dimensions of tees and crosses for 125 lb. cast iron flange fittings are given in Table 5. Table 7 gives the dimensions of welding neck flanges for standard pipe. 125 Lb. Cast Iron Flanged Fittings TEE SIDE OUTLET CROSS Table 5. Dimensions of Tees and Crosses (Straight Sizes) Nominal Pepb 8oB*-b A Center to Face Tees and Crosses b-c AA Face to Face Tees and Crosses tx . Diameter or Flange Thickness or Flange, Min. Metal Thickness or Boor, Mm. i IK IK 2. 3 3K 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 O.D. 16 O.D. 18 O.D. 20 O.D. 24 O.D. 30 O.D. 36 O.D. 42 O.D. :48 O.D. i : : 3K 3% 4 4K 5 5A 6 6K 7A 8 9 11 12 14 15 16K 18 22 25 28 31 34 7 7K 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 22 24 28 30 33 36 44 50 56 62 68 4K 4K . 5 6 7 7M 8A 9 10 11 13A 16 19 21 23A ' 25 . 27A 32 38H 46 53 59K Ke A Me A `Ke X `Ke `Ke `Ke 1 .1A IKe IK m 1 Me IKe PHe 1A 2A 2A 2H 2H Ke He Ke Ke Ke Ke Ke A A Ke % M `Ke Vs 1 IKe 1A IK IKe IK i`Ke 2 All dimensions given in inches. ' 9 Size of all fittings listed indicates nominal inside diameter of port. bTees, side outlet tees, and crosses. 16 in. and smaller, reducing on the outlet, have the same dimensions center to face, and face to face as straight size fittings, corresponding to the size of the larger opening. Sizes 18 in. and larger, reducing on the outlet, are made in two lengths, depending on the size of the outlet as given in Table 9. .- cTees and crosses, reducing on run only, carry same dimensions center to face and face to face as a straight size fitting of the larger opening. 306 Table 6. Dimensions of Elbows Nominal Pipe Sizes ABc Center to Face Elbow b-o-d Center to Face Long Radius Elbow b-o-d Center to Face 45 Deg. Elbow c Diameter or Flange Thickness or Flange, Min. Metal Thickness or Boot, Mm. i IK iA 2 2A 3 3A 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 O.D. 16 O.D. 18 O.D. 20 O.D. 24 O.D. 30 O.D. 36 O.D. 42 O.D. 48 O.D. 3A 3K 4 4K 5 5A 6 6A 7A 8 9 11 12 14 15 16K 18 22 25 28 31 34 5 5A 6 6A 7 7K 8A 9 10K UK 14 16A 19 21A 24 26 A 29 34 41 A, 49 56 K 64 IK 2 2K 2K 3 3 3A 4 4A 5 5K 6A 7A 7A 8 8A 9A 11 15 18 21 24 4K m 5 6 7 7A 8A 9 10 11 13M 16 19 21 23K 25 27 A 32 38 M 46 53 59 K : Ke ' K `Ke : K: `K6 `K6 `Ke ; 1 1A : IKe IK m IKe IKe l`Ke IK 2K 2K 2K 2K Ke K6 Me M6 Tie Ke Me A A K M `M6 K l I'He IK IK IKe IK i`Ke. 2 All dimensions given in inches. aSize of all fittings listed indicates nominal inside diameter of port. ^Reducing elbows and side outlet elbows carry same dimensions center to face as straight size elbows, corresponding to the size of the larger opening. ' ;. especial degree elbows, ranging from 1 to 45 deg., inclusive, have the same center to face dimensions given in 45 deg. elbows and.those over 45 deg. and up to 90 deg. inclusive, shall have the same center to face dimensions given for 90 deg.- elbows. The angle designation of an elbow is its deflection from straight line flow and is the angle between the flange faces. '' - dSide outlet elbows shall have all openings on interacting center-lines. . ; 307 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 . The dimensions of elbows for 125 lb. cast iron flange fittings are shown in Table 6. Testing Pipe Pressure tests of pipe are commonly made in order to show the presence of flaws or other defects in the weld or body of the pipe. Wrought pipe, Table 7. Dimensions of Welding Neck Flanges for Standard Pipe^ Nominal Pips Sob . Drilling A Bc E Standard Pipe F 2 2% 3 4 5 6 S 10 12 14 O.D. 16 O.D. 18 O.D. 6 4% 7 7% 6 9- 714 10 6% 11 9% li*% 11% 16 14% 19 17 21 18% 23% * 21 % 25 22% 4- % 4- % 4- % 8- % 8- % 8- % 8- % 12- % 12- Vs 12-1 16-1 16-1% 2%6 2% 3%6 4%2 5%6 6% 6 8 10 12 a a a % l%6 % 1%6 15/l6 1 1% 1%6 1% 1 Vs 1%6 1%6 All dimensions given in inches. ^Orders or inquiries should specify diameter of bore " E" required. *>Copyright, 1929. by Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. GH r 2% 2% 2% 3 3% 3% 4 4 4% 5 5 . 5% 2% 3 3% 4% 5i%6 6% " 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% as distinguished from seamless tubing, is either butt- or lap-welded; sizes up to and including 1}4 in, being made by the former, and those 13^ in. and larger by the latter process. Lap-welded pipe, 1 }/ in. diameter, may safely be tested to 2,500 lb. per square inch cold hydraulic pressure, while 12 in. diameter pipe should not be tested to more than 300 lb. per square inch. The makers vary the test pressure in accordance with the diameter so as to produce approximately the same fiber stress in each size of pipe. 308 CHAPTER 19 PUMPS AND TRAPS Boiler Feed Pumps; Automatic Pumps and Receivers; Centrifugal Pumps; Vacuum Healing Pumps. THE pumps used in connection with heating and ventilating instal lations may be classified as follows: X. Boiler Feed Pumps. . 2. Condensation Return Pumps. 3. Return Line Vacuum Heating Pumps. 4. Forced Circulation Hot Water Heating Pumps. 5. Circulating Pumps for Water, Brine, etc. . 6. Refrigeration Pumps and Compressors. BOILER FEED PUMPS Boiler feed pumps may be (1) direct acting steam-driven reciprocating pumps; (2) power driven reciprocating pumps; (3) centrifugal pumps; (4) screw or other similar type pumps. Capacities The capacity of a boiler feed pump should be based on 34.5 lb. of water per hour per maximum boiler horsepower served, with a slippage allow ance of 10 per cent in the water cylinders and a factor of safety allowance of two for intermittently operating pumps and one and one-half for continuously operating pumps, to provide for unusual conditions, such as low water in boilers, drop in steam pressure or excessive loads. Piston Speeds and Efficiencies ,, For reciprocating boiler feed pumps the speed should not exceed 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke of the water pistons. .. Direct-acting reciprocating steam-driven or power-driven boiler feed pumps are generally more efficient for smaller installations, especially with widely fluctuating loads as efficiencies of centrifugal boiler feed type drop off very rapidly for the smaller sizes of pumps and for low-load conditions. For this reason centrifugal pumps are not usually employed for installations of less than 1,000 boiler horsepower. The capacities and pressures at which screw pumps will operate is almost infinite. They may be used with good economy for small capacities. Efficiencies range from 60 to 70 per cent. _ The volumetric, displacement rate of water pistons should not be less than twice the maximum rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. 309 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The quantities of condensate to be handled from direct radiation, direct- indirect radiation and indirect or fan blast radiation may be estimated as fnllrrafC where For direct radiation For direct-indirect radiation For indirect radiation W = 0.3 R> W = 0.6 R` W = <2 X 60 XT 55.6 X r W -- pounds of condensate per hour. R ~ square feet of radiation. Q = cubic feet of air per minute. T = temperature rise of air in deg. fahr. r = the latent heat of steam in the system in B.t.u. per pound. CONDENSATION PUMPS s Condensation return pumps are generally of two types: (1) automatic pumps and receivers, and (2) continuously operating non-automatic return pumps. These may be of the steam or power driven reciprocating type or motor-driven centrifugal type. Steam and power-driven recip rocating condensation pumps should always be of the automatic type. Table 1. Hoiuzontal Steam Driven Simplex Reciprocating Boiler . Feed Pumps--150 Lb. Working Pressure Steam men Water Stroke Steam Pipe Sizes Inches Exhaust Suction Delivery CapA.crrr in Gallons per Stroke Boiler Horsepower Pomp will Peed AT Moderate Speed m 3 4 4 5 5K 6 6 .7 8 7 m 8 8 10 12. 12 14 16 16 16 16 20 m m m m 3 3A 3H 4 4, 5 4K 4K S 5 6 m 8 m 9K 10 9K 10 12 2 2K 3 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 16 16 20 20 20 K Vs Vs a A H V K l l 'l l 1 l IK IK IK 2 3 3 3 3 3K Vs 14 % K % l l l IK ia IK lX m IK m 2 2 2K 3A 314 3K 3A 4 % 1 IK 2 2 2 2K 2K 2K 3 3H 3H 3H 4 4 5 5 6 8 8 8 8 8 A % % IK IK 1A 2 2 2 2A 2A 2A 2A 3. 3 4 4 5 7 '7 7 7 7 0.013 0.020 0.058 0.128 0.184 0.250 0.360 0.435 0.435 0.675 0.688 0.688 0.850 1.02 1.469 2.144 2.611 2.948 4.656 5.441 5.820 6.801 9.794 20 35 60 100 150 200 250 300 350 450 400 450 500 600 .1,000 1,500 1,650 2,000 2,200 2,500 2,400 2,700 .3,500 `This is greater than the standard 0.25 lb. of condensate per square foot, to take care of heating-up periods. 310 Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps Automatic Pumps and Receivers The volumetric capacity of receivers for electrically-driven pumps should be not less than twice the maximum minute volumetric flow of conden--.t-i/in tn Ho lianHIprf. measured between the high and low water lines in Table 2. Horizontal Steam Driven Duplex Reciprocating Boiler Feed Pumps--150 Lb. Working Pressure Ctlindeb Sues Inches Steam Water Stroke ' Pipe Sizes Inches Steam Exhaust Suction Discharge Gallons PEB Stroke Each Piston Boiler Horsepower Based on 34.5 Lb. Evaporation-- No Factor op Sapett No. op Dis Strokes charge per in Minute Gallons 32 3 4 2A 4 4K 2:A 4 5K 3A 5 64 6 7 4A 8 7A 4A 10 8 5 10 10 6 10 12 7 12 Vs A IK 1 A %2 1A A Vi 2 IK l IK 2A IK 1 IK 3 2 IK m 4 3 1A 2 4 3 1A 2 2 2A 4 5 3 4 2A 3 6 5 0.04 0.08 0.103 0.208 0.33 0.55 0.69 0.85 1.22 1.99 83 150 180 330 470 760 840 1,100 1,600 2,300 70 5.6 60 9.6 60 12.0 50 20.0 50 33.0 50 55.0 40 55.2 40 68.0 40 97.6 35 139.3 Table 3 Horizontal Duplex Power Driven Boiler Feed Pumps ' 150 Lb. Working Pressure Ctlindeb Maximum Sizes, Inches R.P.M. Crank Shapt Diam. Stroke Brakes Boiler Dis Horsepower Horsepower placement Gallons Required Served Gallons PEB at Without per Minute 150 LB. Sapett Revolution Pressure Factor Pipe Seeks Inches Suction Diach. Pullet Sizes Inches and R. P. M. Diam. Face R.P.M. 2M 4 3. 4 3K 6 46 4K 8 5 10 5K 10 6 10 60 60 50 55 45 40 40 40 0.41 0.48 0.99 1.32 2.19 3.40 4.11 4.88 24 2.1 28 2.46 59 5.2 79 6.96 110 9.65 136 11.97 164 14.45 195 17.17 330 2K 2 UA 2K 390 2K 2 14K 2K 820 3 2 25 5 1,010 4 3 25 5 1,520 4 3 30 5 1,890 4 3 37 8 2,280 5 4 37 8 2,700 5 4 37 8 Figure pump efficiency at SO per cent to arrive at motor horsepower to be used. 300 300 250 275 225 200 200 200 the receiver. For steam-driven pumps and receivers, the capacity may be less than for electrically-driven pumps. - The piston speed in feet per minute should not be more than 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. The volumetric displacement rate of water pistons should not beJess than three times the maximum volumetric rate of the flow of condensate to be handled. The normal capacity of centrifugal pumps should not be less than twice the maximum rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. 311 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 4. Sizes, Revolutions per Minute, Heads, Power Required and Boiler Horsepower for Several Commercial Sizes of Centrifugal Type Boiler Feed Pumps . . Size or Pump Inches Brake Horsepower Pipe Sizes, Inches. Suction | Discharge Capacity Gallonb per Minute Boiler Horsepower Served Without Sapety Factor 2 2X 3 4 5 6 Two Stage for WO lb. Working Pressure 13.3 16.9 23.6 37.2 57.0 76.5 m 3 4 6 7 8 2, 2A 3 4 5 6 100 150 225 400 620 900 1,450 2,175 .3,262 5,800 8,990 13,000 Three Stage for 150 lb. Working Pressure 19.9 35.4 55.8 85.5 114.7 . . 2A 4 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 100 225 400 620 900 Four Stage for 200 lb. Working Pressure 33.2 59.0 93.0 143.0 192.0 2A 4 6' 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 100 225 400 620 900 1,450 3,262 5,800 8,990 13,000 1,450 3,262 5,800 8,990 13,000 Size or Pump Inches 2 2X 3 m 3A 4 5 SA 6 7' 8 9 10 12 16 Table 5. Screw Pumps Gallons per Minute Maximum Revolutions Suction Inches 2- 15 10- 20 20- 50 40- 60 55- 100 85- 200 175- 275 200- 325 275- 475 300- 600 450- 750 700-1000 800-1400 1200-2100 1750-4200 1,600 1,600 1,600* 1,600 1,500 1,400 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,000 875 720 700 600 425 2 2 2A 3 4 `4 5 5 6 8 8 10 12 14 16 . . 312 Discharge Inches lA iA 2A 2A 3 4 4 4 6 6 8' 10 12 14 15 - - Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps Continuously Operating Return Pumps The piston speed in feet per minute should not be more than 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. The normal capacity of standard centrifugal pumps should be based on condensate at a temperature of. not over 180 deg. fa.hr. For tempera tures of condensate above this the capacity should be increased as in Table 6. The increase in pump capacity may be reduced if a static head above Table 6. Correction Factors for Standard Centrifugal Pumps for Tempera tures of Condensate above 180 Deg. Fahr. at Pump Suction Deg. Fahr. 190 200 204 Factor 1.15 1.56 2.00 Note.--To use this Table, multiply the quantity of condensate to be handled by the factor corresponding to the temperature of the condensate at the pump suction and select a pump for the quantity thus found. Table 7. Simplex Piston Type Steam Driven Condensation Pump and Receivers Cylinder Sizes Inches ' Steam Water Stroke Steam Pipe Sizes Inches Exhaust Inlet Delivery Draining Capacity Square Feet 1 In. Pipe 2A 3 4 5 5 SA 6 6 7 8 10 12 12 .m m 2% 3 3 3A 3% 4 4 5 6 7A 8 2 2A 3 3A 6 6 8 8 8 10 12 12 12 A X2 A 1,000 X A2 A 2,000 % A 2 A 3,000 A A2 l 4,500 A2 i A 7,500 A l 2 i A 9,000 Al 2A 2 13,000 H- l 2A 2 15,000 l 1A 2A 2 15,000 l 1A 3A 2 A 27,000 i A 1A 4 3 40,000 i A 2 5 4 65,000 lA 2 5 4 70,000 3,000 6,000 9,000 13,500 22,500 27,000 39,000 45,000 45,000 81,000 120,000 195,000 210,000 the pump suction is provided. When this static head is made equivalent to the absolute boiling pressure of the condensate (measured in feet of water) minus 12 ft., no increase in pump capacity is required. This static suction head requirement may also be reduced about 50 per cent when special large suction inlets or special impellers are provided. Sufficient head in addition to the total head necessary to overcome static head, velocity head, pipe friction and boiler pressure should-be provided wherever condensate is to be returned directly to a boiler from the pump. , VACUUM HEATING PUMPS Return-line vacuum heating pumps may be of the following types: 313 H .J American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 1. Direct-acting reciprocating steam-driven return-line vacuum pumps. 2. Reciprocating power-driven return-line vacuum pumps. 3. Motor-driven return-line vacuum pumps of the centrifugal or rotary type having one of the following arrangements: (a) One pumping unit and motor for handling both air and condensate. (h) One pumping unit and motor for handling air and a separate pumping unit and motor for handling condensate. Table 8. Duplex Piston Type Steam-Driven Pump and Receivers SO lb. Pressure Size or Pomp Inches Size or Receiver Inches Square Feet or Direct Radiation Steam Pipe Sizes, Inches Exhaust Suction Discharge 3 x2 x3 4>5x 2X x 4 12x23 12x23 5,000 10,000 X X Vs IX X2 514 x 3Hx 5 16x32 20,000 l U4 2X 6 x4 x6 16x32 40,000 l 3 7 x 436x8 -20x43 60,000 IX IX 4 8 x 5 x 10 24x46 90,000 24 Size or Pump Inches 10 lb. Pressure Size or Receiver Inches Square Feet or Direct Radiation Steam Pipe Sizes, Inches Exhaust Suction i IX ! IX 2 3 3 ' Discharge ' iX x 2 x 4 SX x 2X x 5 6 x2J6x6 12x23 12x23 16x32 6,000 9,000 16,000 X i i x IX IX 2 2X 3 IX tX 2 7 x3 x8 16x32 25,000 IX IX 4 3 8 x 3/4 x 10 20x43 45,000 IX 2 4 3 10 x 436x10 24x46 70,000 2 2X 5 . 4 Table 9. Characteristics op Centrifugal Return Pumps and Receivers Delivering Against Various Pressures Rating Square Feet Equivalent Cast Iron Direct Radiation Actual Measured Water . Capacitt Gallons per Minute Motor Horsepowers Dibcharoe Pressure, Pounds per Square Inch at Pump 10 lb. 20 lb. 30 lb. 40 lb. 50 lb. 60 lb. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 150,000 4 6 8 11 13 16 22 35 60 90 150 200 XX XX XX XX XX XX XX X1 tx 2 1H 3 2 .5 35 X X X X X 1 1 tx 3 5 m 736 314 i i i i i ix IX 3 5 5 736 10 1 1 IX ix IX IX IX 5 7>6 IX 10 15 2 2 2 2 2 7X 10 10 15 15 Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps (c) One pumping unit and motor for handling condensate with an air ejector operated by a recirculated portion of the condensate for handling the air. (d) One pumping unit for handling condensate and another for handling the air, both operated by one motor. The volumetric displacement rate of the water cylinders of steam or power-driven reciprocating return-line vacuum pumps should be from 8 to 10 times the volumetric rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. The piston speed in feet per minute of steam reciprocating return-line vacuum pumps should not be more than 20 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. The speed of crank shafts of power-driven reciprocating return-line vacuum pumps should.not exceed the following: Length or Stroke Inches ' 3 6 8 12 20 Maximum Crank Shatt Speed R.P. M. 80 50 50 40 25 The type of drive to be employed between motor and pump may be chain, belt or gear. When gears are used they should be of a type which will be quiet in operation. The receiving tank may be placed either on the suction or on the dis charge side of the pump; generally on the suction side. The capacity of receiving tanks, when placed on the suction side of pumps, should be proportioned to the operating condition to be met. To this end its capacity should be such as to retain the condensate and to take care of fluctuations between the rate of returning condensate and the rate of the pump delivery. This capacity in case of automatically controlled units should be the capacity of the tank in gallons between the high and low water levels in the tank, as determined by the water-line control, and when not otherwise provided for, should be in accordance with Table 10. Table 10. Receiver Tank Capacities for Centrifugal orRotary Vacuum Heating Pumps Square Feet Equivalent Direct Cast IrOn Radiation Total Receiver Tank Capacitt in Gallons Receiver Tank Capacitt between High and Low Water Limits Where Automatic Water Line Control Is Used 2,500 5,000 8,000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 16 6 28 33 47 55 69 80 6' 6 20 27 34 44 54 63 " 315 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 316 V o lu m e o f A ir th r o u g h O r ific e s u n d er V ac u u m Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps Air capacities of vacuum heating pumps are in general referred to as equivalent cast iron direct radiation, and may be assumed on a decreasing ratio as the system increases in capacity, in accordance with Table 11. It should be noted that while water capacities of pumps for fan blast heaters are to be based upon their equivalent in direct radiation the air capacities for this class of radiation may be considerably less than that corresponding to this equivalent. The air capacity measurement of a vacuum heating pump should be made at a point in the main vacuum return line close to and before it enters the pump strainer, while the pump is in operation, under the Table 11. Air Capacities for Vacuum Heating Pumps Square Feet Direct Equivalent ' ' Radiation Surface Diameter Orifice Vacuum 10 In. Am Capacity Cubic Feet per Minute 2,500 5,000 8,000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 150,000 300,000 H2" Jit" He" A Vs" 13Az" Me" Three (3) 3 3 5 9 15 19 34 44 80 132 vacuum specified at the pump suction and while handling the quantity of condensate specified at a temperature not exceeding 180 deg. fahr. Air test in general may be made with water at lower temperatures; these determinations shall be made by means of a standard test orifice located in an inlet connection to the pump suction, consisting of a plate in. thick with a reamed hole having sharp edges and of a diameter corresponding to the capacity of the pump. ' Fig. 1 may be used to give the quantity of air handled, corresponding to several sizes of orifices and different degrees of vacuum to be met. The water capacity of vacuum heating pumps, when operating against 8 in. of mercury vacuum, should be not less than % lb. of water per hour per square foot of equivalent cast iron direct, radiation, based, upon condensate at a temperature of not over 180 deg. fahr. when the pump is delivering water against a specified gage pressure at the water discharge of the pump. For pumps handling both air and water the above water capacity must be delivered when the pump is maintaining a vacuum of 8 in. of mercury and handling air through a standard orifice corresponding to the air capacity of the pump as herein specified. In estimating the water capacity no additional allowance need be made for covered mains or risers, but exposed mains or risers used as heating surfaces should be included in computing the equivalent square foot of direct radiation. ... _ . Steam-driven vacuum pump size determination should take into con sideration the following variables: .. 317 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 .' (a) The degree of tightness of system; (6) the efficiency of the radiator traps; (c) the temperature of the condensate at the pump; (d) the probable cooling effect of the return piping; (e) the use of lift points in the return; (/) vacuum to be maintained at the pump; (g) introduction of large volumes of high temperature water into the return piping near the pump; (ft) the use of long runs of piping from the source of steam supply to the farthest radiator. , High-pressure traps should not discharge directly into a vacuum return because of the vapor formed by the re-evaporation of a part of the hot condensation. Fig. 2 shows one method which may be used for disposing of the greater part of the vapor of re-evaporation. Steam-driven pumps can be economically used with steam pressures of 15 lb. or over and where the exhaust steam can be completely utilized. Fig. 2. Method of Discharging High-Pressure Apparatus into Low-Pressure Heating Mains and Vacuum Return Mains through a Low-Pressure Trap Where the supply of exhaust steam from engines or other sources is continuously in excess , of that necessary to supply the heating system the electric-driven pump is generally the most efficient and is also pre ferablewhen the steam pressure is too low to operate a steam-driven pump. Steam cylinder sizes of reciprocating vacuum pumps should include the effect of frictional resistance of the piping system, the pump, resistance and the possible drop in steam pressure under unusual conditions. When this analysis is not feasible the following formula may be used: As = Ay,z(~2 in which \ Pt J . As = area of steam piston in square inches. _ Aw = area of water piston in square inches. Pb = boiler pressure in pounds per square inch. Pd = discharge pressure in pounds per square inch. ' ,, V = vacuum at pump expressed in inches of mercury. ` V. . :Tg- = approximate vacuum in pounds per square inch (2 in. mercury = approximately 1 lb. per square inch). 318 Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps Water cylinder sizes of steam-driven reciprocating vacuum heating . pumps may be determined from Table 12. . The discharge from reciprocating vacuum heating pumps should be pro vided with means for releasing the entrained air. This may require water surface area in either a tank having a large horizontal cross-section or a stand pipe of sufficient sectional area to permit a low velocity of downward water flow while the entrained air is escaping to the surface against the water current. For removal of air in a separating tank 1 sq. ft. of hori- Table 12. Capacities op Various Sizes of Direct Double Acting Steam-Driven Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps (For Steam Pressure 50 Lb. and Above) Size, Inches Square Feet or Direct Radiation 4x3x6 4. x 3)4 x 6 4 x 4 x 6 4 x 4)4x 6 4x5x6 4x5x8 4)4 x 6 x 8 5 x 6 x 10 5 x 6)4 x 10 5 x 7)4 x 10 6 x 8 x 12 8 x 10 x 12 8 x 12 x 12 10 x 14 x 12 10 x 14 x 16 10 x 14 x 20 12 x 16 x 20 14 x 18 x 20 16 x 20 x 20 ,16 x 22 x 20 ' 1,700 2,500 3,000 3,800 4,700 6,500 10,000 11,000 13,000 17,000 25,000 40,000 55,000 75,000 85,000 . 100,000 130,000 160,000 200,000 240,000 zontal cross-section for each 2,100 lb. of water per hour should be provided. When a stand pipe is used for air separation, one with a diameter equal to that of the pump cylinder is usually sufficient. . The freely vented air separating tank is preferable wherever a suitable location is available. The tank should be located at such a height, that the pressure produced by the water column in its discharge pipe will be sufficient to overcome that in the low-pressure boiler feed-water heater or other point of disposal. Fig. 3 shows an arrangement which may be used for vacuum pump, air separating tank and feed-water heater. This arrangement provides means for the air to escape through a vent in the top of the tank and for the water to flow by gravity to the feed-water heater, through the loop seal attached to the discharge outlet of the tank. If the rate of flow of returns to the tank exceeds the rate of discharge from the tank the excess is permitted to overflow through an opening in the end of the tank, near the top. The hydro-pneumatic type separating tank may be used whenever an open tank cannot be located at a height sufficient to provide gravity head to discharge the tank contents against the maximum pressure in 319 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 the heater or boiler. A float-controlled valve is placed on the air outlet of the separating tank and so arranged that when the water of conden sation has insufficient head to flow by gravity to the point of use, the air will be confined in the upper part of the tank. Its operation is such that when the pump continues to deliver water and air to the tank the pres sure within the tank increases until it becomes sufficient to discharge the water, thus lowering the water line and eventually permitting escape of Fig. 3. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump, Feed Water Heater and Single Control Hydro-Pneumatic Tank or Air Separating Tank the surplus air through the float-controlled air valve. The confined air pressure in the tank plus the gravity head in the tank discharge pipe, must be sufficient to cause flow to the place of disposition. This confined air pressure, plus the column of mixed air and water in- the pump discharge to the tank, constitute the total head against which the pump must act. Fig. 3 shows a hydro-pneumatic separating tank, as well as a freelyvented separating tank, for alternate use as conditions require. Where the pressure in the heater, boiler, etc., varies materially from time to time and where it is desired to save energy by diminishing the head against which the pump shall work, a hydro-pneumatic type tank may be used, instead of a plain tank set at a higher elevation, to over- . come-the peak pressure in the boiler or heater. - Table 13 gives the size of plain and hydro-pneumatic tanks for air separating purposes and also those for storage of returns. In the latter case the tanks are based upon storing the quantities of water which will be discharged during five minutes at the basis of hourly rates given in the first column. . When the head on the delivery side of steam-driven vacuum return pumps exceeds 15 lb. per square inch the condensate should be delivered 320 Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps Table 13; Sizes of Plain and Hydro-Pneumatic Separating Tanks Condensation Pounds peb Hour 4,000 6j000 8,000 toiooo 16,000 24,000 34,000 45,000 60,000 For Air Separation Onlt Diameter Indies Length Inches 12 24 12 36 18 30 18 48 24 48 30 48 24 72 36 60 36 72 42 60 36 96 42 72 42 96 For Air Separation and Water Storage Diameter Inches Length - Inches 24 36 24 48 24 72 30 48 30 60 36 60 36 72 36 96 42 72 42 96 48 72 48 96 to a vented receiver located close to the level of the vacuum pump outlet. This receiver should be connected to a separate steam or power driven water pump capable of delivering against the maximum head and should be controlled by a throttle valve or motor control, actuated by some suit able means, from the water line in the receiving tank. Typical vacuum pump connections for several different conditions of service, are shown by Figs. 4, 5 and 6. LIFTS In vacuum heating systems where condensation is to be raised to a higher level it should be accomplished by means of lift fittings. Lifts of 6 ft. or over should be made in steps rather than in one rise or through drag lift (consisting of long upwardly-inclined pipes.) In any case the pipes between the lifts should grade downward toward the pump. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PUMPS General.--Reciprocating and power driven pumps should be specified as to make, size, working water and steam pressures, piston speed, tern- ' perature of water to be handled, electric motor characteristics, and to insure economy in production, such standard practices as subsequently indicated. The kind of drive should be specified for power-driven pumps. Centrifugal and rotary pumps should be specified as to make, type, capacity, temperature of water to be handled, speed and motor char acteristics, including the following: " (1) Name of motor manufacturer; (2) manufacturers rated horsepower; (3) the maximum temperature rise (deg; cent.)-for any part of the motor above the temperature of the surrounding air; (4) full-speed in revolutions per minute; (5) current characteristics; (6) whether the motor is to be 321 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 open, semi-enclosed or fully enclosed; (7) kind of starting and control equipment, i.e., open or enclosed panels, manual or automatic controls. There should also be included in the specifications such items as total head to be pumped against, including suction lift, friction head, velocity head and head against which the pump must discharge. The vacuum under which return pumps are required to operate and whether two or more units are to operate in parallel or separately. TYPES OF PUMPS The following definitions of the types of pumps, which are in accordance with the Hydraulic Societies' Standards, should be used: ^Oischaiyje from VacuumPump 61obeto!ve t ubncaior andDrip Pan ^ boilerFeedPump andReceiver Special.--' Chedc\blve ' n i A Lift Filling DramloSewer Fig. 4. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump and Automatic Boiler-Feed Pump and Receiver Direct Acting Steam Pump.--A steam-driven reciprocating pump in which the steam piston is directly connected to the liquid piston or plunger through the piston rod. Crank and Flywheel Pump.--A steam-driven reciprocating pump with crankshaft on which a flywheel is mounted for storing energy during the early part of the stroke and imparting this stored energy to the liquid piston or plunger during the latter part of the stroke, after the steam is cut off in the steam cylinder: The length of the stroke is determined by the throw of the main crank. . Single Steam Pump.--A. steam-driven reciprocating pump having one liquid piston or its equivalent single or double acting plunger. Duplex Steam Pump.--A steam-driven reciprocating pump having two liquid pistons or their equivalent single or double acting plungers. Power.Pump.--A reciprocating pump driven by power from an outside source applied to the crankshaft of the pump. Single Power Pump.--A power-driven reciprocating pump having one liquid piston or its equivalent single or double acting plunger. Duplex Power Pump.--A power-driven reciprocating pump having two liquid pistons or their equivalent single or double acting plungers. . Triplex Power Pump.--A power-driven reciprocating pump having three pistons or their equivalent single or double acting plungers. Single Stage.--A centrifugal pump having one impeller. Multi-Stage.--A centrifugal pump having two or more impellers acting in series in one casing. 322 Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps Vent foAtmosphere ^ Run to Air above Roof' "HI Pump Control Valve Discharge from Pump to lank Steam to ^..Vacuum Pump Globe Valve Globe1'' Vafve . Lubricator y Globe Valve Boiler feedPump ...... tetlnr and Dnp flan -Vacuum Pump .. CastIron baseplate tJ. and Drip flan / GateVatvey' SuctionStrainer * FfoorLrne Lift Fitting ToSewer Fig 5 '` Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump, Boiler-Feed Pump and Steam-Control Receiving Tank Fig. 6. Method of Making Connection to Steam-Operated Vacuum Pump 323 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Screw or Propeller Pump.--A centrifugal pump having a screw type impeller. May be axial flow or combined axial and radial flow type. FITTINGS OF PUMPS The following definitions of the fittings of pumps, which are in ac~ cordance with the Hydraulic Societies' Standards, should be used: Standard Fitted Steam or Power Pumps (Symbol S:F.).--Steel piston rods; iron liquid pistons or plungers; bronze or rubber liquid valves; bronze liquid valve seats; guards and springs; liquid cylinders iron or steel.' Piston pattern pumps have bronze lined liquid cylinders. Plunger pattern pumps, iron cylinders and plunger glands (not bushed); steel cylinders, and plunger glands (bronze bushed). Bronze Fitted Steam or Power Pumps (Symbol B.F.).--Bronze piston rods (except end-packed plunger pattern) iron liquid pistons or plunders; bronze or rubber liquid valves; bronze liquid valve seats; guards and springs; liquid cylinders iron or steel; piston pattern pumps have bronze lined liquid cylinders; plunger pattern pumps have bronze bushed plunger glands and throats. " Full Bronze Fitted Steam or Power. Pumps (Symbol F. B. F.).--Bronze piston rod3 (except end-packed plunger pattern) bronze liquid pistons or plungers; bronze or rubber liquid valves; bronze liquid valve seats; guards and springs. Liquid cylinders iron or steel. Piston pattern pumps have bronze lined liquid cylinders; plunger pattern pumps have bronze bushed plunger glands and throats. Acid Resisting Pump (Symbol A. R.).--All parts of the pump in direct contact with the liquid pumped are to be constructed of such materials as will offer the maximum resistance to the corrosive action of the liquid. . All Bronze Pump (Symbol A. B.).--All parts of the pump coming in direct contact with the liquid pumped are to be made of bronze. All Iron Pump (Symbol A. /.).---All parts of the pump coming in direct contact with the liquid pumped are to be made of iron or ferrous metal. . Standard Fitted Centrifugal Pumps (Symbol S. F.).---Casing of cast iron; shaft of steel; impeller of bronze or cast iron; wearing rings and shaft sleeves when used of bronze or cast iron. . Bronze Fitted Centrifugal Pumps (Symbol B. F.).--Casing of cast iron; shaft of steel; impeller of bronze; wearing rings and shaft sleeves when used, of bronze. STANDARD EQUIPMENT OF PUMPS The following lists of standard equipment, which are in accordance, with the Hydraulic Societies' Standards, should be used: '- Trade Steam Pumps (Single or Duplex).--The following is considered standard equip ment for trade pumps and is to be furnished by the manufacturer; Drip cocks for steam cylinders. Drain plugs for liquid cylinders. Special wrenches, ' Piston packing for water only, Oil or grease cups for rocker shafts, companion, flanges for all openings up to 6 in. inclusive. Plunger packing will be furnished for inside packed plunger pumps. Packing will not be furnished for outside packed plunger pumps. Power Pumps.--The following is considered standard equipment for duplex and: triplex power pumps; . Liquid Valve Service, Oil or Grease Cups, Tight pulley only. Discharge air chamber up to 400 lb. pressure. Companion flanges up to and including 6 in. Special wrenches where required. Gear Guard covering the teeth of the pinion and the adjacent teeth of the gear will, be furnished as a part of the Standard Equipment. Gear Guards conforming to the laws of the various states will be furnished as extras, when such laws are quoted in the pur chaser's inquiry or order. . - Centrifugal Pumps.--The following is considered standard equipment for horizontal centrifugal pumps; 324 Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps Coupling or pulley, Bed plates up to 24 in. pumps inclusive, Oil gages for bearings. Air cock at top of pump casing. Drain plug at bottom of pump casing. Packing for shaft stuffing boxes. Water seal gland--piping for same optional. Special wrenches when required. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED The following definitions of terms, which are in accordance with the Hydraulic Societies ' Standards, should be used : Static Head is the vertical distance between the free level of the source of supply and to the point of free discharge, or to the level of the free surface of the discharge water. Total dynamic head is the vertical distance between the source of supply and point of discharge when pumping required capacity, plus velocity head, plus friction, velocity, entrance and exit losses. Total dynamic head as determined on test, where suction lift exists, is the reading of a mercury column connected to the suction nozzle of pump, plus the reading of a pressure gage connected to discharge nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column and center of gage, plus excess, if any, of velocity head of discharge over velocity head of suction as measured at points where the instru ments are attached, plus head of water resting on mercury column, if any. Total dynamic head as determined on test, where suction head exists, is the reading of a gage attached to the discharge nozzle of pump minus the reading of gage connected to the suction nozzle of pump, plus or minus vertical distance between centers of gages (depending on whether suction gage is below or above discharge gage), plus excess, if any, of velocity head of discharge over velocity head of suction as measured at points where instruments are attached. Total dynamic discharge head is the total dynamic head minus dynamic suction lift, or plus dynamic suction head. Suction Lift.--Suction lift exists when the suction measured at the pump nozzle and corrected to the center line of the pump is below atmospheric pressure. Static suction lift exists when the source of supply is below the center of pump and is the vertical distance from the free level of source of supply to center of pump. Dynamic suction lift, where static suction lift exists, is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when pumping required capacity, to center of pump, plus velocity head, plus entrance friction and velocity losses, but not including internal pump losses, where static suction head exists but where the losses exceed the static suction head, the dynamic suction lift is the sum of the velocity head, entrance, friction and velocity losses, minus the static suction head, but not including internal pump losses. Dynamic suction lift as determined on test, is the reading of a mercury column connected to suction nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column to center of pump, plus head of water resting on mercury column, if any. . Suction Head (sometimes called head on suction) exists when the pressure measured at the suction nozzle and corrected to the center line of the pump is above atmospheric pressure. ' Static suction head exists when the source of supply is above the center of pump and is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to center of pump. Dynamic suction head, where static suction head exists, is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when pumping at required capacity to center of pump, minus velocity head, minus entrance friction and velocity losses, but not minus internal pump losses. Dynamic suction head as determined on test is the reading of a gage connected to suction nozzle of pump, minus vertical distance from center of gage to center line of. pump. Suction head, after deducting the various losses, may be a negative quantity, in which case a condition equivalent to suction lift will prevail. . , Guarantee on Suction Lift.--All guarantees, unless otherwise specified, should be based on handling clear fresh water at a temperature of not over 85 deg. fahr. and a total dynamic suction lift of not over 15 ft. at sea level. 325 J American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 HOUSE POWER OF MOTORS - For motors of less than 100 hp. capacity When rated on a 50 deg. basis and when used to drive centrifugal pumps should be of a capacity at least 20 per cent above the actual horsepower required by the pump. When rated on a 40 deg. basis the extra margin of capacity should be made 5 per cent in excess of the actual power required by the pump at the normal rated capacity conditions for which the pump is guaranteed. For motors over 100 hp. capacity the rated motor capacity may be less than that given previously. info Receiver Smng Check Valve fftefi/m Header rPressure Gage 'Safety Vafre . Ytfehim Line Valve Check t&A* ftDoi6reecat- Rffeccturrcnf4TLraQp* above WaferLevel ofBoiler r*tv* Fig. 7. Traps and Receiver for Returning Condensate from High and Low . Pressure Systems tq a Boiler INSTALLATION DATA A11 pumps, in general, should be set on substantial foundations and be provided with heavy cast iron sub-bases, securely anchored to foundation and provided with drip rim with drain connected to sump or sewer. Especially in the case of centrifugal or turbine pumps every reasonable precaution should be taken to prevent distortion of base plates of pumps due to handling in shipment or bolting down without suitable grouting. Flexible couplings should not be used to compensate for misalignment but only to compensate for temperature variations. . Pipe connections should, in general, be supported to prevent undue stresses in pumps due either to weight or expansion. ' The exhaust from steam-driven pumps supplying steam for heating purposes should be taken through an effective oil separator before entering any part of the heating system or other apparatus. . 326 - Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps A full set of the manufacturer's working drawings should be used in connection with each installation. TRAPS Traps ordinarily used in connection with heating and ventilating engineering may be divided into the following three types: (1) steam traps; (2) oil traps; (3) air traps. Steam traps may be sub-divided into: (a) high-pressure steam traps; (6) low-pressure steam traps, and each of these two sub-divisions may be further sub-divided into: (1) float traps; (2) bucket traps; (3) ther mostatic traps; (4) return traps; (5) lifting traps; (6) alternating receiver traps; (7) tilt traps. The fundamental principle upon which the operation of practically all traps depend is that the pressure within the trap at the time of discharge, shall be equal to, or slightly in excess of, the pressure against which the trap must discharge, including the friction head, velocity head and static head on the discharge side of the trap. If the static head is in favor of the trap discharge it is a minus quantity and may be deducted from the other factors of the discharge head.' ; The capacity of a trap depends upon the clear area through its discharge ports and the difference between the pressure within the trap and the total pressure against its discharge, at the time of discharge. . The opening of the ports of a trap may be a very variable quantity, depending upon the action of the mechanism in opening and closing the valves. Float traps and thermostatic traps generally have gradual opening and closing of valves, although some of these are arranged with levers, weights, springs, etc., so as to snap open and close, thus giving a full opening of the valves and ports during the entire time of each discharge. Bucket traps, tilt traps and alternating receiver traps have quick acting valves and therefore wide open ports during each discharge. Uses of traps in connection with heating and ventilating apparatus are for draining the condensate from all kinds of radiators, heaters, steam piping systems, kitchen equipment, laundry equipment, hospital equip ment, drying equipment and many other kinds of steam-heated apparatus. The usuar function of a trap is to allow the passage of condensate and to prevent the passage of steam. In addition to these functions, traps are frequently required to allow the passage of air as well as condensate. Traps are also required to allow the passage of air and to prevent the passage of either water or steam, or both. In addition, traps are used for returning condensate either by gravity, by steam pressure, or by both, to a boiler or other point of disposal. Also for lifting condensate from a lower to a higher elevation, or for handling condensate from a lower to a higher pressure. By-passes are usually provided around traps with a valve and union on each side of the trap and one of each in the by-pass. Some traps are provided with integral by-passes for temporary relief in case of emer gency but these dojiot allow the removal of the trap for repairs without interrupting the service. ' 327 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 High-pressure HoaX, and alternating traps are usually provided with glass water gages, drain cocks and air-relief cocks or automatic air-relief valves. Tilt traps are not ordinarily equipped with glass water gages as the action of the trap shows when it is filling or emptying. Fig. 8. Return Trap and Receiver for Automatic Boiler Feed The air relief of tilt traps is taken care of by the valves of the trap. High-pressure traps for handling large volumes of condensate are usually of the float, bucket, tilt or alternating types, although some forms of thermostatic traps are designed for this kind of service. For smaller high-pressure apparatus many types of thermostatic traps are very 328 Chapter 19--Pumps and Traps efficacious. Care should be taken to see that thermostatic traps of the bellows or diaphram type, when used for high-pressure service are properly constructed with materials and solder that will properly with stand the maximum temperature of the steam. Low-pressure traps of the various types are equipped substantially the same as high-pressure traps of similar types. Thermostatic traps are generally used for draining radiators and heaters, except for very large capacities where bucket,.float or blast traps are used. Thermostatic traps for this service usually pass both condensate and air and in case of float and bucket traps the air is usually relieved through an auxiliary ther mostatic trap in a by-pass around the main trap. Sometimes this auxiliary air trap is an integral part of the trap. Blast traps are sometimes used on a vacuum heating system for connecting old one or two pipe gravity systems in parallel with vacuum return line systems; in which case the blast traps should not be provided with auxiliary air by-pass, as the action of this will allow the vacuum to draw air into the old system through its air valves, especially when the steam is wholly or partially cut off. The air from the returns of such old systems should be relieved just ahead of the blast traps by means of quick venting automatic air valves, preferably of the non-return type, especially if the other air valves on the old system are non-return valves. Lifting traps will discharge from a lower to a higher pressure and are usually of the tilt or alternating type. Either of the two former types of traps are provided with two or three valves, operated by the action of the trap. . In case of the two-valve traps, one valve closes a steam inlet and the other valve opens a vent outlet while the trap is filling and as soon as the trap dumps the first valve opens the steam inlet and the second valve closes the vent outlet, while the trap discharges. In this type of trap there must be a swinging-check valve on each side of the trap, in addition to the usual by-pass, to prevent the pressure in the trap, while discharg ing, from backing up through the inlet and the pressure in the discharge line from backing up into the trap while it is filling. This type of trap will blow steam out through the vent while filling, if the pressure on the inlet side is sufficient, and should not be used, therefore, with such pres sures unless the vent is properly piped back into the return to a feed water heater, condenser or to a perforated pipe in the bottom of the receiver to which the trap discharges in such a way as to prevent the escape of the steam that comes in with the condensate and passes through the vent. In the three-valve traps of this type there is an extra valve for closing the discharge while the trap is filling. Some tilting traps are designed for use without venting any steam but with automatic thermostatic air trap for venting the air. Some of these, are equipped with automatic valves for introducing a water spray while the trap is filling, thus condensing the steam not only from the former discharge but from the intake and re-evaporation. Such may be used as vacuum traps for producing pressures below atmosphere on the system to which the trap is connected. -- Fig. 7 shows a lifting trap, a receiver and a return trap connected for lifting condensate from a system of returns and returning same to a 329 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 boiler. The venting and condensing arrangements referred to above are also shown. . ' Fig. 8 shows a direct return trap and receiver properly connected for automatically feeding a boiler from a system of returns delivering the condensate to the receiver. ' Oil traps are used for draining the oil and condensate from oil separators, muffler tanks, etc., and are usually of the float type. Air traps are used for relieving the air from .steam heating systems, hot water heating systems, domestic hot water systems, etc. For steam heating systems where air and water are to be passed and steam retained they are of the thermostatic type. Where air is to be passed and steam and water retained they are of the combination thermostatic and float type. For water systems where air is to be passed and water retained they are of the float type. Alternating receiver type traps are used for returning the condensate to boilers or for lifting condensate from a lower to a higher level. They are generally of the two-valve type with one valve in the steam supply and one valve in the vent. The action of the float opens the vent and closes the steam supply while the trap is filling by gravity and closes the vent and opens the steam supply while the trap is discharging. The steam from the vent may be connected back into the return system to the trap to prevent the waste of heat. This type of trap requires a swinging check on each side to prevent the backing up of the discharge from the return system while the trap is discharging or into the trap while it is filling. The air is vented from the system, either through the vent of the trap to the atmosphere, or where this vent is connected back into the returns the air is vented separately from the trap vent through a thermostatic air trap. 330 CHAPTER 20 PIPING FOR STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS Description of Systems; Allowance for Various Conditions; Pipe Size Tables; Details of Connections. THE methods of selecting pipe sizes for steam heating systems pre sented in this chapter have been developed through the cooperative efforts of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engi neers and the Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. As a result of. the extensive research investigations, engineers, architects and heating contractors may now design piping systems with a degree of accuracy that was heretofore impossible. DEFINITIONS Equivalent radiation means the equivalent capacity of heat-emitting units in terms of the standard capacity of cast iron radiation. (240 B.t.u. per square foot). Piping systems for steam heating are broadly classified as one-pipe, two-pipe, vapor and vacuum systems. With any of them the condensation may be returned to the boiler by gravity or by mechanical devices. A few of the terms used in describing these systems are defined as follows: Gravity systems shall be defined as those in which the water of conden sation is returned to the boiler by gravity. Vacuum return., line systems shall be defined as those which operate with the pressure at or above atmospheric in the steam lines and radiators, and with a vacuum in the return lines. ' Differential vacuum systems shall be defined as those which operate with a fixed differential between the radiation and the return line, and with steam supplied to the radiation at pressures below or above atmosphere. Vapor systems shall be defined as two-pipe systems which are controlled to operate below 2 lb. gage and which employ radiator supply valves and traps for steam regulation and a boiler protective device for water line control. Supply mains shall be defined as the pipes through which the steam flows from the boiler or source of supply to the run-outs and risers leading to the heat-emitting units. Return mains shall be defined as the pipes which carry condensate from the return risers and heat-emitting units to the boiler return header or to the mechanical device which delivers the condensate to the boiler. Dry returns shall be defined as those returns which are above the water line in the boiler or above an elevation at which the pressure in the boiler 331 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 will support the return condensation. Dry. returns may also be those returns which have protective devices for preventing water from backing up in them if excessive boiler pressure is generated. Wet returns shall be defined as those returns which are below the level of the water line in the boiler or below an elevation at which the boiler will support the return condensation. Down-feed or overhead systems shall be defined as those in which the supply mains are above the level of the heat-emitting units which' they serve. TJp-feed systems shall be defined as those in which the supply mains are below the level of the heat-emitting units which they serve. One-pipe systems shall be defined as those in which there is but one connection to each radiator which must answer for both supply and return. . Two-fnpe systems shall be defined as those in which one pipe is used for the supply of steam to the radiator and another for the return of condensation. . One-pipe supply risers are those which carry steam upward to the radiator and which also carry the condensation from the radiator flowing in a direction opposite to the steam flow. Down-feed one-pipe risers are those which carry steam and the con densation from the radiator, in the same direction. Two-pipe supply risers are those which carry steam to the radiator but which do not carry the condensation from the radiator, the condensation returning through a separate return pipe or riser. STEAM DISTRIBUTION , The piping for steam distribution will be divided into two classes: (1) transmission mains; (2) service piping. Transmission mains are defined as those that convey steam for a con siderable distance either through or between buildings such as in district heating plants. In this type the steam, is usually generated and trans mitted to the building under high pressure. The velocities of flow used in the transmission mains are limited by. the available or allowable drop in pressure. Service piping is defined as that which conveys the steam and con densate in the building, starting either at the boiler or other source of supply and comprising the mains, branches, risers, run outs and return piping. This part of the system usually is low pressure and the pipe sizes are larger than for the distributing piping, as the velocity of the steam is lower and the available or allowable drop in pressure is small. See Tables 9 to 16 for the service pipe sizes for various systems. The principal factors upon which the determination of pipe sizes for steam heating depends, are: 1. The equivalent length bf the run from the boiler, or source of steam supply, to the farthest heating unit. 2. The total pressure drop, which may be allowed, between the source of supply and the end of the return system. 332 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems 3. The maximum velocity of steam allowable for quiet and dependable operation of the system. 4. Unusual conditions in the building to be heated. Length of Run . The length of run must not only include the actual linear feet of straight pipe, but also the proper allowance for fittings, valves and other items which cause drop in pressure. Pressure Drop Theoretically there are several factors to be considered such as initial pressure and the pressure required at the end of the line, but it is most important that (1) the total pressure drop does not exceed the initial pressure of the system; (2) that the pressure drop is not so great as to cause high velocities and in the case of counter-flowing condensate to cause water hammer; (3) that there is a constant initial pressure; (4) that there is sufficient difference in level between the water line of the boiler and the lowest point of the steam main, dry return and heating units. It is recommended that all systems be designed for low initial pressure and a reasonably small pressure drop. Such systems will operate under higher pressures without difficulty. When a system is designed for high pressure with a relatively large pressure drop and then operated at a low pressure, it is apt to be noisy and to have poor circulation. It is recommended that the total pressure drop never exceed one-half of the initial pressure. This applies to cases where the condensate is flowing in the same direction as the steam, but in the case of counter flowing condensate the capacities should not exceed those shown in Tables 5 and 6. Maximum Velocity The capacity of pipe of a given size in any part of a steam or vapor heating system depends upon the quantity of. condensation present, as well as upon the available pressure drop in the pipe. Where no water is present or where a limited quantity flows by gravity in the same direction as the steam the available pressure drop only need be considered. Where water and steam flow counter to each other the velocity of the steam must not exceed certain values above which disturbance between the counter-flowing steam and water may produce objectionable sounds, water hammer, or may retain water in some parts of the system until pressure goes off. The velocity at which such disturbance takes place depends upon the size of the pipe, its position (whether vertical or hori zontal), its pitch and the quantity of water flowing counter to the steam. Unusual Conditions Under this heading are the character and class of the building, the periodicity of use, the temperature required and the time in which"it is to be attained at the beginning of each period- ' In public buildings, schools, offices, stores and such buildings (where the occupants abnormally at rest), the building should be heated to or near its required temperature at all times. In places of assemblage such 333 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Flow of Steam in Pipes P = loss in pressure in pounds. d = inside diameter of pipe in inches. L = length of pipe in feet. D = weight of 1 cu. ft. of steanl. W -- pounds of steam per hour. P = 0.0000000367 ( 1 + ^ ) Col. 1 Pifb Size Loss f~ Ounces 5220y-ioo Nomina Actual Internal Diameter Internal Area or Pipe So. Inches Col. 2 1 J` .Steam Press. BT Gage Col. 3 vl~iT Length or Pipe Feet Col. 4 V? 0.25 65.28 i 1.049 0.864 0.536 -- 1.0a 0.187 20 2.240 0.50 92.28 IX 1.380 1.496 1.178 -0.5a 0.190 40 1.580 1.00 130.5 ix 1.610 2.036 1.828 0.0 0.193 60 1.290 2 184.6 2 2.067 3.356 3.710 0.3 0.195 80 1.120 3 226.0 m 2.469 4.788 6.109 1.3 0.201 100 1.000 4 261.0 3 3.068 7.393 11.183 2.3 0.207 120 0.912 5 291.8 3X 3.548 9.887 16.705 5.3 0.223 140 0.841 6 319.7 4 4.026 12.730 23.631 10.3 0.248 160 0.793 7 345^3 4.506 15.947 32.134 15.3 0.270 180 0:741 8 369.1 5 . 5.047 20.006 43.719 20.3 0.290 200 0.710 10 412.7 6 6.065 28.886 71.762 30.3 0.326 250 0.632 12 452.0 7 7.023 38.743 106.278 40.3 0.358 300 0.578 14 488.3 8 7.981 50.027 149.382 50.3 0.388 350 0.538 16 522.0 9 8.941 62.786 201.833 60.3 0.415 .400 0.500 20 583.6 10 10.020 78.854 272.592 75.3 0.452 450 0.477 24 639.3 12 12.000 113.098 437.503 100.3 0.507 500 0.447 28 690.5 14 13.250 137.880 566.693 125.3 0.557 600 0.407 32 738.2 16 15.250 182.655 816.872 150.3 0.603 700 0.378 40 825.4 Column 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 lb of steam 175.3 0.645 800 0.354 per hour that will flow through 48 '904.1 pipe for a given condition. 200.3 0.685 900 0.333 r.xampie: i oz. drop -- 2 m: pipe 80 1167.2 -- 1.31b. press. -- 100 ft. equivalent length: 1000. 0.316 160 1650.7 130.5 X 3.710 X 0.201 X 1 = 97.2 lb. per hour. 97.2 X 4b 388.8 sq. ft. equivalent radiation. 1200 0.289 320 2334.5 Table 1 does not allow for entrained water in low-pressure steam, condensation in covered pipe and roughness in com- 1500 0.258 480 2859.1 2000 0.224 Pounds per square inch gage = 2.04 in. Vacuum, Mercury Column. bTbe factoV4 is the approximate equivalent in square feet of steam radiation of 1 lb. of steam per hour. 334 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems as churches, theaters and auditoriums little heat should be used, for as the occupants fill the building it becomes a case of ventilation instead of heating. In factories or other buildings the heat given off by machinery, occupants and illumination and that absorbed by the contents of the building should be taken into account. In buildings that are intermit tently heated the extra load due to heating up of a cold system within a stated time must be considered in determining the pipe sizes. GENERAL DATA ON PIPE SIZES The rate of flow of dry steam or steam with a small amount of water flowing in the same direction is in accordance with the general laws of gas flow and is a function of the length and diameter of the pipe, the density of the steam and the pressure drop through the pipe. This rela tionship has been established by Babcock in the formula given at the top of Table 1. In columns 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this table;, the numerical values of the factors for different pressure losses, pipe diameters, steam densities and lengths of pipe have been worked out in convenient form so that the steam flowing in any pipe may be calculated by multiplying together the proper factors in each column as shown in the example at the bottom of the table. Table 2 is a basic table giving the theoretical capacities of pipe in square feet of direct cast iron radiation (Based on J4 lb- steam per hour per square foot) and the resulting velocity in feet per second for various pressure drops in ounces per 100 ft. length of pipe with an initial steam pressure of 1 lb. gage. This table was compiled from the values given in Table 1. In using Tables 1 or 2 the total pressure drop figured should never equal or exceed the initial pressure. Example: In a 3 in. pipe, what pressure drop is required in ounces per 100 ft. of length of pipe to supply steam to 2,014 sq. ft. of equivalent radiation? The initial steam pressure is 1 lb. gage. Solution: In Table 2, column for 3 in. pipe, find that steam for 2,014 sq. ft. of equivalent radiation will be supplied at 1 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 3 oz. per 100 ft. length of run. Table 3 is to be used with Table 2 for calculating the capacity of a steam pipe, for other initial pressures and lengths when the capacity is known for 1 lb. pressure and 100 ft. length. To determine the capacity of any pipe under initial pressure other than 1 lb., multiply the capacity given in Table 2 by the pressure factor in Column 2, Table 3, opposite the required pressure indicated in Column 1. Example: What is the capacity of a 100 ft. 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and pressure drop of 1 oz.? Solution: From Table 2, find 2,457, the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 1 oz. pressure drop. Multiplying 2,457 by 1.03 the constant found in Column 2 of Table 3 for 2 lb. initial pressure gives 2,531 as the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. length. To determine the capacity for any length other than 100 ft., multiply the capacity given in Table 2 by the length factor in Column B, Table 3, opposite the required length in Column A. 335 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 336 T a b le 2. P ressure L oss, C a p a c it y in Sq u ar e F e e t of E q u iv a l e n t R a d ia t io n a n d V e lo c it y R e la t io n s h ip B ased on IL' T a b l e 1, f o r V a r io u s P r e s s u r e D r o p s w it h 1 b . n i t i a l S t e a m P r e s s u r e (N ote.-- N o a llo w a n c e fo r condensation in pipe-- unusual fric tio n -- scale-- corrosion o r other factors.) P ressure Loss in O unces per 100 F t . - Sq. Ft. 28 Velocity F1 t per Second i 7.5 Sq. Ft. CM tv--*H* On rO 87 rO--n - CM CO 56 122 25- 1 i 96 28 212 to CM 35 124 1 i NfOO s rco 274 300 43 324 47 346 r-- to to NO r-- 00 O CM In. OO CO CM to tN"O CM On 58 424 3 Or-N o 208 | 458 223 490 20 249 548 24 273 82 ' 009 On CM * NO rC--O % 5 Velocity 1 Ft. per Second 95 Velocity Ft. per Second r*-> fN. r- 30 | 38 i 43 i 52 56 61 68 80 86 190 269 | 1 329 380 425 466 503 . 538 34 42 49 55 59 66 On t-- 659 94 100 r-- oo H o 8 o NO In. t-- oo 96 CM CM NO 931 CM CO * fS to 1^. PIPE SIZE Sq. Ft. Velocity Ft. per Second 273 386 546 1 43 668 53 r~r- r-- 863 945 1020 1091 1220 1336 1443 1543 1806 1890 66 OO oo 62 69 83 89 109 126 154 * Sq. Ft. Velocity F t per Second N 318 449 24 635 36 1 50 oa On OO to o On 1100 62 1270 1421 1 72 80 N*oO 88 1681 1797 102 2009 to CM TO w ^1 2201 2377 3 2541 NO 2841 C*. t". 3113 *) ' +* & oo lO 822 1163 1645 2014 2326 2600 2848 3077 3289 3677 4028 4351 4651 5200 5697 Velocity 1 Ft. per Second Velocity Ft. per Seoond 698 CM ' 30 1228. 23 33 IS. 2 s oo N 8 1737 2457 68 74 3009 3474 97 WOOO 95 3884 105 4255 113 4596 128 o CO to fN NO w 3 ONOn CM to NO CM In. ON ^4 4913 135 5493 148 6017 O co 164 6500 192 to CM 7768 215 8510 238 > 5. & I Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems 337 T a b l e 2. (C o n tin u e d ) . PIPE SIZE ' 8 k 'O tC'-M. P CO k^ to *00 fc TCMP ON CM ' k rr~O k -z SH egoaps S Cg- Velocity Ft. per Second Sq. Ft. Velocity Ft. per Second Velocity Sq. Ft. . Ft. per Second Sq. F t Velocity Ft. per Second Velocity Ft. per Second Sq. F t Velocity Ft. per Second Sq. Ft. Velocity Ft. per Second is 1229 NCMO CM CM OCMn 3731 .35 7766 CM 14,172 48 22,746 52 42,470 62 961 09 tC--M 1738 c* co CCMO 5276 49 10,983 20,043 32,168 76 60,061 88 2457 CM to 4546 49 7462 t-- 15,533 86 28,345 100 45,492 108 84,940 125 CM to 00 8 C. M< 3 ^4 3 s CM CM cO 3475 74 6429 10,553 21,967 On 140 64,336 152 121,012 i 4256 7874 ^4 ON .4 CM 26,904 49,094. 78,795 184 147,120 220 4914 105 9092 14,924 139 31,066 164 56,689 192 90,985 212 169,879 252 to NO 5494 oo 10,165 135 16,685 156 34,733 184 63,380 224 101,724 240 189,937 280 oNoO C-- 8 NO fC'M- 6019 oo CM 11,135 18,278 38,048 204 69,430 244 111,433. 264 208,059 308 6501 139 12,027 19,742 41,096 220 74,993 264 120,361 224,729 336 NtoO CO NO 3 t-. pO rC--M oc CM co oo CM 6950 148 12,858 21,105 NNOO 7770 14,376 193 23,597 NO CM 43,934 234 80,171 128,672 304 240,245 49,120 268 89,633 312 143,860 340 268,603 .400 8512 182 15,748 212 25,849 232 53,808 288 98,188 344 -157,590 294,236 80S NO CM CO NO s s NO On CM 9194 r*. 224 27,920 260 58,120 106,056 170,217 404 317,815 rN--O NO CM CO NO CM 9829 18,184 234 29,848 62,132 340 113,378 394 181,969 428 339,758 10,989 235 20,331 260 33,371 380 126,768 444 203,448 480 379,861 568 24 12,038 249 22,270 280 36,556 332 76,096 138,859 222,866 520 416,117 624 \ iNote 1 .-- Capacities based on lb . condensation per square fo o t equivalent ra d ia tio n -- steam and condensation flow ing In same d ire ctio n-- actual diam eter of 8tandar<i P i P * ^ capacity of pipe, w ith a given pressure drop, in a length other than 100 ft., m u ltip ly the capacity in th is table fo r the given pressure per 100 ft. . . . . . .drop b y the Note facto 8,-- F r o for r ca preaqcuitiyrewdi tlhe ning tithia, lCporelusmsunreBs ,oTt haebrlet h 3. an 1 lb., m ultiply capac.i.t.y....g..i.v..e..n....i.n...t..h..i.s...t..a..b..l.e...b y factor f,o r the required in itia l pressure. .. C olum n 2, Table 3. Note 4:-- T o determ ine pressure loss w ith a given capacity fo r other lengths of pipe than 100ft.. m u ltip ly pressure loss given in th is table fo r the given capacity by the required length of pipe and divide by Note 6 .-- E x tra length to be added to 100. straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to . d e te rm in e , equivalent , length. _ .. (See T able 4.) Note 6 .-- A ll pipe should be w ell reamed and free fro m constrictions. (See Tables 6, 7 and 8.) American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 3. Constants for Various Lengths and Initial Pressures Steam Pressure Gags Lb. Constant bt Which to Multiplt Capacity op ant Pipe fob 1 Lb. toGage Steam Pressure Obtain poqCapacity op Same Pipe Pres sure in Col. 1 ' Length op Pipe Ft. Constant by Which to Multiplt Ft.Capacity op 100 Pipe to Obtain Capacity op Same Smm Pipe With Same Pressure, AND LENGTH AS Given in Col. A CoL 1 0 i 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 100 125 150 175 200 CoL-2f .. Col. A 0.92 .. 20 1.00 . i 40 - 1.03 , 60 1.11 ' - 80 1.24 100 1.35 . 120 . 1.45 140 1.63 160 1.79 180 1.94 200 ` 2.08 250 2.26 300 2.54 350 2.79 400 3.02 450 3.23 500 3.44 600 700 800 900 1000 1400 Col. B 2.240 1.580 .1.290 1.120 1.000 0.912 0.841 0.793 0.741 0.710 0.632 0.578 0.538 0.500 0.477 0.447 0.407 0.378 0.354 0.333 0.316 0.267 6 Table 4. Length in Feet of Pipe to be Added to Actual Length of Run-- Due to Fittings--to Obtain Equivalent Length Size op Pips Inches St'd. Elbow Side Outlet Tee Gate Valve Globe Valve Ancle. Valve Length in Feet to be Added in Run . 2 5 16 7 20 3 10 26 3H ' 12 31 4 14 35 5 18 44 6 22 50 7 26 55 8 31 63 9 35 69 io 39 76 12 47 90 14 53 105 2 18 3 25 3 33 4 39 5 45 7 57 9 70 10 82 12 94 13 .105 15 118 18 140 20. 160 9 12 16 19 22 28 32 37 42 47 52 63 72 Example of length in feet of pipe to be added to actual length of run. tiCASUSCD LEHOTH. - BE'.-O' HSFLWt :m ' EQUIVALENT LENGTH 193-0' 338 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems Example: What is the capacity of a 140 ft. 4 in. pipe with an initial pressure of 1 lb. and pressure drop of 2 oz. in the 140 ft.? . Solution: From Table 2 it is found that the capacity of a 100 ft. 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 2 oz. pressure drop, is 3,475 sq. ft. Multiplying this value by 0.841 the constant for a 140 ft. length as given in Table 3 gives 2,922 the capacity for the given conditions. Example: What is the capacity of a 140 ft. 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 2 oz.? Solution; From Table 2 find 3,475, the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 2 oz. pressure drop. Multiplying 3,475 by 1.03 the constant found in Column 2, Table 3, for 2 lb. initial pressure and this by 0.841 the constant found under Column B, Table 3, the constant for 140 ft. length all as given in Table 3 gives 3,010 as the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 2 oz. in the 140 ft. length. Should lengths other than those given in Column A, Table 3, and under length of pipes in feet in Table 1 be desired the constant may be obtained, from the formula in Column 4, Table 1, and used the same as the con stants from Table 3. Example: What would be the constant for 2,500 ft. of pipe to be used either in Tables 1 or 3? , Solution: The \ = 0.2 or the constant to be used. Y 2,500 In determining the length of pipe used in any system, the actual length . must be increased for the various fittings and valves, in determining the equivalent length before applying any of the tables given. Gate valves are recommended in all cases where service calls for the valve to be either entirely closed or open. They should never be used for throttling. Angle and globe valves should be used for throttling, such as the by-pass valve in a pressure-reducing outfit. Table 4 gives the allowance for fittings in feet of pipe to be added to the actual length of run to obtain the equivalent length. SYSTEMS OF STEAM HEATING The choice of gravity one-pipe, two-pipe, vapor or vacuum return line systems depends upon the requirements as ito first cost, convenience, quality of service and local conditions. Theoretically, gravity one and two-pipe and vapor and vacuum return line systems are substantially on a par as to heating efficiency; that is to say, the major portion of the heat delivered is, or should be, dissipated by the heating unit. - It is essential that any system circulate steam uniformly throughout the entire installation, as too often certain defective features of a system will require that heat be kept on longer or to a greater degree than would otherwise be required uniformly and satisfactorily to heat the building. This will result in waste and overheating. The one important thing to be remembered in connection with all systems is-that they shall circulate steam freely and uniformly to the heating units and shall remove and return the condensation noiselessly. 339 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The following should be kept in mind in laying out any type of system: 1. The initial pressure should be kept as low as possible, not exceeding 5 lb. gage. 2. The drop in pressure in the mains and riser to the farthest heating unit should not exceed 1 oz. per 100 ft. of straight pip* or its equivalent length, with a lower rate of drop for systems with long runs. 3. In small installations, such as residences, where the longest actual run is seldom over 200 ft. and where the firing periods extend over severabhours, resulting in boiler pressure, fluctuating from zero to about 1 lb., the total pressure drop should not exceed 2 oz. for gravity systems. In large buildings,, where boilers are under the constant care of a fireman and a uniform pressure is maintained, and where the water-liije dif ference will permit, the total drop in pressure may range from 3 to 8 oz., depending upon the equivalent length of the longest run. 4. The total allowable drop in pressure depends upon (a) the water-line difference, (b)the equivalent length of main and riser from the boiler to the farthest heating unit, and (c) the regularity of the pressure maintained at the boiler or source of steam supply. 5. The water-line difference, or distance between the water line of the boiler and the low point of steam main and dry return main should be not less than 24 in., because of the heavy drop in pressure from condensation in heating up a cold system. This difference should be increased 2 in. for every ounce pressure drop in the system. If the ..total, pressure-drop were 6 oz., the. water-line difference should be 6 X2 +24 or 36 in. 6. There should be a nearly uniform drop in pressure between the source of steam supply arid the farthest heating unit on every riser. Care should be taken, however, to see that the maximum allowable velocity for smooth operation is not exceeded. 7. In using this method of proportioning a system, care must be exercised to see that no pipe carrying condensate counter to the steam is loaded to a capacity above the maximum for the particular part of a system in question. While the pipe size tables given in this chapter, literally followed out, will doubtless serve as an efficient guide to the designer, it is impossible entirely to eliminate the factor of good engineering judgment. For example:.While a given main might be calculated to begin at 5 in. and to end at in., better practice often would make it begin at 4 in. and end at 2J4 in., since the dryer steam and higher velocity at the entry would compensate for smaller size at the end. . 340 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems Table 5. Maximum Allowable Capacities of Up-Feed Risers for One-Pipe Low Pressure Steam Based on A. S. H. V. E. Research Laboratory Tests Pips Sins Inches . Velocitt Feet fsb Second PBSSStJBB Dbop Ounces peb 100 Ft. AB i 14.1 m 17.6 m 20.0 2 23.0 m 26,0 3 29.0 m 31.0 4 32.0 C 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.57 0.54 0.48 0.44 0.39 Sq.Ft Radiation D 45 98 152 288 464 . 799 1144 1520 Capacity B.lo. per Hour E 10,961 23,765 36,860 69,840 112,520 193,600 . 277,000 368,000 Lb. Steam per Hour P 11.3 24.5 38.0 72.0 116-0 199.8 286.0 380.0 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 5 1. Capacities given in Table 5 should never be exceeded on one-pipe risers. 2. Capacities based on K lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. ................. 3. All pipe should be well reamed and free from constrictions. Fittings should be up to size. (See Tables 7 and 8). , Gravity One-Pipe System The gravity one-pipe system (Fig. 1) is considered by many engineers to be the simplest steam circulating system. It may be either of the atmospheric or of the vacuum type depending on whether or not vacuum- type or non-return air valves are used on radiators and return mains. If vacuum-type air valves are used the entire system must be tight and reasonably free from air leaks through supply valves, piping and boiler trimmings. . Each radiator has but a single pipe connection, through which steam must enter and through which the condensation also must return, flowing ip'the opposite direction to the steam flow. The main from the boiler should pitch downward from the highest point above the boiler, and at the end of this main it should drop down and be sealed independently below the boiler water line. This may be done at the remote end of the main or the main may loop back, above the boiler water line, to a point near the boiler, where it may be more convenient to seal it. Steam and condensation flow in the same direction in this supply main and the branches from the main are taken off the top. - The ends of the supply mains, before they are sealed below the water line, must be vented. Each radiator must have an air valve. Perfect grading of the mains and radiators so that no pools of water will Jie in depressions in the pipes is imperative:with this system, since these water pools always cause objectionable noise. Radiators with this system usually require that the supply valve be all-open or all-closed, since any intermediate valve-positiofi is likely to cause interference with the neces sary return of condensation. 341 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 It should be emphasized that in any part of a system in which water from the heating units returns counter to the steam the velocity of the steam must be kept below the point where it will seriously interfere with the returning water. The maximum allowable velocity of steam for satis factory operation has been determined by the American Society of. Heating and Ventilating Engineers Research Laboratory. Table 5 gives the maximum allowable capacity and velocities of flow for up-feed one-pipe risers while Table 6 gives the maximum capacity and velocity for horizontal pipes with various pitch. Since the maximum velocity must not be exceeded in any part of the system, if silent and satisfactory operation are desired, care should be exercised to eliminate obstructions due to poor pipe, lack of or faulty reaming and improper use of pipe dope. . Tables 7 and 8 give the variation in capacity of pipe due to reaming and variation in size and smoothness of pipe as determined by experiments at the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Research Laboratory. There are certain variations in manufacture which Table 6. Comparative Capacity of Steam Lines at Various Pitches3 Pitch of Pipe in Inches per 10 Ft. Pitch of Pipe--in. H ra. 1 IN. 1H IK. 2 IN. Pipe Sise Inches Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft Sq.Ft Sq. Ft Sq. Ft aRad. Based on 240 B.tu. t 1 Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. 3 Xa Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. i X Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. s X Rad. on 240 B.tu. Max.VeL 3 IN. 4 IN. 5 IN. Sq.Ft Sq.Ft Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. i a X Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. 3 3 X Rad. on 240 B.tu. 3 > a s F 25.0 12 30.3 14 37.3 18 40.4 19 42.5 29 46.1 21 47.S 22 49.3 23 45.8 12 52.6 15 63.0 17 70.0 20 75.2 22 83.0 23 87.9 25 90.2 26 IM 104.9 18 117.2 20 133.0 23 144.5 25 154.0 27 165.0 28 172.6 29 178.2 31 IM 142.6 18 1S9.0 21 181.0 23 196.5 25 209.3 27 224.0 28 234.8 30 242.6 31 2 236.0 19 263.5 20 299.5 23 325.5 25 346.5 27 371.5 28 388.4 29 401.1 30 Table 7. Effect of Reaming Entrance to One-Pipe Risers3 Maximum Capacitt of Riser . 24.7 lb. per hour 23.9 lb. per hour 22.2 lb. per hour 19.2 lb. per hour 17.6 lb. per hour Pea Cent Decrease 0.0 3.2 10.1 22.2 28.7 Table 8. Per Cent Difference in Capacity Due to Variation of Pipe Size ' and Smoothness3 , Size of Pipe..................................... .............. Maximum.. ................ .................................. Per Cent Variation. .............................. Maximum Condensation, Lb. per Hr. X" 14.00 15.20 8.6 . 1* 24T89 30.08 20 .'8 IX' 45.42 52.08 14.7 IX' 70.50 82.00 16.3 aData from American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Research Laboratory. 342 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems . . apparently cannot be avoided, which actually caused a 20 per cent variation in the capacity of a 1 in. pipe, as indicated by Table 8. A factor of safety has been allowed in all of the capacity tables in this chapter so that Table 8, while interesting, need not be used to discount the other .tables. / . Table 9 is to be used in designing one-pipe systems up to 200 ft. equivalent length of run.. For designing larger one-pipe systems where uniform distribution of steam tq all parts of the building is difficult to obtain, Table 10 shall be used. Gravity One-Pipe Down-feed System The one-pipe gravity down-feed system illustrated in Fig. 2 is a modification of the one-pipe up-feed system and the same tables apply Fig. 2. Typical Gravity One-Pipe Down-feed Steam System to it as for the up-feed system. The branches may leave the overhead main from the top, in which case the condensation drains at die end, or the branches may leave the overhead main from the bottom, in which case each branch drains the condensation, and in which case the instal lation of eccentric fittings in the overhead main may be avoided. The illustration indicates no drain at the base of the main supply .riser. When this riser is mere than very few feet from the boiler a connection from the bottom of the riser into the wet return should be made. - Gravity Two-Pipe System- Two-pipe systems, Fig. 3, require-separate supply and return mains and a separate supply and return connection for each heating unit. Xike one-pipe systems, they require air valves on heating units and mains. The connection may be either at the top or the bottom of the unit, but the outlet is always__at the bottom so that all condensation will drain through this to the return mains instead of back through the inlet con- 343 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 nection to the supply mains, as with the one-pipe system. Both radiator connections should be valved. The returns from heating units on several floors are usually connected into common risers and the various risers tie into the return system. This return system, if kept above the water line so as to remain dry, is . `Manufacturers of vapor specialties have special appliances for pressure equalizing and air elimination. Consult the manufacturer of such devices for proper piping connections, etc. 344 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems usually filled with steam (plus the water of condensation), at a pressure somewhere between that of the supply and that of the atmosphere, depending upon the amount of steam passing through the heating unit returns. This makes the gravity two-pipe system susceptible to the backing up.of steam from one heating unit to another, if the return valve is left open, causing troubles due to water hammer, noise caused by counterflow and mixing of steam from the return, with the condensation leaving the heating units and air binding due to the premature closing of air valves by steam entering at the return end of the heating units. Sometimes check valves are used on the return end of heating units to prevent steam backing into those which have been shut off. This practice is not desirable as condensation may collect in the heating units, endanger ing the boiler. The troubles from the backing up of steam in the returns are generally eliminated when all heating unit returns are connected separately into the wet return. The return mains are kept below the water line, so as to be wet. . The two-pipe-gravity steam system is almost obsolete, except for special installations. Old systems of this type may easily be changed to vapor systems by installing traps at the ends of the heating units and by arranging for dry returns with an air eliminator, or by using the old wet returns and installing a vacuum, pump. . Gravity Vapor System. Fig. 4 illustrates a vapor system. The device at the end of the dry return main is usually of a proprietary nature. Its function is to vent the air and in some cases it prevents the reentry of air. Some of these . devices are designed to maintain a constant differential between the pres sure in the supply main and the pressure in the return main. A wet return main is not always essential, though in many cases it .is a useful auxiliary. Steam is prevented from entering the return main by thermostatic traps or other means of resistance on the return ends of the heating units and at drainage or venting points on the supply mains. There are no air valves, as such, on the heating units. With vapor systems the amount of vapor admitted to each heating unit is under throttle control at each supply valve. In addition some proprietary systems have a method of balancing steam flow by the use of an orifice with a fixed area propor tioned in accordance with the size of each heating unit, while others use a supply valve which is of standard size and has an orifice that may be adjusted for each individual heating unit. In many of them the pressure in the supply main is under self-contained, automatic control. Although in any type of two-pipe system the condensation from the heat-emitting units returns through separate piping, the condensation from radiator branches and risers must return through these pipes counter to the steam. The velocity of steam flow in such pipes must be kept below a certain maximum or this water will be held up until it accumulates in sufficient quantity to produce objectionable sounds and to interfere with proper circulation. - Table 11 gives the-maximum capacity and velocity of steam for twopipe risers as determined by the Research Laboratory. 345 American' Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 TRAP- . EffPASS TO OPEN DRAIN. Fig. 5. Typical Installation Using Vacuum Pump Table 12 is for comparatively small vapor systems.^ One ounce pressure drop may be understood to mean that the water in the vertical pipe which drains the end of the supply main will stand about 2 in. higher than the water line in the boiler, under normal conditions. . . 346 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems Table 13 shows the pipe sizes for larger vapor systems than those in Table 12. Using these sizes, the water in the vertical pipe which drains the end of the supply main, will stand about 4 in. higher than the water line in the boiler under normal operation. . Table 14 shows the pipe sizes for vapor systems where a still greater difference in water line may be allowed between that in the boiler and in the return drop-pipe under normal operation. Where the basement Table 9. Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam Heating System, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to the Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Based on Total Pressure Drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. Pipe Size Inches Supply Main Dsipped and Branches to Rraraft Dripped Steam and Condensate flowing in the same direction* AB Ye 1 56 m 122 m 190 2 386 2% 635 3 1163 1737 4 2457 5 4546 6 . 7462 Supply Risers Up-Feed C 25 45 98 152 288 464 799 1144 1520 ,---- ----- Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Wet Return Main Dl E 20 55 81 165 260 475 745 1110 2180 -- 700 1200 1900 4000 6700 10,700 ------ -- -- -- Drt Return . Main Radiator Valve Sizes and Vertical Connections F .G 320 670 1058 2300 3800 7000 10,000 -- -- -- 20 55 81 165 ----- rnnvriAt.t 10>7 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1 Not to be Reprinted Wlth- uopyngni, iw/ ^ Heaiing and Piping Ccntradort National Auoeiatum / out Special permission INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 9 1. Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Col. D. . 2. These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (See Tables 7 and 8). 3. Capacities based on yi lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. 4. Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). 5. Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or risers, same should be dripped separately into wet return. 6. Pitch of mains should be not less than radiators and risers at least in. in 10 ft. in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to -- 7. In general it is desirable not to have a supply main smaller than 2 in. in diameter. When the supply main is larger than 2}4 in. at the beginning, it is desirable that it idiall not be smaller than lYt in. at the end. 347 . .. / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 10. Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam Heating Systems, where-Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop Pipe Size Inches Equivalent Length or Pipe prom Boileb to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Ribeb. (See.Note 5.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risen Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. 100 Ft 200 Ft. 300 Ft. 400 Ft. 500 Ft. ~ 600 Ft AB C D E F G i m 79 65 56 49 46 IX 245 173 141 122 110 100 m 2 380 771 269 546 220 446 190 386 165 345 155 315 234 3 1270 2326 898 1645 734 1342 635 1163 568 1040 518 948 3X 4 3474 4914 2457 3475 2006 2828 1737 2457 1552 2196 1419 2011 5 9092 6429 6 14,924 10,553 5250 8618 4546 7462 4062 6669 3712 6094 8 31,066 21,967 17,935 15,533 13,880 12,682 10 56,689 40,085 32,730 28,345 25,334 23,144 12 90,985 64,336 52,530 45,492 40,660 37,145 Maximum Capacities Supply Risen Up-Feed Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Radiator Valves and Vertical . Connections H Ji / 45 20 98 55 20 55 152 81 288 r 165 - 81 165 464 799 1144 1520 260 475 ' 745 1110 ------ -- 2180 -- ---- .-- -- -...----- -- -----.----- Dht Return Main Wet Return Main Pipe ------ ---------------------- ---------------------------------------------:------------------------------------------------------------------ 1------------------------------ Imtstka Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to Foot of inches Fart hurt Riser in Feet Equivalent Length of Run from Rou.fr to Foot of Farthest Ribeb in Feet ' 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 200 300 400 500 600 K L M N 0 P Q R .S T U V W i 460 412 368 320 275 227 1400 1000 820 700 640 580 IX 962 868 770 670 579 480 2400 1700 1390 1200 1080 990 IX .2 1512 1362 1210 1058 909 3300 2960 2640 2300 1980 757 3800 2700 2180 1900 1710 1570 1630 8000 5600 4520 4000 3560 3240. 2X 5450 4900 4380 3800 3300 2770 13,400 9400 7600 6700 6000 5300 3 10,000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 21,400 15,000 12,500 10,700 9400 8500 3X 14,300 12,900 11,500 10,000 8600 7200 32,000 22,000 18,500 16,000 14,400 13,200 4 21,500 19,300 17,200 15,000 12,900 10,700 44,000 31,000 25,500 22,000 19,900 18,300 rnnvHAhi tarj / American Souirtt of Heating and Ventilating Enginhkrr \ Not to be Reprinted With- t-opynE *, \ Heating and Piping Coiitnutare National Auociation f out Special Permission INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 10 1. Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column I. 2. These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective ,, material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 7 and 8). 3. Capacities based on ]/\ lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radia-. tion and actual diameter of standard pipe. 4. Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). . 348 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 10 (Continued) 5. Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Columns (B to G) for supply mains; (L to Q) for dry-return mains; (R to W) for wet-return mains for sizing the entire run. For example: If the distance from boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on the longest main should be 300 ft., all mains are to be sized from Column D; if 400 ft., Column E; if 600 ft., Column G. Risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each particular riser. Determine the distance to the farthest radiator then use the figures in the corre sponding Columns (B to G) for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts in Column H, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. , For example: If the distance from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on a supply riser is 300 ft., that riser is to be sized from Column D, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed the amount shown in Column H. If the amount exceeds that in Column H, use amounts shown in Column H for sizing that entire riser. If another riser taken from the same main as the one above is only 200 ft., this riser should be sized from Column C, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed that as shown in Column H. 6. The Guide Committee, 1930, after many check-tests, suggest that for practical purposes the pipe sizes on the usual heating system may be determined by using the pressure drop indicated by the. longest main and riser on that system, neglecting the separate computations for each separate shorter fun. 7. Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or risers, same should be dripped separately into wet return. . 8. Pitch of mains should be not less than 34 in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least 34 in. in 10 ft. 9. In general it is desirable not to have a supply main smaller, than 2 in. in diameter. When the supply main is larger than 234 in. at the beginning, it is desirable that it shall not be smaller than 234 in. at the end. .. . is high and where all heaters are well above the water line, and where they do not have unusual condensing power, these sizes are permissible. The difference here is 4 oz., or approximately 8 in. . ;.................. Vacuum Pump Systems ................ ............ Fig. 5 shows a typical vacuum system of steam heating,'using a pump which handles both-the air from the system and the water of condensation from it. With such arrangements a wide difference in pressure between that in the supply main and that in the return main is permissible. A greater temperature range within the system than that obtainable, with vapor systems is insured. Heaters may be below the.water, line of the boiler, and even may be lower than the level of the pump, though such an arrangement generally should be -avoided....... .................................... Table 15 gives approved pipe sizes for vacuum pump systems of com paratively small size, with a pressure drop not exceeding 4 oz., or a rise in the return connection of about 8 in., which, of course, easily caff be overcome by the vacuum pump. " . Table 16 gives pipe sizes for larger systems in-which the vacuum pump is expected to maintain a greater suction, the allowable rise in the return connection being about 16 in. . . - .:.d. 349 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 It may be desirable in some cases to utilize a condensation pump rather than a vacuum pump where the heaters are too close to, or must be below, the boiler water line. Fig. 6 illustrates an approved hook-up for such a .condition though, of course, the apparatus may be used with a wet return as well as with the dry return shown. It will be noted that each heater has a trap. - When a condensation pump is used with a one-pipe system a false water line should be established so that the sealing of each dry return against the others, so important with one-pipe systems, shall be main tained. Sometimes, in this contingency, it is desirable to place a float trap on the end of each separate dry return connection to the pipe which supplies the pump-suction. There are a number of meritorious proprietary types of steam, vacuum return line, differential, and vapor heating systems, which' vary in certain particulars from the foregoing typical examples. These systems have been developed to meet the requirements of the newer architecture of modern building construction and are based on well established engineer ing principles of control for. occupancy; wind and sun effect, zone demands, etc. Descriptions of these systems will be found in the catalog section of The Guide. Table 11. Maximum Allowable Capacities of Up-Feed Risers for Two-Pipe Low Pressure Steam ' ' Based on A. S. H. V. E. Research Laboratory Tests Pipe Sma Inches A V* i 1 Yi 114 2 m 3 3H 4 . Velocitt Feet peb Second . Pressure Drop Ounces per 100 Ft. . Sq. Ft .. Radiation B c D 20 40 23 1.78 74 27 1.57 151 30 . 35 ` 1.48 1.33 228 438 . 38 1.16 678 41 0.95 1129 42 0.81 1548 43 0.71 2042 Capacity B.ta. per Hour E 9550 17,900 36,500 55,200 106,100 164,100 . 273,500 375,500 495,000 Lb. Steam per Hour F 10.0 18.45 37.65 57.0 109.5 169.4 282.2 387.0 510.5 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 11 1. The capacities given in this table should never be exceeded on two-pipe risers. . 2. Capacities based on Vi lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. 3. All pipe should be well reamed and free from constrictions. Fittings should be up to size. (See Tables 7 and 8). 350 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems Table 12. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Vapor*> Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator does.not exceed 200 ft. ' Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Based on Total Pressure Drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. Pipe SlEB Inches Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped Steam and Con densate flowing in atm* direction. AB Vi i 56 8upply Risers Up-Feed Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return Rtherw C 30 56 Dl 26 B 190 450 Wet Return Main '700 Dry Return Main G 320 Wi 122 190 122 190 58 990 1200 670 95 1500 1900 1058 2 386 635. 386 635 195 395 3000 -- 4000 6700 `2300 3800 3 3H 4 5 6 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 1129 1548 2042 -- 700 1150 1700 3150 --- -- .... -- 10,700 .......... .. .... -- -- 7000 10,000 -- -- Different makes of supply and return valves, steam traps and other specialties vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recommended for any particular make. Vertical connections to be of same size as valve and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be not less than H in* \Q-rj / American Socistt or Heating and Ventilating Enpinrzhs \ Not to be Reprinted Wlth- copyngn , J Healing and Piping Contractors National Association / out Special Permission INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 12 1. Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown n Column D. ' : b2. This table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. 3. These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 7 and 8). . 4. Capacities based on V lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. 5. Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). 6. Where it. is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately intb a wet return.* The drip for a vapor or vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap. 7. Pitch of mains should be not less, than A in. in 10.ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least Vs in. in 10 ft. 8. In general it is desirable not to have a supply main smaljer than 2 in. in diameter. When the supply main is larger than 2in. at the beginning, it is desirable that it shall not be smaller thahr2J^ in. at the end. " 351 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 13. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe Vapor Heating Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. ' Capacity in Sq. Ft. Equivalent Radiation Based on 2 oz. Total Pressure Drop . Equivalent Length op Pipe prom Boileb to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 6.) Pipe Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- Size Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. Inches 100 Ft 200 Ft. 300 Ft. Supply Risers 400 Ft. , Up-Feed Maximum Capacities Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return Risers AB X i 79 1M. m 173 269 2 2H 546 898 3 3X 1645 2457 4 3475 5 6929 6 10,553 8 21,967 10 40,085 12 64,336 e 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 . 15,533 23,345 45,492 D 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 2011 3712 6094 12,682 23.144 37.145 ` E 39 87 134 273 449 822 1228 1738 3214 5276 10,983 20,043 32,168 F- H 30 190 56 26 450 122 190 58 990 95 1500 386 635 195 395 3000 1129 1548 700 1150 -- 2042 1700 3150 -- Different makes of supply and return valves, steam traps and other specialties vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recommended for any particular make. Vertical connections to be. of same size as valve and trap used. Return hori zontal runout to be not less than ^ in. Dry Return Main Pm . SlCT Inches Equivalent Length op Run prom Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet * ' Wet .Return Main Equivalent Length op Run prom Boiler to Farthest Radiator inFeet / i 1M 1J4 2 2H 3. 3X 4 100 J ' 355 745 1173 2680 4300 7800 11,100 16,700 200 300 KL 320 670 285 595 1058 2300 943 2140 3800 7000 3470 . 6250 10,000 15,000 8800 13,400 400 M 248 520 822 1880 .3040 5480 7880 11,700 100 N 1000 1700 2700 5600 9400 15,000 22,000 31,000 200 0 700 1200 1900 4000 6700 10,700 16,000 22,000 300 P 580 990 1570 3240 5300 8500 13,200 18,300 400 .Q 500 850 1350 2800 4700 7500 11,000 15,500 rVmvrldht 1917 / American Societt of Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With- yyn^u \ Heating and Fifing Contractors National Association J out Special Permission 352 : Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 13 1. Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column G. 2. This table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. 3. These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material of workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 7 and 8). 4. Capacities based on J4 lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. 5. Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). ' 6. Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Columns (B to E) for supply mains; (J to M) for dry-return mains; (N to Q) for wet-return mains for sizing the entire run. For example: If the distance from boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on the longest main should be 300 ft., all mains are to be sized from Column D; if 400 ft.. Column E. Supply and return risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. For supply risers determine the distance from the boiler to the farthest radiator served by that riser then use the figures in the corresponding Columns (B to E) for sizing each supply riser; providing the amount of radiation foi; that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column F. Where supply riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column F, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. For example: If the distance from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on a supply riser is 300 ft., that riser is to be sized from Column D, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed the amount shown in Column F. If the amount exceeds that in Column F, use amounts shown in Column F for sizing that .entire riser. If another riser taken from the same main as the one indicated is only 200 ft., this riser should be sized from Column C providing the amount of radiation does not exceed that as shown in Column F. For return risers determine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler, then use the figures in the corresponding Columns (J to M) for sizing each riser. 7. The Guide Committee, 1930, after many check-tests, suggest that for practical purposes the pipe sizes on the usual heating system may be determined by using the pressure drop indicated by the longest main riser on that system, neglecting the separate computations for each separate shorter run. 8. Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply, riser, same should drip separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap. 9. Pitch of mains should be not less than M in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least in. in 10 ft. 10 In general it is desirable not to have a supply main smaller than 2 in. in diameter. When the supply main is larger than 2 3^2 in. at the beginning, it is desirable that it shall not be smaller than 2J/ in. at the end: : 353 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 14. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe Vapor Heating Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest . Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop Pipe 8m Inches Equivalent Length or Pipe prom Boiler to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Nate 6.) Supply Mun Dripped aod Branches to Risen Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. 100 PL 200 Ft 300 Ft. 400 Ft 500 Ft. (SOOFt Maximum Capacities Supply Risers Up-Fee( Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return Risers A x i IX IX 2 2X 3 3X 4 5 6 8 10 12 B iii 245 380 771 1270 2326 3474 4914 9092 14,924 31,066 56,689 90,985 C 79 173 269 546 898 1645 2457 3475 6429 10,553 21,967 40,085 64,336 DB 65 56 141 220 122 190 446 734 386 635 1342 2006 1163 1737 2828 5250 2457 4546 8618 17,935 7462 15,533 32,730 52,530 28,345 45,492 P 49 110 165 345 568 1040 1552 2196 4062 6669 13,880 25,334 40,660 G 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 2011 3712 6094 12,682 23.144 37.145 H / 30 56 26 J 190 450 122 190 58 990 95 - 1500 386 635 195 395 3000 1129 1548 700 1150 ----- 2042 1700 3150 -- Different makes of supply and return valves, steam traps end other specialties vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recommended for any particular make. Vertical connections to be of same si*^ as ralre and trap nsed. Return hori zontal nmont to be hot leu than ^ in. Dry Return Main Wet Return Main Pipe Size Inches Equivalent Length or Run rsoM Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet Equivalent Length or Run prom Boiler to Farthest Radiator m Feet K i IX m 2 100 L 460 962 1512 3300 200 if 412 868 1362 2960 300 N 368 770 1210 2640 400 0 320 670 1058 2300 500 P 275 579 909 1980 600 Q 227 480 757 1630 100 R 1400 2400 3800 8000 200 300 8 T 1000 1700 820 1420 2700 5600 2260 4500 400 u' 700 1200 1900 4000 500 V 590 1020 1560 3360 A 600 W. 480 860 1300 2800 2X 5450 3 10,000 4900 9000 4380 8000 3800 7000 3300 6000 2770 13.400 9400 7600 6700 5000 21.400 15,000 12,300 10,700 5700 9300 4800 7800 3X 14,300 12,900 11,500 10,000 8600 7200 32.000 22,000 24.000 16,000 13,600 11.4Q0 4 21,500 19,300 17,200 15,000 12,900 10,700 44.000 31,000 26.000 22,000 20,500 15,400 Conyrfaht 1927 / American Society or Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With* vj \ Heating and Piping Cmtradon National AteociaHoa / outSpecial Permission 354 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 14 1. Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column I. -- 2. This table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. 3. These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 7 and 8). 4. Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radia tion and actual diameter of standard pipe. 5. Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). 6. Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Columns (B to G) for supply mains; (L to Q) for dry-return mains; {R to WO for wet-return mains for sizing the entire run. For example: If the distance from boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on the longest main should be 300 ft., all mains are to be sized from Column D; if 400 ft., Column E; if 600 ft. Column G. Supply and return risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. For supply risers determine the distance from the boiler to the farthest radiator served by that riser then use the figures in the corresponding Columns (B to G) for sizing each supply riser; providing the amount of radiation lor that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where supply riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column H, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. For example: If the distance from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on a supply riser is 300 ft., that riser is to be sized from Column D, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed the amount shown in Column H. If the amount exceeds that in Column H, use amounts shown in Column H for sizing that entire riser. If another riser taken from the same main as the one indicated is only 200 ft., this' riser should be sized from Column C, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed that as shown in Column H. For return risers determine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler then use the figures in the corresponding Columns (L to Q) lor sizing each riser. For example: If the distance from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest tadiator on a return riser is 300 ft., that riser is to be sized from Column N, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed the amount shown in Column J. It the amount exceeds that in Column J, use amounts shown in Column J for sizing that entire return riser. . 7. The Guide Committee,' 1930, after many check-tests, suggest that for practical purposes the pipe sizes on the usual heating system may be determined by using the pressure drop indicated by the longest main and riser on that system, neglecting the separate computations for each separate shorter run. 8. Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, same should drip separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or a vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap. 9. Pitch of mains should be not less than radiators and risers at least J-3 in. in 10 ft. in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to 10. In general it is desirable not to have a supply main smaller than 2 in. in diameter. When the supply main is larger than 2X in. at the beginning, it is desirable that it shall not be smaller than 2J- in. at the end. 355 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 15. Pipe Sizes for Vacuum Pump Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop Pipe Rina Equivalent Length or Pipe trou Boiler to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 6.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. Maximum Capacities 100 Ft A % i B lii m l lA 2 2^ 245 380 771 1270 3 3M 2326 3474 4 4914 5 9092 6 14,924 8 31,066 10 56,689 12 90,985 200 Ft C 79 173 269 546 898 1645 2457 3475 6429 10,553 21,967 40,085 64,336 300 Ft. D . 65 141 220 446 734 1342 2006 2828 5250 8618 17,935 32,730 52,530 400 Ft E 500 Ft F 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 15,533 28,345 45,492 49 110 165 345 568 1040 1552 2196 4062 6669 / 13,880 25,334 40,660 600 Ft G Supply Risen Up-Feed Branches to' Supply Risen and Radiators Not Dripped B /* . 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 2011 3712 6094 12,682 23,144 37,145 56 122 190 386 635 1129 * 1548 2042 -- -- ... 26 58 95 195 395 700 1150 1700 3150 . '-- Pips Size Inches Return Mains and Risers v Riser J Main K 100 Ft L % %i 800 1400 1m mm 2400 3800 m 2 8000 2 2K 13,400 2H 3 21,400 3 3H 32,000 3M 4 44,000 200 Ft M 568 994 1704 2696 5680 9510 15,190 22,710 31,220 300 Ft N 462 '810 1387 2195 4622 7745 12,360 18,490 25,430 400 Ft 0 . 500 Ft. P 400 700 1200 1900 4000 6700 10,700 16,000 22,000 358 626 1073 1698 3575 5990 9565 14,300 19,660 600 Ft 0 326 570 976 1547 3256 5453 8710 13,020 17,910 Different makes o>f . supply and return valves, steam ' traps and other specialties ; vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recommended for any '. particular make. ' Vertical connection to be of same size as';.; valve and trap used. 1 Return horizontal runout to be' no less . ' than ^ in. Coovrinht 1927 / American Societt or Heating and Ventilating Engineebs 1 Not to be Reprinted With- 11 K ' \ Heating and Piping Contradore National Association J out- Special Permission 356 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 15 I. Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column I. 2: It is not generally considered good practice to greatly exceed 1 oz. drop in pressure in each 100 ft. equivalent length of run nor to exceed 1 lb. total pressure drop in any system. 3. These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowance for defective material or workmanship have been made.. (Also see Tables 7 and 8). 4. Capacities based on l/i lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. 5. Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). 6. Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source Of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Columns (B to G) for sizing the entire run. For example: If the distance from boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on the longest main should be 300 ft., all mains are to be sized from Column D; if 400 ft.. Column E; if 600 ft., Column G. . Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. Determine the distance to the farthest radiator then use figures in corresponding Columns (B to G) for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column ff, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. For example: If the distance from the.boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on a supply riser is 300 ft., that riser is to be sized from Column D, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed the amount shown in Column H. If the amount exceeds that in Column H, use amounts shown in Column H for sizing that entire riser. If another riser taken from the same main as the one indicated is only 200 ft., this riser should be sized from Column C, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed that as shown in Column H. 7. The Guide Committee, 1930, after many check-tests, suggest that for practical purposes the pipe sizes on the usual heating system may be determined by using the pressure drop indicated by the longest main and riser on that system, neglecting the separate computations for each separate shorter run. 8. Return mains and risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent distance in feet, from farthest radiator to the vacuum pump; using capacities in corresponding Columns (L to Q) for sizing entire return riser (Column J) and return main (Column K). The return pipe sizes are conservative and are subject to revision upon the completion of pending research investigations. 9. Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately through a steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser into a vacuum return, except through a steam trap. 10. Lift fittings. (See page 362). -- II. Pitch of mains should be not less than x/i in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least XA. in. in 10 ft. ..__ 357 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 16. Pipe Sizes for Vacuum Pump Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft.' , . Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation . Based on 8 oz. Total Pressure Drop Pro Bzzs In. 100 Ft AB Equivalent Length or Pro pbom Bojleb to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and (See Note 6.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- - Steam and Condensate flowing in direction. . Maxihuh Capacities 200 Ft C 300 Ft D 400 Ft B 500 Ft. F 600 Ft. a 800 FL H 1000 Ft 1200 F.t Supply Risers Up-Feed Branches to Suoply Risen and Radiators Not Dripped / JK i m. 157 346 in 245 92 200 79 173 70 65 56 49 46 56 154 141 122 110 100 122. 26 58 . m 2 538 1091 380 771 310 630 269 546 240 487 220 446 190 386 165 345 155 315 190 386 95 195 2H 3 1797 3289 1270 2326 1036 1896 898 1645 803 1470 734 1342 635 1163 568 1040 518 635 948 1129 395 700 m 4 4913 6950 3474 4914 2838 4022 2457 3475 2196 3106 2006 2828 1737 2457 1552 2196 1419 1548 2011 2042 1150 1700 5 12,858 9092 7424 6429 5747 5250 4546 4062 3712 6 21,105 14,924 12,168 10,553 9433 8618 7462 6669 6084 ........ 8 43,934 31,066 25,364 21,967 19,638 17,935 15,533 13,880 12,682 10 80,171 56,689 46,288 40,085 35,836 32,730 28,345 25,334 23,144 -- 3150 -------- -- 12 128,672 90,985 74,290 64,336 57,516 52,530 45,492 40,660 37,145 16 240,245 169,879 138,381 121,012 107,389 98,500 84,849 75,917 69,671 -- -- Pro Size Inches , Return Mains and Risebs . Riser Main 100 Ft. MN 0 Ve 1130 %1 1977 i m 3390 m m 5370 1)4 2 11,300 2 2)4 18,925 2)4 3 30,230 3 34 45,200 34 4 62,180 4 5 109,300 200 Ft P 800 .1400 2400 3800 8000 13,400 21,400 32,000 44,000 77,400 300 Ft 400 Ft QR 653 568 1143 994 1960 1704 3103 2696 6533 10,940 5680 9510 17,460 15,190 26,130 22,710 35,950 31,220 63,200 - 54,920 500 Ft S 600 Ft T 800 Ft. 1000 Ft 1200 Ft U V IF 505 462 400 358 326 884 810 700 626 ' 570 1515 1387 1200 1073 976 2400 2195 1900 1698 1547 5050 4622 4000 3575 3256 8460 7745 6700 ' 5990 5453 13,510 12,360 10,700 9565 8710 20,200 18,490 16,000 14,300 13,020 27.800 25,430 22,000 19,660 17,910 48.800 44,720 38,700 34,600 31,500 D i f,f er ent makes of sup ply and return valves, steam .* traps and other special-, ties vary as to ' c a.p aclty , therefore use size as recom- . mended for any particular . make.' Verd- ' cal connec tion to be of same size as ' valve and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be not less than . H in. 5 6 175,100 124,000 101,200 88,000 78,200 71,700 62,000 55,410 50,450 CoDvriaht 1927 / Amthican Societt or Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With- K' \ Heating and Piping Contractert National Auociation l out Special Permission 358 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING TABLE 16 _ 1. Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column L. . 2. It is not generally considered good practice to greatly exceed 1 oz. drop in pressure in each 100 ft. equivalent length of run nor to exceed 1 lb. total pressure drop in any system. 3. These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective ' material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 7 and 8). . ' 4. Capacities based on }4 lb. condensation per square foot per hour, equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. 5. Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). 6. Mains'are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. Determine equivalent length of run, then use figures in corresponding Columns (B to J) for sizing the entire run. For example: If the distance from boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on the longest main should be 300 ft., all mains are to be sized from Column D; if 400 ft., Column E; if 600 ft.. Column G. Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each particular riser. Determine the distance to the. farthest radiator then use figures in corresponding Columns (B to J) for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column K. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amoqnts shown in Column K, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. For example:__If the distance from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on a supply riser is 300 ft., that riser is to be sized from Column D, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed the amount shown in Column K. If the amount exceeds that in Column K, use amounts shown in Column K for sizing that entire riser. If another riser taken from the same main as the one indicated is only 200 ft., this riser should be sized from Column C, providing the amount of radiation does not exceed that as shown in Column K. 7. The Guide Committee, 1930, after many check-tests, suggest that for practical purposes the pipe sizes on the usual heating system may be determined by using the pressure drop indicated by the longest main and riser on that system, neglecting the separate computations for each separate shorter run. 8. Return mains and risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent distance in feet, from farthest radiator to the vacuum pump; using capacities in corresponding Columns (O to W) for sizing entire return riser (Column M) and return main (Column N). The return pipe sizes are conservative and are subject to revision upon the completion of pending research investigations. 9. Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately through a steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser, into a Vacuum return except through a steam trap. 10. Lift fittings. (See page 362). ' 11. Pitch of mains should be not less than J in..in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least )4 in. in 10 ft. 12. In general it is desirable not to have a supply main smaller than 2 in. in diameter. When the supply main.is larger than 2)4 in. at the beginning, it is desirable that it shall not be smaller than 24 in. at the end. 359 American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 PIPING CONNECTIONS Hartford Return Connection The Hartford return connection illustrated in Fig. 7 and in other piping layouts in this chapter is, recognized as safer and preferable to the use of check valves. In using this connection, the wet return connects through the shortest possible horizontal pipe 2 in. below the normal boiler, water line into the pipe which joins the boiler outlet and boiler inlet on the boiler side of the stop valves. By this arrangement, if a careless operator should close the boiler outlet valve and should forget to close the boiler inlet valve, no water below the level of the inlet con nection to the loop could leave the boiler. Connections to Mains- ' Fig. 8 shows two methods of taking off branches from mains oa onepipe systems. They apply equally well, however, to other systems of rTHESE CDMtCMS SHOULD BE AS SHOUT AS PBOCAL USHG AS FEW-, \ TUBUS AS POSSIBLE. THE SIZES SHOULD PBEFEBAHE BE NOT SHALLEB THAU GIVEN W TABLE BELOW. GBATE AEEA PIPE SIZE A SO- FEET OB LESS------------- IW 15A SO. FEET TO B SQ FEET.------IK sa FEET OB. MOBE------------ A' Fig. 7. 1THESE PIPES MM EE AHY SIZE CONSOEBED PBOPEB FOB FEEDING BOOKS AHO LESS THAU STEAM CONUECTIOHS M TABLE ABOVE Connecting Two Boilers Using the Hartford Return Connection up-feed piping. On one-pipe plants the branches are always made one pipe-size larger than the risers or the radiator connections which they serve. The method of carrying a main past an obstructing beam shown in Fig. 9 may be used advisedly with any system of piping. Fig. 10 shows a detail of piping at the end of a single-pipe main or at any pioint where it becomes desirable to: rise for a fresh start at a higher level, the steam rising off the top of the main and the water draining down to the wet return below the boiler water line. If the detail shown in Fig. K) is used at the end of the main, an air valve must be installed above the Water line. Where it is desired to reduce the size of a supply main, an eccentric fitting always must be used,.as shown in Fig. 11, or a reducing elbow must be installed, as in Fig. 12, so that perfect drainage is accomplished. These details also apply to any other system of steam piping. A handy rule for cutting the proper length of offset pipe is illustrated in Fig. 13. . 360 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems Piping Connections {or Vapor and Vacuum Systems In Figs. 14 to 19, inclusive, are illustrated some of the piping, details which are recommended in connection with vapor and vacuum heating. Figs. 14 and 18 show methods of draining and venting the ends of supply mains where a return below the boiler water line is used. Fig. 19 shows the same detail where the return main is above the water line. Fig. 15 shows the method of draining the ends of long branches from supply Fig. 8. Acceptable and Preferred Methods of Taking Branch from Main . Fig. 9. Looping Main Around Beam ra . I ECCENTKRHIC REDUCING J]l |-- 6------- 1 f COUPLING. jS=0==il^=: Fig. 11. Practical Method of Reducing Size of Main Dripping Main Where It Rises tctHigher Level Fig. 12. Reducing Size of Main ' at Swing Connection . TO FNJUXGTtiC - UULTIDLY K BY COUSIANT FOR ANGLE, a. Fig. 13. Constants for Determining Proper Length of Offset Pipe mains to risers or to remote radiators. Fig. 16 shows a sediment chamber which will catch debris in any vapor or vacuum system, this being cleaned occasionally, preventing the foreign matter ffbm stopping up or injuring the traps or other mechanisms. Fig. 17 illustrates an approved method for carrying a return main which runs near the floor, past a door. The air in the upper part of the main rises freely over the door, while the water passes in the trench under the door. Figs. 20 and 21 illustrate approved details-of the return pipes leading to vacuum pumps where there must be lifts from low-lying mains up to the pump. These lifts should be avoided wherever possible. ` 361 ' American Society of Heating .and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 . OQY BETUCEMn SUPPCf MAMJ 00QLMG LEG AT (LEAST. y-C LONG S REDUCING COUPLING' WJkTtO "UNE Fig. 15. Dripping Heel of Riser into Dry Return. (A Gate Valve is Recommended at the Inlet Side of the Trap) 1wet getubnT Fig. 14. Dripping Ends of Supply and Dry Return Mains. (The Dry Return is of Course Too Small to be Vented) Fig. 17. Looping.Dry Return Main Around Opening COOUNG LEG LT LEAST rS'-CT LONG l/OBT 'POCKET L-o& ( Fig. 19. Dripping End of Main into Dry Return. (A Gate Valve is Recommended at the Inlet. 7 Side of the Trap) Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems Heater Connections Figs. 22, 23 and 24 are typical illustrations of various approved heater connections. They may apply to vapor systems and to vacuum systems. Fig. 22. Top and Bottom Opposite End Radiator Connections with Heel of Down Feed Riser Dripped into Dry Return Fig. 23. Top and Bottom Opposite End Radiator Connections from Up or Down Feed Risers Fig. 24. Top and Bottom Same End Radiator Connections from Up or Down Feed Risers. (Not to Exceed 8 to 10 Sections). -.. Fig. 25. Connections to Steam Type Radiator Fig. 20. Detail of Main Lift Fitting to Vacuum Pump Fig. 21. Series of Lift Fittings Where Lift Is More Than 5 ft. 362 ' QAOATOe Fig. 26. Connecting Drop Feeill; Riser Direct to Radiator by Turning Valve on its Side ' Fig. 27. Connections to Radiator Hung on Wall Fig. 25 shows the typical vacuum or vapor system connections to an old-fashioned steam-type radiator. Fig. 26 shows approved connections to a heater below the supply.main, with the valve above the main. Fig. 27 shows approved down-feed connections to a wall-type heater with returns 363 \ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Chapter 20--Piping for Steam Heating Systems Fig. 28. Fin Type Radi ator Near Basement Ceiling Fig. 29. Fin Type Radi ator Concealed Under Window ator Connections Same End X Fig. 31. Horizontal Sectional Fin Type Radiator Fig. 32. Fin Type Radiator Valves Behind Grille Fig. S3. Fin Type Radi ator Concealed in Cabinet Fig. 34. Fin Type Radiator with Valves in Basement Fig. 35. Method of Encasing Indirect Radiator with Hot Air Outlet in Floor Fig. 37. Typical Piping Connections to Indirect Radiators with Dry Return Fig. 36. Typical Piping Connections to Indirect Radiators with Wet Return Fig. 38. Method of Encasing Indirect Radiator with Hot Air Outlet in Wall 364 and.drips running to a wet return main. When such an arrangement as this is used for the supply connections it becomes permissible to place the valve at the radiator inlet in the conventional manner. Figs. 28 to 34, inclusive, illustrate typical approved connections to cabinet-enclosed and other non-ferrous heaters. Connections to such heaters often are troublesome. It is desirable where practicable, to place both the supply valve and the trap in the basement or at least to place them outside of the heater enclosures. It is exceedingly.important that no expansion and contraction strains from the piping shall be brought to bear against any convector, since not only damage but also annoying creaking noises may follow such strain. BUG! HEMEBS STBMNEB BEAST TRIP Fig. 40. Typical Connections to Blast Coils Exceeding 12 Sections SUl'PlY UNO RETURN CONNBCnOHS TO BLAST COILS FOR VACUUM SYSTEM USING BLAST TRAP ON EACH TIER. Fig. 41. Connections for Blast Heaters 365 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Figs. 36 and 37 show typical connections to indirect cast iron convectorheaters, and apply to vapor and vacuum systems especially. Fig's. 35 and 38 show duct connections to such heaters. Pipe Coil Connections Fig. 39 shows practicable piping connections to pipe coils. It is important that the supply valves for all radiators which come below the supply mains shall be above these mains, or that there shall- be a drainage connection consisting of a trap or of a pipe-leading to the wet return, depending on the type of system, above these supply valves. Without such provision water will condense above the valves when they are closed, and this may cause objectionable noise or damage when the valves are opened. Blast Heater Connections ' Fig. 40 shows vacuum system returns for fan-blast heaters with the auxiliary air vent piping and air-line valves usually required with these heaters, especially when they are of cast iron. Fig. 41 illustrates another typical blast heater piping hook-up frequently encountered, but with which only the return ends have auxiliary air vents. It is to be noted that while the two super-imposed heaters may drain to a trap common to both, the successive layers of heaters with reference to the air flow from the fan should each have a separate trap, since the condensation rate varies in each successive layer after its predecessor has warmed the entering air. . Unit Heater Connections When unit heaters are used with steam heating systems the designer must always take into consideration the great condensing capacity of these devices. They must be placed high enough above the boiler water line to compensate for the pressure drop or must be used with systems having pumps or other positive return devices, and must always have pipe connections proportional to their maximum heat emission. Some typical details of unit heater connections are shown in Chapter 9, Unit Heaters and Air Conditioners. . .. 366 / CHAPTER 21 PIPING FOR HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS Determination of Pipe Sizes for Gravity and Forced Circulation Systems; Heat Emission of Hot Water Radiators; Various Arrangements of Piping; Recommended Temperatures; Elbow Equivalents. IN order to insure satisfactory operation of gravity flow or forced circu lation hot water heating systems, careful attention must be paid to design. This is particularly true of gravity systems which must depend for operation upon the small motive forces created by the difference in weight of columns of water of different temperatures. The principal factors to be considered in the design of the piping system are: . 1. The heat losses of the rooms or spaces to be heated. 2. The location and type of radiators. 3. Arrangement of the circuits of the system, including length of pipe and number and type of fittings. 4. The temperature of the water in the flow and return risers. Several different piping systems may be designed for any given com bination of heater and radiator. The general rule to apply to the design of a pipe system is that the friction head leading from the heater to a radiator and back again must equal the pressure head causing the water to flow for that particular circuit. This rule is based on the condition that the water in the system is circulating with a uniform velocity as is the case when the radiators (and piping) dissipate exactly the same quantity of heat in a given period of time as is delivered to the water in the heater. The pressure head maintaining circulation through the system may be produced by the difference in the weights of the water in the flow and return risers, in which case the system is a gravity-flow system; or it may be produced by a circulating pump, in which case the system is a forced circulation system. GRAVITY-FLOW SYSTEM Before undertaking the design of a pipe system, it is necessary to assume: - 1. The maximum temperature of the water leaving the heater lyhen the outside temperature is the minimum for which the system is to be designed. 2. The drop in the-temperature of the water while it is flowing through the radiator. 3. The arrangement of the pipe connecting the heater with the several radiators. 367 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems Maximum Water Temperature It is the custom to select 180 deg. as the maximum temperature of the water, leaving the heater. With this maximum temperature and a tem perature drop of 20 deg. through the radiator, the average water tempera ture in the radiator will be 170 deg. If the temperature of the room is to be'70 deg., the temperature difference, water to air will be 100 deg. The corresponding value of U (see Fig. 2) for a 38-in., 3-col. radiator, is 1.34 and the heat dissipated by the radiator per square foot per hour is 134 B.t.u. A steam radiator of similar size and design and supplied with low-pressure steam will dissipate about 240 B.t.u. per square foot per hour. Under these conditions a hot water heating system would require about 240 sq. ft. of radiation for every 134 sq. ft. required by the steam heating system. The first cost of the hot water system would,, conse quently, be considerably greater than that of the corresponding, steam Fig.1.. Six Different Methods of Piping a Heating System of Four Radiators 368 Tempera.tare Qtfference - Water To Ats* ' Fig. 2. Suggested Values for the Heat Dissipation Coefficients U of Various Types of Hot Water Radiators system. This higher first cost of a hot water system is frequently the cause of the installation of a steam system. ' If, on the other hand, 220 deg. is selected as the temperature of the water leaving the heater, the average temperature of the water in' the radiator will be about 210 deg., practically the same as that in low-pressure steam radiation, and the total radiation required for the hot water system will be about the same as that required for the corresponding steam system. The cost of the pipe system for hot water is probably a little higher than the cost of the pipe system for steam, but the cost of valves and traps for a steam system is greater than the cost of the valves-for a hot water system, so that, finally, the cost of a hot water heating system will equal, or it may" be lower, than the costjof a corresponding steam heating system, if..the water temperature selected is sufficiently high. The selection of 220 deg. as the maximum water temperature is entirely 369 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 proper because the minimum outside temperature for which the heating system is designed and for which the heat losses are calculated, occurs only a few times in any one year and perhaps never in some years. Con sequently, it is very seldom and in some years never necessary to heat the water to the assumed maximum temperature. If 220 deg. is selected as the maximum temperature, it is necessary to provide sufficient pressure on the water in all radiators and in the entire pipe system so that the water will not boil at that temperature. This can be accomplished easily in all closed systems and also in all open systems. In the latter case, it is only necessary to place .the expan sion tank at a sufficient altitude above the highest point in the heating, system to secure the desired pressure. For example: If the expansion > Maximum Water Temperature. Degrees Fahrenheit Fig. 3. Variation, with the Outside Temperature, of the Required Maximum ' Water Temperature- in the Heating System ; '' tank is located 10 ft. above the highest point in the system and if the expansion tank riser is filled with 200 deg. watet when the flow risers carry 220 deg. water, the pressure at the highest point of the heatingsystem will be about 4.2 lb. per square- inch. The corresponding boiling;' point is about 226 deg. and there would be no danger of boiling so: long as the temperature of the water leaving the heater is not above 220 deg."- In such cases the expansion tank riser should be connected to the'; return main. Precautions must always be taken to prevent freezing 6f' the water in the expansion tank or in the expansion tank riser. ' Having assumed the maximum temperature of the water for. the. minimum outside temperature, the required water temperature for any. other outside temperatures may be calculated and represented by a curve, similar-to that of Fig. 3, which may be used as a guide by the operating- engineer. . 370 Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems Such a curve will, however, not show the correct water temperatures for all times, as heat losses of buildings depend upon the direction and velocity of the wind. The values shown by the curve must, therefore, be modified from time to time by the operating engineer according to the character of the wind prevailing at the time. Temperature Drop through the Radiator For any given radiator the drop in the temperature of the water as it flows through the radiator is determined by the quantity of water flowing through the radiator in a given time. For example: If a radiator * is to dissipate 10,000 B.t.u. per hour with a temperature drop of 10 deg., it is necessary that 1,000 lb. of water flow through the radiator per hour. If, on the other hand, the temperature drop is to be 20 deg., only 500 lb. of water must flow through the radiator per hour. If, in both cases, the same size pipe is used, the velocity of the water must be twide as high in the former case as in the latter, and since the friction of water in pipes varies almost as the square of the velocity, it follows that the friction head is almost four times as great in the former case as in the latter. If, in both cases, the friction head must have a fixed value--the same as that of the available pressure head--it is evident that the temperature drop through the radiator decreases as the pipe sizes are increased. It has been shown that the required size of the radiator decreases as the temperature drop through the radiator decreases. Reducing the temperature drop through the radiator raises the average temperature of the water and therefore decreases the sizes of the radiators but increases the sizes of the piping; in other words, it decreases the cost of the radiators but increases the cost of the piping. There is, conse quently, an optimum temperature drop through the radiators for every installation; which carries with it the lowest cost of installation. This optimum temperature drop can be determined by a few trial calculations. As a rule, such calculations are never made; the temperature drop is selected'arbitrarily. . : A temperature drop of from 15 to 30 deg. is common and generally quite satisfactory. Arrangement of Piping Having determined the location of the heater and the location of the several radiators, there are a number of ways in which the piping-can be arranged to connect the heater and the radiators to secure a system that operates satisfactorily, provided. the radiators and the pipes of the system are of correct size so that, in every case, -the pressure head for every radiator is exactly equal to the friction head in the circuit of that radiator, when the system is operating at a uniform rate and when each radiator is producing its correct quantity of heat. Attempts have been made to assign distinctive names to the several methods or types of piping for hot water heating systems. The result, is not entirely satisfactory because it is possible to have many variations of each typical method or system of piping. The following definitions will serve to describe the more common general types of piping: 1. A one-pipe system is one in which the water flows through more than one radiator before it returns to the. heater and, consequently, the radiators farther from the heater are supplied with cooler water than those nearer the heater and in -the same circuit. 371 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 2. A two-pipe system is one in which all water returns to the heater after it has passed through one radiator. In a two-pipe system all radiators are supplied with water at the temperature at which the water leaves the heater, neglecting the cooling which takes place in the pipe leading from the heater to the radiator. . 3. An over-head distribution system is one in which a main flow riser extends from the heater to the attic, the distributing main is located in the attic, and the return main in the basement. . . .4. An under-foot distribution system is one in which the main flow riser extends only to the basement ceiling, and the main flow line, as well as the main return line, is located., below the basement ceiling. 5. Pt. direct-return System is one in which the water, after it . has passed through a radiator, is returned to the heater along a direct path, so that the total distance traveled by the water is the shortest feasible distance, and so that there are considerable dif, ferences in the lengths of the several circuits composing the system. Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems Temperature or Water in Flow Riser Water C olumn Pressure Head in M ilincmej per Foot o r Fig. 4. One-Pipe Gravity Flow Heating System 6.- A reversed-return system is one in which the water from the several radiators is returned along paths arranged so that all circuits composing the system, or. composing . major sub-division of the system, are practically of equal length. . ' A reversed-return system is to be preferred to a direct-return system because it is easier to arrange the circuits so that, in every case, the friction head is equal to the pressure head, arid because, in starting the system, all circuits of the reversed-return system begin to function practically at the same time, whereas, in a direct-return system, the longer circuits require considerably more time to begin operating than the shorter circuits. . Determining Pipe Sizes' . . . .* Having settled on the arrangement of the circuits for the system, generally, for example, by selecting a scheme similar to one of those shown in Fig. 1, it is customary to assume the pipe sizes, and having done- that, to calculate the pressure heAd and the friction head for every circuit.. If the two heads happen to b.e practically equal, the assumed pipe size is the correct one. If there" is a material difference between the two, a change is made in the assumed size of the pipe, or of a portion of the pipe, and a new friction head calculation is made. This process is repeated until the correct size has been found. ,. To illustrate the method, let it be assumed that the one-pipe system with under-foot distribution, as shown in Fig. 4, has been selected, and that the building to be heated requires six radiators, each one trans mitting 9,000 B.t.u. per hour. In this case, the system may be assumed to. consist of: a major and six minor independent elementary heating 372 systems. The major system consists of the heater and the flow main, The six minor systems consist each of one radiator with its flow and return lines connecting the radiator to the flow main. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems F b ic t io n H e a d iN MiuNcntj pte Fo o t of Pipe a n d pen E-ldow Fig. 6. Friction Heads, in Small Pipes and Elbows, for a 20 deg. Temperature Difference of the Water in the Flow and Return Lines To design the major system, assume that the system is to operate with a maximum water temperature of 205 deg. and with a temperature drop of 25 deg., that the length of the horizontal main is 125 ft., that the 374 length of two risers, including heater connections, is 10 ft., and that there are seven elbows in the main, and that the vertical distance from the center of the heater to the average elevation of the main is 3 ft. 6 in. 375 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The. pressure head for . the main system is produced by the difference in weight of the 205 deg. water in the flow risers and the 180 deg. water in the return risers, the two risers being 3 ft. 6 in. high. The weight of 180 deg. water is 60.58, and that of 205 deg. water is 60.00 lb. per cubic foot. The difference in the weights of the two columns of water is 3)4 x 0.58, or 2.03 lb. ' -The pressure produced by this weight is the same as that produced by * 2 03 a column of water (of average weight, 60.29), having a height of ^ or.0.033 ft., or 0.4 in. '' Table 1. Elbow Equivalents 1 90 deg. elbow.-................................ 1 45 deg. elbow................................... 1 90 deg. long turn elbow............... 1 Open return bend........................... 1 Tee.....:................. .......................... 1 Open gate valve.................... ......... 1 Open globe valve:.......................... 1 Angle radiator valve........... ......... 1 Radiator............................................ 1 Heater........................... ..................... ............. 1.0 fY 7 ................... 0.5 ................ 1.0 .......-...... _J 2.2 ............... 0.5 ............... 12.0 .......-....... 2.0 .......... .. 3.0 ....'.......... 3:0 . These relations are very nearly correct for the low velocities existing in gravity circulation; .for the higher .velocities employed in forced circulation, they are sufficiently accurate because every radiator has practically the same number of valves and tees in its circuit and is, therefore, affected equally by any variation from the ratios given above. Instead of calculating the pressure head, it may be found from Fig. 5, as follows: Find 205 at the upper margin of the diagram; follow the corresponding, vertical line downward until it intersects the curved line designated 180. From that point, follow the horizontal line to the left margin of the diagram and read 114 mil-inches per foot of water column. Multiply by 3)4, and find 399 instead of 400, as calculated. The size of the main must now be selected so that its friction head.is 400 mil-inches or less. The friction head of the main is made up of the friction heads in 125 ft. of horizontal main, 10 ft. of vertical main and connections, seven elbows, and one heater. Reference to Table 1 shows that the friction in one heater is equal to that in three elbows; the total friction may then be assumed to be due to 135 ft. of pipe and 10 elbows.' , Assume 3 in. as the size of the main and refer to Fig. 7. This diagram is designed for a temperature difference, in flow and return risers, of 20 deg.; in the present'example,, the temperature difference is. to be 25 deg.; the velocity of the water in the main will, therefore, be only 20 25' or yrr as much as it would be if the temperature difference were 20 deg. Hence, to apply the diagram of Fig. 7, use only 8 of the total heat; i.e., 0.8 X 54,000, or 43,200 B.t.u., and proceed as follows: Find 43.2 in the lower margin of the diagram, follow the corresponding vertical line to its intersection with the 3 in. pipe line and also with the 376 Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems 3 in.-elbow line and read a friction head of 1 mil-inch per foot of pipe, and 5 mil-inches per elbow. The total friction head is 135 X 1, plus 10 X 5, or 185. A 3 in. pipe is too large. Assume a 2)4 in. pipe and find, the friction head to be 135 X 3, plus 10 X 12, or 525. A 2)4 in. pipe is too small. Select a 3 in. pipe or construct the main partly of 3 in. and partly of 2)4 in. pipe. Instead of making the calculation just described, reference may be made to Table 2. Find the horizontal pipe length of 125 ft. in the left Table 2. Maximum Capacities in One Thousand B.t.u. of Mains for One-Pipe Systems for a Drop in Temperature of 25 Deg. and a Head of 3 Ft. 6 In. Length or Horizontal Mains, Feet - . 2 50 " 41 75 35 100 31 125 30 150 27 175 . 200 25 24 225 23 250 22 .^ 2H ' 59 51 48 . 44 40 38 35 34 33 Size or Mains--Inches 3 m 4' 5 100 140 195 . 346 90 130 179 320 83 121 165 293 75 113 153 280 70 104 143 265 66 98 136 252" 63 93 130 239 61 90 . 125 225 60 88 120 223 6 552 500 450 425 405 390 377 367 358 Ifole.--For given capacities, the permissible lengths of the mains are practically directly proportional to the heads. If the head is more than 3 ft. 6 in., the values given in this table may be increased corre spondingly. . . column of the table, follow the corresponding horizontal line to the right and note that the capacities of the 2)4 in. pipe and the 3 in. pipe are respectively, 44,000 and 75,000 B.t.u. per hour, and conclude that the 2)4 in. pipe is too small and the 3 in. pipe too large, as calculated. To design the connections for one of the radiators, i.e., to design one of the six minor systems, proceed as previously described for the design of the major system. Assume that the radiator is on the first floor and that the vertical distance of the radiator tapping above the main is 18 in., that the temperature drop through the radiator is to be 20 deg., and that the average maximum water temperature is to be 195. From Fig. 3, it is evident that the pressure head for the 18 in. column will be 138 mil-inches. The friction head is caused by about 7 ft. of pipe and 16 elbow equivalents. From Fig. 6, it is evident that for 9,000 B-t.u.and a 1 in. pipe, the friction head will be 7 X 10, plus 16 X 20, or 390 milinches. A 1 in. pipe is too small. For a 1)4 in. pipe, the friction head will be 7 X 3, plus lG X 6, or 117. A 1)4 in. pipe is slightly too large. A 1)4 in. pipe would be selected. , 377 - / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Instead of making the calculation just described, refer to Table 3, and note that, for a first-floor radiator, the capacity of a in. pipe is 9,500 B.t.u. Table 3 is based on an average water temperature of 180 deg. When the temperature (average) is higher, the capacities are larger. . To find the sizes of the radiators, it must be remembered that the water is cooled as it traverses the system and that each successive radiator is supplied with cooler water and must, therefore, have a larger Table 3. Maximum Capacities, in B.t.u., of Risers for One-Pipe Systems Fuw Riser, Inches Return Riser, - Inches A, . a 1 1 m i'A m 2' A l l lA iA m m 22 First Flo(hi 3.00Q 3,700 5,300 6,400 9,500 10,700 13,000 16,000 23,000 Capacities in B.t.o. Second Floor 6,500 8,000 11,400 14,400 21,700 25,000 30,200 38,100 55,700 . Third Floor 7,800 9,600 13,600 17,100 26,300 30,600 37,900 46,100 66,800 ' Note.--Length of pipe: . First floor--7 ft. 0 in. Second floor--25 ft. 0 in. Third floor--43 ft. 0 in. . . Each circuit has 16-elbow equivalents. This table is based on a temperature drop of 20 deg. through the radiators and an average water temperature of 180 deg. The resulting pressure heads are: First floor--129 mil-inches. Second floor--903 mil-inches. . Third floor--1,677 mil-inches. , . If the average temperature is higher than 180 deg. the pressure heads are higher than those shown, and if the average temperature is lower than shown, the pressure heads are lower. surface than the preceding one, if it is to transmit an equal quantity of heat. In' this particular -system, if the first radiator is supplied with 205 deg. water, the sixth one will be supplied with 184>6 deg. water. The average temperatures of the water in the two radiators will then be about 195 and 175, respectively. The temperature differences, water to air, will be 125 and 104. The values of .U will be (from Fig. 2, for a 3-col., 38-in. radiator) 1.34 and 1.28; the heat transmitted will be 125 X 1.34,or 167.5 and 105 X 1.28, or 134.4 B.t.u. per square foot. The first radiator must have 107.5 or 53.7 sq. ft., and the sixth radiator 134.4/, or 66.9 sq. ft. In other words, the last radiator must be about 25 per cent larger than the first, if it is to deliver an equal quantity of heat. 378 Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems :; ' .' Instead of making these complicated calculations for every radiator in a one-pipe system, it may be sufficiently accurate to adopt the fol lowing rule: . 1. Design each radiator as if it were supplied with water at the maximum temperature used in the system; . . 2. Divide the heating system into four sections so that each section transmits about pne-fourth of the total heat; ' 3. Number the>four sections in the order of their distances from the heater, measured along the flow maiiv, so that the first section radiators receive the hottest water; 4. Adopt the calculated sizes for the radiators in the first section and add, respectively, 10 per cent, 20 per cent and 30 per cent to the sizes calculated for the radiators of the second, third, and fourth sections of the heating system. - function correctly. The most common error committed in the installation of these systems is that the radiators farthest from the heater are not enlarged sufficiently. ' The one-pipe systems with over-head distribution and the two-pipe systems are more complicated, but the underlying principle is the same for all: The friction head in every radiator circuit must be equal to the pressure- head available for that circuit. The method of designing the more complicated systems is explained in the respective textbooks to which the reader is referred for additional guidance. FORCED CIRCULATION SYSTEMS The principle difference between a gravity circulation and a forced circulation system is that, in the former, the pressure heads are caused entirely by the difference in the weight of the water in the flow and the return risers, whereas, in the latter, the pressure heads are produced largely, in some cases almost entirely, by a pump. Changing a System from Gravity to Forced Circulation For example, let Fig. 8 represent the one-pipe gravity circulation system as designed. To change the system from gravity to forced circu lation, insert a circulating pump at any point in the main. 379 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 With the system designed as a gravity flow system, the total drop in temperature through the system was 25 deg.; the total heat output was 54,000B.t.u., the quantity of water circulating through the system was 54 000 --^ -, or 2,160 lb. per hour. .The heater pressure head was 0.4 in. The ,. 2,160 X 0.4 ,,,, ' . , corresponding power was------------- , or 72 ft. pounds per hour; or 27500 ^P' Similarly, the power developed by the six-radiator pressure heads may be found to be about hp. After having changed the system from gravity to forced circulation, much more power will be supplied by the pump than was supplied by the gravity pressure heads. Consequently, more water can be circulated through the system, thereby reducing the temperature drop through the system and as a result, smaller radiators and pipes may be used, thereby further increasing the velocity of the water and the power necessary to circulate it. Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems side of safety. Neglecting the radiator pressure head, the flow of water from A to B will be so that the friction head in the two possible paths will be equal to each other and equal to the pressure head* from A to B. One path consists of a 1J4 in- pipe, 4 ft. long; the other, of a. 1 in. pipe, 7 ft. long and 16 elbow equivalents. By a few trial calculations it is found that the friction head from A to B is about 85 per cent of that calculated before, and that about 900 lb. per hour flow through the radiator. The cooling in the radiator must, therefore, be ~qqq~> or 10 deg. The average temperature of the water will be 200 deg. in the first radiator, and 196 deg. in the sixth. The sixth radiator will be 4 per cent larger than the first instead of 25 per cent as calculated for the gravity system. . . Fig. 9. Radiator Connections for a One-Pipe System Illustrating the Influence of the Pressure Drop in the Main upon the Circulation ' THROUGH THE RADIATOR Let it be assumed that the total temperature drop is to be 5 deg. instead of 25 deg., and that the main shall be llA in. instead of 3 in. In this case the quantity of water circulating through the system will be --'-g--, or 10,800 lb. per hour, and the friction head will be 440 mil-inches per foot of pipe and about 1,850 mil-inches per elbow. The total fription head will be about 135 X 440, plus 10 X 1,850, or 6.49 ft. The velocity of the water in the main will be about 42 in. per second. The power required to produce the circulation will be about ^ hp. Z<j Assume that the radiator connections are to be reduced from 1J in. to 1 in., and that the distance along the main between radiator connections is 4 ft. as shown in Fig. 9. The pressure head between the points A and B must be such that it will force 10,800 lb. of water per hour from A to B. A part of this water moves along the straight pipe from A to B and the remainder flows through the radiator. The flow through the radiatorjis caused partly by the pressure head from A to B and partly by the pressure head produced in the radiator risers; the latter is very small compared with the former and may be neglected, the resulting errors being on the 380 Fig. 10. One-Pipe Forced Circulation System for Six Buildings Relative Economy of Gravity and Forced Circulation Comparing the economy of the gravity with the forced circulation system it may be concluded that it is more economical to use gravity circulation except when the increased cost produced by installing, the pump and by operating, maintaining, and replacing it, when that becomes necessary, is less than the saving effected by using the smaller pipes and smaller radiators, made possible by the use of the pump. ' . There are some cases where gravity circulation cannot be used. For example: If in Fig. 11 the six rectangles represent six buildings instead of six radiators, each building requiring 500,000 B.t.u. to be supplied from the central plant, it will almost always be necessary to adopt forced cir culation for such an installation. The heating main can be arranged as it could be to supply six radiators in a building, as a one-pipe system, Fig. 10; as a two-pipe reversed-returned system, Fig. 11, or as a two-pipe direct-return system, Fig. 12. 381 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The one-pipe system would not be suitable for this installation because the sizes, of tjie radiators, in the buildings receiving the cooler water, would be excessive. Either of the two-pipe systems shown in Figs. 11 and 12 could be used. To determine the pipe sizes it is necessary to assume some unit.velocity or some unit friction head for the system. The higher the velocity, for tfoo.ooo at.u. Eig. 11. Two-Pipe, with Reversed Return, Forced Circulation System for Six Buildings which the system is designed, the smaller will be the pipe and its cost, and the larger will be the cost of the pump and of its operation. For every case there will be an optimum velocity for which the total cost is a minimum. This velocity must be calculated for every case. For the system of Fig. 12, assume that the temperature drop through each building is to be 20 deg., and that the velocity of the water in the 382 Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems largest pipe of the main is to be approximately 5 ft. per second and in the smaller generally less, but adjusted so that the friction will be prac tically the same throughout the system for any one of the six possible paths. Divide the system into seven sections as shown in Fig. 11 and in Table 4. Table 4. Tabulation of Friction Head Calculations for the Forced Circulation System Shown in Fig. 11 Section Heat 1,000 B.t.u. % Pips Length, Feet Elbows Pipe Diasteteb Velocitt Unit Fsicnos, Mil-Inches Pipe Elbows Total Friction, Mil-Inches A-B 3,000 200 10 . 5 in. 58 180 2,700 63,000 B-C 2,500 C-D 2,000 100 100 5 in. 35 ft. 5 in. 65 ft. 43^ in. 48 .40 45 130 84 155 13,000 13,015 D-E 1,500 200 2 35 ft. 43^ in. 165 ft. 5 in. 36 29 85 50 1,100. 690 13,015 E-F 1,000 100 15 ft. 4 in. 32 75 85 ft. 3'A in. 39 140 13,025 F-G 500 G-H 3,000 100 200 71.5 ft. 3 ' in. 27 82 28.5 ft. 2H in. 41 250 12,988 iQ 5 in. 58 180 2,700. 63,000 Total Friction Head ..Mil-Inches 191,043 It is evident from Fig. 11 and Table 4 that, the water may flow from the central plant through any one of the six buildings and back to . the central plant with a loss of head of 15.9 ft. of water, plus the losses of head in the building, and in the central plant. If the six buildings are piped so that the loss of head is the same in each of the six buildings, the water will flow uniformly through the buildings. If the buildings are piped so that the loss of head is not the same in all, the losses can be made equal by adjusting the valves at the several buildings. For this purpose every building must be supplied with gate valves in the flow and return lines at the building connections and with thermometers in the pipe lines near the valves which should be adjusted so that the calculated temperature drop (20 deg. in this particular prob lem) is obtained in each building. - Using the prices shown in Table 5, the cost of the 1,600 ft. of mains Table 5. - Approximate Cost of Covered Pipe Installed in Tunnel Sizes--Inches 2 2H 3 4 IK 5 6 8 10 Cost per Foot.... $0.75 $1.00 $1.25 $1.50 $1.75 $2.00 $2.25 $2.75 $4.50 $6.25 383 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Fig. 12. Two-Pipe, Direct-Return, Forced Circulation System for Six Buildings shown in Fig. 11, is 83,193. Assuming the life of the main to be 20 years and the interest rate 6 per cent, the cost of the main is $278 per year. The power required to circulate the water through the main is 150,000 X 15.9, or 2,385,000 ft. pounds pier hour, or 1.2 hp. Assuming that the power required, to circulate the water through the central plant is 15 per. cent of the amount stated, that the efficiency of the pump is 75 per cent,- and that the cost of current is 2% cents per kilowatt-hour, the cost of circulating the water is 3.44 cents per hour, or $144 per year if the pump is to be operated 20 X 30 X 7, or 4,200 hours a year. ' `After completing two additional calculations similar to the one just Fig. 13. Influence of the Circulating Pump upon the Pressure in the Flow Main 384 Chapter 21--Piping for Hot Water Heating Systems described, for the system in which the largest pipes in the main are 4 in. and 6 in. respectively, the following results are obtained: Largest Main, Velogitt in Same Total Friction Inches Inches per Second In Feet 4 93 34.8 5 58 15.9 6 40 6.47 Annual Cost $221 278 340 Annual Cost op Circulation $316 144 59 Combined ' Cost $537 422 399 This comparison assumes that the cost of the pump is practically the same in the three cases and that the cost of forcing the water through the six buildings remains constant. . Optimum Velocity of Wafer in Forced Circulation Systems Based upon these assumptions, the system having the 6-in. main with a velocity of 40 in. per second in that main is the most economical to install. For this installation the cost of circulating the water would be about 2 per cent of the cost of the heat, if the latter is estimated at 50 cents per 1.000. 000 B.t.u., and if it is further assumed that the average heat demand will be one-half of the maximum, i.e., that the average will be 1,500,000 for the plant which Was designed for a maximum demand of 3.000. 000 B.t.u. per hour. In a manner similar to that described before, every forced circulation system should'be analyzed before definite pipe sizes are adopted. In large installations it may be found advantageous to transport the heat from the central plant to the central point of a group of buildings by means of high-pressure steam and to install at this central point a heat exchanger and a circulating pump. Effect of Location of Expansion Tank on Pressure in Forced System In most central heating systems it is necessary to use an expansion tank. Such a tank is generally installed near the circulating pump and on its suction side; the pump being located in the return line near the . heater., With such an arrangement, the pressure in the main remains constant at the suction side of the pump; it rises sharply in the pump and then decreases gradually along the main, as. indicated in Fig. 13. In this figure, the line 1, 2, 3, 4, is a base line; the line 5, 6, 7, 8, is a line parallel to the base line drawn so that the distance 1 to 5 represents the pressure in the main when the system is not in operation. This pressure is deter mined by the elevation of the expansion tank and must be such that sufficient pressure is maintained in the highest radiator to prevent boiling when the water is heated to the maximum temperature for which the system was designed. The line 9, 10, 11, 12, 5, is drawn so that the vertical distances from its points to the corresponding points of the base line show the pressure in the respective parts of the main when the water is being forced through the main by the circulating pump, neglecting-the slight reduction in pres sure head caused.by the velocity head. An inspection of Fig. 13 shows that, with the expansion tank located at the suction end of the pump, 385 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 the pressure in the first building is considerably higher than necessary. It also shows that if the expansion tank were located at the line 3, 7, 11, the pressure at that point would remain constant and the pressure would fall below the line 7, 8, 5, and above the line 7, 6, 5. In that case, the expansion tank would need to be at a higher elevation than if located at the pump. This comparison explains the relation which exists between the location and the required elevation of the expansion tank. In some very large central.systems the loss of water from the system is so great that make-up water must be supplied continuously and the expansion tank is not required. ' REFERENCES The Design of Gravity Circulation Hot Water Heating Systems, By Prof. F. E. Giesecke. Pipe Sites for Hot Water Heating. Systems, By F. E. Giesecke and Elmer G. Smith (Journal; A. S. H. V. E.. June, 1929). . Cooling of Water in Iron Pipes, By F. E. Giesecke, Heating, Piping and-Air Conditioning, August, 19?9, p. 267. . 386 CHAPTER 22 PIPING AND EQUIPMENT FOR LAUNDRY, KITCHEN AND HOSPITAL SERVICE Description of Equipment; Steam, Water, and Power Requirements; Size of " Connections; Installation Data. THE equipment for these highly specialized institutions varies greatly, and only average installations can be treated here. For special cases it is always recommended that consultation be had with specialtists and with manufacturers of this equipment who maintain competent engi neering staffs. In a general way each steam-using unit should have a separate supply valve, with the supply main arranged to drain whether or not the supply valve shall be open, and a separate return trap, draining to a return main placed below the unit. It is, of course, possible, though not entirely desirable where high- pressure steam is available, to force the condensation up to overhead return mains. . EQUIPMENT FOR LAUNDRIES Equipment Required . The minimum reasonable equipment of a well-equipped flatwork laundry is as follows: One 36 x 48-in. washing machine, One 36 x 64-in. washing machine, One 26-in. centrifugal extractor, ' One 4-roll 90-in. flatwork ironer, One 30 x 42-in. drying tumbler, One 2-truck dry room, One 15-gal. starch cooker. One 38-in. pressing machine for uniforms, etc., One hand-ironing board, Two 8-lb. electric irons. Two laundry tubs, . One wringer. If it is a hospital laundry, one disinfector about 36in. high by 42 in. wide by 84 in. long, may be included. This is large enough to receive an ordinary hospital mattress without distortion. It is placed in the laundry, rather than elsewhere, for the reason that its principal work consists ..of dis infecting (dr sterilizing) materials which will be laundered. Such a laundry would meet the requirements of a 250-bed hospital.or a 350-room hotel on the basis of a 44-hour'operation per week. For a smaller number of people the equipment would be about the same but would be operated fewer hours per week. The purpose of the two washing 387 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 machines in the minimum laundry is primarily to provide a break down service. Washing machines require repairs oftener than any other machines in the laundry and they are indispensable to the operation of the plant. ' Water, Steam and Power Requirements The minimum water, steam and power requirements are about 100 gal. of cold water, 80 gal. of hot water, 30 lb. of steam and l k.w. of electricity per 100 lb. of clothes (dry). The average laundry may exceed these as much as ,50 per cent and small laundries may exceed this by as much as 100 per cent. The instantaneous demands for steam and water are much higher than the average demands. Due to the heavy instantaneous demands, espe cially in a small laundry, it is well to supply the laundry from the main boiler plant, where these drafts will be least felt. ' . If an individual boiler is installed for the laundry, or for other reason the load curve must be flattened out, the use of larger tanks to obtain Table 1. Average Steam, Water, and Power Requirements of Washing Machines Size or Washer Drt Clothing per Cg. Ft. or Cylinder Capacity, Lb. Hot Water per Hour, Gallons Hot Water Tank Storage, Gallons Size op Hot and Cold Water Connections, In. Size op Steam Connections, In. Electric Demand, Hp. Small....... ....... . Medium............... Large.................... High Duty. . 2 2 2 4 150 200 300 600 100 150 200 400 IK 2 2 2(2) % i i 1M 2 4 6 8 more storage capacity is necessary. Tanks double the sizes given in Table 1, are,frequently required. In estimating the hot water demand the laundry trays ordinarily may be neglected. . The hot and cold water connections to washers are from 1J/2 in. to 2 in., depending on size, with % in. to 1 in. steam connections, without returns. The use of oily exhaust steam in washers is objectionable. With alter nating current machines an allowance of 100 per cent must be made for reversing. . Ironers usually have steam-heated rolls, and steam pressures of from 70 lb. to 90 lb. are desirable. Occasionally, with light-work, a pressure of 5Q lb. will suffice. Each roll of an average sized ironer should have a, %-in. or 1-in. steam connection, with a j/-in. or ,%-in. trap. The electric motors for ironers are from % to 2 hp., according to size. Electrically heated irons require from 500 to 1,000 watts, according to size. . < Tumbler Dryers are rated on diameter and length of cylinder. Each ' has a small fan, which must have its outlet connected to an outside vent, as it discharges hot, damp air and considerable lint and refuse. , The average machine requires about 600 lb. of steam per hour, and takes an electric motor of from 3 to 6 hp. . The usual steam connection is from 1 to 1J4 in. with a %-m. return- 388 Chapter 22--Piping and Equipment for Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Service Extractors require from 2 to 5 hp. motors. Other Laundry Equipment, steam and return services, average as follows: Unit Supply In. Return In. V. V. KK KK lM Average water services are as follows: Unit Cold Water In. K K Vi Hot Water In. K Vi Vi Importance of Soft Water Soft water, the softer the better, is a necessity if a clean, white wash is to result. With hard water the soap forms insoluble compounds with calcium, magnesium and iron which cling to the washed fibres and after they have been through the flatwork ironer the spots turn various colors. In addition to this, more soap is required with hard waters than with soft; the excess depending upon the amount of hardness present. Before any lather is formed the soap must neutralize the hardness of the water. One pound of average soap will soften (bring to point of producing lather) 167 gal. of water when the hardness is 20 parts per million, but only 40 gal: when the hardness is 100 parts per million. Seventeen parts per million is equivalent to one grain of hardness, by weight, per gallon. Equipment Arrangement ' For efficient operation the arrangement of equipment must be given careful study so that it will fit in with the natural sequence of operations from receipt to delivery. Any backward movements of material that might involve possible contact of washed materials with unwashed ma terial must be guarded against. Whenever possible the laundry should be in a separate building. The ceilings of the building should be high and the rooms well ventilated by large windows and adequate roof ventilators. Ventilating fans will frequently be required. ' All operations except receiving, mending, storing and delivering should be carried on in one room. EQUIPMENT FOR KITCHENS The equipment covered herein includes the equipment found in the ordinary institution or hotel kitchen. Nearly all of this equipment can be obtained for gas or for steam. For small kitchens where steam is not 389 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 always available gas is highly desirable, as it saves the trouble of operating a steam boiler. . Where steam is available it is probably more satisfactory than gas in that it can do no harm if a unit boils dry, whereas with gas under such a unit serious damage might ensue. For ranges and ovens hard, liquid or gaseous fuels may be used. Elec tricity finds a wider use for cooking as each day passes. Water Consumption . Hot water requirements for kitchens may be taken as 20 gal. per hour for each sink faucet and 40 gal. per hour per 1,000 pieces capacity per hour of dishwasher: There is a peak load which occurs at dishwashing time, and this may be met either by instantaneous heaters or by storage type heaters. The requirements of the dishwashing machine are somewhat under control of the operator, for by more liberal use of steam less hot water is'used, and vice versa. . Cold water requirements are approximately double the hot water . requirements. ' Water Connections k Hot and cold water connections to sinks are 34 in.; hot water only is provided for dishwasher from 34 to 134 in. according to size; 34 in- hot and cold water to "bain marie"; and 34 in. cold and hot water to coffee urns. Stock kettles, soup kettles, vegetable steamers, roasting steamers and potato peeler sinks are frequently provided with a 34 in. faucet over each of them, supported independent of the fixture. Generally hot water only is so connected. These are not an absolute necessity but often a great convenience. Drinking fountains and water coolers require 34 in. cold water connections. . \ . In sizing mains to care for two or more items make the mains about one-half the sum of the areas of the branches. Steam Consumption The dishwashing machine will consume from 50 to 100 lb. of steam per 1,000 pieces capacity of machine, per hour. An allowance of 150 lb. steam per person per hour will meet all steam requirements for kitchens, except dishwashing machine and water heating. .. The average steam requirements for a kitchen serving 300 to 500 persons will be cared for by .a 25 to 30 hp. boiler- The annual consumption of such a kitchen will be about 2,000,000 lb. of steam. Connections for Steam Supply . Steam connections to jacketed kettles, soup kettles, vegetable steamers, steam tables, coffee urns, plate warmers and roll warmers are 34 in. each, for smaller sizes and 34 in. each for larger sizes and in cases where runs are long. Steam connections to dishwashing machines are 34. to 134 in. according to size. In sizing mains to take care of two or more items make the area about orie-half the sum of the branch areas, keeping the sizes well up toward the ends of the runs. 390 Chapter 22--Piping and Equipment for Laundry, .Kitchen and Hospital Service Return Connections . Return connections are uniformly 34 in. size and are made to all kitchen equipment having steam connections, except the spray to dishwashing machine. However, the coil in this machine requires a return connection. Each unit or separate coil should be provided with a J4 in. thermo static trap. If more than one unit or coil is connected to the same trap, air binding will result. Connections of the same size as for the traps are . made to return mains. . Steam Pressure Limits . Not less than 30 lb. and not over 50 lb. are the usual pressure limits for steam cooking. Lower pressures down to 1 lb. are ample for warmers, but the steam kettles require higher pressures and it is customary to carry the higher pressures mentioned on all equipment. All jacketed pots have safety valves usually set at 50 lb. and usually vacuum breakers are required on the jacketed fixtures to prevent collapse under vacuum con ditions. Grease Traps The dishwashing machine, all pot sinks, pan sinks and any sinks into . which grease may find its way should be provided with grease traps. When grease traps on the individual fixtures are used the cold water supply to the fixture is connected to pass through the jacket of the grease trap. Connections to Gas Appliances . .. Obtain from the manufacturer the gas consumption per hour of the different fixtures to be used and size the gas pipes accordingly. Excellent tables for this purpose, when the gas consumption and length of run are known, are-given by the American Gas Association. . As an approximation the following connections commonly are found in equipment of average size: Bake shop oven, 1J4 in.; pastry oven, 34 in.; dishwashing machines, 34 to 134 in.; broilers, 1 to 134 in-: ranges, 1 to 2 in.; small ranges in diet kitchens, 1 in.; salamanders and warmers, 34 in. and steam tables, 1 in. . Motor Sizes Required . ' Dishwashing machines require 1 to 2 hp. per 5,000 pieces capacity per hour to drive, with the smallest machine using 34 hp. motor. Kitchen mixing machines take 34 to 1 hp.; bake shop combinations, 2 hp. per barrel rating of machine. The 17 in. meat, food and vegetable choppers require 1 hp. and the 20-in. size requires 2 hp. Coffee grinders, knife polishers,-silver burnishers need nominal amounts, about 34 hp. Vege table peelers take 34 to 1 hp. according to size. Allow 34 hp. for a 25-qt. ice-cream freezer and 1 hp. for 40-qt. size. Electricity Required for Cooking In a complete electric kitchen, i.e., one in which ranges, broilers and hot-plates are electric, the minimum amount of electricity required for a complete meal'is-about as follows: 391 i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 392 K it c h e n fo r 5 0 0 -R o o m H o t e l (F lo o r A r e a 5,175 sq . f t .) Chapter 22---Piping and Equipment for Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Service General restaurant............................'........................ 400 to 500 watts Institution kitchen.................................. :.................. 175 to 200 watts Colleges, boarding schools, etc............................... 250 to 350 watts Clubs, etc....................................................................... 450 to 600 watts Electricity is subject to considerable abuse, resulting in waste, unless care is used in its operation. It is easily possible for these figures to be exceeded by 100 per cent and it is probable that they always will be exceeded by some amount. . Fig. I shows a kitchen for a 500-room hotel. EQUIPMENT FOR HOSPITALS Every modern hospital must sterilize all instruments and utensils used in operations and treatments, all dressings before being used, all bed pans from wards and rooms, the baby's milk and the bottle in which it is served. Provision should also be made to sterilize mattresses, bedding and similar articles and also dishes, when occasion arises. A plentiful supply of sterilized water and distilled water must also be provided. Hos pitals for mental and nervous diseases must include hydro-therapy and electro-therapy treatment. Instrument, dressing, utensil, dish and mattress sterilizers are usually rated by their internal dimensions in inches; water sterilizers by the gal lons capacity of each of the two reservoirs, water stills by their capacity in gallons and pasteurizers and bottle sterilizers by their capacity in 8-oz. bottles. - Selection of Sterilizers Sterilizers and water stills may be had heated by steam, electricity, gas, kerosene or gasoline; the preference being in the order named. Steam is the only method, however, for which the entire line of sterilizers are ordinarily made., Steam sterilizers are simpler, contain less equipment liable to derangement, are quicker in operation and less costly both to install and operate than those heated- by any other method. Electrically heated sterilizers, in practice, are confined to the smaller sizes, and such as for dentists' and doctors' treatment rooms outside of hospitals. Electricity is superior to any other method only in the case of the solution warmer, where, due to .its adaptability to automatic control, it is preferable. . Cost of Operating Sterilizers . . The cost of operation of steam sterilizer equipment is very little more than the cost of keeping steam constantly available and the amount of use has little effect on the total cost of operation. The cost of operation of electric sterilizers may be considerable; depending upon how much they are used arid the cost of standby service for them. This will be seen when it is noted that the smallest instrument sterilizer is rated at'2,200 watts and the largest dressing sterilizer at 12,000 watts. The cost of operation of gas, kerosene and- gasoline heated sterilizers is much more than, for steam heated ones but usually less than for electric heated ones, depending entirely on the amount of use. -' 393 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Open and Closed Sterilizers There are two general classes of sterilizers, i.e., the open type in which the articles to be sterilized are immersed in a water, bath heated by steam coils, the limiting temperature obviously being 212 deg. fahr., and the closed type in which there is no water bath and in which the articles to be sterilized are brought into temperatures corresponding to steam at 40 to 60 lb. pressure per square inch. The open type is older and has the disadvantage of depositing lime or other impurities, which may be in the water, on the instruments, etc., sometimes requiring them to be dried before storing. The latter type is the newer, and obviously provides better sterilization by the higher tem peratures obtainable, does not deposit impurities of the water on the instruments, and the articles are dry when removed from the sterilizer. Obviously sterilizers for dressings .and fabrics must be of the dosed type. There is considerable tendency now to the use of so-called built-in sterilizers in the operating suites and other places where several sterilizers are installed at one point. Only pressure-type sterilizers, which are loaded and unloaded from one end, are adaptable to this arrangement. With this ' method a thin partition is built flush with the sterilizer fronts, with only * the doors, gages and operation valves visible in the rooms, the bodies projecting into an unfinished space behind the partition. This space must of course be accessible for repairs. . Water sterilizers usually consist of twin reservoirs of the same capacity mounted on one frame. One reservoir is for water kept hot by a steam coil in the reservoir and the other is for water somewhat cooled by circu lating cold water through a coil in the reservoir. Both reservoirs, of course, have provisions for sterilizing their contents. Water stills, when so ordered, are part of the water sterilizing unit and consist of still and reservoir, generally mounted between the two water. '' reservoirs. Where contagious diseases may be handled provision should be made for dish sterilization. On a large scale dishes from contagious patients are sterilized in special sterilizing dishwashing machines. On a small scale however, a 20 x 20 x 24-in. utensil sterilizer fitted with special racks will serve the purpose. .The sterilizing dishwashing machines are referred to. in the section on equipment.for kitchens. .. For sterilization of mattresses, see the laundry equipment section of this chapter. . ' Sterilizers require many small supply and return pipes and the relative amount of steam used by such equipment is almost negligible if drawn ' from a central boiler plant. . A 34-in. supply and return connection is ample for almost any utensil, instrument or dressing sterilizer. Water sterilizers up to 15 gal. use %-in. . supply and 34-*n- return, and above that size 1-in. supply and 34-in. . return. Water stills up to 6 gal. use 34-in- supply and return. When sizing the steam and return mains it may be assumkl that all sterilizers will be in use at one time in a small hospital and half of them in a large hospital. The mains can then be sized by the usual table of equalization of pipe sizes. A return main one half the diameter of the steam main, with 24-in- as minimum size, may be used. . 394 Chapter 22--Piping and Equipment for Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Service The uniform practice is to provide a separate thermostatic trap' on the return from each coil or unit, of the size given previously for return connection. The return main should itself be vented arid condensation should return by gravity to a vented receiving tank. When gas is used a 34-in- connection is made to each instrument, dress ing and utensil sterilizer. Water sterilizers-up to 15 gal. capacity should have %-in. gas line and above that size 1-in. lirie. The mains should be sized on an equalization basis the same as explained for steam supply lines, assuming all sterilizers in use at the same time in a small hospital and half of them in use at the same time in a large hospital. Waste and Vent Connections All sterilizers in which the articles to be sterilized are more or less im mersed in water which is in turn heated by the steam, must have waste connections similar to plumbing fixtures. With the exception of the bed pan sterilizer in which the trap is part of the fixture, traps on these waste lines must be provided in the plumbing work, the sterilizer equipment merely including a valve on the waste line and pipe to floor or wall, as may be required. Waste connections are seldom more than 24.in. at the fixture. As the usual sanitary fittings for plumbing work are not standard in sizes less than 134 in- it is customary to provide traps and connections 134 in. in size from the wall or floor line, as the case may be, to the waste piping of the plumbing system. Waste connections from bedpan sterilizers are uniformly made 3 in. and the trap is part of the fixture, connected to floor or wall as required. This sterilizer waste should be connected to the drainage system in a manner similar to that for a slop sink or water closet. Vent connections are also necessary on such sterilizers to avoid the nuisance of steam and vapor in large quantities, which escape into the room, when a sterilization is finished. Such connections usually take the form of a combined overflow and vent, connected at rear of the chairiber near the top. This combined connection is usually carried as one hori zontal pipe to a suitable location, as close to the sterilizer as possible, where the vent is taken upward directly to the atmosphere, and the over flow and condensation waste is taken from the bottom through a suitable trap and connected to the waste lines of the plumbing system or connected to the waste from the body of the sterilizer between the trap and the sterilizer. . The usual sizes of combination overflow and vent connections to open sterilizers are as follows: Utensil sterilizers, 1J4 in. up to 16 x 15 x 20-in. size and 2 in. for larger sizes; instrument sterilizers, 134 in. for all sizes; milk pasteurizers and sterilizers, 134 in. UP to 72-bottle size and 2 in. for larger sizes and for bedpan sterilizers, 2 in.. Vents to atmosphere are the same size as the combination overflow and vent. The overflow connection to the plumbing waste pipes from the combination yent and overflow is 134 in. in all sizes of all sterilizers and is generally connected to the waste from the sterilizer body between trap and sterilizer. Where practicable it is well to run the vents from sterilizer equipment through the roof separate from other plumbing vent lines and to make 395 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 them extra heavy galvanized pipe, since corrosion is very rapid. A 2-in. vent line will carry several sterilizers. In climates where freezing weather often occurs it is necessary to make the vents at least 4 in. in size through the roof to avoid frosting over. Care must be taken to see that the bases or heels of vent lines from sterilizer equipment are drained through suitable traps into the waste lines of the plumbing system, to take care of condensation which might otherwise cause a nuisance by draining back into the sterilizer. Closed, or pressure-type sterilizers, both jacketed and otherwise, each re quire a vent to the atmosphere connected to the chamber and provided with a valve. The relief valve, with which every closed sterilizer must be pro vided, usually is connected to this vent line on the line-side of the control valve. These vents are generally % in. from each sterilizer, but the vent lines,.after the wall or floor is reached, are made 1J4 in.; the bases or heels' of the vent pipes must be dripped into the plumbing system and the vents should be carried through the roof separately just as described for open sterilizers. Some sterilizers are provided with exhaust condensers, which use cold water to condense the surplus steam. They should never be connected with the plumbing system without an air break, usually a funnel, with a IM'in. outlet and a trap. The water connection to the exhaust condenser usually is in. | , REFERENCE Selecting and Operating Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment, By H. C. Russell (Journal, , A. S. H. V. E., December, 1928, p. 847). ( 396 CHAPTER 23 WATER SUPPLY PIPING FOR BUILDINGS Hot and Cold Water Supply; Riser, Main, and Connection Sizes. THE water supply formulae herewith make it possible accurately to compute the flow of water in gallons or cubic feet through any pipe with any friction head. The formula is also given for the additional head due to water entering the main. If extremely accurate calculations are necessary, this head should be added to the head required for friction; generally, however, it can be neglected as it is comparatively small. WATER SUPPLY FORMULAE CF -- cubic feet per minute discharged. . G = gallons per minute discharged. - H = friction head of water.in feet = pressure X 2.31; if water is raised vertically, deduct number of feet raised, from head due to pressure. - L = length of pipe in feet--including horizontal and vertical runs. CF-0M^`X3M (1) ,, (CF)' X L 0.0768 (3d)s (3) G - 1.2 X3 H (2) ,, (GY XL n ~ 4.32 (3d)5 (4) These formulae neglect the head due to entry, which need not be computed except when L is very short. Hi = head due to entry in feet. H, = / 6.25 C-FV yd* X 13/ . Example: - Required the discharge of a 2-in. main with pressure 30 lb. 100 ft. hori zontal run and 30 ft. vertical run. . H = 30 X 2.31 -- 30 = 39.3. gallons per minute. (3 X 2)5 X 3 X 39.3 VFormula-(2) G = 1.2 100 + 30 = 100.8 ( P0.83 X 100.8V 2 y 2 X 13 2.56 ft. Usually this can be neglected except for very close calculations. Friction caused by elbows should be added to straight pipe friction. Each elbow in a line will add friction equal to a length of straight pipe forty times the diameter of the pipe: Pipe Size............................... % 1 1)4 iy2 --2 2H 3 3y2 4 Equivalent length - of. straight pipe in feet___ 2.5 3.3 4.1 5 6.7 8.3 10 11.7 13.3 397 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Cold Water Branch Supply Sizes for Fixtures and Maximum Flow in Gallons per Minute . Number op Fixtures l' 2 4 8 12 16 24 32 40 Water Closets-- Gal. per Mia, 8 16 24 48 60 80 06 128 150 Tanks Pipe Size--------------------------------------- --- X x. 1 IX IX m 2 2 2 ` Gal; per Min. -- 30 60 80 120 140 160 200 250 300 Flush Pipe Size-------------------------------------------- w IX 2 2 2 2X 2X 2X Valves Urinals-- ' Gal. per Min____ ___________ : 6 12 20 32 42 56 72 00 120 Tanks Pipe Size------------ 1---------- ------------------ X X 1. IX IX IX m 2 2 Gal- per Min------ -------------------------- ..-- 26 37 45 76 86 100 125 150 175 Flush Pipe Size----------------------- -- 1 IX IX IX IX 2 2 2 2 Valves Lavatories and Wash Sinks-- Based upon Each Faucet Gal. per Min------------------ -------------------- 4 8 12 24 30 40 48 64 75 Pipe Size------------------------------- ---------.-- X X X 1 1 IX IX IX IX Bath Tuba-- Gal. per Min____ _________________ -- 15 30 40 80 96 112 144 102 240 Pipe Size--------------------------.---------------- X 1 IX IX 2 2 2 2X 2M Shower Baths-- Gal. per Min________ _ Pipe Size------------ 8 16 32 64 06 128 102 256 320 8" rain -- X X IX IX 2 . 2. 2X 2X 3 Head Acid and Slop Sinks. Manufacturing, Kitchen and Laundry-- Gal. per Min.----- --------------------------- -- 16 25 40 64 84 . 96 120 160 200 per bibb Pipe Size-------------- --------^-------------- -- H 1 IX IX IX i 2 2 2 2X per bibb Note.--The above sizes are based upon a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. -- In estimating risers and mains, the number of gallons for W. C, and urinals where Bush valves are used are to be as given for tanks. - . The hot-water faucets are to be disregarded when estimating cold-water risers and mains. Table 2. Cold Water Supply Risers for Buildings other than Residences G. P. M. G. P. M. '. . Pipe Size with Drop per 100 Ft. Run 51b. 10 lb. 20 lb. 10th Story 10 and 0 10 and 0 and 8 10 to 7 incl. . 10 # 6 * 10 * 5 10 - 4 10 * 3 - 10 * 2 * 10 * 1 100 x 0.60 200 x 0.60 300x0.60 . 400 x 0.60 500 x 0.60 600x0.60 700x0.60 800 x 0.60 000 x 0.60 1000 x 0.60 60% - 60 00% - 108 80% - 144 . 70% - 168 60% - 180 50% * 180 .. .40% - 184 . 40% - 192 40% - 216 40% - 240 2'< 2M' 3' 3M' 3K' 3X* 3K' = 3K' ' 3M' 3K' 2" 2X* 2W 3" 3m 3* .3* 3' '3#. i 3' IK' 1H' 2' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2W 2<jv: 2K' Note.--For residences, use Table 1, and for the main supply use 25 per cent of total of gallons used by fixtures and then take pipe size from Table & on a basis of 10 tb. pressure drop pet 100 it. or less 15 .water\ supply pressure is less than 60 lb. Table 1 gives the amount of water in gallons which should flow per minute for the number offixtures indicated of each different type, together with the branch pipe size necessary to carry this amount of water with a pressure drop of 30 lb;, per 100 ft. of run. The volume of water required per fixture is reduced as the number of fixtures in each group is increased, to take care of the factor of prob able use. ' For size of mains for residences, ascertain the total number of gallons^ per minute, connected load, from Table 1. Select the pipe diameter from 398 Chapter 23--Water Supply Piping for Buildings Table 3. Apartment House Supply Risers Based upon One, Two, and Three. Baths per Apartment On (I) Batb Ataethebt 1 bath 1 W. C. 1 sink 1 lav. 15 gal. 8 gal. 4 gal. 4 gal. 31 gals. 50% demand--15 gals, per r Top Floor 15 gal. Next " 28 " 38 " " 51 " " 60 " " 6n7 "a a 78 " " 81 " " 83 " 84 " " 85 " Riser ni' IK' \W 2' 2' V 2" 2" 2' 2' 2" 2" Two (2) Bath Apabtmzot 2 baths 2 W. C. 1 sink 2 lavs. 24 gal.. 14 gal. 4 gal. 6 gal. 48 gals. 40%--20 gals, per nun. 20 gal. 38 " 54 68 " 80 " 90 " 98 " 104 " 108 " 110 " 110 " 110 " Riser w. m' 2" 2" 2 2' 2W 2W 2M' m' 2H' 2W Three (3) Bath Apartmeht 3 baths. 3 W. C. 1 sink 3 lavs. 30 gal. 18 gal. 4 gal. 9 gal. 61 gals. 40%--24 gals, per min. 24 gal. 43 " . 64 " 82 " 96 " 108 117 124 134 " " " " 143 143 " " 143 " Riser lti" 2' 2" 2" 2H' 2W 2yi 2yi" 2W 2)4' 2W 2W Now.--The pipe siiea are based .upon a drop oi iu in. wai branch for each Apartment should be not less than 114 in. Table 4. Apartment Houses. Sizes of Water Supply Mains and Meters Based upon pressure drop of 10 lb. per 100 ft. run For 4 and 5 Stories Apartments per Story . 1 bath-------- ---2 baths.------------3 baths----- -------- - Four Gal Main 120 160 200 m' 3' 3' Six GaL Main 160 200 240 3' 3' 3" Eight Gal Mam 200 240 280 3' 3' 3' . Ten Gal 240 280 320 3' 3' ZW . 1 bath. -- 2 baths.------------ : 3 baths.------------- 150 190 230 , For 6,7 and 8 Stories 2K' 3' 3" 190 230 270 3' 230 3" II 270 3' 310 3' 3' *K' 270 310 350 3' ZVf 3H' For 9, 10,11 AND 12 Stories 1 bath---------- _ 2 baths.------- --1 3 baths..----------- 200 250 300 3' 3' ZM' 250 300 350 3' ZW ZW 300 350 400 ZM" zw 3H' 350 . 400 450 zw zw -4' Note.--This table gives the sizes of mains for apartment houses of one. two or tnree Dams ior eacu up<u iment, and with four. six. eight or ten apartments per story and from four to twelve stories in height; Note.--The ga)lon9 per minute given in this table are approximated maximum demand for conditions 399 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 5 on the basis of a demand of 25 per cent of the connected load and a 10-lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. . For risers in residences use the pipe sizes in Table 1. Table 5. Amount of Water in Gallons per Minute Which Will Flow Through Various Sized Pipes for Various Pressure Drops Friction Pressuse Drop Pounds per Square Inch per 100-RT. Run a 1 . . . . 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 75 100 125 150 . 5.4 11 6.4 13 7.6 . 15 10.8 22 . 13.2 27 15.0 31 17.0 35 ; 21.0 43 24.0 49 ;. 27.0 55 . 30.0 . 60 1H 19 23 27 38 47 54 60 74 85 96 105 Pipe Sizes in Inches 04 . 2 2H 30 : 62 109 36 : 74 129 43 ; 88 154 61 ; 125 218 76 153 267 86 176 308 96 197 345 117 242 423 136 i 278 . 485 152 . 311 544 166 341. 598 3 i'A 4 171 203 242 343 420 485 542: 665 769 858 939 252 298 357 504. 618 714 800 978 1130 1260 1380 353 418 499 706 864 998 1115 1365 1578 1765 1930 Table 6. Water Pressure Required to Deliver Water to Top of Vertical Riser with 15 lb. Pressure at the Top Branch and to Give Adequate Service At Vertical Heights Given Water Pressure in Lb. Required to Deliver Water to Top of Riser with 15 Lb. Terminal Pressure* Pressure Drop per-100 Ft. 5 lb. 7 lb. 15 15 20.5 20.7 .25 25.4 29.5 30.1 35 35.8 39.5 44 40.5 ^ 45.2 49.5 54 50.9 55.6 58.5 . 64 60.3 66 68.5 70.7 73 77.5 83 75.4 : 80.1 85.9 87.6; 90.5 I 20 lb. 10 lb. 15 15 21 22 26 28 31 34 37 41. 42 47 17 53 53 60 58 64 63 72 69 79 74 85 79 91 , 84 97 , : 90 104 95 . 110. Static Head in Lb. per Sq. In. 0 4.33 8.66. 12.99 17.32. 21.65 25.99 30.32 34.65 38.98 43.32 47.64 51.97 50.30 60.63 64.96 Vertical Rise of Water Water Pressure in Lb. Required to GrvE Adequate Service at Vertical Heights GivenI* . Main to Highest Horizontal Run from Supply to Riser Branch 0 10 20 30 40 50 > 60 70 80 90 100 110 320 130 140 . 150 25' 0" 50' 6" 75' 0" 100' 0" 22.8 lb. 28.1 " 33.5 " 38.8 * 44.1 " 49.5 * 54.8 " 60.1 " 65.2 " 70.8 " 76.2 " 81.5 " 86.8 * 92.1 " 97.5 " 25.3 lb. 30.6 " 36 " 41.3 46.6 4 52 " 57.3 . *62.6 " 67.7 73.3 " 78.6 84 89.3 * 94.6 a 100 27.8 lb. 33.1 " 38.5 " 43.8 " 49.1 " 54.5 " 59.5 " 65.1 " 70.2 75.8 81.1 " 86.5 * 91.8 " 97.1 102.5 * 30.3 lb.' 35.6 " * 41 " 46.3 " 51.6 " 57 * 62.3 " 67.6 72.7 * 78.3 ` 83.6 " 89 a 94.3 " . 99.6 *105 " *The water pressures given in this table are the pressures at the base of the riser, necessary to deliver water to top of riser with a terminal pressure of 15 lb. when discharging the number of gallons per minute called for in Table 5. at the pressure drop indicated. bBased upon 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. run of pipe and a terminal pressure of 15 lb. at the upper most fixture. A terminal pressure of 15 lb. has been selected for operation of flush valves. For terminal pressure of 10 lb., deduct 5 lb. from the figures given above; or for a terminal pressure of 5 lb., deduct 10 lb. from above values. ' ' In estimating the pipe size for any part of a riser in a building of several stories, take 60 per cent of the water to be . used on any story and all stories above as determined from Table 1 and deduct 10 per cent for each story above. This reduction in estimated amount is to take care of 400 Chapter 23--Water Supply Piping for Buildings probable use. Thus, if 100 gal. per minute are used on each story of a 10-story building the size of pipe will be determined as in Table 2. The pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run will give satisfactory results for branches on the top story. A higher pressure drop can be used on stories below, corresponding with the pressures as given in Table 5, which shows that for a building 100 ft. in height, a pressure ' drop of 100 lb. can be used on the lowest fixture branches, and that for a building 50 ft. in height, a pressure drop of 52 lb. can be used on the lowest fixture branches. Table 1, however, can be used with'safety on any of the stories but will give pipe sizes larger than necessary for the lower stories in a very tall building. Tables 3 and 4 may be used alternatively with Table 2, being adapted for very rapid determinations in the case of large apartment houses. Example: What is the riser size needed for a six-story apartment house having one bath for each apartment? Table 3 gives 2 in. diameter for all from four to twelve stories with 134 *n-to supply the top story and next to top and 134 m- for story below. What is the size of riser needed for a twelve-story apartment house with three baths to each apartment? Table 3 gives 234 in. for all stories up to eighth floor, 2 in. for ninth, tenth and eleventh, and 1J4 in- for top story. What is the riser size for a two-bath apartment six stories high? Table 3 gives 2 in. for the first four stories with 134 in. at fifth story and 134 in- on the top story. ' Example: What is the required size of water main for apartment house eight stories high, six apartments per story, each having three baths? Answer from Table 4 is 3 in. " Example: What is the required size of main for a ten-story apartment house with six apartments per story, each having two baths? Answer from Table 4 is 334-in. main. Table 5 gives the amount of water in gallons per minute which may be passed through pipes of % in. to 4 in. diameter with pressure drops of - from 5 lb. to 150 lb. per 100 ft. of run. This table may be used in sizing horizontal aqd vertical mains. For example: If the water main pressure available is known, say 90 lb., and the horizontal run from water main to vertical riser is 100 ft., and the vertical riser is 100 ft. to top branch, it will require 43.31 lb. for static head (see Table 6), and 15 lb. pressure at a minimum should be allowed for the uppermost fixture, or a total of 58.31 lb.; which would leave available for friction 90 -- 58.31 = 31.69 for friction in 200-ft. run, or 15.85 lb. per 100 ft. The main can thus be sized from the 20 lb. pres sure drop of Table 5. ' Example: What are the sizes required for mains and branchesjn a building 100 ft. high, supplied with a water pressure of 75 lb. per square inch with 100 gal. of water per minute required on each story? This is worked out in Table 2 and gives the pipe sizes for the main riser with a 10-lb' drop for 100 ft. of run and shows, that a 3-in. main, reduced to 2 in. would be required. Branches to the various groups of 401 v I- American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 7. Hot Water Requirements for Apartment Buildings CLASS Lavatorim Hot-Water Fixtures pen Apartment Bath Tube Shdwers Over Tube Kitchen Sintri? Laundry Traya Separate Showera Gallons Hoi Wai*a per Apartment isb Maxisus Hour A1 A2 A2 A2 B1 C1 1 2 2 1 1 1 i i 2 1 0 0 l l l l l l 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 25 0 30 0 35 1 55 0 20 0 15 Note.--The requirement. quantity of hot water required per day is usually about 10 times the maximum hour Table 8. Hot Water Requirements for Hotels Class Gallons Ado for Kitchens feb Meal Capacity ' Add fob Laundbt Hot Water PerH. W. perH. W. Fixture Fixture per Maximum Per Day per Day Hour Per Maximum Hour Per Washer Per Piece per Day Per Washer per Day * *** Maximum Hour High-class transient______ Medium-class transient__ Apartment hotels,------------ 85 70 60 6.8 6.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 0.80 0.60 1.0 1.0 1.0 1200 1000 1000 250 200 200 Note.--Instantaneous demand rate for laundry washers from 25 to SO gal. per minute. Table 9. Hot Water Requirements for Office Buildings Class Having hot water in public toilets onlv Having hot water in private offices as well as in public toilets _ .... ........... ^ *or self-closing hot-water fixtures deduct Hot Water per Hot-Water Fixture Per Day Per Hour 50 30 40% >5.0 3.0 25% Table 10. Hot Water Requirements for Hospitals Hoi Water I Hoi Water Per Patient I Per Fixture . Gallons used per average day...... ................................. Gallons used per maximum day.................................... ...... .............. Average maximum rate of flow for 15 min. in gallons per hour.----Maximum rate of flow for 15 min. in gallons per hour _;ii Note.--The above values are based on Utility Demands of a Modern .Hospital, by Larson, Nelson and Rose. See Journal. American Society on Heatxnc and Ventilating Engineers, January 1928. Note.--The hot water used is 25 per cent of total water requirements. The above requirements are for. a hospital without a laundry. -- 402 . Chapter 23--Water Supply Piping for Buildings fixtures can be taken from Tables 5 and 6. On the top story it will be necessary to use a 134-in. branch to carry 60 gal. per minute with a pressure drop of 30 lb. but that at 30 ft. vertically from the supply, a 134-in- branch pipe will carry 60 gal. per minute; therefore 1^-in. pipe could be selected for this branch. Assuming that the pressure drop in the main riser is 10 lb. per 100-ft. run and the pressure drop on the top story in the branch does not exceed 15 lb. in all and the static head for building 100 ft. as given in column 2 of Table 6 is 43.31 lb., making a total of 58.31 lb.; it will be seen that 75 lb. -- 58.31 lb., which equals 16.69 lb., is the amount of pressure over and above that required, and that this pressure can be utilized to overcome the friction drop in the main feed line running from the source of supply to the base of the riser. From Table 2 it is found that 240 gal. per minute will flow at the first story, and assuming that this water supply is to be carried in a main 300 ft. long, a 334-in. supply would be necessary according to Table 5. Table 11. Water Requirements for Hospitals* Total Wa'tbb Total Wateb Used' Ex clusive of Amount Used in Toilets, Slop Sines, Softener Flush ing and Refrigeration Cooling ' Cold Wateb Used Ex clusive of Amount Used in Toilctb, Slop Sinks, Softsneb Flush ing AND ReFBIGEBATION Cooling Per Patientb Per Fixture Per Patient Per Fixture Per Patient Gallons used per average day--......... Gallons used per maximum day........ Average maximum rate of flow for 15 min. in gallons per hour............. Maximum rate of flow for 15 min. in gallons per hour............................. 366 527 29 50 77 275 104 193 116 423 174 296 7 25 8 14 12 44 16 30 aThe values given are based on Utility Demands of a Modern Hospital by Larson, Nelson and Rose. See Journal, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, January 1928. (No laundry included.) bThe items in this column, include water used for flushing softeners and refrigeration condenser. Example: What pressure is required in the water supply main to give 15 lb. pressure at the uppermost fixture in a building where the riser is 100 ft. high and is located 75 ft. from the water main in a horizontal direction, when the other fixtures within the building are in use tp their estimated average capacity? The answer; according to Table 5, is found to be 75.8 lb. at the inter section of 100. ft. vertical height and 75 ft. horizontal run. Note.--If only 10 lb. be required at the uppermost fixture, then 70.8 lb. would be the answer. . WHEN THE HOUSE TANK IS ON THE ROOF If the tank is elevated above the highest fixture, similar computations will apply for branch connections and main risers except that the main riser will have its greatest diameter at the top. It will be seen that an elevation of 35 ft. or more will give the necessary 15 lb. pressure at the highest fixture and-that the pressure drop may be made equal to the static head from the top fixtures down, or 40 lb. per 100. 403 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 HOT WATER SUPPLY Tables 7, 8, 9 and 10 give the hot-water requirements for several kinds of buildings in terms of gallons per maximum hour and per day. Table 11 gives the total water requirements for hospitals. Pipe sizes for hot-water systems may be calculated from the foregoing data on cold-water systems, using the same quantities for the gallons of hot water required per' minute as is given for the cold water. It should be borne in mind that a column of hot water is lighter than one of cold water, amounting to about 2J4 ft- per 100 ft. in the height of columns of equal weight. In case the cold water must first be fed down from roof tanks to heaters in the basement and then back up to the top-floor fixtures, the extra length of run must be taken into consideration. As a check on the total quantity of hot and cold water required per day, this is generally from two to three times the amount of hot water required and from 80 to 100 gal. per occupant of the building. The return main for circulating systems may be the size of the most distant hot water flow main. It is obvious that no advantage will be gained by making the return any larger than this, but it is equally obvious that with very large circulating systems, it may be desirable upon occa sion to make the most distant flow main larger than otherwise would be required, because of provision for the return circuit. There are available mechanical circulation boosters with small electric motors and loosely-fitted propellers in the hot-water mains. These pumps will create a rapid and positive circulation of the water and are valuable' especially in correcting existing sluggish systems. 404 CHAPTER 24 INSULATION FOR PIPES AND SURFACES Heat Transfer Through Bare Pipe; Insulation for Hot Pipes and Surfaces; Insulation for Cold Pipes and Surfaces; Economic Thickness; Thickness to . Prevent Pipe Sweating. THE heat resistance of metallic pipes and surfaces is very small. Consequently, they should be adequately insulated to permit the steam or hot or cold liquids to be economically conveyed through them and without undue rise or drop in temperature. HEAT LOSSES THROUGH BARE PIPE Fig. 1 shows the loss in B.t.u. per square foot of bare pipe surface per hour per degree fahrenheit temperature difference for pipes of various diameters. . Table 1 gives the B.t.u. loss as Well as the loss in dollars and cents and in pounds of coal per 100 lineal feet of bare pipe for temperatures up to 350 deg. fahr. Pounds of coal used are given per 100 lineal feet of pipe per month (assuming continuous use of the apparatus, 70 per cent boiler efficiency, and 13,000 B.t.u. per pound of coal). The dollars column represents the money value of the coal used per 100 lineal feet per month (assuming coal at 84.00 per ton and boiler room expense at 81.00 per ton). The heat loss from bare pipes of various'diameters up to 18 in. and at various temperatures can be calculated from the empirical equation: where Q = 3320 77 +td - 103 D0-11 103 DA1 -ta +1020 Q = B.t.u. loss per hour per square foot of bare pipe surface. D = outer diameter of pipe, in inches.. . Id -- temperature difference between pipe surface and air, deg. fahr. The loss of heat per unit area from flat surfaces varies greatly with the size and position of the heat-losing body. The loss from the surface in a horizontal position is entirely different for the same surface in a vertical position. Also, the loss is different for the same flat surface facing down ward or upward. For these reasons a single equation or curve has not yet been obtained that will give accurately the heat loss from flat surfaces in various positions. However, until more experimental work has been conducted, it is suggested that the heat loss-from flat bare iron surfaces be taken as equal-to 95 per cent of the values given for the 18 in. pipe in Fig. 1. 405 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 In order to determine heat losses per linear foot of pipe from,known losses per square foot, it is necessary to know the number of square feet area per linear foot of pipe. Table 2 gives these areas for various standard pipe sizes while Table 3 gives the area in square feet for flanges and fittings for various standard pipe sizes. r (R. H. Heilman. Meek. Eng., Vol. 46 [1924], p. S93) Fig. 1. Barb Pipe Loss Curves .. . INSULATION OF HOT WATER, LOW AND HIGH PRESSURE STEAM LINES The conductivities, in B.t.u. per square foot per hour per inch thick per degree fahrenheit temperature difference between inner and outer surfaces of the insulation are given in Fig. 2 for various insulations. In this figure the conductivities are plotted as functions, of the mean tem peratures or the mean of the inner and outer surface temperatures of the insulations. This method of plotting conductivities, enables one readily to calculate the heat loss through single or compound sections. It should be empha sized that in this figure, the conductivities given for the various insula tions are the average values from a number of tests on each type of 406 Chapter 24--Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces ,,09 i * sS <S i 9> jsl JO li . alasssssasB3ssss8gss SSS2S51I3SSSSs35S!II5 d2 1! S sSasasssssBasssssssss JS8 JO gasssssaassasssassgss 13 S 5 t- SS q 1#! M' iffisassasgfflSSJ 13 i &d & gts fa1 d 8 00 i ts S dn Q*6H/> 33 II 33 II JO iSisassasssssascasag!? 2|lillllilllllllll|| K=S2KK22SSRS2SSSSSSSS iSsiKSSISlSSlsll 2g|||||g|||liliisi sasaBaassaaa8S8sa88.38. -4i^e>*es**Jr*iVow9'd'Oooo*j22Jt222S k182SS8SSRSSSKSSSSS8 SSsiSIlilllllllllilll SSSSSRS2SSSRSSS8S2SSS Dollars Loss SSSSs*aas**sR688aaas#._ t 1? fifa SSS3S2iSIslllil|||i 1 33 11ii .S RSRasasasaftssaaRssass fSaoBo 407 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 material, also that all variables due to differences in thickness, different pipe sizes, and different air conditions are eliminated. The heat losses through any of the insulations shown in Fig. 2 for various thicknesses of covering and for any temperatures generally used in engineering practice can be obtained from Table 5 and Figs. 3, 4 and 5. In these curves the unit loss through 1, 1]/% and 2 in. thick covering is given for temperature differences up to 700 deg. fahr. The loss through other thicknesses of covering can be obtained from the curves by inter polation. MeanTemperature, Oeg. Fahr. between Inner"and Outer Surfaces (R. H. Heilman, Mech. Eng., Vol. 46 [1924], p. 593) Fig. 2. Thermal Conductivity . Table 5 gives the factor by which the loss from the curves shown in Figs. 3 to 5 must be multiplied to give the loss through any of the cover ings whose conductivity values are given in Fig. 2. INSULATION FOR COLD SURFACES Surfaces maintained at a low temperature should be insulated so as to retard the flow of heat from the outside into the low temperature area and to prevent the formation of condensation and of frost if the tempera tures are low enough, as well as to prevent corrosion, induced by the presence of condensed moisture on metal surfaces. ' Coverings are available commercially to meet varying temperature gradients. For example: The thickness of insulation for ice water is approximately in. if the temperature in the line is not lower than 408 Chapter 24--Insulation fob Pipes and Surfaces Table 2. Radiating Surface per Linear Foot of Pipe Pipe Size In. M H l m Surface Sq. Ft. 0.22 0.275 0.344 0.435 0.498 Pipe Size In. 2 2H 3 3H 4 Surface Sq. Ft. 0.622 0.753 0.917 1.047 1.178 Pipe Size . IN. 5 6 8 10 12 Surface Sq. Ft. 1.456 1.734 2.257 2.817 3.338 25 deg. fahr.; the thickness of insulation for brine is approximately 2^4 in., where the temperature ranges from 0 deg. to 25 deg. fahr.; and the thick ness of insulation where the brine temperature ranges from --30 to 0 deg. fahr. is approximately 4 in. The thermal conductivities of the materials commonly used for low temperature insulation for pipes and surfaces are given in Table 4. In some cases, the prevention of condensation rather than the con servation of heat is the governing factor in determining the thickness of insulation required. Figs. 6 and 7 may be used for the determination of thickness of any material of known conductivity which should be used to prevent sweating on pipes and flat metallic surfaces. The curves in Fig. 7 have been calculated on the basis of using an insulating material which has a thermal conductivity of 0.3 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahrenheit per inch of thickness. The surface resistance used is based on results obtained on canvas covered surfaces. However, it has been found that the resistance for asphaltic and roofing surfaces is Table 3. Areas of Flanged Fittings, Square Feet Nokinil Pipb Sice I. D. Fianqxd Coupling 90 Deo. Ell Long Radius Ell Teb Cross Standard Extra Heavy Standard xtra Heavy Standard Extra Heavy Standard Extra Heavy Standard Extea Heavy r iw i H" 2" m* 3" : 4* 5" 6* 1" 8ff 9" 10" 12' 14" 0. D. is* r>. r>. 16' 6- D. 0.320 0.383 0.477 0.672 0.841 0.945 1.122 1.344 1.474 1 622 1 82 2 17 2.41 3.00 3 43 4 41 5.39 6.18 6.69 0.438 0.510 0.727 0.848 1.107 1.484 1.644 1.914 2.04 2.18 2.78 3.46 3.77 4.44 5.20 6.71 8.30 9.52 10.05 0.795 0.957 1.174 1.65 2.09 2.38 2.98 3.53 3.95 4.44 5.13 6.17 6.98 8.71 10.18 13.08 16.38 18.50 20.17 1.015 1.098 1.332 2.01 2.57 3.49 3.96 4.64 5.02 5.47 6.99 8.62 9.76 11.44 13.58 17.73 22131 25.28 27.18 0.892 1.084 1.337 1.84 2.32 2.68 3.28 3.96 4.43 5.00 5.99 7.38 8,56 10.57 12.35 16.35 20.17 22.92 25.41 1.083 1.340 1.874 2.16 2.76 3.74 4.28 4.99 5.46 6.02 7.76 9.73 11.09 13.17 15.60 18.76 25:70 29.34 31.73 1.235 1.481 1.815 2.54 3.21 3.66 4.48 5.41 6.07 6.81 7.84 9.37 10.55 13.18 15.41 19.67 24.81 27.91 30.32 1.575 1.925 2.68 3.09 4.05 5.33 6.04 7.07 7.72 8.52 10.64 12.33 14.74 17.23 20.41 26.65 33.63 38.04 40.94 1.622 1.943 2.38 3.32 4.19 4.77 5.83 7.03 7.87 8.82 10.08 12.00 13.44 16.78 19.58 24.87 31.48 35.48 38.34 2.07 2.5^ 3.54 4.06 5.17 6.95 7.89 9.24 10.07 10.97 13.75 16.83 18.97 22.10 26.26 34.11 43.15 48.79 52.35 409 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Fig. 3. Heat Loss through 1 in. thick. Covering Fig. 4. Heat Loss through 410 in. thick Covering Chapter 24--Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces practically the same as for canvas surfaces so that the curves given may be followed with no alteration on account of the surfaces commonly.used. (See discussion of surface transfer of heat in Chapter 2, page 18). To determine the thickness of insulation necessary to prevent sweating for coverings having conductivity values differing from the value of 0.3 used in computing the curves, increase or decrease the values taken from Table 4. Values of k Corresponding to Commonly Used Coverings k Peb Cent Variation prom k = 0.3 0.246 0.27 0.36 0.27 0.30 0.35 -18% -10% +20% -10% 0% +17% Table 5. Pipe-Covering Factors Ttpb op Coterinq Tbhpzhatues Ditterbhcb, Pipe to Am, Deq. Fahr. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 85% Magnesia............................................ 1.234 Laminated Asbestos Type. Approx. 20 laminations per inch------------------- 1.515 Laminated Asbestos Type. Approx. 30 to 40 laminations per inch___ :..... 1.022 High Temperature..................................... 1.438 Felted Brown Asbestos Fibre__._,,......... 1.665 Rock Wool...... .................. ;........................ 1.058 Corrugated Asbestos, 8 plies per inch 1.349 Corrugated Asbestos, 4 plies per inch 1.520 1.184 1.474 1.019 1.358 1.577 1.045 1.340 1.550 1.148 1.441 1.016 1.292 1.505 1.035 1.333 1.580 l.in 1.409 1.013 1.233 1.436 1.022 1.323 1.605 1.082 1.383 1.010 1.190 1.387 1.020 1.051 1.360 1.007 1.147 1.340 1.014 1.025 1.345 1.005 1.109 1.300 1.010 ____ -- Table 6. Thicknesses of Insulation Ordinarily Used Steam Pressures (Lb. Gacb) Steam Temperatures (Dkg. Fahk.) Thickness op Insulation Pipe larger Pipes Pipes than 4 in. 2 in. to 4 in. Hinto lHin. 0 to 25 25 to 100 100 to 200 Higher Pressure or Superheat Higher Pressure or Superheat 212 to 267 267 to 338 338 to 388 388 to 500 500 to 600 1 ' in. 1)4 in. 2 in. 2)4 in. 3 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1)4 in. 2 in. 2)^ in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1)4 in. 2 in. Example:' Determine the heat flow in'B.t.u. per hour per square foot of pipe-surface through a magnesia covering 1 in. thick on a 4 in. pipe. Solution: The temperature of the pipe is 270 deg. fahr. and the room temperature, 70 deg. fahr. The loss through a covering 1 in. thick-on a 4 in. pipe at 200 deg. tem perature difference from Fig- 5 = 0.395; the factor for magnesia at 200 deg. temperature difference from Table ,1} = 1.184; then the heat loss through the magnesia covering = 0.395 X 1.184 X 200 = 93.5 B.t.u. per square foot of pipe surface per hour. 411 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 the curves by the percentages indicated in the last column of Table 4. These percentages will give values approximately correct. In Fie 7- /* = temperature of air on warm side of insulation. S' -- temperature,o( the medium on cold side ol insulation. Chapter 24--Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces 10 16 cry o s'12 iio d < S8 cV > fe-6 D 41 |4 C4>E 4't ftp per CF 70 per Cen t_ 80 + 90 Per Cer t - ~9S Per Cer f . Fig. 6. 40 Air Temperature, Deg Fahr. Temperature Difference between Air and Dew Points at Different Thickness, Inches Fig. 5. Heat Loss through 2 in. thick Covering EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON SURFACE LOSSES The rate of heat loss from a surface maintained at constant temperature is greatly increased by air circulation over the surface. Fig, 8 is based on Langmuir's equations (Trans. Am. Electro-Chem. Sac., Vol. 23). Other investigators have shown even greater increases in rates of heat loss from bare surfaces due to air velocity. In the case of well-insulated surfaces the increases in losses due to air velocity are very small as compared with increases shown above for bare surfaces, because of the fact that air flowing over the surface of the . insulation can increase only the rate of heat transfer from surface to air, 412 Thickness, Inches 1-in Pipe 3-iri. Pipe - .Temperature Difference 10-in. Pipe Deg. Fahr. Flat Surface Fig. 7. Thickness of Insulation to Prevent Sweating 413 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 and cannot change the internal resistance to heat flow inherent in the insulation itself. The maximum increase in loss due to air velocity ranges from about 30 per cent in the case of 1 in. thick insulation, to about 24Chapter --Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces Fig. 8. (L. B. McMillan. Iron and Steel Engineer, July 1986.) Heat Losses from Surfaces Exposed to Various Air Velocities 10 per cent in the case of 3 in. thick insulation, provided that.the insula tion is thoroughly sealed so that air can flow only over the surface. If the conditions are such that the air may circulate through cracks and Crevices in the insulation, the increases may be far greater than those given above. Therefore, it is essential that insulation be sealed as tightly as possible. ' Pipe insulation out-of-doors should be provided with a weather-proof jacket, and other outdoor insulation should be thoroughly weather-proofed. 414 415 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ECONOMIC THICKNESS OF PIPE INSULATION Table 6 shows the thicknesses of insulation which ordinarily are used for various temperature conditions. Where a thorough analysis of economic thickness is desired, this may be accomplished through the use of the chart, Fig. 9. ' The dotted line on the chart illustrates its use in solving a typical example. In order to use the chart, start at the lower left hand corner and proceed to the right to a point representing the given number of hours of operation per year; then proceed vertically to the line repre senting the given value of heat; thence horizontally, to the right, to the line representing the given temperature difference; thence vertically to the line representing the conductivity of the given material; thence hori zontally, to the left, to the line representing the given discount on that material; thence vertically to the curve representing.the required per cent return on the investment; thence horizontally, to the left, to the curve representing the given pipe size; thence vertically to the scale at the top of the sheet where the economical thickness may be read off directly. The . dotted line on the chart illustrates its use in solving a typical example. It is impossible to determine accurately the economic thickness of insulation to use for an underground installation owing to the many variables which are present such as depth of line, conductivity of ground, moisture conditions, etc. However, it is considered good practice to insulate underground lines with approximately }/% in. less thickness of insulation than for above ground installations under similar operating conditions. It is necessary to keep the insulation absolutely dry if the efficiency is to be maintained, therefore, precautions should be taken thoroughly to weather-proof the insulation and to provide a drainage system for the water which may get into the conduit. HEAT LOSSES FROM BARE FITTINGS Very often, even where pipes are thoroughly insulated, flanges and fittings are left bare due to the belief that the losses from these parts are not large. However, the fact that a pair of 10 in. standard flanges having an area of 3.43 sq. ft. would lose, at 100 lb. steam pressure, an amount of heat equivalent to more than a ton of coal per year shows the necessity for insulating such surfaces. Table 3 shows the areas of both standard : and extra heavy flanged fittings including the accompanying flanges bolted to the fittings. 416 CHAPTER 25 DISTRICT HEATING Typical Service Connections; Control Devices; Underground Distribution Systems; Expansion and Contraction; Conduits and Tunnels; Insulation; Steam Requirements for Different Types of Buildings. AGREAT deal of the information in this section will apply not only to the public utilities generally classed as district heating systems, but also to those institutional groups supplied from a central source, and perhaps better classified as central heating systems. SERVICE CONNECTION METHODS The practice of two companies in connecting the customer's premises with the street system are shown in accompanying sketches. Figs. 1 and 2 show the methods employed by a Boston utility for cooling condensate of customer's steam systems before discharging the condensate to the meter. Similar requirements hold where customers purchase steam by flow meter. In the latter case, however, the company does not insist that the customer meet the requirements completely, as any loss in metering is borne by the customer. A vacuum or condensation return pump may be attached to these systems. Fig. 3 shows a typical installation for service from , the system of a New York utility. The practice followed by utilities in other localities may be found in the Handbook or the Proceedings of the National District Heating Association. CONTROL OF STEAM SUPPLY Because radiation for a building must provide for maximum load con ditions, variable weather in many localities brings the problem of variable steam demand from the various heating elements in the building. This condition may be controlled by hand method or by any one of the systems of automatic heat control described in Chapter 17. Another form of regulation, known as the time-limit control, is sometimes employed for regulating the steam supply from the central station main to the building. Such a control provides an intermittent supply of steam to the radiation either throughout the 24 hours of the day or during the daytime hours only. The setting of a switch may provide no service, continuous service, or periodic service. For the latter, by means of several intermittent set tings, steam will be supplied during each, period in increments of a certain number-of minutes for each successive setting of the switch, steam being shut off during the balance of the period. These settings 417 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 418 F 'C . 1. S t e a m Se r v ic e a n d M e t e r C o n n e c t io n s w .t h .C o o l in g R a d ia t o r Chapter 25--District Heating afford from 15 to 80 per cent of that maximum heating effect, required on days of zero temperature. A night switch with a variety of settings, may be adjusted so as to maintain throughout the night the intermittent supply called for by the day switch setting, or may be set to interrupt the operation of the day switch and entirely cut off the supply of steam to the radiation at night during certain hours which are selected by the operating engineer. A morning service switch may operate independently of the day and night switches to supply full steam service to the radiation during the early morning hours, 6.00 a.m. to 9.00 A.M., or afford an excess heat supply when desired by the operator. Still another form of control regulates the pressure in the mains leaving the boiler plants to correspond with the changes in local factors. In general practice, the size of a pipe line is fixed so that steam can be delivered to the system at full rated boiler pressure. With a maximum load, the pressure drop in the line will be such that a fixed pressure can be held at a distant point due to definite requirements of the customer. This maximum load is generally fixed by future requirements that may not be reached for years; also the daily and hourly load may vary ma terially, or the pressure requirements fixing the design may vary at certain periods. Rather than carry full boiler pressure on the system with its corresponding line loss under varying loads, considerable saving can be made by installing one or more pressure-reducing valves in the boiler plant for holding the pressure at a point to correspond with the actual load requirements. In institutional heating these pressure-reducing valves make it possible to reduce the night pressure materially, thereby making a decided saving in coal. Where the load requirements vary considerably, a bank of reducing valves is often installed in multiple, so that the valve in use will be working very close to its rating. At the present time, the tendency is to distribute at as high a Steam pressure as possible, without unduly increasing the cost of the line con struction. With standard weight pipe and welded joints, there is no reason why the line should not carry at least 200 lb. pressure at maximum load. With these higher pressures the lines can be kept small, decreasing the investment cost and corresponding line losses. The reduction in pressure at the boiler plant, together with a consider able drop in the line, will produce a superheating of the steam so that the superheating will balance the line loss and this will make very little, if any, trap drip discharge, thereby eliminating water hammer. Too strong emphasis cannot be placed on the idea of having the distributing lines the right size rather than excessive. The pipe line can be designed for any grade, but all low points should be drained through traps, discharging to the sewer- or to return lines. PIPE LINE EXPANSION In laying out a pipe line the expansion should be actually determined for each run, and adequate provision shouldJje made for it. Two methods are in use for taking care of expansion, (1) by some form of expansion joint, and (2) by some form of offset or bend. 419 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 420, F ig . 2 ; S t e a m S e r v ic e a n d M e t e r C o n n e c t io n s w it h a t e r P r e h e a t e r^ I . Chapter 25--District Heating B Table 1 shows the expansion in 100 ft. of pipe at various temperatures. | The expansion of any length of pipe is determined by. taking the difference Table 1. Expansion of Pipe in Inches per 100 Ft. Temperatube Deg. Fahr. 0 10 20 30 40 so 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 . Wrought Iron or Steel 0.00 0.08 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.76 1.15 1.57 1.99 2.47 2.94 3.46 Cast Iron 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.36 , 0.72 1.10 1.50 1.90 2.35 2.80 3.30 Copper and Brass 0.00 0.13 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.57 1.14 1.75 2.38 3.02 3.74 4.45 5.24 Table 2. Length of Expansion Offsets and Bends for Proper Expansion of Pipe Total Expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. 8 Feet op Pxfb and Offset ob U-Bbnd fob different Diameters op Pipe 2' 3* 4' s* 6' 8' 10* 12* 14' 16* u 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 30 15 18 21 23 26 29 32 35 38 42 18 22 26 29 32 36 40 43 48 52 21 26 30 34 37 42 47 so 56 58 24 30 34 38 41 47 53 57 63 65 27 33 37 41 45 52 58 63 69 71 30 36 40 44 48 56 62 .68 74 _ 32 39 43 47 52 60 66 72 -- This column shows the total expansion the offset will take care of without a cold strain. . In general these amounts can be increased 40 per cent which increase can be taken up in cold strain of the pipe on being made up. . The length of pipe in the expansion piece should be the same whether in the form of a single right-angle offset or double offset or U-Bend. The lengths of arms figured for 12.000 lb. per square inch tension for wrought iron pipe. If steel pipe is used this is good for 16,000 lb. per inch so that the arm will take care of M more expansion. in expansion at minimum and maximum temperatures and dividing by 100 to arrive at the expansion per foot, then multiplying by the number of feet of pipe for which expansion is to be figured. In the installation of transmission lines it is frequently the practice to figure on an installation temperature of 70 deg. fahr. and to com pensate for about 40 per cent of the total expansion by means of a cold strain put in the line at the time of installation. This allows foronly 60 per cent of all expansion to be taken care of by expansion joints, offsets or bends. Table 2 gives the length of pipe that should be made up to provide for the expansion'.--In general the arms should be made up with pipe bends which can be welded into one continuous length. 421 Chapter 25--District Heating Table 3. Capacity of Returns for Underground Distribution Systems in Pounds of Condensate per Hour Sizes ' Ik. i 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 - Pitch or Pipe fzb 100 Ft. 6' 448 1740 2700 4980 13900 30900 54800 90000 190000 344000 555000 1' 998 2490 4190 7380 22500. . 44800 79800 138000 277000 498000 798000 V 1890 3990 . 5740 10700 30900 64800 120000 187000 404000 724000 1148000 3' 2240 4880 7480 13900 37400 79700 144800 237000 508000 900000 1499000 5' 3490 6480 9480 16900 50400 105000 195000 312000 660000 1190000 1990000 Size of pipe should be increased if same carries any steam. 10' 5490 9480 14500 24900 74800 154000 294000 449000 938000 _______ -- 20' 7490 13500 20900 36900 105000 229000 418000 ...____ ......... , _____ -- Table 4. Steam Requirements of Buildings from Outside Mains in Pounds of Steam per Hour . So. Ft. RaDIA- tioh 0 200 400 500 750 1000 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 20000 25000 30000 40000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000 175000 200000 61.8 123.6 154.5 232 309 774 1545 2320 3090 3865 4640 6180 7740 9290 12380 15450 23200 30900 38650 46400 54200 61800 Steam Pbessube or Skbticb Main Lb. Gage 10 20 61.2 122.5 153 230 306 765 1530 2300 3060 3820 4590 6120 7650 9180 12250 15300 22800 30600 38300 45900 53600 61200 60.8 121.6 152 228 304 760 1520 2280 3040 ' 3800 4560 6080 7600 9120 12160 15200 22800 30400 38000 45600 53200 60800 60 59.8 119.6 149.5 224 299 747 1495 2240 2990 3740 4480 5980 7470 8970 11960 14950 22400 29900 37400 44800 52300 59800 100 59.4 118.8 148.4 223 297 743 1485 2230 2970 3720 4460 5940 7430 8910 11880 14850 22300 29700 37200 44600 52000 59400 140 59.2 118.4 148 222 296 740 1480 2220 2960 3700 4440 5920 7400 8890 11840 14800 22200 29600 37000 44400 51800 59200 180 200 59.0 118.0 147.5 221 295 737 1475 2210 2950 3690 4420 5900 7375 8850 11800 14740 22100 29500 36900 44250 51600 59000 58.8 118.0 147 220 294 735 1470 2200 2940 3680 4410 5880 7350 8830 11780 14700 22000 29400 36800 44100 51400 58900 Each square foot of radiation transmits 250 B.Lu. per hour. ' Table for steam entering buildings at stated pressures then reduced to required amount and condensed in radiator to water at 212 deg. fahr. 0 pressure. The above table also allows 20 per cent for piping loss in the building. The offset lengths which are required for expansion in the case of wrought iron pipe may also be used for brass pipes, using in each case the actual amount of expansion in the piping. 422 423 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 CAPACITY OF RETURNS WITH VARIOUS GRADES In general return lines when installed follow the contour of the land, and Table 3 gives sizes of return pipes for various grades. It is evident that at points where the grade is great, smaller pipes can be installed. Table 4 gives the number of pounds of steam condensed to water for various steam pressures which can be used in determining the size of steam main or return line. CAPACITY OF SUPPLY MAINS Table 5 gives the capacity of various sizes of pipes under various steam pressures, based on a velocity of 10,000 ft. per minute. The pipe loss will not vary under other velocities. For other velocities, at the same pressure drop, the capacity may be determined by dividing by 10,000 and multiplying by the actual velocity. Present practice in the design of underground lines is towards higher velocities, and 10,000 ft. per minute may be. considered as a minimum. Velocities as high as 35,000 ft. per minute are becoming quite common. As an example, at a velocity of 35,000 ft. per minute, the capacities would be three and one-half times the values given in the table. In assuming the higher velocities, the corresponding pressure drop should be checked. As already stated, with a maximum load, the pressure drop in a line will be such that a fixed pressure can be held at a distant point to meet definite requirements of a customer. For this reason, the practice has been quite well established among district heating companies for using pressure drop as the determining factor for fixing pipe sizes in order to give proper service at the end of any line. Following this practice velocities ranging from 25,000 to 50,000 ft. per minute are in use. The formula generally accepted for the flow of steam in pipes is that using Babcock's constant of K -- 0.0027. Table 6, derived from this formula, is taken from Steam, and gives the amount of steam passing per minute that will flow through straight smooth pipes having a length of 240 diameters, for various initial pressures with 1 lb. difference between the initial and final pressures. To apply this table for other lengths of pipe and pressure losses than those assumed, let L = the length and d the diameter of the pipe, both in inches; l the loss in pounds; Q the weight under the conditions assumed , in the table; and Qi the weight for the changed conditions. ' For any length of pipe, if the weight of steam passing is the same as given in the table, the loss will be: If the pipe length is the same as assumed in the table, but the loss is different, the quantity of steam passing per minute will be: Q,=QlH For any assumed pipe length and loss of pressure, the weight will be: 424 Chapter 25--District Heating Table 5 1AB ` Pipe Sizes for Underground Supply Mains Based on a Velocity of 10,000 Ft. per Minute. --------------------------------- Gage Pbessdbe Lb. pEb Minute Total B.t.u. asovb 200 Deg. Fahb. peb Hb. Pipe Loss B.t.u. peb Houb, peb Ft. Length Bare (10% of Bare) Lb. Steak Condensed peb Hour tee Ft. Length o 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 I 2.23 3.65 4.98 7.68 10.3 12.8 15.3 18.1 20.6 23.0 26.0 28.5 o 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 8.70 14.2 19.4 29.8 40.0 49.7 59.8 70.5 80.4 89.6 101.0 111.0 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 19.2 31.3 42.8 65.5 87.5 108 130 154 174 194 220 240 33.0 54.0 73.8 113 153 189 227 268 305 340 384 420 1 in. Pipe 131,100 217,200 298,200 461,400 627,000 780,000 936,000 1,110,000 1,272,000 1,416,000 1,608,000 1,764,000 2 in. Pipe 512,400 846,000 1,158,000 1,794,000 2,436,000 3,030,000 3,660,000 4,338,000 4,950,000 5,520,000 6,240,000 6,888,000 S in. Pipe 1,129,200 1,860,000 2,562,000 3,588,000 5,280,000 6,588,000 7,980,000 9,420,000 10,740,000 11,940,000 13,560,000 14,880,000 _______ U in. Pipe 1.944.000 3.210.000 4.422.000 6.840.000 9.300.000 11.520.000 13.920.000 16.440.000 18.780.000 21,000,000 23.760.000 25.440.000 116 143 168 206 236 260 284 304 322 337 355 373 209 258 306 372 426 471 513 548 582 608 641 674 309 380 451 549 628 694 756 809 857 897 945 993 397 489 . 579 705 806 891 971 1039 1101 11521214 1275 425 11.6 14.3 16.8 20.6 23.6 26.0 28.4 30.4 32.2 33.7 35.5 37.3 20.9 25.8 30.6 37.2 42.6 47.1 51.3 54.8 58.2 60.8 64.1 67.4 30.9 38 45 55 63 69 76 81 86 90 94 99 39.7 48.9 57.9 70.5 80.6 - 89.1 97.1 103.9 110.1 115.2 121.4 127.5 0.0119 0.015 0.0179 0.0224 0.0262 0.0292 0.0322 0.0349 0.0374 0.0395 0.0420 0.0445 0.0216 0.0270 0.0327 0.0406 0.0472 0.0529 0.0582 0.0631 0.0675 0.0714 0.0760 0.0804 0.0319 0.0399 0.0480 0.0600 0.0693 0.0775 0.0864 0.0931 0 0999 0.1058 0.1110 0.1180 0.0404 0.0514 0.0617 0.0769 0.0895 0.1000 O.HO 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.144 0.152 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 5. Pipe Sizes for Underground Supply Mains Based on a Velocity of 10,000 Ft. per Minute--(Continued) ' GiOl FBC86UBI Lb. Steak per Minute 0 . 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 - 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 74.6 122 167 256 345 427 514 606 690 770 870 950 134 218 298 458 617 765 917 1080 1230 1375 1550 1700 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 18u 200 211 . 345 474 730 983 1210 1455 1670 1960 2180 2470 2700 . 297 485 664 1020 1372 1700 2040 2410 2750 3060 3460 3800 Total B.t.u. above 200 Deo. Fahr. pbb Hr. Pipe Loss B.t.u. m Hour, per Ft. Length Bare Covered 00% of Bare) Lb. Steam Condensed per Hour PER Ft. Length 6 in. Pipe 4,504,000 7,260,000 10,020,000 15,360,000 20,880,000 26,040,000 31,440,000 37,260,000 42,480,000 47,400,000 53,700,000 58,800,000 8 in. Pipe 7,980,000 12,960,000 17,940,000 27,540,000 37,560,000 46,680,000 56,160,000 66,480,000 75,300,000 84,600,000 95,400,000 105,600,000 585 719 852 1037 1186 1311 1428 1528 1620 1694 1785 1872 760.7 936.7 1109.5 1351 1543 1707 1859 1988 2107 2207 2325 2443 58.5 71.9 85.2 104 119 131 143 153 162 169 178 187 . 0.0604 0.0755 0.0918 0.1135 0.1320 0 1470 0.1630 6.1760 0.1880 0.1980 0.2110' 0.2230 76.1 93.7 110.9 135.1 154.3 170.7 185.9 198.8 210.7 220.7 232.5 244.3 0.0785 0.0985 0.118 0.147 0.171 0 101 0 212 0.229 0 244 0.258 0 273 0.291 * 10 in. Pipe 12,420,000 19,520,000 28,380,000 43,860,000 59,760,000 73,800,000 89,100,000 102,600,000 120,600,000 134,400,000 152,400,000 166,800,000 949 1170 1384 1685 1927 2132 2322 2486 2635 2755 2903 3051 12 in. Pipe 17,460,000 28,860,000 39,900,000 62,100,000 83,400,000 103,800,000 124,800,000 148,200,000 169,200,000 182,400,000 213,600,000 235,200,000 1125 1387 1641 1999 2240 2529 2753 2945 3121 3266 3440 3616 426 94.9 117.0 138.4 168.5 192.7 213.2 232.2 48.6 263.5 275.5 290.3 305.1 112.5 138.7 164.1 199.9 224.0 252.9 275.3 294.5 312.1 326.6 344.0 361.6 0.0Q78 0.1230 0.1480 0.1840 0.2130 0.2390 0.764 0 286 0.306 0.323 0 343 0.364 0.116 0 146 0.173 0 718 0 248 0.284 0 314 0.340 0 367 0.383 0 406 0.430 Chapter 25--District Heating Example:. Find the weight of steam at 100 lb. initial gage pressure, which will pass through a 6 in. pipe 720 ft. long with a pressure drop of 4 lb. Under the conditions assumed in the table, 287 lb. would flow per minute; hence, Q = 287 and >= 287(?^fsir=234ib- Table 6. Flow of Steam Through Pipes Length of Pipe = 240 Diameters ffl 2 3 ssa H 1.0 IH gS So. Diameter op Pipe in Inches 2.0 2H 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 Density* Weight op Steam per Minute in Pounds with One Pound Loss in Pressure i 1.13 2.04 5.49 9.85 14.8 24.4 10 1.39 2.54 6.82 12.3 18.5 30.3 20 1.63 2.98 8.02 14.4 21.9 35.6 30 1.84 3.37 9.07 16.2 24.5 40.2 40 2.03 3.71 9.95 17.9 26.9 44.2 50 2.19 4.02 10.8 19.4 29.2 47.9 60 2.35 4.30 11.5 20.7 31.2 51:3 70 2.50 4.56 12.3 22.0 33.1 54.4 80 2.63 4.81 12.9 23.2 34.9 57.4 90 2.76 5.05 13.6 24.3 36.6 60.2 100 2.88 5.27 14.2 25.4 38.3 62.8 120 3.10 5.69 15.3 27.4 41.3 67.9 150 3.38 6.26 16.8- 30.2 45.5 74.7 200 3.88 6.96 19.1 34.3 51.5 84.8 250 4.33 7.86 21.1 37.9 57.1 93.7 300 4.68 8.56 23.0 41.2 62.1 102 350 5.03 9.22 24.7 44.5 66.8 110 45.0 74.2 105 55.9 92.3 138 65.7 108 163 74.1 122 183 81.6 135 202 88.3 146 219 93.7 156 234 100 166 248 106 175 262 111 183 275 116 191 287 125 207 310 138 228 341 156 258 387 173 285 428 188 . 310 466 202 334 501 202 329 248 409 295 481 333 542 366 596 397 646 424 691 451 734 475 774 499 812 520 848 562 915 619 1007 703 1144 776 1264 845 1376 908 1478 482 599 705 795 874 948 1014 1075 1135 1192 1243 1342 1477 1677 1855 2019 2168 771 958 1128 1272 1388 1515 1623 1722 1814 1893 1990 2148 2361 2685 2962 3226 3467 1127 1404 1645 1858 2089 2214 2372 2517 2653 2782 2908 3138 3450 3919 4337 4717 5060 0.0385 0.0595 0.0823 0.1047 0.1267 0.1486 0.1703 0.1919 0.2134 0.2347 0.2560 0.2985 0.3616 0.4664 0.5695 0.6748 0.7788 From Marks' and Davis' Tables. HEATING CONDUITS Conduits for steam pipes buried underground should be water-proof, able to withstand earth loads and take care of the expansion and con traction of the piping without strain or stress on the couplings, also without affecting the installation or conduit. Expansion of the piping must be carefully controlled by means of anchors and expansion joints or bends so that the pipes can never come in contact with the conduit. Anchors can be anchor fittings or U-shaped steel straps which partially encircle the pipes and are firmly bolted to a short length of structural steel set in concrete. In laying out conduits of this type the following points should be borne in mind: 1. The conduit should be laid out in successive straight runs between manholes or anchor pits. - ..... 2. An anchor should be placed wherever the line changes direction. 427 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 3. An expansion joint offset or bend should be placed between each two anchors. 4. Manholes should be provided at each expansion joint. Where slip joints are used manholes should be vented. 5. Branches should be taken off at or near an anchor. . 6. If the distance between buildings is 150 ft. or less and the steam line contains high-pressure steam, it may be anchored in the basement of one building and allowed to expand into the basement of the second building. If the steam line contains lowpressure steam (up to 4 lb. pressure), this method may be used if buildings are 250 ft. or less apart. 7. If the distance between buildings is between 150 ft. and 300 ft. and the steam line contains high-pressure steam, the lines should be anchored midway between the buildings and allowed to expand into the basements of both buildings. If the steam line contains low-pressure steam this method may be used if buildings are between 250 ft. and 600 ft. apart. No manhole is required at the anchor, and a blind pit is all that is necessary. 8. For longer lines, manholes must be located according to judgment and depending upon the expansion value of the type of expansion joint or bend that is used. The minimum number of manholes will be required when an expansion bend or an anchor with double expansion joint is placed in each manhole and the pipes are anchored midway between manholes. 9. Stabilizers to maintain alignment of pipes should be placed on each side of each expansion joint or bend. 10. A proper hydrostatic test should be applied to the piping before the top of the conduit is applied and before application of insulation. The pressure used in this test should be greater than the pressure used in service, and should be not less than 100 lb. per square inch in any case. . 11. In most types of conduit construction a drainage system is provided as a part of this construction. However, where the steam lines are laid at or near the level of sewers, or when tidal water is likely to give trouble, a separate drainage system should be installed and connected to a manhole at the lowest point and equipped with suitable pumping apparatus. The styles and construction of conduits commonly used may be clas sified as follows:1 Filler Type: The pipes are supported on expansion rollers properly supported from the conduit or independent masonry base. The pipes are protected by a split-tile con duit, and the entire space between the pipes and the tile is filled with an insulating filler. Thus the pipes are nested and the insulation between them and the tile effectively prevents circulation of air. The conduit is placed on a bed of gravel or crushed rock from 4 to 6 in. thick, which is extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. A tile underdrain is placed beneath the conduit throughout the entire length and is connected to sewers or to some other point of free discharge. Insulated Tile Type: The insulating material is molded to the inside of a split-tile conduit. The pipes are supported on expansion rollers usually. The space between the pipes and the insulating conduit lining may also be filled with an insulating filler. The conduit insulation, piping and earth load are supported by the base drain. A few inches of gravel or crushed rock are placed about the conduit and the base drain. Sectional Insulation Type (Tile Conduit): Each pipe is insulated in the usual way with 'any desired type of sectional pipe insulation over which is placed a standard water-proof jacket with cemented joints. The pipes are enclosed in a split-tile conduit which is placed on a bed of crushed rock or gravel from 4 to 6 in. thick. This gravel bed is extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. Under drains are sometimes omitted where this type is used; any water which seeps into the conduit being allowed to flow down the bottom of the conduit to the nearest manhole. Drains are laid from the floor of each manhole to some point of free discharge. The pipes are supported on roller frames and these, according to the type of conduit used, are either supported by the conduit itself or have their lower parts set in concrete, thus supporting the pipes independent of the conduit. JFor further data on pipe insulation, see Chapter'24. 428 Chapter 25--District Heating Sectional Insulation Type (Tile or Concrete Trench): A typeof construction frequently used in city streets, where service connections are required at frequent intervals, the pipes are insulated as described in the preceding paragraph, and are enclosed in a box or trench made either entirely of concrete, or with concrete bottom and specially con structed tile sides and tops. The pipes are supported on roller frames secured in the concrete. Sectional. Insulation Type (Bituminized Fibre Conduit):. Each pipe is individually, insulated and encased in a bituminized fibre conduit. The insulating material is 85 per cent carbonate of magnesia sectional pipe covering, applied in the usual manner as on overhead pipes, except that bands are omitted. After every fifth"section of magnesia covering there is applied a short, hollow section of very hard asbestos material in the bottom portion of which rests a grooved-iron plate carrying ball-bearings upon which the pipe rides when expanding or contracting. This short expansion section is of the same outside diameter as the adjacent 85 per cent magnesia covering. Over the pipe covering and expansion device there are placed two layers of bituminized fibre conduit with all joints staggered and the surface of each conduit, finished with liquid cement. Conduits are placed on a bed of crushed rock or gravel, approximately 6 in. deep, and this is extended upward to about the center line of the conduit when trench is backfilled. Underdrains leading to points of free discharge are placed in the gravel or crushed rock beds. PIPE TUNNELS Where steam heating lines are installed in tunnels large enough to provide walking space, the pipes are supported by means of hangers or roller frames on brackets or frame racks at the side or sides of the tunnel. The pipes are insulated with sectional pipe insulation over which is placed a sewed on painted canvas jacket or a jacket of asphalt saturated asbestos water-proofing felt. The tunnel itself is usually built of concrete and water-proofed on the Outside with membrane water-proofing. Tile drains are installed at each side or in the center below the level of the tunnel floor to prevent the building up of static water pressure on the outside of the construction. . On account of their relatively high first cost as compared with smaller conduits, walking tunnels are sometimes not installed where provision for the heating lines is the only consideration, but only where required to accommodate miscellaneous other services, such as for underground passage between buildings. STEAM USED PER SQUARE FOOT OF RADIATION PER SEASON The following factors are used in New York City for the different classes of buildings listed. The factors are based on maintaining for certain hours 70 deg. inside temperature with a minimum of 0 deg. outside and an average of 43 deg. for the heating season, eight months, October 1 to June 1. In this group are six types of buildings: For manufacturing or commercial loft type, where steam is used to heat the premises during the day hours to maintain 65 to 68 deg. from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. No Sunday or holiday use and no night use. Factor: 325 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. For office buildings using steam during daylight hours only to maintain 70 deg. from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. for approximately 240 days (heating season). No night use. Factor: 400 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. For office buildings using steam during day hours and at night when required to 7, 8 and 9 p.m. (customary where there are stock brokers or banking offices), 204 days. Factor: 500 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. --. For residences ol the block type (not detached) where high-class heating service is required somewhat similar to apartment buildings. Factor: 550 lb. per square ^oot of radiation per season. 429 , i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 For apartment houses where high-class heating service is required. (Steam off at mid night). Factor: 650 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. For hotels (commercial type) where very high-class service is required; 24-hour service. Factor: 800 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. By assuming 1 sq. ft. of direct low-pressure steam radiation equivalent or required for each 100 cu. ft. of space Heated, which seems a fair ratio in New York City, it is possible roughly to estimate the steam required per cubic foot of space, information which is often more easily obtained than the square feet of radiation. Considerable additional data on the heating requirements of various types of buildings in a number of cities may be found in the section on Utilization in the Handbook of the National District Heating Association. 430 CHAPTER 26 SELECTION OF FANS AND MOTIVE POWER Fan Characteristics; Selection of Fans; Motive Power; Drives; Noise. IN order properly to select fans, it is necessary to know the requirements of the ventilating system and the characteristics of the various types of fans available. The items of system'requirements may include: 1. Cubic feet of air to be moved per minute. 2. The static resistance of the system. 3. The type of motive power available. 4. The nature of the load such as variable air quantities or pressures. The.items of fan characteristics to be considered may comprise: 1. Efficiency. 2. Noise. 3. First cost. 4. Space required. . 5. Type of fan best suited to service required. . " In order to facilitate the choice of apparatus, fan tables usually show the following factors for each size fan operating against a wide range of static pressures: 1. Volume of air in cubic feet per minute (68 deg. fahr.-50 per cent relative humidity --0.07488 lb. per cubic foot). 2. Outlet velocity. . 3. Revolutions per minute. 4. Brake horsepower. 5. Tip or peripheral speed. 6. Static pressure. . The most efficient operating point of the fan is usually shown by either bold or italicized figures in the capacity tables. . Fans may be grouped into two general classes: ... 1. Disc and propeller fans, which produce motion of the air by the thrust effect of inclined blades. . 2. Centrifugal fans or blowers, which produce air movement by the centrifugal force generated in a rotating column of air. '- Centrifugal fans or blowers usually are housed, though certain types operate well without housing. These fans or-blowers may be classified further, according-to the type of wheel as follows: 1. Paddle wheel or steel plate type with radial blades. 431 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 2. Multiblade wheel with forward curved blades. 3. Multiblade wheel with radial blades. 4. Multiblade wheel with partially backward curved blades. 5. High speed fans with fully backward curved blades in the wheels. CHARACTERISTIC CURVES Characteristic curves are shown in Figs. 1 to 5, illustrating the per formance of each type fan. Reference is made to the Standard Test Code for Disc, Propeller and Centrifugal Fans and Blowers, as adopted Chapter 26--Selection of Fans and Motive Power . Characteristics The curves (Fig. 1) show the rapid reduction in capacity and increase in power as the resistance increases. The low efficiency when over coming heavy resistance is due to the low speed of the blades near the hub as compared to the relatively high-peripheral or tip speed. The air driven by the blade area near the rim can pass back through the lesseffective blade area at the hub more easily than it can overcome the duct resistance. The power required for fans of this type at increased speed, increases as the cube of the speed. Drive ' Disc and propeller fans lend themselves to direct connected motive power, as the speeds of sizes commonly used are high enough for standard by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association of Fan Manufacturers. Capacity tables usually list capacities between the dotted vertical range lines. All curves are for constant speed. The contour of performance curves will vary with different makes and designs, but all fans of a similar type have the same general characteristics. ' Application DISC AND PROPELLER FANS '. ' Fans of this type are best adapted for free air delivery, or for operation against slight resistances. Disc fans when properly designed have a satis factory efficiency at low resistance, being equal in this respect to good centrifugal fans or blowers. Under these conditions they excell in low cost and economy of operation. They are particularly desirable for use in the types of unit heaters which have low-resistance heating elements and for moving large volumes of air with little or no duct work. Although these fans can operate against considerable resistance, the power increases rapidly and the noise often becomes objectionable, so that they do not always compare favorably with centrifugal fans for such service. 432 Fig. 2. Characteristics of Paddle Wheel Fans electric motor speeds. In specifying direct connected electric motors it must be remembered that motors may be subject to dust, corrosive fumes, or high temperature gases. Enclosed and special cooled motors are avail able for this service. The fan wheel usually is suspended on the motor shaft. Horizontal fans (for vertical running), require motors of vertical type fitted with special bearings to take the thrust load. . Large size disc and propeller type fans usually are arranged for belt, multiple rope, or chain drive on account of the low shaft speed. Application CENTRIFUGAL FANS AND BLOWERS ` With centrifugal fans and blowers, when the resistance is increased (at constant speed) the power and capacity decreases. The efficient operating range covers a considerable latitude of capacities and occurs when the static pressures produced are highest, making, the centrifugal type fan preferred in any system having considerable resistance to overcome. The fan should be selected at or near the point of maximum: efficiency. 433 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 . Selecting a fan beyond this point results in higher capacity, high outlet velocity, lower efficiency and a tendency to create noise. Characteristics The paddle wheel type fan practically is obsolete for ventilation. Its use largely is confined to such applications as conveyors for material, or for gases containing foreign material, fumes and vapors. The open construction and the few large flat blades of these wheels render them resistant to corrosion and prevent material from collecting on the blades. Fig. 2 shows that over the entire useful range the static pressure and total pressure decreases as the capacity increases. The power curve is prac- _L --1-- A m *> Curve 'S& u f^l & 1 i 1 1 ,12E i tf < >X -- L/ Aw 1 1 1 *** 1 ~r 1 -r- 1 i / 5=^ JL f 1 1 1 1 JC/Tj .CHn* ATt*m *20 CVfi WCf T'V' i --f-- 1 --1-- i __i__t Fig. 3. Characteristics of Forward Curve Multiblade Fans tically a straight diagonal line increasing from no-delivery to full open delivery. A larger size fan is required for a given capacity in comparison with multiblade fans. The forward curved multiblade fan is the type most commonly uSed in heating and ventilating work, as it has a low peripheral speed, a large capacity and is quiet in operation. The point of maximum efficiency for this fan occurs near the point of maximum static pressure. The static pressure drops consistently from the point of maximum efficiency to full open operation. Fig. 3 shows that this type of fan will have a high and low delivery for a given static pressure at constant speed. The power curve rises continually from low to peak capacity, but if reasonable care is exercised in figuring resistance there is no danger of overloading the motor. . The partial backward curve multiblade type offan lends itself particularly to direct drive through a considerable range of sizes; as this fan must be driven approximately 75 per cent faster than the forward curve multi blade fan for the same results. Fig. 4 shows a continually dropping contour as the quantity of air delivered increases. The power curve gradually increases showing a tendency to flatten at maximum delivery, 434 Chapter 26--Selection of Fans and Motive Power reducing the probability of motor overloads if the actual resistance is less than calculated. As with the paddle wheel fan the air delivery at a given speed is more constant with varying resistance than with the for ward curved multiblade type. Multiblade fans with radial blades have performance characteristics resembling the partial backward curve multi blade fan, the outstanding difference being in the speed, as the radial type operates at approximately 80 per cent of the speed of the partial backward curve type for equal results. FULL BACKWARD CURVE MULTIBLADE FANS The outstanding characteristics of the full backward curve multiblade type fan are the steep pressure curves, the non-overloading power curve. Fig. 4. Characteristics of Partial Backward Curve Multiblade Fans and the high speed. This fan operates at a peripheral speed of approxi mately 250 per cent of the forward curve multiblade type for like results. The pressure curves begin to drop at very low capacity and continue to fall rapidly to full outlet opening. This makes the fan adaptable to parallel operation for such application as stoker installations. The steep pressure curves tend to produce constant capacity under changing pres sures. Where wide fluctuations occur, the use of this type of fan is desirable to prevent overloading of motors. The maximum power require ment occurs at about the maximum efficiency. Consequently a motor selected to carry the load at this point will be of sufficient capacity. to drive the fan over its full range of capacities at a given speed. The high speed of this type makes it adaptable for direct connected electric motor drives. The high speed necessitates heavier construction, and more operating attention and service is required than for the other type multi blade fans. The dimensional bulk for a given duty is 150 to 200 per cent that of a forward curve multiblade type fan. 435 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 SELECTION OF FANS FOR VENTILATION Two important factors in selecting fans for ventilating systems are: efficiency (which affects the cost of operation) and noise. First cost and space available are secondary, The fans should be selected to operate at maximum efficiency without noise. Noise in a ventilating system is irritating and a cause for complaint. Fans must be selected of proper size in order to reduce it to a minimum. Noise may be caused by other factors than the fan, namely, high velocity .in the duct work, unsatisfac tory location of the fan room, improper construction of floors and walls and poor installation. Where noise is chargeable directly to the fan, it is caused either by excessive peripheral speeds, or the fan is of insufficient size. A noisy fan usually is one which is operated at a point considerably beyond maximum efficiency. . Fig. 5. Characteristics of Fully Backward Curved Multiblade Fans For a given static pressure there is a corresponding outlet velocity and peripheral speed wherein maximum efficiency is obtained. If a fan be selected to operate at this point, the cost of operation and the noise can be held within control. To aid in selecting fans as near as possible to the point of maximum efficiency, there are listed for each static pressure, corresponding' outlet velocities and tip speeds which will give satisfactory results. The proper tip speed for a given static pressure varies with design of wheel and number of blades or vanes in wheel. Lower outlet velocities than listed in Table 1 may be used, but care must be exercised to avoid selecting a fan for operation below its useful range. " In exhaust ventilating systems where the air column moves toward the fan, noise due to the higher tip speeds and outlet velocities, will not be so readily transmitted back through the air column-to the building. 436 Chapter 26--Selection of Fans and Motive Power Therefore, higher outlet velocities, up to as much as 2,000 ft. per minute may be used, but this will be at the expense of increased power. Amply large fans should always be used for both exhaust and supply systems, as there may be and usually is leakage despite the most careful workmanship, necessitating the delivery of more air at the fans than is exhausted from or supplied through the openings in the various rooms. Long runs of distributing ducts, heaters, air washers, etc., usually are parts of any ventilating system where high static pressures are needed. Under such conditions it is practicable to select fans with higher outlet velocities and peripheral speeds since the duct system itself will tend to muffle objectionable air sounds. Fans with low outlet velocities should be used regardless of the static pressure, if connected with short ducts to register faces, on account of noise. Table 1. . Good Operating Velocities and Tip Speeds for Forward Curved Multiblade Ventilating Fans - Static Pressure In Inches op Water M V% Vi Vs % Vi 1 1H IV 1% 2 2Y 2M 3 Outlet Velocity Feet per Minute 1000-1100 1000-1100 1000-1200 1100-1300 1200-1400 1300-1600 1500-1800 1600-1900 - 1800-2100 1900-2200 2000-2400 2200-2600 2300-2600 2500-2800 . Tip Speed Feet per Minute 1520i-1700 1760-1900 1970-2150 2225-2450 2480-2700 2660-2910 2820-3120 3162-3450 3480-3810 3760-4205 4000-4500 4250-4740 4475--4970 4900-5365 FANS FOR DRYING Both disc and centrifugal types of fans are used for drying work. Disc fans are well adapted to the removal of moisture-laden air when operating against low resistance and when handling air at low temperatures. Motors on these fans usually are of the fully-enclosed moisture-proof types so that saturated air or air containing foreign material will not injure the motors.. . Unit heaters employing disc or propeller type fans are widely used in the drying field. In drying, disc or propeller fans may be used where not too much duct work is required and where air is to be delivered against pressure, since the noise developed from the high peripheral speed of these fans is not ordinarily objectionable in process work of this nature. Centrifugal fans or blowers of the multiblade type generally are selected to supply air for drying, as they are capable of delivering large volumes against all pressures with a minimum amount of power. Belt driven fans usually are to be preferred to direct-connected fans as they make a more flexible and economical unit. Wherever drying is 437 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 done throughout the year and where air requirements change as the drying conditions change, the drying can be speeded up or reduced through control of the fan capacity. This may be done by changing the fan speed or by varying the outlet area with dampers. Due to the low speeds of forward curved multiblade or paddle wheel type fans, these can be direct-connected to reciprocating steam engines and the exhaust steam may be used in the heating apparatus. In selecting engine driven fans for drying processes, where a large quantity of exhaust steam is used in the heaters, a smaller fan and greater power consumption may be used, because power economy is not essential under this condition. Where static pressure in a dryer varies, and where battery operation is required, the full backward curved fan is recommended. This type is well adapted for direct-connected motors of the higher speeds. FANS FOR DUST COLLECTING AND~ CONVEYING The application- of fans or exhausters for handling refuse, dust, fumes, etc., generated by machine equipment is covered in Chapter 31. Infor mation is given regarding the methods for determining air quantities, velocity required for carrying various materials and method of deter mining maintained resistance or total static pressure at which the fan is to operate. The selection of a proper size fan or exhauster is at times governed by the future requirements of the plant. In many instances, additional future capacity is anticipated and should be provided for. Having determined the necessary volume of air and the maintained resistance or static pressure required, the proper size fan may be selected from the fan manufacturers' performance charts or capacity tables. If the fan is to be pulley-driven, its selection is a simple matter. The fan chosen would be the size that will provide the required ultimate quantities with the minimum power consumption. MOTIVE POWER Motive power for fans should be determined in accordance with the Standard Code of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 29, 1923; p. 442. It is no easy matter to predetermine the exact resistance to be encoun tered by a fan, or having determined this, resistance, to insure that no changes in construction or operation shall ensue which may increase air resistance, thus requiring more fan speed and power to deliver the required volume, or which may reduce air resistance, thus causing delivery of more air and a consequent increase of power even at constant speed. It is recommended, therefore, for centrifugal type fans that the rated power to be supplied shall exceed the rated fan power by a liberal margin, depending on the type of blade, of from 10 per cent minimum, to about 25 per cent maximum. . Justification for liberal power provision exists also in the possibility of varying demand due to changes in ventilation requirements, intensity of occupation, weather conditions, etc. 438 Chapter 26--Selection op Fans and Motive Power CONTROL Some method of volume control of fans usually is desirable. This may be done by varying the peripheral velocity, or by interposing resistance, as by throttling-dampers. Both methods, since they reduce the volume of air, reduce the power required. In many installations adjustments of volume are desirable during varying hours of the day. In others an increased supply of air in summer over that needed for winter is demanded. Experience is required in deciding whether speed- control or damper-control shall be used for specific cases. Where noise is a factor, it may be exceedingly desirable to reduce the speed at times, while on the other hand, any fan which has its normal speed reduced as much as 50 per cent without change in resistance will move only 50 per cent of the air. ' ELECTRIC MOTORS , Electric power is almost the universal solution for fan operation, as electric motor speeds are flexible for adapting to direct-connected fans. Electric motors are readily suited to various types of drives, such as belts, chains or gears. Each type of electric motor and kind of electric current has its advan tages and disadvantages as applied to a fan application. Direct-connected electric motors usually are very efficient for fan driving because there is no slippage due to belts, and no wear or noise due to chains or gears. There is less maintenance and upkeep to a direct- connected unit, and with an overhung fan wheel on the motor shaft, the usual fan bearings are eliminated. The disadvantage of a slow-speed direct-connected motor is that it may be unduly large and heavy as well as costly, but this may be offset by the compactness of the unit as a whole due to limited space for fan equipment. , Should anything go wrong with a slow-speed direct-connected motor there may be a considerable delay in securing replacements, as these motors are not usually carried in stock, as is the case with moderately high-speed motors. If a change of speed is found necessary with a direct-connected motor, it will mean a change of motor, which may necessitate a change in the motor foundation usually built with the fan in such cases. On the other hand, non-direct-connected motors have transmissions subject to wear and slippage, and chains or gears may be noisy with this latter type. However, should a change in speed be necessary where the motor is not direct-connected, changes in speed ratio can easily be accomplished by changing pulleys, sprockets or gears on either the fan or the motor. In the case of a motor breakdown a standard stock motor may easily be substituted. . A type of drive using wedge-shaped rope-like belts, often in multiple, has become very popular recently as it enables the use of high-speed motors with slow speed fans. These motors are less expensive and more efficient, and further allow very short belt1 centers, saving floor space, thus making the-fan unit and the motor much more compact than the usual belt drive. The compactness secured by this equipment compares 439 .American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 favorably with a direct connected layout. This type of drive is also very quiet in operation, being similar to a conventional belt drive in this respect. Alternating current motor designs are such that improved operating characteristics are obtained with the higher motor speeds. Efficiencies and power factors are improved over those in effect with slower speed motors, thus showing a considerable saving in power consumption, where some effective speed reducing transmission device to the fan, is installed. Quietness of operation is more readily obtained with moderately high speed induction motors than with low speed motors, as any slight magnetic unbalance is not as easily heard. Magnetic unbalancing at times causes noises whose repetition and wave length is such as to cause vibrations and harmonics. Amplifications of the noises in other parts of a building remote from the motor equipment are sometimes found, due to such noises being carried by the steel work, ducts, or piping in the building. There is considerable evidence that these sounds are more easily con trolled with higher motor speeds than with lower motor speeds. Motors which are practically quiet in operation and free from magnetic disturbing noises can be obtained and should always be specified for quietness of operation when used for fan installations in buildings where quietness is a factor. Even though quiet operating motors may be secured, the fan and motor foundations should be insulated from the building structure and the duct system should have a suitable connection made by canvas or other non- metallic substance so as to prevent direct metallic contact between the fan and the building. ' In the construction of fan and motor foundations where the machinery is mounted on the floor or upon a concrete platform, it is a usual practice to install a layer of cork on top of which is laid or floated the base which carries the apparatus. It is essential that the bolts or lag screws which fasten the machines, to this foundation shall not extend through to the floor. It is wise to fasten curbs to the floor, these presenting insulated surfaces to the machinery foundation and so preventing it from traveling. Kinds of Electric Motors Direct current electric motors are extremely satisfactory for fan drives on account of quietness in operation and flexibility in the selection of speeds. Regulation in speed below as well as above the normal operating range may readily be secured by means of either manual or automatic controllers. Single phase constant speed motors are satisfactory and available. Single phase adjustable speed motors (repulsion type) in small sizes are avail able, but are satisfactory only when the load is constant. The repulsion single phase motor has an inherent characteristic of being subject to change of speed with a change in load. It should not, therefore, be used in driving centrifugal housed fans where there is any restriction in the fan intake or discharge lines, such as a damper. Shutting off the air intake or air outlet from a centrifugal housed fan relieves the motor of most of the load and, with a repulsion single phase motor, the speed attained because of this light load would be objectionable from a noise . 440 Chapter 26--Selection of Fans and Motive Power . standpoint and might do some damage to the fan wheel itself. With a disc or propeller type of fan, the repulsion motor is quite satisfactory because if the air outlet is closed, the load on the motor is still maintained. Single phase motors require special starting devices which are often noisy and troublesome as compared with the more simple devices avail able for use with direct current or polyphase motors. A single phase motor known as the condensor type, has been developed recently which is very quiet in operation, requiring no starting devices in the motor. The motor is similar to a polyphase motor, being without brushes or starting devices. A condenser in-series with one of its windings is used to secure the starting torque. This type of motor has a low starting torque well adapted to direct-connected fans, and can be secured in high speeds as well as in low speeds. Polyphase motors generally are satisfactory for driving fans and are made for constant speed, known as squirrel cage type and for variable speed, known as slip ring type. Both types are available for quiet operation, making them suitable for direct connection for moderately slow speeds. They are not as adaptable to exceedingly slow speeds as are direct current motors on account of low power factor and low effi ciency at these speeds. For slow speed fans, a belt drive of some efficient type is desirable so as to permit use of the higer speed polyphase motor, the design of which has a high efficiency and a more satisfactory power factor. A new polyphase motor known as the high reactance, self-starting squirrel cage type has become quite popular for fan applications. It does not require any cumbersome manually-operated starting com pensator in sizes up to 30 hp. It may be thrown directly across the line in starting. These motors are designed to give about 100 per cent starting torque, which makes them very suitable for fans; and the instantaneous current demand does not exceed the limits set by the National Electric Light Association. By the use of a magnetic contactor, this type of motor may be installed for remote control and the cost with the controller is less than that of the standard squirrel cage motor, with a manually-operated compensator. There are available also variable speed polyphase slip ring type induction motors, suitable for reduction in speed from the normal operating speed to 50 per cent below normal. It is seldom necessary to reduce the speed of a ventilating fan more than 50 per cent from the maximum fan speed. Control for Electric Motors Very small direct current motors may be started by throwing them directly on the line through a suitable starting switch. The larger sizes require some type of starting rheostat. When speed adjustment is desired, the controller for adjusting the speeds of the motor usually functions also as a starting device. Alternating current motors of 5 hp. and under, usually may be thrown directly on the line. It is good practice to use a starting switch equipped with a thermal overload or inverse time limit overload device. This.type 441 American. Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 . of switch provides protection to the motor beyond the power of fuses to supply. Fuses when used necessarily must be large enough to take care of the inrush current which makes them inadequate for protecting the motor under operating conditions. The thermal overload device allows for this inrush and does'not function until an overload has become persistent, the time element depending upon the percentage of overload over the rating of the element. This type of switch is available for manual operation and also is fur nished in the magnetic type for remote operation by push-button, or for operation by other types of pilots such as pressure switches and ther mostats. ' On the standard squirrel cage motors above 5 hp. a starting compen sator usually is employed to keep the inrush current to within the limits specified by the local power companies. Compensators may be obtained in transformer type and primary resistor type, and usually are furnished for manual operation. They can be secured for remote control also, but are necessarily expensive. However, the new type of high reactance, self-starting motors, may usually be thrown across the line up to 30 hp. in size, and still have their inrush current within the limits of the rules of National Electric Light Association. With this type of motor a magnetic contactor usually is used. This device may be operated from a remote point by push-button, if desired. These magnetic contactors are furnished usually with thermal overload and no-voltage protection. . For remote operation of motors through magnetic starters, the operat ing buttons may be located in the engineer's or manager's office, and tell-tale indicating lamps may be wired up with the circuit to indicate whether or not the unit is in operation. This type of control is very desirable in large buildings where the engineer is to have complete charge of the ventilating system. Remote or automatic control of the units may be effected also by pneumatic or hydraulic apparatus, or by thermostats or by pressure devices which are provided with electric contacts for starting or stopping. the units upon reaching certain conditions. ' . Variable speed slip ring motors and direct current motors may also be arranged for remote speed control by means of pre-set automatic regulators, where the operating speed of the motor is set by a dial-switch or regulator (which may be near the fan or at a remote point) and the motor is then automatically controlled at this speed merely by operating the remote control push-button for starting or stopping the equipment. . Arrangements may be made for remote control of fan motors, or for., automatic control by influence of temperature. Remote control may be by pneumatic or by hydraulic manipulation as well as by electrical means. In many large ventilating systems which have heating plants in con nection, steam engines are used to operate fans. A medium speed steam engine, exhausting at low pressure into the radiators which heat the building or which warm the air, is a very economical source of power, is quiet in operation, and has a wide range of speed variation. The steam economy of such an engine usually is of little importance, since the engine serves as an auxiliary to the pressure-reducing valve interposed in such cases between the boiler and the radiators. 442 Chapter .26--Selection of Fans and' Motive''Power Internal combustion engines and line shafting are often used for fan driving, requiring clutches or shift-belts with loose pulleys in order to secure proper starting and control. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS Single inlet, single width fans should be selected wherever possible. If double width, double inlet fans are selected, care must be taken that both inlets have the same free area. If one inlet is obstructed more than the other, the fan will not operate properly, as one half of the wheel will deliver more air than the other half. Where duct connections are made on double width fans, static pressure on both inlets must be carefully balanced; otherwise, the fans may be over or under capacity. Inlet connections on double width fans necessitate the driving arrangement on the outside with extended shafts and out board pedestals. It is not considered good practice to drive the belt through duct connections. In selecting the discharge and rotation of the fan, the design of the duct should be continuous with the fan scroll. DESIGNATION OF FANS' This method of designation will apply to all centrifugal fans, single or double width, and single or double inlet. Do not use the word "hand," but specify clockwise or 1 ` counter-clockwise. '' Facing the driving side of the fan, blower or blast wheel, if the proper direction of rotation is clockwise, the fan, blower or blast wheel will be designated ^ as, clockwise. If the proper direction of rotation is counter-clockwise, the designation will be counter clockwise. (The driving side of a single inlet fan is considered to be the side opposite the inlet regardless of the actual location of the drive). The discharge of a fan will be determined by the direction of the line of air discharge and its relation to the fan shaft, as follows: . Bottom Horizontal: - If the line of air discharge is horizontal and below the shaft. Top Horizontal: If the line of air discharge is horizontal and above the shaft. Up Blast: If the line of air discharge is vertically up. Down Blast: If the line of air discharge is vertically down. . All intermediate discharges will be indicated as angular discharge as follows: Either top or bottom angular up discharge or top or bottom angular down discharge, the smallest angle made by the line of air discharge with the horizontal being specified. ARRANGEMENT OF DRIVE For the convenience of fan users, and to prevent misunderstandings which cause delays and losses, the following suggestions are made for such arrangements of drive which are most often used. Reference to the various arrangements will be understood as referring to Fig. 6. Arr. 1.. For Belt Drive. . Single fan. Wheel overhung. Includes housing, wheel, shaft, two bearings, pedestal and pulley. Arr. 2. For Belt Drive. Single.fan. Pulley overhung. Includes housing, wheel; shaft, two bearings and pulley. 'Recommendations adopted by the National Association of Fan Manufacturers. 443 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Arr. S. For Direct Connection. Single fan. Includes housing, wheel and base. Wheel is overhung on engine or motor shaft. Arr. 4. For Direct Connection. Single fan. Includes housing, wheel, shaft, one bearing on drive side of fan, flanged coupling and base. Arr. 5. For Direct Connection. Single fan. Includes housing, wheel, shaft, two bearings, flanged coupling and base. Arr. 6. For Direct Connection. - Single fan. Includes housing, wheel, shaft, two bearings,, flexible coupling and base. Arr. 2 1 1 Arr. 3 H -vfTKr 1 Arr. 5 Fig. 6. Arrangement of Fan Drive Arr. 6 Arrangement 1. Fan,is of the overhung wheel type with the two bearings mounted on one side and the driving pulley in between. Arrangement 1 is preferred where the fan exhausts from shafts making the inlet bearing inaccessible. It is also used for high temperatures and other conditions where it would be impossible to locate the bearing in the fan inlet.' '. Arrangement % is furnished with a bearing on each side with the wheel silpported in the center. This fan is arranged for driving with belt, which permits the use of high speed efficient electric motors which can be purchased at a low initial cost. Arrangement 3 can be purchased at a lower initial cost than any other type shown. Arrangement S. Fan is used for practically all direct-connected work. The fan motor is mounted directly on the motor shaft, the motor being mounted on a pedestal built integral with the fan housing, both motor bearings being easily accessible. Arrangements 4, 5 and 6 are used in larger fans where the fan wheel is of such weight as to not permit it being suspended on an extended motor shaft. 444 CHAPTER 27 AIR DUCTS Design and Installation of Air Ducts; Friction Losses; Insulation of Ducts. THE proper functioning of any system requiring the transmission of air or dust is dependent to a large extent on the correct design of the ducts. . FUNDAMENTALS OF DUCT DESIGN The sizes of ducts and flues for gravity or mechanical circulation of air are based on the losses due to friction, and these losses must be kept within the available pressure difference. This pressure difference in mechanical ventilation is that derived from the fan, while in gravity ventilation the aspirating effect due to the temperature and height of the column of heated air causes the pressure difference. The general rules to be followed in the design of a duct system are: 1. The air should be conveyed as directly as possible at reasonable velocities to obtain the result desired with greatest economy of power, material, and space. 2. Sharp elbows and bends are to be avoided. 3. All ducts or flues shall have sides as nearly equal in size as possible. (In no case shall the ratio between long and short sides be greater than 10 to 1.) The ducts for a school, theater or other public building, where freedom from noise and elimination of drafts is essential and where branch ducts serve individual rooms, present more difficult problems in design than are involved in proportioning ducts intended for heating a factory,'where a main duct of decreasing dimensions extends lengthwise of the building and gives a uniform distribution of air. For public buildings air velocities must be kept low, the range being from .900 to 1,200 ft. per minute while in industrial buildings velocities may range from 1,500 to 2,000 ft. per minute or even more. . The higher velocities reduce the cost of the ducts but, of course, increase the cost of power for driving the fans. The standard velocities of air for public buildings are as follows: 1. Through the outside air intakes 1,000 ft. per minute. 2. Through connections to and from heater 1,000 to 1,200 ft. per minute. 3. Through the main discharge duct from 900 to 1,200 ft. per minute. . 4; In branch ducts 600 to 1,000 and vertical flues 400 to 800 ft. per minute. 5. In registers or grilles 200 to 400 ft. per minute depending upon the size and iocation. 6. If diffusers of proper design are used, 25 per cent higher air velocities may be permitted. It is customary in proportioning ducts for heating and ventilating work to follow either of two methods: 445 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Pressures and Corresponding Velocities of Dry Air at 70 Deg. and 29.92 In.' Barometer Inches or Watsh 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.43 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.30 1.50 1.73 1.75 2.00 2.17 2.25 2.50 2.60 2.75 3.00 3.03 3.25 3.47 3.50 3.75 3.90 4.00 4.25 4.34 4.50 4.75 Ounces per Sq. In. 0.0289 0.577 0.1154 0.1443 0.1730 0.2308 0.2500 0.2884 0.3460 0.4037 0.4326 0.4614 0.5000 0.5190 0.5768 0.7209 0.7500 0.8650 1.0000 1.0092 1.1535 1.2500 1.2975 1.4418 1.5000 1.5860 1.7300 1.7500 1.8740 2.0000 2.0185 2.1630 2.2500 2.3070 2.4510 2.5000 2.5950 2.7395 Velocity Ft. pee Min. 896 1266 1791 2003 2193 2533 2637 2832 3102 3351 3468 3582 3729 3800 4005 4478 4566 4905 5273 5298 5664 5895 6007 6332 6457 6641 6937 6976 7220 7457 7492 7756 7910 8010 8256 8337 8496 8729 Inches of Water 4.77 5.00 5.20 5.50 6.00 6.07 6.50 6.94 7.00 7.50 7.80 8.00 8.67 9.00 9.54 10.00 10.40 11.00 11.27 12.00 12.14 13.00 13.87 14.00 15.00 15.61 16.00 17.00 17.34 18.00 19.00 19.07 20.00 20.81 22.54 24.28 26.01 27.74 Ounces pee Sq. In. 2.750 2.884 3.000 3.172 3.460 3.500 3.749 4.000 4.037 4.326 4.500 4.614 5.000 5.190 5.500 5.768 6.000 6.344 6.500 6.921 7.000 7.497 8.000 8.074 8.650 9.000 9.227 9.805 10.000 10.380 . 10.960 11-000 11.535 12.000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000 Velocity Ft. pee Mm. 8745 8943 9134 9392 9810 9864 10210 10545 10595 10968 11187 11328 11792 12015 12367 12665 12915 13282 13445 13875 13950 14440 14913 14985 15510 15820 16020 16513 16675 16990 17456 17488 17910 18265 19012 19730 20420 21090 Table 2. Velocities of Dry Air at Various Pressures and Temperatures and 29.92 In. Barometer Pressure Inches 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 Ounces 0.1443 0.2884 0.4326 0.5768 0.7209 0.8650 1.0092 1.1535 1.2975 50 1965 2778 3402 3929 4393 4812 5197 5556 .5892 60* 1986 2808 3439 3971 4440 4864 5254 5616 5956 70 2003 2832 3468 4005 4478 4905 5298 5664 6007 100 2059 2911 3565 4117 4602 5042 5446 5822 6174 150 2149 3038 3720 4296 4804 5262 5683 6076 6443 300 2399 3391 4153 4796 5362 5874 6344 6783 7193 500 2696 3812 4668 5390 6027 6607 7131 7624 8085 650 40Q^ 6^70 7W 76^ ftioq 8690 446 Chapter 27--Air Ducts 1. Arbitrarily select sizes from assumed velocities, depending upon velocity of air at fan outlet. 2. Determine the velocity which will give an assumed resistance within fan capacity at noiseless operating speed. By decreasing the velocity in main duct as air is delivered through branch outlets: (1) more uniform air delivery through outlets is accom plished, (2) friction in smaller pipes is reduced, (3) portion of velocity head is converted into static pressure. FRICTION LOSSES The two greatest losses in duct systems are the dynamic losses and the friction losses. The former are chiefly caused by changes in direction or in velocity of air flow and are expressed as pressure in inches of water gage--. See Tables 1 and 2. ' . The loss of head caused by friction, which is numerically equal to the pressure required to maintain a given velocity, may be most easily expressed by the modification of the Fanning formula, when, dealing with round pipe and standard air (70 deg. fahr. -- 29.92 in. Barometer). When dealing with rectangular ducts and standard air, where ... h = loss of head in inches of water. V -- velocity of air in feet per minute. L = length of pipe. ) O = diameter of pipe. All in feet or inches, o = one side of rectangular duct. [ b -- other side of rectangular duct. ) z -- coefficient of friction which varies from about 0.01 to 0.03. E = length of pipe in diameters tor one head loss. (2) It will simplify calculations to consider that the values of z and E vary only with the nature of the pipe surface. Thus, E may be taken as about 60 for smooth pipe, such as used in planing mill exhaust systems; E = 50 for ordinary galvanized iron heating and ventilating ducts; and E = 45 for smooth and 40 for rough conduits of tile, brick or concrete. The values of z and E not only vary with the roughness of the inside surface of the pipe, but also with the diameter and velocity. The coeffi cient of friction z decreases with both increase of diameter and velocity. It also varies directly with the air density and approximately inversely as the absolute temperature. . Fig. 1 will be found very convenient for determining the friction for, a given air capacity in various size ducts at corresponding velocities. The coefficient of friction has been corrected for the various diameters and capacities, based on the rule that the coefficient of friction varies inversely as the -2/7 power of the diameter, and inversely as the 1/7 power of the capacity. This chart is based on a loss of one velocity head 447 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 448 Chapter 27--Air Ducts (at a velocity of 2,000 ft. per minute) in a length equal to 50 diameters of 24-in. galvanized swedged pipe. As an example of the use of the chart: Assume that it is desired to pass 10,000 cu. ft. of air per minute through 75 ft. of 24-in. diameter pipe. Find 10,000 cu. ft. of air per minute on the right scale and move hori zontally left to the diagonal line marked 24 in. The other intersecting diagonal shows that the velocity in the pipe is 3,200 ft. per minute. Directly below the intersection it is found that the friction per 100 ft. is 0.59 in., then for 75 ft. it will be 0.75 X 0.59 = 0.44 in. In a like manner any two variables may be determined by the intersection of the lines representing the other two variables. ' Other losses of pressure are at the entrance to the duct, through heater, air washer, etc. In ordinary practice it is usual to keep the sum of the piping losses Yi to 3^ and the loss through heater at less than one half of the static pressure. The remainder is then available for producing velocity. In the design of an ideal duct system, all factors should be taken into consideration and the air velocities proportioned so that the resistance will be practically equal in all ducts regardless of length. . Friction in Elbows i Experience has shown that with an elbow of radius R = I-J^j D, fairly good results may be obtained. The loss with such an elbow will be about 17 per cent of a velocity head for round ducts and about 8 per cent of a velocity head for square ducts. It has been found of little or no advantage in making an elbow of a radius greater than two diameters. If, however, a smaller radius than \x/i D be used, the losses increase rapidly. For instance, the loss for an elbow of R = ID will be as high as 17.5 per c#nt of a velocity head for square ducts and 25.5 per cent for round ducts. For ordinary calculations one easy long radius elbow (R = 1 % D) in. a circular pipe may be considered as equal in friction loss to 10 diameters of straight pipe. Proportioning the Size for Friction , By means of Figs. 2 and 3 the diameter of branch pipes necessary to carry a given percentage of the total air in the main pipe with the same friction per foot of the length may be determined. For example: Suppose a 60-in. main pipe is to be used, and it is desired to know the size of branch pipe required to carry 50 per cent of the total' li air in the main. Find 50 per cent at the left of the chart, move right to the 60-in. diagonal line and note directly above at the top of the chart, that the branch pipe will be a 45.5-in. diameter. . Where rectangular ducts are used it is frequently desirable to know the equivalent diameter of round pipe to carry the same capacity and have the same friction per foot of length. Table 3 gives directly the circular i, equivalent of rectangular ducts for equal friction and capacity. ii To obtain the size of rectangular pipes for different capacities but of the same friction per foot of length, first obtain the equivalent round pipe for equal friction.- Thus, if a branch of sufficient size to carry 30 per cent of a 12 x 36-in. pipe is desired, it is found from Table 3 that 449 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 o. 00 I-- to to Per Cent. Capacity 450 D iam eter o f B ranch Pipe F ig . 2.. M a in a n d B r a n c h P ip e s fo r E q u a l F r ic t io n p e r F o o t o f L e n g t h D ia m e te r o f B ra n ch Pipe F ig . 3. M a in a n d B r a n c h P ip e s fo r E q u a l F r ic t io n per F o o t o f L e n g t h Chapter 27--Air Ducts 451 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 the main is equivalent to a 22.2-in. diameter round pipe. From Fig. 3, 30 per cent of this is a pipe 13.5 in. in diameter, and referring again to Table 3, the rectangular equivalent branch is a 12 x 13-in., 10 x 15-in. or any other desirable combination. Exhaust Systems In the design of piping for an exhaust system where-no dampers are provided, it is considered good practice to make the area of the main pipe approximately 20 per cent greater than the sum of the areas of the branch pipes at that point. This. method gives greater uniformity of distribution than where the increase in area is not made. INSTALLATION OF AIR DUCTS The following suggestions will be found helpful in the installation of air ducts: 1. For heating and ventilating work, ducts 6x6 in. represent a minimum size. In any place where other considerations do not outweigh, round pipe for small flues is recommended. . 2. Abrupt turns or sharp bends should never be made. Elbows should have a throat radius equal to the depth of the duct. 3. Transformations and offsets should not be made abruptly. Angles greater than . 45 deg. should be avoided. In any case, care should be taken not to restrict the true cross-sectional area. 4. Tees or branches from main ducts should make curved connections. Accessible and operative volume dampers should be used. Adjustable dampers should be provided with a means of indicating from the outside, the true position of the damper. 5. Access doors to ducts should be hinged and tightly fastened. Fire dampers in supply and vent ducts should be % in. steel plate, held by a fusible link for release at 160 deg. fahr. S ' 6. Air intake should be screened with 1 in. mesh or less, at least No. 10 wire galvanized. 7. Final exit for exhaust discharges should be protected from the weather and pointed away from prevailing wind where possible. .- 8. Underground ducts should be water-proofed, provided with means of access for . inspection and cleaning; also a drain connection trapped to sewer. 9. The use of varied metals and special finishes for different conditions encountered is of prime importance. The present day metal market affords wide range of choice, and a study of requirements for the individual application should be made. 10. Wherever water is present or condensation is likely to occur, galvanized iron sheets should be used. 11. When service encountered is severe and the material used may be subjected to rapid deterioration, either from abrasion or excessive corrosion, heavier gages of materials than ordinarily used are recommended. 12. In exposed work the same method of formation should be used throughout. All visible work should present a neat and workmanlike appearance. 13. The following table gives recommended gages of galvanized iron or steel sheets used for ducts, both rectangular and round: Round Ducts Diameter, In. 6 in. to 19 in. 20 in. to 29 in. 30 in. to 39 in. 40 in. to 49 in. 50 in. and above Gage U. S. Standard No. 26 gage No. 24 gage No. 22 gage No. 20 gage No. 18 gage Rectangular Ducts Width, In. 4 in. to 18 in. 19 in. to 30 in. 31 in.' to 60 in. 61 in. to 118 in. 120 in. and above . . 452 T a b l e 3. C ir c u la r E q u iv a le n t s of R e c ta n g u la r D ucts fo r E q u a l F r ic tio n 2 0 , 22 24 Chapter 27--Air Ducts "* to N to to to to oooo -- CM CM CO CO CO to to eM * IOONN oo co O to to to to . 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ONOOOl NCNMN-*N' oOOeMt* CM to CO CO *0 00 CM to CO M M M'OOOO to CM ^ OO O CM VO 453 T a b l e 3. C ir c u l a r E q u iv a l e n t s o f R e c t a n g u l a r D u c ts f o r E q u a l F r ic t io n -- (C ontinued) American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 1 5 2 .8 5 4 .0 1 5 5 .0 5 6 .0 1 | 57.0 5 8 .0 5 8 .9 5 9 .7 6 0 .6 6 1 .6 6 2 .6 6 3 .5 6 4 .5 s 3' 3, 3 3 8 - eg to <0 w> tO to N 0 0 Ol CO CO 9 Q t. V) ^ ^ (O o O N V VI N to oi O M M N) IA <c IV> >0 <A lA V) u>V)'0 0 0 0 sf iA A OO O VA <C A A CM *> AAA M3 A ^0 AAA ^ NA d AAA e> m3 A do* A m3 0 NNA A <A ANO 9. 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M< O CO oMJi. 0 0 AApi Apc 3 5 .2 36.3 3 7 .3 3 8 .4 39.3 4 0 .3 1 41.2 4 2 .2 4 3 .0 i 43.8 44.7 , 45.5 46.2 ' 4 7 .0 47.8 4 8 .4 4 9 .2 5 0 .0 50.7 5 1 .3 5 1 .9 <0 c*_ i A AAA o ft N M N O A ^ *0 SSS SSS 333 333 333 533 SSS "J ^ ^Oo ft n A A * o A Mp *. a A PC ft A M O 2 ' J22 tSS1 d d - cm fd M' "*>' 0 0 0 00 00 oi 0 *0 AAA AAA t> mJi M M1 <P 3*'5**0 *n. ^ ''J W ^ A CM O OO A A CM 00 A MP O t. A O A o< N 2tO 2AAS A12 2A tA **o0 oAi 09 S<P h^i p^ci a^i a mMpp a 0 0 r-i 0*03* 0.S0' omPi M Ol Oi ft Oi Oi N 1 A AO 5 0 Mp 0 CO A n A ' CM M> 8 0 - AA 2 AJ AAA *A 0 cAAA 00 to tooi O O -- CM Mg 0 rd *d mp M Mp 4 A A d pi m*. ^ on Jg. 30.2 31.3 32.3 33.3 34.3 35.3 36.0 36.8 37.7 38.5 39.2 . 40.0 40.8 ' 41.5 ' .42.1 42.9 43.6 44.3 44.9 45.6 46.3 46.9 47.5 N 0 N *> CM ee a j1 " gQ (4 c. 88 8 c- c~ Sft ft -0 n o 3SS ft a 8ft 8 n O p. S?S 0 ~ t-- 333 mp c- 333 WOMM 888 *M O ft ft ft ft OO 0 CM ft ft ft M O CO 8ft ft M < 88 8 M N CO 355 A M p. 333 888 ftS8 833 333 8 ft 8 888 33S 00 333 MOA 33 3 888 454 T a b l e 3. C ir c u la r E q u iv a le n t s o f R e c ta n g u la r D ucts fo r E q u a l F r ic tio n -- (C o n tin u e d ) Chapter 27--Air Ducts 455 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 14. Methods of supporting and bracing rectangular ducts should be used so that sagging and buckling of sheets is entirely prevented. Hangers and angle iron-stiffeners are recommended for ducts over 36 in. wide at intervals of 4 ft. 0 in. 15. For public building work ducts should be thoroughly braced to prevent vibration of sides. . 16. Longitudinal seams and transverse joints should be flat and smooth inside. Slip joints should be in the direction of air flow. INSULATION FOR DUCTS. The overall heat resistance of metallic air . ducts is very small and diminishes as the velocity of the air increases. Therefore, ducts used for carrying heated or cooled air should be insulated, if the maximum of efficiency in the delivery of air at the proper temperature at the outlets is desired. Insulation is particularly important if it is desirous that the tem perature of the spaces through which the ducts pass be not affected by the temperature of the air in the ducts. For moderate temperatures, the flexible and rigid (board) forms of insulation, as well as corkboard, may be used satisfactorily. Generally not less than 1 in. of insulation should be used, and if the flexible type is installed, care should be exercised to avoid decreasing its thickness by compression, as the heat resistance will thereby be greatly reduced. The joints of the insulation should be lapped, broken or sealed. If the flexible insulation is used, the joints should be lapped. If the rigid type of insulation is used, it should preferably be applied in two or more layers with the joints of each layer offset with respect to the preceding one. If corkboard is used and is applied in a single layer, the joints should be sealed. . The insulation may be attached with' metal workers' screws or steel clips, or fastened in place with a spiral winding of copper wire with frequent stitches to prevent loosening in case of a broken wire. Canvas is frequently used to cover the insulation although this material is some times objectionable because of the fire hazard. Copper fly screen is some times used to fasten the insulation and to provide a protecting surface. If the rigid type of insulation is used, the surface may be protected by the application of fireproofing paint directly to the insulation, thus obviating the necessity of any covering. Where the fire hazard is of less importance, any good lead and oil paint may be used and applied directly to the insulation after it has been sized, excepting in the case of flexible insulation. If the insulation is likely to be subjected to damage by traffic or other abuse, it should be properly protected. Heavy roofing is sometimes used for this purpose, and is also used for covering ducts placed out-of-doors. If the duct carries hot gases or hot air, the insulation should be of the character used for steam and hot water-pipes. This type of insulation . usually comes in block form and may be wired to small rods placed about 6 in. apart around the periphery of the duct, parallel to its axis, the rods being held by structural tees or angles placed transverse to the duct, and which have holes in the flanges for engaging the rods. 456 CHAPTER 28 PNEUMATIC EXHAUST SYSTEMS Types of Systems; Air Velocity; Size of Connections; Typical Layout; Design of Hoods; Conveyor Pipes; Fan Selection; Collectors. PNEUMATIC exhaust systems may be classified by the economic purpose to be accomplished by the industries served, or by the type of system used. Classifying exhaust systems by industries served, they fall in sub divisions such as metal working, woodworking, leather and shoe manu facturing, rubber industry, flint grinding, pottery works, pulverizing works, celluloid manufacturing, printing establishments, felt hatting and fur manufacturing, textile mills, grain and cereal industry, etc. TYPES OF SYSTEMS The type of exhaust system to be used is determined by the industry served, kind of material handled, and the work to be accomplished. There are two general arrangements, the central and the group systems. In the central system a single or double fan is located near the center of the shop with a piping system radiating to the various machines to be served. In the group system, which is sometimes employed where the machines to be served are widely scattered, small individual exhaust fans are located at the center of the machine groups. The group arrangement has the advantage of flexibility. Exhaust systems are also classified by the means employed to collect dust or other material handled. The dust or refuse may be collected and controlled by enclosing hoods, open hoods, inward air leakage or by exhausting the general air of the room.. With some classes of machinery it is not feasible to closely hood the machines and in these cases open hoods over or adjacent to the machines are provided to collect as much as possible of the dust and fumes. In this class come such machines as rubber mills, package filling machinery, sand blast, crushers, forges, pickling tanks, melting furnaces, and the unloading points of various types of conveyors. ... The open hoods should be placed as close to the source of dust or fumes as possible, with due regard to the movements of the operator. When the hood has to be placed at some distance above the machine it should be large enough to encompass an area of considerable extent as diffusion is.usually quite rapid. J Consideration niust also be given to the~natural movement of the fumes. For those that are lighter than air the hood should be over or above the machine and where a heavy vapor or dust-laden air at ordinary 457 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 temperature is to be removed, horizontal or floor connections are required. If it is attempted to remove heavy dust such as lead oxides by an over head hood the conditions may be worse than if no exhaust were used at all, owing to the rising air current carrying the dust up through the breathing zones. The principle to keep in mind in all cases is to take advantage of the natural tendency of the material to move upward or downward. . In another class of operation the main object is to prevent the escape of dust into the surrounding atmosphere, the removal of some dust from the machine or enclosure being merely incidental. The dust-creating apparatus is enclosed within a housing which is made as tight as prac ticable, and sufficient suction is applied to the enclosure to maintain aninward air leakage, thus preventing escape of the dust. While the exhaust system is only required to handle the air which leaks in through the crevices and openings in the enclosure, yet in many installations leakages are very high and great care is required to obtain satisfactory results with a system of this kind. The inward-leakage principle is utilized for controlling dust in the operating qf tumbling barrels, grinding, screening, elevating and similar processes. Certain dust and fume producing operations are best carried on by isolating the process in a separate compartment or room and then apply ing general ventilation to this space. The compartment or room in which the work is performed should be as small as is consistent with convenience in handling the work. The ventilating system should be designed so that a strong current of clean air is drawn across the operator, and away . from him toward the work, where the dust is picked up and carried from the room. IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFICIENT SYSTEM It is impracticable to enumerate all of the requirements for an efficient ' exhaust and collecting system; however, among the more important are the following: . 1. Fans, collectors, hoods, and ducts should be of adequate size. 2. Air volume and velocities should be adequate for the work to be accomplished. 3. The exhaust hoods should not interfere with the operation of the machine or with - access to its working parts. - . 4. The system should not increase the fire hazard. 5. The system should not increase the dust explosion hazard. . * 6. Where power is expensive, it should do the required work with a minimum power consumption. ' 7. In cold climates, it should not remove any more air than necessary from the building. 8. Where power is comparatively cheap, first cost should be low, even if the power required to operate is slightly higher. . The first step in designing systems employing hoods to trap the material.. is to determine the number and size of the connections for each individual machine. At this point the designer's past experience is of great value, as, while it is possible to set certain general standards, yet in actual practice the sizes are considerably affected by the local conditions which the lay out man finds in the field, and he bases the pipe sizes and hoods on his judgment, being guided by his experience and the general practice. 458 Chapter 28--Pneumatic Exhaust Systems The size of hoods and connections are determined by the size and type of machines or apparatus to be handled by the exhaust system, by the kind of material worked, by the duty of the machines and by other local conditions. It is impracticable to lay down any general rules for deter mining size connections for the various types of machines and Tables 1 to 3, giving sizes as used in some of the common industries are only intended to serve as a general guide. Under certain favorable conditions smaller connections may be supplied. Open bottom exhaust hoods of the canopy type, where it is impractical to enclose completely the point of origin of the dust or fumes, should extend over the machine or operation at least 12 in. in every direction if the hood is not elevated more than 2 ft. For each additional 2 ft. of elevation, the size of the hood should be increased at least 12 in.- in all directions. It is desirable to make the area of-the connecting pipe not less than one-fifteenth of the total hood area. In systems employing inward air leakages the area of connections must be proportional to total leakage area in the enclosing housing. Tumbling barrels have connections ranging from 4 to 8 in., bucket con veyors 6 to 12 in., and screening machines 6 to 10 in. In general room exhaust, large connections should be provided so that the air may be handled at low velocity and with a minimum power consumption. After having determined on the proportions of the exhaust system as regards hoods and connections it is then necessary to choose the air velocity or suction at the hood connections; suction at the hood con nections being a measure of the air velocity at that point. AIR VELOCITY REQUIRED The air velocity required is dependent upon the specific gravity of the material, the fineness of the particles, and their physical characteristics. Certain materials such as grease wools, silk waste, salt, and other hydro scopic substances are difficult to handle due to the tendency to deposit in the conveyor pipes. . While the velocity in the system should be sufficiently high to insure the removal of the material, it should be kept as low as practicable since any higher velocity requires the use of unnecessary power. With a fixed system or orifice the power increases as the cube of the increase in velocity; or for the same quantity of air and material handled, inversely as the fifth power of the diameter of found ducts. ' Velocities commonly employed are: 2,500 to 3,000 ft. per minute for light dusts, cotton, shavings and sawdust from dry wood, and similar substances. Heavy dusts, wool, shavings and sawdust from wet wood, rags, waste paper and similar materials 3,000 to 4,000 ft. per minute. Lead dust, hog waste, pulp chips, etc., 4,000 to 6,000 ft. per minute. In choosing the pipe sizes consideration must be given to the manner in which the machines will be operated, as in case a considerable number of machines, all discharging into one main, should be shut off at the same time, the velocity in the main might easily be lowered to the point 459 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 where it would not be sufficient to carry the material from the machines still in operation, and thus result in clogging the pipes; Accordingly, it is sometimes desirable to use velocities higher than the minimum to allow a factor of safety to cover this contingency. In some states codes have been issued specifying suctions to be main tained for the more common dusts. A suction standard should always be considered in conjunction with the shape of hood, and size connection, as these factors together determine Table 1. Size of Connections for Wood-Working Machinery Type of Machine Diameter of ' Connections in - Inches Circular Saws, 12-in. diam Circular Saws, 12-24-in. diam................ ........................ . Circular Saws, 24-40-in. diam........................... :.............. Band Saws, Blade under 2 in., wide.... ............................ Band Saws, Blade 2-3 in. wide.______________________ Band Saws, Blade 3-4 in. wide--...................................... Band Saws, Blade 4-5 in. wide--................. .................. .. Band Saws, Blade 5-6 in. wide______________________ _ Small Mortisers..... ........................................ ........................ Single End Tenoncrs........... ................... ..... ...... __.............. Double End Tenoners............... ......................................... Double End, Double Head Tenoners............................. Planers, Matchers, Moulders, Stickers, Jointers, etc. With Knives, 6-10 in....... ............................ ............. With Knives, 10-20 in................. .............................. With Knives, 20-30 in................................................ Shapers, Light Work............................................................ Shapers, Heavy Work............. .......................... ......... ........ Belt Sander, Belt less than 6 in. wide--......................... Belt Sander, Belt 6-10 in. wide........ .............................. Belt Sander, Belt 10-14 in. wide--______________ ____ Drum Sander, 24 in................. ............................;;________ Drum Sander, 30 in,............................................................. Drum Sander, 36 in............................................................. . Drum Sander, 48 in.._....................... .................................. Drum Sander, over 48 in............................--..................... Disc Sander, 24 in. diam................................................... . Disc Sander, 26-36 in. diam............................................. . Disc Sander, 36-48 in. diam.._.......................................... Arm Sander................................................................. ............ 4. 5 6 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 7 10 5-6 6-8 6-10 4-=5 8 5 6 7 5' 6 7 8 10 5 6 7 4 * the volume of air exhausted and its velocity, which in turn are a measure of the effectiveness of the exhaust system. ' The volume of air of standard density taken into the system-at each connection is given by the formula: ~ where Q = 4,000 A / . Q cubic feet of air per minute. A area of connection in square feet. . f orifice or restriction coefficient. static suction measured in inches of water. 460 . (1) ' . - Chapter 28--Pneumatic Exhaust Systems Table 2. Size of Connections for Grinding and Buffing Wheels Diameter of .Wheels Grinding-- 6 in. or less, not over 1 in. thick--...... _____ ______ 7 in. to 9 in., inclusive, not over IV* in. thick....... 10 in. to 16 in., " " " 2 in. " ...... 17 in. to 19 in., " " " 3 in. " ...... 20 in. to 24 in., " " " 4 in. " ...... 25 in. to 30 in., " " " 5 in. . " ___ Buffing-- 6 in. or less, not over 1 in. thick. 7 in. to 12 in., inclusive, not over 1H in. thick___ 13 in. to 16 in., " " " 2 in. " 17 in. to 20 in., " " " 3 in. " ...... 21 in. to 27 in., " " " 4 in. " ...... 27 in. to 33 in., " " " 5 in. a ___ Max. Grinding Surface Sq. In. 19 43 101 180 302 472 19 57 101 189 338 518 Min. Diam. of Branch Pipes in Inches 3 3H 4 4H 5 6 3H 4 4H 5 6 7 The orifice coefficient / is dependent upon the shape and construction of the hood and will range from 60 to 90 per cent. An average value is 70 per cent. '. Knowing the suction at each hood and the diameter of each connection, the volume of air passing up each branch can be. taken from Table 4. The sum of all these volumes gives the total volume to be handled by the exhaust fan. Common practice is to provide a main suction pipe having an area 20 to 25 per cent in excess of the sum of the areas of the branches entering it between the point in question and the dead end of the main. Similarly the discharge pipe leading from the fan outlet to the collector is frequently made the same diameter as the large end of the main suction pipe. The reason for this increase in size is that a considerable power saving results from the lower air velocity. However, there is no technical reason why Table 3. Suction Pressures Required at Hoods for Connections of Usual Proportions -' Static Suction m Inches op Water 461 2 2 2 2-4 2-3 2 2 2 2-4" 2-3 2-3 2 3-5 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 mains should be a certain percentage greater area than the sum of the connections, and still lower power consumption can be obtained by using larger branches and mains of equal area. While the rule of thumb method of determining size of mains works very well in many cases, yet it is always desirable to figure the mains and branches of the proper size to give the velocity which has been found best suited to the work to be done. In certain special cases where explosive or poisonous dusts such as aluminum buffings, grain dust, powdered sugar, or lead dust.are handled, increasing the size of the mains unduly would introduce a serious hazard. Table 4. Cubic Feet of Air Handled Per Minute Through Average Collecting Hoods Based on Coefficient of Orifice of 0.71 with 10 Per Cent Added for Leakage Diameter op Pipe In. 1 Maintained Suction--In. Water Gage IX 2 2M 3 4 5 2 2H 3 3M 4 4H 5 6 7 8 9 10 38 . 68 107 153 209 273 345 427 614 835 1092 1381 1705 47 84 131 188 256 334 423 523 751 1023 1337 1694 2090 54 97 161 217 296 386 488 605 867 1181 1546 1953 2409 61 108 168 243 330 431 546 676 970 1322 1727 2184 2695 67 118 185 266 362 473 598 741 1062 1448 1892 2387 2959 76 136 214 306 418 546 690 854 1228 1670 2184 2762 3410 86 153 238 343 466 609 775 955 1373 1870 2440 3091 3806 The maintained resistance of the exhaust system is composed of three factors: (1) loss through the hoods; (2) collector drop; and (3) friction drop in the pipes. The collector drop in inches of water is given roughly by equation (2) but where possible the resistance of the particular collector to be used should be ascertained from the manufacturer as these resistances differ quite widely. Drop = c( w)' (2) where ' C -- a constant which depends upon the type of collector and ranges from 0.065 to 0.145. V = velocity in feet per minute of air entering the collector. Friction drop in the pipes must be computed for each section where there is a change in area or in velocity. Find the velocities in each section of pipe starting with the branch most remote from the fan. The friction drop for these sections can be determined by reference to Table 5. Total friction loss in the piping system is the friction drop in the most remote branch plus the drop in the various sections of the main, plus the drop in the discharge pipe. . 462 Chapter 28--Pneumatic Exhaust Systems Table 5. Frictional Resistance of Straight Conveyor Pipe To Flow of Air Per 100 Feet of Pipe Vel. of Air per Min. 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 4' 1.92 2.32 2.77 3.26 3.76 4.33 4.93 5.56 6.23 6.95 7.69 8.48 9.26 11.05 13.00 15.25 17.30 Loss of Pressure in Inches for Given Diameter Pipe 5* 1.53 1.85 2.22 2.60 3.01 3.46 3.94 4.45 4.98 5.55 6.15 6.78 7.41 8.85 10.50 12.05 13.85 6' 1.28 1.55 1.84 2.17 2.52 2.88 3.28 3.71 4.15 4.62 5.13 5.65 6.18 7.38 8.66 10.05 11.52 7# 1.09 1.32 1,58 1.86 2.15 2.47 2.82 3.18 3.56 3.97 4.40 4.85 5.30 6.32 7.44 8.61 9.89 8' 0.962 1.16 1.39 1.63 1.89 2.08 2.47 2.78 3.12 3.48 3.85 4.25 4.63 5.55 6.50 7.55 8.66 10' 0.770 0.932 1.01 1.30 1.51 1.73 1.97 2.22 2.49 2.78 3.08 3.49 3.71 4.43 5.21 6.03 6.92 140 16' 18' 20' 22' 24' 2000 2200 2400 . 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 0.550 0.655 0.790 0.930 1.07 1.24 1.41 1.59 1.78 1.99 2.20 2.43 2.66 3.17 3.72 4.32 4.95 0.482 0.582 0.693 0.810 0.932 1.08 1.23 1.43 1.56 1.74 1.92 2.12 2.33 2.77 3.25 3.78 4.33 0.428 0.578 0.617 0.722 0.838 0.961 1.09 1.24 1.38 1.54 1.71 1.88 2.06 2.46 2.89 3.35 3.85 0.385 0.465 0.553 0.650 0.754 0.865 0.985 1.11 1.25 1.39 1.54 1.70 1.85 2.22 2.61 3.02 3.46 0.350 0.423 0.504 0.590 0.685 0.788 0.895 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.54 1.68 2.02 2.36 2.74 3.14 6.320 0.388 0.462 0.542 0.628 0.722 0.820 0.925 1.04 1.16 1.28 1.42 1.54 1.85 2.16 2.52 2.89 12* 0.640 0.778 0.924 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.32 2.57 2.83 3.09 3.69 4.34 5.05 5.76 30' 0.257 0.310 0.369 0.434 0.503 0.577 0.657 0.742 0.832 0.926 1.03 1.13 1.24 1.48 1.75 2.01 2.31 FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF ELBOWS . Elbows having athroat radius equal to the pipe diameter set up a resistance equivalent to a section of straight pipe approximately 10 diameters long. With a throat radius of 1H times the diameter the resistance is about the same as seven diameters of straight pipe. '. Table 6. Diameters of Branch Pipes and Calculations of Main for Typical ________ _____________ Exhaust System Illustrated in Fig. 1 ' Machine DiAmcraa or Branch Pipes Arba So. Inches Total Load Area Sq. Inches Total Load Area So. Inches + 25% Section or Main DlAMETER or Main in Even Inches . Rip Saw.................................................... Cut-off Saw Band Saw................................................. Planer Top Connection.. ...... ;........ Planer Bottom Connection.... ............ 5 in. 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 6 in. 19.6 12.6 19.6 28.3 28.3 19.6 32.2 51.8 80.1 108.4 25 B '6 in. 40 C 7 in. 65 D 9 in. 100 135 E&r F 13 in. 463 AmLrican Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 TYPICAL LAYOUT AND CALCULATIONS To illustrate the method of laying out and calculating the elements of an exhaust system, assume a small wood-working shop, having one 16 in. diameter rip saw, one 12 in. diameter cut-off saw, one band saw with 2 in. blades, and one planer with 10 in. knives, and with the general arrange ment of the machines and exhaust system as shown in Fig. 1. First, determine the sizes to be used for the branch connection to the hoods. These sizes can be taken from Table 1 giving due consideration to the type and size of machines as well as the class of work handled. (See Table 6). The next step is to determine the size of the main, which varies in diameter, increasing from its dead end towards the fan, as necessitated by the branch pipes entering it. Its exact diameter at any point is determined according to the following rule: The area of the main at any point should be 20 per cent to 25 per cent in excess of the sum of the areas of the branches entering it between the point in question and the dead end of the main. Floor sweeps, if equipped with efficient blast gates, need not be included in computing the area of the main. According to.Table 3, 2 in. suction at the hoods is suitable for exhaust-' ing from wood-working machinery where the duty is light, as would be the case in this problem. The volume of air to be handled by the system is determined from Table 4. .- 1 to 1 to 1 to 2 to 5 in. connection, 2 in. suction, (from Table 4) 605 X 1 equals 605 c.f.m. 4 in. connection, 2 in. suction, (from Table 4) 386 X 1 equals 386 c.f.m. 5 in. connection, 2 in. suction, (from Table 4) 605 X 1 equals 605 c.f.m. 6 in. connection, 2 in. suction, (from Table 4) 867 X 2 equals 1,734 c.f.m. Total.............................................................................................................. -...................... 3,330 c.f.m. 464 Chapter 28--Pneumatic Exhaust Systems The next step in the calculations is to determine the maintained resistance of the system, which corresponds to the static pressure that the exhaust fan must produce to obtain the proper volume of air and suction at the hoods. This maintained resistance is composed of the following elements: 1. Loss through .the hoods. This is usually assumed as equal to the suction main tained at the hoods, in this problem 2 in. 2. Frictional resistance or loss, in piping system. This is a function of the pipe diameter and the velocity of flow and accordingly it is necessary to compute the friction for each section and to add the components together. 3. Pressure drop or loss through the collector. For an exhaust system such as the one under consideration it is customary to choose a collector having an inlet of the same, or slightly greater, diameter than the main discharge pipe leading.to the collector. The friction per 100 ft. of length for various pipe diameters and velocities can be read from Table 5. ;. Table 7. Details op Calculation of Friction, of Piping System Illustrated in Fig. I Section op Piping \ Effective Length of Pipe Taken As: A 20 ft. B 10 ft. C 10 ft. D 15 ft. E 20 ft. F 25 ft. Diameter of Pipe IN Inches 5 6 7 9 13 13 Area of Pipe IN Sq. Ft. 0.136 0.195 0.267 0.442 0.922 0.922 C. F. M. 605 605 991 1,596 3,330 3,330 Velocity of Air Flow, Feet per Minute. Friction PER 100 FT. OF Length - 4450 3100 3700 3600 3600 3600 7.4 3.1 3.8 2.8 2.0 2.0 Pipe ' Friction 1.48 0.31 0.38 0.42 0.40 0.50 Total ome friction..... _____ _____ 3.49 The friction for intermediate pipe sizes not given in the table can be computed from the table values, from the relation that the friction in two pipes, the velocity, remaining constant, is inversely proportional to the ratio of the diameters. This can be written: _ d. (3) Z1 friction in pipe of d, diameter, Zs friction in pipe of d, diameter. The total pipe friction is calculated to be 3.49 in. of water. The indi vidual steps in the calculation are given in Table 7. ;. The effective length of pipe is determined by adding to the actual length a sum to compensate for the effect of elbows as given in the'note at the bottom of Table 5. .. . In this problem the main discharge pipe is-13 in. in diameter and a collector having a. 14 in. inlet is selected. The area of the collector inlet is 1.069 sq. ft. ' 465 / / I American Society of Heating, and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Velocity at collector inlet: y 3,330 , |20 V 1.069 6'1M Collector Drop = C /3,120y = 0.145 V1,000/ 1.4 in. of water. Table 8. Total Resistance of the System Shown in Fig. 1 1. Loss at hoods...... ........................... 2.00 in. 2. Loss through piping................................................................. 3.49 in. : 3. Loss at collector.................................................................. 1.40 in. ofwater ofwater ofwater Total resistance of system................................................................... 6.89 in. ofwater The total resistance of the system as indicated in Table 8 is 6'89 in. of water. Therefore an exhaust fan to handle 3,330 c.f.m. at 7 in. static pressure will be required. SELECTING THE FAN The usual types of ventilating fans are unsuitable for exhaust systems which are required to handle materials such as shavings, sawdust, emery dust, etc. Higher pressures are required than in ventilating work and in addition housings and blast wheel must be so constructed that the materials handled do not deposit in them. While the fans used in different exhaust systems are more or less of the same general type, modifications are frequently necessary to fit them for handling such materials as long shavings, strips of paper, cotton, pulverized coal, etc. Where considerable quantities of explosive dust or inflammable materials pass through the exhaust fan, the blast wheel should be constructed of brass composition, copper or other soft metal and in all cases ample clearance should be provided between blast wheels and housings. ' Where stringy or fibrous material is to be handled through the fan, a fan wheel especially designed' for that purpose should be employed. For further data on.the selection of fans, see Chapter 26. COLLECTORS The most common method of separating the dust and other materials from the air is to pass the mixture through a centrifugal or "cyclone" collector. In this type of collector the mixture of the air and material is introduced on a tangent, near the cylindrical top of the collector, and the whirling motion sets up a centrifugal action causing the compara tively heavy materials suspended in the air to be thrown against the side of the separator, from which position it spirals down to the tail piece, while the air escapes through the stack at the center of the collector. For most systems, the inlet size of the collector may be the same as the diameter in inches of the main pipe leading to it. The larger the collector within certain limits the better will be the separation, and the less will be the back pressure on the fan and the power consumed. Special construction is sometimes required for fine dust, also some blow 466 Chapter 28--Pneumatic Exhaust Systems pipe manufacturers use a special type of collector for furnace feed, the object being to deliver the material to furnaces as uniformly as possible. When more than one fan delivers into a single collector a back pressure valve is required to prevent one fan blowing back through the other in case the second fan should stop for any reason. In most plants, where wood refuse is used for fuel, it is delivered by gravity directly from the collector to the furnace. The discharge pipe leading from the bottom of the collector is divided and the junction is furnished with a switch or valve so arranged that when the material comes too fast for the fires it can be diverted into a reserve bin. . The furnace feeder should be hinged where it is attached to the lower end of the discharge pipe, in order that it may be disconnected from the furnace when the fan is shut down. Also great care must be taken to provide an absolutely tight switch. Otherwise, when discharging refuse to the storage bin, fine sawdust will sift through this valve and settle in the furnace feed pipe, and, in case the fireman has neglected to dis connect the feeder from the furnace, the flame may flash back, following this train of fine sawdust, into the collector. Other forms of collectors or separators are: settling chambers, cloth screen and bag collectors, bag houses, air washers and electric precipitators. DESIGN OF HOODS If the material to be moved is already in motion, as are the chips thrown off from wood-working machines, the hoods should be arranged in the path of the particles so that the velocity of the.particles assists the air in carrying the material to the throat of the hood. Hoods should be arranged to draw dust and fumes away from the face of the operator. They should be placed as close as possible to the source of dust or waste material and wherever practical, the hoods should entirely enclose the dust producing operation. . Hoods are usually constructed of galvanized sheet iron or other equally substantial and durable material. The material'should be heavy enough to withstand the abrasive action of the dust and refuse. The hoods should be of sufficient mechanical strength to keep their shape and should be well braced and substantially supported. Galvanized iron used should never be lighter than No. 22 gage. . If acid or corrosive fumes are present heavy material painted with acid resisting paint should be used, or the hoods may be made of non corrosive material. The exposed edges of all sheet metal hoods should be bound with wire or band iron, not only to give the necessary stiffness, but also to prevent the operator from being cut by the raw edges of the sheets. CONVEYOR PIPES The conveyor pipes leading from the hoods to the fan and thence to. the collector are commonly made of galvanized iron, the gage of which varies from No. 24 to 14, depending upon--the diameter. The piping should be free from dents, fins and projections of all kinds on which refuse material might catch. 467 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 All permanent circular joints should be lap-jointed, riveted and sol dered, and all longitudinal joints either grooved and locked or riveted and soldered. Circular laps should be in the direction of the flow, and piping installed out-of-doors should not have the longitudinal laps at the bottom. Every change in pipe size should be made with an eccentric taper flat on the bottom, the taper to be at least 5 in. long for each inch change in diameter. All pipes passing through roofs should be equipped with collars so arranged as to prevent water leaking into the building. The main trunks and branch pipes should be as short and straight as possible, strongly, supported, and with the dead ends capped to permit inspection and cleaning. All branch pipes should join the main at an acute angle, the junction being at the side or top and never at the bottom of the main. Branch pipes should not join the main pipes at points such that the material from one branch tends to enter the branch on the opposite side of the main. . Cleanout openings having suitable covers should be placed in the main and branch pipes so that every part of the system can be'easily reached in case the system clogs. Either a large cleanout door should be placed in the main suction pipe near the fan inlet, or a detachable section of pipe, held in place by lug bands, may be provided. Elbows should be made at least two gages havier than straight pipe of the same diameter, the better to enable them to withstand the addi tional wear caused by changing the direction of flow. They should pref erably have a throat radius of at least one and one-half times the diameter of the pipe. Every pipe should be kept open and unobstructed throughout its entire length, and no fixed screen should be placed in it, although the use of a trap at the junction of the hood and branch pipe is permissible, provided it is not allowed to fill up completely. . The passing of pipes through fire-walls should be avoided wherever possible, and sweep-up connections should be so arranged that foreign material cannot be easily introduced into them. MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEM Because of its simplicity the exhaust system usually receives but little attention once it is installed; however, to obtain the best results, it should be inspected at suitable intervals and necessary adjustments made. The exhaust fan should be given proper attention the same as any other high-speed machine. It should be kept in proper alignment and tightly bolted to its foundation. Suction hoods, which have been removed to adjust the machines, should. be replaced as soon as the adjustments are completed. Never start a machine with the blast gate closed, as the slight air leakage past the blast gate may draw material into the pipe and clog it. Disconnect furnace feeders from the furnaces when not in operation, and do not overload the system by ill-advised additions. 468 CHAPTER 29 DRYING BY EVAPORATION Definitions; Methods of Drying; Types of Dryer Construction; Mechanism of the Drying; Control of the Drying Operation; Dryer Design; Dryer Arrange ment and Construction; Experimental Technique. DEFINITION OF TERMS THE term drying, in its broader sense, refers to the removal of water or other volatile liquid from a gaseous liquid, or solid material. Except in the case of solids, the term is not ordinarily used unless the water or other liquid removed is present in a relatively small amount. In a more restricted sense, drying is the removal of water by vaporization from a non-volatile liquid or solid. This chapter deals with drying thus defined. Where the solid material to be dried contains large amounts of free water, the actu`al drying process is frequently preceded by the removal of part of the water by filtration, settling, pressing, centrifuging, or other mechanical means. Removal of as much water as possible by such methods is usually advisable, as the cost of these operations, per pound of water removed, is in general much less than by vaporization. METHODS OF DRYING Classification of Methods According to Heat Supply : Drying methods may be classified basically in accordance with the means by which heat is supplied to the material to be dried. Thus, in some cases, as in air current dryers, the heat of vaporization is transferred to the material from the atmosphere surrounding it. In natural air dryers, this heat is merely the sensible heat of the outdoor atmosphere; while in so-called artificial air dryers heat is added to the air by means of radiators or the addition of a heated gas such as superheated steam or products of combustion, the air being almost entirely displaced by such gases in some drying processes. Where products- of combustion can be used, a particularly high overall efficiency of the dryer is possible. In other types of dryers, known as contact dryers, heat is supplied by direct contact between the material and a heated surface such as a pan or shelf, such surfaces being heated by products of combustion, steam, hot water, heated oil, electrical resistance, or latent heat of condensation. In both air dryers and contact dryers, additional heat may be supplied by direct radiation from hot surfaces which are in sight of the material. In the sun drying of raisins and other fruits,- this radiant heat comes from the sun, while in artificial dryers it is derived from heated surfaces such as steam coils. ; 469 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Radiant Heat '' Radiant heat can at best supply only a portion of the total heat of vaporization. About one-third to one-half of the heat given off by a radiating surface passes through the air to the object which is to be dried without materially raising the temperature of the intervening air. The remaining portion of the heat from the radiator warms the air by con vection and produces warm air currents which in turn transfer their'heat to the material. A given amount of heat can be supplied to the material by means of heated air currents with only one-tenth to one-fifteenth as much radiating surface as would be required if this same quantity of heat were to be transferred by direct radiation. Direct radiation is, therefore, only an incidental source of heat in most dryers, except in the drying of certain kinds of material where the advantages of radiant heat will offset the higher first cost of the equipment. In vacuum dryers radiant heat is particularly useful in the drying of some bulky solids, owing to the difficulty of transferring heat to the material by means of ratified air currents at extremely low pressures. Continuous arid Intermittent Operation Dryers may be operated continuously or intermittently. In the con tinuous type, the material is fed in at one end of the dryer and discharged at the other end when dry. The movement may be either a steady flow, or may consist of the periodic or progressive removal of 3 minor portion of the charge at one end of the dryer and the admission of a like portion at the other end, at more or less regular intervals. Dryers of the inter mittent type, often called charge dryers, are filled at the start with the material to be dried and are emptied again when the drying is completed, after which the process is repeated. The material in charge dryers is usually stationary but is sometimes shifted in position periodically or kept in continuous motion within the dryer for greater uniformity and . speed of drying. With constant rates of flow of air and material, continuous dryers are usually simple to control and can be fitted advantageously into the train of manufacturing operations with minimum loss of time and requirements for storage and handling. Charge dryers, on the other hand, permit the use of complicated schedules of temperature and humidity which would be difficult to attain with continuous operation, and they have the important advantages of simplicity and low first cost, making them par ticularly adapted to small installations and experimental work. Temperature and humidity conditions in a charge dryer should be sub stantially uniform throughout the dryer, in order to produce uniform drying throughout the charge and prevent injury to the material. These conditions may remain uniform throughout the drying cycle or may be changed periodically as the drying progresses. In continuous or progres sive dryers, the drying conditions usually vary from one end of the dryer to the other, either to suit the varying requirements of the different stages of drying or because of different rates of evaporation at different positions in the dryer. With some materials the highest temperatures and lowest humidities are used at the charging end of the dryer and with others, particularly bulky, plastic materials like lumber and clay, the 470 3 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation most severe conditions are called for at the discharge end with gradually lower temperatures and higher humidities toward the end where the fresh material enters. Some continuous dryers maintain an approximately uniform drying condition from one end to the other, where the path' of. travel is short and the water can be quickly and easily evaporated. A higher heat efficiency is usually obtained with a continuous dryer than with a charge dryer, particularly where a counter current flow of air and material is possible. The air in a charge dryer must be changed frequently in order to maintain uniform conditions and to prevent the accumulation of evaporated moisture. This means that only a small part of the heat in this air can be utilized for drying. To conserve as much heat as possible, the air in charge dryers is often recirculated through the material after reheating and removal of surplus moisture by con densation or mixture with fresh outside air. On the other hand, in con tinuous dryers of the counter-current type, a large part of the heat of the air passing through the dryer can be utilized in evaporation, since the air can enter at the discharge end in a hot-dry condition and emerge at the charging end in a condition approaching saturation. Low and High Temperature Drying . The division line between what is known as low-temperature drying and high-temperature drying is, roughly speaking, the boiling point of water under ordinary atmospheric conditions. In high-temperature drying, the temperatures range from 212 to 1,000 deg. fahr. or more. Under these conditions, all of the water in the material will vaporize quickly and the humidity of the air becomes of minor importance. Hightemperature drying is usually faster and more economical of heat than low-temperature drying, but often cannot be used because many materials, particularly foods and other organic substances, are injured or destroyed by temperatures above the boiling point. For such materials low-tem perature drying is required, the drying being produced by supplying enough heat to the material, and surrounding it with a sufficiently low humidity, so as to produce a higher vapor pressure within the material at its surface than is present in the air surrounding it. As long as this difference in vapor pressure is maintained, the drying will proceed until completed. In drying with temperatures above the boiling point, the vehicle used may be gas, such as products of combustion, air, or the vapor of the water being evaporated, i.e., superheated steam. It is important, in high temperature drying, to remove products of oxidation as well as explosive and inflammable gases as quickly as possible, by means of ample circulation. Agitator fans within the dryer are often used in hightemperature work to create the necessary velocity for close.contact with the material without moving an excessive volume of air or gas through the dryer. Static electricity, which sometimes accumulates! in._hightemperature drying because of the low humidities, making powders and fabrics difficult to handle, may often be controlled by a small steam spray. Many materials dried at high temperatures'are soft when removed from the dryer and must be hardened in air that is warm enough and dry enough to prevent sweating and moulding. Within the critical limits, 471 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 many materials produce better results if dried quickly at comparatively high temperatures than if dried more slowly at lower temperatures. Vacuum Drying It is sometimes advantageous to conduct the drying in a partial vacuum, in order to obtain rapid vaporization at comparatively low temperatures. This method is especially useful for materials which are sensitive to heat, such as valuable food products which must be dried rapidly at low temperatures in order to preserve flavors and prevent harmful organic changes. A vacuum as high as 28 in. of mercury is sometimes used where a very low boiling point is desired, but the usual range is from 12 to 20 in. In vacuum drying heat is supplied to the material either by contact with the heated walls or shelves of the container, which is the usual method, or by direct radiation, either from the walls or shelves or from special radiators. Some materials containing only 2 to 3 per cent mois ture are first heated before being put in the vacuum chamber. When the vacuum is established, the heat already in the material vaporizes the moisture and becomes latent, thus drying and cooling the material at the same time. The air within the vacuum container is so rarified as to reduce materially its value as an agent for transferring heat from walls or radiators to the material. The volume of air which must be circulated in a vacuum chamber in order to transfer a given amount of heat is increased several times as compared with air at atmospheric pressures, and the cost of creating a circulation sufficient to transfer any large proportion of the heat required for rapid evaporation is apt to be prohibitive. The evapo rated moisture is removed by means of condensers in the vacuum line. Adiabatic and Constant Temperature Drying Air dryers are called adiabatic when the only source of heat for drying purposes is the heated air entering the dryer from the outside. When part or all of the heat required is supplied by steam coils or other forms of radiation within the dryer itself, it is known as a constant temperature dryer. In adiabatic dryers, the temperature of the air decreases, as the ' drying proceeds, in direct proportion to the amount of heat consumed or made latent by evaporation. Thus the drying rate and the capacity of the air to absorb moisture decline steadily until drying stops entirely or fresh heated air is introduced. Constant temperature dryers can supply heat by internal recirculation from the radiators to the material and can thus continue the drying operation at maximum speed with little or no change in the air of the dryer, provided that surplus moisture can be disposed of by ventilation or condensation. This advantage is offset, however, in drying some types of material, by the fact that local overheating of the material is liable to occur in some parts of the dryer, due to the transfer of heat from the radiators to the material by direct radiation. In adiabatic dryers, on ,the other hand, temperatures in different parts of the dryer are usually quite uniform, particularly the wet-bulb temperature, which makes this method especially adapted to the drying of such materials as gelatine which are sensitive to heat when wet and relatively insensitive when dry. 472 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation TYPES OF DRYER CONSTRUCTION Mechanical Contact Dryers . Drum dryers are used for drying thick liquids or- pastes. A steam heated cylinder, with its lower side immersed in a bath of the material, is revolved slowly. The film of material that forms on the hot surface of the drum dries rapidly and the resultant solid is scraped off by a fixed knife edge. - Cylinder or can dryers are designed for the continuous removal of mois ture from material in the form of thin rolled sheets such as textiles, paper, and pulp products. Heat is transferred to the material by direct contact with a series of steam-heated cylinders. In case the material shrinks on drying, as does papier, the drives must be arranged so that the speed of the drums is gradually less toward the dry end of the series. Pan. orr agitator dryers are used for sludges, powders, or material in lump form and consist of a cylindrical metal shell. The material to be dried is placed in the bottom of the shell and is constantly shifted in position by means of agitators, either the shell or the agitators or both being in motion.. Hot air or gas is passed over the material and additional heat is usually supplied from a steam-heated jacket around the container or by steam supplied to hollow stirring arms. Continuous agitation of the charge serves not only to expose new surfaces to contact with the air, but also to reduce the average distance from the interior to the surface of the solid and so to speed up the drying where the rate of liquid diffusion to the surface is the controlling factor. Rotary dryers are suited particularly to the continuous drying of , granular, crystalline, or lumpy materiai which does not tend to ball or stick together. They consist of a revolving cylindrical shell into which the fresh material is fed at one end and from which the dry material is removed at the other end. Lifting plates usually extend from end to end of the inside of the cylinder, parallel, to its axis, projecting radially toward the center. Hot air or products of combustion are blown through the shell, either parallel or counter current to the direction of movement of the material. The rotation of the cylinder continually elevates the material and drops or throws it through the current of hot gas or air, the inclination of the shell moving the charge forward at any desired speed. To furnish additional heat to the material by contact, the cylinder is often provided with a steam jacket or with steam coils inside the cylinder. In drying material which is not injured by high temperatures, the outside of the shell may be fired directly and the products of combustion then led through the dryer in contact with the material. Air Current Dryers ` Spray dryers are used for the drying of thick liquids, including any product in solution, suspension or emulsion, such as milk and rubber latex. The liquid is usually first condensed to from 35 to 50 per cent solid content and is then atomized in the form of a fine spray at the top of a lofty chamber, falling through a current of heated air or furnace gases, the dried powder accumulating at the bottom of the chamber. The air can be heated to a considerably higher temperature than would be used for the same material in a contact dryer and the drying is prac tically instantaneous. The spraying may be done by atomizing nozzles, 473 American Society of Heating and, Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 worked either by the pressure of the liquid or by compressed air, or the liquid may be dropped in a fine stream on to a revolving disc rotating at high speed. That portion of the powder that is carried away with the air currents may be recovered in dust collectors and the air or gas may be recirculated in part, after removing surplus moisture. Loft, compartment, cabinet or room dryers consist of room-like enclosures or boxes in which the material to be dried is placed on trays, trucks, racks, or moving conveyors and is heated by warm air currents which also serve to carry away the evaporated moisture, Drying of this sort is sometimes called air-processing. The air is warmed, either by direct mixture with furnace gases, or by contact with surfaces heated by direct flame, flue gases, steam, hot water, or electricity. The source of heat may be direct--located within the dryer, usually in the form of wall coils, floor coils, or distributed coils--or indirect, the air being heated by radiators outside the dryer and circulated through the dryer by fans and distributing ducts. Baffles are often used to assure the passage of the heated air directly over the surface of the material and to prevent short-circuiting from inlet to outlet. Where the material is placed on trays, shelves or racks, it is advisable to use open-wire screen bottoms for small material or leave spaces between larger articles when possible, to allow the air to travel not only over the'material but also upward or downward through it. Tunnel dryers consist of a comparatively long, narrow box-like enclosure, through which the solid to be dried is moved either continuously or periodically at short intervals, being fed in at one end in a fresh condition and removed from the other end in a dry condition. The material may be carried on some type of mechanical conveyor or on wheeled cars or trucks moving on a track. The drying is done by means of heated air which moves through the dryer from one end to the other, warming the material and removing the evaporated moisture. Some products dry best if the air and .material are made to move in the same direction but in most cases it is found best to have the air move in a direction opposite to the travel of the material, that is, counter-currently. Where wheeled cars are used for heavy, bulky products, the rails in the tunnel are often sloped in a ratio of from 60 to 1 to 100 to 1 to obtain the benefit of gravity in moving the material. One end of the tunnel is usually hotter than the other, both to suit the varying requirements of the different stages of drying and to take advantage of gravity in moving the air end-wise of the dryer. In the natural-draft tunnel, heat is provided at the hotter end by steam coils or other means and the evaporated moisture is removed at the opposite end by means of ventilating chimneys. In the forced-draft or blower type of tuhnel, the air is circulated through the tunnel by fans, being heated either by direct radiation within the tunnel or indirect radiation in the fan duct or a combination of both. Evaporated moisture may be removed either by ventilating chimneys or duct openings or by condensers in the duct system. MECHANISM OF THE DRYING Stages of Moisture Diffusion. A thorough knowledge of the mechanism of the diffusion of moisture from the interior of a solid material to the surface and into the air is 474 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation necessary to an understanding of the different types of commercial dryers and is essential where the design of the dryer is to be based upon small-scale laboratory tests. Assuming uniform velocity and distribution of air at a constant temperature and humidity, over the surface of the solid, the drying cycle will be divided ordinarily into two distinct stages. The first stage, known as the constant rate period, is found in the drying of any very wet solid as long as moisture is brought to the surface so rapidly that the surface remains thoroughly wet and evaporation can proceed at a constant rate, precisely as from a free water surface. The second stage, known as thefalling rate period, is reached when the moisture in the material has been dried down to a point called the critical moisture content, below which the diffusion of moisture from the interior to the surface is no longer adequate to keep the surface thoroughly wetted. From this point on, the rate of drying will decrease until the operation is completed. Constant Rate Period . During the constant rate period, the surface is kept saturated with water by diffusion from the interior and the operation is called saturated surface drying. The rate of drying is limited by the rate of diffusion of water-vapor, through the surface air film surrounding the solid, out into the main body of the air. When the heat necessary for vaporization is supplied only by thermal conduction through the surface air him, the temperature of the solid is the wet-bulb temperature of the air. Heat gained by radiation or conduction from adjoining dry surfaces raises the temperature of the surface above the wet-bulb temperature. The vapor pressure of the water at the surface, therefore, increases and consequently the driving force causing diffusion through the surface air film becomes greater, causing a corresponding increase in the drying rate. By placing the wet material in sight of hot surfaces during this constant rate period, the rate of drying may be increased several fold without overheating the material itself. Similarly, material placed on hot shelves, as well as material dried in shallow pans or on heated cylinders, will dry faster because of the heat received by conduction from the surfaces with which it is in contact. A controlling factor during this stage is the velocity of the air, affecting as it does the thickness of the surface air film through which the water-vapor must diffuse. The higher the velocity, the faster will the drying proceed, the rate of drying varying approximately as the 0.6 power of the air velocity. Falling Rate Period After the critical moisture content of the material has been reached, two distinctly different forms of diffusion and evaporation are encoun tered. In both cases, the drying rate falls off rapidly with reduction of the moisture content. In the first type, known as unsaturated surface drying, the rate of evaporation per unit surface area is substantially constant and nearly independent of the thickness of the sheet or layer of the material. However, where the solid gains its heat only from the air around it and obtains none by radiation or conduction from adjacent surfaces, the transfer of heat from the air to the solid is, under constant drying conditions, found to be independent of the moisture content and 475 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 of any variation in the drying rate due thereto. Furthermore, the drying rate is increased by greater air velocity and by lessened humidity of the drying air. These facts are explained by assuming that evaporation takes place on the surface of the solid, but that the concentration of moisture there is insufficient to saturate the whole surface, so that the surface behaves as though only a part of it were wet. In the second type of diffusion, known as sub-surface drying, the rate of evaporation per unit surface area of the sheet of material is inversely proportional to the thickness and is uninfluenced either by the velocity or the humidity of the surrounding air. The heat-transfer from the air to the stock falls off rapidly as the moisture content and the drying rate decrease. This indicates that evaporation is taking place, not at the surface of the solid, but beneath the surface, so that water as vapor must diffuse not only through the gas film around the solid, but also through that layer of the solid itself between the zone of evaporation and the surface. Consequently, this type of evaporation is known as sub-surface drying, the limiting factor in the rate of drying being the - speed of diffusion of the liquid water from the interior of the solid to the "zone of evaporation. The Drying Cycle In the drying of a typical wet solid under constant conditions, satu rated surface evaporation usually starts at a constant rate. This will continue until the critical moisture content of the stock is reached, after which there will follow a period of unsaturated surface drying, at a falling rate. This is finally superseded by sub-surface drying which continues at a decreasing rate until the operation is completed. The drying of a slab of whiting gives a typical illustration of this cycle, as shown in Fig. 1. Omissions in the Cycle . Many solids such as lumber are so dry at the beginning of the drying operation that the constant rate period of free surface evaporation does not occur. Frequently the surface of the material is dry enough that no surface drying can take place, in which case only the final stage of sub surface drying is involved. In other instances, the critical moisture', content of a wet solid is sufficiently low that sub-surface drying starts almost immediately after the conclusion of the constant rate period. Thus the intermediate stage of saturated surface drying does not occur and the drying is of the sub-surface type during practically the whole of the falling rate period. With other kinds of material, particularly thin sheets such as newsprint paper, sub-surface drying may occur at such a low moisture content that it is not encountered in commercial work, the falling rate period being confined solely in practice, to unsaturated surface drying. Capillary and Hygroscopic Moisture ` Most solid materials to be dried are of a powdery, granular, cellular, or fibrous nature and contain water in two characteristic forms which have a direct relation to the rate and character of the drying operation. The first form is known as free or capillary moisture and comprises the water which is contained in the capillary spaces between the particles or fibers of the material. The second form is called adsorbed or hygroscopic 476 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation j 4 " moisture and is intimately associated with' thes;physieal : nature of the material, having a direct effect upon such physical properties as size, strength, electrical conduction, heat conduction, etc. Removal of the capillary water has little or no effect upon the material except to reduce its weight, while removal of the hygroscopic water causes definite changes in physical properties and characteristics. Fiber Saturation Point The total amount of adsorbed or hygroscopic moisture that a given amount of material can contain is definitely limited. This limit is known as the fiber saturation point1 and corresponds roughly to the critical moisture content. Beyond this point, any additional moisture must be . in free or capillary form and the amount of such free water that the material can hold will depend upon the relative volume of capillary spaces that may be present. The fiber saturation point is of particular im portance in the drying of thick, bulky materials having a more or less colloidal structure such as lumber and clay products, in which the removal of hygroscopic moisture is accompanied by shrinkage, stiffening, harden ing, loss of plasticity, and other physical changes. Successful drying requires that these changes be controlled within safe limits in order to avoid injury to the material. Removal o Free Water In most commercial products which require a drying operation, the free water contained will flow readily from the interior to the surface by Hj. S. Forest Service Bui. 70, p. 82, Effect of Moisture on Strength, Tiemann. 1907. 477 American Society of. Heating and Ventilating. Engineers Guide, 1930 . capillary action, as in a wick. Textiles, paper, fiber board, clay products, and the sapwood of most species of lumber represent material of this type, as well as finely-divided material's which come .in granular or powder form. In such substances the free water is removed usually without difficulty in the successive stages of saturated surface drying and unsatu rated surface drying, followed by the removal of the hygroscopic moisture in the form of sub-surface drying. In certain other materials of thick and more or less rigid form, notably the heartwood of some kinds of lumber, the free water contained in the capillary spaces appears to be, in a sense, bottled up and cannot be made to flow from the interior to the surface in appreciable amounts. To remove the free water from such substances necessitates sub-surface vaporization within the material at the boundary of the free water zone, followed by diffusion of the vapor through the surrounding zones either as vapor or as adsorbed hygroscopic moisture. In either case, the zone surrounding the free water must be dried below its fiber saturation point in order to lower the vapor pressure to a point below saturation and thus permit this diffusion to take.place. This means that shrinkage and other physical changes such as stiffening or hardening must occur in this outer zone before the interior portions have lost their free water and are ready for such changes. Consequently severe and harmful tensile and compressive stresses are apt to be set up in the drying of this type of material, due to unequal and non-synchronous shrinkage in the different zones, resulting in such injuries as surface cracking, honey-combing, warping, and case hardening, or the setting of the surface portion in a stiffened expanded condition. In obtaining maximum speed of drying of materials in which there is no capillary flow of free water to the surface, an increased moisture move ment may be produced by passing an electric current through the material or by applying heat by contact directly to the interior or to one or both sides. Such means are usually impracticable,- however, and dependence . must be placed in most cases upon the effect produced by heated air or other gas surrounding the material. In such cases the speed of drying can be increased in only two ways, first by lowering the moisture content' at the surface through the use of a lower humidity, or second, by increasing the temperature. The risk of harmful shrinkage limits the first, and the risk of exceeding the critical temperature of the material limits the second. The use of too high a temperature in removing the free water from fibrous or cellular materials of this kind, increases the plasticity of the structure and at the same time is apt to create a liquid tension within the cells themselves. This force, which may amount to many atmos pheres under certain conditions, tends to draw the walls of the cells together, thus producing a collapse of these cells. This phenomenon is the cause of much injury in the drying of certain kinds of lumber and is probably present to a greater or less extent in the drying of all refractory material of a cellular nature through which the free water cannot flow by capillarity. . Another result of trying to force the drying of these refractory.materials at too fast a rate is the increasing resistance to the passage of heat from the surface to the interior and the passage of vapor outward, as the 478 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation' dryness of the surface increases. With many materials of this type, if the surface is allowed to dry below a certain point,rit becomes increasingly difficult, not only for additional heat to penetrate to the interior, but also for vapor to work its way outward through the dry outer zones to the surface. Under these conditions the drying becomes very slow or ceases entirely and is replaced by a baking operation. Internal Moisture Gradient . In drying by surface evaporation, an internal concentration gradient is set up between the moisture content at the center of the material and the moisture content close to the surface. The steepness of this gradient is dependent upon the rate of evaporation at the surface and the rate of transfusion of moisture from the center outward. In general, the steeper the gradient, the faster the drying. Since raising the temperature increases the rate of transfusion, the rate of drying is thereby increased without increasing the steepness' of the gradient. For this reason the maximum temperatures which can be used without injury to the material will usually be found to produce the maximum rate of speed consistent' with safety. In keeping the moisture gradient within safe limits, during those stages of drying when surface shrinkage is taking place, the drying should be retarded by preventing the surface from drying below a certain critical moisture content which must be determined experimentally for different materials. This control of surface drying is accomplished by regulation of the relative humidity of the air in the dryer in conjunction with the regulation of the temperature. In continuous dryers of the counter current type, the fresh material is subjected to the lowest temperature and highest humidity while the dried product at the discharge end meets the hottest and dryest conditions, thus furnishing a degree of automatic regulation to suit the needs of the stock. A higher humidity can also be provided by recirculating a portion of the air in the dryer and by means of steam jets. . Equilibrium Moisture Content ' With every material having hygroscopic properties, a point of equi librium is reached between the vapor pressure of the moisture in the air and the vapor pressure of the moisture in the surface of the material. Every combination of temperature and humidity produces a correspond ing equilibrium moisture content in the material. It is, therefore, possible to so regulate the conditions in the dryer at. any stage of the operation that moisture in-the material cannot drop below a certain equilibrium point, as may be desired for best results. - In the drying of most hygroscopic materials, the drying is continued until a somewhat lower moisture content is reached than equilibrium under conditions in use, to allow for enough regain to balance the moisture remaining in the interior and surface to a uniform condition. It is usually undesirable to carry the drying much beyond the equilibrium point of the material in use, as, over-drying is liable to produce undesirable physical..changes'in-the material, and such over-drying also unnecessarily prolongs the: time and increases the cost of the operation. 479 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 CONTROL OF THE DRYING OPERATION Circulation Control Circulating air or gas currents must-have a sufficient velocity over the surface of the material being dried to transfer the heat required for evaporation, with the. exception of that provided by conduction and radiation and at the same time to carry away the water evaporated. The volume needed for moisture removal will correspond roughly with the volume needed for heat transfer. A third requirement is that the velocity should be sufficient to carry away the film or layer of nearly saturated air that is apt to remain in close contact with the evaporating surface and whose high vapor pressure retard further evaporation. During the saturated surface drying stage, the drying rate will vary directly with the velocity of circulation over the material. When the stage of sub surface drying is reached the velocity of circulation becomes of less importance, since the drying cannot proceed any faster than the moisture vapor can transfuse from the interior to the surface. Circulation is expressed either by the rate of air flow over the material per miriute, or by the number of air changes in the dryer per minute or per hour. The former is the logical method as it expresses positive drying power while the latter may be misleading because of possible shortcircuiting of some of the circulating medium without coming in contact with the material. Circulation by gravity, due to the rising tendency of heated air and the falling tendency of cooled air, is the only means of circulation in many of the older and simpler forms of dryers. In the more modern forms of high-speed dryers, mechanical circulation is produced either by blowers of the centrifugal type outside of the dryer, or by multiple fans of the propeller type inside the dryer, or by a combination of both. In addition, a certain amount of internal gravity circulation is sometimes provided in mechanical draft kilns where direct radiators are. located' within the dryer. In some mechanical systems the general volume movement is taken care of by an external blower and the required high velocity over the surface of material is obtained from internal fans, placed to furnish a transverse and more or less local recirculation. A good example of this type of dryer is a tunnel dryer for light leather. The skins are hung on ' sticks which are carried 'through the dryer on a conveyor, the plane of the skins being at right angles to the axis of the dryer. In order to provide the velocity of 5 ft. per second over the surface of the skins necessary to complete the drying in a minimum time, a series of propeller fans, equipped with long blades, few in number, and rotating at slow speeds, are placed above the skins from end to end of the dryer blowing downward. (See Fig. 2). Mechanical systems are best suited to rapid drying under close control and may be designed with automatic control instruments which will hold the temperature within 2 deg. fahr. and the humidity within a 4 per cent relative humidity. Indirect heaters of high efficiency are usually placed.in the blower ducts and the humidity is controlled either by steam jets, ' air washers, refrigerating coils, or cold water coils, supplemented by ventilation. In addition, provision is often made to recirculate part of ' 480 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation the outgoing moist air coming from the dryer in case a high humidity is desirable. In such dryers a higher thermal efficiency may be obtained by the use of interchangers, by which the saturated air coming from the washers is partially heated by absoiption of heat through contact with the ducts containing warm, moist air, returning from the dryer. Natural draught circulation has the advantage of simplicity and low cost of installation and operation and can be utilized to very good advan tage for many kinds of drying. Such dryers are usually of the ventilated type in which a minor part of the moisture-laden air in the dryer is discharged by means of ventilating flues or chimneys and is replaced by fresh air coming in through special flues or through cracks and openings Fig. 2. Section Through a Typical Leather Dryer around the doors. In some types, cold water coils or sprays are used to create a positive movement of air within the dryer. Convection currents, circulating from the radiators to the material and back again, provide the principal volume of circulation in dryers of the gravity type. Best results in securing a uniform circulation throughout the dryer are usually obtained by placing the,radiators beneath the material at intervals, with baffles of various types arranged in such a way as to guide the air currents over and through the material. * Heat and Humidity Control Steam is used as a source of heat and humidity in most modern dryers and lends itself readily to automatic control by means of thermostatically operated valves. Direct fired dryers are less easily controlled but are used for products which do not ordinarily require close control. For many types of dryers, hand operation of valves and the maintenance of a uniform steam pressure in the mains will give sufficiently close control, if checked by the periodic reading of temperatures within the dryer. In other cases such crude control would result in serious losses of material. 481 American Society of Heating and Ventilating- Engineers Guide, 1930 In some.operations, time controllers-are used which automatically alter the conditions according to a predetermined schedule and finally bring the drying operation to a close. With other dryers regulation is obtained in accordance with the loss in weight of samples of the material suspended on sensitized scales within the dryer, the drying being automatically terminated when the samples reach the desired degree of dryness. Gener ally, however, the only function of the control instruments is to maintain the. desired temperature or humidity and any change in the conditions must be, made by the operator by re-setting the instruments. The.higher the temperature, other things being equal, the faster will the moisture in the material transfuse to the surface and the faster will the drying proceed. Hot water passes through the material more rapidly than cold water because of its increased vapor pressure as well as its decreased viscosity. Increasing the rate of surface evaporation by greater circulation at low temperatures produces faster drying only when a corre sponding increase in the rate of transfusion is obtained.. Provision must be made in every dryer to dispose of evaporated moisture as it comes from the material. In most dryers this is done by discharging part or all of the moisture laden air to the atmosphere, replacing it with an equal amount of outside air. In some types, par ticularly of the blower style, the surplus moisture is often removed by some form of condenser such as cold.water coils or sprays. It is a mistake to attempt to obtain a practically saturated condition of the leaving air, as this is apt to slow down the speed of drying and cause an undesirable amount of condensation in the moist air ventilators or ducts returning to the blower. A saturation of from 50 to 75 per cent in the leaving air is usually as high as can be obtained without sacrificing speed. Operating the Dryer No matter how well the dryer may be designed, a considerable part .. of the success of a drying operation depends upon the operator. He must watch the material and study the results in a constant effort toward' improvement. Good dryer operation includes regular sampling and testing of material, watching the conditions within the dryer, and keeping systematic and complete records of all essential data such as the move ment of material, the length of the drying period, the temperatures and . humidities at critical points in the dryer, and the extent to which the ' equipment is kept fully occupied. Standard schedules of drying time and drying conditions for material of different kinds are also useful in esti mating production and regulating the operation of the dryer. Moisture Content Calculations Moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage of the original combined weight of the material and its contained water. Thus, if the moisture content were 20 per cent, the dry material would weigh 80 per cent of the total weight. In drying some types of material, notably lumber, it is customary to use the bone-dry or water-free weight of the material as the divisor, the weight of the water being calculated as a percentage Of this dry weight. Regain, or absorption of hygroscopic ' moisture after drying, is almost always expressed by the latter method, , as a percentage of the water-free weight of the material. 482 . Chapter 29r--Drying by Evaporation Table 1. Drying Time and Conditions for Representative Materials - Kind and Thickness of Material Temperatube Deo. Fabb. Dbttnq Time Bedding- Cereals--. Cocoanut-- Coffee__ Cores, Oil Sand, for molding...--------- ,,J4 in. - 1 in. thick Black sand with Goulac Binder 1 about 6/10 of time for oil sand cores 3 in. 8 in. 16 in. " " " Feathers--------------------------Films, Photographic......... Fruits and Vegetables...... Furs--------------------------------- Glue----- --------------------------Glue Size on Furniture- Gut.... ...... ............... ................................................... --........................ Gypsum Wall Board..................................... -............{ISish^ Gypsum Blocks........................-.............................................. -....... Hair Goods................ ...................................................-..................... Hats, Felt---------- ------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------Hops.......................................... ...............................................-............ Hides, Thin leather..;.................. ........ ,--....................................... Ink, Printing-............................. .............................................. --....... Knitted Fabrics.......--1..................................................................... Leather, Thick Sole............ ........................................ ..................... Lumber, Green Hardwood....... ...........................-......................... Lumber, Green Softwood................................................................ Macaroni--................ .--..... ...... i....................................................... Matches---------- ----- ------------------------------------------ -................ Milk and other Liquid Foods (Spray Dried)............. ............. Molds, Green Sand, C. I. Flasks (one Surface only exposed) 8 in. thick.... ...........................:--------.--------------13 in. " ................................................. ---........ Nuts--..................................... -................ -.................... Paper, Glued...... .................................. -.............. --- Paper, Treated................_.......................................... Rubber.................................. ......................................... Sand, loose, 1 in. deep...... ........................................ Shade Cloth.......... ................................................... -- Soap____________________________________________ Starch........ .......................................... .--.................... Stock Feed, Mixed...... ..........-......................... :-----Sugar.............................. ................................................ Tannin and other chemicals (Spray- Dried),-- Terra Cotta (air-drying in conditioning room). Wall Board;......... ................................... .................... 150-190 110-150 145-155 160-180 300 480 480 700 150-180 90 140 110 70-90 130 150 350 190 350-190 150-190 140-180 120-180 90 70-300 140-180 90 100-180 160-220 90-110 140-180 250-300 4--6 Hours 24 " 30 Minutes, lYi Hours iu " 2-6 " 2-4 " 4" 60 Minutes 8-16 Hours 1 Hour 2-4 Hours 4-6 " 3-180 Days 2-14 " Instantaneous 600 700 75-140 130-300 140-200 80-90 300 240 125 180-200 180-220 150-200 250-300 150-220 200-250 6 Hours 13 U 24 , U 6-12 " 10-15 Minutes 1-2 12 1-4 Hours U U 20-30 Minutes 20-30 -- u Instantaneous 12-96 Hours 12-24 " 483 of and,American Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 i. The usual procedure, in determining the moisture content of a repre sentative sample of the material, is to Weigh this sample before it has had a chance to lose weight by evaporation, then dry it to a water-free basis in an oven heated to a temperature slightly above the boiling point (about 215 deg. fahr.) until it has reached constant weight, then take a second weight record, and subtract the second weight from the first to determine the weight of the water. This figure can then be multiplied by 100 and divided by either the first weight or the second weight to obtain the percentage based on the original or final weight of the sample. Ovens used for this purpose are usually heated by steam or electricity and thermostatically controlled to prevent overheating. Time of Drying . In Table 1, the average temperature range and drying time for a number of representative materials are given. The figures do not repre sent the maximum speeds attainable nor necessarily the optimum tem perature conditions but are fairly typical of general commercial practice. In materials in which no capillary movement of free water can take place. Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation tt tt Lb. Water Vapor H -- Humidity -- y,_ Bone Dry Air Fig. 3. Typical Time-Moisture Curve for Materials in which No Capillary Flow of Free Moisture Occurs the speed is limited by the rate of transfusion through the material which is again determined by the critical temperatures and maximum gradients which can be used without injuring the material. In this case, theoretical analysis according to Lewis shows that in the early stages the time of drying is proportional to the square of the thickness and to the square of the.total moisture lost, and the time-moisture curve is a parabola. In the later stages, after all free water has been evaporated, the .curve becomes logarithmic. The form of this drying curve will, in general, resemble that shown in Fig. 3. On the other hand, in drying materials in which free water can flow by capillary action at a sufficient rate to keep pace with surface evaporation, the time is proportional to the first power of the thickness and the rate will be governed by the drying con ditions of the air and the area of surface exposed. Methods of Ca/cu/ations DRYER DESIGN ' A psychrometric chart applying to atmospheric pressure and plotted in units convenient for use in dryer calculations, is given in Fig.' 4. The amount of moisture in the air, H, is given in pounds of water per pound of dry air. With this choice of units, changes in H represent directly the 484 o ao o go O __ CP OQ r-- \S> l/1 Cu. Ft. per Lb. Bone Dry Air moisture picked up by the air from the material being dried. The inclined straight lines are adiabatic cooling lines for air in contact with water at its wet-bulb temperature, and also represent the cooling of air in the adiabatic drying of any stock, the sensible heat of which is negligible in ^omrt.rjcon MMt4i thp heat of vaDorization of the water in it. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The following nomenclature and explanation of terms will be used in the discussion of drying calculations: . H = humidity of air, pounds of water-vapor per pound of dry air. G = pounds of dry air supplied to the dryer per unit of time. ' 5 = pounds of stock dried per unit of time in a continuous dryer. S' = pounds of stock changed per batch to a discontinuous dryer. 0 = time. Q = total heat supplied to the dryer. t air temperature. t' = stock temperature. ' t" = average stock temperature over short-time interval, in a batch dryer. tw wet-bulb temperature. s' - specific heat of the stock. B = total radiation and conduction losses per unit time. w = pounds of water per pound of dry stock. r = heat of evaporation of water. s = humid heat of air, i.e., heat necessary to raise lib. of dry air + //lb. of steam 1 deg. Subscript 1 designates, conditions at the point, where the material in question (air or stock) enters and 2 where it leaves the dryer. Air dryers may be divided into two classes, those in which all moisture evaporated from the stock leaves the dryer as vapor in the effluent air, and those in which part or all of the moisture is condensed from the air in the drying equipment itself.. In any continuously operating dryer of the first type the relation between moisture content of the stock and quantity of air required for the drying operation is given by the equation: G (Ht -H,) =S (w, - ,,) (1) In discontinuous dryers, e.g., compartment dryers, the drying operation is given by the equation: =S'g (la) In the continuous dryer, the heat consumption per unit time is: ^ = Csx (t, -- ti) 4- G (ra + Ij --I'j) (H, -- -|- 5 (/', -- /',) (s' -f- w,) + B (2)- Equation (2) assumes continuity of operation. For charge or batch operations, the total time of the drying cycle may be broken up into a number.of periods, sufficiently short so that over each period average values of t, t' and H may be employed provided the third term of the right-hand member of the equation is modified to read: 5' (l", - t",) (s' + Wi), and in the second term t\ be replaced by '. t\ 4-1", .2 Theoretically these periods should be very short and the equation integrated. Practically the error introduced by using a small number of long periods and employing average values of the variables over each 486 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation rarely introduces serious error. The evaluation of equation (la) may be approximated in a similar manner. The first term of the right-hand member of equation (2) represents heat lost as sensible heat in the effluent air. In many drying operations this becomes excessive. Each pound of air supplied should remove the maximum amount of moisture. This is best accomplished by bringing the air into contact with the stock with sufficient intimacy so that the air leaving the dryer is saturated or nearly so. Counter-current as against parallel flow of air and stock gives rise to optimum operating conditions, resulting in a minimum quantity of air required, (G), and a corresponding minimum loss, as sensible heat, in the exit air. Similarly, continuous operation is superior to intermittent operation. Despite the fact that the sensible heat loss increases with the rise in temperature of the air, the percentage of heat lost from this source decreases, provided the increase in moisture-carrying capacity of the air due to high temperature is actually utilized. To secure maximum thermal Fig. 5. Chart Showing Temperature-Humidity Relationships in a Dryer efficiency in drying a high outlet air temperature and saturation is imperative. The Ventilation Phase The technique of attack of the ventilation phase of a drying problem is best made clear by an illustration. Assume that a material containing 40 per cent moisture is to be dried until this quantity of moisture is reduced to 5 per cent by weight. The material will stand an air tem perature of 150 deg. fahr. and it is possible to provide sufficiently good contact between the material and the drying air that the .effluent air can be brought up to 50 per cent humidity at 150 deg. The dryer is to use room air, the humidity and temperature of which may be assumed to average 70 deg. fahr. and 50 per cent. A counter-current dryer will be employed and the air in this dryer will be kept at a substantially Constant temperature of 150 deg. fahr. by heaters thermostatically controlled. The stock enters at 70 deg. fahr., rises quickly to the wet-bulb temperature of the air with which it is in contact and is found experimentally to maintain wet-bulb conditions until the moisture content has fallen to 487 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 20 per cent. From this point its temperature rises progressively as it dries. In this range the difference in temperature between stock and air, divided by the wet-bulb depression, may be assumed proportional to the moisture content. . The moisture content of the'entering stock, in the units here employed, is: ' TO, 40 per cent water = 0 6667. w = 5 per cent water 60 per cent dry stock ' ' W` 95 per cent dry stock = 0.0527. v>i -- u>t = A w = 0.614 lb. water evaporated per pound of dry stock. Since the air leaving the dryer is 50 per cent saturated at 150 deg: from Fig. 4, Hi = 0.105. Similarly, Hi = 0.008, corresponding to 50 per cent humidity at 70 deg. fahr. Consequently -- Hi = A H = 0.097 lb. water evaporated per pound dry air. Inspection of equation (1) shows that (H) is linear in w. Hence, one can construct Fig. 5, the line marked (H) being drawn connecting the initial and final points just computed. Since the air leaving the dryer has a temperature of 150 deg. and a humidity of 0.105, Fig. 4 shows that its wet-bulb temperature is 129 deg. fahr. This is plotted at the right-hand side of Fig. 5. Since the stock maintains a wet-bulb temperature down to 20 per cent moisture, where w = 0.25, the corresponding humidity can be computed by the use of equation (1) or by reading directly from the diagram, the value being 0.0392. Fig. 4 shows that the corresponding wet-bulb temperature is 105 deg. Any- intermediate point on the wet-bulb temperature curve can be calculated similarly. The points for w = 0.5 are shown on Fig. 5. . Below the point, w = 0.25, the temperature of the stock begins to rise appreciably above the wet-bulb temperature. Its temperature at any given point in this range, for example at w = 0.15, may be computed as follows: At this point, H = 0.0234 [from equation (1)] and from Fig. 4, /w = 95 deg. Hence the wet-bulb depression, / -- tw = 150 -- 95 = 55 deg. The assumption made regarding the relation between stock temperature and moisture content in this range may be formulated : A t' _ TO t <w - 0.25 . At the point w = 0.15, A /' = 33 deg., t' = 117 deg. The temperature of the stock leaving the dryer, similarly computed, is 136 deg. Fig 5 thus computed gives in graphical form the information as to the temperature humidity relationships in the dryer. The air requirements can be computed by equation (1). Thus, per 100 lb. of dry stock it is necessary to supply 633 lb. of dry air. Furthermore, since from Fig. 4 it is seen that the volume of 50 per cent saturated air at 70 deg. fahr. is 13.55 cu. ft. per pound, 8,580 cu. ft. of room air must be supplied per 100 lb. of dry stock. Similarly, since the volume of 50 per cent saturated air at 150 deg. is 18.0 cu. ft. per pound, the volume of hot-wet air discharged from the dryer is 11,400 cu. ft. per 100 lb. of dry stock. Finally, the heat necessary to supply to the dryer as a whole or to any section of it may be computed from equation (2). 488 Chapter 29--Drying by Evaporation Rale of Thumb Estimating Where time does not permit detailed calculations, a method some times used in dryer design is to estimate a consumption of about 2J4 lb- of steam furnished to the dryer for each pound of water evaporated from the material, although under favorable conditions 2 lb. of steam is suf ficient. In the very slow drying of thick, bulky materials such as hard wood lumber, at low temperatures, as much as 15 lb. of low-pressure steam is sometimes required per pound of water evaporated. . The temperature will drop approximately 8J4 deg. fahr. per grain of water evaporated per cubic foot of air (measured at 70 deg. fahr.) or approximately 0.62 deg. fahr. per pound of air at any temperature. Approximate calculations may be based on air volume but for exact determinations the weight of the air should be used, since the weight is a fixed quantity at any temperature, but the volume will vary with the amount of moisture absorbed and the temperature. DRYER ARRANGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION Outside handling and storage space usually is an important considera tion in dryer design. Continuous dryers have an advantage in this respect since they provide storage for a considerable proportion of the material in process, while for charge dryers enough outside space must be pro vided to handle at least one full charge awaiting the dryer and one full charge upon removal. The more rapid the drying operation, the more efficient must be the handling facilities, in order to hold operating costs to a minimum and to keep the dryer operating at maximum capacity. An important consideration in construction is to provide tight, wellinsulated doors which can easily be opened and closed, with minimum labor and loss of time. Fire resistance of doors is also important, in case of outside exposure to fire risks. Insurance rates must be considered in their relation to fire protective arrangements such as automatic sprinklers, fire doors and walls, steam jets for use in smothering fires that may start inside the dryer, etc. Ceilings of dryers should be as flat as possible and the space between the material and the walls and ceiling should be held to a minimum. A factor often overlooked is that of suitable provision for ventilation of the space around the dryer openings so that warm moist air which may escape from the dryer when the doors are opened may be carried away before it has a chance to condense on the ceiling or windows of the building in which the dryer is located or. into which it opens. Convenient arrangements for the operator should also be pro vided where tests can be made, records kept, and clothes changed, in case it is necessary for the operator to work inside the dryer. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE One vitally important phase of dryer design has been ignored in the preceding discussion, namely, the lime required to dry the stock, or, what is equivalent to the same thing, the size of the dryer, and the character and extent of the contact surface - between ..the stock and the air. In general, this cannot be determined except on the basis of experimental data on the specific material to be dried. The source of such data may 489 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 either be the known performance of actual commercial drying installa tions handling the same stock or direct experimental determinations in the laboratory. Data of this type for many materials are given in Table 1. Where it is necessary to determine drying conditions and rate in the laboratory, it is vitally important properly to control the experimental conditions. Where 'possible, the material upon which the experiments are made should have the same shape and size as that to be treated commercially. Furthermore, the conditions of exposure to the drying air, the temperature and humidity of that air, and its velocity and dis tribution over the material should be identical with those used in the full-scale operation. Where the commercial operation is by batch, it is relatively easy to duplicate commercial conditions in the laboratory-. However, where continuous operation is intended, it is usually difficult to build a continuous experimental dryer. In such a case, a preliminary diagram of the type of Fig. 5 should be constructed and the drying con ditions of the batch experimental operation controlled in the laboratory to conform to the humidity moisture content relationship of the ultimate continuous operation. In this way, dependable data on the drying rate can be obtained in the laboratory. An understanding of the mechanisms of drying and of the drying characteristics of the material to be dried is of the utmost importance in designing successful and economical dryers, especially in the inter pretation and extrapolation of plant and laboratory test data. Air. velocity has an important influence on the rate of drying in the constant rate period and in the first zone of the falling rate period, but in the second zone of the falling rate period the rate of diffusion of water to the surface controls the drying, and hence increasing the air velocity past the surface can have little effect on the rate of drying. . REFERENCES Commercial Drying Apparatus, By L. P. Dwyer (Transactions. A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 22. 1916, No. 418). Artificial Drying with Special Reference to the Use of Gas, By G. C. Shadwell (Transactions, A.S.H.V.E., Vol: 23. 1917, No. 440). , . Drying by Evaporation, By F. R. Still (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E.. Vol. 23, 1917, No. 441). Drying in Industrial Plants, By J. G. Ross. High Temperature Drying, By Burt S. Harrison (Transactions. A. S. H. V. EM Vol. 24, 1918, No. 472). The Temperature of Evaporation. By W. H. Carrier (Transactions, A.S.H.V.E., Vol. 24,1918, No. 473). Commercial Dehydration. By J. E. Whitley (Transactions, A. S, H. V. E., Vol. 26, 1920, No. 578). Drying as an Air Conditioning Problem. By A. W. Lissauer (Transactions, A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 27, 1921, No. 600). A Chronological Survey of Drying and Dryers, By J. E. Bolling (Journal, A. S. H. V, E., October. 1921, p. 715). Modern Drying Machinery, By H. B. Crenshaw. London, 1926. The Kiln Drying of Lumber, By A. Koehler and R. Thelen, New York. 1926. Drying, By W. H. Carrier (Marks' Mechanical Engineers Handbook, 2d ed., 1924). Drying. Kent's Mechanical Engineers Handbook, 10th ed., 1923. Calculations for Drying Design, By Grosvenor (Transactions, A. I. Chem. Eng., 1908, p. 184). The Rate of Drying Solid Materials, By J. Lewis {Ind. Eng. Chem., 1921, p. 427). Principles of Chemical Engineering, By Walker, Lewis, McAdams, 1923. (Chapters 12 to 16 on Evapo ration, Humidity and Drying. 1' The Kiln Drying of Lumber, By H. D. Tiemann.(Lippincott, 1920). Drying by Means of Air and Steam, By E. Hausbrand (D. Van Nostrand & Co., 1901). Principles of Drying Lumber and Humidity Diagram, By H. D. Tiemann (Forest Service Bui. 104, 1912) . Symposium on Drying. Articles by W. K. Lewis. W. H. Carrier, A. E. Stacey and Fleming, R. G. Mere, G. B. Ridley. C. O. Lavett, D. J. Van Marie {Jour. Ind. Eng. Chem,') 490 CHAPTER 30 OZONE AND VENTILATION Physical, Chemical and Germicidal Properties; Deodorizing Ozone Production; Proper Concentration; Industrial Uses. OZONE is a normal constituent of pure, natural air and its quantity varies with the topography of the country, particularly with regard to the altitude, the presence of bodies of water, and certain plant life. It is used in ventilating systems to destroy odors. Ozone is produced, photo-chemically, by ultra-violet light of short wave length (1,200-1,800A), while light of greater amplitude (3,000- 3,300A) exerts a decomposing effect. At high altitudes, where short-wave radiations are more intense, ozone naturally occurs in greater quantities. It is continuously under the destructive effect of longer waves, however, but a dynamic equilibrium is finally reached between the rate of formation and the rate of decay, which shifts with the altitude. Since light of longer wave length' penetrates closer to the earth than does that of shorter amplitude, the equilibrium becomes favorable to ozone directly as the altitude. . In summing up the evidence at hand it may be concluded that ozone, while mostly absent from city air, is normally present in pure country air, but in amounts that are difficult to estimate accurately. In nature the air is continuously under ionizing influences, and the enclosing of air, as in buildings, excludes these influences, in addition to destroying the original ionization of the air. Iqnization is involved in chemical activity. The process of ozonizing, in addition to supplying ozone, ordinarily absent from city air, further provides considerable ionized oxygen, pro ducing a fresh, chemically active air, comparable with fresh, pure air of nature, ' PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS' Density: Calculated Value; .1-66. The foregoing value refers to air as unity. Its rate of diffusion, with respect to oxygen is 0.75. . At a temperature of 270 deg. cent. (518 deg. fahr.), ozone is instantly decomposed. Odor: Strong, penetrating and characteristic. Perceptible to the sense of smell in concentrations above 0.01 p.p.m., by volume. Olfacity (minimum perceptible concentration expressed in molecules per c.c.) 2.705 X 10s at 0 deg. cent, and 760 m.m. Hg. Solubility: Soluble in water and dilute acids, quite soluble in carbon tetrachloride and many vegetable oils.* *See The Guide, 1929, for further physical properties. ' 491 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Its solubility in water, like all gases, is dependent upon the temperature and partial pressure. Nernst (Festschrift, 391; 1912) gives the solubility coefficient for water at 0 deg. cent, and 760 m.m. Hg., as 0.494; or about ten times as great as oxygen. However, high concentrations of ozone, in solution, in water, are not easily obtained in practice, due to the low concentrations at which ozone is available commercially. Of the two. factors, temperature appears to have the greatest bearing. CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVING OZONE Ozone is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. It is capable of oxidizing all of the elements, with the exception of gold and some of the metals of the platinum group. In the dry state its activity towards metals is not so marked, and in very low concentrations, such as used in ventilation, it may be considered as being practically inert towards the common metals. It exerts a depolymerising action on the rubber molecule, its destructive effect being quite characteristic even at comparatively low concentrations (ca. 3 to 4 ppm). However, unless the rubber is under stress, fairly high concentrations (ca. 50 to 100 ppm), fail to effect it appreciably. The low concentrations used in ventilation have no noticeable effect on ordinary rubber goods. Iodine is liberated from potassium iodide by ozone. Many of the low oxidation salts (ous salts) are carried to a higher degree of oxidation (ic salts) by ozone. Generally, ozone reacts to liberate molecular oxygen, only the third atom entering into combination. This may be expressed by the equation: M + 0, = MO + O,.................................... ........ ....... ...... (1) which is typical of the inorganic reactions of ozone. In many cases, however, ozone reacts as follows: . M + O, = MO,-.----...... --.................................... (2) This reaction is exemplified in the oxidation of sulphur dioxide: - 350,+ 0, = 350, Reaction (2) is more typical of the organic, than the inorganic, reactions of ozone, as illustrated by the oxidation of urea: . CO(NH,), + 0, = N, + CO, + 2H,0....... :......................... _...(3) In the oxidation of odoriferous substances, commonly met with in ventilation, such as skatole, indole, amine compounds, and the like, reaction (3) may be said to hold throughout. Where an amino group is present, molecular nitrogen will be produced, in addition to the carbon dioxide and water produced from hydrocarbons. t'* \ . EFFECT OF OZONE ON MICRO-ORGANISMS Ozone compared with other gaseous germicides, generally used for - fumigation, rightfully holds first place, as is revealed by the following table: .' Agent . Per cent necessary in moisted . air to be germicidal Ozone............................................. ............................................................ 0.1 Formaldehyde............. ............... ......................;..................................... 1.0 Sulphur Dioxide..... ..... ....................... ::................................... :........... 4.5 \. 492 Chapter 30--Ozone and Ventilation One-tenth per cent by weight, of ozone in air is equivalent to approxi mately 560 parts per million. Such a concentration of ozone could never be used in ventilating work. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) cites 0.05 per cent concentration as germicidal in air. Hill & Aeberly (Heating and Ventilating Magazine, February, 1922), report noticeable bacteriacidal effects in concentrations ranging from 300 to 450 ppm by volume. Ozone, even in respirable concentrations, is effective in in hibiting the development of fungi in cold storage; however, its action is inhibitory and not destructive. ODORIFEROUS SUBSTANCES T. Graham has pointed out that odoriferous substances are susceptible to oxidation. It is further known that most odoriferous substances contain unsaturated valencies, which render them particularly suscep tible to attack by ozone. The so-called odors of animal effluvia, frequently encountered in crowded places and where a large percentage of the air is recirculated, consists of low oxidation gases, and while present only in vanishingly small quantities, are highly odoriferous. These gases are completely and rapidly oxidized to odorless and innocuous products by ozone. Hydrogen sulphide is thrown off in small quantities by man, and is frequently present in the air in relatively large quantities, as the result of many industrial operations. Ozone oxidizes hydrogen sulphide very rapidly; under some conditions to sulphuric acid and under other con ditions to free sulphur and water. Products of putrefaction, such as trimethylamine, indole, skatole, the mercaptans, etc., are readily oxidized by ozone, as are the odors arising from foods, especially during cooking. Many of the odors resulting from the combustion of organic matter are destroyed. The odor of pyridine in tobacco smoke is destroyed and not masked by ozone. Sulphurous gases produced by the combustion of coal are completely oxidized, while many of the unsaturated gases resulting from the incomplete combustion of natural gases, oil and spirit fuels, are deodorized by ozone. Carbon monoxide is but slowly oxidized to the dioxide, the reaction being accelerated by the presence of a catalyst and also at elevated tem peratures. However, the molecular concentrations of ozone must be com parable, and preferably in excess of, that of the CO, in order to obtain reaction velocities of sufficient value for practical purposes. In garages and testing rooms the air is frequently contaminated with gasoline vapors and unsaturated gases, resulting from incomplete com bustion, which cause headaches and feelings of lassitude.. Ozone is valuable in oxidizing these gases and freeing the air from odor. However, GO must always be taken into consideration. It is an odorless and very insidious poison, since the victim has little warning of his condition until coma is induced. Four parts of CO per ten thousand of air is the maximum concentration which may be respired continuously without noticeable effect. (Henderson, Yandell, et al--Journal. Ind. Hyg. Vol. 3, 1921). Carbon monoxide frequently has been found present in quantities much greater than four parts per ten thousand in the atmosphere of garages 493 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 and the like, and so far, adequate ventilation is the only remedy known. It is obvious that, chemically, ozone has nothing to offer for carbon monoxide correction, since the reaction is, at best, slow in the absence of a catalyst, and a molecular concentration of ozone comparable with a lethal concentration of CO,' would produce quite as much physical distress as the carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is the index of good garage ventilation; this factor may be favorable and still an odoriferous condition, causing minor distress, may attain. Here ozone is of value, but it must be used with judgment, and does not permit of a curtailment of any of the ordinary CO precautions. Ozone and ionized air may possibly have some physiological effect on the haemoglobin, which may cause a shift, in selectivity, in favor of oxygen, but to date knowledge on this subject is not available. OZONE GENERATORS The air actually passed through an ozone generator should be free from water vapor, dust and gases normally foreign to the atmosphere. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) states that a relative humidity of 25 per cent, and a dry-bulb temperature of 68 deg. fahr., limits the yield of ozone 60 to 70 per cent of that which would be produced with dry air, other conditions being equal. The vapor content of air to be ozonized should not exceed 0.1 grain per cubic foot for the best results. The presence of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, etc., appreciably reduces the efficiency of an ozonizer. Ammonia gas, should it be admitted to the ozone generator in appreciable quantities, may cause an explosion. The presence of dust favors the passage of sparks, which cause thermal decomposition of the ozone, and adds to the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Ozone generators are now generally supplied with an air filter. Sparking and creeping discharges, which frequently form at the edges of the electrodes, should be prevented by the proper design of the- electrode members. The rate of decomposition of ozone is greatly accelerated at high temperatures, therefore, ozonizers should, be operated with a minimum temperature rise. At room temperatures the rate of decomposition is negligible. Due to the catalytic effects on the decomposition of ozone, inherent in commercial ozonizers, there is a decided limiting concentration at which ozone may be produced. As a rough approximation, it may be stated that the rate of decomposition is proportional to the concentration of ozone. Thus, the energy necessary to produce high concentrations is much greater than that required to produce the same weight of ozone in a more dilute state. The rate of air flow, to energy input, determines the concentration; therefore, air flow is a very important factor in ozonizer design. However, it must be pointed out that the yield does not increase indefinitely, with increasing air flow; and since the power required to dry the air is considerable, in relation to the power required to produce the quantities of ozone used in ventilation, it becomes necessary to strike a compromise between these two costs, in order to obtain the lowest gross cost of production. 494 Chapter 30--Ozone and Ventilation Hill & Aeberly (Heating and Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921), have published graphs showing the relation between yield of ozone and air flow, while Hartman (Ice & Refrigeration, November and December, 1924), has given a detailed analysis of this factor in the terms of dollars and cents. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Ozone, in air, is best determined quantitatively by iodimetric titration. Of the numerous methods for the quantitative determination of ozone that have been advanced from time to time, none combine as high an order of accuracy with simplicity of technique, as does this standard method, the technique of which is familiar to all chemists or may be found in any textbook of volumetric analysis. As the output of an ozonizer can be very closely controlled by the manufacturer, it is recommended that the output be checked, when de sired, by an analysis of the ozonized air coming directly from the ozonizer, thus eliminating the errors inherent in fan deliveries, leakage, etc., which may be additive and of sufficient magnitude to give quite an erroneous idea of the performance of the ozonizer. It is frequently desirable to determine the concentration of ozone actually produced in the spaces for which the ventilation is intended. Such concentrations are generally of the order of 0.01 ppm minimum, to about 0.5 ppm maximum, and are without the range of accuracy of the standard iodimetric method. A fairly accurate, and comparatively simple, method for determination of concentrations of this order has been devised by Yant, Jones & Houghten, which is described in detail in the Trans actions, A. S. H. V. E,, Vol. 29, 1923, p. 331. Periodic checks of the actual output of the ozonizer, together with a check of the concentration established in the ventilated spaces should be fruitful of exceedingly interesting and suggestive data. PROPER CONCENTRATION OF OZONE The concentration of ozone in the air of ventilated spaces, should not be allowed to rise appreciably above 0.01 ppm. However, this does not mean that this is the proper concentration to introduce. The quantity of ozone necessary to maintain this concentration will depend upon what has been aptly termed "respiratory load," or cubic feet of air, per person, per unit of time; together with a consideration of such odoriferous operations as may exist in the ventilated spaces, and the purity of the source of air supply. Thus air drawn from near the level of the city streets will require more ozone to maintain the proper concentration, than will air drawn from purer sources! This applies equally to air drawn from the vicinity of stock yards and the like. - Likewise restaurants, smoking rooms, dance halls, and theaters will require a greater quantity of ozone than will schools, offices, etc. Depart ment stores, particularly the basements, due to odors arising fromiabrics and other wares, require special consideration. There is also what may be called the "building coefficient," which includes the length of the duct system, the heights of the ceilings, and the condition of the venti lating system, whether old and dusty or new and clean, together with the rate of air change, and whether humidity control is provided or not. 495 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 In industrial ventilation, where specific contaminants are to be con tended with, a knowledge of the concentration and character of the contaminating substances is essential for best results. Ozone is not a cure-all for industrial odors in general, for instance, allyl alcohol vapors, which possess an annoying odor, when subjected to action with ozone, produce the aldehyde acrolein, which is exceedingly irritating, even in very small concentrations. Here harm rather than good will be done. It is best to submit problems of this character to engineers experienced in the use of ozone for definite recommendations. It has been recommended (Hill & Aeberly, Heating and Ventilating Magazine, March, 1922) that sufficient ozone capacity be provided to permit of building up comparatively high concentrations when the building is not occupied. In schools, for example, the ozone equipment should be operated at a capacity to give perhaps 0.01 ppm of ozone when the building is occupied, and after the pupils have left the building, the full capacity of the machine should be used, closing all openings, recircu lating the entire amount of air, and building up a sufficient concentration to exert the maximum deodorizing effect throughout the building, the duct work and mechanical equipment. For general ventilation, under average conditions (85 per cent ventila tion), the ozonizer should be of sufficient capacity to provide a concen tration of 0.05 ppm of ozone in the fan volume. For 100 per cent ventilat- ing systems a lesser quantity can be made to suffice. A generalization, cannot be made broad enough to cover the many special conditions, ' particularly problems of specific deodorization. . Capacity of Ozonizers * ' Having chosen the maximum required concentration of ozone, for the purpose in hand, it becomes necessary to calculate the capacity of the ozonizer. There seems to be no agreement, among makers of ozone equipment, regarding the unit of rating for ventilating ozonizers. There are three methods in common use, as follows: - ' ' . Parts per Million: Wherein the ozonizer is rated in parts per million (generally by . volume) in some specific air volume. At first this may seem a very desirable method for rating ozonizers, as it is simply necessary to state the ppm of ozone, required for the specific CFM of air. Ozonizers so rated, have their ozone meter calibrated in ppm for y. the specified CFM, and should the fan volume be varied, the meter is liable to become .. ' misleading, as the original CFM may not always be considered when reading it. Con sideration of the original CFM, and proportioning to any new CFM; is essential with an ozonizer so rated, if accurate knowledge of the concentration employed at any other CFM is desired. Ozone is generally applied on the basis of ppm by volume, and as there is no existing agreement concerning a standard temperature and pressure at which the ozonizer should be calibrated, this method of rating leaves the actual capacity of the unit open to question, unless the temperature and pressure employed for calibrating is stated. Since weight is unaffected by temperature and pressure, and as ozone is determined chemically, directly in the terms of weight, weight forms a better basis for the rating of ozonizers, and eliminates a number of qualifying factors, together with tedious calculations in ozonizer design. . Milligrams per Minute: Ozonizers so rated have their ozone meter calibrated directly in the terms of milligrams per minute, and leave no questions concerning the actual capacity of the unit. Errors of omission are further circumvented by forcing a con- sideration of all factors, when determining the concentration of ozone in the air of the ventilating system. > . ' - 496 Chapter 30--Ozone and Ventilation The expression ppm, generally means parts per million by volume at room temperature and average barometric pressure, when referred to ozone in ventilation. One litre of ozone at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm Hg, weighs 1.9127 grams. Taking these conditions as a basis, the weight of 1 cc. of ozone may be taken as 2 milligrams, yielding a very convenient figure for use, easily remembered, and sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. The metric system is best employed here, for convenience of analysis and calculations of design, with final conversion into English units for purpose of application. It is on this basis that the following formulae have been derived: . Formulae for Application: CFM = fan capacity, cubic feet per minute of air. mpm = milligrams of ozone per minute. _ ppm parts of ozone per million parts of air, by volume, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg. 28,320 = cc per cubic foot. . 2 = weight of 1 cc of Oa at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg. Given: CFM and ppm; Find, mpm: C---F---M----XXpp28m,3,2.0(,XQ n2nn=. m. npm " which reduces to: -C--F---M-- Xy ppm . X 5K6.64 = _m__pm........................ ...........-............(m1) Given: mpm and ppm; Find, CFM: mPTM * 10* X -- = CFM..................................................(2) 56.64 Ppm Given: mpm and CFM; Find, ppm: mpm 10' _. ,n\ 56.64 X CFM - PP ........................................................(3) Ventilating Unit: The Ventilating Unit (VU) has been created by the author, for the. purpose of simplifying the calculations for applying ozone to ventilating systems. It is a compound unit, taking into consideration quantity and time. It is analagous to the horsepower, wherein 33,000 lb. are lifted one foot in one minute. It represents that quantity of ozone necessary to produce a concentration of 0.1 ppm in 1,000 CFM, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm Hg. . 1 VU = 5.7 milligram of 03 per minute 340 milligrams of 0 per hour The formulae for its application are very simple: . Given: CFM and ppm; Find, VU: CFM .... ,,, X ppm = VU----------------- ::--............................... (4) which reduces to pointing off two places in the'CFM and multiplying by the ppm. Given: VU and CFM; Find, ppm: CFMU X 1.00 = PPm-;-................. -.............................. (5) which reduces to pointing off three places in the CFM, one place in the VU, and dividing the former into the latter. Given: VU and ppm; Find, CFM: 1,000 X VU = CFM ppm X 10 (6) As the VU represents a definite weight of ozone, in "a definite period of time, ozonizers so rated leave no question as to their actual capacity. The decimal character of the unit admits of much facility in calculations. 497 u American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 METHOD OF APPLICATION In order that ozone may be made from properly conditioned air it becomes necessary to produce it in relatively high concentrations, which are introduced into the fan intake where mixing and dilution to proper strength is accomplished. The highly concentrated ozonized air is con ducted in either brass or aluminum pipe from the ozone generators to the ventilating fan, the pressure required for delivering it being supplied by the blower furnished with the ozone machine. It is best to locate the ozone machine as near the ventilating fan as practical and in no case should the friction of the ozone delivery pipe exceed one pound per square inch. For typical layout, floor space, electric service, etc., covering general ventilating practice, refer to the catalog data section. It is frequently advisable to interlock the operation of the ozone machine with the ventilating fan so that the starting and stopping of the fan also starts and stops the ozone machine automatically. When the respiratory load (i.e. number of people occupying .the ventilated spaces) is subject to wide and rapid variation, it is advisable to provide means for both observing and controlling the quantity of ozone being produced, at some point convenient to the ventilated spaces, so that an attendant can synchronize the ozone production with the respiratory duty of the system. This is particularly advisable for restaurants, theaters, dance halls and the like. When a number of ventilating fans in one building are grouped.so that all may be supplied from one ozone machine, a multi-unit ozonizer should be employed, thus centralizing the equipment and permitting the use of a common air drying plant. These multi-unit assemblies should be so designed that each unit can be controlled independently and remote control of .ozone output as well as automatic synchronism with the opera tion of the ventilating fan can be provided for each unit of the assembly. Ozone machines should be provided with an indicating ozone meter for ' registering the quantity of ozone being produced at any instant. This meter should be operated by the net. electrical energy input, as meters operating on pressure or current are unreliable and frequently misleading. ' REFERENCES Ozone, By E. K. Rideal. . Puschin & Kauchtschev, J. Russ. Physiological Chemistry Society, 46, 576, 1914. ^ Bulletins, U. S. Bureau of Mines. .. Industrial Applications of Ozone, By F. E. Hartman (Journal. A. S. H. V. E.', November, 1924, p. 711). Ozone and Its Use in Ventilation, By F. E. Hartman (Journal, A. S. H. V. E., May,. 1924, p. 365). Improving Air in Rooms by Means of Ozone, From Lubbert, Uber die Gesundheitsshadiichkeit der Luft bewohnter Raume und ihre Verbesserung durch Ozon, Gesundh-Ing., 1907. . . Experiments on' Air Improvement, By Erlander and Schwartz, Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber Luftverbesserung, Zeit. Hyg. Infektionskrankh, 19f2. Experiments on Deodorizing, By Kisskalt, Versuche uber Desoderierung, Ebenda. . Application of Ozone in Ventilation, By Konrich. Zur Verwendung des Ozons in der Luftung. Forced Ventilation in St. Louis Schools; By E. S. HaUett, Domestic Engineering. Hill & Aeberly, Heating and Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921. 498 CHAPTER 31 SPECIAL HEATING AND VENTILATING APPLICATIONS Brief Summary of Special Factors to be Considered for Greenhouse Heating; Barn Ventilation-, Government Buildings; Cold Storage Warehouses; School- houses; Spray Booths; Pressing Rooms aiul Libraries. GREENHOUSE HEATING . IT is important that the heat shall be defused evenly, that there shall be no high-velocity air currents, especially for flowers, and'that no rapid temperature fluctuation shall be permitted. Steam and hot water systems both are used in greenhouse heating. Electrically propelled unit heaters have been used with good results. Unfortunate results occasionally are encountered with all'of these dif ferent kinds of apparatuses. Table 1 gives the usual temperatures required in greenhouses. The heat losses from greenhouses are computed the same as are the heat losses from other types of building. The service is for 24 hours per day, and the peak demand occurs when the weather is cold and there is no sunshine, as at night. Leakage of air through cracks in the glass frames is not serious since in cold weather these freeze due to condensa tion, and seal tightly with ice. The boiler in a greenhouse must always be selected on the basis of the heat demand and will seem large in pro portion to the square feet of radiation, since greenhouse radiators or convectors usually are highly efficient. The piping, where direct heaters are used, is designed usually with a view to the kind of plants to be grown, though there is some tendency to use side wall and free hanging overhead heating surface in preference to piping under the plant benches.- It is probable that there are more low-pressure steam heating systems in greenhouses than any .other kind of system. It is highly desirable that with such plants there shall be vacuum pump returns, with ther mostatic heater trapsi It is important, whatever the type of system, that the heating surface or out-put be well subdivided, so that no matter how much or how little heat shall be needed, just enough and no more than enough can be delivered. The heat must be distributed just as evenly over the whole area of the greenhouse as though all of the output were being delivered. One recommendation is that the heating surface be subdivided and provided with valves in increments of not exceeding 10 per cent. -- The openings in the roof of a greenhouse which serve for ventilation are arranged in a row along the ridge and are spaced uniformly. If pipe 499 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Usual Temperatures Required in Greenhouses Kind op Vegetation Violets.... .................. Camelias--................ Azaleas...... 1.............. Lettuce...................... Cool Palm Houses. Carnations..... ......... General Purposes... Roses.--..--............. . Mushrooms.............. Forcing Houses...... . Conservatories........ Orchid Houses........ Fern Houses.... ........ Peach House.............................. ...... Vinery--................................................ Early Tomatoes and Cucumbers. Tropical Palm House...................... Temperature Re quired, Deg. Fahr. 40 to 45 50 to 55 55 to 60 60 to 65 | 65 to 70 coils are arranged lengthwise of the house they must be heated evenly and proportionately to the cooling effect of the ventilation. However, in practice excess radiation must always be placed at the ends of the house to compensate for the extra heat losses at the gable ends. The result is that when the roof ventilation is open, the ends of the building, tend to over-heat. Any small leakage of supply valves or return traps also tends to cause over-heating of the ends of the. long coils. A curious observation is that the air in a greenhouse tends to move in a direction opposite to that of the wind outside. This causes over-heating of the windward end and under-heating of the leeward end. This reverse , interior current also causes a lowered relative humidity at the leeward end and excess moisture at the windward end; since such leakage as^ there is tends to enter from the leeward end. In one case when unit heaters with electric fans were installed in a rose greenhouse, observations with thermometers and humidity instru ments indicated excellent results, but the roses would not grow until the air velocity from the unit heaters was reduced to a very gentle current.. The most recent testimony seems to indicate that in general, when steam, is used the electric unit heater is satisfactory, using low velocities of air " and rather close spacing of the heaters. All successful greenhouse operators testify that great manual effort and exceedingly detailed attention must be applied to the air conditioning. There is a demand for very reliable automatic temperature control. One State University reports most favorable results with unit heaters and electric automatic control. . There is no question but that forced circulation hot water heating finds an especial field in greenhouse work, since the heaters may be almost 500 Chapter 31--Special Heating and Ventilating Applications as small as those used with steam, and since the temperature of the heating surface may be controlled within such a wide range either by thermostats or by hand, without the constant adjusting of supply valves necessary when steam is used. DAIRY BARN VENTILATION The following are the salient requirements of dairy barn ventilation: 1. For good ventilation, there should be provided about 3,500 cu. ft. of fresh air per hour per 1,000 lb. of live stock weight. 2. A strong convective circulation is generated by the heat from the bodies of the stock, causing an upward movement toward the ceiling, about them, and a consequent downward movement at the walls. 3. Intake openings should be located in the walls near the ceiling so that incoming cold air, falling toward the floor, will accentuate .the convective action induced by the heat within. 4. Outlet openings seem to function merely as exhaust ports, to relieve the interior pressure, and appear to have little influence on the direction of air currents. Hence, the spacing or distribution of outlet openings is rather immaterial, so long as the required aggregate area is provided. Area of outlet openings should be about one-third greater than intake. 5. It is better to take the air out at the floor than at the ceiling, since by the former there appears to be a larger volume of warm air held in the stable, which contributes to better temperature control. . 6. The active circulation resulting from the down-flowing cold air entering at open ings in the walls near the ceiling, cooperating with the convective action induced by the heat of the animals, effectually prevents condensation and keeps the air fresh and odorless. DESIGN AND OPERATING DATA FOR MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS The Guide, 1929, contains a chapter on this subject by N. S. Thompson of the Treasury Department. It contains data on the proportioning of plumbing fixtures, sewers, water services, fire protection, etc. It also gives rough approximations for determining the wattage for illumination, the number of elevators and the amount of heating surface in radiators. Data is given covering the average fuel and labor and maintenance costs for about 1,400 Treasury Department Buildings. The following is quoted therefrom: Roughly, %o lb- of coal per cubic foot is required per year for heating the ordinary building, while in buildings containing electric generating plants 1 lb. of coal per cubic foot is approximately correct for all purposes. Roughly, the maximum electrical demand in the large buildings averages %o k.w. per square foot of gross floor area. For boiler room repairs'allow $2.00 per horsepower nominal rating. For engine room repairs allow $2.00 per annum per kilowatt total nominal rating of generator. - For boiler and engine room supplies allow $2.00 per annum per horsepower of boilers installed. . . Boiler room labor averages $2.00 per ton of coal fired, based on an 8 hour shift and 48 hours per week. , " Ash removal averages of a cubic yard to each ton of coal burned and is estimated to cost $1.00 per cubic yard to remove it. The labor in a Federal Building containing an electric generating plant Will roughly average the same as'the cost of the coal, supplies and repairs to the boilers and electric generators. . 501 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 The fixed charges for machinery in a Federal Building are 3 per cent interest and 5 per cent depreciation per annum on engines, boilers, etc., while on buildings, tunnels, etc., 2 per cent depreciation per annum is allowed. The annual dividend which must be earned by the ordinary isolated Federal plant in comparison with the purchase of current from a public utility company is 10 per cent on the cost of the Government plant. HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR WATER AND OIL A valuable chapter on the subject of heat exchangers, giving the mathe matics of this interesting thermal process, is included in The Guide, 1929. VENTILATION OF COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES Fruit and vegetables are alive until they begin to decay and if they are to remain alive and well they must be given an ample supply of air and favorable humidity conditions.. Conclusive demonstration has been made of the necessity of controlled ventilation for rooms in which fruit and vegetables are stored, even though the temperature in such rooms may be kept very low. It is possible to obtain well developed proprietary systems of ventilation for cold storage warehouses, and as the volume of air to be changed may be comparatively small, the cost for extra refrigeration due to ventilation is trifling, and often is more than com pensated for by the improved interior air circulation and the elimination . of air-stratification. Warehouses for fruit storage where no refrigeration is employed should have many doors and windows, which may be opened during the night in warm weather, and closed during the day. The product should be piled in such manner as to allow very free air circulation between the cases and around them. Fans for driving new-air quickly through and around the cases often are employed to good advantage. , ZONING OF HEATING AND VENTILATION All alert engineers are paying more and more attention to the control of heating and ventilating equipment with reference to the changing daily . ` outside conditions. \ The larger schools in Toledo, have for years been provided with central. manual control whereby the heating may be accentuated on the colder ' sides of the building, or reduced on the warmer sides of the building, in addition to the usual local thermostatic control. Substantial savings in the fuel cost of hotels and apartment houses and office buildings are often made possible by means of control by zones. It is possible that , much of the fuel saving by this zoning is affected by the prevention of too many open windows on the leeward or sunny sides of the building. . Remote controlled electrically or pneumatically-operated valves are obtainable, and the design of any large building which has no provision for zoned operation is subject to criticism. The various remote supply valves may be operated by thermostats or may be under manual control,. or by throwing one switch either type of control may be selected. It is . possible also to indicate at a central point, accurately and at low cost,. the temperatures throughout the building, which information of course furnishes the inspiration for use of the manual controls. The effect of 502 Chapter 31--Special Heating and Ventilating Applications sunshine on building heat-demand may thus be followed around the building each day. A further, very simple refinement may cause the fuel-burning device, such as stoker or oil burner or gas flame to be shut down whenever the last zone valve closes, and to resume operation whenever the first zone valve opens, no matter which one this may be. VENTILATION OF LACQUER SPRAY BOOTHS In general there must be ah exhaust fan which will provide an air velocity of at least 150 lin. ft. per minute through the opening into the hood from the room. It is preferable in installations of this type to use a pressure fan with an inductor-jet or nozzle so that the carried-away lacquer does not enter the fan at all. It is proper to make the exhaust duct in the vicinity of the booth of such type that accumulations of paint may be removed when they begin to clog the air ways. ' In many automobile body spray booths the ducts for exhausting from the spray hood will range from 30 to 48 in. in diameter. A 30 in. duct usually requires about 2 hp. for the fan, which maintains on the 5 in. nozzle pipe, pressure equal to a column of water about 7 in. high. For a 48 in. duct the fan requires about 5 hp. and the pressure is 10 in. of water on a 6in. nozzle pipe. There are proprietary systems of this type. VENTILATION OF PRESSING ROOMS IN MEN'S CLOTHING FACTORIES In the men's garment manufacturing industry there are used large batteries of clothes pressing machines. . These usually have large heated areas filled with high pressure steam, and the heaters and the piping which serves them and the jets of steam used on some of the machines for direct application to the cloth, bring about a man-cooling problem of considerable extent. The following solution has been found reasonably satisfactory for use during warm weather: 1. Mechanical exhaust ventilation of about 2,000 cu. ft. per minute per machine, with gravity inlets through ducts, doors, windows, etc. 2. Mechanical supply ventilation taking air from out-of-doors, delivered horizontally directly toward the face and breast of each operative through an adjustable nozzle of about one-half square foot area at a velocity of about 800 lin. ft. per minute. This nozzle should be about 2 ft. from the man. . 3. The inlet to the mechanical supply ducts should be taken if possible from the north or shady side of the building, or from a shaded court, never from above a sunny black roof, since the normal out-door air will gain considerable heat when drawn into' the building over such a surface. AIR CONDITIONING OF LIBRARIES1 . Temperature, per se, can be disregarded generally as having little effect upon the keeping qualities of books. There is an optimum temperature for the growth, of each variety of mildew, but this growth can best be inhibited by depriving the mildew of water or, by the use of chemical "Based on a paper by the Bureau of Standards. 503 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 treatments. Too high a temperature (over 100 deg. fahr.), combined with low relative humidity, may cause the book materials to become brittle. A temperature much below freezing (25 deg. fahr.) may cause permanent deterioration of the glue. The relative humidity should be maintained between 40 per cent and 70 per cent, although these limits may be exceeded in either direction for short periods of time. If the relative humidity gets much below 40 per cent, first the glue and then the paper will tend to become brittle. This will not cause any permanent damage unless the book is used, or rather abused, while in this condition. Subsequent increase in humidity will bring the materials back to their normal condition. If the relative humidity gets much above 80 per cent, the growth of mildew may be expected. The tendering, brittleness, and yellowing of books, which are usually looked upon as signs of age may be caused by oxygen plus moisture or by sulphuric acid. The effects can be diminished by using a grade of paper which is as nearly pure cellulose as practicable. The deterioration of the leather bindings can be retarded by occasional applications of neats-foot oil. Sometimes leather and paper contain small amounts of sulphuric acid, put in during the manufacturing process. Such leather or paper is not so suitable for book making as that which is entirely free from acid. The glue used in making books should contain a preservative' to prevent any decomposition from the growth of bacteria or mildew. It should also contain some plasticizing agent, such as glycerol, to offset the effect of exposure to low humidity. Books should be protected, as far as possible, from exposure to direct sunlight, since this accelerates the deteriorating action of other agencies. \ 504 CHAPTER 32 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT SPECIFICATION ITEMS THE purpose of this chapter is to provide a suggested list for checking heating and ventilating specifications so that the important items covering work to be done, will be included. instructions to bidders Proposa/s 1. Date, time and place of receipt of bids. 2. Sealed and labeled on outside as to the work covered and whom bid is from. 3. Where plans and specifications may be secured and as to deposit required. 4. List of the separate branches of work upon which bids will be taken. 5. Bid form--to be copied by bidders. 6. Amount of certified check or bid bond required with bid; terms of liability if bidder refuses or neglects to enter into a contract and return of certified checks or bonds. 7. How bids are to be signed. 8. Time allowance and other arrangements for signing contracts. 9. Right to reject bids. Bonds 1. Kinds of bonds required, i.e., for the faithful performance of the work, maintenance, payment of bills,, damages, suits and claims, patent infringement and guarantees. 2. Obligation of sureties. GENERAL CONDITIONS Special Notice to Contractors In case the heating and ventilating specifications are attached to and made a part of a general specification where general conditions cover all or many of the following items the ones covered may be left out and the following clause be added at the head of the heating and ventilating specification. "The general conditions written for the entire work and appearing in the forepart of this specification apply to each and every contract, contractor, sub-contractor or other person or persons supplying any material or labor entering into this building, directly or indirectly. These general conditions govern all parts of the work and are parts of and apply in full force to the heating and ventilating work and other items as herein specified. The contractor shall refer thereto as forming integral -parts of his contract." Specifications, etc. Part of Contract . Specifications, plans, instructions to bidders, advertisement and proposal-declared and made a part of any and all contracts. Application --' Clause stating that general conditions refer and apply to each and every contract or sub-contract covered by the specification. . 505 ./ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Examination of Premises and Buildings That all contractors must visit and examine or otherwise be responsible for existing conditions. Approval of Sub-Contracts Names to be submitted- and approved before sub-contracts are let. Time of Completion 1. Dates and methods of procedure for any special parts to be completed ahead of general completion. 2. Dates of final completion. "7'". 3. Liquidated damages. '' Extension of Time \ ' Conditions under which additional time will be allowed for completion; to compensate for time unavoidably lost; changes in contract requirements; delays by others, etc. Extension of Time not a Waiver Extension of time or occupancy of the premises in whole or in part not to constitute a waiver of the owner's rights. Unit Schedule . To be furnished for each branch of the work, covering all items of material and labor and footing up to the contract price. For use in checking payments, costs of additional work or credits for work omitted. ' Definition of Terms Such as Board, Committee, Owner, Architect, Engineer, etc. Cooperation 1. Between contractors and with owner as to changes, etc. 2. Rules governing relations between contractors as to water, gas, light, telephone, etc. Supervision and Foreman . Provide for continuous supervision by parties satisfactory to Engineer and subject to removal if unsatisfactory. , Permits, Department Rules and Regulations ^ 1. Compliance with Building, Plumbing, Health and Fire Departments having jurisdiction and with State Codes and rules and with the rules and regulations of the... Notional Board of Fire Underwriters. 1 2. Any additional material or labor required to conform to any of these rules and regulations to be furnished under the contract without additional cost. 3. Contractor to secure all necessary permits and pay all fees incident thereto. , Extra Work ." To be done upon written orders only, stating cost where possible, otherwise cost to be upon basis of schedule or prevailing market values. Strikes To be avoided if possible and settled with dispatch. Patents . . Contractor to assume responsibility and pay any royalties for use of patented articles. ' Payments When and how made. Final payment not binding as to defective work. . ' 506 . IT" Chapter 32--Summary of Important Specification Items Guarantee 1. Regular guarantee. 2. Special maintenance or operation guarantees. 3.. Defects other than normal wear and tear to be made good during the life of the guarantee. Material and Workmanship Quality of material and workmanship regardless of manufacturers' trade designations. Materials to be delivered in sufficient quantities; labor to be competent and both under control of the Engineer. Samples As required; to be submitted for approval. Protection . 1. Of materials delivered and work in place. 2. Of life and property, including warning signs, guards, watchman's service, etc. 3. Indemnify and save harmless the owner from any suits or claims arising out of alleged damages. Insurance Fire and tornado, liability on account of injury to persons or property. Drawings and Specifications . 1. To be used jointly and not separately. 2. Discrepancies to be called to the attention of the engineer before the work is installed.. 3. Detail drawings. 4. Shop drawings; how submitted for approval. - Engineer's Supervision and Authority 1. All work under Engineer's supervision. 2. Interpretation of plans and specifications to be solely by engineers. 3. Power to manage work if contractor fails to do so satisfactorily. 4. Power to recommend the termination of the contract and employment of others to complete, if the contractor fails or neglects to properly progress work or abandon the work for three or more days. ' 5. Disposition of moneys in cases (3) and (4). Tools and Appliances -. ' All derricks, machinery, shoring, scaffolding and tools to be furnished and main tained by the contractor and removed by him at completion. Cutting and Patching 1. By whom done. 2. This contractor to give to all other contractors dimensions, location and other data for chases, sleeves, boxes, etc., to be built in, and in time to prevent delays, other wise to bear expense and responsibility for installing such items later. 3. Repairing and refinishing, as to whom done by and in what manner. Rubbish and Cleaning 1. Removed by contractors depositing same. 2. Cleaning up building. 3. Cleaning ducts and flues. 4. Cleaning boilers and pipes. 507 / ' . ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Contract Drawings List of contract drawings. Symbols List of symbols. , Scope ol Work 1. Work included in contract. 2. Work by others. . Substitution 1. Not to be made after contract is signed. 2. Substitution must be offered five (5) days before bids, with full description and any difference in price; all other bidders to be allowed to bid on such substitution. Testing and Trial Operation 1. Testing and adjusting. 2. Trial operation; number of days. 3. Instructions for operating. Temporary Heat 1. Making available tor temporary heating purposes any and all parts of the equip ment installed, or which should have been installed at the time such heat is required, without extra cost. . -. 2. Setting, connecting, disconnecting and reconditioning radiation for temporary heat as directed and cost per radiator for this work; 3. By whom fuel is to be furnished. 4. Terms under which contractors shall furnish labor to operate, with option for owners to operate. 5. Contractor to assume all responsibility for system while being used for temporary heat. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE WORK General Description . 1. Method of heating building. 2. Method of ventilating building. 3. Control for heating and ventilation. 4. Water heating equipment. 5. High-pressure steam, low-pressure steam, feed water, service water, fire protection, refrigerating, compressed air, drip and drain piping systems. 6. Provisions for future extensions. 7. Are pipes to be concealed or exposed? Boilers 1. Number. 2. Size. 3. Foundations. 4. Encasement. 5. Kind of fuel--grates, stokers, oil burners, gas burners. 6. Controlling and observing instruments and equipment; damper regulator. 7. Trimmings--safety valves, blow-off valves, water columns, gages, etc. 8. Firing and cleaning tools, soot blowers, .brushes. 9. Test and insurance. 10. Working pressure. . 11. Connections--water, gas, oil, blow-off, electric, etc. 508 Chapter 32--Summary of Important Specification Items Smoke Breeching . 1. Gage of steel. 2. Cleanout doors. 3. Dampers. 4. Supports and provision for carrying insulation. Chimney 1. Size and height. 2. Lining. Fuel Storage and Handling Coal truck, conveyors, oil tank, gages, etc. ' Ash Storage and Handling 1. Ash cans, truck, etc. 2. Ash conveyor, elevator, hatches, etc. . Blow-off Tank 1. Size and construction. 2. Connections to sewer, cooling arrangements, etc. Hot Water Generating .Apparatus 1. Capacity in gallons and size of tanks. 2. Kind and capacity of heating surface. 3. Supports. 4. Thermometers, temperature controls and relief valves. 5. Coal, gas, steam, inserted coil, attached circulator, etc. 6. Relief and safety provisions. Pumps 1. Function. 2. Number, size, motive power. 3. Trimmings, gages, valves, etc. 4. Connections. Tanks 1. Function. 2. Number, size, supports. 3. Trimmings, gages, valves, etc. 4. Connections. Pipe, Fittings, Etc. 1. Kinds and weight of pipe and nipples. 2. Kinds of fittings and.working pressure. 3. Expansion and contraction and anchoring arrangements. 4. Thimbles, sleeves and plates. . 5. Supports. . - . ' Valves . 1. Kind and working pressure with schedule. 2. Special valves, such as pressure regulating, remote control, automatic stop and non-return. - 3. Operating devices, such as extension handles and. chains. 4. By-pass provisions. 509 i . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Traps and Air Valves 1. Kind and make. 2. Cleaning;, as for vacuum traps. ' Radiators' , 1. Kind and legs, or legless. 2. Tappings. 3. Supports, as for ceiling radiators, pipe coils, etc. 4. Concealed heaters and grilles, dampers, encasement, valves, etc. 5. Radiator recesses and grilles, linings, hoods, etc. 6. Pipe coils. . Fans " 1. Number, make, type, size, etc. 2. Hand and housing. 3. Capacity and pressure. . 4. Direct connected or belted. 5. Bearings, pulleys, extended shafts, etc. 6. Foundations and sound proofing. . Blast'Convectors 1. Type. 2. Make. 3. Number of rows and arrangement. 4. Square feet of heating surface and free area. 5. Cubic feet of air to be heated and temperature range. 6. Method of control of temperature. 7. Foundations and supports. . ^ Air Conditioning - 1. Type. 2. Capacity. . 3. Guarantee. 4. If air washers, describe humidity control, gage and kind of metal for tank, casing, eliminators. Also pump piping, valves, gages, strainers, spray-heads. 5. If filters, describe type, motive power, control, gages, housing, etc. Motive Power 1. Kind, with schedule of power and speed of each unit. 2. Controlling, starting and protective devices. 3. Electric connections. 4. Foundations, sound proofing, etc. ' ' . Insulation ' 1. What is to be insulated? 2. Description of various kinds of insulation. 3. Insulation of the building structure. , . Sheet Metal Work and Ducts 1. Gage and kind of metal. 2. Joints and seams. 3. Stiffeners and supports. 4. Access doors. .. i 510 Chapter 32--Summary of Important Specification Items 5. Encasements and housings. 6. Inlet and outlet hoods, louvers, etc. 7. Dampers. , Registers and Grilles and Diffusers 1. Where required. 2. Kinds, material, design, etc. 3. Finish. 4. Define where registers with louvers in back and where plain grilles without louvers are to be used. Unit Ventilating Machines 1. Type and capacity. 2. Control of output. 3. Type of electric current, wiring, switches, etc. 4. Intake hoods, dampers and control. 5. Auxiliaries, as humidifiers; dust filters, etc. 6. Sound proofing. ' Unit Heating Machines 1. Type and capacity. 2. Control of output. 3. Pipe connections, valves, traps, etc. 4. Type of electric current, wiring, switches, etc. 5. Sound proofing. Belts, Chain Drives, Etc. 1. Make. 2. Number. 3. Size and thickness. 4. Speeds and horsepower to be transmitted. - Automatic Heat Control 1. Make and kind of system. 2. How blast convectors are to be controlled. 3. How dampers are to be controlled. 4. Piping or wiring. 5. Schedule of thermostats, valves and dampers. Indicating and Recording Equipment 1. Thermometers. 2. Pressure gages. Equipment for Maintenance 1. Tools. 2. Packing. 3. Lubrication. . Underground Piping 1. Material. 2. Supports, anchors and expansion devices. 3. Insulation and covering. 4. Drainage and waterproofing. 511 " N/ " . American^ Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Trenches and Trench Covers 1. Furnished by whom. 2. Material, size, etc. 3. Provision for drainage. Railings, Machinery Guards, Bird Screens, Etc. 1. Material. 2. Method of fastening. Painting 1. What is to be painted. 2. Materials and workmanship. 3. Painting of insulation. 512 CHAPTER 33 PHYSICAL UNITS, WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND TABLES MODERN engineering practice depends upon the correct application of basic principles already developed. This chapter contains defini tions of fundamental units and tables of physical constants used by the heating and ventilating engineer. UNITS, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 One British thermal unit (B.t.u.) = of the heat required to 180 raise the temperature of 1 lb, of water from 32 deg. to 212 deg. fahr. This is substantially equal to the quantity of heat required to raise 1 lb. of water from 63 deg. to 64 deg. fahr. One mean calorie = -y^ of the heat required to raise 1 gram of water from 0 deg. to 100 deg. cent, This is substantially equal to the quantity of heat required to raise one gram of water from 17 deg. to 18 deg. cent. One mean calorie = 0.003968 B.t.u. = 3.085 ft. lb. -- 0.0011626 w.hr. Power, Work, Etc. 1 ton refrigeration Latent heat of ice 1 B.t.u. (British thermal unit) 1 watt hour (w.hr.) 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) (kw) 1 horsepower (hp.) 1 mech. horsepower 1 boiler horsepower = 199,038 B.t.u. per minute (approx.) = 143.33 B.t.u. per pound. = ( 777.5 ft. lb. = 0.293 watt hours. \ 252.02 mean calories. = 2,655.4 ft. lb. = 3.415 B.t.u. _ ! 1.3405 horsepower = 56.89 B.t.u. per minute ( 44,236.5 ft. lb-, per minute. = 0,746 kilowatt . _ / 42.44 B.t.u. per minute. \ 33,000 ft. lb. per minute. {33,523.7 B.t.u. per hour or evaporation of 34.5 lb. of water per hour from and at 212 deg. fahr. ,,' Weights and Volume 1 gal. (U. S.) 1 British or Imperial gallon 1 cu. ft. 1 cu. ft. water at 60 deg. fahr. . 1 cu. ft. water at 212 deg. fahr. 1 gal. water at 60 deg. fahr. 1 gal. water at 212 deg. fahr. = 231 cu. in. = 0.13368 cu. ft. = 277.274 cu. in. = 7.4805 gal. = 1,728 cu. in. = 62.37 lb. = 59.76 lb. = 8.341b. = 7.99 lb. 513 AMERICAN Socity f Hhawtc and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 1 pound (avoir.) 1 bushel 1 short ton 1 long ton Pressure = 16 oz. -- 7,000 grains. = 1.244 cu. ft. = 2,000 lb. = 2,240 lb. 1 lb. per square inch 1 oz. per square inch 1 atmosphere (14.7 lb. per square inch) 1 in. water at 62 deg. fahr. 1 ft. water at 62 deg. fahr. 1 in. mercury at 62 deg. fahr. f 1^ lb. per square foot. Imercury at 62 deg. fahr. I,3?? water at 62 deg- fahr. ( Zl.li in. water at 62 deg. fahr. '*{ ? tH6- in- mercury at 62 deg. fahr. 1.732 in. water at 62 deg. fahr. f %'}}.31b. per square foot. 33 947 ft. water at 62 deg. fahr. 39 m. mercury at 62 deg. fahr. I 20.92 in. mercury at 32 deg. fahr. -{ ,b` r -5774oz- ^ square inch. 5.196 lb. per square foot. lb- per square inch. 02.355 lb. per square foot. l ino r 7,86 oz' ^r square inch. -Vro -ft- water at 62 <% fahr. 13.58 in. water at 62 deg. fahr. RBLA TIH SETWEEN VELOCITY, ACCELERATION, TIME AND SPACE PASSED OVER v = at; whence a = --, and 1 = -- !;1 . ' a (1) Prduct of wiU produce an LcdeTati^nTwt mass,whose ^ight is 32.17 lb. is moving against no resistance (fricSlTotiTM) for^of^o "T second SSSf 1 lb' P">d"<* acceleSn The relation betwwn force, mass, and.acceleration is given'by the equation / - Ma = --Substituting the value of a in terms of v: Wv 1- g` ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE (2) ' molecular v,bration exists. This aero is concefvS as 491 6 dee Ih^hL"0 the melting point of ice, or 32 deg. fahr., it havUS ideal perfect gas would change in volume by ^ of its voIume at 32 deg for each 1 deg. change in its temperature at constant pressure.' Thus, if 514 ' Chapter 33--Physical Units, Weights, Measures and Tables Table 1. Properties of Saturated Steam* Absolute PkESSCHS, Lb. peb 8a. Is. TehPBBATURB, Dko.Fahb. Volume, Cu. Ft. pbb Lb. Weight, Hbat Content m B.t.u. Co. Ft. of Liquid of Vapor Latent Heat in B.t.u. of Vapor In ization ternal Entbopt of of Vapor of liquid isation Vapor P t ' * V*" v i" r P V rIT *" 1 101.76 2 126.10 3 . 141.49 4 152.99 5 162.2S 6 170.07 7 176.85 '8 182.87 9 188.28 10 193i21 a 197.75 12 . 201.96 13 205.88 14 209.56 14.7 212.0 16 216.3 18 222.4 20 228.0 22 233.1 24 237.8 26 242.2 28 246.4 30 250.3 32 254.0 .34 257.6 36 260.9 38 264.2 40 267.2 42 270.2 44 273.0 46 275.8 48 278.4 50 282.0 52 283.5 54 285,9 56 288.2 58 290.S 60 292.7 62 294.9 64 296.9 66 299.0 68 301.0 70 302.9 72 304.8 74 306.7 76 308.5 78 310.3 80 312.0 82 313.7 84 315.4 86 317.1 88 318.7 90 320.3 92 321.8 94 323.3 96 324.8 98 326.3 100 327.8 102 329.2 104 330.7 106 332.0 108 no 333.4 334.8 112 336.1 114 337.4 116 338.7 118 340;0 333.3 173.6 118.7 90.6 73.5 62.0 53.7 47.35 '42.41 38.43 35.16 32.41 30.07 28.06 26.81 24.76 22.18 20.10 18.38 16.95 15.73 14.67 13.76 12.95 12.24 11.60 11.03 10.51 10.04 9.6! 9.22 8.86 8.53 8.22 7.93 7.67 7.42 7.18 6.97 6.76 6.57 6.39 6.22 6.05 5.90 5.75 5.61 5.48 5.35 5.23 5.12 5.01 4.905 4.805 4.709 4.617 4.528 4.442 4.359 4.279 4.202 4.128 4.057 3.988 3.921 3.857 3.795 0.00300 0.00576 0.00843 0.01104 0.01360 0.01614 0.01864 0.02112 0.02358 0.02602 0.02844 0.03086 0.03326 0.03564 0.03730 0.04038 0.04508 0.04976 0.0544 0.0590 0.0636 0.0681 0.0727 0.0772 0.0818 0.0862 0.0907 0.0951 0.0996 0.1040 0.1085 0.1129 0.1173 0.1217 0.1261 0.1304 0.1348 0.1392 0.1435 0.1479 0.1522 0.1566 0.1609 0.1652 0.1695 0.1738 0.1781 0.1824 0.1868 0.1910 0.1953 0.1996 0.2039 0.2081 0.2124 0.2166 0.2209 0.2251 0.2294 0.2337 0.2380 0.2422 0.2465 0.2508 0.2550 0.2593 0.2635 69.76 94.02 109.38 120.9 130.1 137.9 I44i7 150.8 156.2 m.i 165.7 169.9 173.8 177.5 180.0 184.3 190.5 196.0 201.2 206.0 220.4 214.6 218.6 222.4 225,9 229.4 232.6 235.8 238.8 241,7 244.S 247.2 249.8 252.3 254.7 257.1 259.5 261.7 263.9 266.1 268.2 270.2 272.2 274.2 276.1 278.0 279.8 281.6 283.4 285.1 286.8 288.5 290.1 291.7 293.3 294.8 296.4 297.9 299.4 300.9 302.3 303.7 30S.1 306.5 307.9 309.2 310.6 1105.4 1035.6 1116.2 1022.2 1122.9 1013.5 1127.9 1007.0 1131.7 1001.6 1135.0 997.1 1137.8 993.1 1140.3 989.5 1142.5 986.3 1144.4 983.3 1146.2 980.5 1147.9 978.0 1149.4 975.6 1150.8 973.3 1151.7 971.7 1153.4 969.1 1155.7 965.2 1157.7 961.7 1159.6 958.4 . 1161.3 955.3 1162.8 9S2.4 1164.3 949.7 1165.7 947.1 1166.9 944.6 1168.1 942.2 1169.2 939.9 1170.3 937.7 1171.3 935.5 1172.2 933.5 1173.2 931.5 1174.0 929.6 1174.8 927.7 1175.6 925.9 1176.4 924.1 1177.1 922.4 1177.8 920,7 1178.5 919,0 1179.1 917.4 1179.7 915.8 1180.3 914.3 1180.9 912.7 1181.5 911.2 1182.0 909.8 1182.5 908.3 1183.0 906.9 1183.5 905.5 1184.0 904.2 1184.4 902.8 1184.9 901.5 1185.3 900.2 1185.7 898.9 1186.1 897.7 1186.5 896.4 1186.9 895.2 1187.3 894.0 1187.7 892.8 1188.0 891.6 1188.4 890.5 1188.7 889.3 1189.0 , 888.2 1189.4 1 887.1 1189.7 885.9 1190.0 884.8 1190.3 ! 883.7 1190.6 1 882.7 1190.8 , 881.6 1191.1 880.6 973.9 957.9 947.6 939.9 933.6 928.2 923.6 919.4 915.6 912.2 909.0 906.0 903.2 900.6 898.8 89J.8 891.4 887.3 883.6 880.1 876.8 873.7 870.7 867.9 865.2 862.7 860.2 857.8 855.5 853.3 851.2 849.1 847.1 845.1 843.2 841.4 839.5 837.8 836.0 834.3 832.7 831.1 829.5 827.9 826.4 824.9 823.4 821.9 820. S 819.1 817.7 816.3 815.0 813.7 812.4 811.1 809.8 808.6 807.4 806.1 804.9 803.8 802.6 801.4 800.3 799.2 798.0 0.1327 0.1750 0.2009 0.2199 0.2348 0.2473 0.2581 0.2675 0.2759 0.2835 0.2905 0.2969 0.3028 0.3083 0.3120 0.3184 0.3274 0.3356 0.3430 0.3499 0.3563 0.3622 0.3679 0.3731 0.3781 0.3829 0.3874 0.3917 Q.3958 0.3998 0.4036 0.4072 0.4108 0.4142 0.4174 0.4206 0.4237 0.4267 0.4296 0.4324 0.4352 0.4379 0.4405 0.4431 0.4456 0.4480 0.4504 0.4527 0.4550 0.4572 0.4594 0.4615 0.4636 0.4657 0,4677 0.4697 0.4717 0.4?3<S 0.4755 0.4773 0.4791 0.4809 0.4827 0.4844 0.4861 0.4878 0.4895 1.8448 1.7452 1.6862 1.6433 1.6107 1.5835 1.5603 1.5402 1.5223 1.5062 1.4916 1.4783 1.4659 1.4545 1.4469 1.4337 1.4153 1.3957 1.3837 1.3693 1.3570 1.3452 1.3340 1.3236 1,3137 1.3044 1.2956 1.2871 1.2791 1.2714 1.2640 1.2S70 1.2501 1.2436 1.2373 1.2311 1.2252 1.2195 1.2139 1.2085 1.2032 1.1981 1.1931 1.1883 1.183S 1.1789 1.1744 1.1700 1.1657 1.1615 1.1574 1.1S34 1.1495 1.1456 1.1419 1.1381 1.1345 1.1309 1.1274 1.1239 1.1205 1.1172 1.113$'* 1.1106 1.1074 1.1043 1.1012 1.9775 1.9203 1.8871 1.8637 1.8456 1.8308 1.8184 1.8077 1.7982 1.7897 1.7821 1.7752 1.7687 1.7628 1.7589 1.7521 1.7427 1.7343 1.7267 1.7197 1.7133 1.7074 1.7019 1.6967 1.6918 1.6873 1.6830 1.6788 1.6749 1.6712 1.6676 1.6642 1.6609 1.6577 1.6547 1.6517 1.6489 1.6462 1.6435 1.6409 1.6384 1.6360 1.6336 1.6313 1.6291 1.6269 1.6248 1.6227 1.6207 1.6187 1.6168 1.6149 1.6131 1.6113 1.6096 1.6079 1.6062 1.6045 1.6028 1.6012 1.5996 1.5981 1.5965 1.5950 1.5935 1.5921 1.5907 This table is abstracted from Properties of Steam and Ammonia bp Prof. G. A. Goodenougb515 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 1. Properties of Saturated Steam* (Continued) Absolute Pressure, Lb. per Sq. In. Tem perature , Deo. Fahb. Volume, Cu. Ft. per Lb. Pt Weight, Lb. per Cu. Ft.' i/V' Heat Content in B.t.u. Latent Heat in B.t.u. of Liquid of Vapor of Vapor isation In ternal of Liquid i' ir PId Entbopt of Vapor isation r/T of Vapor " 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 . 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 . 166 168 170 172 174 > 176 178 . ,180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 - 210 212 214 216 218 220 341.3 342.5 343.7 345.0 346.2 347.4 348. S 349.7 350.8 352.0 353.1 354.2 355.3 356.3 357.4 358.5 359.5 360.5 361.6 362.6 363.6 364.6 365.6 366.5 367.5 368.5 369.4 370.4 371.3 372.2 373.1 374.0 374.9 375.8 . 376.7 377.6 378.5 379.3 380.2 381.0 381.9 382.7 383.5 384.4 385.2 386.0 386.8 387.6 388.4 389.2 390.0 3.735 3.676 3.620 3.566 3.513 3.461 3.412 3.363 3.316 3.270 3.226 3.182 3.140 3.099 3.059 3.020 2.982 2.945 2.909 2.874 2.839 2.806 2.773 2.741 2.710 2.679 2.649 2.620 2.591 2.563 2.536 2.509 2.483 2.457 2.432 2.408 2.383 2.360 2.337 2.314 2.292 2.270 2.248 2.227 2.206 2.186 2.166 2.147 2.128 2.209 2.090 0.2678 311.9 0.2720 313.2 0.2762 314.4 0.2805 315.7 0.2847 316.9 0.2889 318:2 0.2931 319.4 0.2973 320.6 0.3016 321.8 0.3058 323.0 0.3100 324.2 0.3142 325.3 0.3184 326.5 0.3227 327.6 0.3269 328.7 0.3311 329.8 0.3353 330.9 0.3396 332.0 0.3438 333.1 0.3480 334.1 0.3522 335.2 0.3564 336.2 0.3606 337.3 0.3648 338.3 0.3691 339.3 0.3733 340.3 0.3775 341.3 0.3817 1 342.3 0.3859 343.3 0.3901 j 344.3 0.3943 345.2 0.398S 346.2 0.4027 347.1 0.4069 348.1 0.4111 349.0 0.4154 350.0 0.4196 350.9 0.4238 351.8 0.4280 352.7 0.4322 353.6 0.4364 354.5 0.4406 355.4 0.4448 356.2 0.4490 357.1 0.4532 358.0 0.457 358.8 0.462 359.7 0.466 360.5 0.470 361.4 0.474 362.2 0An 363.0 1191.4 1 879.5 1191.6 878.5 1191.9 877.5 ' 1192.1 876.4 1192.4 . 875.4 1192.6 874.4 1192.9 873.5 1193.1 872.5 1193.3 871:5 1193.5 870.5 1193.7 869.6 1193.9 868.6 1194.1 867.7 1194.3 866.8 1194.5 865.8 1194.7 864.9 1194.9 864.0 1195.1 863.1 1195.3 862.3 1195.5 861.4 1195.7 860.5 1195.8 859.6 1196.0 858.7 1196.2 857.9 1196.3 ' 857.0 1196.5 856.2 1196.6 855.3 1196.8 854.5 1196.9 853.6 1197.1 852.8. 1197.2 852.0 1197.4 851.2 1197.5 850.4 1197.6 849.5 1197.8 848.7 1197.9 847.9 1198.0 847.1 1198.1 846.3 1198.2 845.6 1198.4 1 844.8 1198.5 ; 844.0 1198.6 1 843.2 1198.7 842.5 1198.8 841.7 1198.9 840.9 1199.0 840.2 1199.1 . 839.4 1199.2 838.7 1199.3 837.9 1199.4 837.2 1199.5 836.5 796.9 0.4911 795.8 0.4927 794.8 0.4943 793.7 0.4958 792.6 0.4974 791.6 0.4989 790.5 0.5004 789.5 0.5019 788.5 0.5033 787.4 0.5048 786.4 0.5062 785.4 0.5076 784.5 0.5090 783.5 0.5104 782.5 0.5117 781.6 0.5131 780.6 0.5144 779.7 0.5157 778.7 0.5170 777.8 0.5183 776.9 0.5196 776.0 0.5209 775.1 0.5221 774:2 0.5233 773.3 0.5245 772.4 0.5258 771.5 0.5270 770.6 0.5281 769.8 0.5293 768.9 0.5305 768.0 0.5316 767.2 0.5238 766.4 0.5339 765.5 0.5350 764.7 0.5361 763.9 0.5372 763.0 0.5383 762.2 0.5394 761.4 0.5404 760.6 0.5415 759.8 0.5426 759.0 0.5436 758.2 0.5446 757.4 0.5457 756.7 0.5467 755.9 0.5477 755.1 0.5487 754.3 0.5497 753.6 0.5507 752.8 0.S516 752.1 0.5526 1.0982 1.0952 1.0922 1.0894 1.0865 1.0836 1.0808 1.0781 1.0754 1.0727 1.0700 1.0674 1.0648 1.0623 1.0598 1-0573 1.0548 1.0524 1.0500 1.0476 1.0453 1.0429 1.0406 1.0384 1.0361 1.0339 1.0317 1.0295 1.0274 1.0252 1.0231 1.0210 1.0189 1.0169 1.0148 1.0128 1.0108 1.0089 1.0069 1.0049 1.0030 1.0011 0.9992 0.9973 0.9954 0.9936 0.9918 0.9900 0.9881 0.9864 0.9846 1.5893 1.5879 1.5865 1.5852 1.5838 1.5825 1.5812 1.5800 1.5787 1.5775 1.5762 1.5750 , 1.5738 1.5727 1.5715 1.5704 1-5692 1.5681 1.5670 1.5659 1.5649 - 1-5638 . 1.5627 1.5617 1.5607 1.5597 1.5587 1.5577 1.S567 1.5557 - 1.5547 - 1.5538 1.5528 * 1.5519 1.5509 - , 1.5500 1.5491 ` 1.5482 J 1.5473 1.5464 1.5456 1.54471 .. 1.5438 1.5430 * 1.5421 - 1.5413 / 1.5405 1.5396 1.5388 1.5380 1.5372 ' This table is abstracted from Properties of Siam and Ammonia by Prof. G. A. Goodenough. 491.6 cu. ft. of gas measured at 32 deg. fahr. is cooled 20 deg. fah-r., at' constant pressure the new volume will be 471.6 cu. ft. It is only necessary to add (491.6 -- 32) or 459.6 to the actual ther mometer reading to get the absolute temperature, that is, T = t + 459.6, where T = absolute temperature, and t = actual thermometer reading on the Fahrenheit scale. For engineering work-460 deg. is used rather than 459.6 deg. For the Centigrade scale the relation is T = t 4- 273.1. 516 Chapter 33--Physical Units, Weights, Measures and Tables Table 2. Velocities of Dry Air (At Various Temperatures) Corresponding to Various Velocity Pressures in Ounces per Square Inch* Pressure Ounces Inches 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 0.1734 0.3468 0.5202 0.6936 0.8670 1.0400 1.2140 1.3870 1.5605 1.7340 1.9073 2.0808 2.2540 2.427S 2.6010 2.7742 3.1210 3.4680 3.8145 4.1615 4.5080 4.8550 5.2020 50 1635 2313 2833 3272 3658 4007 4329 4626 4907 5172 5426 5664 5696 6120 6335 6543 6942 7315 7672 8012 8338 8654 8960 1653 2338 2864 3307 3698 4051 4375 4677 4960 5229 5485 5725 '5960 6186 6404 6614 7017 7395 7755 8099 8429 8748 9057 1667 2358 2S88 3335 3729 4085 4412 4716 5002 5273 5531 5774 6011 6238 6457 6670 7076 7457 7820 8168 8500 8822 9134 Temperature, Dso. Fahr. 100 | 150 l 200 1683 2380 2915 3367 3765 4124 4454 4761 5050 5323 5584 5828 6068 6297 6520 6734 7143 7528 7894 8245 8581 890$ 9220 1714 2424 2969 3428 3833 4199 4535 4848 5142 5420 5685 5935 6179 6412 6638 6856 7274 7665 8038 8396 8737 9068 9388 1788 2530 3098 3578 4000 4382 4733 5059 5366 5656 5933 6194 6448 6692 6928. 7155 7591 8000 8462 8762 9118 9464 9798 1860 2632 3223 3722 4162 4559 4924 5263 5582 5884 6172 6443 6708 6962 7207 7444 7897 8322 8727 9115 9486 9845 10193 aFrom Fan Engineering, published by The Buffalo Forge Company. 300 500 1996 2824 3458 2244 3174 3887 3994 4466 4892 4489 5019 5498 5283 5647 5990 5938 6347 6733 6314 6623 6914 7098 7444 7772 7198 7470 7733 8090 8396 8692 7987 8473 8930 8977 9524 10037 9364 9781 10179 10525 10995 11440 10564 11873 10938 i 12293 550 2410 3405 4175 4850 5395 5900 6380 6820 7250 7625 8000 8350 8700 9020 9345 96S0 10220 10780 11300 11800 12280 12750 13200 Table 3. Weights of Materials rt _ 4 ' Gravel....'.________ _____ ___ _____ Pounds per Cubic Foot ..... 45-50 ,, 37-40 90-118 ____ 17-27 95-: 169 50-54 . 53-60 __ 26-30 __ 75-115 ____ ..... 90-135 Lignite.____ ___-...... Lime.--..................... limestone---- ---------Oats Ore.. Rye. Sand-------------- -------Slag (blast-furnace)... Stone....................... Wheat------ ---- -------- Pounds per Cubic Foot - 31-47 _ 50-80 .. 90-110 .. 28-31 .. 105-215 .. 44-50 .. 7S-120 37-63 _ 90-120 .. 44-50 Table 4. Lineal Expansion of Solids at Ordinary Temperatures* (Tabular values represent increase per foot per 100 deg. increase in temperature, Fahrenheit) Substance .1 Temp. Coefficient Conditions b per 100 Deg. Fahb. Deg. Fahb.. Temp. Coefficient Substance Conditions b per 100 Deo. Fahr. Deg. Fahr. Brass (cast).......... -- -----......... 32 to 212 Brass (wire)---------------- ---- ------ ' 32 to 212 Copper.............. ....... -......... --.... 32 to 212 Glass (English flint)---------- --.... 32 to 212 Granite (average)--................. 32 to 212 Iron (cast)---------------------- ------- 104 Iron (soft forged)..-................. - Oto 212 Iron (wire)---------- -- 32 to 212 0.001042 0.001072 0.000926 0.000451 0.000482 0.000589 0.000634 0.000800 lead......... ...............-................. Mercury0........... ........................ limestone......... -..... ......... --- Steel (Bessemer rolled, hard).... 8teel (Bessemer rolled, soft)..... Steel (cast, French)..-..... Steel (cast annealed, English).... 32 to 212 32 to 212 32 to 212 Oto 212 Oto 212 104 104 0.001505 0.009984 0.000139 0.00056 ,, 0.00063 0.000734 0.000608 aFrom Mechanical Equipment ofBuildings, VoJ. 1, by Harding and Willard, revised edition, 1929. bWhere range of temperature is given, coefficient is mean over range. cCoefficient of cubical expansion. 517 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 5. Properties op Saturated Air* - Weights of Air Vapor of Water, and Saturated Mixture of Air and Vapor at Different Temperatures, Under Standard Atmospheric Pressure nf astaoi tr--____ TemDeg.Fahh. Vapor Pressure, Inches op Mercurt 12000 30 40 50 60 70 . 80 11910000 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 210900 0.0383 0.0631 0.1030 0.1640 0.2477 0.3625 0.5220 0.7390 1.0290 1.4170 1.9260 2.5890 3.4380 4.5200 5.8800 7.5700 192..62500000 15.2900 19.0200 23.4700 Weight pee Cubic Foot op Mixtube Weight of Weight of Vapor, Total Weight of Dry Air, Pound Pound Mixture, Pound B.t.u. Absorbed Saturated Air per Deq. Fahr. Cubic Feet . Saturated Air Warmed 1 Deo. per B.t.u. 0.08625 0.08433 0.08247 0.08063 0.07880 0.07694 0.07506 0.07310 0.07095 0.06881 0.06637 0.06367 0.06062 0.05716 0.05319 0.04864 0.04341 0.03735 0.03035 0.02227 0.01297 00..000000101619 0.000177 0.000276 0.000409 0.000587 0.000829 0.001152 0.001576 0.002132 0.002848 0.003763 0.004914 0.006357 0.008140 0.010310 0.012956 0.016140 0.019940 0.024465 0.029780 0.08632 0.08444 0.08265 0.08091 0.07921 0.07753 0.07589 0.07425 0.07253 0.07094 0.06922 0.06743 0.06553 0.06352 0.06133 . 0.05894 O.OS637 0.05349 0.05029 0.04674 0.04275 0.02082 0.02039 0.01998 0.01955 0.01921 0.01883 0.01852 0.01811 0.01788 0.01763 0.01737 0.01716 0.01696 0.01661 0.01669 0.01663 0.01664 0.01671 0.01682 0.01706 0.01750 48.04 49.05 50.05 51.15 52.06 53.11 54.00 55.22 55.93 56.72 57.57 58.27 58.96 59.50 59.92 60.14 60.10 59.85 59.45 58.80 57.15 Table 6. Velocities op Dry Air (At Various Temperatures) Corresponding to Various Velocity Pressures in Inches of Water* Pressure Inches Ounces 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.2S 2.SO 2.75 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 0.0577 0.1154 0.1443 0.1730 0.2308 0.2884 0.3460 0.4037 0.4326 0.4614 0.5190 0.5768 0.7209 0.8650 1.0092 1.1535 1.2975 1.4418 1.5860 1.7300 2.3070 2.8840 3.4600 50 1242 1757 1965 2151 2485 2778 3043 3287 3402 3524 3728 3929 4393 4812 5197 5556 5892 6211 6514 6807 7857 8772 9623 , 60 1255 1776 1986 2175 2512 2808 3076 3323 3439 3552 3768 3971 4440 4864 5254 5616 5956 6278 6585 6879 7942 8867 9728 70 1266 1791 2003 2193 2533 2832 3102 33S1 3468 3582 3800 4005 4478 4905 5298 5664 6007 6332 6641 6937 8010 8943 98 ip Temperature, Deo. Fahr. 80 100 150" 200" 300 500 550 1278 1808 2022 2214 2557 ' 2859 3131 3383 3501 3616 3836 4043 4520 4952 5348. 5718 6064 6392 6704 7003 8086 9027 9903 1300 1841 2059 2254 2603 2911 3188 3445 3565 3682 3906 4117 4602 5042 5446 S822 6174 6508 6827 7130 8233 9192 10083 1358 1921 2149 1413 2000 2235 2352 2717 3038 . 2447 2827 3160 3327 3595 3720 3462 3740 3870 3843 4076 4296 3997 4241 4470 4804 . 4997 5262 5474 5683 5912 6076 6443 6792 6320 6704 7066 7124 7440 8592 7412 7142 8940 9593 9980 10523 10950 1516 2145 2399 2626 3033 3391 3715 4013 4153 4290 4550 4796 5362 5874 6344 6783 7193 7582 . 7952 8307 9581 10710 11750 1704 2411 2696 1830 2590 2895. 2952 3409 3812 3175 3660 4095, 4175 4510 4668 4490 4850 5020 4821 5114 5390 5185 5500 5795 6027 6602 7131 6470 7100 7655 7624 8085 8523 8195 8690 9150 8938 9336 10780 9600 10000 11580 12037 13203 12900 14180 518 Chapter 33--Physical Units, Weights, Measures and Tables Table 7. Circumferences and Areas of Circles Diameter Inches Area 84. In. 8q.FL Circumference Inches Feet Diameter Inches Area Sq. In. Sq. FL Circumference Inches Feet D | if m 0.049 0.196 0.442 0.785 1.227 1.767 2.405 3.142 3.976 4.909 0.0003 0.0014 0.0031 0.0054 0.0085 0.0123 0.0167 0.0218 0.0276 0.0341 0.785 1.571 2.356 3.142 3.927 4.712 5.498 6.283 7.069 7.854 0.0652 0.1309 0.1964 0.2618 0.3273 0.3927 0.4582 0.5236 O.S891 0.6546 28 28M 29 29H 30 31 32 33 34 35 615.8 637.9 660.52 683.5 706.8 754.8 804.3 855.3 907.9 962.1 4.276 4.430 4.587 4.747 4.909 5.241 5.585 5.940 6.305 6.681 87.97 89.54 91.11 92.63 94.25 97.39 100.5 103.7 106.8 109.9 7.330 7.725 i, 854 8,116 ' 8.376 8.901 9.163 . tVf AVf 6M fA/t 7\L sw 8K ftAf QVf q'v? QVj uH 1A14 17H i*v4 74U 26 26M 27M 5.939 7.069 8.296 9.621 11.04 14.19 15.90 17.72 19.64 21.65 23.76 25.97 . 28.27 30.68 33.18 35.79 38.49 41.28 44.18 47.17 50.27 53.46 56.75 60.13 63.62 67.20 70.88 74.66 78.54 86.59 95.03 103.9 113.1 122.7 132.7 143.1 153.9 165.1 176.7 188.7 201.1 213.8 226.9 240.5 254.5 268.8 283.5 298.6 314.2 330.1 346.4 361.1 380.1 397.6 415.5 433.7 452.4 471.4 490.9 510.7 530.9 551.6 572.6 593.9 0.0412 0.0491 0.0576 0.0668 0.0767 0.0873 0.0986 0.1104 0.1231 0.1364 0.1504 0.1650 0.1840 0.1964 0.2131 0.2304 0.2486 0.2673 0.2867 0.3068 0.3276 0.3491 0.3713 0.3942 0.4175 0.4418 0.4668 0.4923 0.5185 0.5454 0.6Q10 0.6600 0.7215 0.7854 0.8520 0.9218 0.9937 1.069 1.146 1.227 1.310 1.396 1.485 1.576 1.670 1.767 1.867 1.969 2.074 2.182 2.293 2.405 2.508 2.640 2.761 2.885 3.012 3.142 3.274 3.409 3.547 3.687 3.832 3.976 ` 4.125 8.639 9.425 10.21 20.99 U.78 12.57 13.35 14.14 14.92 15.71 16.49 17.28 18.06 18.85 19.64 20.42 21.21 21.99 22.78 23.56 24.35 25.23 25.92 26.70 27.49 28.27 29.06 29.85 30.63 31.42 32.99 34.56 36.13 37.70 39.27 40.84 42.41 43.98 45.55 47.12 48.69 50.27 51.84 53.41 54.98 56.S5 58.12 59.69 61.26 62.83 64.40 65.97 67,54 69.12 70.69- 72.26 73.83 75.40 76.97 78.54 80.11 81.68 83.25 84.82 86.39 0.7200 0.7854 0.8510 0.9160 0.9818 1.047 1.113 1.178 1.243 1.309 1.374 1.440 1.505 1.571 1.637 1.702 1.768 .1.833 1.899 1.964 2.029 2.094 2.160 2.225 2.291 2.356 2.422 2.488 2.553 2.618 2.750 2.880 3.011 3.142 3.273 3.403 3.535 3.665 3.796 3.927 4.058 4.189 4.321 4.451 4.582 4.712 4.845 4.974 5.105 5.236 5.367 5.498 5.629 5.760 S.891 6.021 6.153 6.283 6.415 6.545 6.676 6.807 6.938 7.069 7.199 36 1018.0 37 1075.0 38 1134.0 39 1195.0 40 1256.0 * 41 1320.0 42 1385.0 43 1452.0 44 . 1521.0 45 1590.0 46 1662.0 47 1735.0 48 1810,0 49 1886.0 50 1963.0 51 2043.0 52 2124.0 S3 2206.0 54 2290.0 55 2376.0 56 2463.0 57 2552,0 58 2642.0 59 2734.0 60 2821.0 61 2922.0 62 3019.0 63 3117.0 64 3217.0 65 3318.0 66 3421.0 67 3526.0 68 3632.0 69 3739.0 70 3848.0 II 3959.0 72 4072.0 73 4185.0 74 4301.0 75 4418.0 76 . 4536.0 I 77 4657.0 H 78 1 79 4778.0 4902.0 1 80 5027.0 fl si 5153.0 fl *2 5281.0 U 83 5411.0 fl 84 5542,0 B 85 . 5675.0 1 86 5809.0 H 87 5945.0 fl 88 6082.0 I 89 6221.0 I 90 6362.0 91 6504.0 92 6648.0 93 6793.0 94 6940.0 95 7088.0 96 7238.0 1 97 7390.0 fl 98`'-~ 7543.0 H 99 7698.0 1 100 7854.0 7.069 7.467 7.876- 8.296 8.727 9.168 9.621 10.08 10.56 11.04 11.54 12.05 12.51 13.09 13.64 14.19 14.75 15.32 15.90 16.50 17.10 17.72 18.35 18.99 19.63 20.29 20.97 21.65 22.34 23.04 23.76 24.48 25.22 25.97 26.73 27.49 28.27 29.07 29.87 30.68 31.50 32.34 33.18 34.04 34.91 35.78 36.67 37.57 38.48 39.41 40.34 41.28 42.24 43.20 44.18 45.17 46.16 47.17 48.19 49.22 50.27 51.32 52.38 53.46 54.54 114.1 116.2 119.4 m.s 125.6 m.s 131.9 135.1 138.2 141.4 144.5 147.7 150.8 153.9 157.1 160.2 163.4 166.5 169.6 172.8 175.9 179.1 182.2 185.4 188.5 191.6 194.8 197.9 201.1 204.2 207.3 210.5 213.6 216.8 219.9 223.1 226.2 229.3 232.5 235.6 238.8 241.9 245.0 248.2 251.3 254.5 257.6 260.8 263.9 267.0 270.2 273.3 276.5 279.6 282.7 285.9 289.0 292.2 295.3 298.4 301.6 304.7 307.9 311.0 314.2 9.686 9.948 1U.73 10.99 11.26 11.78 12.5/ 13.55 13.61 14.14 14.66 15.45 15.71 26.23 16.49 16.76 17.28 11.54 15.33 18.85 19.37 19.63 19.90 20.16 20.42 20.94 21.47 21.73 21.99 22.25 22.51 22.78 23.04 23.30 23.82 24.09 24.61 24.87 25.13 25.39 25.66 26.18 519 I , American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 TEMPE&ATUaS, Deo. Fahb. Table 8. Properties of Dry Air* Barometric Pressure 29.921 In. Weight peb Cubic Foot, Pound Ratio or Volume to Volume at 70 Deg. Fahb; B.t.u. Absorbed bt 1 Cu. Ft. Dbt Am peb Deo. Fahb. Cubic Feet Drt Aib Warmed 1 Deg. peb B.t.u. -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 . 130 135 140 145 150 160 170 180 190 200 220 240 260 280 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 . 0.09690 0.09573 0.09459 0.09348 0.09239 0.09133 0.09029 0.08927 0.08828 0.08731 0.08636 0.08544 0.08453 0.08363 0.08276 0.08190 0.08107 0.08025 0.07945 0.07866 0.07788 0.07713 0.07640 0.07567 . 0.07495 0.07424 0.07356 0.07289 0.07222 0.07157 0.07093 0.07030 0.06968 0.06908 0.06848 0.06790 0.06732 0.06675 0.06620 0.06565 0.06510 0.06406 0.06304 0.06205 0.06110 0.06018 0.05840 0.05673 0.05516 0.05367 0.05225 0.04903 0.04618 0.04364 0.04138 0.03932 0.03746 0.03423 0.03151 0.02920 0.02720 0.02392 0.7735 0.7829 0.7924 0.8018 0.8112 0.8206 0.8301 0.8396 0.8490 0.8585 0.8680 0.8772 0.8867 0.8962 0.9QS7 0.9152 0.9246 0.9340 0.9434 0.9530 0.9624 0.9718 0.9811 0.9905 1.0000 1.0095 1.0190 1.0283 - . 1.0380 1.0472 1.0570 1.0660 - 1.0756 1.0850 1.0945 1.1040 1.1133 1.1230 1.1320 1.1417 " 1.1512 1.1700 1.1890 1.2080 1.2270 1.2455 1.2833 1.3212 1.3590 1.3967 1.4345 1.5288 1.6230 1.7177 1.8113 1.9060 2.0010 2.1900 2.3785 2.5670 2.7560 3.1335 . . - . 0.02335 0.02307 0.02280 0.02253 0.02226 0.02201 0.02176 0.02151 0.02127 0.02104 0.02080 .0.02060 0.02039 0.02018 0.01998 0.01977 0.01957 0.01938 0.01919 0.01900 0.01881 0.01863 0.01846: 0.01829 0.01812 0.01795 0.01779 0.01763 0.01747 0.01732 0.01716 0.01702 0.01687 0.01673 0.01659 0.01645 0.01631 0.01618 0.01605 0.01592 0.01578 0.01554 0.01530 0.01506 0.01484 0.01462 0.01419 0.01380 0.01343 0.01308 0.01274 0.01197 0.01130 0.01070 0.01018 0.00967 0.00923 0.00847 0.00782 0.00728 0.00680 0.00603 42.82 43.34 43.87 44.39 44.91 45.43 45.96 46.48 * 47.00 47.52 48.08 48.55 49.05 49.56 50.05 . 50.58 51.10 51.60 52.11 52.64 . 53.17 53.68 54.18 54.68 55.19 55.72 56.21 56.72 57.25 57.74 58.28 58.76 59.28 59.78 60.28 60.79 61.32 . 61.81 62.31 62.82 63.37 64.35 . 65.36 66.40 67.40 68.41 70.48 72.46 74.46 76.46 78.50 83.55 88.50 . 93.46 98.24 . 103.42 108.35 118.07 127.88 137.37 147.07 165.83 From Mechanical Equipment of Buildings, Vol. 1, by Harding and Willard, second edition, 1929. 520 chapter 33-physical Units, Weights, Measures and Tables t--= solids AlAAB.ClOBCBBCB-oCsLsKaS-W4a2Zrhryhieb-ioisnaaos5-pr8eae0lnb-oadslsl*msZdos--rPossoPslem-c.ttew-..ot,n-dbro.-uam(,bes.sy--r.'ial..ns.c-tta+--.ete..+s-.lh.a(ot...-Uv.daP.m.'..-lk.-s..a..-.oo.7-.tb-e..-....)ei.-5w-.m-....f....-.a--....l.t.B-..-.s-..--..Bna..e.---....-....o...-..d....-l.l..t.-i.......-.l.a-._-.-.....-.S..-.-.i..._..-.--l.d..-..-....-.--..n_..-...-.s-......-...._.Q..--)....-......-----.-.Z_-.......-....--.0..._..2-..-....0..-_..-..0^...Z.-..0.......-....2._0....-.........-.0.4..--Z.-....040.---..-0."00020q000-o"Q0.000..S0.a013Q000..TMTM24280w00*0-090525306104433o8.918230"|g470IUuGGGGGHH^IKlMOlni0namroyrNCPuFPQQaxda^easaprmALaoliorLMMSesoinSunipurdZissoaenrr:blrobsuaoliiiehsuuaciamwtlcaiantlditld.ensrsrieme_mfec--gk.odttocfna:.ega-esl-ia.ln.n(ann-.bi.i--..f--ls--omon-.--_nd-.---ieie-.-b-.n-t---ox_xw.a--.e-o--t--ee-.e.-.-_.-i-iii--.--..--..--ddl-atn~.--.--.-(-.r.)s--.e-.-..-.--.--eAe---xe--....-._-----(i-..--.--.----------a..(..P-u_--.-((--..---S.-.F-.--.--P_Z.----.w-..--a-..O.-..----.---t..e-.-_..---.-:n..--b--r.-.-.*L.--...----j--.--.a.--..--OO)--O-.I--.-----.--.--.--D--.--.-.--)---.-.--.--.----.------*--))-S..--.------------..-..)...---------....-.---.--.--.---------..-..-...---------.-...---..---.-----....--.-.-.------.....-."*""1"..;."..*.*;"""..'.**";Z*..."*;..*.****;..0.___Z_.____,,._0_0_____,,2._____.__._._._._._7.2,,1___0.__0..0..__.._1-070.000..00001000.021.0.-0.0o..0..2..91100...0102.000211.4.521.42.12199..60.58.1.2..95104126186222m30855925692448751981352|!1557II;I|||II|TVIWI|AAABCEFGGuuHKNMMOPPoScelFSnOTPTuhltfcalecyeohanayaiaeelousleoiiulsiaadronsircdtpeva_rceltnlorohiiu_anoprrrkeec:ehpcrhleoosloow_e)--fihi-r.tuoiten_f..eaf_i--clholnneni-uaoe_rien-n_(cn-hlaeey-e-tr:r_a-uU----_i--eetlmil-.d-o-_o-ce-ibm-_o-.-rn----.-_.-irn_-s.------i.-a-l-iel-_-----.---.-oce----.-.--_r----;--l-.-i.----u-_-a----d-----_-t-----re-L-----_-i-----d.-I)------.--Q-------.---_-----.-----U---_--*------.----I--_-.-.--D---.-.--_-----.--.--S--.--.----.-----------.-----.------.-----.----.--.--I..Z._~Z.*--..-..--._.-".-....`---._'...-.Z--.ZJ-...-Z_..--..-_-.._-.-.-.Z---._.--___-_-_.._---_.-`.-_-.-_-_-0.0-0u0000--00.00000..n00.05..*.003300..66.5..07^..0.7*.41.542.5.353.5.557647030*5300133016743^000132543367351 ............ Concrete 0 27 0'.485 Cork.---Corundum......... ................. 0.198 . Dolomite...................... -............" ,, Salt, rock--.---- ,, 0.195 | Sand........... ........ ....... . [ SSSaeunrlppdhestunortn.in.e.e.-.-..-.---.-.--.-.-.--.--.--.--.--..--.--.--.--.--..'.... .. ** ,,- _ _. 0.22 0.25 0.180 0.209 MK*H25 -gS Lead (590-680 deg. fahr.)--..-- 0.041 I Sulphur (246-297 dug. fahr.). . - 0.235 Tin (460-660 deg. fahr.)---------- o ua Talc.l___________ --- Ebonite........................ ............. From Marks' Medmniad Er.jir.rer.' Handbook. Table 10. Metric Units 1 cm. 1 in. 1 meter lft 1 sq. cm. 1 sq. in. 1 sq. meter 1 sq.ft = 0.3937 in. =* 2.54 cm. = 3.281 ft. = 0.3048 meters = 0.155 sq. in. = 6.45 sq. cm. == 10.765 sq. ft - 0.0929 sq. meter 1 cu. cm. 1 cu. in. 1 cu. meter 1 cu. ft 1 liter 1 kilogram lib. 1 met ton 1 gram = 0.061 cu. in. = 16.38 cu. cm. sa 3532 cu. ft. = 0.0283 cu. meter = 1000 cu. cm. = 0.264 gal . = 2.2046 lb. = 0.4536 kilograms = 2205 lb. (avoir.) 980.59 dynes 1 kilometer per hour 1 gram per square centimeter 1 kg. per square centimeter (metric, atmosphere) = 0.6214 mile per hour. f \ _ 0.2896 in. mercury (at 0 deg= 0.394 in. water (at 15 deg. cent.) = 14.22 lb. per square inch - 0.03613 lb. per cubic inch = 62.4.$ id. per ^ foot 1 gram per cubic centimeter J dyne = 0.00007233 poundais =,10.000,000 ergs = 0.73767 ft. lb. * = 75 kg.-meters per second * 0 986 hp. tu. o.) 1 metric hp. (force de cheval) = 1,000 gram-calones (small calone) * 1 kilogram-calone (large calone) 1 kilogram-calorie 1 kg. calone per kilogram = 3.97 B.tu. m B.t.u. per pound _. 1687 B.tu. per sq. ft. , = 1.4S1 B.tu. persquare tot per inch . temperature - {^^n^flTegK'iScf thickness. 1 KlStonTl d<Tct. per centimeter of thickness.} Table 11. Density of Liquids (Water 1) __________ __ ------------ ~~ 0 789 . 1 Oils (mineral lubricants)----........ . Z 0.90 -0.93 Z- 0.861-0.867 Draft gage oil (ellison)............. --...................... CWuZ_______ 0 66-0.67 i Water, 39.1 deg. fahr................ ................. -....0.958 ?: I Water-212 deg. fahr--.............. ............... ---.-0-88-0.91 1 Nitric arid---................................. Sulphuric acid.-- ...... .................... f.80 .j[ | Water (sea)................ ............ ^. _________________________________ . 7 521 ' / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Table 12. Properties of Gasesa Gab CheiaCAL Symbol NomAtoms Molecular Weight WeiGBT El Pound or 1 Cn F* F&E&IC Pressure _ Approx Exact At 62 lm&te 01=32 deg.fahr deg.fahir. Den sity Gas Rela* Con TTVE stant TO R AIB Specific Heat peb Pound Cr Cp ' Specific Heat fee Cubic Foot at Atmospheric Pressure AND 62 Deg. Fahb. Cp <y Helium, Air fegaL-----Nitrogen___ HjrdrogeiL__ Nitric oxide.. Carbon monoxideHydro- chloric He Ar 0, N, Hi NO CO --:------ l l 2 2 2 2 2 4.0 40.0 29.0 32.0 28.0 2.0 30.0 28.0 4.0 0.0105 39.9 0.1048 O.U76I 32 0.0840 28.08 0.0737 2.016 0.00529 30.04 0.0789 28.00 o.om 0.0112 0.1112 G.0S07 0.0892 ao?83 0.00562 0.0838 0.0780 0.137 386.0 1.25 U78 38.70 0.124 1 53.34 0.241 1.105 48.25 0.217 a970 54.99 0.247 0.0696 765.86 3.42 1.038 51.40 0.231 0.968 55.14 0.243 0.75 0.013 0.075 0.0131 0.171 0.0183 0.155 0.0182 0.176 0.0182 2.44 0.0181 0.165 0.0183 0.172 0.0180 0.0079 0.0079 0.0130 0.0130 0.0130 0.0129 0.0130 0.0126 Carbon HC1 dioxide___ CO, Nitrons oxide____ N,0 Sulphur dioxide-- Ammonia Acetylene.__ Methyl SO, NHj Cttii chloride__ CHiCI Metham CO. Ethylene.__ CiB, 2 3 36.5 44.0 36.45 0.0958 44.00 0.1156 0.1017 0.1227 1.260 1.520 42.35 0.191 0.136 0.0183 0.0130 35.09 0.210 0.160 0.0243 0.0185 1.40 131 3 44.0 44.08 0.1157 0.1229 1.522 35.03 0.221 0.171 0.0256 0.019S 3 4 4 5 5 6 64.0 17.0 26.0 50.5 16.0 28.0 64.06 17.06 26.02 50.47 16.03 28.03 0.1684 0.1786 0.04483 0.0476 0.0684 0.0725 0.1326 0.1407 0.0421 0.0447 0.0738 0.0780 2.213 0.590 QJ899 1.744 0.554 0.969 24.10 0.154 90.50 0.523 59.34 0.350 0.123 0.399 0.270 0.0260 0.0234 3.024 0.0207 0.0178 0.0185 30.59 96.31 55.08 0.24 0.593 3.40 0.20 3.032 0.450 3.025 033 < .029 0.0265 0.019 0.024 1.25 1.31 1.28 .20 1.32 1.20 *Prom Marks' Mechanical Engineer' Handbook. 522 CHAPTER 34 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Symbols for Heat, Thermodynamics and Hydraulics; Abbreviations; Drafting Room Practice. IN this chapter there will be found the symbols for drawings adopted by the A. S. H. V. E. in its Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Ventilation of Buildings as well as A. S. A.1 tentative standard symbols and abbreviations for scientific and engineering terms, also some recommended standards for drafting room practice. The following distinction between symbols and abbreviations is made: A symbol is a letter or sign used in a formula as a substitute for any numerical value. A shortened expression for a name or a unit is an abbreviation and not a symbol. SYMBOLS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING DRAWINGS2 1. The objects of this standard set of symbols are to insure the correct interpretation of drawings and to conserve drafting room time by establishing simple and unmistakable symbols for the component parts of the heating and ventilating systems. In preparing the list of symbols an effort has been made to follow existing practice in so far as possible but the list cannot be expected to match exactly the existing practice of every drafting room. 2. Simplicity, ease of execution and unmistakable identification were carefully'considered in selecting the symbols. Uncommon fittings and appliances such as vacuiftn pumps, separators, etc., have purposely been omitted in order to produce a list which can be easily remembered. It is assumed that when the scale of the drawing permits, the valves and fittings will be drawn to scale and a conventional representation is then unnecessary. 3. High pressure steam supply pipe 4. Low pressure steam supply pipe --l------------------ 5. Hot water pipe--flow ---------------------- 6. Return pipe--steam or water 7. Air vent line 1Tbe compilation of these standards is unde? the supervision of the American Standards Association. and the sponsor organizations include: American Association for the Advancement of Science; American Institute of Electrical Engineers; American Society of Civil Engineers; Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, and American_Society of Mechanical Engineers. . *From A. S. H. V. E. Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Ventilation of Buildings. . 523 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 8. Flanges 9. Screwed union 10. Elbow 11. Elbow--looking up 12. Elbow--looking down 13. Tee 14. Tee--looking up 15. Tee--looking down 16. Gate valve u Of---- Of---- -i0H- 17. Globe valve 18. Angle valve . -fit- 19. Angle valve--stem perpendicular 20. Lock shield valve 21. Check valve . 22. Reducing valve 23. Diaphragm valve 24. Diaphragm valve--stem perpendicular 25. Thermostat 26. Radiator trap--elevation f- -w- ss O- 524 Chapter 34--Symbols and Abbreviations 27. Radiator trap--plan 28. Expansion joint 29. Column radiator--plan . 30. Column radiator--elevation 31. Wall radiator--plan 32. Wall radiator--elevation H cn t=q q cn d 33. Pipe coil--plan 34. Pipe coil--elevation 35. Indirect radiator--plan 36. Indirect radiator--elevation 37. Supply duct--section 38. Exhaust duct--section 39. Butterfly damper--plan (or elevation) 40. Butterfly damper--elevation (or plan) 41. Deflecting damper--square pipe C=l- 1 0 ISI IZI /~ --k *-- 42. Vanes 43. Air supply outlet 44. Exhaust outlet SYMBOLS AND CROSS-SECTIONS FOR MATERIALS These symbols and cross-sections give a conventional method of distinguishing various materials commonly used, but can only indicate the general character and not complete specification of the material of the parts. They permit of sub-division if found desirable, by making minor changes but maintaining the general characteristics. For simplicity ori details where the material is named, sections may be shaded or made as for iron or steel. ' ' 525 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers GuiDE, 1930 White metal. Aluminum, zinc, lead, babbitt and alloys. Sand. Electric insulation. Vulcanite, fibre, mica, Bakelite, etc.. Sound or heat insula tion. Cork, hair-felt, wool, asbestos, magnesia, etc. Flexible material. Fabric, felt, rubbe r, etc. Water and other liquids. Across grain' Wood* With grain y Concrete. *The symbols for wood may bo used for sections and outside views. 4Used for outside views but not for sections. Marble, slate, glass, porcelain, etc. 526 Transparent material.4 Glass, celluloid, etc. Chapter 34--Symbols and Abbreviations SYMBOLS FOR HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS8 General Principles 1. It is urged that a complete table of symbols and units used by an author be included at a convenient place in each book, chapter, or paper. 2. la most cases the same symbol shall be used, regardless of systems of units. Thus t> is specific volume, whether cc per gram, cc per mol, cu ft per lb, etc. 3. In cases where more than one system of units is used in a discussion, a single symbol may be used, with addition of subscripts, superscripts, or indices to denote units other than the primary one, such as* p, Pt, p'f p". 4. The same symbol should be used for a given concept, regardless of the number of special values which occur, and subscripts or superscripts should be used to designate them. 5. Letter subscripts should be used to denote values under special conditions or at special states, such as: . Specific heat at constant pressure........ ................................................cp Specific heat at constant volume.......................................................... cy Thermal efficiency.... ............................................................................. Mechanical efficiency .......................................................................--dm 6. Numerical subscripts should be used to denote values at designated points in an apparatus, process or cycle, such as: Initial pressure..................... . Final pressure........................ Weight of a major item___ Weights of auxiliary items. ............... Pi ...............P* ............... W Wu W wa 7. In order to increase the clarity of printed matter, which is practically always Roman, symbols alone or in equations should be printed in Italics. . 8. Where possible, capital letters denote total quantities and small letters denote specific quantities, or quantities per. unit. Thus, S may be entropy of any mass, and s may be entropy of unit mass. General Symbols Acceleration due to gravity. In ternationally adopted standard value 980.665 crn/sec* or 32.1740 ft/sec.*_________ ______ Acceleration due to gravity. Where it is not necessary to distinguish between the stand ard value and the exact local value......... ...................................... Time............. ....................................... Angular Velocity............................. Velocity...... ........................................ Revolutions per Unit Time,JV or Length. Distance._______________ Diameter______ __!_________ ______ Radius._________ r Area, Surface____________________ go g t. (omega) V n L D A Symbols for Force, Weight, Work, Power Force, Total Load----------------------- F Pressure; Absolute Pressure; Gage Pressure; Force per Unit Area P Mean Effective- Pressure________ Pm Total Quantity of Fluid. Water, Gas, Heat; Quantity by Vol ume___...___ 0 Volume ' Rate per Unit Time; Rate at which Quantity of Material passes through a Machine; Quantity of Heat per Unit Time; Quantity of Heat per Unit Weight_~_,,.,____-- q Total WeightW Weight Rate; Weight per unit of Power; Weight - per unit of ` Time.....______ w -Mass, W/g_...............................-- m Total Work............................-........ W Work per Unit Weight.__________ to Power; Work per Unit Time.____ P Efficiency______________ _--,--jt or - tj (eta) Symbols for Properties Molecular Weight-___ ______ --. M ^ Concentration; Amount of Par ticular Constituent per given amount of Mixture__._________ C 'Proposed symbols prepared by Sectional Committee on Scientific and Engineering Symbols and Abbreviations. 527 t American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Specific Gravity, referred to Air for Gases, and Water for Solids or Liquids...... ........................ ..... . C Specific Volume; Volume per Unit Weight..--........................... v Density; Weight per Unit Volume; Mass per Unit Volume___ d or p (rho)' P = 1/v Specific Heat...... ............................... c Specific Heat at Constant Pres sure............... Cp Specific Heat at Constant Vol ume.......... ....... ........ :...................... c* Ratio of Specific Heats.................. k k * Cp/cv Absolute Viscosity; Coefficient of Viscosity, usually in poises or similar units of stress/shear rate____ --__ -................................ ^ (mu) Relative Viscosity, Ratio of Ab solute Viscosity of any fluid to Absolute Viscosity of Water. (If the second option is used, the context must make clear . that Relative Viscosity is meant)............................u/p-w or p, (mu) Kinematic Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity divided by Density)-, v (nu) Relative Kinematic Viscosity (Relative Viscosity divided by Density). (If the second option is used the context must make clear that Relative Kine matic Viscosity is meant) ' . ` v/vw or v (nu) Time in seconds obtained from a viscosity measurement with a specific instrument, from which yu or v may be computed by ap- . propriate formulas-................... t Symbols for Thermodynamics Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. J Heat Equivalent of Work.,1/,/ or A Thermometric Temperature, F or C (0 is preferably used only when l is used for Time in the same discussion)__________ X or Absolute Temperature, F abs or K._______________ _________ - 0 (theta) r Entropy. (Preferably, the capi tals are used for any weight, and small letters, for unit weight)................... ................5 or s Internal Energy; Intrinsic En ergy. Preferably, the capital is used for any weight and the smallletterforunitweight; t/or u. Heat Content; Total Heat; En thalpy. Preferably the capital is used for any weight and the smallletterfor unitweight; H or h ff or A tt + 04) pv Helmholtz Free Energy; internal Potential Function..................... d = u -- Ts (psi) Gibbs Function; Total Potential Function_____ ___ -.............Z or t (Zeta) Z = u + {A) pv -- Ts Saturated Liquid at saturation . pressure and temperature; Liquid in contact with Vapor-- Subf Dry Saturated Vapor; Dry Satu rated Gas at saturation pres sure and temperature; Vapor in contact with Liquid..............,, Sub? . This system, carried to a logical conclusion, requires also subscripts for Liquid in contact with Solid, Solid in contact with Vapor and Vapor in con tact with Solid. However, these subscripts are not assigned at . . this time. Pairs of subscripts would also denote values for fusion or melting and sublima tion. Conditions at Critical Point._____ Subc Vaporization Values at Constant Pressure; Differences between Values for Saturated Vaporand Saturated Liquid at the same pressure.--.................. Subf* Heat Content of Saturated Liquid; Total Heat of Satu rated Liquid; Enthalpy of Sat urated Liquid, sometimes called Heat of the Liquid........... ht Heat Content of Dry Saturated , Vapor; Total Heat of Dry Saturated Vapor; Enthalpy of Dry Saturated Vapor................. hg Various Values for Saturation; " Various Values for Vaporiza tion, according to above ` rules.-................................Ms g, tfg. etc. Saturation pressure; Saturation ' Temperature....................PI and TforPgand Tg Heat of Vaporization at Constant pressure............. ..................... L or hfg Heat of Fusion; Heat of Sub limation, may be denoted by subscripts affixed to the sym bols L or h. . Gas Constant in equation pv *= R7\_...................................... R Two values are in customary . use. The first is the universal constant, corresponding to o in . the above equation as volume . per mol (product of molecular weight and volume per unit weight). The second is the . ' particular value for a given gas, corresponding to p as volume per unit weight. The second , 528 Chapter 34--Symbols and Abbreviations value is the first value divided by molecular weight M. Ifde sired, a prime or a subscript may be used to distinguish be tween the two values. Quality of Steam, pounds of dry steam per pound of mixture.-.... x Exponent of Polytropic expan sion in expression, pvn = const, Joule-Thomson coefficient. ii = (dT/dp)h-................-.......... Adiabatic Factor.............. -............ n u (mu) Y Symbols for Heat Transmission6 ` Terms ending "ivity " designate properties independent of size or shape, sometimes called "specific properties." Examples are--conductivity and resistivity. Terms ending "ance" designate quantities depending not only on the material, but also upon size and shape, sometimes called "total quantities." Examples are--con ductance and transmittance. .. Terms ending "ion" designate rate of heat transfer. Examples are--conduction and transmission. Area-..... ....... -.......... ........................... Temperature, F or C...................... Temperature, F abs or K.............. Length of path of heat flow, thickness-............................... Total Quantity of Heat Trans ferred-..-............. .......................... Thermal Transmission (heat transferred per unit time)_____ A t T Q Q L Thermal Conductance (heat transferred per unit time per unit area, per degree)...... ........... C r J_ <l/A Cs,R"l <i-/i Film Conductance (heat trans ferred per unit time per unit area, per degree).......................... / . 5 -- Qftime Thermal Conductivity (heat transferred per unit time per unit area, and per degree per unit length).......................... -....... " " (i. - h)/L Thermal Resistivity........................ Thermal Resistance (degrees, per unit of heat transferred per unit time per unit area ...... _ 1/k R Film Resistance (degrees per unit of heat transferred per unit time per unit area)--.................. 1// V ti -- ri / ~ /A Thermal Transmittance, or Co efficient of Heat Transfer (heat transferred per unit time per unit area/per degree)-------------- U ABBREVIATIONS FOR ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS7 Fundamental Rules for Formation and Use Abbreviation should be used sparingly in text and with regard to the context and to the training of the reader. Terms denoting units of measure are abbreviated in the text only when preceded by the amounts indicated in numerals; thus "several inches," "one inch," "12 in." In tablular matter, specifications, maps, drawings, and texts for special purposes, the use of abbreviations is governed by the desirability of conserving space. , Do not begin a sentence with a numeral followed by an abbreviation. - Avoid capitals in abbreviations except in words normally capitalized. Hyphenated compound words call for hyphenated abbreviations; thus "hp-hr." With but few exceptions of abbreviations in common usage, the singular only is Used; thus "in." for "inches," not "ins."; but No., Nos., Fig., Figs. Joint,report of the Committee on Heat Transmission, 'National Research Council and Sub-committee on Symbols for Heat and Thermodynamics, American Standards Association. 'Proposed StandarcL prepared by Sectional Committee on Scientific and Engineering Symbols and Abbreviations. - 529 N/ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Short words such as ton, day, and mile are spelled out. Do not use abbreviations where the meaning will not be clear. In case of doubt, ell nut - Do not use conventional signs for abbreviations in text; thus per, not /; lb., not #; . in., not ". Such signs are used sparingly in tables and similar places for conserving space. The sub-committee recognizes a tendency toward the omission of the period in some technical abbreviations and favors the omission, except in cases of general literary composition, as being economical and conducive to the elimination of waste. Some mathematical arid chemical terms are, in preferred practice, customarily abbreviated without periods; thus sin,, log, Cu, etc. Do not space the letters of such abbreviations as A.S.H.V.E. (not A. S. H. V. E.). In text, do not use the exponents for the abbreviations of square and cube nor the negative exponents for terms involving per. The superior figures are usually not avail able on the keyboards of typesetting and linotype machines and composition is therefore delayed. There is also the likelihood of confusion with footnote reference numbers; These shorter forms are permissible in tables and are sometimes difficult to avoid in text. Abbrevia fions In this initial list of abbreviations for engineering and scientific terms only those most commonly used have been included. Absolute------------------------- ---- ------------------ ------------abs Acre. .................. .a. Acre-feet ..... .spell out Air horsepower ... .............. ...... _____ air hp. Alternating-current (adjectivo)......... ........ ;......a-c. American wire gage (Brown and Sharp) ..B.&S. gage AmpereTM .. ______ ... Amoere-honr...... . . Angstrom unit ... ... ' ...___ amp-hr. .................. -A Antilogarithm.. .. ... ...antilog Armature--___ . _____ __ Atomic weight____ __ . ____ ... Atmosphere___ .. __ - ___ . ............ .atm. Average .. . -....... -avg. Avoirdupois ..... Barometer... ____ ... ... Baum ________ BS. Birmingham wire gage________________ _____ B.w.g. Board feet... . _... ........... Boiler horsepower______________________--boiler hp. ChainChemicallv Dure................ -i .......cuef. cost, insurance and freights__ Cotangent....................... .. Counter electromotive force__ --------- .counter emf Cubic -......... .... ..... ..... h.hn. British thermal unit.. . . Bundle R.h n. ........ ' ' R tn Pa Inri* Candlepower ,, - ...... ___ Candlepower-hour...... .......... . Center tn center , , ... cp-hr. Centigram . Centiliter.... .... Centi meter______________________ ...__.__ -______ .cm Cent................. . ............---C. Cubic yard ... . _ __ . Current density________________ ................. .spell out Cycles per second____ ... Cylinder. .... ............................... Direct-current (as adjective).....--...... --...... --d-c. Dollar.................... . , .......................-........ s Not used in Text of The Guide until approved by A. 5. A. 530 . Chapter 34--Symbols and Abbreviations Dozen:--------------------Dram------------ ---*** East------------------ :----East-northeast------East-southeast--------Electric.____ _________ Electric horsepower. .doz. _____ E ,-ENE ESE __ .elec. __ e.hp. LambertTM--i. ---------------------------------------- ------------L Latitude.lat. Least common multiple-..______ .____________1-c.m. Lineal foot____ ---------- --------- --------------------- ----lin. ft. Link________ ------------------------------------------- -----------1. Lira-________________spell out Liter.------ ---------- ----------------------- ---------- --------------1 , Liquid.liq. Electrical EngineerElectromotive force. Elevation------------ .emf .~el. Logarithm...------------------------------------------------------- Jog Longitude.---_____ ______________________ long. Low-pressure cylinderL.P. cyl. Farad-------.---------------------------------------------------------- * Feet board measure_____________.f.b.m. Feet per minute-------------------------------------------- f.p.m. Lumen-------------- ------------- --------------------------- -----------1 Lumen-hour-------------------------- .------------------- ...1-hr. Lumens per watt.____________________________ l.p.w. Feet per second---------------------------------------------- -f-p.s. Fluid------------------------------------------ ---------------------------8* Footft. Foot-candle------------------------------------- .---------- ft-c. ' Foot-Lambert---------- ------------------------ ---------- ft-L Foot-pound---------------------------------------------------- ft-lb. Foot-pound-second systemfps Franc.-------------------------.------------------ --------------- -ft* Magnetomotive force------------ mmf Mark--_.______________________.___________ -M. Mass_____ ____ ~___ ,,________________ spell out Master Car Builders' Standard______M.C.B. Std. Mathematics (ical) ___________ --^____ math. Maximum----------------------------------------------- --max. Mean effective pressure__________________ __ m.e.p. Mean horizontal candlepower__ ___________ m.h.cp. Free aboard ship----------------------------------- --spell out Mean spherical candlepower.---------------- ----- m.s.cp. Free alongside ship_____ _spell out Free on board_______________ __________f.o.b. Mechanical Engineer.--------------------------------------M.E. Megawatt....... _____ -_____________________ .spell out Freezing point------------------------------.--------------- f.p. Frequency,-------------------------------- ireq. Furlong ------- ----------------------------- ---------------- lur. Megohm_____ _______________ ;-- --------------------- meg Melting point____ ___;m.p. . Meter.------- ---- ---- ------------------ -------------------------------m Gallon------- ----------------------------- ----- ------------------ -gal. Gallons per minute._________________________ g.p.m. Gallons per second.,--------------..------ ------------------ g,p.s. Generator____ __________ __________ ------------- gen. Grain_________________________________ spell out Gram___________ ________ 8pell out Gram-calorie---------------------------- g-cai Hectare--------------------------Henry--------- ----------------------High-pressure cylinder-----Hogshead------------------ -- Horsepower----------------------Horsepower-hour------------- Hour.--------------------------i-- Hundredweight (112 lb.)-- Hyperbolic sine---------------Hyperbolic cosine------------- ________ ha _________ h ,,H.P. cyl. ______hhd. ----------- hp. ____ hp-hr. ________hr. .cwt. ______ sinh ______ cosh , Meter-kilogranxTMTM.....-----_______________ m-kg Mho ..._____________ ______________ ...spell out Microfarad------------------ -------------------------------.------uf Micromicron______________________ ___ --________ Micron----- ---- u Microwatt.----------------------------------------------- .spell out Mile--___ -spell out Miles per hour.TM_________ _______________'___ m.p.h. Miles per hour per second___ ______ m.p.h. per sec. Milliampere_____________________ ________ milliamp. Milifarad-____ _____-~mf Milligram_____ _----____________________________-mg Milihenry............. ......................... ---.mh MillilambertmL Milliliter______.___________________________ ml Millimeter.................................... ..............---.mm Millimicron___ ______ mu Million________ _____________ ____ ________TMspell out Inch_____________________ ______________ in. Inch-poundin-lb. Inches per second--i.p.s. Indicated horsepower__ --------------------- ------------ i.hp. Indicated horsepower-hour..i.hp-hr. Intermediate-pressure cylinder.I.P. cyl. Million gallons per day---------------------- .--____ m.g.d. Millivolt............ ........................... ....... ---- _____ mv Mining Engineer........................... --,---------------- E.M. Minute--------------------------------------,------ :-------------- min. Molecular weight--........... ..... ...............---mol. wt. Molecule.-___________ ____ _______ -------------------mol. Internal!_______________________ -------------------------int. Kilogram-_________________ _______ ----------- --kg Kilogram-meter---------- --___________kg-m Kilograms per cubic meter--------- --...kg per cu. m. Kilograms per second--------------------_____ kg per sec. Kiloliter.J___________________ Kilometer__________________ ______ __--kl ________ km Kilometers per second--------------- --____km per sec. Kilovolt------------------------------------------__________ ,,...kv Kilovolt-ampere___ -______ ____ ~s--___ _________kv-a Kilowatt------------------------------------- _____________kw Kilowatt-hour_____________ _______ --_______kw-hr. National Electric Code.........................--........N.E.C. North.................. ............. ............... --.------... ,------ ....N Northeast....... ................ ........ -..... ........ ----...----NE North-northeast.....................-___________ ______NNE North-northwest... ......................... --................ ,,NNW Northwest......... ...................................... --____ ...NW Ohm................... ....................................... spell out or Q Ohm-centimeter. _________________________ ohm-cm OuncesTM--.............................. .................... oz. Parts per million-................-......---- -------------- p.p.m. Peck.._________________________ pk. 531 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Penny (Pence). . Pennyweight.-- Peso.---------------Pint^________ Potential........... Potential difference................... Pound.................... ........ .............. Pound-foot............. ..................... Pound-inch-....... ............... -...... . Pounds per brake horsepower hour............. .............. --......... Pounds per square foot......... .. Pounds per square inch--------Pound Sterling..................... -- Power factor....... ........................ Primaiy-------- --------------- --------- ........... --...... d. .............. dwt. __ .spell out ......spell out ............... pot. ........... ............. P-d. ........................ lb. ........... ...... Jb-ft. ________ --lb-in. b. per b.hp-hr. __ lb. per sq. ft. ...lb. per sq. in. ........ JE ............ spell out ................ _...pri. Quart-....... .................................- Radian--....................................... ' Reactance.......................... -........ Reactive kilovolt-ampere........ Reactive volt-ampere......... Revolutions per minute.-------Revolutions per second........... Root mean square.----------------Round________________ _______ _______ spell out ........... react. ........... --.r.kv-a .................... .r.v-a ___ ________ rpro ............... r.p.s. .............:___r.m.s, --.....-........... --rd. Secant___ ____ __________ ____ -....... ........................sec Second.;..................... .sec. Shaft horsepower.................................... ............. --s.hp. Shilling.-------------------- n. Sine.----.......... ....... ............--___-.............. 'sin South-....................... -............-............... ..... ...... --.....S Southeast,SE South-southeast.............. SSE South-southwest.......... ............... .SSW Southwest---------------------- ..--.'........... ....... -- ------ SW Specific gravity............ ............ .......... ...................sp. gr. Specific heat_____________,,_________ ____ _--sp. ht. Square centimeter............ ................................ ...sq. cm Square foot-------------------- ----------------- ------------.sq. ft. Square inch..-............ ............................................. sq. in. Square kilometer................................................. sq. km Square meter__________ --.................................. .sq. m Square micron.............................................. ............sq. (& Square millimeter..,,..__ --................. ............. sq. mm Square root of mean square._____ ...... .............. r.m.s. Stere,, ___________________________________ _____ s Tangent.... ______ Temperature____ Tensile strength.. Thousand_______ Ton______ 1__ :___ Ton-mile__ ______ Twaddell....... ....... ..temi>. -tens. str. ____ M\ .spell out -spell out .....Twad. United States Pharmacopeia....... ..................... U.S.P. Versed sine............. ......................._................ ........ -vers Volt:----------------------------------------- _____ _____ .spell out Volt-ampere____________________________ ____ --..v-a Watt...... ....... ..... -_____ .____spell out or w Watt-hour...................... ............. ........ _...... --...... .w-hr. Watts per candlepower_______ w.p.c. Weight.-;.............. wt. West_______________________ _________ __________W West-northwest.......... ...... ...... -................... ...... WNW West-southwest--.................. WSW Yard. Year. .......... ;yd. .spell out Catalog Data Section ` (Pages 534-874) . with an INDEX TO MODERN EQUIPMENT (Pages 875-884) and INDEX TO ADVERTISERS (Pages 885-888) 532 Air Conditioning, farrier Engineering Corporation Atmospheric Conditioning Corporation Offices and Laboratories: 850 Frelinghuysen Ave. . Newark, N. J. New York, 39 Cortfandt Street Philadelphia, Land Title Building Boston, 1011 Statler Building Chicago, Burnham Building Cleveland, Union Trust Building Detroit, 2626 Buhl Building Washington, D.C., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg. Kansas City, Manufacturers Exchange Bldg. Dallas, 2706 Commerce Street Los Angeles, 748 E. Washington Street Air Conditioning Systems--Especially designed for Textile Mills, Candy Fac tories, Bakeries, Flour Mills, Drug and Chemical Plants, Printing and Litho graphic Plants, Packing Plants, Labora tories, Theaters, Public Buildings and for numerous other industries where there are requirements for clean air uniformly dis tributed and automatically controlled at any desired condition of temperature and humidity. Equipment, installation and results are guaranteed. Ask for Bulletin 58-G, or request specific information. Cooling and Air Conditioning in Public and Private Buildings--With a background of more than twenty-five years' experience in the design and applica tion of Air Conditioning equipment, the Carrier organization has logically led in I applying this science to the maintenance ' of conditions of physical comfort of people congregated within buildings. In Theaters, Auditoria, Hospitals, Hotels, Department Stores, Office Buildings, Factories and Mansions it is now possible to maintain ideal conditions of physical comfort, regardless of seasons or outdoor weather. Winter conditions require humidification and heating. In Summer, cooling and dehumidification must be accomplished. Nearly 3,000 Carrier installations in more than 200 different industries are producing the desired conditions unfailingly. We are at all times pleased to cooperate with Architects, Engineers and Builders in the design and installation of Air Conditioning equipment within buildings under their direction. Write for the book, " Theater Cooling," C-I. A Typical Carrier Humidifier or Dchumidifier shaming the automatically controlled fresh and return air dampers, the spray chamber with pumping and water heating equipment and. on - the left, the fan which delivers the air to the duel system 534 Carrier Engineering Corporation Air Conditioning Cross Section of a Typical Theater equipped with a Carrier System for Cooling, Dehumidifying and Purifying the Air in Summer, and Warming, Humidifying and Purifying the Air in Winter. Note the use of Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration * connection with this equipment Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration-- This system is an innovation in the pro duction of cold. The refrigerant is a harmless, inoffensive liquid--"Carrene." The compressor is a simple centrifugal unit similar in construction and operation to a centrifugal pump. Control is automatic. Space requirement is one-quarter that of any other system of like capacity. This A Complete Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit. Safe. Simple. A utomatic system is used in connection with all Carrier cooling and dehumidifying instal lations. Complete safety, simplicity and efficiency of operation are assured. Details on request. The Carrier Unit Air Conditioner--A simple, efficient, compact, portable and inexpensive Unit which performs every function of the Carrier Central Station System. It washes the air, cools, heats, humidifies, dehumidifies and produces effective ventilation and air circu lation. Capacity 2,500 cu. ft. of conditioned air per minute. Entire operation by 1 hp. motor. This is not a miniature humidifier copied from the central station equip ment, but is an entirely new and novel design de veloped to place Manu factured Weather within the means of any manu facturer. Ask for "The Carrier Unit Air Con ditioner," Bulletin 52-G. 535 Air Conditioning The Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. . Executive Office . 11 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. BRANCH OFICES--CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA, DETROIT Engineers and Contractors Automatically Controlled Air Conditioning Systems: Cooling--Humidifying-- . Dehumidifying--Heating--Ventilating--Drying--Ross Paper Conditioning--Coolairco Bakery Systems Air Conditioning Maryland Air Conditioning Corporation , Successors to Bentz Engineering Corporation . Manufacturers of Air Conditioning Equipment for Every Industrial or Commercial Purpose ' New York Main Offices and Factory Clarkson, McComas, Donaldson and Race Street, Baltimore, Maryland Atlanta rUTTT RT AST*' Simple and compact in design, rugged in construction, s. Patent Office) highly efficient in operation, the Chillblast provides an (Reg. a e economical means of maintaining desired temperatures and humidities and of cleansing air of dust, soot and other atmospheric impurities. There are no delicate parts subject to heavy wear--no spray nozzles to become clogged. Since the water which forms the water curtains is not under pressure there is conse quently a material saving effected in power required for pumping. In the Chillblast, the air is drawn through multiple water curtains, over cooling coils, thence through the eliminator plates which remove entrained moisture. Practically any temperature and humidity may be constantly maintained regardless of outside weather conditions. The Chillblast has a wide application as an air conditioner, cooler and dehumidifier. Chillblasts and air conditioners have been satisfactorily applied to many industries such as tobacco, confectionery, baking, food products and leather and to such institutions as theatres, hotels, restaurants, schools and hospitals. This apparatus is made in a number of standard sizes applicable to large and small installations. "Coolairco" Equipment in Apparatus Room of Large Printing Establishment Producing and maintaining the ideal atmospheric condition within a plant to insure constant uniformity of both quantity and quality of production is today an important function of modern manufacturing methods. Heating, ventilating and production engineers agree that real efficient manufacturing in most fields is only possible in a plant that is not affected by the constantly changing outside temperature and humidity values. "Coolairco" Systems are specified in more than fifty different industries to properly overcome manufacturing difficulties through supplying, and constantly maintaining, automatically, any required and pre-determined degree of temperature and humidity-- high or low--to insure the same conditions, day in and day out, for maximum operating efficiency. The broad and successful experience of our engineering staff insures the most intel ligent handling of cooling and air conditioning problems in plants of any size, in any field, requiring such equipment--Textile, Rayon, Printing, Lithographing, Confectionery, Chemical, Baking, Tobacco, Paper, Dairy, Theatres, Hospitals, Stores, Cafes, etc. This capable engineering service is available to assist interested executives. 536 Other standard equipment manufactured- by this company include: The "Coldbed"--used extensively to cool and set quickly candy or icings. Proof Boxes--used throughout the baking industry. Proof Box Air Conditioners. Starch Drying Systems. Varnish Drying Kilns. Air Washers. " . Air conditioning equipment manufactured by the Maryland Air Conditioning Corpora tion is applicable to any industry or establishment and the company's engineers are prepared to make recommendations covering any air conditioning application. - 537 Air Conditioning and Heating Equipment Niagara Blower Company AIR ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS Factory and Engineering Office--673 Ontario St., Bupfalo. N. Y. Sales Office---------------1----------------------95 Liberty St., New York City ' Air Conditioning, Humidifying, Dehumidifying, Heating, Cooling, Ventilation Equipment. Niagara Air Conditioner, Niagara Fan Heater. Drying, Dehydrating, Solvent Recovery, Pneumatic' Conveying Systems. Niagara Tubefin Heating Surface. Corrosion Resisting Equipment for Industrial Processes. NIAGARA AIR CONDITIONER Maintains always constant temperature and relative humidity, makes any change in relative humidity or furnishes moisture or dryness to any desired proportion in air in the processing of hygroscopic materials. Furnishes heat, maintaining any desired temperature, or cools (with the use of refrigeration or cold water). Cleans the air more effectively than ordinary spray washers. .. The Niagara Air Conditioner is accurate because of its new and superior temperature and humidity control. It has 30 to 50 per cent greater cooling effect for the size of the machine because it secures saturation within small space. Niagara Air Conditioners have been thoroughly proven in ' actual operation, . There are no untried or oyer delicate parts. Nia-Fin Heating Coil used is all aluminum, welded by special process, good for 150 lb. working pressure. Niagara Air Conditioner RATED OUTPUT CAPACITIES--NIAGARA AIR CONDITIONER* WIDE UNIT NARROW UNIT Fan Motor Pump Motor Cu. Ft. Lbs. Fan Motor Pump Motor Cu. Ft. Lbs. Unit No. Air Air Unit No. Air Air R.P. M. HP. R.P. M. HP. Per Min. Per Min. R. P. M. HP. R. P. M. HP. Per Min. Per Min. 125 WB 125 WF 160 WB 160 WB 160 WB 160 WB 160 WB 225 WB 225 WF 260 WB 260 WB 260 WF 260 WB 260 WB 325 WB 325 WF 360 WB 360 WB 360 WF 360 WB 360 WB 720 720 1160 870 860 670 570 . 720 720 1160 665 850 690 570 720 720 1150 870 850 685 570 `A % 2 i'/ 1 ''hh 1 \'h '5 I'/z 2 1 MZi 2 5 3 3 1 V* 1440 1440 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 N440 1440 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 1740 1440 1730 1730 1730 1730 1730 2 2600 2 2940 2 4120 2 3540 2 3100 2 2420 2 2060 3 4800 3 5300 3 7750 3 5600 3 6200 3 4600 3 3800 3 6900 3 7500 3 11,000 3 8300 3 8850 3 6550 3 5450 195 220 309 266 233 162 154 360 398 581 435 465 345 285 518 563 -825 623 664 492 409 '125 N 125 N 160 N 160 N 225 N 225 N 260 N 260 N 260 N 325 N 325 N 360 N 360 N 360 N 1430 Zi 715 1160 860 1435 V, 1. 715 ius Vi 870 A 690 Zs 1430 \'h 730 1140 850. 690 v` k <7, 1440 1440 3500 3500 1440 1440 3500 3500 3500 1440 1440 3500 3500 3500 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .2 1600 800 1290 960 3015 1510 2410 1840 1460 4590 2320 3640 2700 2200 120 60 97 72 227 123 181 138 110 344 174 272' 203 165 Unite Nos. 125, 225 and 325 are for 25-cycle current. The cubic feet contents of a room which an air conditioning unit will handle is dependent upon the relative humidity and the amount of heat to be absorbed (from lights, power consumed in running machinery or other source of heat)--the higher the hu midity and the greater the amount of heat, the less room space in cubic feet contents with a given sized unit handle. The capacities given are only to serve as a rough guide for average conditions; even then the capacity may vary over a wide range as given. i 538 Niagara Blower Company Air Conditioning and Heating Equipment NIAGARA FAN HEATER For the heating and ventilating of in dustrial plants, foundries, machine shops, garages, assembly floors, large areas and high ceiling buildings. Especially adapted to conditions where ventilating as well as heating is required-packing plants, laun dries, dairies, dye houses, paper mills. Put the Heat Immediately Where Needed-- Construction Advantages-- Specially designed, high efficiency fan produces large capacity with slower speed and more quiet operation. Heating sur face furnished is Nia-Fin, all aluminum tube and fin coil with cast aluminum header welded by special process good for 150 lb. working steam pressure. Steel coil with aluminum fins also furnished if desired. Niagara Heating Units cut the time required to bring a room to working tem perature by delivering the warm air immediately into the working zone. Efficient Heating-- By recirculating air in the working zone, Niagara Heating Units prevent the waste of heat caused by, overheating the upper part of the room to obtain normal tem perature below. Because of this saving and the large amount of air handled in relation to the heating surface, Niagara Heating Units consume less fuel in main taining desired uniform temperatures. Niagara Fan Heater RATED OUTPUT QAPACITIES--Dimensions and Weights Unit No. R.P.M. Motor HP. Air es Min. Entering Air at 60 5 Lb. Steam Outlet B.t.u. Lb. Cond. Temp. F. per Hour per Hour Overall Height Length Casing Width Casing Net Weight 125 N %160 N 1225N 1 l03'260 N 325 N 360 N 125 W 126 W 160 W 225 W 226 W 260 W 325 W 326 W 360 W 720 1440 860 1160 720 1440 860 1160 720 1440 860 1160 720 720 860 720 720 860 720 720 860 i'/i V* ->/4 2A 1* 1 11 2 2 2 3 3 3 1115 2175 1315 1775 21)0 4100 2500 3330 3040 5920 3620 4830 4340 4400 4340 8680 8800 8680 12600 12800. 12600 139 124 134 129 139 124 134 129 139 124 134 129 124 132 124 124 132 124 124.5 132.6 124.5 85200 128300 95700 121000 161000 261000 182000 226000 232000 377000 263000 328000 274000 308000 274000 542000 616000 542000 800000 900000 800000 88 133 99 125 16/ 270 188 234 240 391 272 340 277 311 277 554 623 554 808 909 808 31" 51" 70* 40* * 86" 74* i 90T 444 1b. 30* 563 lb. 638 lb. 634 lb. 20* ' 968 lb. |l259 lb. *For cojnpktedataoaCnal tem^raturra and B.t.u. output capari&satflt^m^^^ires from 2 to 2001b. and entering 539 Air Conditioning Parks-Cramer Company . AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS Fitchburg, Mass. . Boston, Mass. Charlotte, N. C. PRODUCTS: also of centrifugal force improves the Humidifying Apparatus and Equip-, quality of the spray and reduces the ment of all types and Air Condition ing Systems. . INDUSTRIES SUPPLIED (Partial List) Cotton, Woolen, Worsted, Silk and Rayon, Printing and Lithographing, Cigar and Tobacco, Clothing, Paper and Enve lope, Leather and Shoes, Wood Working, Cereals, Storage of Perishable Food Pro ducts, Ceramic Products, Asbestos Pro ducts, Mechanical Cotton and Woolen Products, Starch and Dextrine, Insulated Cable, Celluloid, Chicken Hatcheries, Art Galleries, Glassine Paper, Cement, Hospi tals, Fine Homes. TYPES OF APPARATUS: Parks-Cramer Company is the manu facturer of six different types of air con ditioning apparatus recognized as standard. They are: TURBO HUMIDIFIERS SPRAY HUMIDIFIERS HIGH DUTY HUMIDIFIERS CENTRIFUGAL HUMIDIFIERS CENTRAL STATION SYSTEMS UNIT AIR CONDITIONERS We also manufacture both the wet and dry bulb regulator and the hygroscopic regulator. amount of air used. Best suited to low posted rooms or where, for purposes of distribution, many units are desirable. Water is not under pressure and air pres sure is low.' This type of head contains no moving parts, it is very easy to keep clean, and if it stops it cannot cause water damage. At very slight additional expense air can be drawn from the humidifier lines for air cleaning of machinery. Spray Humidifier, Type HS--A water under pressure type. Water at about 150 lb. pressure impinges on a bronze pin and spray is created. The casing construction allows only the finest to escape. The rest is collected in a pan, returned to a filter to be purified and used again. Casing is made of heavy copper, and has no open- , ings to leak or joints to keep packed. Pan is of heavier copper, braced to give adequate strength. No bolts or nuts to catch lint or unscrew and get lost when cleaning. Nozzle has a fixed orifice and is easily renewed at low expense. High Duty Humidifier, Types HDD and HDS--Similar to the spray humidi fier with the addition of a direct connected Our engineers are prepared to study any problem and to recommend the type of system that will give the desired results. Being manufacturers of all types of. systems, our experience has been with all conceivable problems. A study of the above list of industries served will show that we have dealt with practically every known hygroscopic substance. Turbo Humidifier--An "atomizer" type using compressed air to break up the water and produce a fine spray. The use Turbo Humidifier Centrifugal Humidifier High Duty Humidifier motor-driven fan. A miniature Air Washer. The warm and. relatively dry air enters from above and is blown through a sheet of fine spray. It is discharged from the annular opening below at high velocity in a complete and nearly horizontal circle. The spray is flattened and spread by the air currents and is quickly evaporated; the water is rapidly and thoroughly diffused over a large area. 540 In winter, steam under thermostatic control may be admitted to a filter tank so that the circulated water may be held at any desired temperature. Units of high change. Moisture demands vary greatly throughout the day, month and year. The regulators automatically turn on and off the humidifiers as this demand changes. capacity are used where requirements are "Psychrostat"--This is one of the most severe and a high-heat factor is most sensitive, accurate and rugged regu present. .' Evaporation per unit is much greater than in the atomizer or the spray head. lators made. It operates on the principle of the sling psychrometer, Centrifugal Humidifier--Uses water without pressure and eliminates air com pressors and pumps. Best suited to small rooms that are free from lint or dust. Central Station Air Conditioning universally recognized as the standard means of measuring humidity. An injector draws air through the dry-bulb Compartment, then Equipment--This consists of a centrally located apparatus for supplying the maxi mum of moisture required and changing the air with ample frequency; it usually includes indirect radiation for heating; suitable ducts or flues for conveying and distributing the conditioned air. Ad saturates it, and sends it on through the wetbulb compartment. In each compartment is a sensitive, elastic metal bellows that expands and contracts with ditional provision may be made for re changes in tempera moval of all impurities in the air. Regula ture. These are con tion in multiple department equipments is nected by a suitable linkwork to a slide provided by automatic humidity and tem valve so-that the differential temperature perature regulators. . I actuates the control valve. It is evident Advantages of this type are: immediate from its construction that the Psychrostat . supply of heat and moisture in extremely needs a minimum of maintenance and cold weather; great reduction of room temperature in extremely hot weather is possible by refrigerating the. water; re sponsibility for supervision placed on plant engineering force. However, the initial and operating costs are high. adjustment. Hygroscopic Regulator--This device is offered for use where less exacting re quirements permit the economy of its lower cost. It employs human hair as the hygro scopic element, the most sensitive and de Unit Air Conditioner--This type of pendable hygroscopic material known. Its small central station apparatus is suitable rugged and simple construction makes it for laboratories, small manufacturing the best moderately priced regulator on departments, etc. It is built in a variety of the market. forms to suit many, individual require ments. Engineering Service Regulation---A humidification system can be no better than its regulation. Humidification to be economical must con stantly balance evaporation with air The broad experience of Parks-Cramer Company's engineers in all fields of humi dification engineering is available at your request. Air Conditioning York Heating and Ventilating Corp. York Building, 16th and Samson Streets Philadelphia Branch Offices and Representatives in All Principal Cities York Air-Conditioning Units for Air Conditioning in Industrial Plants of All Kinds YORK >AIR - CONDITIONING**^- UNIT .Unit System of Air Conditioning-- These units will wash, and cool or heat, humidify or dehumidify the air. Complete air conditioning in a compact, highly developed unit. The basis of operation is the York HeatDiffusing Unit, amplified and developed to include the functions of scientific air conditioning. Any floor or partitioned department may be controlled effectively as to atmospheric conditions, without reference to any other floor or department. Operation-- The air passes through two spray cham bers and a series of baffle plates. It is then heated and blown out horizontally at high velocity above the heads of the workers. This exclusive York feature makes possible an even distribution over a large area--and thereby reduces the number of units required- Simple regulating controls, easily set, govern both temperature and humidity. An effectively conditioned atmosphere results. Advantages-- Fori Air-Conditioning Unit, compUit, toUh tooter circulating pump, water heater, automatic dampen, and automatic temperature and humiditj/ control.' Every Unit is mobile--can easily be shifted. The work of installation is simple. Complete flexibility of operation is possible. Size Unit R.P.M. H.P. of of Fans Fan Motor YORK AIRCONDI TIONING UNITS 2422* f 1750 or 3422** 1160 2434* f 1750 or 3434** 1160 ' 2453* | 1160 or 3453** 1 870 >/. Vi l Vi Vi 3 IVi I ,750 24I2-- l 1160 | V.i Vi *Humidifying Unit. **Do-Humidifying UQit. "Proof Bra Unit C.FM. Delivered 2,500 1.660 . 5,000 3,320 Data Required-- Blue-prints and full information as to size arid construction of building or depart ment into which the Units are going; full information as to material to be con ditioned and amount handled; available location for Units and location of steam, water and electric lines. 10,000 7,500 2,000 1,325 Air-Cooling Unit-- The York Air-Cooling Unit is a self con tained completely assembled unit de signed for use in cold storage rooms. Brine or ammonia is used as the cooling medium. By automatic control any desired tem perature may be maintained. 542 Air Washers and Cleaners Strandwitz & Scott, Inc. Manufacturers and Distributors of Webster Air Washers, Generator Washers and Coolers; General Sheet Metal Contractors 537-549 S. Second Street, Camden, N. J. Representatives CHICAGO, ILL. __ ______ .S. C. Bloom A Co. ICNIDNICAINNANPAOTLI,ISO.HINIOftZZJZW&. C. E. Green Spbcialtt Fenstermaker &* Co. Co. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN_'J___ Cash Co. PITTSBURGH, PA_______ -- Ranmann & Straxqxh MONTREAL, CANADA^ ____ Dahuno Bbo&, Ltd. Equipment for Cleansing the Air and for Generator and Transformer Ventilation; Air Washers; Spray Noz zles; Webster System of Humidity Control. Air Washers Suitable for practically every type of building for either cleansing or cooling the air or both, for the comfort of the occu pants or to maintain high efficiency among employees or students. The Type "A" air washer is designed primarily for cleansing and cooling where a moderate cooling effect by evaporation is desired. Guaranteed when operating at rated capacity to remove 98 per cent of all solid matter contained in the entering air, and to cool this air 70 per cent of the wet bulb depression.' The Type "B" air washer is designed for cleansing and cooling the air in public buildings and industrial plants where the greatest possible cooling effect by evapora tion is desired. The Type "C" air washer is designed for cleansing and cooling where space conditions are limited. Guaranteed when operating at rated capacity to remove 95 per cent of all solid matter contained in the entering air and to cool the air 60 per cent of the.wet bulb depression. Humidifiers The Webster Humidifier is designed for adding moisture to the air entering through the ventilating system and thereby main taining automatically a uniform relative humidity. Humidity Control The Webster System of Humidity Con trol may be applied to the various types of Webster Air Washers and Humidifiers. Perfect in principle and accurate in opera tion, the chief controlling thermostat subject to water, a medium four times the specific heat of air. ' View of Webster Air Washer and Humidifier 543 Air Diffusers Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. 41 North Moore Street, New York Knowles Air Diffusers for Auditoriums of Theatres, Churches, Schools PRODUCTS:--Cast Iron and All-Steel Adjustable Mushroom Ventilators; Aisle Hood, Tu-Way and Camelback Air Deflectors; Round and Oblong Gallery Riser Vents. . Knowles Aero Valve--^ Improved Mushroom Air Diffuser : The newest Knowles product. An up-to-date mechanically cor rect air unit ol fixed height made of heavy rolled steel. Also furnished with Cast Iron Dome Cap and Strong Cast Iron Supports bearing on floor flange. Easy to regulate and install . and low in price. Combines high efficiency with convenient adjustment affording finest control of air by simply turning screw on top of cap. Can be positively locked at desired adjustment and the only mushroom made which can not be taken apart before : or after installation. Knowles TkiffJQofch Mushroom Ventilator or Air Diffuser The ideal cast iron mushroom. Head has three outer bearings and is absolutely rigid. Ten recessed notches give close regulation of air. Locked into positive adjustment by tightening head screw. Supplied with dome or flat tops. Three screwholes in floor flange for fastening to wood, or three angle L lugs for setting in concrete, or three set-screws in floor collar for fastening to sleeve. Size Cu. Ft. per Min. at 300 ft. Vel 5' diam 6* " 7" v...&* 10" * 42 60 81 . 105 165 . Area, Sq. Ft. 0.1364 0.1964 0.2673 0.3491 0.5454 Weight Lbs. 4 4Vi 6/2 9 14<A . ' Specifications--Furnish and install where in dicated on drawings or as hereinafter specified(5-in.), (6-in.)p (7-in.), (8-in.), (10-in.), (Dome Top), (Flat Top), Nu-Notch Cast Iron Mushroom Air Diffusers with recessed notches for the per manent adjustment of mushroom caps at any desired opening together with center locking screw feature as manufactured by Knowles MushroomVentilator Co., New York, N. Y. Disc-LooKnowles Gallery Riser Ventilators are designed to insure better con trol of air. Round holes in the gallery risers do not weaken the construction but, on the contrary, with the cast iron rings it is actually strengthened. The sleeve is a plain galvanized iron cylinder, with a ^ in. turnover flange, . and with a special cast iron ring, riveted flush to the inside front end. Sleeves are grouted in when concrete is poured. The cast iron grill is quickly inserted and locked by a . simple twist motion--no bolts, screws or springs. Furnished with or without damper to fit same rings. Made in Four Sizes (See Booklet). . Tu-Way Air Deflectors are designed to give maximum area of discharge of air with minimum fixed height. The air is discharged at both ends along the row of seats. Do not interfere with the back of chair seats when they are raised. Made of Heavy Cast Iron . with heavy wire screens locked into grooves at each end. Damper easily adjusted with screwdriver from top of cap. Made in Five Sizes (See Booklet for detail). Standard Aisle Hood Air Deflectors are used to throw the fresh air out into the aisles in one direction. A curved damper reduces friction loss. Small size.-..................................................8 in. long in. wide in. high Large size................................................ ,,..8 in. long 6 in. wide 6 in. high Send for New Booklet of Complete Engineering Data ` 544 ' Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. ________ Air Diffusers Knowles Pipe Sleeve Co. 41 North Moore Street, New. York, N. Y. . . . A Standard Extensible Sleeve for all Kinds of Buildings and all Sizes of Pipe OUPER OLEEVE . pat. VAN. 15, *9^9 . , Provides the original form for hole through concrete, fill and cement dressing and is adjustable for each stage of construction as it progresses. Provided with lugs for nailing to form before concrete is poured. Provides form for plaster finish around pipe on ceilings. Provides Hinged Plates which may be fitted around pipes after all construction work is completed. Plates will remain permanently in position, be coming an integral part of the sleeve. Protects piping from external erosion from contact with concrete, cinder fill arid cement. Eliminates expensive " after patching." Is strong enough to withstand construction abuse, yet light and easy to handle. Saves Time--Labor--Expense in providing and setting special sizes to order. Eliminates clipping . sleeves to length on job. Sizes to Use and Specify for size pipe........................................... 'A' Use Diameter Outer Section.............................. 2r Use Diameter Outer Inner Section................. . 2T Use Diameter Short Inner Section.................... 2r Use Hinged Plate with Steel Fingers............... J4" r w I'/i' 2* v/f 3* w - 4* 5' 2* 1* 3' 3" w 4Vz' 4Vz' 6* 6' 2T 2* 3* 3* w 4'// *Vz' 6* 6' 2* 2' 3" 3" 4'/j" 4'/j'- W 6*. 61. \* I'A' Wi 2' W 3' V/z' 4* - 5' Outer section nailed to form holds SUPERSLEEVE firmly in place until concrete slab is poured and set After all construction is completed snap our patented plate around pipe and twist up flush against finished ceiling, floor or - wall surfaces, thus locking plate permanently into place When Ready to Lay " fill and top cement dressing extend top inner section to desired height by a simple twist of the hand. Will remain extended as set and can be quickly altered if necessary before cement hardens. When ready to plaster ceilirig_extend the short inner section below slab Flush to Level of Finished Ceiling. Send for New Booklet for Complete Data , 545 Air filters Midwest Manufacturing Company BRADFORD bkadjord Incorporated PENNSYLVANIA Midwest Canada. Ltd. Montreal. Canada Branches in Principal Cities - Manufacturers of Midwest Unit Filters Unit installations are built in wall-type set ups to deliver the required air capacity and are assembled in angle iron frames to fit the space,available. Midwest cells are easiest Midwest Automatic Self Cleaning Filters ' The Midwest Vertical ModelSV illustrated below, incorporating the principle of to install and handle. They automatically sinuous "Controlled" air flow, represents a snap into place and require no corner clips. Rigid one-piece frames provide durable, leak-proof joints. Filter medium of pro decade's notable work in automatic air filtration. gressively increasing density maximum dust holding capacity. Filter area is 19 per cent larger than provides The filter consists of a seriesof scientifically . bent and spaced filter plates, which are washed other styles of filter units, and charged by means of a making for low resistance and efficiency of 97 to 99 per cent guaranteed. Can be cleaned by steam or hot water hose. Complete specially prepared filter oil, called Viscosine, which is automatically, at stated intervals, pumped over recommendations, draw ings and data furnished without charge. Midwest Unit Filters are based upon the unit princi ple of construction, each cell being a complete and same. The drive of the flushing mechanism is con veniently located on, one side of the filter where it can be reached from the outside of the air duct. interchangeable unit. The -Sinuous Vertical Model Straight, rectangular lines. filter cell proper consists of a heavy, welded box-like frame with expanded metal front and back, con taining a series of strong, facilitate connection to the air ducts and make a neat, compact installation greatly in contrast to the specially shaped filter bulky air filtering devices sheets, so arranged as to provide progressively increasingdensity from front to rear of the cell. Each cell has a capacity of 2 lbs. with which contractors have had to contend in the past. Efficiency is 96 to 99 per cent guaranteed of dust before cleaning is necessary. A Nine-Cell Unit Filter and resistance through the , filter is .20 in. water gauge. 546 Air Filters and Cleaners National Air Filter Company Incorporated Manufacturers of Air Filters 205 Central Avenue Louisville, Ky. The "Airmat" Filter---Dry Type Servicing the " Pocket " Type The basic element in this type is "Airmat"--a recently developed filtering medium. It is made up in the form of sheets two feet square, composed of multi ple layers of a dry fibrous textured ma . terial, each layer containing countless tiny openings. Six of such layers held loosely together by embossing form the filter mat used for average conditions. "Airmat" offers very low resistance to air flow, and at the same time retains all the dirt par ticles in the mazes of the filter mat. In operation the "Airmat" sheet is held in place between two metallic screens, mounted on a light metal frame, called a "pocket"--one sheet on each side of the pocket. These pockets in turn are sup ported by a skeleton frame and are held firmly in place against a felt seal by spring locking devices. A frame holding five pockets is the basic unit. These unit frames can be built up and bolted together to fit almost any space available. The "Airmat" sheet is allowed to re main in service until thoroughly filled with dirt, when it is removed, thrown away, and a clean sheet inserted. The vibrator enables the operator to dislodge the bulk of the accumulating dirt, and thereby greatly extend the service obtained from the sheets. The useful life of "Airmat" sheets will vary directly with the dirt con tent of the air and the hours of daily serv ice. The cost of new sheets is low and the task of replacement simple. The "Two Pass" Filter--Oil Type This type is an adaptation of the original' "Phoenix" Con stant Effect fil ter made by the same company. The double-pass principle of the "Phoenix" is re tained with some advantages ad ded along the . line of unit con struction. The filtering medium is composed of multiple layers < of knitted cop per ribbon and coarser outer layers of ex panded metal. This is made up in individual Croup of " Two Pass" Unit Sections elements which are connected so as to form a flexible, endless curtain. This curtain operates over supporting wheels at the tops and, at the bottom, dips into a tank of oil, which removes the dirt by solvent action. The dirt particles settle by gravity to the bottom of the oil, forming a sludge which is readily removed by means of a simple scraper. This service is required only at long intervals. New oil is then added to replenish that which was removed with the sludge. , The "Two Pass" filter is made in unit sections each one 2 ft. 3 in. wide and of any height up to 12 ft. 4 in. over all. Each sec tion is shipped completely ' assembled. Where several sections are required they are simply bolted together to form a single group. No other framing is necessary. The sheet metal duct work is readily attached to the frame work of the filter. The filter is equipped with a small elec tric motor working through a reduction gear, moving the curtain very slowly. By means of a time clock the filter is auto matically operated a few minutes each day which is sufficient to thoroughly clean the curtain of its accumulated dirt and keep it coated for further service. . 547 Air Filters and Cleaners Reed Air Filter Co., Incorporated Factory and General Offices: 202 Central Avenue, Louisville, Ky. District Representatives in Principal Cities ReedAir ~ filters2* ~` Reed Air Filters--Muiti-Panel Con tinuous, Streamline Self-Cleaning and Standard Unit Types--provide a simple, efficient, economical method of supplying clean air for general ventilation and in dustrial processes. The Reed Standard Unit Air-Filter-- the original Reed Air Filter, introduced over seven years ago--continues to be widely used today, particularly for small installations which do not justify the cost of automatic operation, or for large.instal- lations where the labor for maintenance is readily available. Low first cost and ease of installation resulting from standard unit construction A Reed Air Filter Unit . Consisting of cell end frame. The units are bolted together to form a filter ofany capacity or dimensional requirement. tain types of industrial applications which do not requirecontinuous24-houroperation. The Reed Multi-Panel Air Filter--developed especially for heavyduty unin terrupted service, represents the most advanced practice in modern air filtration. Its efficiency, while guaranteed 98 per cent* is more nearly perfect air cleaning than ever before attained. The unique over lapping panel construction of the filter curtain combines the air-cleaning and self-cleaning features as an integral part of the continuous cycle of opera tion, making the Multi-Pan el Filter appli cable to either intermittent or continuous 24 hour service,. Section*. Capacity 34,600 c.f.m. combined with high efficiency in dust removal and low operating cost makes the Reed Unit Filter the most economical of all air cleaners. There is a Reed Air Filter for every air clean- ; ing need.; ' The Reed Streamline Air Filter--is an automatic filter of the seif-cleaning type, I employing the streamline principle of air cleaning which offers many advantages, including high efficiency in dust removal and low resistance to air flow. . The Streamline Filter is self-cleaned by the flushing method which necessitates shut ting off the air supply while cleaning the filter--thus limiting its use to intermittent service such as general ventilation and cer The following Bulletins contain complete Engineering Data and Performance characteristics: No. 106, Reed XJnit Air Filters; No. il4. Reed Streamline Air Filter; No. 117, Reed Multi-Panel Air Filter. Our Engineering Department will gladly cooperate in the solution of Air-Cleaning and Dust-Control problems. 548 Automatic Stokers Detroit Detroit Stoker Company Third Floor General Motors Building DETROIT JUNIOR STOKER Especially adapted to small heating boilers of all types. The small electric driving motor, the fan and the fuel plunger system are combined into one unit. The draft is automatically regulated in proportion to the fuel burned. Steam is raised quickly as both fan and fuel feed are started by closing a switch. Michigan For Brick-set Boilers DETROIT UNISTOKER Compact, self-contained Single Retort motor-driven (or driven by individual steam turbine), with motor and blower mounted on front of stoker. Each boiler and stoker a complete indepen dent unit. Separate and individual control of stroke of both ram and pusher bar governs quantity of. fuel admitted and its distribution. Ask for Bulletin 669. 'v -* for internally Fired Boilers Advantages include: 1. Plunger Feed method of introducing fuel. -; 2. Control of quantity and distribution of fuel. .: 3. Deep Retort provides high . fuel , capacity. ... 4. Mechanical Ash Dump--rashes drop ped in pits and cooled--no smoke or dust in boiler room. 5. Sturdy Mechanical Drive--tapered thrust roller bearings reduce power consumption. .; 6. Variable Speed Motors for either A. C. or D. C. current. : Ask for Bulletin 369. ; Stokers For Large Boilers A Detroit Stoker for every service-- from the smallest to the largest boilers. For descriptive matter on stokers for large boilers. Ask for Bulletin 969. 549 Detroit UniStoker Automatic Stokers Iron Fireman Manufacturing Company MANUFACTURERS OF AUTOMATIC COAL BURNERS Portland, Oregon Cleveland, Ohio Branch Offices New York, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. IRON FIREMAN Automatic Coal Burners "Forced Underfiring" Principle Iron Fireman ``Forced Under firing" is based on the scientifically correct principle of feeding fuel to the fire from below, under forced draft. Conveyed from the hopper by a feed worm, coal enters the firebox under the fire and is gradually forced upward into the firebed- As the coal approaches the fire, it is gradually heated to the proper temperature for complete combus tion. The volatile gases are distilled off in the presence of an excess of oxygen, and as they pass upward through the incandescent firebed they are completely consumed. The ash is fused into clinkers which are easily removed. Iron Fireman "Forced Underfiring" fre quently produces firebox temperatures 500 to 1,000 deg. hotter than hand firing, as actual tests from many installations show. Installation The Iron Fireman is made in sizes to fit any plant from 5 up to 200 Boiler H.P., and also home furnaces. It can be installed quickly in practically any solid fuel boiler or furnace, old or new. If necessary, the installation can be made with practically , no interruption of the service. Machines are shipped complete from the factory. All parts are standard and interchangeable. Cutaway view, showing details of typical Iron Fireman installation \ Features of Design Iron Fireman in operation. Installed under horizontal return tubular boiler. Low bridge wall. " Hot blast furnace " fire. Iron Fireman can be installed in practically any type of boiler or fur-dace Operation of the Iron Fireman is charac terized by simplicity throughout. Diaphragmatic air intake control governs application of forced draft. Cast iron sectional dead plates and tuyere blocks are air cooled. Soft steel sheer pin eliminates possibility of burning out motor or damaging parts. Continuous Worm Feed Principle The Iron Fireman transmission (gear case), which drives the feed worm, has three distinct speed ratios, each one con tinuous. No plungers or ratchets are used. The continuous feed gradually and evenly conveys the coal into the retort, making ideal distribution of coal in the fire box and producing a fire with the minimum of agitation. The coal and all volatile gases are thus burned, so that a maximum of heat is obtained without smoke. i i Iron Fireman Feed Worm 550 1 Iron Fireman Manufacturing Company Automatic Stokers Sizes and Capacities MODEL De junior Luxe length overall..........................................inche*1 73 Maximumprojectionsoutside boiler-.. .inches! Hopper capacity.............................. cu. ftJ 40 5 Cod feed per hour (maximum).................... It. Coal feed per hour (minimum)..................,U>. Capacity steam radiation.....____ __ ,*q. ft. Capacity hot water radiation.................sq. ft. 60 20 1,200 1,440 No. 2 81 45 7 (00 33 2,000 2,700 No. 3 87 46 7 200 67 4,000 5.300 No. 4 114 65 l3'/2 300 100 6,000 8,000 No. 4A No. 5 No. 5A 125 140 140 70 81 81 \m 17 17 500 750 1,000 167 250 335 10,000 (5.000 20.000 (3,300 20,000 26,600 Transmission The Transmission (Gear Case) is built to precision standards which result in noise less operation and long life. All gears and pinions are aropforged from special alloy steels. Nine measurements held Iran Fireman gear case within tolerance of .005 in.; fourteen within .001;sixteen with in .002; twenty-one within .005, and twelve within .01 in. Iron Fireman for Homes The Iron Fireman DeLuxe model for homes can be installed quickly in prac tically any kind of a home furnace--steam, hot water, vacuum or warm air. It employs "Forced Underfiring" principle of operation, the same as the larger machines' . The Iron Fireman clock thermostat automatically regulates the room tem perature, bringing it up to the desired day temperature in the morning and lowering it to the night level. Furnace controls govern the temperature of the firebox. . Automatic Controls Automatic controls start and stop the Iron Fireman. They are made for every type of plant--proper units are supplied with each installation. Two types of pressure regulators are standard; one for steam boilers of any pres sure and one for low pressure and vacuum systems. A hot water control is used for hot water boilers. The clock or, plain thermo stat controls the tem perature of residence or building. The furnace regulator provides for desired maximum tem Pressure Regulator perature of the firebox. Iron Fireman installed in a domestic boiler Engineering Service The Iron Fireman organization is nation wide. Trained men, backed by one of the largest organizations in the field, are at your service to help you with practical power plant and heating information. Any Iron Fireman engineer will gladly submit complete information to you. Economical Operation Iron Fireman makes fuel economy by burning low price, slack coal, and less of it. Labor is reduced to the minimum--the only duty of the fireman is to fill the hopper occasionally and remove clinkers when necessary. Iron Fireman users report savings from 15 to 50 per cent on fuel costs alone. Catalog and Information Send for the Iron Fireman catalog and descriptive folder which gives special data about installations in particular- types of industries and in homes. Secure them by addressing the factory or any Iron Fireman representative. Iron Fireman Manufacturing Co. ' Portland, Oregon 551 N/ Automatic Stokers Whiting Corporation HARRINGTON DIVISION Harvey, Illinois Manufacturers of the Whiting Automatic Stoker for Heating and Power Plant Boilers of 25 to 250 HP. The Whiting Stoker (formerly the King Coal) is a front, horizontal feed, stepped grate mechanism, having two stationary and two movable sections. Gravity plays no part in the horizontal progression of the fuel bed. It provides fully automatic stoking for small boilers, discharging the ash as well as feeding the fuel. Hospitals, hotels, apartments, schools and laundries and all sizable buildings find its smokeless combustion, fuel saving and fully automatic operation of substantial value in reducing their heating costs. Fits any Boiler--The Whiting Stoker can be built to exactly fit any type of boiler of 25 to 250 hp. and installed with but few or no changes. It requires a mini mum of setting height, making possible larger combustion space C with greater efficiency and ability | to carry overloads. Sixty-two sizes are available, all identical in con struction. Smokeless Operation with any grade of fuel has made the Whiting Stoker the solution of the smoke problem of hundreds of buildings. , Flexibility--Varying speed of travel and depth of coal bed are secured by one to four inch adjust- ability of the stroke and the adjustability of the hopper gate. Only alternate grates are movable, thus securing uniform flow of coal without caking. An even fire is main tained continuously. Combustion is progressive and com plete. We guarantee 12 per cent CO,. Burns all Grades of Fuel, including Mid-Western screenings without smoke arid with high efficiency, resulting in sub stantial reductions in fuel costs. ' Continuous and Automatic Ash Discharge is an exclusive feature of the .Whiting Stoker which is entirely self cleaning. 1. Feed plate and first step of grate (movable). 2. Second step of grate {stationary), 5. Third step of grate (moves synchronously with 'step No. 1). 4- Fourth step of grate (stationary). ' 6. Cast iron door in ash pit {also provides seal for wind box). Whitin& Stoker (Patented) Standard Sizes Grate Widths, in feet: 2, 5H. 6. 3, 3H. 4, 4H. 5, . Grate Lengths in feet: 3K, 2%, 4JL 4H. 5, 5K, . 5H. 6- Each width can be made iti any length ^specified above. Required furnace width 9 in. more than the grate width. Active grate area 10 in. shorter than maximum depth of furnace. 552 Boilersf Gas American Radiator Company IDEAL GAS BOILERS Distributor American Gas Products Corporation 376 Lafayette Street, New York ideal gas boilers Completely up-to-date, Ideal Gas Boilers repre- sent best practice in gas boiler construction and in automatic controls. They are built for all Steam, Vapor and Hot Water heating systems as well as Hot Water Supply. Ideal Gas Boilers are available now with either throttling or snap action control valves. Either valve is available with motor control. The motor control is a motor mounted directly on the valve and operates the valve mechanically. Especial attention is called to the convenience and simplicity of Motor Equipment which requires the addition of a thermostat only to obtain room tem perature control. .. Thermostatic pilots are all of the Vapor-Tension type which require no adjusting after once being properly set. The controls are all mechanical in operation and are all centered in one main supply control valve. . The Ideal Gas Boilers listed below comply with all the American Gas Association approval requirements and have been approved by the A. G. A. Laboratories. Four other larger units are available. Information furnished on request. Steam Boiler No. | A.G.A. Steam Rating, Sq. Ft. Supplies. Sq. Ft.' of Direct Cast Iron Radiation ; A.G.A. Water Rating. Sq. Ft. Supplies, Sq. F t. of Direct Cast Iron Radiation Output. B.t.u. | Boiler Horsepower | Number of Sections Number and Size of Gas Control Valve. Inches 6 z & 1 5 . Sf RATINGS--DIMENSIONS 1 5 co 'o 3 1 Z Size of Tappings >* m a-? ES S- AS 05 "5 to o ,, Dimensions c U-g si-. | J 5 8 4o-8c ZuQ xjsqjs &s QJ5 ! i 0GS-4 O-GS-5 O-CS-6 OGS-7 270 173 0-GW-4 340 219 (WiW-5 410 263 O-GW-6 460 307 0-GW-7 430 280 64.000 1.9 4 3 l-l 540 350 81.000 2.4 5 3 l-l 660 420 98.200 2.9 6 3 1-1 770 490 115.200 3.4 7 3 1-1 1-2'A 1-2'A 1-2'A l-2'A 1-2'A l-2'A 1-2'A 1-2'A 1-5 1-5 1-6 1-6 54 54 55 55 1li8f>eA 135/4 1*5/4 19=4 IS'/z 225/4 ; i 1 ; . l-GS-4 J-GS-5 l-GS-6 l-GS-7 l-GS-8 l-GS-9 l-CS-IO l-GS-ll 530 710 870 1030 1180 1340 1500 1660 4-GS-6 4-GS-7 4-GS-8 4-GS-9 4-GS-tC 4-GS-l 1 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4-GS-l 3 4-GS-l 5 4-GS-l 3 4-GS-l? 4-CS-2I 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000 4-GS-22 8400 4-GS-25 9600 4-GS-28 10800 353 l-GW-4 456 l-CW-5 558 l-GW-6 661 l-GW-7 767 l-GW-8 872 1-GW-9 981 l-GW-10 1090 l-GW-11 1332 1624 1922 2215 2506 2800 4-GW-6 4-GW-7 4-GW-8 4-GW-9 4-GW-10 4-GW-ll 3400 4000 4600 5100 5700 4^W-13 4-GW-I5 4-GW-I7 4-GW-19 4-GW-21 6000 4-GW-22 6900 4-GW-25 7700 4-GW-2B 880 1130 1390 1640 1690 2150 2400 2650 3200 3840 4480 5120 5760 6400 7680 8960 10240 11520 12800 13440 15360 17280 564 732 909 1076 1254 1440 1624 1810 2214 2676 3151 3634 4114 457 I 5500 6400 7300 8240 9100 9600 11000 12300 132.000 3.9 4 3 170.000 5.1 5 4 208.000 62 6 5 246.000 73 7 . 6 284.000 8.5 8 7 322.000 9.6 9 8 360.000 10.7 10 9 398.000 11.9 11 10 l-l'A l-i'A '-'lA l-l'A l-i'At 1-2 1-2 1-2 480,000 143 6 576.000 17.2 7 672.000 20.0 8 768.000 22.9 9 864.000 25.8 10 960.000 28.6 II 5 6 7 6 9 10 1-2 1-2t l-2f. 1-2'A 1-2'A l-2'A 1,152.000 1.344.000 1.536.000 1.728.000 1.920.000 34.' 13 40.( 15 45.1 17 51.6 19 57.2 21 12 14 16 18 20 1-3 1-3 2-2'A 2-2'A 2-2Vi 2.016.000 60.0 22 21 2-3 2.304.000 68.7 25 24 2-3 Z592.000 77.4 28 27 -2-3 _ 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 2-4 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 1-6 1-7 1-6 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-9 1-10 Ml 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-16 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16. 3-03 3-14 3-15 52'/2 52'/, 53 55'A 54'/z 57'/z 5*1/4 58>/4 Ig/z 243/4 22'/, 24/, 2694 245/, 30'/, 24*4 M'/z 24% 38>A 24% 42'A 2454 46'/z 245/4 69 69V. 7Ij/4 72'/z 75 75'/. 27 41'A 31 4I'A 35 4I'A 39 41'A 43 41'A 47 4I'A 69V. 71'A 72'/z 75 -- 75J/4 - 61 69 77 85 93 41'/z 4I'A 4I'A 4l'/z 41'A 715/4 103 41'A 72>/z' 115 41'A 75 127 4l'/z Additional tappings available by iciuuvmg plugs ana jacicet cove* pmccs, --v_r-u tu tu-h -- a.- .... and 1--5 in. return; 4-G-13 to 4-G-28 = 2-6 in. supply and 2-5 in. return, tGovernor one pipe size larger. Water line: TypeO*G = 32in.; Type 1G = 30 in.; Type 4-G=*43 in. ` ' 553 Boilers, Gas The Bryant Heater & Mfg. Company Manufacturers of Bryant Tubular Gas Boilers, Bryant Warm Air Furnaces, Bryant Automatic Hot'Water Storage Heaters 17850 St. Clair Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio Branches in Ail Principal Cities BRYANT AUTOMATIC HOT WATER STORAGE HEATERS (See Bryant Warm Air Furnaces and Boilers) The Indirect Storage System: For Small or Large volume water heating, this type of system is particularly adaptable. For Hard Water this indirect system is un surpassed. The water in the storage tank, which may have sediment or lime in it, does not pass through the tubes of the boiler, thus making the life unlimited. Sediment or Lime in the hot water will settle out in the tank where the temperature is comparatively low and whence it is easily removed through the hand hole. Where High Water Pressures are en countered (above 70 lb. per sq. in.) this type of system should always be used. GUARANTEED RATINGS AND CAPACITIES OF BRYANT TUBULAR BOILERS Bo3a No. 3-2 56^-22 Available B.Lu. per Hour (Output) 51.750 69.000 86.250 103.500 Boiler Horae Power 10 Capacity in Gallons per Hour Raised (deg. fahr.) 20 40 60 80 100 120 Model 2 Boilers 81.60 600 30(1 155 105 C 60 50 2.10 m 40C 205 14( 105 80 70 2.60 I05t 525 7H I7f 13( 105 85 3.10 1250 625 310 205 155 125 105 The Direct Storage System: 140 The Direct System may be used in installations where soft water is . available and where water pressures 45 60 75 90 3-4* 4-4 5-4 6-4 7-4 8-4 9-4 10-4 11--4 12-4 13-4 133.200 212727,.060000 266.400 310,800 355.200 399,600 444,000 488.400 532.800 577,200 Model 43 'Boilers 4:00 5.30 68..6000 9.30 10.60 11.90 13.20 14.60 15.90 17.20 1600 800 400 270 22150 1075 535 355 /uu 155(1 670 445 3200 160(1 805 535 3/5(1 18/5 935 675 4300 2150 1070 715 4800 2400 1205 805 5350 7675 1340 890 5900 2950 1470 980 6400 3200 1605 1070 6950 3475 1740 1160 200 160 135 115 77(1 215 180 155 335 270 225 190 40C 320 270 230 470 375 310 270 535 430 355 305 600 480 400 345 67Q 535 445 380 735 590 490 420 805 640 535 460 870 695 580 500 . Model 6 Boilers 6-6. 532,600 8-6 21.20710,400 888.000I0-o 12-0 1.065.600 14--0' 1.243.200 1/12016--0 1.420.800 1,598.400 22-6 1,953.600 2o-o 2,308,800 15.90 6420 3210 1605 1070 805 645 535 460 8560 4280 2140 1430 1070 855 715 615 26.50 10700 5350 2675 1785 1340 1070 890 765 31.80 12840 6420 3210 7140 1610 1285 1070 920 37.10 14980 7490 3745 7500 1875 1500 1250 1070 42.40 8560 4280 7B55 7145 1710 1425 1225 47.70 9260 9650 4815 3215 2410 1925 1605 1380 58.30 68.90 23540 2/820 11770 sort 3925 7950 2355 I960 1685 3910 5950 4640 3485 2780 2315 990 554 Boilers, Gas The Bryant Heater & Mfg. Company Manufacturers of Bryant Tubular Gas Boilers, Bryant Warm Air Furnaces, Bryant Automatic Hot Water Storage Heaters 17850 St. Clair Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio JV CVBULAR. Branches in All Principal Cities BRYANT TUBULAR GAS BOILERS (See Bryant Warm Air Furnaces and Automatic Hot Water Storage Systems) Bryant Tubular Gas Boilers cover the entire range of building-heating requirements. To accomplish this in the most economical and efficient manner, four lines of boilers have been developed, the Model 2 (4 sizes); Models 43 and 45 (11 sizes), and the Model 6 (9 sizes). Bryant Boilers can be used with any type of steam, vapor or hot water heating system or for the generation of low pressure steam for Industrial Work. Rating. The Gas Boiler rating is the boiler output measured in terms of square feet of Direct Cast Iron Radiation. The Gas Boiler rating is secured by dividing the available heat units per hour by 240 for steam boilers and by 150 for water boilers. These ratings apply to any type gas. Boiler No. Available B.Cu. per Hour (Output) Boiler Horse Power 3-2 51,750 4-2 69,000 21..1600 65--22 86,250 103,500 2.60 3.10 3-4 133.200 4.00 4-4 177,600 * 5.30 5-4 222,000 6-4 266,400 7-4 310,800 8-4 355.200 9-4 399,600 10-4 444,000 86..0600 9.30 10.60 11.90 13.20 11-4 488.400 14.60 12-4 532,800 15.90 116803----6664 577.200 532.800 788180,,040000 17.20 2115..9200 26.50 12-6 14-6 16-6 2128--66 26-6 1.065.600 1,243,200 (.420,800 J.598.400 1.953.600 2,308,800 31.8037.10 42 40 47.70 .58.30 68.90 Gas Boiler Rating Steam 210 280 350 420 560 740 1913100 1300 1480 1670 1850 22202400 22242100 2960 3700 4440 5180 5920 6660 8140 9620 Water . 345 460 575 690 890 1190 1480 1780 2070 2370 2660 2960 3260 3550 3850 3550 4740 590 . 7100 8290 9470 10660 13020 15390"-- Send for catalog to obtain more detailed information and specifications. 555 Model 6 Boilers, Gas The Bryant Heater & Mfg. Company Manufacturers of Bryant Tubular Gas Boilers, Bryant Warm Air Furnaces, Bryant Automatic Hot VVater Storage Heaters 17850 St. Clair Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio Branches In All Principal Cities BRYANT WARM AIR FURNACES (See Bryant Tubular Gas Boilers and Automatic Hot Water Storage Systems) Construction--The Bryant Gas-Fired Warm Air Furnaces are available in six different sizes, ranging in capacity from 70,000 B.t.u. to 246,400 available B.t.u. per hour. Each burner is enclosed in a "waved" designed cast-iron section, providing a long, durable passageway for the products of combustion to the flue. The embodiment of fins on the outer sur face of all sections adds greatly to their heat-absorbing quality. The burners are correctly designed with raised and drilled ports. The exclusive Bryant Nonoys fea ture is incorporated in these burners to insure quietness of operation. The warm air outlet and the cold air inlet are of suf-, ficient area to produce mild and healthful jegister temperatures. The metal jacketed cover is finished with a handsome and en during baked crystalline enamel. Operation--The automatic operation of a Bryant Gas-Fired Furnaced is assured by the use of the Bryant gas-actuated sys tem of control. The main supply of gas to the burners is controlled by a Room Temperature Thermostat. High operat ing efficiency is obtained even under par tial loads as each section has an individual burner. Installation--We recommend that installations be made as put forth in Sec tion VI of the Code of Minimum Require ments for the Heating and Ventilation of Buildings. Combustion--Complete combustion of the gas is obtained with the Venturi type Nonoys burner. This high efficiency is assured because the burner adjustment will remain the same with the constant gas pressure provided by the Bryant Gas Pres sure Regulator. Controls--The simple and durable Bryant gas-actuated controls utilize the unfailing force of gravity and the laws of the expansion of metal in their operation. Thermostatic pilots are standard equip ment. A gas-actuated limit control, which provides a positive and complete shut-off of the gas when high bonnet temperatures are reached, is available on any size Bryant furnace. The furnaces may be had either with or without automatic humidification. Temperature Regulation--The Bryant Solenoid Valve is provided for use. with a Room Temperature Thermostat, thus eliminating the necessity of an elec tric motor to operate the main gas control. valve. Steady, even temperatures are maintained in the room by having fully 15,000 B.t.u. per 35,000 B.t.u. rating, stored in the furnace and available to induce gravity flow of air in the system after the gas is turned off. Under normal operation this sensible heat will keep the air circulating through the system and thus prevent the stratification of the air in the room during the period the furnace is turned off. Air Circulation--The Bryant Warm Air Furnace is designed to opeate with a gravity or forced air system. If the forced air system is used, it is preferable to have the installation of the ducting and the type of fan such that the system will deliver heat in spite of an electrical outage. In this way the owner is not entirely de pendent upon the successful operation of the fan motor for the comfort and conven ience of gas heating. . 556 Boilers, Gas L. J. Mueller Furnace Go. Established 1S57 200 Reed Street, Milwaukee, Wis. Gas-Era Boiler Gas-Era Gas-Fired Boilers Adaptable for steam or hot water heating. Completely automatic operation. Cast iron construction for dura bility, with asbestos-lined metallic jacket. Vertical burner adjustment permits use with any manufactured or natural gas. Have steady water line and will not prime. Interior surfaces may be thoroughly cleaned without disturbing jacket. Multiple unit construction permits increase in size when desired. Boiler is highly efficient, securing maximum heat utilization with minimum gas consumption. hot water Boiler No. A.G.A. Rating !3-W 25-W 37-W 49-W 511-W 613-W 715-W 817-W 919-W 1021-W 1123-W 1225-W 1327-W 1429-W 1531-W 1634-W 1838-W 2042-W 2246-W 2450-W 2654-W 2858-W 3062-W . 670 1,340 2,010 2,680 3,350 4,020 4,690 5,360 6,030 6,700 7,370 8,040 8,710 9,380 10,050 10,720 12,050 13,400 14,740 16,080 17,420 18,760 20,100 STEAM Boiler No. A.G.A. Rating 13-S 25-S 37-S 49-S 5II-S 613-S 715-S 817-S 919-S 1021--S 1123--S 122S-S 1327-S 1429-S 1531-S 1634-S 1838-S 2042-S 2246-S 2450-S 2654-S 2858-S 3062-S 420 840 1,260 1,680 2.100 2,520 2,940 3,360 3,780 4,200 4.620 5,040 5.460 5,880 6,300 6.720 7,560 8.400 9,240 10,030 10,920 11,760 12,600 Floor Space Inches Vents Gas Valve,Size, Inches Number Diameter Manufac Inches tured Gas Natural Gas 311/, r 46% 39 x AV/t 463/, x 51'/, 54% x 533/, 621/4 x 5434 70 x 51 Vs 793/, x 53'/, 87% x 533/, 95% x 54V, 103 x 54V4 1103/4 x 56'/8 120-Ax 53% 128% x 54% 136 x 543/4 1433/, x 543/, . 87>/2 x 1073/4 95'/4x109V2 103 x IO914 1103/4x1121/4 - 1201/2 x 107'/4 128% x 109'A 136 x 109V2 1433/4x 109'4 i 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 41 7 w* 9 y? 10 Wi n 9 W2 10 2 10 2 It 2 2 12 2 . 10 2'/z 11 n 24 11 2Vz 14 16 ' 2Vi 3 16 3 17 3 14 IY? 16 m 16 m 16 3*4 1 I'/i iy4 . 1*4 \h 1 Vi 2 2 2 2 2 2 2;// 2*4 3 3 Gas-Era Gas-Fired Warm Air Furnace Cast iron construction, with lacquered casing in attractive color. Completely automatic, tamper-proof operation. Burns any gas, natural or manufactured. Accessible for cleaning. Ample free area, Automatic moisture supply. Adaptable for forced air heating on large jobs. Multiple unit construction. Furnace No. 1 (I0) 2 (20) 3 (30) 4 (40) 5(50) 6 (60) A.G.A. Input Rating B.t.u per Hour 65,000 130,000 195,000 260,000 325,000 390.000 Total Load B.t.u per Hour 47,500 95,000 142,500 190,000 237,500 285,000 .Capacity Warm Air Pipes Sq. In. 430 860 1290 1720 2150 2580 Same furnace, less electrical equipment and automatic humidifier. Data on larger- units.on application. Gas-Era Furnaces and Boilers tested and approved for all sizes by American Gas Association 557 Boilers, Gas The Pittsburg Water Heater Company . Manufacturers of . Gas-Fired House-Heating Boilers and Automatic Gas Water Heaters Pittsburgh, Pa. Offices in All Principal Cities . Pittsburg Gas-Fired House-Heating Boilers The Pittsburg is a gas-fired house-heat ing boiler, designed for either hot water, steam or vapor heating, and made in various sizes ranging from' 375 to 8,125 sq. ft. of steam radiation and 600 to 13,000 sq. ft. of water radiation. These boilers cover a range of.from 2.7 to 57.9 hp. Approximate weight from 565 lbs. to 8,985 lbs. Water Tubes--An outstanding feature of the "Pittsburg" is the design and arrangement of the water tubes. They are triangular in shape and so arranged as to afford direct heat travel through the boiler, ' with maximum heat absorption. Burners--Are of cast iron, running from front to rear. A Venturi Mixing Tube and Air Mixer are part of burner and conform to recommendation of U. S. Bureau of Standards. All burners are readily accessible through the hinged door in base and can be removed or inserted with ease. r Water-Jacketed Sides--Water circulates through jacketed sides and absorbs heat; no heat being wasted. . Insulated Jacket--These boilers are equipped with an insulated jacket covering entire walls of boiler. Jacket is of metal, Duco finish, lined with asbestos insulating material. Front of Jacket Cover can be removed easily. Vertical cast iron panels in front of boiler can be removed, opening the boiler for inspection and cleaning. Boiler is easily cleaned. Pittsburg Automatic Gas Water Heaters Twenty-two sizes of Pittsburg Water Heaters are available--a size and style for every building and for every hot water demand--from the smallest automatic heater to the largest Multi Coil Storage System. The Instantaneous heaters range in capacities from 2 to 10 gallons of hot water a minute. The Storage heaters range in tank capacities from 20 to 66 gallons in the unit types, and from 66 gallons to almost any amount in the Multi - Coil type. Pittsburg Storage Tanks (iron)--250-lb. cold water test and 125-lb. working pressure--are guaranteed for two years, except when used with water containing acids. They are furnished in handhole or manhole type, with capacities of from 80 to 1,000 gallons, weighing from 290 to 3,300 lbs. Special sizes to order. The JWulti-Coil Heater is used in large resi dences, apartment buildings, office buildings, . hospitals, public garages, factories, public institutions, schools, bath houses, swimming pools, hotels and restaurants, where hot water is required in quantities from 100 to 5,000 gallons per hour. 558 1 1. i J Boilers American Radiator Company 40 West 40th Street, New York City Manufacturers of Ideal Boilers, American Radiators and other Products for Heating, Ventilating and Refrigerating A specimen table of Ideal Boiler per formance data, as given in the new Ideal Filter, is shown on page 561. So com prehensive is this new data that condens ing for inclusion in The Guide has been found impractical. Complete descrip tions, measurements, and data may be found in the Fitter, IDEAL REDFLASH BOILERS For All Fuels The Ideal Redflash Boiler is a com pletely equipped, sectional, jacketed boiler, in sizes to fit a large range of homes and other buildings. In it are incorporated the principles of Resign which have been developed during forty years of manu facturing experience and research. The Redflash Boiler is enclosed in ah indestructible, enameled, steel jacket which permanently protects a multi-ply lining of asbestocel insulation. The baked enamel finish of the jacket makes it easy to dust and clean. All con tacting surfaces have been machined to prevent leakage. ' All Ideal Redflash Steam Boilers and Nos. 1 and 2 Series Ideal Redflash Water Boilers are completely equipped with accessories including the sensitive and reliable Arco Automatic Regulator. Nos.' 3,4 and 5 Series Ideal Redflash Water Boilers are equipped with hand regulation.' No. 1 Series No. S Series 559 American Radiator Company Boilers 7--Large fuel chamber. 8--Shaking mechanism, easily oper ated, durable. 9--Grates permit use of small. size . coal. Special grates for burning buckwheat are obtainable on special order for Nos. 3, 4 and 5 Series. _ 10--Ashpit of ample proportions for easy caretaking and safeguarding of grates. 11-- Substantial doors and plate fittings. 12-- Flow tapping. 13--Relief Valve. . Specifications 1--Steam Gauge. 2-- Blow-off tapping. 14-- Sensitive Arco Automatic Regula tion. , 15-- rLarge steam dome and disengaging surface. 3-- Flue door with curved baffle lining, in 16-- Two-way smokehood with check sures easy gas travel. . and choke dampers. v 4-- Long, flue travel secures high operating 17-- One-inch asbestocel insulation. economy. 18-- Seepage-proof construction be 5-- All contacting surfaces of doors arid tween sections. sections are machine ground. 19-- Sheet steel jacket with baked 6-- Sturdy fire door with special baffle lining . enamel finish. containing secondary air distributor. 20-- Primary draft damper. Tapped for Exceiso Water Heater 3 IDEAL REDFLASH BOILER--Performance Data--Steam and Water ii For economical operation, add piping tax to Direct Radiation Load (Equivalent Direct Radiation); then select boiler from . 65 65 65 65 65 , 65 65/ 65 65 65 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0;09 0.10 o n . 0.12 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.6 * 5.0 5.5 5.9 , 6.4 6.9 7.4 430 460 490 525 555 590 630 660 695 725 American Radiator Company Boilers 65 65 20x20 0.19 0.25 9.5 11.3 5.9 63.2 950 5500 5750 0000 9100 1320 1380 i 1440 1. H a '. a s s ,* . 0 0 <. * s ^ si " s - eg O & . tCrOt ' 0 . >o . 00 --O ' CO--M f'JJSi 2 *SAO 20x20 7.0 65.7 855 o s ^ a sv U"\ 0 *3 * $ S o o ^ 1 1200 O1Q . s _ , a ^ t - a a . 0 t , . ^ B " oC 0 s I g m- r* K--. sIoOA vwe/so so- Sv ^ iA ^ s K . 0 10 0.15 20x20 65 800 8.9 66.4 7.5 4500 | 7200 1020 | 1080 - s. 0. r a ^ " S'*' 0 -;j CSMS0 -- CM vrv . S 00 5 ^ qq' ^ < 0 9.7 r>. as co* mKo C. --_<n vSi U>">| 096 | 006 10.4 *a. S a ,0 ^_ s ag , 660 j o s 70.8 70.3 69.8 69.2 68.6 .L 9.0H 11.2 20x20, 65' ; 12.2 20x20 65 13.3 14.6 20x20 120x20 | 2 0 x 2 0; 65 65 65 .0.05 0.06 |.0.07 .0.08 0.09 4.5 ,5 .0 1 5.5 6,1 6.6 ' 625 555 590 J 71.6 71.0 70.4 69.8 69.2 14.7 13.2 12.0 11.0 10.1 1i 3250 3500 3750 .4000 , 5200 5600 | 6000 , 6400 i 720 780 099 | 009 , 88 S3 . SB C-4? . cm socp -- *Or\ S *r -- K ^ ^ o2^ 16.2 520 ' 73.4 | 72.9 72.4 7>.9, 20.5 18.1 1 480 540 0.04 20x20 65 450 3.6 ,72.8. 18.7 1500 ! 1750 2 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 | 2600 j 3200 3600 4000 ! 360 1 *Baaed on fuel of 12,500 B.t.u. per lb. figures enclosed by heavy lines. Number 1 of Boiler JU- : <3.2 Jrii JJ' SR. g-is '-'X 1Q 2 <5 3 ' Output in (1000 *) B.t.u.per Hr. ~ * c gjj * 5 -3(3 3J 2*: 14 l* S 8 ti j[c 'o_5 . % -s 1j &-- S 0 -c8q('J3 -gli, ru-. 2 fi.i; ^ M h i 1 b8 S-t *Sc i 0 :: I.J && sr j! : : lo s 1 1 JJ 1 i f: ill ill J - P ,, 6 A fc .o u o b" O ' U. " Q _ U. O d ' J * "h ~t I*? "2 Tcnst>i e--* 3-- MrA O tu TJ * ie . Jr ..... _ *>3oSs? < . "4 "& - a'-ia ,,^ . {JO ^ i- O 1- T; . u. T Jt~o ` :S2 <. 561 American Radiator Company IDEAL WATER TUBE BOILER Boilers American Radiator Company IDEAL SMOKELESS BOILER Boilers. Sectional View of SB-Inch Boiler An extensive series of water-backed, vertical tubes divide the body of water in the Ideal Water Tube Boiler into many thin streams, and expose an unusually large amount of heat-absorbing surface. This design, united with the other features of the boiler--the balanced proportions of grate area, direct heating surface, flue area, and gas travel unite in accomplishing quick, economical and durable heating service .with the minimum amount of attention. The sectional construction of Ideal Water Tube Boilers allow them to be placed con veniently in new or old buildings without tearing down walls or ripping up floors. Installed in battery, these boilers are admirably adapted to serve the needs of large buildings. . Tapped for Excelso Water Healer Sectional View of 36-Inch Boiler Simple in its operation, requiring no special degree of skilled attention, the Ideal Smoke less Boiler burns all grades of soft coal smokelessly and economically. It complies with the most rigid city smoke ordinances. This boiler accomplishes its high record of smokeless performance through its special, patented device, the Ideal Smoke Oxidizer. It inducts and distributes fresh air in fine uniform streams over a bed of glowing coal, where it mixes with the volatile matter. This mixture ignites and burns at an exceedingly high temperature, consuming, within the boiler, the smoke-producing particles of carbon. In this way the smoke nuisance is eliminated and a larger amount of the heat value of the smoke is utilized. The Ideal Smoke Oxidizer is an integral part of the boiler. It eliminates the need of* brick linings and other accessories. Being water-backed throughout, it cannot burn out. Tapped for 'Excelso Water Heater on Order SS-SS-Inch SB-1rich 48-Inch ' 562 79-Inch 89-inch SB-Inch 7,8-Inch ~ 563 79-Inch American Radiator Company IDEAL ARCO ROUND BOILER Boilers American Radiator Company IDEAL ARCOFLASH BOILER Boilers Steam Boiler Water Boiler Many years of satisfactory service in hundreds of thousands of installations has earned . -t for the Ideal Arco Round Boiler an outstanding reputation. To the owner it means quick heat generation, dependable lifetime service, and a high degree of operating economy with a minimum of care. Special Features 1--Broad and high steam dome provides large steam dis engaging area and ample storage space. 2-- Grate area, direct heating surface, and gas travel designed for quick heating and fuel economy. 3-- Contacting surfaces of doors and dampers are machine ground to form tight, leak-proof construction. 4--Doors, frames, hinge pins of substantial construction. . . I.' 5--Convenient Rear Draft Control. Tapped for Excelso Water Healer 564 The Ideal Arcoflash Boiler is especially designed for 5 to 8 room homes, meeting the requirements of home owners who desire an attractive jacketed type of round boiler. The red enameled metal jacket is lined with multi-ply asbestocel insulation. Steam and water boilers are completely equipped with automatic regulation and all accessories. Specifications 1--Steam gauge. 2--Large steam dome and disengaging surface. 3--Long,, double flue. 4--Substantial doors. Fire, clinker, and cleanout doors equipped with special baffle linings. . 5--Large fuel chamber. 6--Contacting-surfaces of doors ground to smooth-finish. 7--Shaking mechanism, easily operated, durable. 8--Grates of reinforced, trussed con struction. 0--Flow tapping. 10-- Relief Valve. 11-- Sensitive Arco Automatic Regulation. 12-- Two-way smokehood with check and choke dampers. 13-- One piece body casting. No assem bling. 14-- Steel jacket with baked enamel finish. 15-- One-inch asbestocel insulation. . 16-- Rod with turn-buckle adjustment, connecting regulator and primary draft damper. . 17-- Base recess for precise jacket fitting. 18--Ashpit of ample size formed by strong cast iron base. "" Tapped for Excelso Water Heater American Radiator Company Boilers IDEAL HOTCOIL Gas Water Heater The New Hotcoil Water Heater functions with the highest degree, of operating efficiency attainable for practical service. ' With green porcelain enamel top and base, in combina tion with the pearl-gray jacket, the beauty of this heater is virtually everlasting. The Hotcoil Heater unites "flash" heating with the automatic storage factor, embodying the advantages of all other types of water heaters. For communities in which the water contains chenjicals which attack ordinary metals, a special model of the Hotcoil is available, made of non-corrosive Everdur Metal. This model is regularly equipped with auto matic Pilot Control Valve--a valve that automatically stops the flow of gas if the pilot is extinguished or the gas pressure lowered. . ` Specifications 1--Special brass hot water flow-fitting. 2--Metal jacket with baked grey enamel finish, protecting one-inch asbestocel insulation. 3--Substantial heavy gauge tank, galvanized inside and outside. 4--Conveniently located brass drain cock. 5--Large bore, heavy gauge, one-piece copper coil heating element, insuring immediate hot water recovery. 6--Bunsen type gas burner with self pilot. 7--Substantial base and legs with porcelain enamel finish. 8--Porcelain enamel Back Draft Diverter Hood. 9--Non-syphon acting cold water intake. 10--Central water-surrounded flue containing cop per coil heating element. 11--New Arco Automatic regulator with quick acting metallic bellows. 12--`Main Gas Supply Control Valve and Dial. Made in three sizes, 20, 30, 40 gallons. Burns manufactured, mixed, or natural gas. 566 American Radiator Company Boilers IDEAL KOLFLASH r,Coal-burning Water Heater The firepot of the Kolflash Heater is made of cast iron with a one-inch non-heat-conducting refractory lining. Under ordinary operating conditions the tem perature of the smooth, enameled and non-waterbacked exterior of the firepot is no higher than the temperature of the water in the tank. : Th is lining not only contributes to the efficiency of the heater, but also provides for a quick pick-up capacity. For the lining retains the heat .of the fire, and after a shaking-down and the addition of more fuel, the new charge of coal quickly ignites. The radiant heat of the glowing coals plays directly on the broad bottomed, water-backed surface of the tank, and the heated water rises, extracting increasing amounts of heat from the gases in the central flue. The Ideal Kolflash Heater has been designed with deep firepot especially to provide for long firing periods. Specifications Large combustion chamber insures minimum at tention. . For ordinary household demands this heater need be fired, but twice a day. One inch, non-heat-conducting refractory lining in firepot, prevents heat loss and insures quick pick-up heating capacity. Water-surrounded flue insures maximum absorption of heat from the gases. Extra-heavy shell insures durable service. Arco Automatic Regulator keeps water at right temperature. Flexible, sturdy grating especially designed for easy caretaking. Outside jacket finished in beautiful French pearl gray. Base and top finished in beautiful green porcelain enamel. - 567 xi Boilers and Specialties American Radiator Company General,.Sales and Eastern Executive Office 40 West 40th Street, New York ' Western Executive Office and Accessories Division . 816 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Manufacturers of Ideal Boilers, American Corto Radiators, and other Heating, Ventilating, and Refrigerating Products PACKLESS VALVE Arco Packless Arco Packless Hot Water Equalizing Valve No. 901 No. 999--leak proof--does not require repacking. Does not stick or bind--opens with one smooth turn of special com position ' handle never gets hot. Ifa. 999 Furnished in .- either round or lever handle--made in angle, Corner and globe patterns for steam, water, vapor or vacuum. . Combines three exclusive features: (1) Patented swinging plate, true elbow shape and non-sticking; (2) Arco Pack less stem always turns easily and can never leak; ' (3) Equalizing feature permits adjustment of flow to individ No. 901 ual radiator requirements after installa tion. Low in price. No. 901 Round Handle. No. 904 Lever Handle. PACKED VALVES Arco Fractional Control Type No. 994 Detroit Steam Valves Same as the No. 999 Pa c k 1 es s with dial equipment and calibrat ing cone on disc. Metal well dis tributed--strong and heavy where strength is needed. Regularly equipped I with composition handle, black hard ' rubber finish. No. 72 Angle, No. 32 R. H. Corner, No. 72 No. 37 L. H. Corner, No. 57 Globe; No. 373 Gate. No. 845 ' Thermostat MERCOID CONTROLS Patents Pending All Mercoid Controls employ the Mercoid Switch which carries the full line current at 110 or 220 volts without arcing or corrosion of con tacts. Mercoid instruments give automatic control of temperature, pressure or vacuum. The various models provide a wide field of ap plication. The No. 845 Mercoid Thermostat is especially adapted for use with Unit Heaters--starting or stopping the fan as the air tem perature changes. The No. 847 Arco Motor Valve, for high or low pressure steam, water, air. etc.; can be used with any Mercoid Control. Write for full details of this com plete line. 568 No. 8^8 Ty-pc : For temperature, pressure, or vacuum "American Radiator Company Boilers and Specialties No. 1 ln-Airid . No. 8 In-Airid with Cup Removed IN-AIRID The Invisible Air Valve The In-Airid No. 1 is a new type automatic Air Valve especially designed for radiators as now made for steam. Diverts steam to the bottom of the radiators com pletely eliminating all air. The In-Airid screws into the top plug opening'in the vent end of the radiator and its baffle disc completely blocks off the opening to the last section. The operation of In-Airid is based oh the same well known principle of the thermostati cally charged float used so successfully in the famous Airid No. 500. The In-Airid No. 2 is for . vacuum" jobs. It has all the venting features of the No. 1. plus the vacuum seal with hand-lapped monel disc and seat. It allows the air to escape but prevents its return into the system. .. . - AIRID AIR VALVES The Airid No. 500 should be installed only on old style radiation which" has nipple connections only at the bottom. For new type radiation with nipple connections at the top use the In-Airid. Vac-Airid No. 510 is for "vacuum" jobs on old style radiation. It is designed to allow the air to escape but prevents its return into the system. ARCO REGULATORS Arco Water Regulator No. 800 is for damper control on hot water heat ing boilers, adjustable for temperature rbetween 100 deg. and 220 deg.--all metal--length of bulb, 2J^ in.; connec tion, 2 in. No. 801 Water Regulator for hot water supply heaters. No. tOO ARCO STEAM REGULATOR NO. 905 For damper control on steam boilers--pressure up to 15 lbs. Connection 1 inch I.P.S. male thread--ail metal--trimmings furnished. No. 90S IDEAL QUICK VENTS FOR ALL TYPES OF MAIN VENTING No. 815, M m- No. 820, % >n- connection. Very sen sitive. For mains, long runs of pipe, indirect stacks, drop, risers, etc. Ideal Float Quick Vent No. 821 closes against water. M in. male thread. Ideal Vac-Vent No. 822 for Vacuum heating. Self sealing against the return of air. % in. male thread. No. eti No. 351 Arco Packless Water Gauge is a necessary accessory on vacuum jobs because it is impossible to keep an ordinary gauge vacuum-tight. A permanent improve ment for any below atmosphere heating plant. Fits any boiler. , 569 No. SSI V1 Boilers, Heating and Power The Bigelow Company Established i860 Main Office and Works New Haven, Connecticut _ New York Office--Graybar Building Manufacturers of Bigelow Hornsby Water Tube Boilers Bigelow Horizontal Water Tu be Boilers Bigelow-Connelly Low Head Water Tube Boilers Bigelow Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers Bigelow Electric Steam Generators Bigelow Two Pass Boilers Bigelow Manning Boilers Bigelow Upright Boilers The Bigelow Two Pass Boiler for Heating and Power ' The requirements in considering a boiler especially for steam heating--are first cost, efficiency and maintenance, and the steel heating boiler particularly the Bigelo.w Two Pass type.we believe meets the above desired requirements most favorably. First Cost--The F. O. B. price of a steel boiler is often higher than for other types, but, of course, the installed cost is the correct way to figure. For the proper erection of a sectional boiler experienced and high priced men are required while the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler is shipped practically all assembled and requires but a small amount of mason work. . Efficiency--Correctly designed as a heat absorbing piece of apparatus, the area of the gas passage in the first pass is approximately one third greater than that of the return pass. This results in better heat transmission, due to the more uniform velocity of the gases over the heating surface as they are cooled. . The furnace is constructed of standard fire and red brick and is encased in a heavy sectional plate steel casing which adds to the neat appearance of the installation and prevents infiltration of air through cracks that may develop in the brick work. Maintenance--The Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler is constructed without crown sheet or water legs, so there are no staybolts to break and cause leakage or danger of ruptured Being constructed of steel, there is no likelihood of cracking sections due to sudden changes of temperature, variation in thickness of material under pressure, and no unequal strains are set up in' assembling. The many installations of the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler both for heating and power, have proven it to be economical in operation and low in main tenance cost. .' Features of the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler No Staybolts Easy to Install . Quick Steamer Low Draft Loss Easy to Handle Long Gas Travel Efficient to Operate ' Low Maintenance Cost ` Ample Water Capacity Occupies Small Floor Space Low Exit Gas Temperature Ample Steam Storage Capacity Inside of Boiler Readily Accessible . Furnace Suitable for Oil Burning No Cast Iron in Contact with Pressure Large Furnace Volume for Combustion Area of Gas Passes Properly Proportioned No Special Brick Shapes Required for Furnace Constructed to A.S.M.E.,or Mass. State Requirements Fire. Brick Furnace Walls, which Aids Combustion- Built in Units of 25, 50. 75. 100. 125 and 150 hp. All Sizes Built as a Standard for 15 and 125 lb. W. P. Brick Work Easily and Cheaply Repaired when Necessary Boiler Rating Based on 10'sq. ft. of Water Heating Surface per hp. - 570 The Biselou) Company Boilers, Heating and Power Heating. 151b. W.P.......... No. o! Boiler for power , 25 ,b. p......... Total Heating Surface -............... Capacity Steam Radiation............ Capacity Water Radiation........ . .sq. ft. . .sq. ft. . .sq. ft. Grate Area............ rjvl......... Diameter stack, one boiler........... ....... in. Height stack..........' .V Area breeching. one boiler............ Area bwreaeucuhuin6g>, t-w--o--b--<--mers- Size of steam outlet. 15 lb. w. P. _ of steam nozzle. 1251b. W. P........... in.] Size of safety valve outlet, 15 lb. W. P.. .inJ ^ of safety valve nozzle, 125 lb. W. P.. in.j No. and size pop valves. 15 lb. W. P... .in. No. and size pop valves. 125 lb. W. P.... inJ Blow down and return conn., 151b. W. P.. .in.I Blow-off connection. 125 lb. W. P, . in.j No. red brick required............... No. fire brick required........................ Area of shell to be insulated............. . sq. ft.1 Weight bare boiler.................................lbs.| Weight boiler comp, cstgs., trmgs. and steel casing............................... .Um Length over all...........................................ft.in. Width overall..........................................ft.m. -Length large shell...............................ft. in. Steam outlet to floor. 15 lb. W.P....... ft. in. Steam noxzle to floor. 125 lb. W.P... .ft. in. Safety valve outlet to floor. !5!b. W.P., ft. in. Safety valve noz. to floor. 125 lb. W.P., ft. in. Flue neck to f"loor....... .ft.in- Water line to floor............ __................. It- in. Floor to shell at front of boiler............ft. in. Floor to shell at rear of boiler............. ft. i Diameter of small shell..............................in.J Diameter of large shell............................. in. Front of boiler to C safety valve nozzle, ft in. Rearof boiler to C steam nozzle,.......... ft. in. . Height of bridge wall........................... ft. in. I Crate to floor...................................... .ft. in.1 Length of furnace............................ .ft. ii Width of furnace..................................ft. in. Thickness of side wall............................... in.1 Thickness of front wall............................. inJ Thickness of bridge wall at bottom.. .ft. in. Thickness of bridgewall at top..............in. Floor to top of setting..........1...............ft. in.] Depth and width of rear pier........... .. .ft. in.j Bade of pier to Tear of boiler. ;............ft. in. Distance required to open rear cleanout doors............,.................................ft. in.| 571 Boilers The Brownell Company Established 1855 Dayton, Ohio Representatives in Principal Cities Manufacturers of Welded and Riveted Steel Heating and Power Boilers--Screw Feed Automatic and Heavy Duty Ram Type Stokers--Also Tanks and Open and Closed Feed Water Heaters. MASTER ELECTRIC WELDED STEEL BOILER A superior quick steaming boiler occupying less space per unit of heating capacity Bor Cool Hand Firing For Stoker, OH or Cos EXCLUSIVE FEATURES OF THE BROWNELL MASTERtBOILER A noteworthy feature, particularly where available space and height is a consideration, is the relatively small amount of space occupied by this boiler per unit of rating. In the same amount of space, the MASTER boiler will deliver from 12 to 23 per cent'over normal rating. This is possible by the use of water tubes in the furnace extending the entire length of the boiler. This construction also lends itself to a more efficient gas or oil installation in conjunction with the use of incinerator grates, forming a four .pass^ boiler with the extra pass directed over the incinerator grates causing a rapid and odor less consuming of the refuse. STANDARD ELECTRIC WELDED STEEL BOILER The STANDARD boiler follows the same general lines as the MASTER, with the excep tion of the water tubes which have been omitted. The constructional advantages how ever, are the same for both. In designing these boilers, the principle thought was to insure free and unimpended circulation of the water and to increasing the structural strength beyond that generally found in boilers of this type. In our bulletins M-65 and o-65, which you probably have on file, full details of. this construction are given. 572 The ftmtenell Compony Boilers Brownell MASTERBuainltdforSITSAlbN.,DwA.8R.pD.--AE. lSe.c*Mtr.icE. WCoedleded Steel Boilers jT>> - -- ' r. i_ i Tm*""-- OVERALL DIMENSIONS *54%/, M-500R M-50I-R M-501 62V, 7iy. 72% M-502 M-503 M-S04 M-505 M-506 M-507 M-508 M-509 M-510 M-5II 8%4yy,, 931/a \</a iiS 'M I09i/, M-512 M-513 M-514 "4 M-515 M-516 M-517 M-518 M-519 M-520 M-521 M-5Z2 M-523 M-524 M-525 M-526 M-527 -or ratings on stoker, oil or gas firing add 15. per cent to above ratings, or see our bulletins M-65 and S-65. ,'irst eight sizes contain no bridgewall--grates completely fill base. PORTABLE FIREBOX HEATING BOILERS ' 0 Smokeless Type - Direct Draft Type Regularly constructed according to A, S. M. E. Code for 15 lb., and 168 lb., w.s.p. SMOKELESS TYPE " Capacity Capacity Heating Steam Water Surface No- Sq.ft. Sq.Ft. Sq.Ft. 307 3000 308 3500 309 4000 m 4500 311 5000 31? 5500 3t3 6000 314 6500 5000 5800 6600 7400 8300 9100 9900 1U700 _^ ** ^ l~O,nV?EDRALIfL nDIiMMEtNfSIONS DIRECT DRAFT TYPE Capacity Cal . Heading Steam Water Surface Grate , Area Sq.Ft. 1 Height Water Line In. Height In. Width In. Length In. Sq.Ft. Sq.Ft. Sq- Ft. 407 2500 2900 4100 4800 3500 5800 4000 6600 4500 7400 5000 8300 5500 9100 6000 9900 84 . 84 84 905/g 90>A 9oy# 98 98 48 ^48 48 54 54 101 114 130 120 132 150 162 573 The Brownell Company B THE BROWNELL AUTOMATIC UNDERFEED STOKER ' Type A-I In the construction of mechanical stokers, the importance of correct design is paramount; much more so than in many other types of mechanical equipment. A stoker does not only have to operate efficiently under inex perienced and careless handling, but must also be able to resist an abnormal degree of wear and tear due to grit, dust and ashes generally prevelant in boiler rooms and the high tem peratures it must resit. Boile',TS This condition of correct design and fabrication* can only be secured in a stoker where each part is designed to fit every other part and constructed in one factory where the superintendence and manu facturing methods are uniform. For seventy-five years, the Brownell Company has turned out com bustion and mechanical apparatus which has bhen used in all parts of the world, and which has helped create the traditions which are strongly fused in all present Brownell products. The Brownell Com pany stands squarely behind each product. . The various types stokers illustrated on this page are daily serving thousands of satisfied users in all types of installations from resi.dence to power plants, for both high and low pressure. Three distinctive models are here illustrated. All of these models incorporate the exclusive Brownell feature of synchro nized coal and air delivery. Regardless of the speed or combustion rate, the correct amount of air is always supplied auto matically. The importance of this feature will instantly be recognized by every engineer. i.mup' . The Side Dump Stoker, illustrated above, is the highest type of combustion equip ment possible to manufacture. It is rugged and well built, and reduced to the fewest elements necessary for successful and efficient operation at the lowest maintenance. The side dump feature is particularly desirable where high combustion rates are necessary as it permits of a rapid disposal of the ash without labor and the necessity of opening the fire doors. . Need we remind you that our engineering staff is always ready and willing to assist you in any-problem; gladly and without obligation. ' Portable Steel Boiler Specifications--Continued from previous page S_ MOKCEPLI EPSCSS WTYOPPE U1 ----------- direct DRAFT TYPE Boiler No, Sq. Ft, Sq, Ft, 7300 180500000 I , 13000 14000 16000 18000 20000 25000 30000 12400 14000 16500 19800 23100 26400 29700 33000 40000 48000 Sq. Ft, H No- 11600 13200 15700 18200 21500 24800 28500 32000 40000 Heating Surface ffl jq.Ft l 6% 779 r094299 1168 1303 1519 17)6 2175 OVER ALL DIMENSIONS Height I Width In. In. In. 98 98 107 107 60 60 66 66 168 186 188 212 72 190 1)5 1)5 120 120 72 78 78 84 84 210 214 238 1 240 264 Bailers Irvington-on-Hudson, New York Makers of High and Low Pressure Cast Iron Heating Boilers Offices: New York Office; Graybar Building Boston; Philadelphia; Chicago; Queens Village, L. I.; San Francisco; Baltimore* . Springfield; Lancaster ! plants at Irvington. N. V.; Elizabeth. N. J.; Lancaster. Pa.; Zanesville. Ohio There's a Burnham for every Heating purpose RATING FOR STEAM No. Rating Sq. Fl No. and Size of Outlet and Inlet Average Size of Fire Pot S-5&6 7850 3-5' S-50-7 9300 3-5' S-50-8 10.750 4-5' 5-50-9, .12.200 4-5' S-50-10 13,650 5-5' S-50-N 15,100 5-5* S-50-12 16,550 . 5-5' 55,55.5 55*66 55,76.5 35*87 55*97.5 55,97.5 55,97.5 Grate Area Sq.Ft. 19.27 22.92 26.56 30.20 33.85 33.85 33.85 RATING FOR WATER W-506 W-50-7 W-50-8 W-50-9 W-50-10 W-50.II W-50-12 12,600 15.000 17.400 19,800 22,200 24.600 27,000 4-5' 4-5' 5-5' 5-5' 6-5' 6-5' 6-5' 55*55.5 55*66 55x76.5 55*87 55 x 97.5 55 x 97.5 55*97.5 19.27 22.92 26.56 30.20 33.85 33.85 33.85 Burnham Big Twin Sectional Cast Iron Boiler The Big Twin will handle large heating jobs in apartment houses, hotels, churches and other large buildings. It has the Burnham three-way fire-travel that keeps fuel costs low, and it has all the endurance features that are found in good cast iron boilers. . Big Twin gets its name from its divided sections, divided along the ridge of the boiler from front to back. Because of this division there is no part of the entire boiler that cannot be carried through any open ing a man can pass through sidewise. Intermediate sections are interchangeable. Big Twin grates are divided also into four sections, shaken separately. Short Tie Bolts connect the sections of the Big Twin. Three men can set it up in a surprisingly short time. Sections are 10 in. broad. This half section is one of the twins. It can be turned right or left and fit in equally well, and can easily be handled by two men. Catalogue gives full information concerning our complete line of Burnham Boilers for Heating and Hot Water Supply 575 '/ Boilers Coatesville Boiler Works Coatesville, Pa. Main ofe Worts: COATESVILLE, PA. .Philadelphia, III South I5th Strep* w.__v ,, rzzrB,dg- --------------^^8---Wer Boilers Steel Tanks-Heaty Steel Plate Work Preesure Heating and Power CoatamlU Scotch Marine Tupe Boiler P"* ond //dins box type 'of^ret u rrftubufar*design6 ,,, ,, CoofendZe Horizontal Return Tubular Holler Power and Heating Jo'v'press"re beating boilers of. regular fire senes, each of 23 sizes Sene* .n'hav,nff two passes through the tubes Ther/litf SfEr Doners lor low-pressure heating (IS lb l ,, .i t working pressure they are of riveted construction '~\{r 0,1 or gas fuel. These We'd construiorl, for 100 lb. as for waste heat installation. Scotch, Vertical and Special boilers sugb as T*"k* -. 576 . Boilers Central Radiator Company Subsidiary of The Universal Pipe and Radiator Company lansdale-craig water tube boilers (Also "The Gray Sentry" Jacketed Boilers and LansdaJe Round Boilers) GRAYBAR BUILDING, LEXINGTON AVENUE AT 43rd STREET, NEW YORK Philadelphia Branch 2401 Chestnut Street Lansdale, Pa. Branch 50 Central Avenue Chicago Branch 332 S. Michigan Avenue Tested and Certified by Outside and Unbiased Engineers. Heating Surface Doubled . . . No Dead Corners . .. the forward and back fire travel--the corrugated front, back, sides and rounded corners and the large drop tubes over the fire, assume double the heating surface. * Tests have been made not alone by our own engineers, but in the nationally-known Frost Research Laboratory, at Norristown, Pa.--and these laboratory tests are certified by Mr. Robinson V. Frost, C. E., Member A. $. M. E. and A. S. H. & V. E. . Constructed in accordance with the codes of the A> S. M. Eand A. S. H. & V. E. Rated in accordance with the code of Heating and Piping Contractors National Association. Ask nearest office for charts showing boiler performances, efficiencies, grate areas and ratings. STEAM or VAPOR Water Line 1 Inches 1 Boiler No. STEAM .12 -f5?i u <y8 tuj vE <9 1S-3S 15-4 S 15-5 S 15-6 S 15-7 S 22-4 S 22-5 S 22-6 S 22-7 S 22-68 24-5 S 24-6 S 24-7 S 24-3 $ 24-9 S 24-10 S 36-7 S 36-8 S 36-9 S 36-10 S 36-IIS 36-12 S 36-13 S 36-14 S 350 500 700 900 1Q50 600 1100 1400 1750 2025 1300 1650 2000 2300 2500 2800 3600 4200 4700 5200 5700 6200 6500 6950 42 1.15 42 1.67 42 2.19 42 2.71 42 3.23 47 47__, 47 47 47 3.05 3.97 4.89 5.80 6.72 52 4J3 52 533 52 633 52 733 M 833 52 9.33 59 9.50 59 11.00 59 12.50 59 14.00 59 15.50 59 17.00 59 18.50 59 20.00 51 51 51 51 51 57 57 57 57 57 70 70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 Height from Floor to Outlet Inches Height from Floor to Center Return Inlet, Inches Height Overall Inches STEAM. VAPOR and WATER | Length of Boiler l including Smoke 1 1 . Box, Inches . to its S it 72 H S* 8 Isl sis f-J- 1 nvi 57 13Vi 57 1133VV?i 57 57 13'/i 57 14 61 14 61 14 61 14 61 14 61 18 70 18 70 18 70 18 70 18 70 18 70 18 71 18 71 18 71 18 71 18 71 18 71 18 71 18 71 34 34 32 37 l1-2-2V$i 6 .8 34 42 1-2Yi 8 34 47 1-1'h 8 34 .52 2-3/2 8 42 43 1-3 42 49 2-3 42 55 2-3 42 61 2-3 42 67 2-3 10 10 10 10 12 56 57 2-3 10 56 63 2-3 10 56 70 2-3 10 56 76 2-iVi 12 56 82 2-4 12 56 88 2-4 12 70 73 2-4 70 79 2-4 70 86 3-4 70 92 3-4 70 98 3-4 70 104 3-4 70 111 4-4 70 117 4-4 14 14 14 16 16 16 20 20 Smoke Pipe Diameter Inches 1 'W A T E R Rating 1 i Commercial i No. ' WATER Boiler Shipping Weight Approximate 1 rounds . co 1 water "S '3 03 19x16 19x21 19x26 19x31 19x36 921 1078 1235 1388 1540 I | 3-15W 4-15W S-15W 6-15W J-15W- i 550 800 I1QQ 1400 1650 26x25 26x31 26x37 26x43 26x49 1580 1842 2096 2354 2620 4-22W 5^22W 6-Z2W . 7-22W 8-22W . 1300 1750 2250 2700 3250 33x33 33*39 33x45 33*51 33*57 33x63 2475 2856 3236 3638 4018 4398 5-24W 6-24W 7-24W 8-24W 9-24W 10-24W 2100 2600 3200 3650 4050 4500. 45x45 45x51 45*57 45x63 45x70 45x76 45x82 45x89 4879 5458 6006 6576 7151 7721 8293 8875 7-36W 8-36W 9-36W 10-36W M-36W 12-36W J3-36W 14-36W. 5750 6750 7500 8300 9000 9900 10450 U100 'When domestic hot water supply tank is to be heated by heating boiler add to actual load 2 sq. ft. for each gallon of tank capacity on a steam job, and 3 sq. ft. for each gallon on a hot waterjob. . HEADERS: Ali 24 in. series Supply Headers are 5 in. All 24 in series Return (Two), Headers are 4 in. All 36 in. senes Supply Headers are 7in. All 36 in. series Return (Two), Headers are 4 in. AH headers are tapped 2 in. on Rear IfaH; COAL-BURNING BOILERS: Steam Boilers furnished complete with steam gauge, safety-valve, gauge glass, gauge glass fittings, tri-cocks, firing tools, regulator. Water Boilers furnished with firing tools. OIL-BURNING BOILERS: All oil-burning boilers come without grates and without firing tools. Boilers Edge Moor Iron Company Edge Moor, Delaware New York................................ .420 Lexington Ave. Los Angeles...............,,..........,,.... 114 West 17th St. Chicago............................................. 1549 Otis Bldg. Charlotte, N. C.............1408 Independence Bldg. St. Paul............................Fourth and Wacouta Sts. Designers and Builders of EDGE MOOR WATER TUBE BOILERS Battery of Edge Moor Heating Boilers at Homeopathic Hospital, Wilmington, Del. THE EDGE MOOR HEATING BOILER An all-steel water tube boiler of high efficiency for buildings requiring 21,000 sq. ft. and more of steam radiation. Made in four sizes, from 150 hp. to 300 hp. Because it is adapted to power loads up to 160 lbs. per sq. in. working pressure, this boiler is especially suitable for office buildings, hotels, large apartments, schools, hospitals, municipal buildings, theatres, garages, warehouses and similar installa tions where steam is required for power and other purposes in addition to heating. The Edge Moor Heating Boiler, folIoWs the same general design and construction' used in the Edge Moor Cross Drutn Boiler for high-pressure service, which-is serving many industries. It is built to the same high standards of quality, fully com- ' plying with all A. 5. M. E. Code and local requirements. Adaptable to various fuels and firing methods, including stoker-firing. Table on following page gives dimensions, capacities and other data. For further information, address our nearest office. 578 & 5Srr-noNAL mc Elevation oiler HutnW Esq Surface........ ................................ jq-ft arity.Stecm (of NormalBoiltr Ritinq)..... -sqft 1500 EI30G Tool 300 Tog,.-.-|.3-0"0-0 cooo --LfLltoeito*qorfthftt.ooi.o*.iTf.laa.Wpp..oakifrBailer-..-........--............ .-...............t..i-B*6J-|j tt-2 --Width cf Witt Sin,t, StHin,..... r-Widihef BoiUr --WfWidthfoafBFuurtnta-.ceA..F.TM...-.H.t.w.l.t.t..... .........AfAt-A l[,----.:*IrtD-fi--uDFi-ot----u-Benie5WlipnDDoRa(*brppfo#.-otomOeDaWa.rettoe.fachrruruder.rerrtut*i.imutotfoo*ifq*W.mesoiRnff4.mhrfReBB.fqFltff.ttbrp.otieureoeoqbotf.faefCTdrWrtOdi.kfiDnTttkrebo.ocobRetOoaetUn.rnhbfmdreppuo.ccniremdbnac.m.eeohftohWow.rkLocq.Omf.-f.Bf-e-.ikS.SSACvi'tf..nrd.*.he.-tace.n.pq.e.Wt*nVasO8e..hatq.oVB*wchr.o.Lm.i,.ou.tkS-u.Hn63A.t..nd-eOO*oSd.e...rq-(tT.*a.e..ntK-..t.Cufd.o...trt*...wbe.ots.u*...-'k.r*T..o.*..rt..4.^n.aL.k.R........--..p......-e..........a......r....-......_.__._..............___.._..........i___.....H....j-J__....--t-,.ff..Ht..rf.f*fHttArtL.t-...W-.t*--h-ii-t.J..oan-i..nvW,..("...!|i4NhI3zCrzmt0wl\ia,k|w$M4llia54So4cWW-tM$7-tr2a)7n*2O2-r%OuO2*Abotrl1.lOMHdo.o.|l,11MI.\i7(4N4i&TM11m-cHH-2720502oI*40il0dI1gon,11J564(1M>7-eM2'-*-o50257024%m|4H!l,1 1l WfrterTube ilLERS I Boilers, Heating Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. 570 Seventh Avenue, New York City . Works: Oswego, N. Y. Offices in Principal Cities PRODUCTS Fitzgibbons Copper SteeV Boilers lor Steam or Hot Water Heating. Table 1. Fitzgibbons Copper Steel Smokeless Boilers for Steam or Hot Water Heating. Table I-B. , Fitzgibbons (Intermediate Sized) Steel Boilers for Steam or Hot Water Heating. Table 2. Fitzgibbons All Riveted Steel Boilers for Heating and for Power. 15 lbs. to 150 lbs. w.s.p.--A ..S'. M. K. Code. Fitzgibbons Steel Boilers: Embodying the original Fitzgibbons cylindrical furnace, entirely free from brickwork, the high combustion chamber, the gas-deflecting arch, the secondary air preheater, and the effective single pass of many relatively small tubes, Fitzgibbons Steel Boilers have, for more than forty years, proved their twin qualities, notable fuel economy and lifetime service, substantially without main tenance expense. Construction: The cylindrical design of the Fitzgibbons Steel Boiler affords the strongest Fitzgibbons Copper-Steel Healing Boiler for small-sized installations, homes, * churches, garages, etc. ' possible construction with minimum of internal bracing; and the complete water-jacketing of the vertical furnace insures exceptionally long life as well as high efficiency. The entire interior of the Boiler is visible and accessible for inspection or cleaning. Combustion: Complete combustion of the fuel and its consumable gases is attained with a minimum of excess air. The circular Fitzgibbons grate is free from dead corners and maintains a hot, uniform fire. The wholly visible grate rear gas-deflecting arch diverts the gases forward into intimate mixture with the preheated secondary air which, enters through a port above the firing door. As the air-gas mixture whirls upward combustion is completed before the gases enter the tubes, resulting in very high furnace temperatures,--often close' to 3000 deg. fahr. Smokeless. com bustion of semi-bituminous coal in dicates the thoronessof this combustion. encourages and assists careful firing. The high cylindrical combustion chamber is now recog nized as essential to complete combustion. The Conduction and Circulation: The absorption of the heat so effectively generated in the Fitzgibbons furnace is accomplished by the unique design of this time-proved Boiler. The water line is carried in the vertical shell directly above the combustion chamber, the horizontal tube Cylinder being com'- pletely filled with water. Therefore the circulation of the water is extremely rapid as the boiler steams and the bub bles move along fixed paths toward the steam chamber. This rapid circulation insures heat absorption as effective as the heat generation accomplished in the furnace as is evidenced by (1) the quick steaming capacity, (2) less than 1 per cent moisture in steam regardless of overload carried, and (3) unusually low flue-gas temperatures. Fitzgibbons Steel Healing Boiler. Table g 580 Detailed Information will be mailed promptly upon request. .\i;v fitigibbomBoilffrC^Jr^ ,Boilers Healing nr. . n COMBINED--FITZGIBBONS STEEL HEATING & SMOKELESS HEATING BOILERS TABLES 1 AND I- Double-Electric-Welded Furnaces Kit#* 300 to 3200 sq. ft. Steam Rating.--Built for 15 lb. w.s.p.--A.S.M.E. Code_ " v . a r* 'll i j OUm, Vertical Shell... i Langth Bere Boiler, .ft in.j Diam. HorizontalShell, .inj Water Line..ft. in. Diameter Base---- ,,----- in. Fire Door Center......... in. Overall Height....ft, in Width of Uptake..........in. Length of Uptake....... in Tube Space.................. in Crate Diameter........ in Stack Diameter........in.{ Stack Height..............ft Shipping Weight..... .IbaJ TABLE 2--FITZGIBBONS STEEL HEATING BOILERS ~ Double-Electrie-Welded Furnaces Sizes 3800 to 19000 sq. ft. Steam Rating---Built for 15 lb. w.s.p.--A.S.M.E. Code TABLE J-FITZGIBBONS STEEL HEATING AND POWER BOILERS All-Riveted Construction--A.S.M.E. Goae Power u>ads. Built for M lb, w.s.p. No of Boiler...................... . --) 23 Horse Power. Steam Rating..............................*q* ftHot Water Rating..................... sq. ft. Heating Surface....................... ,*q- ft. "Comparative Crate Area............ sq. ft. Diameter Vertical Shell..............ft. in. Height Overall...:..................... ft. ii Length Bare Boiler......... ...........ft it Diameter Horizontal Shell..........ft. in. Smoke Uptake..................... .in. * in. Space to Draw Tubes.......................ft.in. Water Line.......................................ft.in. Grate Diameter............................... iri. Stack Diameter........................ . .in. Stack Height..................................ft.( Shi.ptppiinngg WWeeiigghhtt................................................f.elbas..)7500 \9500 HUUUUH ixjuiuumn >______ _ 'It has been established that the Circular Grate in the Fitzgibbons Cylindrical Furnace is more effective thana ctangular grate the size of the circumscribed square. Hence, for comparative purposes, the Comparative Grate jea shown in the Tables is the area of the square circumscribed upon a circle the size of the Fitzgibbons Grate. trie City Iron Works STEARNS DIVISION Erie, Pa. WELDED STEEL HEATING BOILERS Sales Offices In Principal Cities Coal Fired Type The Erie City Welded Steel Heating Boiler is built in 18 sizes, 3,500 to 28,000 sq. ft. of steam radiation capacity, for coal, oil or gas firing. A few of the many features of design incorporated in this sturdy boiler that every heating engineer will appreciate are as follows: Specially designed water-cooled refractory arch insures smokeless operation. Long travel of products of combustion through 3 in. fire tubes insures low exit temperature and high efficiencies- Large fire box and grate area permit extended firing periods and less frequent ash removal. Front and rear smoke chambers are built into the boiler so that there are no protruding parts. Oil or Gat Fired Gas passes are correctly proportioned to insure cboorilreerc.t velocities through the different passes o*f the Draft loss is exceptionally low, making it pos sible to carry heavy fires without seriously reducing the steaming rate. The ratio of heating surface to grate area is above the average for boilers of this type. Many other characteristics of this boiJer are described in a booklet. Please write for a copy for your file. .* In addition to the two types illustrated above, we build the Up-Draft type for-low volatile coals, which does not have, the water cooled hanging arch as built into the smokeless type and is, therefore, slightly lower in price. * SERIES NO. Heating No. Surface Sq. Ft. SIZES, 3--SMOKELESS WEIGHTS, FOR COAL CAPACITIES, ETC. * SERIES NO. 4--FOR OIL, GAS OR STOKER 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 7000 8000 9000 10500 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 25000 28000 [Hot Water Shipping Capacity Weight Sq. Ft. Pound* 5775 6600 7425 8250 9075 9900 MS50 13200 14850 17325 19800 23(00 26400 29700 33000 3630Q 4(250 46200 6500 j 7000 1 7500 8000 8500 9000 9800 10800 1(750 13300 14650 16500 18500 20500 22400 24300 27250 30000 No. Heating Surface Sq. Ft. Capacity Steam Sq. Ft. 4500 5250 5500 6250 6750 7250 8250 9500 10500 12500 14000 16200 (8200 20500 22700 25000 28200 31700 Hot Water Capacity Sq. Ft. 7425 8663 9075 10313 11138 (1963 13613 15675 17325 20625 23100 26730 30030 33825 37455 41250 46250 52305 Shipping PWoeuignhdt* 5341 5800 6183 6632 7009 7484 8145 .9026 9938 11324 12077 13705 (5573 17500 19191 21058 23746 25954 Send for Booklets and Price List 582 Boilers Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Joliet, Illinois Heating Boiler Division of James G. Heggie & Sons, Manufacturers of Steel Boilers for Over 38 Years Representatives in Principal Cities For Burning Soft Coal Smokelessly For Soft or Hard Coat, Coke, or Wood For Burning Oil or Cos The introduction of Heggie-Simplex Boilers marked the beginning of a new era in heating boiler design and construction. While widely imitated today, they embody the simplicity in design upon which the durability, that has made them so popular, depends. Patents protect this superiority. The crown and side walls of the firebox and auxiliary combustion chamber are made from a single plate--there are fewer plates, and fewer seams in Heggie-Simplex Boilers than in other boilers of this popular type. While built to conform with the A. S. M. E. Code, its requirements are minimum only in Heggie-Simplex specifications. For example, where the Code calls for % in plate, HeggieSimplex employ in. All openings are rein forced with forged steel flanges. Bases are made of steel channels. Similarly, every de tail affecting greater strength and longer life is incorporated. S. H. B. I. Ratings Heggie-Simplex Boilers are rated in con formity with the "Steel Heating Boiler Insti tute's Code for Rating Low Pressure Heating Boilers." These ratings are the total radiation load at the boiler outlet; expressed in square feet of cast iron radiation. Steam ratings are based upon the emission of 240 B.t.u. per hour per square foot of rating at 2 IB. pressure. Water ratings are based upon the emission of ISO B.t.u. per hour per square foot of rating at 180 deg. fahr. . To determine the Heggie-Simplex Boiler re quired to heat a building, add the following; (1) the direct radiation, (2) the" equivalent to compensate for losses through water heaters or other apparatus connected to the boiler, (3) and the equivalent to compensate for losses through piping connecting the--radiation, water heater and other apparatus to the boiler. Then select a size with a rating equal to this total load.- . Send for catalog to obtain more de tailed information and specifications. 583 Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Boilers l9g|"sO=.| >>:? 5 R|ii? , ^?Ss|?!S8S5S2"'p;| 'Oo < l SgS -- " " - ^ <Z ^ & SSCSS^^SSSSSH^j [l&oiwSW('*:s--i-'S--S6'S1 8SS--8e"'s--J" '. '. '.1_2 1C*O^1g2'fsIjC*O6jSJ gs^dois^s-s^i fi 5| s 244-sILs 1 i s.-i's's hi XUXX^uDQSQoSninmV 584 fJ,aaie-Simpl<sx Boiler Co. Boilers Heggie-Simplex Jacketed Steel Boilers ' Establish New Standard in Residence Heating The same practical advantages that have made steel boilers the accepted standard in large buildings, now are available for houses and small buildings in the Heggie-Simplex Jacketed Boiler --at prices well within everyone's means. It is built of steel, electrically welded. Thus, the danger of cracking, inherent in more brittle material, is avoided; and Continuous, leak-proof servIictse ilsaragsesufrueed.l capacity insures long firing periods. Its spacious firebox, large amount of direct heating surface, tubular flues, free circula tion, and deep steam space afford unparalleled efficiency. It is economical and equally as well adapted to hard coal, soft coal, coke, gas or oil; and to hand or mechanical firing. This modern boiler is simple and inexpensive to install. Ranging from 24 to 30 in. wide, even the largest size goes through any door. There are no sections to join, no headers to connect, no packing or other costly assembling operations. Heggie-Simplex Jacketed Boilers are rated in conformity with the "Steel Heating Boiler Institute s Code for Rating Low Pressure Heating Boilers." They will not only develop these ratings but are warranted capable of handling substantial overloads with v Ir HfGGlE-SIMPLEX JACKETED BOILERS Lor Hard Coal or Coke, and for Oil, Gas or Stoker Firing! Boiler No. With Jacket Steam] Rating Hard CoalorI Coke Boiler No. With Jacket Steam Rating Oil. Ga* [or Stoker] Firing Boiler No. With Jacket Water [Rating i Hard [CoalorJ Coke Boiler No. With Jacket Water Rating Heating . Oil. Gas . Surface | or Stoker' Sq.Ft. Firing Diam. {Height Grate, Area Sq.Ft. Stack Req'd In. Stack Req'd Ft. Size , Outlet] In Size* Return In. 2SJI 2SJ2 370 2SCJ1 510 2SCJ2 S40 2WJI 680 2WJ2 590 2WCJ1 820 2WCJ2 1806000 32 40 2.6 3.5 2SJ3 2SJ4 2SCJ3 2SCJ4 820 2WJ3 1070 2WCJ3 BIO 970 2WJ4 1280 2WCJ4 1550 48 57 4.3 5.1 2SJ5 950 2SCJ5 2SJ6 1U0 2SCJ6 1160 2WJ5 1490 2WCJ5 1860 1340 2WJ6 1780 2WCJ6 2140 68 79 65..08 2SJ7 1300 2SCJ7 2SJ8 1480 2SCJ8 1580 2WJ7 2WCJ7 2530 1800 2WJ8 2370 2WCJ8 2880 93 106 7.0 7.8 2SJ9 ! 1620 I2SCJ9 I 1970 2,,SJJ1.0J1--8-3--0I 2SCJ10 2230 "One Outlet and Return Opening 2WJ9 2WJ10 furnished 2590 2WCJ9 2930 2WCJ10` with Water Boilers, 3150 3570 unless 116 131 otherwise 7.9 9.0 specified; two oi each supplied on request without additional charge. tEquipped with 2 in. flues. For Soft Coal* Boiler No. With Jacket Steam Rating Soft Coal Boiler No. With Jacket Water Heating Rating Surface Soft Coal Sq.Ft. Grate Area Sq.Ft. Diameter Height Stack Required ReSqtaucirked Size* Outlet In. ' Size* Return In. .. 3SJ1 370 3WJ1 3SJ2 510 3WJ2 590 30 820 38 2.6 3.5 10 10 30 30 3SJ3 630 3WJ3 1010 45 3SJ4 740 3WJ4 1180 53 4.3 5.1 10 10 30 30 3SJ5 3SJ6 840 3WJ5 980 3WJ6 1340 1570 60 70 5.8 6.0 12 12 40 40 3SJ7 3SJ8 1160 1300 3WJ7 3WJ8 I860 2080 83 93 7.0 7.8-- 12 12 40 40 3SJ9 3SJ10 One Outlet 1370 1570 and Return 3WJ9 2180. 3WJ10 2510 Opening furnished with 98 112 Water Boilers, 7.9 14 9.0 . 14 unless otherwise specified; 50 50 two ol each supplied on request without additional charge. tEquipped with 3 in. flues. '.' 5S5 Harrisburg Star Boiler Corporation 15 Park Row, New York LOW PRESSURE WATER TUBE HEATING BOILERS A.S.M.E. Code Boilers Kewanee Boiler Corporation Kewanee, Illinois BRANCHES IN 33 PRINCIPAL CITIES ,, Power Boilers, Water Heating Garbage Burners, Steel Heating fabaSco Heaters, Tanks and Radiators ____ _ Standard Equipment consists of Shaking and Dumping Grates, Steel Base, Low Pres-' sure Steam Gage with Siphon, Cast Iron Water Column with gage glass and three brass try-cocks, Pop Safety Valves as required. Cleaning Brush, Tube Scraper, Hoe, Poker and Slice Bar. (Boilers Nos. 704 to 718 inclusive, require no brick work of any kind. Boilers Nos. 719 to 725 inclusive, require brick bridgewalls.) | Steam. Capacity, j Sq. Ft. | Water Evapora| tion, Lbt, 1Grate Surface, Sq. Ft. "C " 1Total Height, Ft. Diameter Stack One Boiler. In, 1Height Stack 1One Boiler, Ft, I Height Stack Two Boiler*. Ft. 1 Aabeato* Cover. Sq.Ft. i z Jl m 704 2750 690 705 3450 862 706 41S0 1035 707 5000 1242 708 5800 1449 709 6900 1725 710 8300 2070 711 9000 2242 712 9700 2415 713 10400 2587 7I3A 11000 2760 714 11700 2932 715 12400 3105 716 13800 3450 717 15200 3795 7145 - 17300 4312 719 18600 4657 720 20700 5175 721 24200 6017 722 127600 6900 723 31600 7762 724 35000 8625 725 42000 10350 9.4 10.6 12 1 14,8 14 8 18 3 20 3 21 8 24.0 26 2 76 7. 28.3 30 5 31 8 34.4 37 0 41.3 44.7 51 0 55 4 55.4 59.4 63.3 UtJ- j: i J. ?! H 1 V3 cE : CH ?5 t cn & c.8o *>j CO ; t0 ' JE 00 u X c It* * JS *3 S CL JZ is< : tc -JcV t* g H'o u 7-9 39 5-5 56 10x26 15 2-8 3-8 18 50 23 50 7-0 43 6-0 61 13x22 15 3-0 3-8 18 50 24 50 8-3 43 6-0 61 13x28 15 3-0 4-2 18 60 25 60 fM 57 6-4 63 I33I 15 3-8 4-2 20 60 27 60 0-3 52 6-7 66 13x31 15 3-8 4-2 21 60 29 65 9-1 56 6-8 68 13x38 15 4-0 4-8 23 60 31 65 10-10 56 6-8 68 13x42 15 4-0 5-2 25 60 33 70 10-10 60 6-11 69 16x36 15 4-4 5-2 25 65 34 70 11-7 60 6-11 69 16x39 15 4-4 5-8 26 65 Si 70 12-5 60 6-11 69 16x43 15 4-4 6-2 26 65 36 70 11-7 60 7-3 73 19x36 15 4-4 6-2 27 70 36 75 12-6 60 7-3 73 19x39 15 4-4 6-8 28 70 37 75 13-1 60 7-3 73 19x42 15 4-4 7-2 29 70 38 75 11-10 71 7-11 76 19x43 15 5-3 6-3 30 70 40 80 12-11 71 7-11 76 19x47 15 3-3 6-9 31 70 42 .80 14-7 71 7-11 76 19x50 15 5-3 7-3 32 80 43 90 12-6 90 9-1 83 21x46 18 6-10 6-3 33 85 44 90 13-10 90 9-1 83 21x51 18 6-10 6-9 34 90 46 100 16-1 90 9-1 83 21x61 18 6-10 7-9 36 too 48 110 14-1 103 10-2 90 21x66 18 7-11 7-3 38 100 51 HO 14-1 103 10-6 94 21x66 18 7-11 7-3 39 no 52 no 15-9 103 10-6 94 21x71 18 7-11 7-9 40 110 54 no 17-2 103 10-10 98 21x76 18 7-11 8-3 42 110 60 110 t 5 Is -5s OJ 1& < None 76 5500 77 6800 * 91 7300 99 80C0 103 9oob " 118 10700' a' a a a 141 11300 148 1)700 160 12000 171 12500 167 12800 * 178 13300 * a 188 14000 * 193 15500 208 16800 234 18500 u 244 20000 " 260 21000 304 25200 302 27700 " 512 29300 * 351 .32700 394 35600 586 Kewanee. Fired9X inS""nd BILEK-Brick-ul-for Haling d ,,f fudagd w,,l maintain high efficiency when operat.ng to supply the vanable beating load. Kewanee Smokeless i&jsS&vSSS&l' - asa.-* s51LR -Portable-far Haling conditions. Kewanee Boilers are all built of steel sing as a minimum basis the rules 01 [instruction adopted by the American ociety of Mechanical Engineers, known as he A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. Ratings The rated capacity of Kewanee Boilers, of direct rad. iat-ion or equivalent which the boiler will carry, if sufficient radiation is installed to heat the. building- to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. . The ratings are based on a standard for steam of 2 lb. pressure at the boiler, and for ,,,atnr on a mean temperature of 180 deg. fcetoanee Boiler Corporation Boilers ass S - - r? -------------------- -- rjsss^ SS5 ^ -- 32S =4 sa-^5K\ s^sass^gs>\R-KKKsa--So"Sp"^sSJlg" ss g%S.^%K^=agS",','rRC-RSS5:----S-S-32_^=,s3--3S_ S^ oogaou? r^--or* *tpo*%** gs^ssssg^^^te-sssssss^ss-g^sSJSaR SKSSBSgSS^gRSSSSgg Sm --* o P3*>*>^0 *'A *'O*'*"*'* 00 *r> ^ ^ r5 S+2*> *% o- *> -- c? S "92 <J<J *9 *V S oON--o.QZ^mN>ovo>mo *^^> 00 a w> (5O --v*o-^^^^r5s5--o5o5 aoego"o.^-^'f^^o2-S, N N" '. -- *" ~~ "' Ss5s5ssse""^3-3s5SSSSSSS"~r3lf-s 5 0rvr*o -a i-n&a--iAt*f-M^n 3g-.s=assa'c',-gS3=3ssssggg$=K'2?!2Ka ?S'^=3KS$'0~^K:^RSSSSgS3=233Hgsa l^ -- . IS^^aSmS^^SSR&SSSftSSSSC^SSSSgaS ^^riN ^ . r* r*.^1 oOf--f. -*flOtJA(OS>TA> 0N0'I0A NO * ts<fs <* r? Vg \0%000P--N rJt ^S--2: o 2 ig ZZ0T0 3----f-- ^?3ggS3-0''MSg2?RagGSSKS32:">2Ss2g2K IoopSoa-o^eo---iS.oioANeo*'O^N'NOtN^ ff'ro*.<r\*5',T<* 00 rvi-.---- -- -- *N ^ . lA KeWanee Boiler Corporation Boilers os sg W >H Sg aI fWao g ft. & ft) M pSgS8S82-S3SSR2g2SSSS=SS53|5 liSBa*8*'""a,8aKsSS!SSsss338S |^S=SSSg-|$SR?;352RS:2S^:S33|g 2 iS^KSSeSS--^ftSSSrgEaSTSSESSSSSS ||gS=SS*S'0''R8SS=S25SgsgsS5g|^ il^ssss"^SH*3ais3Sg^85=S2 P2*5as??;-^Rssg;sas88j=s2S33gg |5RN^S-3aSSR-^S3SRK=S--5--SBO5' aOi.yfHSf2-2S 5* N2S3SSSR-^ssS!S--3--5saO3' rss ^2fl"^s35N |Sgsas*R--Raa*sas*a39j^*33Sa | iIrtS2-- s"3SSSS"'g'5!SS?3$SgSw3O^' 094 T~oSmg-- i'S--5x--5s>sss'rsa aas+8sss3*n*:ss!3S=oA-`2r`~al |2gx|assa---S?55SSSSS3S35=S 2'2'T8SS`5l<5<'N'`3f"00"fl'T',-<m-' oooo'Ot'OSOsa P*a8aa*'r,,as*assaKa=-s*33eg 5*38883'''"SSSSaSSSKjSi-SSjTagE e-e^.E.s .S.S.E.E.S.S.S.E.S.S.E.S.S.^.E.E.E.S.E.E.S it* ................................*J ; E . . . .23 co -I* ^8! !"| : ;s : ; ;iS :$i*4A3tl(:Ji cj o*c c >. 5. osotf3 o o o c ccq p g g ii " _ o a0a *Si V Sm. s e|S(2*3^0s* g &fsiiJsTsaa*aw S fst 2IJSj *s5*"* ***i*J7Sffer0-"js1 s iio is <o to to o 590 B oiler N o*. 1749*1770 fo r O il, C&s or Stoker. Nos. 2749 to 2770 for Anthracite, furnished w ithout D rum a.nd Arch. Rated Capacity fo r W ater Boiler is 60% Greater than C apscity o f Steam Bolter. Kevoanee Boiler Corporation Boilers o ONNOO^OO'0(OTlAm'rt-'^-"^0-J'NO^tN'OVlftNvHNN<eB I-.- woa -- -- p^oor^t/^rAPSf'.oors -- rs -- _-- rA rs rs -- -- rs _Sn w> go `-------^ " GO ^ St,eA -P.?COiAo--O'e(_*\0>0T---e'rA''PnS-r''.OCOq-C"S --^ofS\nsn'r o-- <;'--* rrA.CSP--S -- --^PS-<O;eOs'9fA>OO'o, ~ d> ---- -- ---------- CO -- 50>0't00000 <J<SS OONO'VO < O' O A 'nJn -- -- S' -- * ^ ass - N 33s 3 --2 ~ rrP3_-*At>'*A -- WWA -- -- N5i^0>OO3,NN- -- PS COWS'* CO c O(sM5oO*COnoO'NmO-SOvOi3>sfSOsO -O3COi-"<hS.r0sViN--^N033<,v5O>' --ooA=5<iPNSf--s --WOWcs--O-\NO^>-^ida 0IrAs(O^S0tAP*m0o(>OSQ,--5<0>csNsiTsS----j (OJ''C'^vN-->VoQB>--A"1>--^f0S(^^'W0'90-00'O----S_<,PMSN---'fO-- tNiAfsOSO---gQtfNMS O -- (A !L -- X ~. 3(AO'SIQOe^>N "sV. S,V-N^p(?'0'0- <rs -- W SiAONTr- 5 A PS ^ ^ A* -ON>n- --?l+W0'0>O5(SfS-- PS * CO PS P> rq SS-SgS''*-SS^^D:gS?2SRSSgS:g;a?;2: SS^SSJI S=S d.22 K S! 2 - N P2?5 H * S 235 irAs <O(ANr-O.w\cOoqo>O>J>K--- <*'S<oVOw--CO--TS--nrOA'rWA OfA' 'pC/iOA' r<^CesS--0--(A ^ 5o-- ^ oAot'nwqec5 o^>r*o ---- (*>s'vfaV--s k<.wiswco----rs-- rs <-- - - ^<cesse--s --w O' -- rWs=<CrP()NCO-- F.-- N w m'OS-o^--a waco Oin(sOONQo<d <<< <00 00 rs rs <--w <ps eo <a w rA < so rs s^S-f'ANS-W =&<s - . -o- -,J* sCSL'g* -- W -- -- -- fA(A50'0'o<N'"*" NvOgoO>Cls 3QO(ACOw*lOACOlft>J*h0 0>t vW PS PS u-\lA OO <PSA -- O' -- W W <<rs -c-*A O' Vrs n, ^ ?v ;^Fw -- -- -- (ANie<oo- rs~ es^^p,-- a* S^ J........... F.<A "* - -S -- ^<OiA>ClAtnA^ 0' W <00 PS PS (A U"V OO <(N iA -- O' CO rA O' PS'OCArs ""''A -- fC'-*- -- -- -- A A*S-COCOO -- -- -- a 00 CO iA -- Ta'*' Oco*A*Au-\aOiArAeo -- rAA-wrswcs -- a < 0'0(so>o> --^ rs <oaWw is o c _ rs pa rs ^ *r'^' ~wr^^io' -- wa*w -- -- -- ^ rs r- co eo O' -- rs -- -- ^ *a ''*> OPSAWwcoArAaoP'.0'rwrseors -- a < o>0(se>o>(A rs <0 co 00 W At'OcAtS JLJ.O' --'>'' ---- -- J?SAUS.CO0` -- -- -- -- =. iA CO rs PA A , - -- . (s40' --^'^r--------z OAIAPJO --OOS1 vfWS sjs- 'ONVAOS-O'^O'OM < OO-- PS <rs O' PS IA ia rs - ps ca fs _>^r J J=> --mq(A -- ----npsonaSl ---- - -- ^ A " -- PSCAIA PS ^O'S X-- OtAO'PSUS -- IA-S-PSPS 'sSsj'sS*' '0>OTAOS'0'VO`OPS < O PS <PS PS ^2APS PSArA 3SS s ?-. --^3'3,Ss -- cAAfA ---- -- PSPSl>.PsPy ---- -- ~^iA(DUSo OO'PPSlA -- IA-C-PSPS r O`fpA, -- saOiaca (--A o-- -- pspPsO' rsPtSs<j^ e--o --* -- P--S <P.mSooO>rf\A0' Ai DOlAA^-pS'S-<^P TpOO' -- PS <ps O' < PS < <A O' " N . 5fs 5(A 00 psmps (aIj,^--fA^AcA-- --psps^. ^ -- -- -- -- ^ a co SPSbOO^-PSOp'S- 'sS- 'VOO' -- PS 'sp < -S' PS < IS tA -PSAPS IA ri F " rr"ri *A ~ -- PSPS^.5, -- -- -- -- 5q ^ AA }**_ Ps A. (A . o.POS' A-POSO1aPOS O--PSCGAO^'*^'f<^S--" CAO-*P' stAr -- O' ---- PPSSP<S!>^.'s^----^ -- --PS <ob^Sw S-T -- `A'A-S-PSPS < <A'J'0' -- PS <Ps < PS < ^ CA PS _ -- -S- PS <A fA --p^ --PA-S-CA-- -- PSPS=.5. -- 52 -- So'S-'A'C 3 -- CT' iAn ' A, -- CA ^ .S.E.S.E.S E.S.S.E.S.S.E.E.2.S.S.S.S.S.S.E. ca 3:= !' OoQoM. -Job :.- Jk rO=ol $- < ;CQcQCZ s :-*-W8 3U-8u jt-l lSlm'Sw i t). S_' Js'SJ ! 3u3 <30 &*>JoiCQ,, : =-3,3 g SU "S- S s-S(So>"2 s3<0!`i:'b`i-`ic5 0 sSs22`s"~'smu-i^ t SJ ow-"-?i . = o o-S-B O S.o o o o g s g grsj O o !0 S c cSS-S-Sti; S.SEfi g'.a'aaQ-Si.S.Sf.S.Sf.a'g g.s s-^-S gg^ S.S s ii g-i Z z I ITT I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I 1.1 I II I I I I I li 592 Boilers Leader Boiler and Heater Company 310 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. "THE KOOLSTACK LINE" Steel Heating Boilers for Oil, Gas, Coke. Gas Fired Automatic Steam Boilers and Water Heaters. Oil Fired Automatic Heating Units. ' Economizers for Oil Burners, Storage Water Heaters. Koolstack Boilers have been de signed particularly for burning oil. They have far more than the usual amount of heating surface, with the result that they are extremely econo mical for oil burning. In Place of allowing the hot gases to escape up the chimney, Koolstack construction passes these gases from the combustion chamber to the top of the rear section then down through the tubes and out at the bottom. This construction absorbs all the heat that is practical, allowing only such an amount to go up. the chimney (usually around 300 deg. fahr.) as to insure proper draft conditions. An Automatic Damper provides temporary draft acceleration at the initial firing period by automatically by-passing the products of combustion direct to the chimney. This damper closes when the stack temperature reaches 250 deg. fahr. Koolstack Boilers are now available for use with any good forced draft oil burner . in sizes shown in table below. Complete Units. Koolstack Oil Fired Automatic Heat Machines consisting of oil burner and boiler built into one compact unit will be available January 1, 1930.'." Capacities of these units will range from 500 to 3,000 sq. ft. of steam. They are designed and built to give the highest efficiency obtainable in domestic heating equipment for ' burning oil. Write for Bulletin giving complete details. Koolstack Boiler Ratings and Dimensions Size 2648 2654 2860 3954 3963 3972 Steam Net Rating Sq. Ft. Height of Water Level In. 800 1000 1200 1600 2100 2600 37'/, 42'A sH Water Net Rating Sq.Ft. 1280 1600 1920 2880 3520 4160 Approx. Shipping Weight Lbs. Grate Width Height Diam. Overall Overall In. In. In. Length Overall In. Size Smoke Outlet In. Size Size" Flow Return Opening Opening In. In! 2000 2200 2400 3500 3900 4300 Sk 36'/2 36/2 36'/2 46 46 46 52/4 59'A 65'A 61 70'/, 79'/, 68'/, 681/ 681/ 90 90 90 10 10 10 12 12 12 33 3/2 3'/i 4 k4'/2 4'/2 55 Koolstack Boilers are built in accordance with A. S. M. E. low pressure heating boiler code. Ail ratines are based on actual boiler capacity at outlet. . . *. 594 Boilers Molby Boiler Company Incorporated Subsidiary of The Universal Pipe and Radiator Company Molby Magazine-Feed Downdraft-Crossdraft Boilers jor burning No. I Buckwheat Anthracite GRAYBAR BUILDING, LEXINGTON AVENUE AT 43rd STREET, NEW YORK Philadelphia Branch 2401 Chestnut Street Lansdale, Pa. Branch 50 Central Avenue Chicago Branch 332 S. Michigan Avenue The Molby heating boiler pays for itself. It is self' feeding and gives a steady, even heat over long periods, burning No. 1 Buckwheat at half the cost of large sizes of anthracite. Also burns free-burning bituminous. Also coke. Magazines need toaling only once a day. Built throughout in accordance with codes of A. S. M. E. and A. S. H. & V. E. Tested and Certified by Outside and Unbiased Engineers of National Reputation. - Tests have been made, not alone by our own engineers, but in the nationally-known Frost Research Laboratory, at Norristown, Pa.--and these laboratory tests are certified SJ Sizes--for Homes, Apartment House* and other large Buildings. to by Mr. Robinson V. Frost, C. E., Member A. S. M. E. - and A. S. H. & V. E. For the benefit of engineers, architect and contractor we will gladly furnish charts in fullest detail, as submitted by the Frost Research Laboratory, showing grate areas, ratings, boiler performances and efficiencies. .Ask nearest office for these charts. ' | Z S-M S-l-5 S-M S--1-7 S-l-8 S-2-5 S-2-6 S-2-7 S-2-8 S-2-9 S-2-10 S-2-H S-3-6 S-3-7 S-3-8 S-3-9 S-3-10 S--3-1 ( S-3-12 S-3-13 5-3-14 SIZES. CAPACITIES, DIMENSIONS, ETC. STEAM -STEAM AND WATER WATIiR Ve '3 <s c "3 2 .5 = -o 8 -* E s s So) { *<o jL X 43 2-3 375 275 54 43 2-3 507 375 54 43 2-3 646 475 54 43 2-3 779 575 54 43 2-3 908 675 54 62</i46 2-4 1158 839 62/, 48 2-4 1466 1087 48 2-4 62'A46. 2-4 'A48 2-4 'A48 2-4 'A48 2-4 1785 2106 2431 2759 3093 1334 1585 1852 2138 2405 62V4 62 62 62 61 2-5 1817 1547 60 61 3-5 2470 1971 80 61 3-5 2785 2434 80 61 3-5 3312 2942 80 61 3-5 3898 3338 80 61 3-5 4351 3730 80 61 3-5 4769 4081 80 61 3-5 5226 4454 80 61 3-5 5660 4840 80 Size--;Inches 5 X) ge 41 41 41 4) 41 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 75y, 75Vi 7S'/i 75'/2 75'/z 75V2 75</, 75V; 75/5 t H J to6c 3 >0 2-3 10 2-3 '/2 10 2-3 55 10 2-3 61 Vi 10 2-3 44 14 2-3 2tt 14 14 2-3 2-3 63'/, 14 3-3 69/5 14 3-3 75'/, 14 3-3 82 14 4-3 Wi59 14 2-4 16 3-4 76 16 3-4 84/2 18 3-4 93 18 4-4 101/2 18 4-4 110 18 4-4 118/2 18 4-4 127 18 4-4 SP** > i-t-S fi g.&S V< A 1 z "3 yB E hv 3* P ?! o ad T<J 6x12 8x12 8x12 12x12 12x12 1890 W-M 2-3 600 450 2230 W-l-5 2-3 813 615 2580 W-l-6 2-3 1035 760 2950 W-l-7 2-3 3300 W-l-8 2-3 1247 1450 945 mo 12x12 12x12 12x16 12x16 16x16 16x16 16x16 ' 3820 4290 4690 5100 5510 5930 6350 W-2-5 W-2-6 W-2-7 W-2-8 W-2-9 W-2-J0 W-2-11 2-4 1852 2-4 2356 2-4 2856 2-4 3370 2-4 .3890 2-4 4414 2-4 4934 1343 1739 2135 2537 2964 3422 3969 16x16 16x16 16x20 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x24 20x24 20x24 7150 8310 9500 10650 11840 13000 14150 15320 16590 W-3-6. 2-5 W-3-7 3-5 W-3-8 3-5 W-3-9 3-5 W-3-10 .3-5 W-3-U 3-5 W-3-12 3-5 W-3-13 3-5 W-3-14 3-5 2907 3952 4456 5300 6236 6962 7631 8361 9057 2475 3155 3895 4700 5341 5969 6530 7126 7740 length includes Smoke Box. .. ` Equipment.--Each steam boiler is equipped with a full set steam trimmings, a pressure regulator and a complete set of firing and cleaning tools. Instruction boob for erecting and operating accompany each boiler. Each water boiler is equipped with a.thermometer, a water temperature regulator and a complete set of firing and cleaning tools. Instruction books for erecting and operating accompany each boiler. "When domestic hot water supply tank is to be heated by beating boiler add to actual load 2 sq. ft. for each gallon of tank capacity on a steam iob. and 3 bq. ft. for each gallon on a hot water job. ' Boilers Monitor Boiler Company 1505 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. Monco Fire Tube Steel Heating Boilers, Coil Steel Heating Boilers and Water Heaters for Coal and Oil Burning Monco Fire Tube Steel Heating Boilers are electrically welded and are designed according to the Code of the A. S. M. E. covering welded boilers and are constructed for a maximum working pressure of 15 lb. steam and 30 lb. water. All Boilers are constructed under the direct supervision of a Certified Insurance Inspector and are tested and stamped by this inspector before shipment. The following are some of the out standing features: Arched self-cleaning crown sheet. Large combustion chamber. Unrestricted circulation of water. Low water line. Large amount of direct heating surface. Long three-pass fire travel. Ratings are based on a standard for steam of 2 lb. pressure at the boiler and for water on a mean temperature of 180 deg as the water leaves the boiler. Any Monco Fire Tube Steel Heating Boiler will carry its full-rated load in direct radiation or equivalent, if sufficient radiation is in stalled to heat the building to 70 deg. fahr. The standard equipment for coal burn ing boilers includes all castings as shown on boiler, heavy steel base and shaking grates. Standard steam trimmings in clude damper regulator, steam gauge with syphon, water column with gauge' cocks and water glass, safety valve, tube, brush and firing tools. No trimmings furnished with hot water boilers. - Monco Fire Tube Steel Heating Boiler for Coal and Oil Burning Monitor Boiler Company Boilers Monco Fire Tube . Coal and' Oil Burning Boilers Steam Specifications Catalog Number Steam Rating Shipping Weight Approx. One Boiler Coal or Oil *1 wo Boilers Coal or Oil Coal or Oil Grate Area, Sq.Ft. Heating Surface Diam. , Smoke Breach's | Diam | Stack 1Inches M in .H t. Stack Feet ' Diam. Smoke Breach's 1Diam. Stack I Inches Min.Ht- Stack Feet Size 1 Steam Outlet , Size Return Safety Valve No.-Size Covering Required Sq. Ft. Coal Oil Coal Oil Coal Oil 3012 1200 1375 2700 2050 6.5 - 97 18 3022 1450 1670 3100 2400 7.0 123 18 VI37 1700 1950 3500 2750 7.5 148 18 4012 MOO 2300 4300 3500 8.0 160 20 4022 2350 2700 5000 4050 9.5 193 20 4032 4042 2700 3)00 3200 3675 5600 6600 4600 10.0 5400 12.0 225 264 20 22 4052 3800 4350 7500 6100 14.0 310 22 4062 4712 4400 5000 5000 5700 8200 8450 6600 16.0 6750 17.0 356 . 22 383 24 4722 5600 6300 9200 7350 18.5 439 24 4732 6200 7100 9920 7920 20.0 4% 24 5512 7850 9000 12600 10350 22.5 604 26 5522 8700 9700 13500 11050 24.5 673 26 5532 9600 11000 14200 11550 7.6.5 742 26 6512 11000 12750 16600 13800 28.0 829 28 6522 12200 14000 17675 14675 30.0 925 28 6532 13500 15500 18400 15250 31.5 1020 28 7412 18000 20700 24000 20350 36.5 1332 30 7422 19800 22700 25000 21050 39.5 1471 30 7431 7432 121700 25000 25400 21300 41.0 1610 30 16 50 24 22 16 55 24 22 16 55 24 22 18 50 26 24 18 55 26 24 18 55 26 24 20 55 28 26 20 60 28 26 20 65 28 26 22 60 34 32 22 65. 34 32 22 70 34 32 24 . 65 36 34 24 70 36 34 24 75 36 34 26 70 38 36 26 75 38 36 26 80 38 36 28 75 42 40 28 80 42 40 28 85 42 40 55 60 65 55 60 65 60 65 70 65 70 75 70 75 60 75 80 85 80 85 90 5 2-2V, i-iv. 50 5 if'1 M'/. 58 6 2-3 I-I'A 65 6 2-3 !-!'/> 85 6 2-3 i- A 95 6 2-3 i-i'A 104 6 2-3 1-2 105 6 2-3 1-2 112 6 2-3 l-2'A 120 8 2-4 1-2'A 125 8 . 2-4 1-2'A 130 8 2-4 1-3 135 8 2-4 1-3 159 8 2-4 1-3 174 8 2-4 1.31/2 190 10 2-5 192 10 2-5 2-2'A 210 10 2-5 2-3 228 10 2-5 2-3 235 10 2-5 2-3'/, 250 10 2-5 2-i'A 265 Height Water Line--see FF in table below. Height Boiler--see C in table below. Length Boiler--see BB in table below. Width gQjjgj._^ A in table below. To figure ratings of hot water boilers add 60 per cent to steam rating. . Measurements of Monco Fire Tube Boilers JNumber of. Boiler Width of Boiler Width of Baae Length of Boiler Overall Height of Boiler Height of Base Floor . to Center of Smoke Connection Floor to Bottom of Water Gauge Height of Water Line Diameter of Smoke Connection . .Depth of Front Smoke Hood Location of . Water Column Location Safety Valve Distance Between Safety Valves Distance from Safety Valve to Steam Outlet Location Steam Outlet Width of Ashpit Width of Foundation Foundation Dimensions. Foundation Dimensions Foundation Dimensions Length of Foundation Location of Returns Location of Returns U CQ5 'o je. 60 J A AA B BB C D E F FF G H 1 j K L M N O P Q R S T U 301* 30 302* 30 303* 30 401* 40 402* 40 403* 40 404* 40 30 62 30 74 30 86 51Vz 621/2 12 49'/, 52 63/2 751/2 Sg 12 12 49'/, 49'/, 52 52 % 18 18 8 8 & 18 8 40 40 2* 64 76 69 69 >2 12 3* 56'/, 56'A 59 20 10 20 10 40 100>/2 88 69 12 & 56'A 59 20 10 40 9l'/2 78 80 12 66I/2 69 22 11 6 fy 6 6 I3'A 6 12 6 14 6 16 6 12 12 26 22 38 12 32 22 38 18 38 22 38 12 34 32 48 16 40 32 48 20 46 32 48 18 n 32 48 8 8 32 32 `91/2 59'A lift 71'A 9 9 8 32 2P/2 83V, 11% 9 15 17 18 HJ/ 9 15 *25 22 84 "V. 9 15 33 26 96 11% 9 15 41 8 86 O'/, 9 405* 40 40. 103'/, .90 80 12 62 66'A 69 406* 40 40 115'/, 102 471* 47 47 103/2 90 80 84 12 62 12 63 % 69 71 472* 47 47 115V, 102 84 12 63 68>A 71 473* 47 47 I27VS 114 . 84 . 12 63 68V, 71 22 11 22 11 24 II 24 1! 24 11 6 16 6 24 6 16 6 24 6 28 20 48 32 48 20 52 32 48 20 48 39 55 20 52 39 55 20 60 39 55 15 49 12 98 15 57 16 110 l. 18 18 38 20 46 24 98 no m 9'/, 18 54 28 122 12% 9V, 551* 55 55 127V. 114 89 12 68 . 72'A 75 26 11'/. 6 30 552* 55 55 139V. 126 89 12 68 72>A 75 26 11% 6 32 18 60 47 63 22 66 47 63 18 18 46 36 54 40 122 134 12V, 8 12% 553* 55 55 151% 138 89 651* 64>/2 64>A 1321/. 1171/z 104 652* 64>/i Mi/2 144V. 1291/4 104 653* 64Vi 64|/, 1561/4 1411/2 104 741* 73$ 144'/, 1291/2 122 12 15 68 8P/2 7%2'A 75 89 15 8IV2 89 15 8II/2 89 15 89'/# 102 26 H,/4 6 38 28 12'/4 6 33/? 22 72 47 63 18 62 44 146 12% 8% 15 63 56'A 72/2 18 54 31'A 1251/z 145/, 11'/. A28 12'/4 28 12'/* 30 121/* 6 36$ \2 6 % 12 6 12 18 27 18 57 721/2 18 57 721/2 18 57 65/2 81 '/2 18 62 62 35'A 47$ 1371/2 149$ !$: 11V. 62 351/2 137$ 14% 742* 73$ 156'/, 1411/2 122 743* 731/2 73'A 1681/4 1531/? 122 15 15 89Vg 89ya 5g 102 102 30 121/4 6 39/2 12 27 57 65V, 81/2 18 70 39A l49'/2 14% 10% 30 12'/. 6 42/2 15 30 60 S5'A 81 $ 18 70 511/z I6P/2 14% 10% Numbers of alt Monco Fire Tube Boilere, Coal and Oil Burning, begin with these three numerals. 597 Boilers and Radiators National Radiator Corporation General Offices: Johnstown, Pa. Branch Offices and Warehouses Baltimore2622 Matthews Street Boston..........................................93-97 Oliver Street Buffalo..................................................J259 Delaware Avenue Chicago........................2445 North Keeler Avenue Cincinnati....... ............ 3530 Spring Grove Avenue Cleveland.....................935 East Sixty-third Street DetroitSuite903, Fisher Building Indianapolis...................... _.431 W. Georgia Street Johnstown.._______________________,,221 Central Avenue Milwaukee___ --2003 St. Paul Avenue New York55 West Forty-second Street Omaha___________________ ___ 1101 Jackson Street Philadelphia121 North Broad Street Pittsburgh.;............................. 1509 Arrott Building Richmond............ ...................... 3032 Norfolk Street St.' Louis1042 Central Industrial Street Washington, D. C________2205 Fifth Street, N.E. . .Manufacturers of National Aero Radiators and Panel Radiators, National Bonded Round Boilers, Jacketed Boilers, Super-Smokeless Boilers, Imperial Sectional Boilers, Low Water. Line Boilers, Gontento Boilers and Gas Boilers National Aero Radiation Style-- Steam or Water Distance . from Floor to Center of Top Tapping Height in Square Feet p Section 3 TubeWidth of Section . 5'/.' 4 Tube-- Width of Section 6%' 5 TubeWidth of Section 8%' 6 Tube-- Width of Section 9* 7 Tube-- Width of Section 12* 3J% 27% 23% 20% 17% 33% 27% 23% 20% 17% 33% 27% 23% 20% 17% 35% 29% 3K 17% 33% 27% 23% 17% 14% n% 36 30 26 23 20 36 30 26 23 20 36 30 26 23 20 38 32 26 23 20 36 30 26 20 16% 13% 3% 22* 1% 4% ft ft 5 Five-Tube Radiator 3% 3 2H 6 5 4 3Vi 3 6% 5% 4% IK 3 2% Floor to center bottom tapping--4j* in., ex- Legless Radiator cepting 13J^ in. and 16* in.7 Tube whichia 3in. . National Aero Wall Radiation Sections. ' . Number 7A 9A . 7B 9B Height Inches 13* 1336 21% 29* Length or Center to Center Sq.* Ft. Per Width--Inches Tappings--Inches Section 21% 2936 1336 13* 996 996 18% 25% 7 9 7 9 Wall Radiator Thickness of sections--2J$ in. 7Aand9A--horizontal sections. 7B and 9B--vertical sections. . ' National Panel Radiators are described and illustrated on page 774 ' * 598 Mntinnal Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators National Bonded Jacketed Square Boilers jacketed attractively for eye-appeal, the National Jacketed Boiler's chief claim to esteem is in its demonstrated quality. Quality built-in, hidden away, but expressing itself in outstanding efficiency, and upstanding service. Large grates, deep fire box, properly proportioned combustion chamber, long fire travel, finite to make this boiler easily fired, easy on fuel. Engineering Steam -3- Water Chimney - Steam Boiler No. Avail able Output Rating Bonded Direct C.I. Radia tion Sq. Ft. JSeries--tfeight 2-S-4 2-S-5 2-S-6 2-S-7 of Waia 400 575 750 925 2-S-8 1,100 2-S-9 1,275 3 Series--l feight of Wa er 3-S-5 900 3-S-6 1,100 3-S-7 1,300 1,500 Line, 4b" 200 300 400 500 600 675 Line. 41". 450 550 650 750 4-S-5 4-5-6 4-S-7 4-5-8 height of Wa a. Lint. 49" 1,475 600 1,800 800 2,125 1,000 2.450 1,200 Ill's 1.400 Water Boiler No. . Avail able Output Rating Sq. Ft. Height/'bw Outlet 2-W-4 675 2-W-5 950 2-W-6 1,250 2-W-7 1.550 2-W-8 1,850 2-W-9 2,150 Height J "low Outlet, 3-W-5 1.500 3-W-6 1,850 3-W-7 2,200 3-W-8 2.550 Height F bu> Outlet, 5. 4-W-5 2,400 4-W-6 2,900 4-W-7 3.500 4-W-8 4,000 4-W-9 4.500 bonded Direct Cl. Radia tion Sq. FL Grate Area Sq.Ft. b". Width ttf Base. 25 330 1:5 495 2.<T 660 2.5 825 3.0 990 3.5 1,110 4.0 4". Width f Base, 3C 740 3.12 905 3.91 1,070 4.70 1,235 5.4? V/. Width d Base. 3> 990 4.78 1,320 5*95 1,650 7.12 1,980 8.29 2,310 9.46 Base Dimensions In. Number Outlets, Sizes In. Site Smoke Pipe. 9. 253A*!7/4 m m 2-2'A 25%3o 25%.34% 2-2'/i 3-2<A 253^38% 3-2/2 A'. Size Smote Pipe, 10". 30%*27% 2-3 39/^33% _ 2-3 3-3 . 3-3 Yt". Size Smoke Pipe. 12" 385/8*32* 2-4 3834*39* 2-4 385/546* 3-4 3854*53* 3-4 385/5*60* 3-4 1 Area In. 8x8 8x8 8x8 8x12 8x12 8x12 8x12 8x12 8x12 8x12 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x16 1 Height Ft. 30 30 30 35 35 35 35 35 35 40 30 35 35 40 45 listed as a means of comparison with simitarly rated boilers. National Bonded Novus Sectional Boilers Standard for almost twenty years, the Novus Boiier has been con sistently renowned for honesty of rating, and reliability of per formance. This comprehensive National Novus Line provides a time-tried unit for steam, hot water, or vapor systems in a variety of applications ranging from the smallest home to the largest building. Steam Boiler No. Steam Avail able Output Rating Sq. Ft. Bonded Direct C.l. Radia tion Sq. Ft. Water Boiler No. Water Bonded Avail Direct able C. i. Output RadiaRating tion Sq. Ft. Sq.Ft. 'IGrate Area Sq. Ft. Length Length Sections Number Sections and Outlets. Only Smoke Sizes In. ' Box In. In. Chimney . |Boiler Covering Area Height Sq. Ft. In. Ft. Surface 2D- 5-S 2200-- 67--S5 20- 8-S 900 1,100 1.300 1,500 450 20-5-W <1,500 550 650 20-6-W 20-7-W i2l,,280500 750 20-5-W 2,550 740 905 1,070 1,235 3.12 3.91 4.70 5.49 27* 33* 39* 44* 40* 46* 52* 58* 2-3 8x12 2-3 8x12 3-3 8x12 3-3 8x12 28 32 36 40 ioiy*25- 5-S 1,475 25- 6-S 1,800 25- 7-S 2,125 25- 65 2.450 25- 97--S0 | 2,775 48 Series--Height of 48- 6-S 7,500 48- 7-S 9,000 48- 8-S JO.500 48- 9-S 12.000 48-IO-S 13,500 48-1 l-S 15,000 600 2S-5-W 2,400 990 800 25-6-W 1,000 25-7-W 2,900 3.500 : 1.320 1,650 1,200 25-8-W 4.000 1,980 1I ,,140W0 | w25-/9--W , 4,500 , 2,310 Water Line, 68". 3,500 Height Fbiff Outlet. 12,100 ` 5',7--50 4,200 48-7-W 14.500 6,900 4,900 48-8-W 17.000 8.050 5,600 48-9-W 19,300 9,200 6,300 48-10-W 21,700 10,350 7,000 48-1LW 24,100 11,500 4.78 32* 49* 2-4 5.95 39* 56* 2-4 7.12 46* 62*- 3-4* 8.29 53* 69* *3-4 9.46 59* 76* *3-4 10*. Width i 1i77.77C5 i 21.30 24.85 28.40 oe5W89f 00Sa9>Vxe/A//act^g.t-viMon1n.*'677897R98W"333./4//8ee-"S*-J: iUi-''S27233m-.----66o666b 31.95 35.50 111% 130% 3-6 4-6 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x16 fig*,J?. I 20x20 I 20x24 24x24 24x28, 24x28. 28x28 39 45 51 57 63 110 125 139 153 167 162 listed as a means of comparison with similarly rated boilers. - tSquare feet of exterior boUer'surface. Approximate number of pounds o! covering per boiler section, 20 series, 50 lb. 25 series, 60 lb.; 48 series, 67 lb. fGrate Area measured at Grate Level. . 599 r. National Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators National Bonded Super-Smokeless Boiler Distinguished for its swirling scarlet flame, this boiler is scientifically designed for the efficient and smokeless combustion of all grades of fuel. The green coal cokes on the front of the grate-- the distilled gases pass back to unite with pre heated, proportioned, finely divided, and fully distributed secondary air, and are completely consumed. i| - Steam Water Length Chimney li !j Steam ' Boiler No. Avail able Output Rating Sq. Ft. Bonded Direct C. I. Radia- . tion Sq. Ft. Water Boiler No. Avail able . Output Rating Sq.Ft. Bonded Direct C.I. Radia tion Sq.Ft. Crate Area Sq. Ft. Length Sections Number {Boiler Sections and Outlets, Covering Only Smoke Sizes Area Height Sq. Ft. In. Box In. Ft. Surface In. 24 Series--Height of Water Line. 45W- Height Fbw Outlet, 54". Width of Section. 3P/2*. Size Smoke Pipe, 14*. S-245 S-246 S-247 S-248 S-249 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 700 925 1,150 1,375 1,600 W-245 W-246 W-247 W-248 W-249 2,600 3,250 3,900 4,550 5,200 1,155 1,525 1,900 2,270 2,640 5.00 6.25 7.50 180..7050 37'/, 4535V'/?$ 62 70'/, S* 631/4 71'/? 79% 1-4 12x12 40 2-4 13x13 40 2-4 13x13 45 2-4 14x14 50 3-4 14x14 55 33 Series--Height of Water Line, 53*. Height Flow, 64i/z'. Width of Section. 47*. Size Smoke Pipe, 16' S-335 2,900 1,300 W-335 4,650 2,150 7.32 371/4 47J/, 1-5 14x14 40 S-336 S-337 S-338 3,600 4,300 5,000 1,650 2,000 W-336 W-337 2,350 W-338 5,800 6,950 8,100 2,725 3,300 3,875 9.10 10.67 12.65 62 56 6840%^4 2-5 15x15 40 2-5 16x16 40 2-5 16x16 50 S-339 S-33IO 5,700 6,400 2,700 W-339 9,250 3,050 W-3310 3,400 4,450 5,025 14.42 16.20 7780%% 3-5 18x18 50 3-5 18x16 55 40 Series--Height of Water Line, 57". Height Flow Outlet, 69". Width of Sediton, 5J7/'x//2i".. Size Smoke Pipe, 20". S-406 S-407 S-408 S-409 S-4010 S-4011 S-4012 S-4013 S-4014 56..220000 78..220000 190..220000 11,200 12,200 13.000 2.300 2,800 3.300 3.800 4.300 4.800 5.300 5.800 6.300 W-406 W-407 W-408 W-409 W-4010 W-4011 W-4012 W-4013 W-4014 8.300 9.900 11.500 13.100 14.700 16.300 17.900 19.500 20,800 3,795 4,620 5,445 6,270 7,095 7,920 8,745 9,570 10,395 12.03 14.38 16.73 19.08 21.43 23.77 21.43 21.43 23.77 45% * 70% 7% & 103% 111% 55% 65 721/4 88081%/2 97 1051/4 lift 2-5 16x16 50 3-5 18x16 50 3-5 18x18 55 3-5 20x20 55 3-5 20x20 60 3-5 21x21 60 4-5 22x22 65 4-5 22x22 70 4-5 23x23 75 S-4015 13.800 6.800 W-4015 22.100 11,220 23.77 119% 130 4-5 23x23 75 S-40I6 14.600 7.300 W-4016 23,400 12,045 23.77 128 138% 4-5 24x24 80 S40I7 15.400 7,800 W-4017 24.700 12,870 23.77 136% 146% 4-5 24x24 80 S-4018 16,200 8.300 W-4018 26.000 13,695 23.77 1543/, 4-5 25x25 80 S-4019t 17.000 8,700 W-40W 27.300 14,355 23.77 163 5-5 25x25 85 S-4020t 17.600 S-4021t 18,200 S-40Z2f 18.800 S-4023f 19.400 S-4024f 20.000 9,100 9,500 9,900 10.300 10,700 W-4020f 28,200 W-4021t 29.200 W-4022f 30.200 W-4023t 31.200 W-4024f 32.200 15,015 15,675 16,335 16,995 17,655 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 161 169/4 P194 171% :sg 196 204% 5-5 5-5 25x25 25x25 19000 6-5 6-5 6-5 26x26 27x27 27x27 111000000 _ 34 42 50 58 * 64 42 51 60 69 78 87 , 6560 76 s 86 96 106 116 .126 136 . 146 156 166 176 186 . 196 206 216 226. 236 National Bonded Imperial Sectional Boilers 32 Series--Height of Water Line. 53". Height of Top Outlet, 64*A". Width of Section, 47". Size Smoke Pipe, 16". S-532 2,900 1,200 W-532 4,650 1,980 7.32 l 37% 17% 2-5 14x1^ 40 S-632 3.600 1,500 W-632 5,800 2,475 9.10 45% 56 2-5 15x15 40 S-732 4,300 1,800 W-732 6,950 2.970 10.87 53% 64% 2-5 16x16 40 S-832 5,000 2,100 W-832 8,100 3,465 12.65 62 72% 2-5 16x16 50 S-932 5,700 2,400 W-932 9,250 3,960 14.42 70% 80% 3-5 18x18 50 42 Series--Height of Water Line, 57". height of * op Outlet, 69'. Width of Section. 5TA" . Size Smoke Pipe. 20". S-642 S-742 5,200 2,200 W-642 6.200 2,700 W-742 8,300 3,625 12.03 45% 9,900 4,450 14.38 53% 55% 65 2-5 16x16 50 2-5. 18x18 50 S-842 7.200 3,200 W-842 11,500 5,275 16.73 62 721% 3-5 18x18 55 S-942 8,200 3,700 W-942 13,100 6,100 19.08 70% 80% 3-5 20x20 55 S-1042 9,200 4,200 W-1042 14,700 6,925 21.43 78% 3-5 20x20 60- ' S-1142 10,200 4,700 W-1142 16,300 7,750 23.77 86% 97 3-5 21x21 60 S-1242 11,200 5,100 W-1242 17,900 8,400 26.12** 95 105% 4-5 22x22 65 S-1342 12.200 5,500 W-1342 19,500 9,050 28.47* 103% 113% 4-5 22x22 70 S-1442 13,000 5,900 W-1442 20,800 9,700 30.82* m% 121% 4-5 23x23 75 S-1542 13,800 6,300 W-1542 22,100 10,350 33.17* 119% 130 4-5 23x23 75 S-1642 14,600 6,700 W-1642 23,400 11,000 35.52* 128 138%. 4-5 24x24 80 42 51 60 *69 78 . 56 66 76 66 96 106 116 126 136 146 156 Maximum grate' area which can be furnished. Unless otherwise ordered these sizes are shipped with 10 grate bars having a grate area of 23.77 sq. ft. "Shipped with 9 grate bars having area of 21.43 sq. ft. ." . {Square feet of exterior boiler surface. Approximate number of pounds of covering per boiler section, 24 series, 50 lb.; 32 and 33 series, 60 lb.; 40 and 42 series, 67 lb. . ` '. tRecommended only for oil burning on ordinary stack. .. 600 Newport Boiler Company General Offices: 529 S. Franklin St., Chicago Boilers MAGAZINE FEED OIL BURNING Distributors--'All Principal^itig^Jnit^_Statg^od_Ca^^^ . . This boiler cuts fuel bills from 30 to 50 per cent burning No. 1 Buckwheat coal ``Newport*'---alone, provides these Heater essentials: Coaling only necessary from once a day to once a week, depending upon Convenienc--e-- the weather. It is therefore the Home Owner s choice. "Newport" combustion is complete, conforming to all the laws of science. teconomy Saves from $5 to $7 per ton, burning No. 1 Buckwheat coal. f j t _ ..__ n______ is provided by the never varying thickness of the fuel bed, that Uniform tiCC t supplies heat for every nook and corner, automatically controlled, aj m the patented, adjustable throat, which is water cooled, insures NEWPORT COAL BURNING BOILERS Boiler Number Steam Rating Square Feet Maximum Direct Radiation Load Boiler Number Water Rating Square Feet Maximum Direct Radiation Load Length Overall Width Overall STEAM S-6 q_7 S-8 S-55 S-77 S-88 S-99 s-ioio s-im 594 750 907 1063 1219 1375 1688 2000 2313 2625 2938 3250 * . 340 430 518 607 696 786 965 1143 1322 1500 1679 1856 W-4 W-5 W-6 W-7 W-8 W-55 W-66 W-77 W-88 W-99 W-1010 W-I1I1 WATER 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2282 2782 3313 3813 4313 4813 5313 572 714 857 1000 1143 1304 1590 1893 2179 2464 2749 3035 30%' 36%' 42%' 49* 55%' 44' 50%' 56%' 62%' 69* ty/e1 81%' 32' 32' 32' 32' 32' 56' 56' 56' 56' 56' 56' Chimney Flue . Size ' Height Inches Feet 8x 12 8x 12 8* 12 12x12 12x 12 12x12 12x 16 12x16 16x 16 16 x 16 18x18 18 x 18 35 35 40 40 45 40 45 . 45 50 50 50. 55 NEWPORT OIL BURNING BOILERS O-S-4 O-S-5 O-S-6 O-S-7. O-S-8 O-S-55 O-S-66 O-S-77 O-S-88 O-S-99 O-S-I0I0 O-S-llll 594 750 907 1063 1219 1375 1688 2000 2313 2625 2938 3250 340 430 518 607 696 786 . 965 1143 1322 1500 1679 1858 O-W-4 O-W-5 O-W-6 O-W-7 O-W-8 O-W-55 O-W-66 O-W-77 O-W-88 O-W-99 o^w-ioio O-W-llll 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2282 2782 3313 3813 4313 4813 5313 572 714 . 857 1000 1143 1304 1590 1893 2179 2464 2749 3035 30%' 36%' 42%' 49* 55%' 44' 50%' 56%' 62%' 69* 75%' 81%' 32' 32' 32' 32' 32' 56' 56' 56' 56' 56' 56' 56' 8x 12 8x12 8x12 12x12 12x12 12x12 12 x 16' 12x 16 16x16 16x16 18x 18 18x18 35 . 35 40 40 45 40 45 45 50 50 50 ^ 55 The "Maximum Direct Radiation Load" is the maximum actual amount of square feet of or its equivalent that we recommend be attached to boiler. This amount provides a "fj??? for average conditions, to take care of the load impoeed by mams, nsers, etebut does not provide an aUoTOnceforthe of water for domestic use, or any extra load where attached radiation will condense more than 0.25 (34) lb. of steam, per square foot per hour. The water line on all Steam Boilers is 40)4 ln- Height overall Coal Boilers 62 in. Oil Boilers 48H m- 601 OiiCmr Boiler Works Oil <Uity Alba .vt, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore, Ml. Boston, Mass. CHARLOTTE, N. C. Chicago, III. Branch Offices Cleveland, Ohio . Cincinnati, Ohio Detroit, Mich. Fort Worth, Texas Indianapolis, Ind. Knoxville, Tbnn. Los Angeles, Calip. Memphis, Tenn. New Yorx, N. Y. Pittssurgh, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Richmond, Va. San Antonio, Texas Shreveport, La. Tulsa, Okla. Toronto, Canada Oil City Boiler Works Boilers "Oil City" Smokeless Boiler "OIL CITY" low pressure boilers both riveted and welded types are offered to the trade as the last word in "Heating Economy and Reliability;" comprising in one com pletely assembled unit all the necessary elements of a modern plant for steam or hot water Heating. These boilers are especially adapted for Schools, Office Buildings, Hotels, Churches, Hospitals, Theatres and Club Houses or for any purpose where the service of a universally recognized fire box boiler of high merit is desired. "OIL CITY" boilers are designed andconstructed to meet all the requirements of modern engineering practices as for mulated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the boiler law's of the various states and cities and are backed by over 50 years of successful practical experience. Description--"OIL CITY " boilers are built in smokeless and straight draft types both riveted and welded for portable and brick settings. Riveted boilers can be furnished with cast iron base ready for setting on foundations. Welded boilers are equipped with an all steel base ready to receive the boiler thereby eliminating all brickwork. These boilers are constructed with large fire boxes thereby insuring ample com bustion space in which the heat-giving gases and air can thoroughly mix and burn before entering the tubes. The arrangement of tubes in relation to the shell allows free circulation of water at all times, and together with a liberal steam Type " X" Welded Boiler space insures an adequate constant supply of dry steam and a steady water level. . Ratings--Ratings are very conserva tive, Only such parts of the boiler coming in contact with the passage of hot.gases on one side and havingwateron the other being considered as effective heating surface. \ Equipment--Equipment with all boilers includes, in addition to a complete set of sectional shaking grates suitable to the type of coal used, all necessary castings, safety valves, steam gauge, water column; baffle arch or tile, etc., as may be required for a complete installation. Oil-Fired--Where oil is to be used exclusively we strongly recommend our Series 1900 Portable Return Tubular Fire Box Oil Burning Boiler where a riveted boiler is desired and when a welded boiler is to be employed we recommend' either our "Type" "X" or "Type" "W" three pass boiler all of which have an exception ally large fire box which is essential.for the proper combustion of oil fuel. Every "OIL CITY" boiler bears the official stamp of the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code as well as that of the boiler insurance inspector who supervises the construction of the boiler in our shops. At a small increase in cost "OIL CITY " ' boilers are furnished, braced and stayed for a safe working pressure of 100 or 125 lb. Complete specifications and measurements can be obtained by writing for circulars. 602 A self-contained unit possible of high efficiency and high ratings which can be fired smokelessly using low grades of bituminous coal. Automatic regulation may be applied eliminating entirely the human element in firing. It has the approval of Smoke Abatement Bureaus of several of our large cities. One of the special features of this boiler is the manner in which it has been designed to accommodate a stoker, keeping it sur rounded by the water walls of the fire box with the water leg ring well below the combustion zone. The cut-out front used in this construction eliminates the neces sity of using a special high refractory brick wall around the setting and its sub sequent maintenance which is necessary to protect the water leg ring from the direct heat of combustion as is required with the ordinary type of fire-box boiler. In addi tion the elimination of this refractory wall leaves an exceptionally large free grate area. The length and width of the furnace are so proportioned to afford ample grate surface and together with the exceptionally high crown sheet make possible constant opera tion at high overloads. Actual tests have shown that 150 per cent ratings and higher can easily be maintained without seriously effecting the efficiency. The water space surrounding the fire box has been considerably increased so as to bring to this high temperature zone a relatively larger volume of water than is found in boilers of this type. This] factor not only improves the water circulation around this area of high heat concentra tion but also permits of a more quiet liberation of steam which in turn results in a steadier, water line especially under forced conditions. The furnace' doors, rear* doors and smoke-box doors are of a special grooved construction, machined and asbestos packed to prevent leakage or air. infiltra tion at the joints. -- The "STOKER-UNIT" Boiler is made in sizes ranging from 75 to 300 h.p. and for working pressures from 15 to 125 lb., all in strict compliance with the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. The low pressure or 15 lb. boilers are built either riveted or welded as specified. Boilers Pacific Steel Boiler Corporation Manufacturers of . Pacific Steel Heating Boilers, Pacific Circulating Tanks Waukegan, Illinois and Bristol, Pennsylvania PACIFIC STEEL HEATING BOILERS Far Safi or Hard Coal, Gas or Wood ' Pacific Steel Heating Boilers are built lor steam or hot water heating using soft coal, hard coal, oil, gas, or wood as fuel. They are constructed of steel accord ing to the A. S. M. E. Code for building low pressure steel heating boilers. Every joint and seam in the Pacific is electrically welded and each' boiler is built and tested to a pressure many times its normal working pressure' un der the supervision of an inspector stationed in our plant by one of the largest insurance companies. - Because of the compact design. Pacific Boilers often save from 25 to 40. per cent of the boiler room floor space required by other steel firebox boilers, (see dimensions given on opposite page). \ The catalog ratings on Pacific Boilers are based on heating surface with steam at 2 lb. gauge pressure, hot water at 180 deg. at boiler. Any Pacific Boiler will carry its full rated load fn direct cast iron radiation. Extra capa city must be allowed for exposed piping, storage tank, pipe coils or indirect radiators and for buildings where normal temperatures below 70 deg. fahr. are to be maintained. For Burning Oil 604 Catalogue | Number | Net Rating jj Pacific Steel Boiler Corporation Boilers PACIFIC SMOKELESS BOILERS Size of Return, || Inches | [1| 1Heating Surface, Square Feet Diameter Smoke Connec. Inches | Diameter Stack Inches 11 Minimum Height Stack. Feet 11 ti X 6608 1400 61 6609 1650 61 6610 1900 61 6611 2150 6t 6612 2400 61 66)3 2800 68Vi 6614 3400 68</i 6615 4000 681/2. 614 4500 6&/t 615 616 5000 5500 SB 617 5800 75'/z 618 6500 82'A 619 7500 82'A 620 8500 82'A 621 9000 89/, 622 10000 89'A 623 12000 99'A 624 14000 99'A 625 15500 106 626 18000 106 627 20500 106 628 22000 119 629 25000 119 630 28000 119 14 14 14 14 14 17 17 17 16 18 18 18 24 24 24 26 26 30 30 32 32 32 36 36 36 13 55 13 55 13 55 13 60 13 60 16 60 16 60 16 60 17 60 17 60 17 65 17 65 22 65 22 70 22 70 24 70 24 75 28 75 28 75 30 85 30 85 30 90 33 100 33 too 33 100 <5 a 6.5 131.4 5 3 6.5 149.0 5 3 7.3 166.6 5 3 8.1 184.2 5 3 9.0 201.8 5 3 10.2 232.6 6 3 11.1 283.2 6 3 12.0 333.6 6 3 12.70 372.0 6 3 12.07 392.0 6 3 13.10 425.0 6 3 15.15 457.6 6 3 16.42 508.5 8 4 18.63 594.8 8 4 20.00 637.5 8 4 19.11 708.7 8 4 20.50 809.5 6 4 25.14 864.5 8 4 26.64 988.8 8 .4 32.60 1183.8 8 5 34.70 1332.9 8 5 36.80 1482.0 to 6 39.10 1583.1 10 6 41.40 1759.0 10 6 43.70 1934.9 10 6 Size of Outlet, | Inches | Length Overall 621/, 39 39 39 39 SB 39 43V, 43<A lOlg Wz. 106 49'/. 96 58 102 58 108 58 98 62'A 110 62'A 116 62'A 112% 70'/, H5B 701/5 SB IS* 86 - 139 86 131 86 1441/2 95'/2 1561/2 95*/2 I681/2 95'/2 Width Overall Length Base Height Boiler *j0C. V< s CQ -e O JS g tco I 72'/, 72'A 81'A 8liA 61A 79>A 89'A 89'/, 6%9'A % 96 106 106 1171/. Il7y. I25*A 1253/4 125y4 140 140 140 I 36 36 12 12 4 82'A 88y2 sb as/, 36 36 36 40% 40% 40% 38 44 44 44 50'/2 50/2. 501/2 57'/2 57`/2 12 12 12 12 111222 12 -1122 12 1122 1122 64 15 100/2 64 15 100'A 112/2 SB 15 15 124'/, 83'A 15 H3'A 96/2 18 SB 96'/, 96'A 18 18 25 30 * 25 30 29 30 33 30 37 30 37 34% 41 34% 45 34% 53 32 .41 38 45 38 53 .38 -49" 57 .SB 61' 44/2 49 51'/; 53 5I'A 61 58 65 58 57. 77/2 61 65 SB 61 90'/j 65 69 90/2 901/2 ( Height Base , |j Width for Ashpit Depth for Ashpit | a Xu z * l 6 z For Pacific Direct Draft or Oil Fired Boilers use the above specification. Boilers The Wm. H. Page Boiler Go. 200 Madison Avenue, New York Boston. 123 Beverly Street Philadelphia, 1126 Washington Avenue Cleveland, Rose Building Meadville, Pa., Factory Makers of Boilers for more than 70 Years Boilers Pierce Firebox Boilers Built by AMES IRON WORKS Division of Pierce, Butler & Pierce Manufacturing Corporation OSWEGO, N. Y. Monarch Water Tube Monarch Sectional Steam and Water Boilers Rating No. Sq. FL Steam 4-22 5-22 6-22 7-22 4-28 5-28 6-28 7-28 9-28 5-40 6-40 7-40 8-40 9-40 10-40 11-40 12-40 6-60 7-60 8-60 9-60 10-60 11-60 12-60 15-60 14-60 15-60 16-60 17-60 18-60 19-60 20-60 650 1075 1300 1525 1600 2100 2600 3100 3600 4100 3400 4200 5000 5800 6600 7400 8200 9000 6600 8200 9800 11,400 13,000 14,600 16,200 17.800 19,400 21,000 22,600 24,200 25,800 27,400 29,000 Rating Sq. FL Water 1400 1775 2150 2525 ' 2650 3475 4300 5125 5950 6775 5600 6925 8250 9575 10.900 12,200 13,525 14,850 10,900 13.525 16,175 i8,aoo 21,450 24,100 26.725 29,375 32,000 34,650 37,300 39,950 42,600 45,200 47;850 {Size of Crate Inches tFull Height Width Height Width Water' Outlets Size of Area Overall Overall Overall Overall Length Line and Smoke of Grate Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inlets Sq. Ft. Steam Steam Water Water Steam Inches 22x20 22 x 26% 22 * 32% 22 * 39% 3.06 4.03 .5.00 5.98 59 59 59 59 39% 52 ' 35 27V. 41 2-3 13 39% 52 35 33% 41 2-3 13 39% 52 35 39% 41 2-3 13 39% 52 35 46% 41 2-3 13 Wt28 x 24% 4.82 70% 45% 62% 41 35V. 51 2-5 16 28*33% 6.45 45% 62% 41 43% 51 2-5 16 28 x 41% 8.07 70% 45% 62% 41 51% 51 2-5 16 28*49% 9.70 70% 45% 62% 41 60% 51 2-5 lb. m28 x 581/. 11.32 28 x 66% 12.96 45% 62% 41 69 51 2-5 16 . 45% 62% 41 77% 51 2-5 f6 40 x 33'/, 40*41% 40 * 49% 40x58% 40 x 66% 40*75 40 * 83V8 40x91% 9.20 (1.52 13.85 16.18 18.50 20.82 23.13 25.50 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 591% 72% 55 43% 58 2-5 21 59i% 72% 55 51% 58 2-5 21 59% 72% 55 60% 58 2-5 21 59% 72% 55 69 58 2-5 21 v!591% 72% 55 77% 58 2-5 21 . 59% 72% 55 85% 58 2-5 59% 72% 55 94 58 3-5 21' 59% 72% 55 101% 58 3-5 21 60x41% 17.29 81% 86% 74<% 62 51% 60 .2-6 26, . 60*49% 20.78 81% 86>% 74% 82 w% 60 2-6 26 60 x 58% 24.27 81% 86% 74% 82 69 60 2-6 26 60 x 66% 27.76 81% 86% 74% 82 77>/, 60 3-6 26 60 x 66% t3l .25 l% 86% 74% 82 85% 60 3-6 26 60*66% $34.74 81% 86% 74% 82 94 60 3-6 26- 60x75 138.22 81% 86% 74% 82 101% 60 3-6 26 60x75 $41.72 81% 86% 74% 82 110% 60 3-6 26 60x75 $45.20 81% .861% 74%. 82 118% 60 3-6 26 60 x 83% $48.69 81% 86% 74% 82 127% 60 3-6 26 60 x 83% $52.18 81% 86% 74% 82 135% 60 3-6 26 60*83% $55.67 81% 86% 74% 82 143% 60 3-6 26 60x91% $59.16 81% 861% 74% 82 152% 60 3-6 26 60*91%: $62.65 81% 86% 74% 82 160% 60 3-6 26 60x91% $66.14 81% 86>% 74% 82 168% 60 3-6 26 * Ratings, as given, are derived from tests made in accordance with the American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers' Low-Pressure Boiler Testing Code. ^ $Grate areas are for entire length of firebox, but, unless otherwise ordered, these boilers will be shipped with bridgewall section to reduce grate to length in table of dimensions above. . 606 STEEL FIREBOX HEATING BOILERS are built to comply with A.S.M.E. Code requirements Their capacities range from 2000 to 30,000 sq. ft. direct cast iron column radiation. These boilers are of riveted construction for 15, 1Q0 or 125 lb. steam pressure, or all welded construction for 15 lb. steam pressure. With plain furnace suitable for oil, gas or anthracite coal or downdraft furnace for bituminous coal. The Company has established an enviable reputation and for 75 years have been build ing High Pressure Horizontal Tubular, Portable, Locomotive, Upright and Empire Boilers as well as all types of Steam Engines. Send for Bulletins to obtain detail Specifications and Dimensions 607 V/ Boilers Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. 41 East 42nd Street, New York City Akron, Ohio Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Cleveland. Ohio Detroit. Mich. Branch Offices Dover, N.J. Forest Hills, N.Y. Jacksonville, Fla. Newark. N.J. New Haven, Conn. New London, Conn. New York, N.Y. Philadelphia. Pa. Pittsburgh. Pa. Richmond, Va. Syracuse and Oswego, N.Y. Plants Huntingdon, Pa. Roanoke, Va. * Savannah, Ga. Syracuse, N. Y. Worcester, Mass. Zanesville,`Ohio Manufacturers of Pierce American-Eastwood and Pebco-Cast Iron Heating Boilers Ames-Steel Fire Box-Horizontal Tubular--for Heating and Power. Eastwood Screw Nipple Radiation, Valves, Gauges, Thermometers :5i RATINGS AND DIMENSIONS Rating Boiler No. So. Ft. Radiation Crate Length Outlet Inlet* Area Over No. No. Steam Water Sq. Fl all Size Size Minimum Chimney Requirement 2-04 2-05 2-06 2-07 2-08 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1150 1500 1850 2200 2550 2.25 3.0 3.75 45 5.25 36'/,' 421/yr 48'/z' 54'/,' 60VS' 2-3* 2-3* 2-3* 2-3* 2-3*. 2-3* 2-3* 2-3* 2-3* 2-3* 8** 8*x 3O' 8*x 12*x30' 8*xi2*x35' 12*x I2*x35'. 12* x 12* x 35' Heights overall 54 in. Width overall 31J in. Height water line steam boilers 42H in. 3-05 1400 5-06 1800 3-07 2200 3-08 2600 3-09. 3000 3-10 3400 2350 3000 3650 4300 4950 5600 4.16 5.16 6.16 7.16 8.16 9.16 47V,' 53'/$' 59'/,' 65'/,' 71'/$' 77'/$' 2-3* 2-3* 3-3* 3-3* 4-3* 4-3* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4' 8' x 12*x35' 12* x I2*x35' 17* x 12*x40' 12* x 16*x45' 16* x 16*x45f 16* x16*x50/ Height overall 63 in. Width overall 38J5 in. Height water line steam boilers 52H in. The Eastwood Jacketed Sectional Boiler for Steam or Water A Jacketed Boiler of Modern Design. Flaming Orange Colored Steel Jacket. Air Cell Insulation. Long Fire Travel. Large Fuel Capacity. ` Efficient and Economical. Low Chimney Requirements. Burns Hard or Soft Coal, Coke. Equally Adapted for Oil or Gas. i 608 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Boilers and Radiators The Eastwood Screw Nipple Radiator Harmonious in Design. Rugged in Construction. High in Heating Effect. RATINGS AND DIMENSIONS Style 3 Tube High 38 32 26 20 Sq. Ft. m 3 i3/. Height Floor to Center Bottom Tap 4'/,' 4V$' 4'/z' 4'/r Top Tap 36'/,' 30V," 24'/,' 18'/,' Width of section SH in- Length 2H in. 4 Tube 38 32 26 20 4V, 3'A 2y* 2'/, s? t 36'/,' 30'/.' 24'/,' 18'/,' Width of section 7 in. Length 2H in. 38 5 4'/z' 36>/,' 32 26 4K 3'/z 4'/z' 30'/,' 4`/z 24/,' 22 3 4'/r' 20'/,' 20 2M 4'/z" I8>/,' Width of section %% in. Length 2K in. 38 7'/z 4'/z' 36'/,' 32 6'/, W . 30'/,' 7 Tube 26 22 5 4 4'/,' 4'/$' 24'/,' 2C/,' 17 3 4'/z' 15'/,' 14 2'/z 4'/z" 12'/,' Width of section 12H in. Length 3 in. The Pierce-Pebco- . Jacketed Round Boiler Flaming Orange Colored Steel Jacket. Air Cell Insulation. Three Piece Construction. No Excessively Heavy ' Parts. Practical and Efficient. RATING AND DIMENSIONS Ratings No. Sq. Fl Grate Area No. Size No. Size Chimney Required Steam Water 18 20 22 450 600 750 750 1000 1250 1.77. 2.18 2.64 l-2'/z' 2-2'/?' 1-3* 2-2'/$' 1-3* 2-2'/z 8* x 8* x 30' 8'x8'z30/ 8* x 6* x 35' Water line steam boilers 39H in. Height overall--all sizes 45 in. 609 Boilers and Radiators Richmond Radiator Company INCORPORATED Executive office: 1480 Broadway, New York ' Chicaco. 1010 Wrigley Building Philadelphia, 2241 North American St. Branch Offices - BostoK. 460 Park Square Building Cleveland, Cedar Avenue and Ashland Road . Gas Boiler Division: 222Q Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Radiator, Enameled ware and Heatomat Plant, I/nlontown, Pa. Boiler Plant, Norwich, Conn. ---------------------------------------------------- 'RICHMOND' TUBE RADIATION PUSH NIPPLE CONSTRUCT ION tjlte "Richmond" A masterpiece of design. Greater heating surface and space between sections. No protuding surfaces. Tested at Frost Laboratories in accordance with code of A. S. H. & V. E. Three, four. five, six and seven tubes in several heights. The Richmond Floorline Radiator Richmond Radiator Co., Inc. "RICHMOND-MODEL" INSULATED AND JACKETED SECTIONAL BOILER Steam and Water Boilers, Coal and Gas "Richmond" Heavy Duty Smokeless Boilers Available with or without smoke pre venting device, made in widths of grates, 15 in. and 22 in. Designed for Fuel Economy. Bums all grades of Hard or Soft Coal, Coke, Lignite, Natural Gas and Fuel Oils. Meets the requirements of the most rigid Smoke Ordinances. A 51 in. Boiler, 7 to 16 Sections, Steam and Hot Water. This illustration pictures a single fioorline radiator attached to the baseboard. Note how valve at one end, and the outlet trap and pipe at the other are concealed. . This illustration pictures the fioorline radiator com pletely recessed. A decorative grille covers the recess flush with the wall. With this radiator installed, there are no restrictions on decoration and furniture placement. Choirs, tables and other pieces may be placed close to this finer radiator without danger of infury. - 610 '1 Outstanding features of the Richmond Heatomat Gas Boiler Vertical Tubular Construction. Preheating return water flow with flue gas. heat. Water cooled walls absorb burner heat. Secondary air intake regulated with gas flow. . Heat transmission scientifically baffled. Only one burner, one primary air setting for battery. . Model Sectional Boilers For Steam and Hot Water. Three to twelve sections, 18,22,30 and 40 in. grates. Compact, accessible, efficient heating sur face and circulation system... ' . . 611 Boilers New YohK, N. Y. Boston, Mass. Spencer Heater Company Division of Lycoming Manufacturing Company Makers of Spencer Heaters Williamsport, Pa. N. Y.Philadelphia, Pa. Cincinnati, Ohio Syracuse, Baltimore.- Md. Albany, N. Y. Scranton, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Chicago. 111. Butpalo, N. Y. Rochester N. Y. PRODUCTS: Spencer Magazine Feed Heaters Spencer Heaters--The Spencer Heater is the original magazine feed heater with sloping grates. The water-jacketed maga zine holds enough fuel for 12 to 24 hours, without attention. As fuel feeds auto matically, as fast or as slow as the fire requires, the magazine supply lasts longer in milder weather. Spencer Heaters are made in sizes to suit any building, large or small, either in steel tubular types or cast iron sectional types. Commercial ratings have been discontinued. Capacities are guaranteed when installed under normal conditions, according to the table below and on the following page, when used with any low pressure steam, vapor, or . hot water, system. Spencer Heater Company Boilers Special Features for Different Types of Buildings---Spencer Heaters are es pecially efficient in industrial buildings, greenhouses and garages where uniform heat is desirable; and in churches, theaters, schools and buildings where they give constant, even and uniform heat, without the attention of a night fireman. For the home, the Spencer is especially convenient, as it needs attention only once or twice in 24 hours. Spencer Economy for Building Owners --Though Spencer Heaters are designed to burn any non-coking graded fuel, their greatest saving is made with small sized, low cost fuels. They save as much as half the owner's annual fuel bill by using No. 1 buckwheat anthracite, and proportionately by using by-product pea coke. Where anthracite: and coke are not available, they are equally efficient when fired with smaller sizes, of semi-bituminous coal, such as Pocahontas, or any non-coking graded fuel. Automatic Magazine Feed Gives Steady Heat--Fuel is fed automatically by gravity--no blowers or mechanical apparatus is required. They are easy to install--the new Spencer Heaters are as easy to erect as any other sectional heater on the market--and there is nothing to get out of order. Write for complete descriptions and illustrations of all Spencer Heaters. II ' 60 S&ies, Spencer Tubular Steam Heater Far large building work--an efficient magazine heater of combination water-tube and return tube eonrfruetion 100Series, Spencer TubularSteam Heater The largest type of Spencer Heater, a four-grate heater for use in multiple story buildings Sizes and Guaranteed Capacities of Spencer Steel Tubular Heaters Heater No. Direct Cast Iron Crate Outlets, (Column Radiation . Area Loads, Sq. Ft.* Sq.Ft. Number.and Size. In. 1,600 1,950 2,300 2,650 3,000 12.00 13.00 15.00 16.50 >8.00 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 3.600 4.100 4.600 5.100 5.600 18.05 20.24 22.56 24.83 27.00 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5. 2-5 6,500 7,600 8,700 9,800 10,900 12,000 30.35 34.70 39.05 43.40 47.75 52.10 1-8 1-8 11--88 . 1-8 1-8 Returns, Number and Size.-In. 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 1-4 1-4 1t4 1-4 1-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 ' Size Chimney Flue Smoke Pipe Diameter, Overall Dimensions. In.' In.--Ft. In. Length j Width (Height * 18x18-50 18*18-55 16*18-60 18x18-60 18x18-60 16 16 16 16 16 72/2 60 78*/2 60 84>/2 60 W/2 60 96/2 60 63% 63% 63% 63% 63% 18x18-50 18x18-55 18x18-60 20 diam.-65 20 diam.-70 18 18 18 18 18 75 8174 81% 81% iii 87/2 933/4 100 81% 81% 81% 71% S8. 24 diam.-65 24 diam.-65 30 diam.-65 30 diam.-70 36 diam.-70 36 diam.-70 iSg~22~ 22 & 22 22 81% 22 22 I 100 116% 116% 116% "6% 116% "6% 100% io<p.4 100% 100% "This includes ample provision for beat loss in covered mains, risers and returns, and for peak loads. Heaters No.d-,5 to 3-160are furnished with or withoutsteeliackete&ad (%-m. Kocfewoofasbestos covering, Heaters No. 15-21 are furnished with inside steel jackets only. - also pipe header. . Chimney flue rises are baaed on a maximum flue temperature at boiler smoke outlet of 500 deg. fahr. 612 J-Type.Spencer Sectional Heater A magazine heater for steam, vapor ot hot water systems for the small , home L-t Type, Spencer Sectional Heater A magazine heater for steam, taper or hot water systems tft dwellings or industrial buildings of moderate size L-g Type, Spencer Sectional Heater A magazine heater for large dwellings, industrial buildings and institutional buildings Sizes and Guaranteed Capacities of Spencer Cast Iron Sectional Heaters Heater No. Direct Cast Iron. Column Radiation Loads, Sq. Ft.* Grate Area Sq.Ft. Steam' Water & J3 t; J3 U 175 290 1.30 275 455 1.90 375 620 2.50 S L 105 L 106 _ L 107 J L 108 390 645 510- 845 630 1045 750 1245 2.60 3.33 4.07 4.80 L 205 8, L 206 L207 L 208 J L 209 L 210 550 725 900 1075 1250 1225 910 1200 1490 1780 2070 2360 3.63 4.66 5.68 6.70 7.73 8.75 Outlet*. Steam and Water, Number and Size. In. 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 1-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 Returns, Steam and Water. Number and Size. In. Size . Chimney Flue In.--Ft. Smoke Pipe Diameter In. Overall Dimensions, In. Length Width Height 2-3 8x 8^35 8 27 24 45 2-3 8x 8-35 8 34 24 45 2-3 8x 8-35 8 41 24 45 2-4 8x 8-35 10 39 32 .57. 2-4 8x 8-35 <0 46 32 57 2-4 8x12-35 10 53 32 57 2-4 8x12-35 10 60 32 57 2-4 8x12-35 10 2-4 8x12-35 10 2-4 8x12-40 10 2-4 12x12-40 10 2-4 12x12-40 10 2-4 12x12-45 10 39 40 60 46 40 60 53 40 60 60 40 60 67 40 60 74 40 60 *This includes ample provision for beat loss in covered mains, risers and returns, and for peak loads. Spencer Cast Iron Sectional Heaters are furnished with or without jacketed covering. ' 613 v Boilers, Smokeless The Stanwood Corporation Established 1891 ' Manufacturers of Stanwood Smokeless Boilers for Heating and Power Service and Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers. Cincinnati, Ohio Stanwood Smokeless Boilers s Low Water Line--An important feature -of Stanwood Smokeless Boilers is the low water level from 48 to 75 in. depending upon size. This valuable characteristic for a heating boiler gives it wider application and is particularly appropriate where there is limited head room in the basement. Shell cannot be bagged or burned nor can its circumferential seams be cracked. Nowhere are these surfaces exposed to the fire. Boiler has no firebox or mudlegs to fill up and corrode; no stay- bolts to rust or break off; no crownsheet to drop if . water is low. There is no internal flue that can collapse. _ High over-all efficiency due to high combustion and the smokeless performance of a down-draft furnace; low stack temperature, secured through rapid circulation, no air leaks and a minimum radiation loss. Primarily intended to burn bituminous coal with down-draft furnace. Can also be operated with oil, gas, anthracite or coke. Stanwood Smokeless Boilers are built in sizes from (3500 to 31,000 sq. ft. steam radiation) 29 to 250 hp. for working pressures of 15, 100,125 and 150 lbs. Can be built for higher pressure if desired. . 614 The Stanwood Corporation Boilers, Smokeless STANWOOD SMOKELESS BOILERS--STEEL-RIVETED General Specifications and Dimensions " Number of Boiler |608 610 6li 614 414 618 620 622 624 626 628 Heating Capacity--Steam-----Sq. Ft. 3500 Heating Capacity--Water... .Sq. Ft. 5600 . 29 5000 8000 40 6000 8500 10000 12000 16000 18500 22000 26000 31000 9600 13600 16000 19000 26000 30000 35000 42000 50000 50 70 80 100 125 ISO 175 210 250 A Diameter of Boiler Shell.................In. 44 B Length of Boiler overall..... .Ft-In. 14-6 C Width of Boiler overall, maximum. In. 66 54 15-10 66 54 .60 66 72 78 84 90 18-10 18-11 19-6 19-7 19-8 20-4 20-8 66 72 78 86 91 98 104 90 24-0 104 90 26-0 104 Heating Surface................................ Sq.Ft.308 Upper Grate Surface........................ Sq.FtW. /i Lower Grate Surface........................Sq.Ft.7'/i Opening*--Steam Outlet... Diam. In. Return Inlet.. .Diam. In. Safety Valve.. .Diam. In. Blow-off or Drain Pipe................Diam. In. 5 3 2 1% 422 14 l2'/2 6 4 2% 2 518 692 814 990 1260 1500 1774 2106 2540 17% 20 22 25 2S% 33 36 39 42 15V. 18 20 22% 30% 33 36 39 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 to 10 4 5 5566 6 6 6 3 3 3% 3% 4 4% 2-3% 2-3% 2-4 2 2 2 '2 2 2% 2% 2% 2% D Height. Floor to top of Shell......... In. " " " Steam Outlet. In. p" " Return Inlet..............In. C" " Water Level..............In. 64 61 64 66 36% 49% 64 66 36% 49% .67 69 36% 73% 75% 79 82% SB 91% 93% 39^2 42% 61 SB 97 99% 4 97 97 i 5?^ H Front of Foundation to Back Head................. Ft-ln. IJ-l'/2 14-2% I Steam Outlet......................... Ft--In. -4% 10-11% 17-2% 17-9 17-9 17-9 18-3 18-3 12-3% 12-10 12-10 12-10 13-4 13-4 fc Blow-off...................................Ft.-In. 6-5 7-1% 8-1% 0-1% 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-7 0-7 L Depth of Smoke Box........................ In. 15 !6'/2 16% 17% 18% 19% 20% 22% 26% M Height. Floor to Base of Stack Saddle.............................................In. 581/2 N Height, Floor to Upper Fire Door,. In. 37% 49% 37% 49% 51% 56 61% 67% 71% 77 37% 36% 39% 39% 42% 41% 47 21-5 16-4 10-1 27 22-11 17-4 10-7 33 77 77 47 47 R Stack, Diam. and Height, minimum for 1 Boiler.......................... InoFt 20x55 Breeching Diam. for 1 Boiler.. v . In. 22 - Stack Diam. and Heightfor 2 Boiler*. minimum......................_. . ImrFt 30x65 * Breeching Diam. for 2 Boilers----- In. 32 T-S SiTrt of Rectangular Stack Saddle. In. 9x34 22x55 24 32x65 34 11x36 24x60 26x65 28x65 30*70 32x70 34x80 36x90 39x100 42x100 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 42 44 32x70 34x70 36x75 42x80 46x80 48x90 50x100 54x100 60x100 34 38 38 46 50 52 54 58 64 11x36 12x42 13x46 14x52 15x58 17x64 21x60 22x70 25x70 No. of Straight Fire Brick.. .Approx. " Split Fire Brick............Approx " No. 1 Arch Fire Brick. Approx " Sil-o-cel Brick...-------Approx " Common Red Brick.. Approx. 350 14 60 75 100 325 14 100 50 210 390 440 760 630 725 780 970 1000 1090 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 26 130 130 110 100 120 120 170 180 210 60 75 100 150 150 250 300 325 375 220 275 400 475 600 500 600 625 675 ` Outride Insulated Covering.-. .Sq. Ft 180 200 235 Boilers in pairs/center to center... In 78 78 78 Total Weight (approximate) No Stack or Brickwork.'............... Lbs 9000 10700 11600 Foundation Size Dimensions --Feet and Inches a b c d e f g h j 'k 1 608 5-6 5-4 12-0 16 19 32 3-4 17 22% 24 30 610 6-3 5-8 13-3 15 18 38 4-7. 17 22% 24 30 612 7-3 5-8 16-3 15 18 38 5-2 17 22% 24 30 614 7-3 6-2 16-3 15 18 44 5-2 17 22% 24 30 616 7-9 6-8 16-9 18 18 44 V8 17 22% 24 30 618 7-9 7-3 16-9 18 18 51 5-8 17 22% 24 36 620 7-9 7-9 16-9 18 18 57 5-8 17 22% 24 36 622 8-3 8-3 J7-3 18 18 63 6-2 40 22% 48- 36 624 8-9 8-9 17-3 18 18 69 6-8 40 22% 48 48 626 628 9-3 9-9 8-9 20-6 8-9 22-0 18 18 18 69 18 69 7-2 7-8 40 40 2222V%? 48 48 48 48 m 12 12 12 12 12 18 18 18 24 24 24 255 290 315 345 376 410 84 90 96 102 108 114 500 560 114 114 13900 17500 19400 24000 25700 28500 32000 36000 ri Retubing From (See Note J) Front 0 A-A IB-BI CC W-W X-X IY-Y 13-10% 2-6 14-11 2-o 17-11 2-6 17-11% 2-6 18- 6 2-6 18-6% 2-r6 18- 7 2-6 19- 2 2-6 19- 4 2-6 22-10 2-6 24- 7 2-6 23- 9 25- 5 30- 4 30-4 31-11 32- 3 32t 7 34- 0 34-7 40- 5 43- 5 7-2 7-2 9-1 8-9 9-6 0-6 9-6 10-0 10-0 12-6 13-6 27- 4 28- 8 35- 8 35- 8 37- 9 37- 8 37-9 38- 8 39- 0 46- 4 49-10 6-10 6-10 8-10 8- 9 8- 9 88--77 8- 4 8- 4 11- 4 12- 4 6-0 68--00 8-0 9-6 9-6 9-6 10-0 10-0 11-0 11-6 fdCUUl uiese ouirero wuiwut/ IW tuuiawq iwau w uuwV>w> ------,---------- --------- - ------- radiation is installed to heat to the required temperature. *Oval Ends used on 608 eiie only. ' tHandhole under tubes in rear head on 608 site only. AU other sixes with 11 x 15 manhole. Trimmings furnished with 15 lbs. Boilers. . . Water column with gage cocks (no column piping furnished), steam gage with siphon and cock; pop safety valves. Automatic Damper Regulator with lever, weight, chain and angle valve, wrench for header plugs. Firing tools include hoe, poker, slice bar, tube scraper and brush. '. ' tlfspace lengthwise islimited provision may be made for rear retubing by providing opening opposite rear end of boiler through which tubes may be withdrawn. Then dimension X-X may be reduced to B-B. Otherwise boiler may beretubed from front by allowing space C-C in front of boiler. Where installation limits are close or in question, consult our Engineering Department. 615 '.M Richardson & Boynton Co. Manufacturers of "Richardson" "Perfect" Heating and Cooking Apparatus since 1837 New York 260 Fifth Avenue, New York City Utica Newark Philadelphia Boston Minneapolis Cincinnati Detroit Chicago Providence Buffalo RICHARDSON HOT BLAST SMOKELESS BOILERS % Richardson Hot Blast Smokeless boilers are made in sectional form and can be erected at any time in old or new buildings. UY*' flue construction equalizes the circulation and assures a steady water line. Overhanging prime heating surfaces are at the maximum, producing the highest evaporating power. The base is made in sections, permitting enlargement of the boiler if necessary. SMOKELESS SECTIONAL No. Rating Sq. Ft. Rating Sq. Ft. Crate Area Sq. Ft Length Overall 3207 3208 3209 3210 3907 3908 3909 3910 745 845 945 1045 s 1145 1245 1345 1445 1545 1645 > 1745 1845 1945 2045 3500 4050 4600 5150 5150 5950 6750 7550 6750 7700 8650 10600 11550 12500 13450 14500 15450 16400 17350 18300 19250 20200 - 5600 6450 7300 8150 8150 9400 10650 11900 10800 12300 13800 15300 16600 18300 19800 21300 22800 24300 25800 27300 28800 30300 10.00 11.67 13.34 15.01 :13.80 16.10 18.40 20.70 15.90 18.55 21.20 23.85 23.8$ 23.85 23.85 23.85 23.85 23.85 23.85 23.85 23.85 23.85 64'/, Wl 79 m, 73 81% 89% 97% 75 83% 91% 100% 108% H6% 125% 33% 142 150% 158% 167% 175% 183% Water Line n. Stm 48 56 59 Smoke Pipe Inches 14 14 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ill 20 20 20 20 20 2 | Ash Pit (Inside) Inches 38% x 47% 38% ,54% 38%x62% 38% x 69% 44% .53% 44% x 62% 44% 70% 44% x 78% 50%, 53% 503/4,62% 503/4 , 70% 503/4 , 783/, 503/4 , 873/4 503/4,873/, 503/4 x 873/, 503/4x873/, 503/4x873/, 503/4,87'/, 503/4,87'/, 503/,x87'/, 503/4,873/4 503/4, 873/4 Steam Outlets Inches 3-4 3-4 4-4 4-4 3-5 3-5 4-5 4-5 3-5 3-5 4-5 4-5 5-5 5-5 6-5 6-5 7-5 7-5 8-5 8-5 9-5 9-5 Water Outlets Inches 3-4 3-4 4-4 4-4 3-5 3-5 4-5 4-5 3-5 3-5 4-5 4-5 5-5 5-5 6-5 6-5 7-5 7-5 8-5 ff-5 9-5 9-5 Steam and Water . Inlets (Rear Section) 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-5 25 2-5 25 25 2-5 25 25 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 25 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-5 616 Boilers The Titusville Iron Works Company Titusville, Pennsylvania Manufacturers of Riveted and Welded Steel Fire-Tube Boilers for Power and Heating; Fronts, Grates, Castings, Smoke Stacks, Tanks and Oil Field Boilers; Steam, Gas, Oil and Gasoline Engines; Pumping Powers and Oil Well Machinery New York.....--.285 Madison Ave. Syracuse___ 345 W. Jefferson St. Pittsburgh.--Farmers Bank Bldg. Wash., D.C., 201 Woodward Bldg, Detroit, 2842 West Grand Blvd. Richmond204 N. Jefferson St. Fort Worth__ 709 Pennsylvania Ave. Jacksonville_______ ,,P. 0. Box 929 Buffalo 1124 Marine Trust Bldg. Chicago........ --332 S. Michigan Ave. St. Louis....401 Bank Commerce Bldg. Los Angeles______ 940 Maple Ave. Charlotte--______ 70S Realty Bldg. New Orleans._.612 Godchaux Bldg. Atlanta___397 Peachtree St., N.E. Phila., N.W, cor. 3rd and Arch Sts. Facilities--Titusville Iron Works Com pany maintains one of the largest and best equipped boiler shops in the country. Every practicable mechanical provision is made for the bending, flanging, riveting, and electric welding so essential to highgrade products. Construction--In addition to being thorough in engineering design, Titusville Boilers are built by men experienced in every detail of their particular operations. All riveting is done by competent steel workers and all welding is done exclusively by experts who do nothing but welding. Wherever possible Titusville Welded Boilers are welded inside as well as outside. All workmanship and materials are guaranteed first class. A. S. M. E. Code--Our boilers are built in strict accordance with the latest A, S. M. E. Boiler Code Standards and to local requirements when specified. Inspection and Test--Titusville Boilers are continually inspected during construc tion by a resident representative of the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, Hydrostatic tests are made upon completion. Insurance com pany certificate furnished free of charge on request. Working Pressures--Our boilers are built in two-pressure ranges, i.e., 100-250 lb. working pressure, A. S. M. E. Code, for power and high-pressure service, and in 15 lb. working pressure A. S. M. E. Code, for heating service. Grates, Stacks, Etc.--All boilers are provided with complete sets of doors, fronts, castings, etc., as illustrated and of the types which are standard for our boilers. Special grates fur nished on request. This company also offers its facilities for the construc tion of stacks, breechings and steel plate work. Catalogs--Descriptive catalogs of our boilers and equipment will be sent upon request. Tico Return Tubular Fire Box Boiler Titusville Standard Tubular Boiler, 617 Tico Smokeless Boiler Boilers and Radiators United States Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators GBNERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN Manufacturers of Capitol Boilers and Radiators Baltimore, Md. Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Cambridge, Mass. Chicago, III. Cincinnati, .Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Davenport, Iowa Branches t I Sales Offices Denver, Colo. Des Moines, Iowa Detroit, Mich. Harrison, N. J. Indianapolis. Ind. Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, Cal. Milwaukee, Wis. New Haven, Conn. New Rochelle, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Omaha. Neb. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Providence, R. I. Reading, Pa. *Rochester, N. Y. San Francisco, Cal. Seattle, Wash. Springfield, Mass. St. Louis, Mo. ^ Louisville, Ky. Maspeth, L. I., N. Y. Portland. Me. Portland, Ore. St. Paul, Minn.> Troy, N. Y. Washington, D. C. Assembling Plants located at points indicated by asterisk Manufacturing Plants Located in Following Cities Bristol, Pa.; Corry, Pa.; Detroit, Mich.; Dunkirk, N.Y.; Edwardsville. III.: . Geneva, N.Y.; Waukegan. III.; West Newton, Pa. .; CAPITOL BOILERS GUARANTEE In choosing the correct size of boiler for The United States Radiator Corpo any building there is one and only one ration will give an absolute guarantee, in consideration: will it properly heat the re writing that Capitol Boilers will properly quired number of square feet of radiation? heat their full published amounts of "direct The net cast iron radiating surface that cast iron radiation/' provided only, that each type and size of Capitol Boiler will the boilers are connected to correctly, in ! heat adequately has been determined and stalled systems and that the recognized is guaranteed in writing. standard requirements are followed. Should When the needed radiating surface is any Capitol Boilers not meet these condi known and contributing factors checked, tions, the additionaJ capacity necessary the selection of the proper Capitol Boiler will be supplied "without charge" by the becomes a simple matter. United States Radiator Corporation. CAPITOL RED CAP BOILERS The Capitol Red Cap Boiler offers the latest development in round boilers. Built upon the precise prin ciple of the Capitol Round Boiler, it is enclosed in a round jacket of cobalt blue, capped with cardinal red and fitted with red vitreous porce lain enamel doors. A thick blanket of rock wool, more effective than any insulation used heretofore, on jacketed boilers, insu lates the entire boiler. An ample base al Capitol Red Cap Boiler lows no ashes to choke the draft. An unusually deep firepot per mits long firing periods. Large and stream lined water-ways and extra long fire travel insure high efficiency. RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS FOR CAPITOL RED CAP BOILERS Boiler No. | Height of Water Q Line. Inches H Grate Area, Sq. Ft. Hard Coal Fuel 1 Capacity. Pounds I] 17-4 17-5 19-4 19-5 20-4 20-5 22-4 22-5 25-4 25-5 25-6 28-4 20-5 28-6 Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads. Sq.Ft. Steam Water 200 330 46'/, 250 415 51% 300 495 46'A 350 580 51% 400 660 46'/, 450 745 51% 500 825 46'/, 550 910 51% 625 1030 47/i 675 11(5 S2bi 725 1195 57'/, 775 1260 850 1405 5% 925 1525 58>/, 1.44 1.44 1.76 1.76 2.24 2.24 2.76 2.76 3 54 3.54 3.54 4.40 4.40 4.40 Minimum i! Chimney Sizes . iL fi.-S cHo--S5 XU, m 139 2Vt 30 8x8 139 170 2I'Vfii 30 30 8x8 8x.l2 170 2Vi 35 8rl2 277 3 30 8x 12 227 3 35 8x12 297 3 35 8x12 297 3 35 8x12 368 3/? 35 8k 12 368 3'A 40 8x 12 368 40 8x 12 479 4 35 8x 12 479 4 40 12x12 479 4 45 12x12 *See Guarantee. fSteam boilers have one outlet aod two inlets. Water boileia have two outlets and two inlets. ' CAPITOL RED TOP BOILERS Like the 'Red Cap, the Red Top pos sesses all the characteristics that mark the Capitol group of jacketed boilers. It has the same sturdy jacket of heavy, gauge 618 steel, with baked enamels in cobalt blue and cardinal red. Its trimmings are of nickel plate and black enamel. Its doors are vitreous porcelain enamel. Its insula tion, sides, top and back is of full inch thick, wire reinforced, rock wool. A new boiler throughout, the Capitol Red Top in- eludes many features which are distinct im provements in boiler de sign. Every part of the boiler has been given painstaking thought and extreme manufactur ing care. Capitol Red Top Boiler The Red Top is also made in smokeless type for burning bitu minous coals. The same design, that has been used so successfully in Capitol Smoke less Boilers, is embodied in the Smokeless Capitol Red Top, and gives you every assurance of smokeless performance. CAPITOL SMOKELESS BOILERS "Smokeless" simply means complete combustion. And all of the carbon which forms smoke cannot be burned without the correct amount of air, oxygen. The auxiliary inlets that supply air for complete combustion in Capitol Smokeless Boilers are not dependent upon the skill* guesswork or memory of the fireman. I Crate Area, [Sq. Ft. Inlets | Height, Feet Boiler No. | RATIONS AND DIMENSIONS *`A*' Series for AH Fuels Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads, *Sq. Ft. Stm. W. 5 * >8 JZ js s e 3 *aau a 36 1 Minimum Chimney Sizes 5:S A- 6 A- 7 A- 8 A- 9 A-10 A-lf 280 460 42V, 355 585 42V, 430 710 42/2 505 835 42V, 580 960 42>A 655 (085 42'/, 1.96 2,78 1-4* 2-3* 30 8x12 2.45 3.47 1-4* 2-3* 30 8x12 2.94 4.16 1-4* 2-3* 35 6x12 3.43 4.86 1-4* 2-3* 35 8x12 3.92 5.55 1-4* 2-3* 35 8xlZ 4.41 6.25 1-4* 2-3* 40 ^x!2 Height including trimmings 59% in-1 width 32% in- *B" Series Anthracite--For AH Fuels B- i 550 4|6 4 },60 6.1 1-4* 2-4* 35 8x12 B- 7 735 1215 46'A 4,50 7.7 1-4* 2-4* 35 12x12 B- 8 920 1570 46'/, 540 91 2-4* 2-4* 35 12x12 B- 9 UQ5 1875 46'A 630 !0.6 2-4* 2-4* 40 12x12 B-10 1290 2130 46'A 7.20 111 2-4* 2-4* 40 12x16 B-11 1475 7435 46'/2 8.10 13.6 2-4* 2-4* 45 12x16 B-12 1660 2740 46'/, 9.00 15.1 2-4* 2-4* 45 12x16 Height including trimmings 65% in.; width 42% in. "B" Series Smokeless--For Soft Coal b-o no4 1825 46'A <>,30 B-10 1290 2130 46'A 7.20 B-11 1475 2435 46V, 8.10 B-12 1660 7740 46'/, 9.00 B-13 1845 3045 46'A 9.90 B-14 2030 3350 46'A 10.80 2-4* 2-4* 40 12x12 2-4* 2-4* 40 12x16 2-4* 2-4* 45 12x16 2-4* 2-4* 45 12x16 2-4* 2-4* 50 12x16 3-4* 2-4* 50 12x16 Height including trimmings' 6S% in.; width 42% in. See Guarantee. No. 1150 Capitol Smokeless Boiler Their size for each boiler rating is definitely determined in the Capitol Test ing Laboratory and permanently fixed at the factory. They need no adjusting. The intensity of the fire itself governs the amount of air drawn in. To further assure accuracy, every Capitol auxiliary inlet is always an integral part of a single boiler section and is never placed between two sections where faulty assembly will cause a variance. RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS FOR SMOKELESS BOILERS Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads. Sq. Ft. Minimum Chimney Sizes Steam Water Boiler No. Height of Water Line, Inches j| Crate Area, Sq. Ft. Coal Capacity, | Cu. Ft. Outlets and Inlets j 1Height, (Feet Dimen., Inches 520 600 620 800 720 1000 820 1200 990 46'/, 3.48 4.32 2-3* 40 12x12 1320 46`/2 4.3/ 5.42 2-3* 40 12x12 1650 46'/, 5.26 6.52 3-3* "45 12x16 1980 46'A 6.15 7.62 3-3* 45 12x16 See Guarantee. .. Height including trimmings 66% in.; width 45 in. Specify if back or top outlet smoke hood is required. 0Continued on following Page) 619 j .1 United Stales Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators Boiler No. Height of Water Line. Inches || Crate Area, Sq. Ft. Coal Capacity, Cu. Ft. j Height) Feet Dimen., j Inches (Continued from preceding Page) Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads. Sq. Ft. Minimum Chimney -oc<0 Sizes ' ft Steam Water 1- 627 1000 1650 W/l 5.32 7.93 2-4* 40 12x12 727 1225 2020 5V? 6.55 9.75 2-4* 40 12x12 827 1450 2390 Wt 7.78 11.37 3-4* 45 12x12 927 1675 2760 W/l 9.01 13.09 3-4* 45 12x16 1027 1900 3135 4W, 10.24 14.81 3-4* 45 12x16 1127 2125 3505 4V/, 11.47 16.53 3-4* 50 12x16 1227 2350 3875 '/z 12.70 18.25 4-4* 50 12x16 See Guarantee. fOutlets only. Two 4-io. inlets are located in the rear of the back section of 27-in.' series. Height including trimmings 68H in.; width S0% in* Specify if back or top outlet smoke hood is required. 740 246o 840 3000 940 3500 1040 4050 1140 4500 1240 4900 1340 5400 4124 49 8,15 10.40 2-5* 50 (4x18 4950 49 10.31 1330 2-5* 55 8r?0 5775 49 10.31 13.30 2-5* 60 20x70 6680 49 12 47 16.30 3-5* 65 20x74 7425 49 14,63 19.25 3-5* 70 24x24 8085 49 1463 19.25 3-5* 70 24x78 8910 49 16.79 22.20 3-5* 75 24x28 tOutlets only. Two 6 in. inlets are located in the rear of the back section of 40-in. series. Height including trimmings 71 in.; width 75 in. 750 4700 7755 66 18.29 29.67 3-5* # 24x74 850 5350 8825 66 21.33 34.68 4-5* 60 24x24 950 5850 9655 66 21 33 34.68 4-5* 65 24x?8 1050 6500 10725 66 24.37 39.69 5-5* 70 24x78 1150 7000 11550 66 24 37 39.69 6-5* 80 28x28 1250 7650 12620 66 27,41 44.71 6-5* 90 28x37 1350 8150 13450 66 27.41 44.71 6-5* 95 32x32 Height including trimmings 92 in.; width 82 in. Specify if back or top outlet smoke hood is required. CAPITOL BOILERS--SQUARE TYPE FOR HARD COAL In this group of Capitol Boilers is pre sented a wide range of sizes from the smallest, the 200 series designed to provide full boiler efficiency in the smallest space, to the largest, the WN 270 series designed and built for heavy-duty work. Many years of service in buildings of every nature throughout the United States' have established a reputation for these boilers which is unsurpassed. Contribution factors to the remarkable ease of operating and efficiency of performance are the spacious ashpit; the correct proportioning of draft openings; the long.fire travel and the scientific shaping of the direct and indirect heating surfaces; the durable easy shaking and dumping grates; the big doors the easily cleaned flues. The exceptionally low water line of certain sizes permits foundations'" less deep than usual--ah especially important economy where water, sand or rock makes excavating difficult and expensive. Boiler No. Height of Water Line, Inches Grste Area, Sq. Ft. Coal Capacity, Cu. Ft. Height, Feet ' Dimen., Inches RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS FOR HARD COAL BOILERS Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads, Sq. Ft Steam Water Minimum Chimney 0s Sizes 3 o3i 204 350 580 4W7 2.59 436 2-3* 35 8x1? 205 500 825 W7 3.48 5.85 2-3* 35 8x12 206 625 1030 4V/f 4.37 7,34 2-3* 35 12x17 207 750 1240 46% 5.26 8.83 3-3* 4Q 12x12 See Guarantee. Height including trimmings 66H in.; width 45 in. C276 800 1320 45>/z 5.32 7.97 2-4* 40 \2x\2 G277 980 1620 45V, 6.55 9.65 2-4* 40 12x12 G278 1160 1920 46V, 7.78 11.37 3-4* 45 12x12 G279 1350 2220 45Vl 9.01 13.09 3-4* 45 12x12 fOutlets only. Two 4-in. inlets are located in the rear of the back section of G270 series boilers. Height including trimmings 68M in.; width 50% in. 235 1200 236 1500 237 1800 238 2100 239 2400 240 2500 1980 55 7.28 11.01 2-4* 40 12x16 2475 55 9.11 13.75 2-4* 45- 12x16 2970 55 10.94 16.49 3-4* 45 16x16 3465 55 12.77 19.22 3-4* 50 16x16 3960 55 14.61 21.96 3-4* 50 16x16 4125 55 (6.44 24.70 4-4* 60 (6x16 .. Height including trimmings 78 in.; width 5S% in.. 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 3300 4125 4950 5775 6600 7425 49 10.31 13,30 49 12.47 16.30 49 14.63 19.25 49 (6.79 22.25 49 18.95 25.20 49 21.11 28.20 2-5* 45 18x18 2-5* 50 18x18 2-5* 55 18x20 3-5* 60 20x70 3-5* 65 20x74 3-5* 70 24x24 fOutlets only. Two 6-in. inlets are located in the rear of the back section of 4100 series boilers. . . Height including trimmings 71 in.; width 75 in. . WN276 3700 WN277 4300 WN278 4900 WN279 5500 WN280 6100 WN28I 6700 WN282 7300 WN283 7900 WN284 6500 6105 7095 8085 9075 10065 11055 12045 13035 14025 66 15.25 24.66 66 18.29 29.67 66 21.33 34.68 66 24.37 39.69 66 27.41 44,71 66 30.45 43.96 66 30.45 47.21 66 30.43 48.46 66 30.45 49.72 3-5* 50 20x24 3-5* 55 24x24 3-5* 60 24x24 4-3* 60 24x24 4-3* 65 24x78 4-5* 70 28x28 4-5* 70 28x28 3-3* 75 28x32 5-5* 80 32x32 No. 4111 Capitol Steam Boiler Height including trimmings 92 in.; width 82 in. ' 620 Boilers Weil-MfLain S C I ENTIF1C COMBUSTION BOILERS WEIL-McLAIN COMPANY Manufacturing Division Michigan City, Ind., Erie, Pa. General Offices Chicago, 111. . Smokeless Type Weil-McLain Long Firing Period Smokeless Boilers are now making smokelessness popular with every one--for three primary reasons:-- First: They require considerably less firing attention than smokeless boilers in general. Second: They are simple to fire. Third: They are not limited to free burning types of soft coal for effective operation. . STEAM Size . Rating Sq. Ft 722-5 822-S 922-S 1022-5 7523 8523 9523 1052-S 7823 8823 9823 10823 7043 8043 9043 10043 11043 12043 13043 8443 9443 10443 11443 12443 >3443 14443 15443 16443 1810 2105 2400 2695 2460 2995 3530 4065 4210 5060 5800 6550 6800 7850 8900 9950 11,000 12,000 13,000 8480 9605 10,730 11,855 12,980 14,105 15,230 16,225 17,125 WATER Size Rating Sq.Ft 722-W . 822-W 922-W 1022-W 752-W 852-W . 952-W . 1052-W 782-W 882-W 982-W 1082-W 704-W 804-W 904-W 1004-W II04-W 1204-W 1304-W 844-W 944-W 1044-W 1144-W 1244-W 1344-W 1444-W 1544-W 1644-W--- 2990 3475 3960 4445 4060 4940 5825 6710 6950 8350 9570 10,810 11.200 12,900 14,600 16,300 18,000 19,650 . 21,300 13,990 15,850 17.700 19,550 21.400 23.275 25.125 26,770 28,250 Area Com plete Firebox at Grate Sq.Ft . 7.03 8.11 9.19 10.26 8.10 9:30 10.50 11.70 11.47 13.22 14.97 16.72 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 20.85 23.60 26.35 29.10 31.85 34.60 37.35 40.10 42,85 Net Area of Fuel Grates Sq. Ft. 4.88 5.% 5.96 7.03 5.70 6.90 6.90 8.10 7.97 9.72 11.47 13.22 11.40 13.90 16.40 18.90 18.90 21.40 21.40 15.35 18.10 20.85 20.85 23.60 23.60 23.60 23.60 23.60 621 Water Line Height Inches 46 46 46 46 51 51 51 51 55 55 55 55 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 Outlets and Inlets Number and ' Size Each . Inches Recom mended Chimney Sizes 2-3Vi 3-3V5 12x12x40 12x12x45 12x12x50 12x12x55 12x12x45 12x16x45 16x16x45 16x16x50 2-4 3-4 - " 3-4 4-4 . . 2-5 3-5 3-5 4-5 4-5 5-5 5-5 16x16x50 16x16x55 16x20x55 .16x20x60 20x20x60 20x20x65 20x20x65 20x24x65 20x24x65 20x24x70 24x24x70 3-5 20x20x60 3-5 20x20x65 4-5 20x20x70 4-5 20x24x70 4-5 24x24x70 4-5 24x24x75 5-5 24x24x75 5-5 28x28x75 5-5 28x28x80 . The Wickes Boiler Co ' (Established 1856) HEATING BOILER DIVISION ` Saginaw, Mich. Representatives in Principal Cities Boilers WICKES "L-O" HEATING BOILERS Exclusive License under C. W. Oberts Patent WATER LINE S' ABOVE TUBES FULLLENG TUBES ACCESSIBLE' AT FRONT. LARGE STEAM SPACE "] INSURES * AMPLE STEAM LIBERATING SURFACE >ORY 1 J STEAM TUBES ACCESSIBLE AT REAR. STANDARD WICKES GAS INLET TO REAR . SMOKEBOX a TUBES. hand hole CLOSURE for cleanout FRONT a REAR .LARGE RADIANT HEAT ABSORBING SURFACE. LARGE V water tubes ACCELERATE CIRCULATION IN WATER LEGS- COMBUSTION SPACE. ' ARCH , REQUIRED FOR BITUMINOUS COAL a& OIL Wickes "L-0" Boilers provide a maximum evaporative power with a minimum of space occupied. Sizes of Wickes Standard "L-O" Boilers for Steam Heating '' (For Hot Water Radiation Multiply Steam Capacity by 1.60) Boiler No. Normal Operating Capacity, So. Ft. Radiation Coal General Proportions 0 L. aa ~a v S< V&) y CtftO L IUOfau. b ri U jaU LO-15 3200 4000 12 LO-16 LO-17 Si4000 5000 4800 6000 LO-18 LO-19 LO-llO LO-1H .5600 6400 7000 8000 ml9/4 7200 8000 9000 10000 22 24 LO-II2 9600 12000 26 LO-II3 11200 14000 29/4 1SBLO-.l 14 12800 16000 LO-llS 14400 18000 LO-116 16000 20000 35 L0-II7 20000 25000 37/2 LOII8 24000 30000 A2/z LO-119 28000 35000 44 LO-120 32000 40000 49'/, LO-121 LO-122 36000 45000 52'/i 40000 50000! 54 38 221 45 253 53 3)8 61 362 61 412 84 % 460 516 108 603 108 657 122 765 135 840 158 948 174 1187 183 1350 231 1544 250 1775 270 2088 273 / 2258 , 42 48 61 69 67 75 84 91 102 109 119 130 133 165 194 232 265 265 I I 622 Botier Dimensions Hdgkt In. Length Fl Openings, In. IfflW*. 141 qbCOjCQS CO 71 71 79 79 79 86 86 86 91 91 91 19070 106 109 113 117 118 w, 9VA/. \M 4 i* 15 5/4 2 16 2 17 i2 l 16 lll.^ ,*? $1$ lioS 5995 95 6705 110250 8035 8650 120 6980 130 10180 150 11855 170 12035. 180 14500 185 .200 210 14905 15875 17655 235 19760 250 21350 280; 23700 310 26030 340 28495 3301 30890 Boiler Cleanser, Boiler Leak Seal The Vinco Company, Inc. 75 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. Cable Address--Vincomp, New York Vinco for Internal Cleansing of New, Remodeled and Old Heating Systems Vinco Superfine Boiler Leak Seal What Vinco Is Vinco (Latin, "I con quer"), a. positively harmless insoluble powder cleanser for new, remodeled and old heating systems. What Vinco Does Vinco permanently re moves all the oil, grease, scale and dirt from the internal sur In /M. 8,6 and 10 lb. cans faces and from the boiler water without the labor of blowing boilers over the top. By this thorough. cleansing 'Vinco stops foaming, priming, surfing, incomplete circu lation ana poor radiation. How Vinco Works Each minute grain of Vinco powder absorbs several times its own weight of oil, rust and dirt. These large grains of absorbed impurities then settle and are blown through the bottom, according to directions on each can. Vinco Specifications for New and Remodeled Steam and Vapor Systems Cleaning the System--Upon completion of the installation, the contractor shall clean the system by the Vinco method to remove oil, grease, mat and dirt from the boiler usiqg,*_____ ib. of Vinco, in exact accordance with manufacturer's directions. This compound must remain in the boiler for 36 actual steaming hours, which corresponds to six or seven days average operation. At the end of this period, boiler mu3t be thoroughly drained and flushed before refilling with clean water. *In writing specification, insert in this space number of pounds of Vinco to be used in accordance with the following schedule. For systems having: Up to 350 351 " 600 601 " 1100 1101 " 1400 1401 " 1800 a u a a a a " a 1801 * 2100 2101 * 2700 2701 * 3100 3101 * 3700 3701 " 4200 4201 * 4600 4602 m 5000 a a a a u e a a a a a* a a a . 3 lb. -----------------____ 5 ` . 8* in * 13 * ..15 * 18 20 * 23 * ! 26 * 28 . an Above 5000 sq. ft, use an additional pound of Vinco for each additional 300 sq. ft. of radiation. *fn determining amount of Vinco to be used all radiation may be taken at actual rating. Vinco Specifications for Hot Water Systems Cleaning the System--Upon completion of the instal lation, the contractor shall dean the system by the Vinco method using *______ lb. of Vinco in exact accordance with manufacturer's special directions for hot water systems, given on their cans. *?Only one half above quantities required for hot water systems. ' Vinco for Old Systems Annual cleaning of the old heating syHtem adds yean of life ' to the boiler, prevents rust deterioration and saves much fuel and fire attendance.. . ' For old systems use only one half quantities given in specifier* Uon table. - Our Free "Certified Chemically Correct'* Laboratory Service--Send for Booklet Explaining,this service which saves needless piping changes, guesswork and dispute in puzzling water line problems. Our Three-fold Guarantee 1. Vinco contains no potash, lye, soda of any kind, oil, add, or other harmful ingredients. . 2. Vwco meets every performance claim. Purchase price is refunded if results are not entirely satisfactory when ' Vinco has been used according to directions. 3. Your time, money and comfort are further safeguarded by our free laboratory service. Vinco Distributors . Vinco is sold through leading boiler manufacturers and jobbers. It is never sold under any other name or in bulk. Vinco is put up only in 136.3,5 and 10 lb. lithographed cans like illustration. Patents are pending upon the product and method of application. Unlawful imitation is subject to prosecution. Vinco Superfine Liquid Boiler Seal A new and better leak seal. Itmakesspeedy and permanent re pairs of all boiler and heating system-leaks. It is fine to tighten up new jobs. The to follow. I H riwi/'fl!directions are simple . . ---------.-- Quantities Steam and Vapor Systems Use 1 quart Vinco Liquid Boiler Seal to each 6 sq. ft. grate area. Hot Water Systems Use 2 quarts Vinco Liquid Boiler Seal to each 6 sq. ft. grate area. 623 Boiler Feeders McDonnell # Miller Boiler Feeders "Doing one .General Offices: Wrigley Bldg., Chicago thing well" Grand Central Terminal, New York PRODUCTS--McDonnell & Miller McDonnell No. 28 Self-Cleaning Duplex Boiler Single Valve Self Feeders. McDonnell No. 29 Single Cleaning Feeder . Valve Self-Clean- No. 29--This type ing Boiler Feed of feeder is adap ers. McDonnell table for boilers No, 30 Safety Feeder& for small boilers. that are operated constantly under a vacuum, or where Dependable Feed Water Regu lation--McDonnell boiler feeders offer a simple and posi tive means of main taining the boiler water line in low- pressure boilers. For Medium and Large Boilers The McDonnell dc MxBer No. 8 They protect the boiler from the steam is used in process work. It has the same general features and capacity as the self cleaning duplex .For Process Boilers feeder, except that ' The McDonnell & Miller ' No. 19 Single Valve Feeder; it has no overflow . valve for draining off surplus. . McDonnell No. 30 Safety Feeder-- This feeder is designed especially for the Self-Cleaning Duplex Feeder costly repairs and smaller size boiler (up to 2000 ft.)--par shut downs that re sult when someone forgets the boiler water line. . ticularly oil-fired or gas-fired boilers in domestic use. It makes a most dependable and eco McDonnell & Miller No. 28 Self-Cleaning nomical safety device for set Duplex Feeder--Used on low- ting at the danger line. In pressure boilers requiring pro this way it takes the place of tection against flooding as the low-water cut-off and well as low water. It pre removes the disadvantage of. vents flooding by draining off a cut-off--the stopping of the surplus. It also maintains burner with attendant danger the boiler water line above of freezing the system. Its the danger point by supplying far SmdU BaiUr. simplified construction makes make-up water as needed. The McDonnell & MilUr possible a compact unit that -. The entire amount of feed Na.S0SaSdy?cOcT ls inexpensive to install and water for any boiler. up to troublefree in operation. 20,000 ft. can be supplied by the McDon nell Self-Cleaning Duplex Feeder at 30 lb. differential water pressure. - Typical Specifications McDonnell & Milter No. 28 Self-Cleaning Duplex Boiler Feeders--Furnish and install on each (low- pressure heating) boiler, one McDonnell & Miller No. 28 Self-Cleaning Rotary Valve Duplex Boiler Feeder. Rotary Valves to be adjustable to pro vide for a differential of from 1 to 5 in. between feed and overflow levels. Installation to be made in accordance with diagrams and detailed instruction Typical Specifications McDonnell No. 30 Safety Feeder--Furnish and install on each (low-pressure heating) boiler, one McDonnell No. 30 Safety Feeder. . . Installation to be made in accordance with diagrams and detailed instruction sheet furnished by the manufacturers. . Service and Information--The Engi neering Department* of McDonnell & Miller offers prompt advisory service to architects, engineers, contractors and boiler owners, regarding special problems. Descriptive literature giving further details of McDonnell & Miller Boiler Feeders, will sheet furnished by the manufacturers. be sent on request. 624 Burners, Oil Automatic Burner Corporation 312 North May Street, Chicago, 111, The Automatic Burner Corporation is a pioneer in the development and manu facture of the home rotary, in the ashpit type of oil burner. This principle--be lieved to be the simplest and most efficient for domestic oil burning--was developed in 1920. In one of the industry's best equipped laboratories, thousands of dollars have been spent to perfect ABC Type E and its low priced companion--ABC Type H. ABC Type H The Department of Engineering Research, University of Michigan, made some ef ficiency tests on June 15, 1928, with ABC installed in a DuBrie warm air furnace. ABC developed the high overaH efficiency of 84.44 per cent. . ABC Type H--that duplicates the higher priced Type E in efficiency--is the burner for every man. The installed price is well within range of the low salaried man's purchasing power. . Simple, rigidly built and economical to operate, ABC Type H is guaranteed to satisfy the man who must count his dollars. Write for "OIL HEAT" for The Architect and Engineer-- An authoritative book on Oil Burning. ABC TYPE E ABC TYPE H Maximum Steam Radiation 3000 800 Cross section of ABC Type in o round boiler 625 Price $500 to $1000 $350 to $600 Burners, Oil Electrol Incorporated New York 227 East 45th Street' St. Louis, Mo. 170 Dorcas Street Manufacturers of Electrol All-Electric Automatic Oil Burner pumping oil from supply tank and main taining the proper pressure for atomiza tion. It is of the rotary gear type, having one driven gear and one idling gear-self sealing. No.stuffing box, auxiliary pump or motor is required. Mechanical atomization is accomplished by forcing the oil under pressure through a specially designed nozzle. The nozzle on the Electrol is the only part that varies The Electrol Oil Burner is all-electric and fully automatic, combining mechanical fuel atomization and continuous electric ignition. . Suitable for all automatic applications. Listed as standard by the Underwriters' Laboratories; Inc. Member, Oil Heating Institute. according to heating requirements. It is simple. It has no moving parts. Nothing to get out of order. The atomized oil is mixed with the correct amount- of air for proper combus tion and ignited by an electric arc. In.the Electrol burner ignition is continuous while oil is being pumped. In order to supply a heavy duty spark which is truly an arc, a PRINCIPAL FEATURES Mechanical draft supplied by a Sirocco fan on the motor shaft. The exclusive shell-shaped air receiver produces a rota ry movement of the -air, giving a ball-shaped flame, secured only with Electrol, that is extremely quiet and of high efficiency. transformer of sufficiently rugged con struction to prevent overheating and breakdown of insulation is used. Electrol automatic burners are manu' factured in three sizes. The Model TJ, the Model TU, and the Model TD. Motor Sizes: Model TJ --H hp. Model TU--H hp. Model TD--H hp. Listed to. burn oil fuel not SAFETY . heavier than 28 gravity (A. O. B. A. Spec.' No. 3), also Diesel oil (PacificCoast) not heavier than 25 deg. A. P. I..when,viscosity isnot more than 54 seconds (Saybolt-Universal at 100 The safety system in the Electrol known as the Elec'trol Master Control was . designed, and is used ex- clusively for Electrol. Should any abnormal con deg. fahr). . , One. pump directly con nected to. the motor shaft serves the'double purpose of The Ball shaped flame an exclusive Electrolfeature, insures quiet operation and exceptionally high over-all efficiency. dition occur this control im-. mediately shuts down the .; burner and places it in a' non-operating condition. Dimensions and Capacities of Electrol Burners Range: Square Feet of Actual C. I. Radiators - Model TJ TU TD Steam Heat Hot Water 200- 600 600-3000 2000-5000 350-1300 1000-5000 3500-8750 *-------------------- - D -- 1---- *-->j------C-* Ll These ranges include piping and risers. . Ranges for vapor jobs fall in between the steam and hot' water capacities and vary according to the degree of vacuum under which tile system is operating. Flame adjustments are made at the time of installation to meet require ments of boiler or furnace. F .- Model A MooeCrJ' MooclTL/ H160CI-TD Vj Bc >7i *4 Minimum | Maximum D e. F G H More* 'Gallons fte Hov* At* sk' // / Ggllo** w w 44" `fiP 6*LLOn IEIS' J7f il i*4** ffCm-KOH 626 W- Burners, Oil Oil Heat for every purse and purpose Hardinge Brothers, Inc. Manufacturers and Engineers Main Office and Factory 4149 Ravenswood Avenue Chicago, 111. Distributors in Principal Cities throughout the United States Manufacturers of Hardinge Domestic and Industrial Oil Heating Equipment, Pnu-iiinn I nthns. Watchmakers and Opticians Tools and Supplies Features:-- 1---Mechanical Centrifugal Atomization without the use of fans, blowers, compressors or steam. 2--Applies heat at grate level, scrubbing insulating gases from water legs. 3--It is a self contained unit independent of the Combustion Chamber and not attached to the boiler in any way. 4-- --Burns automatically any commercial fuel oil available between 28 and 40 deg. A.P.I. Burns manually fuel oil between 18 and 40 deg. A.P.I. 5--Fuel Feeding Valve selfcleaning in its operation. 6--Motor--Standard, horizontal, constant speed" (1750 r.p.m.) motor operating under normal tem perature conditions. 7-- --Listed as Standard by the National Board of Fire Underwriters; Tested and Approved by the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals. 8---Tested over a period of ten years by the ultimate .judge of Oil Heat--the User Public who also approve. Hardinge Brothers, Inc., manufacture a range of Oil Heating Equipment adapt able to Heating the Boiler with steam radia tion loads of 300 to 25,000 sq. ft. per unit. It has been the aim of this organization not just to put another Oil Burner on the market, but to build into the Hardinge the finest that material, workmanship, sound design, ample capital and more than one-third century of Precision experience could build. Architects, Heating Engi neers and Contractors should feel free to call upon our Engineering Department for information of any kind on Oil Heating problems anywhere. See Our Catalogue in Sweets Ratings HARDINGE ATOMIZER-SIZES________________ Ratings Atom Capacity izers in Sq. Ft. Motor Diam. Steam H. P. Inches Load 3 500 3Vt 800 1200 r 3000 5'4 3300 '/. V. % a Atom- Capacity izer* in Sq. Ft. Motor Diam.; Steam H.P. Inches Load "FIitOM BUNGALOW TO SKYSCRAPER" 6 i ; 6y2 '7 k8 :9 10 . 4800 5500 6500 10,000 15,000 25,000 \ JL 627 Burners, Oil May Oil Burner Corporation New York Office 331 MADISON AVENUE Factory and General Offices Baltimore, Md. Chicago Office PURE OIL BUILDING 35 EAST WACKER DRIVE May Oil Burner Corporation Burners, Oil Quiet MAY Automatic Oil Burner No radical changes to the boiler are necessary to permit the installation of a Quiet MAY Automatic Oil Burner. The grates are removed and the combustion chamber of the boiler is lined with refractory material resulting in a combustion chamber in size and shape best suited to . the heating load imposed upon the boiler. When the installation is made the burner is equipped with an atomizer which delivers the proper amount of oil, in a spray, properly adapted to the size and shape of the com bustion chamber. The Quiet MAY is operated and ignited by electricity. No gas is employed. No part is inside the furnace or boiler so that in the event cleaning or adjusting is necessary each part is readily accessible. 628 THE Quiet MAY Automatic Oil Burner is a fully automatic oil burner, suitable for either domestic or commercial operation, in steam, hot water, vapor or warm air heating plants. , (1) Mechanical draft pressure atomizing burner. A. C. or D. C. motor drive. Inter* . mittent operation. Completely automatic or manual control. (2) Listed to burn 28 gravity oil (A. O. B. A. Spec. No. 3 ) or 25 gravity Pacific Coast Diesel oil. . (3) Oil is brought from storage tank by suction pump on burner which delivers it under pressure to the atomizer.- . (4) Atomization is by specially designed mechanical pressure atomizer. (5) Ignition by electric spark. (6) Flame can be adjusted as to size and shape to meet requirements of boiler or furnace. (7) Only changes required are removal of grates, and lining of combustion chamber with fire brick. ' (8) Made in five sizes---for domestic and commercial installations. Adaptable to. small homes and to large apartment buildings. (9) Motor sizes: Type A--34 hp. Type M--% hp. Type L--34 hp. Type C---34 hp. Type R--134 hp. Type "A" 1600000 sq. ft. sq.ft. CAPACITIES Type "M" 900 sq. ft. 1400 sq.ft. Type "L" 2400 sq. ft. 4000 sq.ft. . if Type "C" Type "R" 16000 sq.ft. 24000 sq. ft. .629 / Burners, Oil Petroleum Heat & Power Company "MAKERS OF OIL BURNERS SINCE 1903" General Sales Offices: Stamford, Conn.. OIL MEAT Factories Branches Subsidiaries Stamford, Conk. Chicago, III. San Francisco, Calif. New York Baltimore Washington San Francisco Boston Providence Stamford Los Angeles Boston Harbor Oil Co. East Coast Fuel Oil Co. Fess System Co. of Calif. -- . OIL BURNER MANUFACTURERS . .A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION Dealers and Distributors in All Principal Cities FUEL OIL' DISTRIBUTORS HE Petroleum Heat & Power Company manufactures the PetrO and NoKol lines Tof oil burners--two of the oldest and best known makes in the world. In the quarter century devoted to the specialized study of the oil burner business, this organization has developed a complete oil burner SERVICE that is now made available throughout the country through its widespread sales organization. Architects, Engineers and Heating Contractors are urged to consult its representatives on all their oil burner installation problems. The Petroleum Heat & Power Company's Products Include the Following: PetrO Automatic Line* 1 Six Sizes ' 1 'to 52 gals, per hr. Full - Automatic Controls Spark and Gas Ignition #4 Oils, A. O. B. A. Spec. Full Spark Ignition . #3 Oiis A. O. B. A. Spec. Industrial Burner Line 4 Designs 10 to 130 gals, per hr. Automatic Controls Semi-Automatic Controls Manual Controls #6 Oils, A. O. B. A. Spec. NoKol Automatic Line, ' 4 Designs H to 35 gals, per hr. Full Automatic Controls Gas Ignition Full Spark Ignition #1 to #3 Oils, A. O. B. A. Spec. We Make Every Type of Burner -- For Every Type of Boiler -- For Every Type of Building , Burners, Oil Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Builders of KteenJfeet Oil Burners CHICAGO 844 Rush St. NEW YORK 11 W. 42nd St. GALESBURG Illinois Challenger Ignition: Pencil gas flame metered to 1,000 cu. ft. per month. Air Supply: 3^0 hp. meter fan unit with precision air damper assures uniform air for any given oil rate. Oil Feed: Uses Monroe, Teesdale, Cook or any approved automatic electric oil pump or may be direct-connection to 270 gallon basement tank. Controls: Fully automatic Minneapolis- Honeywell thermostat and standard hydro or pressurestat. * Mechanism: Simple--Ho bp. rubber mounted motor fan unit. Safety: Listed as standard by the Under`writers' Laboratories. Fuel: No. 1 A. O. B. S. Appearance: Neat, Compact, Duco finish. Quietness: Must see and listen to grasp true quietness of this machine. Capacity: Up to 650 sq. ft. of steam load. De Luxe 800 Ignition: Webster transformer controller by Minneaplis-Honeywell Protectostat. Air Supply: % hp. Century motor driven sirocco fan with peripheral type rotating air damper. Oil Feed: Special Viking Kleen-Heet oil pump-vacuum side has by-pass to stuffing box taking load off of motor and assuring non-leaking packing. . Controls: Fully automatic MinneapolisHoneywell thermostat and standard hydro or pressurestat. Mechanism: Simple--% hp. motor fan pump unit. . Safety: Listed as standard by the Under writers' Laboratories. . Fuel: No. 3 A. O. B. S. Appearance: Neat, Compact, Duco finish. . Quietness: Must see and listen to grasp true quietness of this machine. Capacity: Up to 6,800 sq. ft. of steam load. . THE PETROLEUM HEAT & POWER COMPANY IS A GREAT OIL COMPANY 630 Now the Improved Challenger--for average-size homes: simple, silent, automatic-- - at a newjow-cost level. Kleen-Heet "800 Series" model--the acknowledged de laze in oil heal, regardless of yrice--for all heavy duly, ' fully automatic heating. ' 631 Burners, Oil Williams Oil-O-Matie Heating Corporation Manufacturers of Automatic Oil Burners Bloomington, Illinois _ NEW YORK, N. Y., 420 Lexington Avenue CHICAGO, ILL., 185 N. Michigan Avenue Authorized Dealers and Factory Trained Installation and Service Organization in all Principal Cities of the United States and Canada, also in 75 other large Cities throughout the Civilized World. Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating is 10 Years and 90,000 Installatior s Beyond Experiment Williams Oil-O-Matic heating for domestic or commercial installations can be safely recommended by heating engineers, con tractors and architects. Today more than 90,000 Williams Oil-O-Matic installations in every state and province, from Alaska to Australia, are automatically and satis factorily maintaining predetermined tem perature in any weather. In many instances Oil-O-Matic fuel costs are no higher than for hard coal-- thousands of enthusiastic owners even claim savings-1--and the work of hand firing coal, removing ashes and cleaning dust and smudge is eliminated. Advantages--To burn oil efficiently: (1) Oil must be atomized, not vaporized. (2) Oil must be mixed with, a fixed minimum quantity of air. (3) Oil must burn in suspension. (4) Oil must burn in the presence of a refractory material. Oil-O-Matic operation complies strictly with these well-known natural laws governing the combustion of liquid fuel, as outlined in Dyson's " Naval Engineering," and the reference works of Harding and Willard Kent, and other like authorities. The patented exclusive Oil-O-Matic metering pump permits burning cheap 28 to 30 deg. Baume fuel oil, but will handle equally well, all lighter furnace oils. Change in fuel does not necessitate a change in burner adjustment. Oil-O-Matic method of atomization eliminates all high pressure and needle valve atomization. Oil-O-Matic air control permits use of a low velocity air blast, adjustable over a wide range of service, to meet the require ments of all existing types of heating plants. Continuous gas pilot is not used. Automatic intermittent spark ignition operates for about ten seconds only, when burner starts. Room thermostat controls on and off operation of burner. Controls safeguard heating plant temperatures and pressures. Wear is automatically adjusted.' Fuel pump, may be had with oil level switch or stack safety control. trolled heating plant has permitted the development of a practical and in expensive, fully automatic domestic hot water supply system, which provides an inexhaustible supply of hot water at a very low cost. ' Complete description will be found to "Oil Heating--What It Means to the Architect.'' (See Catalogues). Operating Efficiency--Combustion efficiency in domestic heating systems, the equal of industrial power plant operation/ is obtainable with Oil-O-Matic. A test run by A. H. Hansen, Engineer, Metro politan Utilities, Omaha, reads: "Burner was tested for fuel con sumption, gas consumption for igni tion, and flue gases were analyzed for combustion efficiency. . "Atmosphere was 29 deg. fahr., house was maintained at 72 deg. fahr. Burner operated 22 per cent of the time. Flue gas analysis--C02 12.2 per cent; O, 4.4 per cent; CO, none. Flue and combustion chamber was entirely free of soot." Domestic Hot Water Supply--The Details of this and many other tests on mechanically fired, automatically con: request. Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating Corporation WILLIAMS ^ Burners, Oil More Than 90,000 Satisfactory Installations Models--Oil-O-Matic Model J Type 1200 Contractor should also figure oil storage, is designed for steam heating system ` consisting of 60-gallon tank, or other serving 1500 sq. ft. direct steam radiation capacity, installed to comply with local or less; hot water system serving 2500 ordinance; to be installed in basement; or sq. ft. direct hot water radiation or less; a 1000 or 2000-gallon outside tank, buried hot air furnace of 36 in. grate diameter or not less than 3 ft. below grade and not less. more than 100 ft. from Oil-O-Matic; Model J Type 1800 is designed for bottom of tank to be not more than 12 ft. heating systems larger than the model below suction pump on burner. 1200. Will handle up to maximum of Installation must be made in accordance 4000 sq. ft. direct steam radiation; 6400 with Fire Underwriters' rules, city ordi sq. ft. direct hot water radiation, or hot nances and fire department regulations. air furnace with maximum grate area of 14 sq. ft. Operation--Owner need only set room thermostat to desired temperature, turn New Oil-O-Matic Junior on electricity--and forget all heating The recently announced Oil-O-Matic Model JR provide the most satisfactory problems. Factory trained Williams service men are available most everywhere. heating for small residences and buildings. Range of Service--Oil-O.-Matic oil At lower first cost and operating cost it burners are heating every type of building: provides typical Williams satisfaction for 750 sq. ft. direct steam radiation. It will easily handle 1250 sq. ft. direct hot water radiation or a hot air furnace with a 30-in. grate. Oil-O-Matic JR has a maximum Houses Banks Stores Hotels Garages Schools Theaters . Hospitals Churches Clubs Apartments oil capacity of 3 gallons per hour as com pared to the 5-gallon maximum of the Model J 1200. All Oil-O-Matic models may be installed in any type furnace or small boiler. All Oil-O-Matic oil burners operate on standard 110- and 220-volt 60 cycle A.C. or D.C. current as specified by you. Members of the engineering and architec tural professions are offered authoritative and practical counsel on installations and specifications. Look under "Oil Burners" in local classified telephone directory or wire or write to our New York, Chicago or Bloomington offices for prompt .infor mation. - Installation--Grates and ash pit door are removed. Ash pit door is closed with fire brick after Oil-O-Matic draft pipe is inserted, as illustrated. Catalogues "Oil Heating--What It Means to the Architect." . "Oil Heating at Its Best." Williams Oil-O-Matic Model JR 633 Williams Oil-O-Matic Model J Control Equipment Time-O-Stat Controls Company Elkhart, Indiana Manufacturers of automatic controls for Gas Burners; Oil Burners; Coal Burners; Electric Refrigerators; Mechanical Stokers; Furnace Fans; Industrial Ovens; Ice Machines; Unit Heaters; Water Heaters. Also manufacturers of Sign Flashers; Mercury Switches; Electric Heaters; and Corrugated' Metal Bellows The Time-O-Stat Series 500 Temperature Regulator has a snap action contact blade, which prevents arcing and pitting. Its mechanical sim plicity offers to users of all types of heating systems a dependable means of auto matic temperature control. This control operates on low voltage and is available either with or without an eight day Seth Thomas clock for time control. It is furnished in either statuary bronze or chromium finish. For operation on high voltage, our 135 and 136 Thermoswitches are recommended. The principle used in oper ating these thermo switches is the expan sion and contraction of the bimetallic element on which the mercury tube is mounted. The 137 and 138 are identical with the 135 and 136, except that they are three-wire con trols for use on low voltage systems. The 136 and 138 are clock Thermoswitches. The 149R Airswitch is a room temperature control primarily de signed for industrial rather than domestic installations. It is used in the control of heating equipment installed in garages, factories, warehouses, and similar buildings where wide range of operation and sturdy construction are more important than extreme sensitivity. It will control tem peratures between minus 10 to plus 130 deg. fahr., and will maintain the tem perature set on the scale within a variation of 5 deg. The 149R Airswitch is a twowire high-voltage control and is so con structed that it will resist corrosion or injury and will stand up under hard usage. The 64 Thermoswitch is a high capacity room temperature con trol, having an electri cal rating of 10 Amp., 110V.; 5,Amp., 220V. This instrument . will maintain temperature within a variation of 2 deg., and is carefully adjusted at the factory for 70 deg. fahr. The No. 64 is sturdily con structed and will give years of dependable service. Moving parts have been reduced ` to a minimum. A knurled nut on the right-hand side of the case may be turned to set the instrument for temperature.. The mercury switch is controlled by the expansion and contraction of a metal . bellows. The Aquaswitch is a very efficient tem perature control for hot water systems. Its outstanding feature is that it may be clamped on the hot water riser near the boiler and reacts to temperature change by conduc tion through its back which is in contact with the hot pipe. There is no necessity for tapping the boiler or draining the system when this control , is installed. The change of temperature causes expansion ..or contraction of a bimetal spiral which, in turn, rotates the mercury tube which is mounted on it, thus making and breaking . the circuit. The Aquaswitch may be mounted on either verti cal or horizontal risers. This instrument is arranged for high voltage. For low voltage con trol systems the three-wire 56B is used. As only a few of the complete line of instruments we manufacture can be listed in this space, we would be very glad to have you write for further information on our complete line of controls for use on the diversified line of equipment listed at top of page. .634 . Expansion Joints American District Steam Company oudULOtnctiue oni North Tonawanha.N.Y 50 YEARS IN BUSINESS Branches and Agents in Principal Cities ADSCO SLIP TYPE Expansion Joint Dotted lines illustrate some of the combinations of ADSCO Expansion Joints ADSCO Exter nally-Guided Expansion Joints for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in. traverse. 125 and 2501b. pres sure. ADSCO Duplex-Sleeve Guided Expansion Joint for pressures up to 400 lb. and temperatures to 750 deg. fahr. Air cooled slip eliminates excessive packing and maintenance costs and assures a tight. joint. ADSCO SemiGuided Expan sion Joint for 4, ' 6. 8. 10 and 12 in. traverse, 125 and 250 lb. pres sure. ADSCO Semi- Guided Expan sion Joint with tie rods for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in. traverse, 125 and 250 lb. pres sure. ADSCO Variators (Packless Expansion Joints) Expansion absorbed by corrugated diaphragms Model "O" Double Variator Model "P" Double Variator . For pressure up to 50 lb. Total traverse 2% in. Takes care of 120 ft. of pipe at 50 lb. pressure. Service outlet and anchor plates. . Model "O" Single Variator Smaller diameter and lighter weight than the Model "O". Made in double type only. For pressure up to 125 lb. Total .traverse 2 in. Not furnished with service out lets or anchor. For pressure up to 50 lb. Total traverse 1% in. Takes care of 60 ft. of pipe at 50 lb. pressure. Has service outlet, anchor and drip. Send for "Blue Book on Expansion" which describes complete line of ADSCO Expansion Joints for every pipe ex pansion requirement. ADSCO Multiple Diaphragm Variator For High Pressures and High Temperatures With the exception of new metals in diaphragm and other parts, the design of the new ADSCO Variator for high pressures (to 400 lb.) and high temperatures (to 750 deg. fahr.) is substantially the same as the ADSCO Low Pressure Variator, thousands of which have been installed during the past 20 years, with less than 7jo of 1 per cent ever having required attention. ' Each diaphragm of this new Variator accom modates a full % in. movement, and can be assem bled in series to provide for any expansion require ment up to 4% in. per unit. Per inch of traverse, they cost little, if any, more than much less satis factory equipment. Send for new bulletin which illustrates and describes* this new Variator in detail. 635 Expansion Joints E. B. Badger & Sons Co. 75 Pitts Street, Boston, Mass. Offices and Agencies ' In Nineteen Leading Cities PRODUCTS--Corrugated Copper Expansion Joints; Pipe Bends; Chemical Apparatus; Copper and Sheet Metal Work; Copper Boilers. BADGER SELF-EQUALIZING EXPANSION JOINTS Badger Expansion Joints distribute the expansion uniformly over the whole joint by means of cast iron or steel equalizing rings. These fit the corrugations, as shown, and prevent local concentration of the stress on any one corrugation. The tubes are made of the best deoxidized copper. .No packing is used or needed. They will not leak. Standard Badger Joints are built for pressures up to 200 lb. Single joints take care of expansions up to 3 in. at any one point. Double joints handle up to 6-in. expansions. Both flanged and welding types are made. Low Pressure Joints--Single and Multiple Expansion--Especially suited to absorb vibration and shock and to provide a flexible connection between tur bine or engine exhaust and the condenser. Guaranteed for pressures to 30 lb. Made with 1 to 5 corrugations. Fitted with flanges of low or standard pressure dimensions. Also made oval and rectan gular to fit'requirements. Flanged Type, for Saturated Steam, Hot Water and Other Hot Liquids-- For 4 and 5-In. Pipe--Made with 4 or 8 corrugations for 1 or 2 in. of expansion, respectively. Fitted with align ment bars. Made for low, standard or extra heavy pressure. For 6-In. Pipe and Larger--Made with 2, 3, , 4 or. 5 corrugations for 1, 1 2 or 3 in. of expansion, respectively. Furnished with 125-lb. standard and 250-lb. extra heavy flanges. Sizes larger than 30 in. furnished on special order. FLANGED TYPES Face to Face Dimensions in Inches Number of Corrugations 23458 1146802 ,5 1112221%'//4, 13 14 13% 16 13% 221280' 14 15 15 24 15% 26 15% 28 l5'/2 30 !5'/2 16 16 16 w/2 17 17 17/2 18'/; 18% 19 19 19 19 121(6 19 19 19 221009% 21 2222222222ll''//22 23 23 23 231/2 24 24 24'/2. 25'/. 25'/, 25V, 251/. 25V, 25'/, 19% Welding Type--Made for saturated steam and for superheated steam with monel metal sleeves. Open pipe nipples are homogeneously attached to the copper, with ends scarfed and ready for welding into pipe lines. . Single--For 3 and 4-in. pipe have 4 and 8 corrugations for 1 and 2 in. of expansion, respectively. For 5 to 20-in. pipe, have 2, 3, 4 or 5 corrugations for 1,2 or 3 in. of expansion, respectively. . Double--Similar to single type, except that two expansion joints are welded in tandem. Made with 4, 6, 8 or 10 corruga tions for 2, 3; 4 and 6 in. of expansion, respectively. Also furnished as units in cluding base plate, anchor and guides and with service connection if desired. . Also furnished in double units, including base plate, anchor and* guides with or without service outlet. For Superheated Steam--Similar to preceding type, except that a telescoping monel metal sleeve is fitted inside the joint to protect the copper from deterioration due to the superheat in the steam. Number of corrugations and dimensions , same as for joints for 6-in. pipe and larger. WELDING TYPES Face to Face Dimensions in inches Single Type Double Type Size No. of Corrugations No of Corrugations 2 3 4 5 8 4 6 8 10 3,4 150..8612 14. 16 18.20 36 35V, 38% 42 35V, 38% 42 35V, 38% 42 35V, 42 35V, 38/, 42 43 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 56% wy, 66V, 61 62 6628V</,, 63% 69/, 64'/, 70>/2 70% 73'/, 73V, 741/, '5% 76V, 79% 80'/, 81% #23(6 83'/, 636 Fans and Ventilating Equipment American Blower Corporation General Offices: Detroit Works: Detroit, Mich.--Bond Hill, Cincinnati, Ohio Branches and Sales Offices City and Address Telephone Aaron. Ohio, 225 W. Exchange Street----------- Main 6096 Atlanta, Ga., 614-61S Bona-Allen Bldg_____Walnut 5643 Baltimore, Md., 207-8 Muosey Bldg------------ .Plaza.3774 Birmingham. Ala., 1308 American Traders Bk. Bldg. 7-2383 Boston, Mass., 1003 Sutler Bldg------------Liberty 8347-48 Buffalo. N. Y., White Bldg---------------------- .Seneca 2668 Charlotte, N. C., 220 Builders Bldg----:--Jackson 122 Chattanooga, Tenn., 1104 James Bldg---------------6-6657 ; Chicago, III., 228 N. La Salle Street----- -.Central 1631-32 Cincinnati, Ohio, 905 Sycamore Street------Canal 8161-62 Cleveland, Ohio, 1302-3 Swetland Bldg------ Mam 6846-47 Columbus, Ohio, 33 N. High Street----------------Main 3443 Dallas, Texas, 921 Mercantile Bk. Bldg._.......----X-5518 Davenport, Ia., 401 First Nat'l Bk. Bldg.--Day. 4006 Denver, Colo., 1226 California Street---------- .-Main 5818 Detroit, Mich., 2539 Woodward, Hofman Bldg. . Cad. 8880-81 El Paso. Texas, P. 0. Box 240............ ...........-Main 2739 Export Dept., Rm. 1510, 30 Church Street, N. Y. C., . Cortlandt 4856 Flint; Mich., 206 Sherman Bldg-------------------------- .9-3310 Grand Rapids, Mich., 604 Bldg. & Loan Bldg., Citizens 41122 Hartford. Conn., Rm. 605, 252 Asylum Strect...2-2027 Indianapolis, Ind., 819 Continental Bk. Bldg., Lincoln 6745 Kansas City, Mo., 310-312 Mutual Bldg----- ..JTlctor S96S .. _ n___ lo-ill-:..!.. T3U. 1 rwio W CiT<h SI . City and Address Telephone Louisville, Kt., 1119 Heyburn Bldg.......................City 952 Milwaukee, Wis., 1418-19 Majestic Bldg........ .Grand 1986 Minneapolis, Minn.. 808 La Salle Avenue........ Main 0034 Newark, N. J., 79-81 Ogden Street....Branch Brook 8540-41 New Orleans, La., Queen and Crescent Bldg., Main 5971 New York, N. Y., 50 Church Street.............Cortlandt 1009 Oklahoma Citt, Okla., 1722 Petroleum Bldg---------- 2-1542 Omaha, Nebr., Peters Trust Bldg.....................ATlantic 6548 Philadelphia, Pa., Otis Bldg., 112 South 16th Street . (Bell) Rittenhouse 6393-4 Pittsburgh, Pa., 801'First Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Atlantic 3496-3497 Portland. Ore.. 1002 Pacific Bldg.................... BEacon 6197 ' Reading. Pa., 506 American Casualty Bldg............. _,,37112 Rochester, N. Y., 907 Gas & Elec. Bldg., 89 East Avenoe, Stone 345-346 St. Louis. Mo., 1221 Boatmen's Bk. Bldg............. .Garf. 1278 Salt Lawb Citt, Utah, Dooly Bldg......... Wasatch 1680-1681 San Francisco, Calif., Rialto Blag............Sutter 1024-1025 Schenrctadt, N. Y.. 331 State St., Imperial Bldg..........7503 Seattle, Wash., 605 Leary Bldg.............................. Eliott 0713 South Bend, Ind., 505 Pythian Bldg.................... .........5-5455 Syracuse, N. Y., 1200 Hills Bldg............... ................. ...3-0170 Tacoma, Wash., 1127 St. Paul Avenue....................Main 3150 Toledo, Ohio, Rm. 302. 320 Ontario Street...... Adams 6512 Youngstown, Ohio, 1008 Mahoning Bank Bldg_____.4-3593 Washington; D.C.,.934 Nat'l. Press Bldg_______ Nat'l 4857 "Sirocco-.' Fans and Blowers for heating, ventilat ing, cooling, drying and mechanical draft.* "Sirocco" Utili ty Blower--a compact, durable ventilator for in stallation with ducts. "Sirocco" Air Washer -- for purifying and hu midifying air for dehumidifying and cooling. A. B. C. 'Air Filter---Dry plate constant effect air filter-- a highly efficient device for col lecting dust in public and in dustrial build ings of every type and de scription. Venturafin Unit Heat er -- o n e small unit is equal to 500 feet of direct radiation-- occupies only onefourth the space and has only onetenth the weight. "Ventura" Disc Fan for operation under free aiir delivery con ditions --- a complete ventilation system in_ it self. ttescriptive folders on any subject ofair handling --heating, ventilating and mechanical draft will be furnished free on request. . 637 'WF Fans and Ventilating Equipment Bayley Blower Company 784 Greenblish Street Branches in Principal Cities Milwaukee, Wis, BUILDERS OF HEATING, VENTILATING, COOLING, PURIFYING, HUMIDIFYING AND AIR WASHING EQUIPMENT: EXHAUST AND DRYING APPARATUS, MECHANICAL DRAFT AND BLAST. FANS AND BLOWERS OF ALL TYPES BAYLEY PLEX1FORM FAN: Used to supply air for heating systems or heating and ventilating systems for manufacturing and process industries, for 'drying systems, or lor forced or induced draft systems for boiler plants. The rlexiform Fan is suitable for han dling cool or warm air, as well as high or low temperature gases. It will deliver the maximum quantity of air in applications where medium or low pressure is required. - For applications where space is limited, or where economy of power is desirable, this fan is especially recommended. Hie fan wheel, of distinct Bayley design, has great strength without excess weight. Due to its reinforced.construction and equal distribution of stresses, vibration is reduced to a minimum. Crystallisation of parts, so called, is thus avoided. Large and unobstructed inlets and outlets, and the absence of arbitrary air cut-offs, insure free and noiseless delivery of air. Bayley Plexiform Fans are furnished in either single or double width wheel types of any required housing construction, and discharge positive sleeve or bau bearings as specified. TURBO AIR WASHER AND HUMIDIFIER: The Bayley Air Washing System is of fered for all public and industrial buildings, where a central system of air washing and humidifying is desired. Competitive air washing and humidify ing equipment requires frequent Honing of the spray nozzles, as the particles of dirt in the recirculated water The Bayley Turbo Air Wother Show rapidly clogB the on-. ing Turbo Atomizer and Eliminator fices. The Turbo Atomiser used in the Bayley Washer, produces a' steady, fine spray. Water at low pressure is delivered to the center of a rapidly revolving cone-shaped rotor provided with atomising pins set in its periphery. This atomiser cannot clog, requires very little attention, and will operate successfully under low water pressure. The spray is uniform, and there are never any spaoes in the Air Washer that are not completely filled with a fine mist. BayleyTurbo AirWasher and Conditioners may be used for washing, cooling, humidifying, or dehumidifying, as required. CHINOOK HEATING,SECTIONS: middle of the tank without breaking steam connections or taking down a single section. Shipped assembled in smaller sixes, and knocked down in the larger units. May be installed in horizontal or vertical position. BAYLEY TYPE EXHAUST FAN: An exhaust unit for handling refuse from sawmills, planing mills, cotton gins, textile mills and wood working plants, designed for high efficiency at moderate speed. Its outstanding features are the blast wheel which is built up from an ac curately machined and balanced center, insuring well balanced wheel and malring replacement of accidentally broken blades a simple matter. DISCF1N HEATERS: Discfin Heaters are constructed along the lines original with the Bayley Blower Company, as described under Chinook Heating Sections. . The Discfin unit illustrated is particularly adapted to use in offices and entrances to buildings, as well as the main portions of industrial plants. It may be connected to the outside air, and thus will ventilate as well as heat the space in which it is installed. The beaters are sturdy, efficient, easily installed, and occupy no valuable floor or wall space. They require no special structure to carry them, and they may be attached to walls or col umns, suspended from the floor above, or from the heating main, as circum Single Unit of the Sup stances will permit. . ported Type with A..ir It is not necessary when this heater Lonnerfwn from the is used, to recirculate air at room tem- rloor lane perature. Air directly from out of doors may be led to the unit, thus it a ventilating as well as a heating unit. The entire unit is testa! to a working pressure of 80 lb. The Bayley Blower Company offer in addition to the Discfin described, larger sixes of industrial unit heaters. The well-known B.tiu. Heater is popular in railroad roundhouses and shops. The LC.U. Heater is also an industrial unit of somewhat tighter con struction, which is adapted to use in industrial buildingB of all sorts. The Chinook Section is used with fan type heating, ventilat ing, and drying systems. It circulatee either nigh or low pres sure steam by gravity or under a vacuum. The heater may also be used to circulate hot water for heating purposes, or cold water for cooling purposes. The Chinook base is of grey cast iron, having walls of suf ficient thickness to withstand a working pressure of 175 lb. per sq. in. The casting is divided into two chambers by a horizontal partition. Steam enters the lower or steam chamber from which it rises through %-in. wrought pipes, which are located within the 13^-in. wrought pipes leading from the upper chamber.- Thus the steam in the steam chamber passes up through the small pipes (which are open at the top) into the larger pipes, where condensation takes place, tiie water and air falling into the upper chamber and draining away through the return outlet. Each tube is evenly heated through its entire length, and air binding cannot occur. The Chinook is the only heater in which a leak can be repaired in the BAYLEY CHINOOKFIN HEATING SECTIONS: The Chinookfin heater embodies the same successful principles of construction as the original Chinook, except that the radiating dement is copper tubing, carry ing extended copper-fin surfaces. The manner of attaching the fins so as to re main tight under all conditions and tem perature changes is unique and very efficient. ' Each pipe is separate; individual, and independent; expansion and contraction of any one pipe does not affect the others; 'no rigid connections, return bends, nipples, of elbows, to be racked out of shape by unequal expansion and contraction. This construction permits continuous and in numerable cycles of expansion and con traction without crystallization of materials and resulting damage. The Bayley Chinookfin Heater is as safe for tempering coil service as for re heaters--a remarkable feature of this heater. Write for Bulletin, No. 29-C which describes it in detaiL 638 Fans and Ventilating Equipment The Buckeye Blower Company Main Office and Factory 400 Dublin Avenue, Columbus, Ohio Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore. Md. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, III. Cleveland, Ohio Branch Sales and Service Offices Dallas, Texas Indianapolis, Ind. Denver. Colo. Kansas Citt, Mo. Detroit, Mich. Los Angeles, Calif. Grand Rapids. Mich. . Milwaukee, Wis. Harrisburg, Pa. Minneapolis, Minn. Hempstead, N. Y. Newark, N. J. New York Citt Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Richmond. Va. St. Joseph, Mo. IN CANADA: TORONTO, ONTARIO St. Louis, Mo. Salt Lake Citt, Utah Seattle, Wash. . Syracuse, N. Y. Youngstown, Ohio Manufacturers of BUCKEYE Heating and Ventilating and Air Conditioning Apparatus The Buckeye Heatovent has been developed for use in School Rooms and places where quiet running, temperature control, quick heating, and positive ventilation are requisites. This machine is equipped with the oval tube copper radiator which will not burst when frozen. '; The Buckeye Thermovent has been developed for larger installations requiring from 2000 to 5000 c.f.m. as churches, auditoriums, garages. Horizontal type for ceiling hanging, vertical type for floor setting. Equipped with or without mixing dampers. The Buckeye Giant Unit Heater was especially designed and developed for Airplane Hanger and large Industrial Building Heating. Capacities up to 20,000 c.f.m. and 2,000,000 B.t.u. The Buckeye Thermofan is a propeller fan type of unit for smaller industrial work-rooms.. Can be used for fresh air. supply or recirculating jobs, equipped with or without ducts to floor. Multiblade Fans for heatipg, ventilating, . drying, dust removal and allied uses in all sizes up to 100,000 c.f.m. and up to 6 in. static pressure. Ozonation and humidity treatment available for all unit applications. Engineering service available in all branch offices.' 639 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Buffalo Forge Company "Air Engineers For Over Fifty Years" 450 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y. Sales Engineering Offices Ammarillo, Texas.___ .......................... Ammarillo Bldg. Boston, Mass................ ........................... _..... _10 Milk Street Chicago, III............. ....................562 W. Washington Blvd. Cleveland, Ohio__ --.368 Rockefeller Bldg. Cincinnati, Ohio._____ ...........604 Mercantile library Bldg. Dallas, Texas........ Denyeh, Colo..l___ 7.................. San Francisco, Calif.. Detroit, Mich............. ..................2051 W. Lafayette Blvd. Indianapolis, Ind... _ ___ .State Life Bldg. Los Angeles, Calif ...............610 Pershing Square Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn ........459 N.W. National life Bldg* New York, N. Y......... .................... 39-41 Cortlandt Street Philadelphia, Pa______ 1302 Land Title Bldg. Pittsburgh, Pa..... ........ ....................927 Union Trust Bldg. Portland Ore_______ ...........................355 Everett Street .....365 Tenth Street Louis, Mo------------Seattle, Wash....... ....... .906 Chemical Bldg. .... 303 Alaska Bldg. Washington, D. C____ .418 Washington Loan Trust Bldg. Complete line manufactured in Canada by Canadian Blower & Forge Co., Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario Manufacturers of Heating and Ventilating Equipment, including: Multiblade Fans, Pipe Coil Heaters, Unit Heaters, Carrier Air Washers, Exhaust Fans, Blowers, Dust Collectors, Disc Fans, Spray Nozzles, Me chanical Draft, Drying Equipment, Multistage Blowers and Exhausters Complete descriptive literature sent on request The New Silex Conoidal Ventilating Fan An improved type of ventilat ing fan, designed from our experiments and experiences to reduce audible noise to a minimum. The housing is a "rolled-up evase stack," con- , verting air velocity leaving I the rotor into static pressure. The cone is carried out be yond casing in order to get best conversion efficiency, and to provide an extremely quiet stream line fan cut off. Unit Heaters Unit Heaters Air Washers One-Piece eliminators and scrub bers that are easily assembled in a few minutes and give great clean ing effect. Spray nozzles prevented from clogging by tank-width screen. Original efficiency is maintained indefinitely by a few minutes flushing out each week. Buffalo Niagara Conoidal Fans handle large quantities of air at high efficiency under big over loads in industrial plants. Low speed and great capacity well suited to belt drive. . Buffalo Breezo Propellers Fans are very suc cessfully used for removing steam, odors or foul air in shops, mills and factories. Belted or direct motor driven types. The New Buffalo Highboy and Low boy Heaters, units of large capacity, heat and ventilate large areas economi cally. The heating coils and centrifugal fans are arranged for maximum efficiency. Every part of these heaters is accessible HiQhboy for inspection. Available in three different lengths and two heights for mounting and may be placed vertically or horizontally. Mechanical Draft Apparatus Buffalo Forced and Induced Draft Fans have kept pace with the rapid strides in modern boiler room efficiency. Ruggedness and reliability have always been our watch word. Improvements in efficiency--1 stronger and better balanced rotors for the higher peak loads--liners and welded construction to combat the erosion of powdered coal are some of the things we are doing and continuing to do. 640 Fans and Ventilating Equipment De Bothezat Impeller Go., Inc. 1922 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Branch Offices and Representatives in AU Principal Cities ' Foreign Office WEBB DUST REMOVING & DRYING CO., Ltd;, Tmor Dale Chambers, Stockport, England ASANO BUSSAN CO., Ltd.. 165 Broadway, N. Y. Osaka, Japan Manufacturers of De Bothezat Disc Pressure Fans De Bothezat Fans are guaranteed to have a non overloading power charac teristic, that is to absorb at constant revolutions practi cally the same power what ever the static pressure under which they are oper ating for the whole range between free delivery and no delivery. This impor tant property insures the complete safety of their operation under any condi tions to be met in practice. De Bothezat Pressure Fans made in all sizes from 8 in. to 10 ft. Motors for these fans are furnished from 3^o hp- to 100 hp. GIANT FAN 48 in. DISC PRESSURE FAN The capacities of the fans run from 360 c.f.m. to Sizes from 5 ft. to 254,000 c.f.m. Static pressure from ^ in. to 3 in. 10 ft. 5 hp. 6S0 r.p.m. 16,000 c.f.m. against /-in. s.p. and 8,000' c.f.m. against fain. s.p. High efficiency and large air volume, together with high pressure characteristics are a few of several qualities which distinguish De Bothezat Disc Pressure Fans. Powers from hp. to 100 hp. Volume from 16,000 c.f.m. to 54,000 c.f.m. Static Pressure from fa to in. Speed from 175 r.p.m. to 700 r.p.m. Fan and motor mount- ed on same base secur ing perfect align ment. Requires mint-. mum floor space. Chain driven, texrope drive, or directly connected THE BIFURACTOR For special Ventilating jobs where fumes of excessive temperature or corrosive character are to be removed. The bifurcator is a deyice that permits the use of a straightway duct. It eliminates right angle bends and long shaft connections, at the same time protecting and automatically cooling the motor. The fan chamber is stream lined in section, and the bifurcated duct is not reduced in area at this point. Full details on request. Catalog Supplied on Request A Few Prominent Users American Can Company American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Bell Telephone Laboratories Briggs Mfg. Company Buick Motor Company City of Detroit City of New York Continental Can Company Detroit Edison Company- ... Fairbanks Morse Company General Electric Company National Biscuit Company National Tube Company New York Central R. R. Co. Packard Motor Company Pennsylvania Railroad Co. Philadelphia Gas Company , Public Service Corporation of N. J. Standard Oil Company of-N. J. United Electric Light & Power Co. Western Electric Company Western Union Tele. Co. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co. West Leechburg Steel Co. 30 in.' DISC PRESSURE FAN ` hp., 1140 r.p.m., 8000 c.f.m. against 1-in s.p. and 1000 c.f.m. against fain. s.p. 641 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Manufacturers Since 1879 McCormick Building . Chicago, III. Eastern Office: 55 West 42nd Street, New York Fans, Blowers; Exhausters; Unit Heaters; Pressure Blowers'; Dust Collecting; Ventilating and Drying Apparatus Cycloidal Multi-Blade Fan Cycloidal Multi-Blade Fan--Sturdy construc tion and designed to de velop an efficiency equal to any fan of this type built. Overhung wheel . and overhung pulley types, suitable for Heating, Ven tilating, Drying and Ex hausting. Catalog No. 200 contains complete data. Hi-Static Cy cloidal Fans are designed for use in connection with Dust Collecting Systems, and for conveying materials of all kinds. Low Speed Power Sav ing. Catalog No. 410 contains com plete description and engineering data. Type "A" Propeller Fan Type "A" Propeller Fan-- For exhausting foul air, steam, smoke, etc. With direct .con nected motors or furnished with pulleys for belt drive. Bulletin 310 contains data on various types and all sizes. Standard makes of motors used, ample in size. No overload, no heating and thus no cooling device re quired. Hi-Static Colodtai Fans Cyclo-Fin Unit Heater--(Industrial Type) --Compact, sturdy, noiseless and fitted with heavy duty motors for severe and continuous industrial service. Heating element copper tub ing with fins. Non<orrosive." Made in both suspension and floor types. ' OTHER PRODUCTS Centrifugal Compressors--For oil and gas burning--Catalog No. 301. ' Positive Pressure Blowers--For Pressures up to 5 lb.--Catalog No. 290. Forced and Induced Draft Fans. Blast Gates. Dust Collectors. Forge Blowers--Fan Coolers. . Cyclo-Fin Unit Heater Garden City products are a combination of genuine quality and efficiency. Fifty years of experience enables iis to furnish "A Fan or Blower for Any Purpose.*1 A complete set of literature should be in your files. 642 Fans and Ventilating Equipment ILG Electric Ventilating Company Electric Ventilators--Unit Heaters--Blowers Seattle-------------- . Denver--------------San Antonio-- New York-....... Cleveland-------Philadelphia... Pittsburgh.-- Detroit-------------- St. Louis_______ Cincinnati--.. 2880 North Crawford Avenue, Chicago, 111. Branch Offices '' . L. C. Smith Bldg. ______ _________________Box 968 .............................. ,,_U8 Redondo St. ......................................... 16 Park Row ..1105 Schofield Bldg. .. 325 Commercial Trust Bldg. .......... .........1018 Bessemer Bldg. ... _______ .415 Biainard St. ........ 1421 Syndicate Trust Bldg. _________ ____________ 622 Broadway Milwaukee326 Metropolitan Bldg. Des Moines..... ...... -........... .............................................Box 57 Baltimore............................................. Hearst Tower Bldg. New Haven............. ....................................... -902 Chapel St. Indianapolis____ --817 Architects & Builders Bldg. Minneapolis._____________ -442 Builders Excb. Bldg. Kansas City----------- ------ ------------------------- 524 Ridge Bldg. Los Angeles406 S. Main St. New Orleans,............... .................. ........203 Natchez Bldg. Boston._____________ ___ 136 Federal St. Sales Representatives in All Principal Cities ILG ELECTRIC VENTILATION ILG Unit Heaters ILG Unit Heaters solve the most vital problem in Economical Heating. They insure equalized distribution of the heat waves and spread and hold the warm air to the breathing zone. This distinctive feature of ILG Unit Heaters is protected by basic patent No. 1295151. Using live air tempered with steam or. hot water, ILG Unit Heaters take the air at low velocity and deliver it to the floor level at high velocity. The range of action of the heat waves is from 60 to 100 ft. There are no cold air pockets, no ceiling hot spots--the temperature varia tion between floor and ceiling is less than 15 deg. ILG Unit Heaters are recommended for factories, warehouses, garages, aircraft buildings, public buildings, gymnasiums, locker rooms, store and hotel lobbies, etc. Write for new Illustrated Book of special interest to heating engineers. ILG Blowers Good engineering has made-ILG Direct Connected Blowers a notable example of compactness, combining unusual strength with minimum weight. The simplicity of assembly makes for quiet operation, low power consumption, and economical up keep. . '' The motor is a built-in feature. ` It is made an integral part of the housing. No foundation is required for motor or Blower --simply fasten the four legs to the floor or ceiling. ILG Direct Connected Blowers are made with interchangeable bowl and inlet flange. This construction makes it easy to change drive. All ILG Blowers are tested at the factory on actual current and voltage of the circuit on which they will be used-- the guarantee covers the complete unit. Detailed, information as to sizes, capacity, etc., mailed on request. N/ Fans and Healing Equipment Johnson Fan and Blower Co. 1317 West Lake Street, Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of Propeller Fans, Volume Blowers (Multivane Type), Pressure Blowers, Roof " Ventilators (Motor Driven), Penthouses, Extended Shaft Fans,-.'Low Speed Exhausters, Unit Heaters. Offices in Principal Cities . PROPELLER FANS Every Johnson Propeller Fan is " precision,v built and designed oa correct ventilating and engineering practice and principles. . The outer ring, arms and motor platform are cast in one piece, thus eliminating bolts and preventing frame from get ting out of alignment, during shipment or installation. 40 deg. motors used throughout and enclosed at front to prevent grease, dirt, acid fumes and other injurious sub stances from injuring windings. Motors are interchangeable, so that the use of only one frame is required for direct current or alternating current. . Furnished in sizes from 12 to 72 in., for any current or voltage. Send for catalog No. IS, containing detailed information. ROOF VENTILATORS (Motor Driven) The design of Johnson Motor Driven-Roof Ventilators, embodies a new method of construction, so that all joints are completely sealed, preventing leakage during inclement weather. . The rounded shape or graduated slope of hoifsing greatly assists drainage in wet weather, thereby preventing injury to fan and motor. . . Built in single or double.compartment types. In double compartment type, the motor, being enclosed in a separate but easily accessible chamber, is protected from fumes or acids. Writefor bulletin No. S5, which containsfull data and specifications. - VOLUME BLOWERS Johnson Blowers are carefully constructed of the best ma terials. They are designed not only to be able to obtain maxi mum efficiency, but also, flexibility and ease of installation. The construction admits of eight different position of discharges, both right and left hand. * Discharge velocity--in Johnson ratings--are based on the distance from the point of cut-off to the nearest point of the outer scroll. Built for any type of drive. Sizes from No. 30 up are regularly equipped with Self-Aligning Ball Bearings. Capacities range from 225 c.f.m. at in; static pressure to 161,000 c.f.m. at 2 in. static pressure. Made in wheel diameters from 6 to 90 in. Catalog No. S5 gives complete data. - . UNIT HEATERS Johnson Unit Heaters cover a wider range of sizes and types than can be obtained in any other make. The Propeller Fan Types are built for either ceiling sus pension or floor mounting. The High Velocity Blower Type Unit Heaters cover a wide range, for either ceiling suspension or floor mounting. The method of "High Velocity" Unit Heating was originated and pioneered by Johnson. This method adequately meets the requirements for . heating interiors where ceilings are high and areas large. With this method fewer unit heaters per area are required' and quicker heat in a given area is obtained. Bulletin No. 56 contains valuable engineering data and detailed information. 644 Fans and Ventilating Equipment PHONE CALUMET 6650 FANS AND BLOWERS AIR FILTERS AND WASHERS FAN FURNACES UNIT-HEATERS NEW YORK1 BLOWER COMPANY GENERAL OFFICES 3169 SHIELDS AVE. ARMOUR P.O. STA. CHICAGO. ILL. FACTORIES' AT LA PORTE. IND. AND CHICAGO, ILL. Type ME Fan : Type ME Fans cover a wide range of capacities from 100 c.f.m. to 300,000 c.f.m. Sizes up to and including No. 39 made with cast iron inlet stands and are reversible, the larger sizes made non-reversible. Fans deliver large quantities of air at high efficiency. Cone Back Multi Blade Wheels with forward curved floats used exclusively. Fans are regularly made either with overhung pulley or overhung wheel of all hands and discharges. We also manufacture Fans for mechanical draft, con veying systems, foundries, gas plants and stokers.. Write for Catalog No. 100 containing complete data. Comet Unit-Heaters For use with steam. Made in two sizes, as shown.in table. A Heavy Duty Disc Fan direct connected to motor drives air over heating coils. Unit-Heaters using pipe coil and vento made in convenient sizes. Write for Catalog 105 which gives complete data including B.t.u. capacities under various conditions. .. Size Heater per Min. R.P.M. ' Dimensions-- Wght. E.D.R. Com- H.P- Height Width Depth plete 8 800 48.000 1050 1/20 15 18 1800 108.000 850 1/10 23 24 2400 144.000 1160 1/6 23 60 6000 360.000 680 1/2 34 15 8 240 23 12/2 540 23 12V> .. 720 34 15'/J 1800 80 200 200 550 Air-Washers and Humidifiers Peerless Air-Washers and Humidifiers, Type "D" and "E," with capacities ranging from 36Q0 c.f.m. to 112,000 c.f.m. of value for washing, drying, humidifying and cooling. Also for special processes as paper, textiles, tobacco, glue, leather and wood. Write for more detailed descriptive literature. . 645 Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Buffalo. N. Y. Camden, N. J. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago. 111. Cincinnati, O. Cleveland, O. Dallas, Tex. Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. Hartford, Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas City, Mo. Fans and Ventilating Equipment B. F. Sturtevant Co. Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. PLANTS LOCATED IN Camden, N. J. Htdb Park, Mass. Stobtevant. Wts. Galt. Ont. Framingham, Mass. Berkelet, Calif. Los Angeles, Cal. Milwaukee. Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. Montreal, P. Q. Newark, N. J. New York, N. Y. Omaha, Neb. Pittsburgh. Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. San Francisco. Cal. Seattle, Wash. Toronto, Ont. Washington. D. C. STURTEVANT products No. 349 Coal Burning Blowers. The wide application of Sturtevant Products can hardly be discussed here; so for the convenience of the architect, engineer and contractor the publications listed below have been prepared to aid in the selection of proper equipment for iridustriairpublic, and private buildings of all types and sizes. We will gladly send you any of these publications on request. ENGINEERING SERVICE Each office, address shown above, maintains a force of trained engineers who are always ready to analyze the conditions of any prospective installation and make recommendations for suitable equipment.. 1011 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, Factory Section. 1012 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, School Section. 1013 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, Public Building Section. 1014 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, National, State and County Building Sectidn. 1016 Heating and Ventilating Watervliet, N. Y. Shops D. & H. Rail road. Power Plant Equipment CATALOGS Heating and Ventilating Equipment No. 230 Heaters. 271 Multivane Fans. 357 Disc and Propeller Fans. No. 275 Gear Transmissions. 288 Forced and Induced Draft with Mechanical Stokers. 311 Steam Turbines, Type 12. 330 Turbovane Fans, Designs4and 5. 283 Autoforce Ventilators. 331 Air Economizers. - 290 Silentvane Fans. 346 Propeller Type Forced Draft Fan. 295 Air Washers. 327 Portable Disc Fan. 332 Ventilating Sets. 337 Monogram Fans. 349 Coal Burning Blowers. 360 Discussion of Fans for Mechanical ' Draft. 340 Ventilating Fans. Vacuum Cleaning Equipment 361 Unit. Ventilators. 363 Tempervane Heaters 370 Convertible Multivane Fans. 345 Carbon Monoxide Asphyxiation and Its Prevention. No. 362 Vacuum Cleaner, Furnace and Boiler Cleaning. 367 Portable Vacuum Cleaners. 368 Stationary Vacuum Cleaners. 646 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Branch Offices in Principal Cities L. J. Wing Mfg. Go. 59 Seventh Avenue, New York Phone: Chelsea 0027-0030 Factory: NEWARK, N. J. Manufacturers of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters, Wing Turbine and Motor Driven Blowers, Wing-Scruplex Fans, Exhausters, Fog Eliminators The Wing Featherweight Unit Heater An unusually light, compact overhead heater, not dependent on side walls, par titions, pillars or girders for support, but placed wherever it will give the best results with any type roof construction without reinforcement. Its discharge is downward from immediately over the area to be Type LC Unit--motor and fan below heating element allowing location dose to ceiling. Also used with fresh air dud. heated, so that the air it heats can be directed in all, or in any desired, directions. Another advantage of this central location is that one unit or a single row will often Type HC Unit--motor andfan above heating element for use with a satiety of discharges. De sign l Vane Discharge shown. cover areas that would require three or four times the number of units if the discharge were in but one direction. A variety of standard discharge designs shown on this page adapt Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters for use over different shaped areas and for different heights from the Design 5--square areas--from low position. floor, securing the proper diffusion of the heated air. The highly efficient Wing Scruplex propeller-type fan obtains the high velocity of discharge necessary to pene Design t--long narrow areas -- moderate heights. trate the cooler air beneath. The whole building is main tained at a remarkably uniform temperature, with no areas overheated, and none too cold. The forced diffusion of warmed air through the whole working area reduces the usual initial heating-up period to an absolute minimum. Since Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters are easily con trolled by hand or by thermostatic switch, they are shut off when the building gets too hot, instead of wasting steam by opening windows. Designs--alternative for Design S for lower installation-- small heaters. A considerable economy is effected-by the prevention of wasteful accumulation of overheated air overhead, for Wing Units are constantly removing the hot air from over head further heating it and diffusing it through the cooler air at the working level. The temperature between the Design 8--long narrow areas--high floor and the roof levels of a Wing heated building varies only a fraction of a degree per foot height. Design 4--alterna tive for Design 5 location. --larger heaters. Railroad Machine Shop xoith Type HC Unit, Design 1 Discharge, 40 ft. above floor, covering practically . oblong areas. 647 Chair factory with Type DC Units. Minimum space to ceiling. Regular 4-way discharge spreads heat over wide area. L.J.WingMfg. Co. Fans and Ventilating Equipment Methods of Installing Wing Units The drawings below show typical high ceiling and low ceiling installations, together with a plan view illustrating the general distribution and diffusion of the heated air from the unit heaters. The first illustration shows Type HC heater installed 30 or more feet from the floor, above the travelling crane, the heater arranged so that the left, lower por tion of the building is also heated. The third illustrations shows a typical multi-story building heated with Type LC heaters. *' s jP L. A /V Condensed Table of Engineering Data (Letters refer to dimensions indicated on illustrations at top of preceding page) Unit Size AxA, In. 13-4-12 17-3-12 22-3-12 22--4-12 22-5-12 25-4-12 25-5-12 30-4-85 30-5-85 36-4-85 36-5-85 19% 22% 27V. vv. 27V. 22V. 22V. 40'/, 40'/, 46'/, 46'/, B. In. C. In. D. In. Air. Motor, C.f.m. Hp. Temperature Room Leav. B.t.u. per Hr. Available Approximate Snipping Weight. Lb. 26% 28 24 26 6 1150 6 1950 `/ 'A 29 29 29 237/2301/, /230'A 26 26 26 m 6 3200 'A 6 2800 '/. 6 2600 '/4 7 4800 Vl 7 4500 Vi 36 38 8 6900 1 36 38 8 6500 1 42 42 8 9600 2 42 42 8 9000 2 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 . 60 60 60 110 57,100 185 110 96,900 213 112 162,000 ' 270 122 169,000 280 133 180,000 288 122 289,500 320 133 311,400 , 332 122 416,000 360 133 450,000 365 122 579,000 504 133 623,000 528 Complete table for other room temperatures will be furnished on request. Wing Fog Eliminators Wing Fog Eliminators supply tempered fresh air to completely de-fog dyehouses, bottling, preserving and pasteurizing plants, paper mills, and in general any building or room where steam, fog or fumes are liberated in manufacturing processes. . ' The Wing Scruplex Fan Its true screw-propeller design moves all the air straight forward without eddy. Current consumption is low. The motor is generously proportioned, totally inclosed, easily accessible. Pully or turbine drive also furnished. Wing Scruplex Fans are built in the following sizes: 10,13,17, 22, 25, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60 in.--capacities from 950 c.f.m. to 33,000 c.f.m. Up to 25 in. diameter propellers are made of cast aluminum-- larger sizes of pressed steel. - Wing-Scruplex Exhauster Wing-Scruplex Exhausters Wing Scruplex Exhausters consist of the highly efficient "screw propeller" fan encased in appro priate manner with a motor on the outside where it , is clean, cool and easy of access. They are used in duct work where the resistance is low and being de signed in the form of an elbow fit snugly in any line. The diagrams at top of next page show the methods of installation. 648 L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. Fans and Ventilating Equipment Belied directly to Ceiling Proper Selection of Exhausters Hung from' Ceiling Bolted directly to ' Side Wall Bolted to Vertical Floor or Bolted to Foundation Side Wall Where particularly quiet operation is desired, as in offices, residences, hospital wards, etc., use lowest speeds in all sizes in the table below. For toilet rooms, ` laboratories, motion picture booths, stock-rooms, etc., use any speed in sizes 1 and 2; low and medium speeds in all other sizes. In industrial plants, enginerooms, workshops, etc., use any speeds. Capacities of Wing-Scruplex Exhausters up to 0.5" static. Size Inlet Sq.In. Outlet Round In. Speed R.p.m. Free Air C.f.m. Hp. . 15 in. C.f.m. Hp. .25 in. C.f.m. Hp. .40 in. Ci.ni. Hp. .50 in. C.f.m. Hp. 1-A 2-A 2-B 3-S - 3-A 3-C 4-S 4-A 4-C 5-A 5-B 6-A 6-8 6-C 10 131A I6y4 163/4 21 21 21 25 25 30 30 30 IO'/2 14'/, 14'/, 17% 17% 17% 21% 21% * 25 30 30 . 30 1750' 1150 1750 850 1150 1750 850 1150 1750 1150 1750 600 850 1150 850 1440 2050 2130 2700 4000 2850 3575 5400 5200 8000 5500 7400 10250 *0.052 0.060 0.195 0.090 0.180 0.600 0.100 0.170 0.540 0.330 1.330 0.210 0.550 1.500 630 950 1895 1250 2150 3720 2200 3150 5160 4720 7740 3725 6280 9520 0.054 0.069 0.208 0.110 0.195 0.635 0.100 0.200 0.600 0.380 1.360 0.250 0.600 1.550 330 0.060 395 0.090 1695 0.216 1550 3510 1610 2775 4990 4250 7540 2375 5450 8950 0.221 0.655 0.125 0.220 0.650 0.440 1.400 0.330 0.740 1.570 1155 0.248 3150 0.700 1950 4670 3300 7175 0.245 0.710 0.530 1.480 4000 0.830 8000 1.620 750 0.285 2810 0.720 1550 4440 2610 6900 0.280 0.750 0.600 1.540 3400 0.960 7340 1.760 Complete data on request Acid Resisting Monel Metal Fans and Exhausters For handling acid laden air, Wing Scruplex Exhausters and Wing Scruplex Fans are supplied with all parts that come in contact with the air exhausted, made of Monel Metal. Wing Blowers for Forced Draft Wing motor-driven Type EM Blowers are chosen for forced draft for heating boilers of all sizes because they maintain the same high standards which have made the Wing Turbine Blower a standard in forced draft equipment for pressure boilers for 25 years. The installation of a Wing Unit makes possible the, use of Buckwheat coal and other inexpensive fuels with great savings in fuel costs, which usually pay for the blower in the first year of operation. .' These blowers are of the propeller type fan construction, which affords large air passages and low air velocities, re sulting in quiet operation and even fires. Wing EM Blower Wing Blowers are con trolled by speed regulation, conveniently operated from the front of the boiler. Totally enclosed motors keep out the dust and dirt of the boiler' room, insuring many years of service without repair. Automatically controlled, they make the fireman's work easier. - . . . The Wing Blower in foreground supplies d SkJn rUllT detrlhlll ^ng ^ UnitsI % tltter^oX'ouA^ZL and Bulletin No. 87 describing Turbine Blowers. return tubular heating boilers 649 Foundations, Cork Armstrong Cork & Insulation Company Lancaster, Pa. Offices Albany Atlanta . Birmingham Boston ` ' Buffalo Charlotte, N.C. Chicago Houston, Tex. New York Cincinnati Jacksonville, Fla. Pittsburgh ` Cleveland Kansas City Rochester Dallas Memphis St. Louis Denver Milwaukee Montreal, Que., Can. Detroit Minneapolis Toronto 2, Ont.. Can. Armstrong Cork Company, Ltd., London, England Representatives Baltimore....................................... John R. Livezey Los Angeles.......................Gay Engineering Corp. New Orleans..............................................H. T. Steffee Philadelphia.................................. John R. Livezey Portland__________ _____________ Gillen-Cole Co. San Francisco....................Van Fleet-Freear Co. Seattle........ ............................... D. E. Fryer & Co. Spokane...................... ............. _...D. E. Fryer & Co. Tacoma.......... .................. ...........D. E. Fryer & Co. _ Washington.................................... John R. Livezey Detailed information, samples, and descriptive literature may be obtained on application to any of these offices or representatives. . Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is a special grade of corkboard for absorb ing noise and vibration under .moving machines such as fans, motors, etc. The natural resilience of cork and the fact that it does not "set" under pressure nor harden with age make it especially suitable for this use. Another advantage of Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is that, being a manu factured product, its density can be varied to suit different conditions. Armstrong's is made in three grades or densities from 1.1 to 1.66 lb. per board foot. By adapting the grade to weight and type of machine, much better results are obtained than by using a single grade for all installations. Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is made in boards 12 by 36 by 1, 1^2. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in. thick. The standard boards may be sawed or cut into the desired shape or size as readily as lumber, and where large pads are required, they can be made in sections and cemented together. The density and thickness to be used cannot be determined accurately until such factors as the .weight, speed and character of the machine to be isolated are known. Generally speaking, the grades which should be used under different classes of machines are as follows: Small fans, motors, generators, etc--------- --- Light Large fans, medium size motors and genera tors, light machines and machine tools. etc..'__.'Medium Heavy motors and generators. large ma chines and machine tools, engines, etc----- Heavy Two methods of installing Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation are usually fol lowed. In the first, the foundation pits are lined with Armstrong's Cork Ma chinery Isolation on the bottom and sides. The foundation proper is then poured in on top of the cork. In the second, the cork is placed between the base of the machine and the foundation, floor or ceil ing, to which it is fastened. See figures below. "Vi i 650 Furnaces, Warm Air Langenberg Manufacturing Co. 4549 No. Euclid Ave. St. Louis, Mo. No. of Fur nace* Over all Height In. Grate Area Sq. In. Ratio: | . Size Size Feed Door Ash Door Crate P* ,n` Sq. In. Sq. In-- Area j 381 68 455 72 515 73 575 75 635 75 665 89 177 36.1 258 28.6 388 21.9 471 21.8 578 20.0 578 24.0 350 529 705 853 1015 1093 10 x!2 81/4x11'/ 83/4x12'/, 10 x!5/i 83/4x12'/ to xWa 83/4x12'/ 121/4x14 8>/x12'/ 12Yi14 83/4x12'/$ 1214x14 `Firs: two figures of number are diameter of casing. A new way of heating homes, churches and schools is to combine the heating and ventilating apparatus into a single unit under automatic control. . The above data in connection with the Standard-Code, published as a part of the Chapter on Gravity Warm Air Heating, will enable the Architect, Engineer or Con tractor to specify the correct size Front Rank furnace for any project. Any Front Rank furnace installed by an authorized dealer according to the Standard Code is guaranteed to maintain an average temperature of 70 deg. in zero weather. The Front Rank is such a system-- equipped with fan, vapor supply, air filters, etc. Stratification is reduced by a positive . air movement thus providing a higher degree of comfort than is ordinarily pos sible: Air conditions are under control. Wind pressures are overcome. The system occupies no usable space in the parts of the building to be heated. In small buildings the Standard Code is followed. In large buildings modern engineering principles are used in accu rately computing heat losses and estimat ing required capacities. Each system is designed especially for the building in which it is to be erected. We have specialized in good Warm Air Heating since 1888. 651 Gages, Draft Ellison Draft Gage Company 214 West Kinzie Street Chicago, 111. Products: Ellison Draft Gages, Pilot Tubes and Steam Calorimeters. Designed by Lewis M. Ellison and manufactured by Ellison Draft Gage Company. Ellison Pointer Draft Gages: Straight-Line Movement: This im proved pointer draft gage, converting an arc into a straight line, is of remarkable accuracy and repeats precisely. It is of un usual substantial construction and is made in X to 12 readings, wall or panel type, with color code system of drafts. It has a power ful bell of 10 cu. in. displacement. The The scale is 10 in. long, with large figures, readings visible across the boiler room. Ellison Tube Draft Gages: The famous Ellison Inclined Tube Gage, is the original--not an imitation and is recognized the standard of accuracy. Was introduced in 1896. Water having, a variable movement, a mineral oil is used. Except the inclined-vertical type, all. the gages have sliding scales for setting zero, requiring no frequent refilling. , The stationary gages have white enameled scales, and the open type inclined gages, white metal scales, with micrometer leveler. fulcrum knife edges are of hardened steel, }/i in. long. The bells have a common pan, with drain, and the liquid used is mineral oil. The pan is filled thru a large tube in the side or back, combining a filler and liquid level indicator. The scales are 10 in. long, of uniform spacing, and are illuminated from the back with a standard 15 watt bulb, one for eight pointers. Dial Type: Of the same excellent con struction and accuracy as the straight line type, having the same filler, knife edges, beam and bell, using the same liquid. It is made in four sizes, up to 5 in. range or in mm. graduations, minus or plus, and in one, two and three pointer gages. The two-pointer is intended for furnace and uptake or pit pressure and furnace, and the three-pointer for pit, furnace and uptake. Inclined Draft Gage: Made in .3 in. range for domestic furnaces and in. 3^. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7l/i in. range, and in.rrim.', for power boilers, suction, pressure or differential. .. Combination Inclined Draft Gage: By turning the handle, this gage* reads furnace, flue or differential draft in 1 arid . 13 in. range, and in mm. Compound Inclined Draft Gage: This gage tends furnace draft to left, flue draft or differential to right of zero in in. and mm. scales. Multi-Tube Inclined Draft Gage: Made in 2, 3 and 4 tubes in 1 to 73^ in. range, and in mm., suction, pressure or differential. Ellison Draft Gage Company Gages, Draft Pointer Air. Filter Gage: Indicates, differential thru air filters and the time for cleaning. The type is same as the dial type gages. Made in 3^ and 1 in. range, and in mm. Differential system furnished for any of the inclined gages for Pitot tubes and other differential readings, which prevents the liquid blowing out with static pressures in excess of the scale range. Ellison-Pitot Tube is of the standard type and is of superior construction-- inner tube of "Nickel Silver." Vertical Draft Gages : The open type is for portable use and is made in 5 and 10 in. range, and in oz. Also in 4, 7 and 12 in. range in the sliding scale type. The single tube cover type is for stationary use and is made in 4, 7, 12, 20 and 30 in. range, and in cm. and oz. In multi-tube it is made in 2 to 10 tubes 7 in. range, 3 to 12 tubes 10 in. range, 3 to 6 tubes 15 and 20 in ranges. 1 Inclined Draft Gage--Open Type: For technical institutions and power plant testing. With sliding scale and micro meter leveler. Made in 1, 13^, 2, 3 and 5 in. range, and in mm., suction, pressure or differential. Ellison U Path Steam Calorimeter: In this recently improved steam calori meter, a remarkable performance of 2 degrees within the theoretical temperature is obtained. . Portable. Inclined Draft Gage: For traveling engineers, light and compact, with leveling stand. Made in 3^ 1. 13^ and 2 in. range. Also two-tube in 3^ and 1 in. and in 3^ and 13^ in. ranges. All gages with or without attachments and pressed aluminum carrying cases. Inclined-Vertical Draft Gage: The low readings are multiplied in the inclined tube, reading in .01 in. and in the vertical tube in .1 in. Made in 1, 3 and 5 in. inclined range and in 6, 8, 12, 16 and 20 in. combined range, suc tion, pressure or differential. It is of heavy construction and has a safe working pressure of 100 lb. --under differential. Steam enters and escapes at. the top of the steam chamber, forming a U path. Momentary excess moisture is separated and re-evaporated by the superheated steam, lowering the temperature on the superheat thermometer in direct propor tion. This cycle forms a throttling, separating and re-evaporating calorimeter in a single steam.chamber, which is-steam jacketed by the down-flow escaping steam. The jacket steam is protected against chilling by a 1 in. insulating jacket on the sides and \)/2 in. on the top of the jacket, which is filled with lamp black and encased by a bright nickel plated casing. 653 Heat Cabinets The Trane Company ,Let Ovosse Wis. Sec Pumps, page 766; Unit Heaters, page 679; Heating Specialties, pages 838, 839. ' . BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES TRANE CONCEALED HEATING Concealed Heating is recog nized as the modern method of distributing heat in homes, apart ments, office and public buildings. Trane as a pioneer in this field has developed the Concealed Heater and simplified the in stallation until the job of setting the unit in the wall and making the piping connections is com paratively 'easy. " "Th'e installa tion can be made in about the same time it requires to set a radiator. One of the big advantages of Trane Concealed Heating is in the adjustable stack which con nects the heating element with the outlet grille. This feature has entirely removed the neces sity of minutely measured wall openings and does away with the difficulty of making the installation. The stack has a wide height range which gives a variety of capacities in a single unit. Trane Concealed Heaters are made in three widths-- 3%, 5% and 7% in. The first two fit in 2 x 4 in. and 2 x 6 in. walls respectively without furring. The heaters are made in the following lengths: 22, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 in. The grilles--the only part of the installation which can be seen--are cast aluminum in the Standard and Dutch Colonial Style. The Stamped Steel Style Grille is also available. Heat Control can be obtained either through the use of a damper on the outlet grille or by a valve on the heating element. Heater is always accessible for inspection and can easily be removed without interfering with the plastering. Trane Heat Cabinets are ideal for homes already built where the owner wishes to have the advantages of convec tion heat but does not want to make the installation be tween the walls. Price compares favorably with cast iron radiator and shield. 654 The Trane Company Heat Cabinets Capacities of Trane Unit Heaters AT 5 LB. STEAM PRESSURE FOR 60 CYCLE AND DIRECT CURRENT ONLY Power--60 Watts--0 h.p. No. 12 High Speed 1500 R. P. M. 485 C. F. M. Inlet Air Temperature 50" . 60" 70 Temperature . Rise 88" 83" ' 78 Final Temperature 138" 143" 148" B.t.u. Per Hour 46,000 43,400 40.600 Pounds of Con densate Per Hour 47 45 . 42 So. Ft. E.D. R. 192 161 170 ' Power--160 Watts--M h.p. Inlet Air Temperature . 50 60" 70" Temperature Rise 69" 65" 62" No. 15 High Speed 1140 R. P. M. Final Temperature 119" 125" 132* B.t.u. Per Hour 92.000 66,600 81,500 1280 C. F. M. Pounds of Con densate Per Hour 96 ' 90 85 Sq. Ft. ELD. R. 383 361 340 Power--240 Watts--% h.p. - Inlet Air Temperature 50* 60" 70" Temperature Rise 66" 63* 59" No. 18 High Speed 1140 R. P. M. Final Temperature . 116" 123". 129" B.t.u. Per Hour 147,500 139.000 130.800 2060 C. F. M. Pounds of Con densate Per Hour 153 . 145 136 Sq.Ft. EL D. R. 615 579 545. . Power--260 Watts--% h.p. Inlet Air Temperature 50" 60" 70" ' Temperature Rise 68" 64 60" No. 24 High Speed 1140 R. P. M. Final Temperature 118' 124" 130 B.t.u. Per Hour 212,100 200,000 188.400 2910 C. F. M. Pounds of Condensate Per Hour 221 208 196 Sq.Ft. EL D. R. 885 834 785 . Power--660 Watts--M h.p. No. 24-A High Velocity 1140 R. P. M. . 4070 C. F. M. Inlet Air Temperature 50" 60" 70" . Temperature Rise . 63 59" 56" Final Temperature 113 119" 126 B.t.u. Per Hour ' 275.000 260,000 244,000 Note.--All air volumes based on dry air at 70 F. 655 Pounds of Con densate Per Hour 286 270 254 Sq. Ft. ELD. R. II50'' 1085 1020 Heaters, Connection Circulair Heat.inc Representatives in Ail Principal dries General Offices 202 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky. Circulair Heat Installed Under Window. Standard Outlet Grille Circulair Heat is an improved convection heating unit of the concealed type for use with hot water, steam, vacuum or vapor systems in place of cast iron radiators. The Circulair Heat Unit occupies only a fraction of the space required normally for room heating equipment and consists of a carefully designed seamless copper tube on which are pressed die-stamped fins evenly spaced. Circulair Units are avail able in various widths and lengths and may be concealed in walls or cabinets. The Concealed Circulair Heater is usually plastered in the wall but a removable plaster wall panel is available where ready access to piping, valves and traps is desired. This plaster panel is plastered on the job when the wall is plastered and is invisible when the wall is finished. Circulair Heat Units are rated in equiva lent square feet of cast iron radiation. All ratings are based on 240 B.t.u. per square foot and were established by actual con densation tests. Capacities depend upon (1) Type of heater, (2) Length of heater, (3) Height of stack. A wide variety of grilje designs [ are available to harmonize with II various types of architectural ll treatment. ' M For complete engineering and installation data send for latest Circulair catalog. << Type D Grille 656 Mi Type C Grille Heaters, Unit The Dixie Blower Company 1351 West 37th Place, Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of Dixie Unit Heaters Dixie Unit Heater The Dixie Unit Heater is adapted to any service for which a unit heater can be used, including the heating of ware houses, factories, offices, theatres, garages, . churches, auditoriums, and many special applications for which a heater of high quality is required. The Dixie Unit Heater is so constructed that it can be either suspended from the steam line or from an overhead support. The direction of the air is regulated by the adjustable shutters, at any angle from a horizontal direction straight down to the floor. Dixie Unit Heaters are constructed and tested to operate continuously on any steam pressure up to 150 lb. Dixie cores have been tested at several times this pressure and found to be satisfactory. This is made possible by the use. of the highest grade material throughout andby the patented compression coupling, which eliminates the possibilities of. all leaks between the tubes and the headers. Each tube is inserted in its proper place and.the coupling tightened up by hand. Each core is a job in itself. The tubes of which the Dixie core is con structed are made of heavy weight % in. seamless copper tubing upon which a spiral copper fin is securely fastened. is guaranteed to be leak-proof. A further outstanding feature of this design is the ease with which a tube can be replaced in case of damage. It is only necessary to unscrew the coupling and lift out the tube. The hole in the header can be plugged with a in. pipe plug and the unit put back into operation. The Unit need not be Cross Section of Compression Coupling Used in the Dixie Unit Heater . out of service more than a few.minutes, an incalculable advantage where-service is required. . .. In a test to determine the holding strength of this compression coupling, 11,000 lb. (2'A tons) pull was exerted try ing to pull the headers apart. Although the tubes were stretched nearly one-half inch the compression couplings held per fectly and the unit remained intact. Compression Coupling An outstanding feature of the Dixie Unit Heater is the patented compression couplings employed between the tubes and the headers. These coup lings insure a connection which Ratings at 5 lb. Steam Pressure Air Air Entering Leaving Heater Heater F. F. B.t.u. Con Equiv. densate Sq.Ft. Lbs. Direct per Hour Rad. Cu. Ft. Air per Minute Ship ping Weight Lbs. 40 No. 50 1700 60 65 70 130 465240 484 1920 6400 550 136 436500 454 1816 6400 550 141 410680 428 1712 6400 ' 550 143 401000 416 1664 6400 550 144 387020 404 1616 6400 550 40 No.' 50 800 60 B 65 70 130 232620 136 218250 141 205340 143 200500 144 193510 242 227 214 208 202 960 3200 908 3200 856 3200 832 3200 808 3200 230 230 230 230 230 40 130 146880 155 612 i300 170 No. 50 135 138240 146 576 1300 170 500 60 143 128880 136 537 1300 170 65 145 124800 134 520 1300 170 70 147 121160 129 509 . 1300 170 40 No. 50 200 60 65 70 134 50880 53 212 920 1 120 138 45120 47 168 920 120 142 40320 42 168 920 120 143 38400 40 160 920 . 120 144 34520 37 148 ' . 920 120 Rear View Dixie Unit Heater Dixie Unit Heater No. 800--Model A uses an 850 r.p.m. motor.- Ratings on Model A are 25 per cent less than Model B. Three-speed alternating- current motors operate at 500, 850 and 1150 r.pjn. ' : : 657 Heaters, Unit Air-Way Electric Appliance Corporation - Toledo, Ohio Unit Heaters for Factories, Shops, Etc. OirPEO'M, U & UNIT HEATER Outstanding features of Air-Way Unit Heaters to which specific attention is in vited are: volume of heated air delivered per B.t.u. of fuel consumed; high velocity of air at the outlet, subsequent rapidity and extent of diffusion; exclusive design and construction of unit. Cabinets and louvres are of polished aluminum (which cannot rust or corrode). Unit sections are integrally cast of aluminum alloy. Leak age from water hammering, freezing or galvanic action is impossible.. The motor is specially designed and wholly enclosed. The motor frame for 14, 20 and 27 models takes all windings, including 550, 440, 220 and 110 volts; 25, 30, 40, 50 to 60 cycles. They are unconditionally guaranteed. Capacity Tables MODEL 27 60 Cycle 1150 r.p.m. Std. Fan 60 Cycle 850 r.p.m. 25Cyde 1425r.p.m- No. 25 Fan ' Standard Fan . Air Delivery 6000cJjn. at 70* Air Delivery 4450 cJsa. at 70 Intake Air Temperatures Intake Air Temperatures Zero 50" F. 60" F. 70" F. Zero 50" F. 60" F. 70 F. 5# 227 E.DJL 1595 1243 1179 1100 1320 1032 978 913 B.t.u. 382700 298500 283200 317000 247500 234500 219000 F.T. 71.5 100 107 112.5 78.5 105.5 ill 117 100/ 338" E.DJL 2375 2010 1945 1883 1970 1664 1613 1560 B.t.u. 571000 483000 467000 452000 473000 399500 387000 374500 F.T. 106.5 131 137 143 117 139 145 150.5 MODEL 20 60 Cycle 1150 r.p.m. Std. Fan 60 Cycle 850 r.p.m. 25Cyde I425r.p.m. No.25Fan Standard Fan Air Delivery 3000 ci.m. at 70* Air Delivery 2270 ci.m. at 70* Intake Air Temperature* Intake Air Temperatures Zero 50 F. 60" F. 70 F. Zero 50 F. 60 F. 70 F. 5/ 227 E.DJL 853 664 630 588 704 548 521 473 B.t.u. 204500 159600 151200 141300 169000 131800 125000 116600 F.T. 73 101 107.5 113.5 79 105.5 111.5 117.5 100/ 338" E.DJL 1270 1075 1038 1005 1046 888 858 830 B.t.u. 305000 258000 249500 241600 252000 213000 206000 199300 F.T. 108 132 138.5 144.5 118 140 145 151 MODEL 14 60 Cycle 1740 r.p.m. 60 Cycle 1150 r.pan. . Standard Fan ' Standard Fan Air Delivery 1550 cJ.ro. at 70" Air Delivery 1020cJ.m. at 70 Intake Air Temperatures Intake Air Temperatures Zero 50" F. 60" F. 70" F. Zero 50 F. 60" F. 70" F. Modd t0' w 227" E.DJL 338 263 250 233 258 202 191 179 B.t.u. 81100 63250 60000 56000 62000 48400 45900 42800 F.T. 55.5 89 96.5 103.5 65 95.5 102.5 109 100/ 338" E.D.R. 504 426 413 399 384 325 315 305 B.t.u. 120900 102200 99000 95800 92300 76200 75600 73200 F.T. 83 113.5 120 127 96.5 124 , 130 136.5 E. D. R.--Equivalent direct radiation, based on one square foot of cast iron radiation when supplied with steam at 5 lb. pressure and exposed in still air at 70 deg., having a neat transmission of 240 B.t.u. per hour. B.T.U.--Output per hour in British Thermal Units. F.T.--Average final temperature of air leaving unit in degrees Fahrenheit. 658 :w Air-Way Electric Appliance Corporation Heaters, Unit imj AERIET The Air-Way Aeriet is a standardized , unit has a heating capacity equivalent to unit assembly designed especially for living 40 sq. ft. of direct radiation and this rooms, offices and other places where a capacity is achieved with quiet operatidn highly efficient compact heating unit is at normal fan speeds. Much greater capa desired to meet all installation conditions city can be produced by running the unit and requirements. This is the only such at higher speeds but not silent operation. heating unit now available. The Aeriet Various models meet every individual may be entirely concealed within parti requirement. tions, or installed in an attractive cabinet to replace cast iron radiators. 11 provides positive mechanical movement of air for Write for more complete information and data. heating or cooling as may be desired. The heat does not rise along the wall to the ceiling, but is projected out into the room at knee level where it blends with the lower temperatures and rises. There are no valves to regulate. The heating element connected to steam or hot water supply line is integrally cast of non-corrosive ' alloys, unbreakable and leak-proof. Elec-, trie heating elements may also be used ex clusively or in combination with steam or hot water sections. A specially designed, silent, vibrationless motor operates the blower-type fans. The complete motor assembly is readily accessible by removing two screws from the lower grill. Model 14 Aeriet is illustrated. This Side and front eleva tion views showing dimensions arid pipe connections for roughing in Model 14 Aeriet Assembly. Koras fnccircNoun 659 Heaters, Unit and Concealed Radiators MKQUAY RADIATOR CORIPOIRATIIOM Manufacturers of Cabinet Radiators, Concealed Radiators and Unit Heaters General Offices 35 E. Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. Factory: MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Branches In Principal Cities The McQuay Heating Unit A distinctive feature of all McQuay products consists of a series of flat, horizontal tubes funning the entire length of the heating section and arranged in vertical tiers on one-inch centers. These are held securely in place by copper fins, set per pendicular to the tubes. The entire heating section is nested firmly in bronze metal end tanks or headers that act as manifolds for the entering steam and returning condensa tion. The specialized arrange ment and copper construction of the fins and tubes insure a maximum of heating efficiency. . The shape and design of the tubes preclude the possibility of danger of freez ing. The tubes are coated with tin on the inside thereby producing a glass-smooth' inner surface, eliminating the hazard of corrosion and clogging or certain destruc tive chemical reaction. heat reflector. The heating unit is placed near the bottom; cold air is admitted through a grille at the floor line and passes through this heating unit, rises rapidly in the enclosure, and is precipitated out the grille opening at the top--entirely by con vection. Heat is controlled by a damper arrangement located at the top of the cabinet. Front of cabinet is flush with finish wall and similarly decorated. McQuay Box Type Concealed Radiators The box type consists of a heavy metal case which is recessed in the wall under a window. The front section has a grille at top for the warm air outlet and at the bottom for entering air. The rear section is shaped slightly concave so as to act as a McQuay Recess Wall Type Concealed Radiators The recess wall type differs from the box type in that the entire radiator is con cealed in the wall, so that only the grille opening, which is flush with the'face of the wall, is seen. An opening is left in the baseboard for admit ting cold air. Proper provision is made so that the heating unit is easily accessible. Recess Wall Type McQuay Radiator McQuay Radiator Corporation Heaters, Unit and Concealed Radiators McQuay Cabinet Radiators An artistically designed cabinet of heavy furniture rust-resisting, copper alloy steel set over a McQuay Heating Unit which is nested inside and near the bottom. Cabi: net is furnished primed with one coat of Duco and may be finished to match in terior decorations of each apartment or room. Humidification is provided for by means of a water pan which extends the full width of the cabinet and is placed near the top. Design is such that air circulates over the surface of the water as well as under the waterpan. ! McQuay Radiators listed here are con structed and designed for vacuum, vapor, air line, one-pipe steam and hot water systems. Tappings are in accordance with Master Steam Fitters' Code as shown above. Cabinets are factory finished with a priming coat. Shipping rate approximately 2 lb. per sq. ft. of radiation. All radiators are bushed for eccentric return. Allow for this in roughing in. The published ratings of McQuay Unit Heaters, Heat Cabinets and Bathroom Units are based on data, resulting from actual tests made by competent engineers. . Capacities and Dimensions Intermediate Sizes'McQuay Concealed Radiators--Box Type Series 300 Heating Element Depth. ......... 3*/2* Wall Box Depth............ ........ 3%' Series 500 Heating Element Depth....... 5,/4' Wall Box Depth....................5*/i' Series 700 Heating Element Depth___ 7' Wall Box Depth................. 7%' Over-ail -Length of Heating Element, Inches 3'/:' Deep 21'/%" High y/i' Deep 24W High Stock Sq. Ft. Stock Sq. Ft. No. Rad. No. Rad. Over-all Length of Heating 5%' Deep 21 Vi' High 5W Deep 24i/2- High Over-all Length of Heating 7" Deep 211/2* High 7" Deep 241/2'Thgh Element, Stock So. Ft. Stock Sq. Ft. Element, Stock Sq. Ft. Stock Sq.Ft. Inches - No. Rad. No. Rad. Inches No.' Rad. No. Rad. 13 301-B 9.0 321-B 9.5 15 501-B 12.5 521-B 13.0 15 701-B 15.0 721-B 15.5 20 303-B 13.0 323-B 13.5 20 503-B 16.0 523-B 17.0 20 703-B 20.0 723-B 21.5 25 305-B 15.5 325-B 16.5 25 505-B 21.0 525-B 22.5 25 705-B 26.0 725-B 28.0 30 307-B 19.0 327-B 20.0 30 507-B 25.0 527-B 26.5 30 707-B 32.5 727-B 34.5 35 309-B 22.5 329-B 24.0 35 509-B 30.0 529-B 32.0 35 709-B 38.5 729-B 40.5 40 3II-B 23.3 331-B 27.0 40 511-B 34.5 531-B 36.5 40 711-B 44.5 731-B 47.0 45 313-B 28.5 333-B 30.0 45 513-B 39.0 533-B 42.0 45 7I3-B 50.5 733-B 53.0 50 315-B 32.0 335-B 33.0 50 515-B 44.0 535-B 46.5 50 715-B 56.5 735-B 59.5 55 317-B 35.5 337-B 37.0 55 517-B 48.0 537-B 51.5 55 717-B 63.0 737-B 66.0 60 319-B 38.0 339-B 40.5 60 519-B 53.0 539-B 56.5 60 719-B 68.5 739-B 72.0 McQuay Cabinet Radiator (Bathroom Type) A plain design of cabinet, without hu midifier, which sets over a McQuay Heat ing Element. When finished to blend with bathroom scheme it is inconspicuous. This, together with the small dimensions, makes this type also equally de sirable for kitchenettes, small offices, etc.-- wherever space must be conserved. Series 900 ; Heating Element Depth... Wall Box Depth......... .. 9* Over-all Length of Heating - % Deep 2IVi` High 8y.'Dp 241/2'High Element, Stock Sq.Ft. Stock [Sq. Ft. Inches No. Rad. No. Rad, 15 901-B 16.5 921-B 17.5 20 903-B 22.5 923-B 24.0 25 905-B 29 5 925-B 31.5 30 907-B 37.0 927^8 39.5 35 909-B 44.0 929-B 46.0 40 911-B 50.0 931-B 53.0 45 913-B 58.0 933-B 61.0 50 915-B 65.5 935-B 68.5 55 ' 917-B 72.5 937-B 75.5 60 919-B 80.0 939-B 83.0 661 D IM EN SIO N S AND C APAC ITIES M cQ U AY C A B IN E T RADIATO RS 1 McQuay Radiator Corporation Healers, Unit and Concealed Radiators i `I 662 Heaters, Unit The Herman Nelson Corporation Moline, Illinois Manufacturers of * Herman Nelson hiJet Heaters; Herman Nelson Invisible Radiators; Uni vent Ventilation; Herman Nelson Radiator Sections; Sllentvent Exhausters* 5 The Herman Nelson Radiator has proven its worth as a practical, means for air warming, air cooling, air condensing, air drying, etc., as demon strated by the many installations in these various applications. The radiator consists of a steamway or core upon which smooth, flat surface plates are firmly wedged in parallel, causing a tight metal to metal contact. As the core or steamway is cast of a special homo geneous metal in one piece, the liability of leakage is eliminated. It is leak-proof and rust-proof, and.has no'joints of any kind. It provides a construction that will withstand expansion and water hammer strains without injury. The core extends the entire length of the radiator and is tapered in cross section having, j an average thickness 1 in. and a 4y2 per cent taper. The core is 6% in. wide and the walls which are T5 m. thick are provided with stays through the middle on 4 in. centers. The radiators are regularly tested to a hydrostatic pressure of 250 lb. and sections are selected at random from stock for a test of 500 lb. hydrostatic pressure. Operating! pressures are guaranteed up to 150 lb. Dimensions Herman Nelson Radiator Sections can be assembled in combina tions to meet almost any requirement and may be used either vertically or horizontally. They are made up in sections 10 in. 14 in 20 in., 30 in., 40 in. and 50 in. in length with four different plate spacings and the stubs are threaded for 1 in. pipe connections. Supply and return manifolds will be furnished by the manufacturers for assembliesconsisting of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 sections. Where hot water or other liquids are circulated through the radiator, and the latter is used horizontally, it will be necessary to use vents which are located in the center of the section. Light Weight and Portable Due to the comparatively light weight of Herman Nejson Radiator Sections, they may be supported from the supply pipe headers--but where a large number of sections are so carried, adequate provision should be made for supporting the pipe lines. The weights vary somewhat, depending upon the spacing and size of the sections, but if an allowance oL31 lb. per square foot of face area in the block is allowed for each row, it will be sufficient to enable the proper determination of piping supports. The Herman Nelson Corporation's Engineering Department, will appreciate an opportunity to co operate on any problems involving this radiator. 663 The Herman Nelson Corporation Healers, Unit HERMAN NELSON hiJet HEATE R This product is manufactured in three (3) sizes, referred to as Nos. 42, 80 and 180. The heating element in the hiJet Heater is the Herman Nelson leak-proof, jointless radiator. Operating steam pressures up to 150 lb. . A long range projection of warm air to working level is provided. The Her-Nel-Co motor furnished as standard equipment. For description of the radiator see opposite page. Light Weight Compact . Portable Heaters Nos. 42 and 80 completely assembled, weigh approximately 92 and 170 lb. respectively. They are often hung on pipe lines thus reducing installation cost. The No. 180, largest of the line, weighs approximately 350 lb. and may be easily supported or moved. Motors . Herman Nelson hiJet Heaters are Rear View Model 80 hiJet Heater powered by Her-Nel-Co motors. Due to its lowered power cost, wider range of speeds and greater efficiency, the Her-Nel-Co motor is ideally fitted for hiJet Heater service. Motors furnished regularly for two speed operation. Variable speed operation may be obtained through central control. These motors may be furnished for a standard volt age direct or alternating current, single phase or polyphase. Fans Fans for all three models are of the propeller type. They have been developed to provide high efficiency, great air projection and the least noise, without sacrificing results. The sheet aluminum blades are riveted onto a rigid steel spider, balanced after assembly and tested at full speed in the unit before shipping. Capacities The following schedule gives the capacities of the three models in equivalent direct radia tion, entering air temperature 60 deg. with 2 lb. steam pressure. Model 42 60 180 260 485 1040 185 348 750 Front View Model 80 hiJet Healer For catalog and more detailed information address The Herman Nelson Corporation, Moline, Illinois. 664 The Herman Nelson Corporation Heaters, Unit The Herman Nelson In visible Radiator may be used for either steam, vapor, vacu um or hot water heating service. H ERMAN NELSON Invisible RADIATOR by the general contractor, it is only necessary for the heat ing contractor to slip the com plete unit in place, fasten it, It consists of a substantial make the simple pipe connec steel case indicated by Fig. 2, which en tions required, and then the radiator is closes the heating element; a heat control ready for metal lath and plaster by other damper, and an attractive heat outlet contractors. grille. The heating element, or Herman Nelson Radiator is indicated by Fig. 1.. Dimensions For the sake of brevity, the following table is prepared to indicate the height, length and width of standard stock radia tors regularly furnished: Width Narrow (for 35/8* recess)..................... \ Medium (for 4yg" recess)................... 1 Wide (for V/i" recess).........................j Height [20* 24* 130* Length no* 14* 20* 30* 40' 50* The complete unit is shipped ready for installation within any standard wall or partition. The operation of the Herman Nelson Invisible Radiator is very simple and posi tive. The air from the room enters the inlet at the floor, is warmed by passing through the heating element, and is emitted into the room through the heat outlet grille at the top. The damper method of heat control has been adopted as preferable to valve con trol because of its simplicity. Heat out put may be controlled by moving the damper to any position between open and closed. The damper is operated by a small knob shown on the face of the grille. . Cutaway section showing complete radiator behind plastered wall. Installation The installation of Herman Nelson In visible Radiators is quite simple. After the opening has been provided in the walls Radiators of other dimensions are built special and furnished at additional cost. The Herman Nelson Invisible Radiator catalog will be gladly furnished to those interested, upon request. 665 The Herman Nelson Corporation Heaters, Unit VENTILATION Because the Univent is sold as a system to deliver a certain pre determined result in Ventilation, instead of so many pieces of mechanical equipment, space in The Guide does not permit of more than a- general description of the sim plicity, accessibility, and a few of the out standing features of the machine itself. Engi neers interested in com plete detailed infor mation will be fur nished our Architects' and Engineers' catalog upon request. Univent Ventilation is a mechanical system of ventilation wherein outside air is taken directly from outside the wall or window, cleaned, warmed to a comfortable temperature, and diffused to every nook and corner of a room, noiselessly and without drafts. ' Description of the Univent The cabinet,' illustrated, enclosing the mechanical equipment of the Univent, is built of pleasing proportion and con structed of high grade furniture steel. The base of the cabinet is seamless and copper plated, and is a complete protec tion from rust, corrosion and deterioration. The fan and motor are a complete unit specially mounted on the base to insure noiseless operation. They are easily removable for cleaning or attention. The air filter .is easily removable for cleaning. ' . The radiator, used In the Univent is the Herman Nelson Radiator previously de scribed. It has sufficient capacity for warming incoming air from 40 deg. below zero- to 70 deg., or from zero to 110 deg. The radiator is so. arranged that it can be connected to any steam or vapor heating plant. It may be furnished for hot water application on special order. Above the radiator is the warm air damper and compensating damper which may be operated by hand or automatically, for the control of the tempera ture of the air as it leaves the Univent. Models There are three standard models of Univents: "S," "SD" and "R," which provide for bringing in of air through wall intake. . There are also three (3) window intake models: "O," "W" and "WR," for use in buildings where it is impossible to bring fresh air intake through the wall at a lower level. Univent Fan and Motor The Univent is equipped with a large, single, low speed, aluminum fan, requiring no housing. The fan is powered with a specially designed Her-Nel-Co' motor, highly efficient, quiet, simple and depend able. Her-Nel-Co motors may be made in either the direct or alternating current type as desired. Automatic Temperature Control Any well known system of Automatic Temperature Control may be used with the Univent System and can be easily installed at erection or any future date. 666 Heaters, Unit John J. Nesbitt, Inc. Executive Offices, and Factory State Road and Rhawn Street, Holmesburg, Philadelphia Branch Office, 11 Park Place, New York Sales and Service Through Offices of the American Blower Corp. In all the Principal Cities of the United States , PRODUCTS I: Universal Heating and Ventilating Unit for SCHOOL ROOMS. 2: Universal Unit Heaters for LARGE ROOMS like Banking Rooms, Show Rooms, Stores, Sales Rooms, Offices, Assemblies, Churches, etc. 3: Universal Concealed and Cabinet Heaters for HOMES. .1. Universal Heating and Venti lating Unit for SCHOOL ROOMS "Universal" has always been at the fore front in the use and development of the features that have made the Unit system universally accepted as ideal for school room heating and ventilating. Among many other major improvements, the Uni versal Unit introduced the light weight heater, the present-day form of unit with motor and fan assembly in base of cabinet, alternating current motors with rigid metal to metal mounting and the successful use of the blast system whereby direct radia tion is eliminated from the class room. "Universal" Multifin Copper Tube Radiator Standard Universal Units are supplied with horizontal seamless copper tube radia tors, the ends of. the tubes of which are connected to cast iron headers by means of round joints, thus being free of soldered, raised, welded or packed joints. Over these tubes are hydraulically pressed thin copper plates or fins, thus insuring real thermal contact between tubes and plates, making a highly efficient heating unit. Tested at 125 pound working pressure, and will stand freezing without breaking. . Three Point Lead Mounting The Motor and Fan assembly of the Universal Unit is mounted in the cabinet on three steel ball points in contact with lead liners, making a very quiet operating unit, with no electrical noises. It has also made practical the use of alternating cur rent motors with a permanent and rigid supporting device. Fans Universal fans are of the Sirocco type, multiblade, low speed, double inlet, designed to operate at 720 r.p.m. plus or minus 5 per cent. No greater efficiency known. The by-pass chamber is parallel to heating chamber and so located as to Motor The motor of the "Universal" Unit is supplied for quiet operation on any charac ter of current. The use of a motor genera tor set is no longer necessary with this system, but will be furnished upon request. 667 John J. Nesbitt, Inc. Heaters, Unit guide the column of cool air across the currents of warm air when mixing--thus creating an absolutely vertical discharge-- and guide the cool air away from room occupants when completely by-passing. The large space between the fan and the radiator results in the uniform distribution and heating of entire air volume. Thermostatic Control Optional All Universal Units can be equipped with thermostatic and pneumatic attach ments for pneumatic control of the inlet damper and thermostatic control of the by-pass damper. This equipment is optional. . Universal Unit Heaters for LARGE ROOMS and beautiful interiors like Banking Rooms, Show Rooms, Stores, Offices, Assemblies, Churches, etc. . The Universal Unit Heater maintains a uniform temperature in the room--ceiling and, floor alike--and it does this to the satisfaction of the heating engineer. It is also sufficiently attractive to meet the exacting requirements of the architect, and so quiet in operation as not to annoy those in. the room. ' Universal Unit Heaters are made on the same principles that have made the Uni versal Heating and Ventilating Unit for Schools so popular during the past 16 yearsl In them you will find the same high velocity vertical discharge,-the same .highly efficient Universal Multifin Copper Tube Radiator with its ground joint con nections and its extra strength for more than working pressures and ability to stand up under freezing without breaking. You will findthe-same low speed, long life, trouble free^motor--either alternating or direct current--with the three point suspension of motor.and fan on lead liners, making an assembly, almost entirely free from operating^noises. You will find the same Sirocco type aluminum multiblade low speed double inlet fan. You will find the same volume regulators on the outlet of the fan housing so the air delivery of the Unit can be regulated to the requirements of the room. Sizes and Capacities Universal Unit Heating and Ventilating Cabinets for schools are obtainable in six sizes of cabinets, with six different air deliveries. Two different radiator sizes are available for each cabinet size. Thru the operation of the volume regulators, it is possible to obtain any delivery between the minimum of 450 c.f.m. and the maxi mum of 1500 c.f.m. Refer to table of Capacities and Dimen sions on pages22 and 23 of the "Universal Heating & Ventilating Unit," publication No. 210--(A. I. A. File No. 30-d-ll) for complete information. Send for this publication--as well as our Catalogue and Engineers Data Book. Larger Heating Capacity in Smaller Space: Universal Unit Heaters with five times the heating capacity require but onefifth the space taken up by direct radiators and can often be entirely concealed. This is especially important in centers of high rent where the best use must be made of all space. Tremendous Saving in Fuel: High velocity heat diffusion from the vertical discharge results in uniform temperature over entire area, with only slight difference between floor and ceiling, effecting a tre mendous saving in fuel by eliminating overheating of upper areas. Quick Heating of Large Areas: Rapid circulation of air by low speed motor driven fans over a high efficiency copper tube radiator results in quick heating of ADVANTAGES of Universal Unit Heaters Attractive in Appearance: Encased in a beautiful Cabinet of heavy high grade furniture stock steel. Typical installation in a Sales Room, where every inch of space is valuable, the Universal Unit takes less space and is more efficient. - 668 John J. Nesbitt, Inc. large areas--a vital matter in the heating of churches and assembly rooms. Temperature Control: Simple and effective con trol of room temperature by means of making and breaking electric contact in line to motor. Less Expensive to Install than Direct Radiation: Piping system simplified and number of connections reduced, effecting a saving in labor and material. Sizes of Heaters: The charts on page 14 of our Publication No. 209 give the heating capacity, air delivery and temperature rise for both types. Dimensions will be found on page 15 of the same booklet. For rapacity these charts, dimensions, typical installations, etc., send for our Publication #209, A.I.A. File 30-C-4. 11/ \l 1 Heaters, Unit Typical Installation, Horizontal Type Universal Unit Heater Detail from transverse section of Church showing typical Universal Unit Installation. Universal Concealed and Cabinet Heaters FOR HOMES With the Universal cabinet heater, the tem perature of the floor is practically the same as at the ceiling--an impossibility with cast iron radiation. With cast iron radiators, tempera tures are always considerably higher at the ceiling than the floor. Floor temperatures are seldom satisfactory, as the proper tem perature is usually maintained for Cabinet Heater Dimensions and Capacities W 4Vz in- W 6'/2 in- Equivalent Cast Iron Direct Kadiation Sq Ft. H Equivalent Cast Iron L Direct H Kadiation Sq.Ft. L 13 20* 29" 18 20" 29" 20 20* 45" 30 20" 45* 25 20" 55" 40 20" 33" 17 76" 29" 25 76" 29* 24 26" 45" .40 26* 45* 29 26" 55" 45 76" 55* 20 36" 29" 33 36* 29" 30 36" 43" 50 36" 45* 40 36" 35" 60 36" 55" body comfort at about the height of a chair, leaving the floor chilly, uncomfortable and often a frequent cause of colds and sickness. The Universal Cabinet Heater corrects this condition. Cleanest Form of Heating for Homes: The Universal cabinet heater discharges the heat outward and into the room, instead of against walls and ceilings, as with direct radiation. This prevents the dirt i streaks and soiled | draperies so pre| valent with direct radiation. The Radiator can be in stalled or removed after the cabinet is sealed in the wall. , W 8'/2 *n. W 9'/z n. 20 35 - 45 27 48 60 37 58 70 20" 29" 20" 43" 20" 55* 26* 29" 26* 45" 26" 35" 36" 29" 36" 43" 36" 33* 25 70" 79* 40 20" 45* 50 20" 55" 34 76" 79" 54 26" 45" 67 ' 76" 55" 41 36" 29" 65 36" 45" 80 36" 55" Showing the Universal Heater concealed below the window. See next pagefor the . Cabinet Type of Heater. John J. Nesbitt, Inc. Heaters, Unit Six of the 7 different Cabinet tJzu of Universal Concealed and Cabinet Healers. 15 Advantages of Universal Cabinet and Concealed Heaters 1. A combination of beauty with utility. 2. Can be painted or decorated to harmonize with furnishings and color schemes. 3. Efficient in performance. 4. Economical in operation. 5. Diffuses heat thoroughly. 6. Creates uniform temperature--ceiling and floor alike. 7. Leaves no cold spots in room. 8. Control of temperature positive and immediate. 9. Cleanest known form of heating. 10. Outward discharge prevents discolora tion of walls, ceilings and draperies. 11. Requires considerably less space-than cast iron radiation. 12. Can be installed without a change in design of the old heating system. 13. The entire front of the cabinet`heater can easily be removed by housewife or maid for cleaning. 14. May be entirely concealed in wall if desired. ' 15. When concealed in wall, the radiator is . accessible. CONCEALED HEATER--Dimensions and Capacities Stack W a</2 in. w in. - ' Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent "L" "L" Cast Iron "L** Cast Iron "L" Cast Iron "L" Cast Iron "L" Length Direct Length Direct Length Direct Length Direct < Length Grille Radiation Overall Radiation Overall Radiation Overall Radiation Overall Radiation Overall Radiation, Overall Inches Sq. Ft. Sq.Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. . 10 15 29 17 15 16 29 20 20 17Vi 29 23 25 19 29 26 30 20 29 28 35 : 22 29 30 40 23 29 33 45 25 29 36 50 26 - 29- 39 55 28 29 42 60 29 29 45 65 31 29 48 70 33 29 50 75 34 29 52 60 36 29 55 85 37 29 - 58 45 30 45 32 45 35 45 37 45 40 45 43 45 45 45 48 45 50 45 53 45 55 45 58 45 60 45 63 45 65 45 68 55 20 55 22 55 25 55 29 55 32 55 36 55 38 55 41 55 43 55 46 55 48 55 51 55 53 55 57 55 59 55 62 29 25 29 28 29 32 29 36 29 40 29 43 29 47 29 51 29 54 29 57 29 60 29 63 29 65 29 68 29 71 29 74 45 48 55 45 51 55 45 54 55 45 57 55 45 60 55 45 63 55 45 66 55 45 69 . 55 45 72 ' 55 45 75 55 45 78 55 45 81 55 45 84 55 45 87 55 45 90 55 . 45 93 . 55 P -- u; nf W C=2t^ in. O=Stack Height floor to bottom of grille as given below plus 7 in. 670 Heaters, Unit Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heating and Ventilating Systems -: - Industrial Heating Units Bridgeport, Connecticut Sales Representatives from Coast to Coast Products PeerVent" and "Peerless" Heating and Ventilating Units, for Schools, Hospitals, Libraries, Churches, Dormi tories, Club Rooms, Theaters, Banks, Offices, Auditoriums and other Buildings where many people con gregate. "Peerless" Industrial Heating UNITS (used- in place of cast iron . radiators), for Factories, Garages and other Industrial Buildings. h "PeerVent" and "Peerless" Heating-Ventilating Units This Company makes two types of heat ing and ventilating units--"PeerVent" and "Peerless"--both intended for the same service but differing in design and construction. Only the PeerVent Unit is illustrated in these pages. Information about Peerless Units will be sent on request. boiler tubes are expanded into the tube sheets, and the radiator assembly does not contain a single soldered, welded, brazed or gasketed joint. Test pressure, 150 lb.; operating pressure, 100 lb. Another improvement in the new PeerVent Unit is the noiseless alternating current motor. This motor is of a design which has been developed after years of research and experimentation. It is mounted by means of a specially designed spring suspension, which precludes the possibility of noise caused by the trans mission of phase vibrations. This motor is equipped with an auto-transformer, an integral part of the motor, for providing speed regulation within limits as close as obtainable with direct current motors. This feature saves power, as less current is consumed at low speeds. The new PeerVent motor improve ments are the final step in placing the unit system on a strictly unit basis. The motorgenerator outfit is eliminated. The unit motors operate independently and there is no expense for current except for the unit or units that are actually in service. A single room can be ventilated without the operation of any apparatus other than the PeerVent Unit. There is also a con siderable saving in the elimination of the first cost and operating cost of the motorgenerator equipment. Features of the Improved "PeerVent" Unit The PeerVent Unit of today has many important improvements, including the new PeerFin radiator. This radiator con sists of two large copper alloy tubes, each surrounded by a series of closely spaced fins, also of copper alloy. The fins are embedded tightly into the tubes, so that under any conditions of expansion and con traction the fins and tubes are in perfect contact and there can be no loss of efficiency in the transfer of heat from tube to fin. The tubes are expanded into malleable iron headers, in the same manner that PeerVent Seating and Ventilating Unit 671 Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heaters, Unit Other improvements in the new PeerVent Unit include a single-leaf damper which takes the place of the former inter connected fresh air and recirculation dampers, eliminating mechanical, linkage. There are no mid-way positions of this damper: either the full volume of fresh air enters the unit or there is a complete recirculation of the air in the room. This damper, as well as the mixing damper, has been provided with improved bearings. The mixing damper can be equipped with any type of automatic temperature control. New fan housings have been designed, providing larger discharge capacity at con siderably lower tip speeds. The mixing damper, radiator, motor and fan assembly, base assembly and air filter are all easily removable without the use of tools. The air filter, which is not included as part of the unit equipment, can be of any make preferred and can be installed after the unit has been erected, without any changes in the unit. The filter rests upon supports below the motor and fan assembly, sliding in and out of the unit like the drawer of a desk. With the filter in this position the air is cleaned before it reaches the fans, radiator, etc., and the dirt therefore does not reach these parts. The new PeerVent Unit can be equipped with a positive-action PeerTherm Con- ' trol, which automatically prevents the PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Unit with front:removed to thaw interior parte. Thefan housings (/) have been improved to provide greater discharge .capacity at lower *peede. The air filter (t) is extra equipment, not included with the Unit, and can be ofany make specified. The new PeerFin Radiator (5) is an important improvement. This view shows only one of the two rows of closely-spaced fins (see cross-section below). intake of cold air.at any time when the room temperature falls below 65 deg. (or any other predetermined temperature within a range of 15 deg.) * Four types of PeerVent Units have now been standardized, and one or another of them will meet practically any archi tectural requirements, including installa tions in existing buildings. Six different types of control have also been standardized, including automatic control throughout, hand control throughout, and various combina tions of hand and automatic regulation. . : Catalogues ' Catalogues of PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Units and Peerless Industrial Unit Heaters will be sent on request. Cross Section of Standard PeerVent Unit 672 Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heaters, Unit Final Temperature Condensation Pounds per Hour Total Capacity E.D.R. Excess Capacity E.D.R. Final Temperature Condensation Pounds per Hour Total Capacity E D .R . Excess Capacity E.D.R. Final Temperature Condensation Pounds per Hour Total Capacity'. E.D.R. . Condensation Pounds per Hour Excess Capacity E.D.R. Cubic Feet per Minute f] '| Engineering Data--PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Units Entering Air --20 Entering Air --10 0 Entering Air ( Entering Air +10 Maximum Number of Pupils 1 s Z 'c Z> 3624 3633 3642 3631 Volume 15 450 251 20 600 326 25 750 395 25 750 427 30 900 496 35 1050 553 35 1050 582 40 1200 638 45 1350 682 45 1350 761 50 1500 797 55 1650 828 48 39 36 75 72 50 100 94 42 125 77 35 Total Capacity E.D.R. Final ' Temperature 2? 1 u n dsS 85 63 239 52 82 81 299 50 79 99 355 . 40 87 107 396 91 83 124 453 87 79 138 508 71 84 145 547 118 80 159 580 91 76 170 635 86 86 190 702 150 80 199 727 102 74 207 743 60 90 60 218 57 86 75 275 61 81 89 329 58 90 99 372 110 87 113 415 102 83 127 455 80 86 137 502 135 83 145 548 113 81 159 595 113 90 175 646 175 83 182 686 153 77 186 720 134 95 54 206 72 102 51 90 69 260 81 97 65 85 82 307 82 92 77 97 93 345 125 102 86 91 104 387 123 % 97 85 114 418 105 90 105 94 125 473 165 100 118 90 137 508 153 96 127 87 149 555 153 93 139 94 161 608 212 100 152 90 171 638 197 86 180 i 653 163 95 159 90 138 Heating Capacities are expressed in square feet of equivalent direst radiation (E.D.R.) To express these capacities in B.tiu. per hour, multiply E.D.R. by 240. Volume of Air is expressed in cubic feet per minute (C.F.M.) . Entering Air +20 Dimensions o Hekht...36' 3C Depth ...14' PIPING DATA eo SteamdrRetum, 5'/*' from Unit Back Maximum Number of Pupi Volume Cubic Fee Total Cai E.D.R. Final Tempera! Condensation Pounds per Hour Length D Outside L Approxirr Snipping Pounds Power Cc in Watts Height Steam an turn from Gravity System Gravity System Vacuum : System 1 T 1 J2 > _o aa Q. V *g c it* Steam Size Return Size E (see note) . (see note)> o Z `c 3 3OQ* -s" AS tEsota Jnj 15 450 193 83 108 48 2W 18%' 250 70 27%' i%' uA' %' 3624 20 600 243 97 103 61 2W 18%' 250 84. 27%' i%' i%' %* %'25 750 285 - 102 98 71 24%' 18%' 250 98 27%' i%* i%' . | m 25 750 324 144 109 81 33%' 27%' 300 M2 27%' i%' i%' %* 3633 30 900 367 150 104 92 33%' 27%' 300 126 27%' 2' i%' %' 35 1050 405 150 99 101 33%' 271%' 300 146 27%' 2V i%' %' 3642 35 1050 448 196 108 112 42%' 36%' 350 141 27%' 2' . Y 40 1200 489 201 104 121 42%' 36%' 350 168 27%' 2' Y 45 1350 521 198 99 130 42%' 36>%' 350 195 27%' 2' Y %' %' % 45 1350 576 252 108 144 51%' 45%' 400 186 27%' 2' 2' x %' 3651 50 1500 617 250 104 154 51%' 45%' 400 208 27%' 2' 2' 1' % 55 1650 618 217 97 155 51%' 45%' 400 226 27%' Y Y | m %' Note.--PeerFin Radiators are tapped 2 in. for both steam and return connections but can be reduced to sizes given in table. Eccentric reducers must be used. PeerFin Radiators can be connected with either right or left hand steam supply. 673 rsaaaras r Heaters, Unit Home Office: 1490 S. Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Eastern Office: 1013 Flatiron Bldg., New York, N. Y. Baltimore, Md...6!9 N. Edgewood St. Cleveland, 0.______ Marshall Bldg. Birmingham, Ala_____ ____ Watte Bldg. Detroit, Mich._____2816 Eaton Tower Boston, Mass.___________________ littleBldgIn. dianapolis, Ind. Buffalo, N. Y_Walbridge Bldg. Architects A Builders Bldg. Chicago, III.Fisher Bldg. Kansas Crrr, Mo.______ Mutual Bldg. Cincinnati, 0.--.Merc. Library Bklg. Louisville, Kt.____1197 Starts Bldg. Philadelphia, Pa.-Pennsylvania Bldg. Pittsburgh, Pa_____ A E. Lacock, NS. San Francisco, Calif. ' 411 Finance Bldg. Tulsa, Okla221 W. Fret St. Washington, D.C.-3500-14th St NW Sales Offices in Other Principal Cities SKINNER BROS. UNIT HEATERS Recommended for heating, ventilating, air conditioning industrial buildings, regard less of size, whether of permanent or temporary construction, sawtooth or monitor, single or multistory. In paper and pulp mills, dye houses, packing plants, laundries, dairies and buildings in which'steam vapor, condensation and drippings are troublesome, Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters are installed to eliminate these conditions. Installa tions in thousands of buildings throughout the country demonstrate their versatility and ability to heat buildings of any type of construction. , Making all types of unit heaters, floor type or suspended, steam or direct fired, prime or extended surface coils, we are in a position to always recommend the type which best fits your building requirements. Skinner Bros. Unit Heaters may be operated with either live or exhaust steam, and high or low pressure may be used. Coils of each heater are tested with 150 lb. hydraulic pressure before leaving factory. Fans of the heater may be operated by electric motor, steam turbine, or gas engine... The fans in the heaters are given a static and dynamic balance in order to insure the highest efficiency and smoothness of operation. . Catalog will be furnished on- request, giving detailed capacities and dimensions. SKINNER BROS. STEAM COIL UNIT HEATERS Capacities Recirculating Air at 60 deg. Steam Pressure 5 lb. Cu. Ft. Final Lbs. Size per Horsepower B.t.u. per Hour Tem ' Con Minute perature densation 448 560 672 784 6,000 10,000 15,000 25,000 '2 3 5 10 471,000 851,000 1,256,000 2,025,000 132 138 140 125 490 887 1299 2109 Write for Catalog Giving Other Capacities 674 ;v 4 Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Heaters, Unit SKINNER BROS. TYPE "UA" UNIT HEATER . Capacities . Recirculating Air at 60 deg. Steam Pressure 5 lb. Cu. Ft. Revolutions B.t.u. Final Lbs. Size per Horsepower per Minute Minute llour Tem Con perature densation 22-1 22-2 22-3 33-2 33-3 44-2 44-3 1,750 3,500 5,250 7,000 10,500 9,000 13,500 K Vi ik ik 2 2 3 1160 1160 1160 1160 1160 870 870 113,000 226,000 339,000 445,000 668,000 574,000 861,000 126 126 126 125 125 125 125 118 235 353 ' 463 696 597 896 -Skinner Bros. . Type "UA" Unit Heater SKINNER BROS. "SUSPENDED TYPE" UNIT HEATER . Capacities Recirculating Air at 60 deg. Steam Pressure 5 lb. Cu. Ft. Size N^nute B.t.u. Final Tem perature Lbs. Con densation Skinner Bros. Patented "Lightweiaht" Air Heater A-53 B-68 C-110 2,200 3,700 5,900 139,000 242,000 368,000 120 122 118 177 248 396 SKINNER BROS. "Patented" Direct Fired Heater This is the outgrowth of a demand for equipment having the versatilities and efficiencies of the Unit Heater and not requiring a boiler. Buildings that are heated intermittently; isolated build ings to which it is impractical to pipe steam for heating purposes, but which require warmth in winter; and buildings under con struction in cold weather are found to be excellently suited to the Direct Fired Heater. For Fuel, coal, coke, wood, gas or oil may be used. Capacities Cu. Ft. Sq. Ft. Size per Horsepower Heating ' B.tu. per Hour Minute Surface A 2,900 i B 5,400 IK C 8,400 3 48 16,000 to 300,000 Skinner-'Bros. 65. 300,000 to 600,000 Patented . "Direct Fired' Air Heater 88 600,000 to 1,000,000 675 NI r Heaters, Unit (Gas-Fired) Texo Heater & Mfg. Corp. (Formerly TEXO SALES CO., INC.) 220-230 Madison Avenue Covington, Ky. "SUNNYAIRE" & "Sterling" Gas-fired Unit Heaters SUNNYAIRE Heat Cabinets All With Forced Air Circulation. 100 per cent Automatic Control Specifications "SUNNYAIRE" AND "STERLING" GAS-FIRED CEILING. TYPE UNIT HEATERS Size No. . of Heater Sq. In. Warm Air Pipe Capacity B.t.u. Input Overall Size . of Casing (Inches) W. X H. X D. Fan Motor Input. a p. Approxi- - mate Weight. Lb. | 400 3 600 5 800 7 1.100 9 1,500 It 2.000 90.000 125.000 170.000 250.000 350.000 500.000 47*42x34 47x45*34 47 x 53 x 36 48x61 x 36 48 x 76 x 36 48x82x38 1/10 1/8 1/6 1/4 . 1/2 3/4 500 550 625 700 800 900 Specifications "SUNNYAIRE" GAS-FIRED FLOOR TYPE UNIT HEATERS Size No. of Unit Heater 1 3 5 7 9 11 Sq. In. Warm Air Pipe Capacity 400 600 600 MOO 1.500 2,000 B.t.u. Input 90,000 125,000 170.000 250.000 350.000 500.000 Overall Size of Casing (Inches) W. X R X D. 28 x 57 x 60 28 x 67 x 66 30x80x70 34 x 86 x 74 38 x 96 x 85 42* 100x90 Fan Motor Input, RP. 1/10 1/8 1/6 1/4 1/3 1/2 Approxi mate Weight, Lbs. 500 550 625 700 800 900 Specifications "SUNNYAIRE" HEAT CABINETS, with Forced Air Circulation Suitable Overall Size Fan Approxi* Size B.t.u. for Equiv. of Casing Motor tnate No. Input Space Rad.. (Inches) Input. Weight, (Cu. Ft.) Sq. Ft. W.XRXD. H. P. Lb. 21 25 29 33 170-1 170-2 170-3 31.000 52.000 68.000 75,000 68.000 100.000 150.000 4,000 7,000 10,000 14.000 10,000 16.000 20,000 130 27x28x12 1/20 200 32 x 28* 12 1/20 275 36 x 28 x 12 1/16 300 40 x 28* 14 1/10 275 29 x 53x 12 1/10 400 29 x 56 x 19 1/10 550 29 x 60 x 28 1/8 275 300 325 350 300 400 500 Below.--Typical "Sunnyaire"--"Sterling" Gas-fired Unit Heater Installation. .100,000 B.t.u. Heal Loss, Heated at Cost of t.002S Per Cubic Foot of Space per Season 676 Heaters, Unit Thermal Units Company Subsidiary of Mechanical Manufacturing Company Pershing Road and Loomis Street Chicago, 111. 30 Church Street NEW YORK, N. Y. 239 Causeway Street BOSTON, MASS. The Thermal Unit Sys* tem of Space Heating The line includes, unit heaters, blast coils and concealed radi ators for a wide range of uses. Integral Heat ing Section _ The outstand ing feature of the *. Thermal Unit is the one-piece h aluminum-alloy k casting which in cludes the steam channel and ex tended heating surfaces from in let to outlet as an integral unit. There are no joints, welds, flanges or soldered connections to open up as the metal expands or contracts. This construction withstands water-hammer and other destructive forces. Even freezing in ser vice cannot damage it. Ail Thermal Unit castings are tested to 450 lb. hydrostatic pressure before shipment. Stream-line Core Airplane-wing design of the steam core cuts down resistance to the passage of air through the channels between the fins, while the smooth surfaces, rounded edges and parallel spacing add yards to the distance that the heated air is projected. The large size of the core and the high velocity of the air induce rapid steam condensation and rapid release of heat units. Conductivity of heat is rapid with minimum penetra tion or conduction losses. The louvers are designed on the air plane principle, assuring unusual ef ficiency in directing the air currents. They are hinged separately to secure various angles of deflection. . Itfotor is standard type, enclosed and generously rated, quiet and durable. Fan is four-blade aluminum construction, riveted to axle hub and built for long service. The assembly is en closed in a trim, sheet metal cabinet as illustrated. It may be sus pended from steam line or installed on wall or ceiling. Brief operating data and dimen sions are given below! I : ' Model 0--Thermal Unit Description Model 12 Model 20 Model 30 Air velocity....... ft. min. Air velocity, cu. ft. min. Motor........................ hp. Net weight................. lb. Shipping weight......... lb. 1,000 1,000 1/10 -95 116 1,200 3,000 1/6 165 202 1.200 6,500 1/2 360 444 A very comprehensive engineering data book will be sent upon request. 677 Model SO--Thermal Unit 'iw,. Heaters, Unit 2441-45 CHARLOTTE STREET KANSAS CITY, MO. "Thermidaire Unit Heaters are Ouiet, De pendable and Efficient, and when equipped with Three Speed Motors are Unusually Quiet. "Heating elements are all copper with welded or fused joints, capable of standing 150 lbs. steam working pressure. "Made in either Floor or Ceiling Types using Propellor or Multi-Blade Fans. Full infor mation can be obtained from any agent or from the main office. ` ' "Recirculating Ducts, Direct. Fired Units, and Ventilating Fans. "Table below applies to the type unit illustrated.'' Ratings Based on 5 lbs. Steam Pressure at the Heater Size CJFM. H.P. Rm. T Disc- T 500 5 at 1/20 1140 r.pjn. 50 60 70 130 137 145 B.t-u. E-DJt. Height width Depth Supply Return Shipping Wt. 45,000 43,500 42,000 (80 174 23'/,- IS'/, 18 168 1% 1 114 600 8 at 1/10 850 r.pjn. 1000 to at i/io 1140 r.pjn. 50 60 70 50 60 70 135 76,800 304 141 72,000 288 145 67,200 269 26*/, 131 90,000 360 136 84,000 336 141 78,000 312 18 2 | ' 137 !' 1500 15 1/8 850 r.pjn. 2000 . 20 at 1/6 1140 r.p.m. 50 60 70 50 60 70 135 143,600 575 140 134,800 540 (45 125,900 504 30*/, 24'/, 18 2 131 180,000 720 136 168,000 672 140 156,000 624 . 176 ` 2500 25 at 1/8 850 r.pjn. 3000 30 at 1/3 1140 r.pjn. 4000 40 at 1/4 850 r.pjn. 50 60 70 50 60 70 50 60 70 131 225,000 900 . 136 210,000 840 140 195,000 780 33'/, 26% 18 2% i% 125 252,000 1000 130 224,000 896 136 216,000 854 131 360,000 1440 136 336,000 1344 '/, 34'/, 30% 2% i% 141 312,000 1250 215 - 340 5000 50 at 1/3 850 r.pjn. 50 60 70 131 450,000 1800 136 420.000 1680 47% 39'/, 32% 3 141 390,000 1560 2 400 . 6000 &> at 1/2 t>yu r.pjn. 50 60 70 131' 540,000 2160 136 504,000 2020 SI'/, 43% 32% 3 141 468,000 1670 2 425 678 Heaters, Unit The Trane Company La Crosse^ Wis. See Pumps, page 766; Heat Cabinets pages 654-655; Heating Specialties, pages 838-839 BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES TRANE UNIT HEATER Trane Unit Heaters are of the extended sur face, blow through type. The heating element is constructed of copper steam tubes to which non- ferrous metal fins are attached by a patented pro cess. No soldered or welded joints are -used. Steam tubes are rolled into heavy cast iron inlet and outlet headers by a special method Front View of Unit Heater which gives a stronger joint than found in water tube boilers. Fans are cast aluminum, special Trane design. Motors of standard manufacture are used. Three types of units are available--the suspended type shown in the illustration, a recirculating box type which incorporates the unit shown, and a floor type unit with centrifugal fan. Additional information Qn any size or model will be sent on request. DIMENSIONS Heater Size A B c D E F- G H 12 12* 12* 16%' 17' 19%' I0V6' ?%' 336' 15 15* 15* 20* 20* 221%' 1036' 66* 18 18* 18* 23' 23* 25%' 10)6* 8%' 3* 24 24' 24' 29%' 29* 31%' I0J*' 8%' 3* . 24-A 24* 24' 29%' 29* 31%' 1036'. 1336' ~ 3* j K .L ' Pipe Tap S'/,' 7' 8%' IP/,' IP/,' 7%' 17'/,' 936* 18%' I0%* 16*36* 13*36' 18*36* I3>36' 23%' i%' i%' i%* 2* 2* 679 Volume C.f.m. Velocity C .f.m ... Max. . Trap ' Capacity per Hour No. of A ir Outlets | 7 Heaters, Unit Unit Heater and Cooler Co. Wausau, Wisconsin FIRST NATIONAL BANK BLDG. Chicago, III. ' SALMON TOWER BLDG. 11 West 42nd St., N. Y. Grid Units are attractive, compact, light weight, strong, safe and efficient. Heating element affords unrestricted flow of air and permits a large volume at a moderate temperature. The Grid Unit is constructed for con stant use with minimum attention. Able to handle a large volume of air and give it a relatively small temperature rise. Ex tremely high temperature in air leaving the heater is avoided. Circulates large volume of air and distributes it evenly to all parts of the building. Performance and construction guaran teed. . Grid Units may be suspended from a pipe line, or from rods to truss or rafters. Both' methods may be used at the same time. Heating Elements are composite cast ings of close grained gray iron and alumi- THE GRID UNIT (A product of the D. J. Murray Mfg. Co.) 6 Z Dimensions Face Motor S A B c D Sq. Ft. Hp. FLpjn. 2 num alloy. Steam chamber is gray iron capable of withstanding highest pressures ordinarily used on heating systems, while the alloy fins are of light weight and cast integral with the iron center. Few joints, none brazed, welded or soldered. The Manifolds are gray iron-castings with lugs for attaching supporting rods, thus taking all strains off connections between manifolds and heating elements. The Casing or Cabinet is made of pressed sheet steel, securely attached to manifold. Will not rattle. -r Cooling and Refrigerating. Grid Units are adapted for the circulation of . cold water, sodium or calcium brine, by direct connections to refrigerant pipe lines. * Direct Expansion ammonia may be used _ with safety. .* GRID DATA ' . ' Capacities 5 lb. Pres. 60 deg. 6* _ S " Pipe Sizes B.t.u. Sq. Ft. Rad. Sup. Outlet c/>6> 15 22 18 11% 20 1.56 { 1/10 1750 1700 1100 1/20 1150 1200 770 76080 53280 317 222 } 1,5 200 250 i% 3/4 * 20 27 b% 11% 21% 178 { 1/6 1/10 1150 850 3000 2400 1100 880 136000 108800 566 450 } 200 250 350 2 1 25 32 28% 11% .28 4.34 { % % 1150 4700 850 3700 1100 217300 880 173950 30 38 33% 133/. 29 6.25 { i% % 1150 850 8200 6600 1300 1050 382500 306000 906 725 1600 1280 j 300 500 600 2 1 J 450 700 800 2% i % - Heaters, Unit York Heating and Ventilating Corp. York Building, 16th and Sansom Streets Philadelphia Branch Offices and Representatives in All Principal Cities . York Heat-Diffusing Units for Heating Factories, Shops, Garages, Etc. YORK . >HEAT- DIFFUSING UNITS Operating Economies-- 1. High velocity heat diffusion holds heat in the working zone until its principal energy has been utilized. 2. Reduces overheating of upper areas. 3. Heats large floor areas quickly. . 4. A single Unit of correct capacity will heat uniformly a floor space up to 60 ft. by 200 ft. Comparatively few Units are required even for large plants. . 5. The work of installation is reduced. Mains are shortened, and fewer branches and fittings are needed. 6. Fuel is saved through less overheating of upper areas; a shorter heating-up period; an easier control of room temperature. 7. Cost of complete installation will ordinarily range from 10 to 50 per cent below cost of direct radiation, pipe coils or central blower system. 8. York's large production makes pos sible a superior product at a relatively low price. Heat-Diffusing Units, Housed Fan Type-- Five sizes and capacities are standard: Nos. 322, 333, 334, 344, 353. Sizes vary from 18 to 30 in. in width, 3^ ft. to 7 ft. in length. All Units can be used on steam or hot water at pressures from 0 to 200 lb. All are tested at 1000 lbs. hydrostatic pressure. Fresh air intakes and regu lating dampers can be furnished at small extra charge. Note: These Unite can be supplied for suspension where it is impossible to place them on tbe floor. Kroy Unit Heaters, Disc Fan Type-- Five sizes are available for the few applica tions where this type Unit is suitable. Capacities range from 40,000 to 240,000 B.t.u. or the equivalent of 166 to 1,000 sq. ft. of Direct Radiation. Capacities YORK HEAT DIFFUSING UNIT CfjD. Size R.p.m. at Temp, H.P. Unit in the Motor Fans Recirculating Air at 60F. Enter ' Air at 0F. Entering Unit ing Unit and Steam at 2 Lb. and Steam at 5 Lb. Gauge Pressure on the Heat Gauge Pressure on the ing Surface. (See footnote.) Heating Surface.* B.tai. per Hour Final Temp. Lbs. Cond. per Hr. Equiv. Direct Rad. B.t.u. ' it Final Temp. Lbs. Cond. per Hr. 1750 3,350 3/4 215,500 125.4 223 898 319.500 91.5 332 1160 2,220 % 156,000 132.4 162 650 231,000 101.5 241 1750 5,050 1/2 335,000 127.7 1160 3,340 Vi 241,000 134.5 347 1395 497,000 94.7 250 1003 358,000 105.0 517 373 1750 6,700 1/2 455,000 129.5 1160 4,440 % 328,000 136.6 1750 8,400 . 2 574,500 130.0 1160 5.560 3/4 414,000 137.1 471 1895 675,000 97.4 340 1368 487,000 108.2 703 507 595 2390 852,000 98.3 886 428 1725 615,000 109.1- " 640 1160 13.000 3 765,000 119.2 870 9,750 i% 612,000 123.6 792 3185 1,135,000 82.2 1181 634 2550 909,000 88.7 946 Note: It is understood that tbe specified steam pressure is to be maintained on the beating surface. A suitable pipe line drop must be added in determining the pressure to be carried at the boiler. When air is to enter the unit at- a temperature below freezing, the steam pressure on the heating surface should be maintained at not less than 5 lb. `' See Chapter 9 of this issue of The.Gutde for B.t.u. constants for other steam pressures and entering temperatures. For 25-cycle speed and other ratings ask for complete Catalog. - '. 681 Heaters, Water Alberger Heater Company 218 Chicago St* HOWARD IRON WORKS BUFFALO, N. Y. REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Heaters -- Condensers -- Coolers -- Economizers -- Expansion Joints Alberger-Buffalo Heaters are built in several types to meet a large range of standard and special water heating requirements. The stand ard instantaneous water tube type with floating heads is a highly efficient device embodying economy in space and maintenance cost. The storage water heater is used where the steam supply is intermittent or insufficient to take care of peak water demands. The swimming pool heater is especially designed for the purpose and is also exten sively used with air washer equip ment. All of these heaters are built in either horizontal or vertical arrange ment. Alberger-Buffalo equip ment is widely used for many special requirements involving the. heating or cooling of water and other liquids, and for the interchange of heat from one'liquid to another. Instantaneous Water Heater Furnished in Vertical or Horizontal Type Swimming Pool Heater Single Pass Furnished in Vertical or Horizontal Type ' Storage Type Heater If you have not already done so, send immediately for a copy of the ALBERGER ARCHITECTS HEATER DATA BOOK which gives complete information regarding capacities ENGINEERS and dimensions of our various types, as well as service and installation data. CONTRACTORS Also remember that our experience in designing.and building special heaters and coolers is available to prospective clients. ; The Howard Guided Expansion Joint is a most satisfactory means for taking care of expansion in pipe lines because it is designed with only one object in view--100% service. The construction is mechanically correct--deep stuffing box--bronze sliding sleeve--totally enclosed construction to eliminate accumulation of dirt--exterior adjustment of packing gland-- ready accessibility when packing is renewed. . It is a most economical joint to use because it stays on the job and leaves a satisfied customer. . Send for--Bulletin XJ-3 for full details. . Howard Expansion Joint . 682 Heaters, Water Bell & Gossett Company 3000 Wallace Street Chicago, 111. No. SO and IB SO and 45 Gallons For mall buildings and homes. B. & G. Indirect Water Heaters are designed for . use in smallest homes to the largest apartment buildings, country clubs, schools, etc. In parts of the country where scale lime deposit and muddy water conditions prevail the B. & G. removable coil feature allows for the taking out of the copper coil without disconnecting any pipes (see cuts in folders). Preheating fuel oil for larger installations (where industrial types of burners are used) is rapidly gaining favor. Special descriptive folder may be had on request showing exact size of heater to use No. teo DmbutSiLA^odna fm epanmento, oarage, ni ^ctrv barldTM?1- on any specific job. Temperature degree rise 100 in three hours. . New B. & G. Double Duty Heater For Hot Water Heating Boilers This Indirect Heater is designed for H. W. Htg. systems (oil or gas fired) up to 2,000 ft. capacity. It will supply uniform heat plus automatic year around domestic H. W. supply. . The boiler main is piped direct to D. D. heater and the valve as shown in cut opens when room thermostat calls for heat. The boiler temperature is maintained by an azuastat with a 20 to 30 deg. range. Storage tank, temperature will average around 140 deg. when azuastat is set at 150 to 180. Send for complete details on this entirely new heating appliance. Heaters, Water Davis Engineering Corp. 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. Cable Address: "Paracoil, New York** Factory: Elizabeth, NJ. Manufacturers of Paracoil Steam Traps, Steam Specialties, Water Storage Heaters and other Heat Exchangers PARACOIL PRODUCTS--Steam Traps, Feed Water Heaters, Feed Water Filters and Grease Extractors, Storage Water Heaters, Oil Heaters, Evaporators, Exhaust Gas-Steam Generators, Oil Coolers. Distillers. Paracoil Steam Trap Only one moving part, the solid recessed sphere which rotates over the valve seat. Designed for all pres sures. 30 lb. steam pressure, 125 lb. and 200-lb., are carried in Stock. Paracoil Valve Capacities up to 75,000 lb. per hour. Guaranteed free from repairs for two years, providing installation and operating instruc tions are followed. Write for Catalogue Paracoil Steam Trap A-12. Paracoil Steam Tra o Trap In. Capacity . So. Ft. Radiation Height Length Width In. In. in. List Price 'Kt % 800 1V44 1600 } i-i'/. 3 4800 8000 12,000 23,000 8'/, ll'/x 12V, 18 20 8 io>/, M l/2 12 16 19 20% 8 4% 5% 6% 10% M'/t ii% $15.00 20.00 25.00 35.00 68.00 100.00 125.00 24 28 36 50 112 185 212 Larger aiie traps on application. Paracoil Storage Water Heater For heating and storing hot water for laundries, factories, hospitals, etc. The utilization of exhaust steam in this water heater effects a big fuel saving. Has steel plate shell for water and copper heating coils for steam. Pressures, 100 lb. standard and up. Sizes, 200 to 20,000 gallons per hour, heated to 180 deg. fahr. Fully described in Bulletin 74. Paracoil Instantaneous Water Heater, U Tube Tank Heater, Preheater and Condensation Cooler Connected below water level of boiler,* heats water supply when fire is banked. Un excelled for indirect heat-j ing of pri vate gar ages and con servatories. Paracoil Instantaneous Water Heater Water Capacity $ 5 Inlet Steam Gal/Hr. No. F r Pn and Inlet Urain 40-180 F. W'ght Outlet In. In. Steam Lb. Q In. - Atmos. 200 14% 34 300 MV, 34 400 14% 47 500 47 II600 50 750 50 1000 16<A 67 1250 16% 62 1500 19V. 70 1750 75 2000 19V? 80 2500 21% 8! 3000 21% 87 4000 21% 99 5000 21% 110 7500 76 95 10000 26 108 12500 26 120 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3/z 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 10 12 14 14 1 1 i1% \'/i Wi i% 2 2 2 2 2% 2Vt 2'/2 3 3 3 200 300 400 500 600 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 7500* 10,000 12.500 250 250 . 290 300 480 500 560 580 962 1010 1083 1252 1301 1400 1481 1915 2125 2241 .Noe. 200 to 1250 cast iron shell, and Nos. 1500 to 12,500 steel shell. Paracoil U Tube Type Tank Heater Size hNo. Capacity. Gals. Below With Hot Water Radiation tc PWater Level Live Steam Sq. Ft. Q~ J3 350 2 700 3 1050 4 1350 650 1300 1900 2500 260 7% 27% - 90 520 11V, 40% 220 760 141/, 47 375 1000 16% 50 500 1 Larger sizes on application. Capacity rating, 100' deg. temperature rise in 3 hours (40 to 140 deg.). Capacity rating with lire steam based on M lb. steam pressure. Paracoil Fire Pot Type Water Heater Paracoil Storage Water Heater 684 Indirect Heaters, connected below water line of steam or vapor boilers. Fire Po,t type (for use in connection with Paracoil Indirect) for hot air furnaces or hot water boilers. Write for bulletins. Heaters, Water O. E. Frank Heater and Engineering Co., Inc. Offices in Ail Principal Cities BUFFALO, N. Y. O. E. F. Products.--U-Tube and Straight Tube Storage Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Instantaneous Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Feed-water Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Swimming Pool Heaters, Bleeder Turbine Heaters, Domestic Service Heaters, Power Plant Heaters, Oil Coolers, Special Heat Exchange Equipment for Industrial Plants. - O. E. F. Storage Heaters are furnished in either the U-Tube or Straight Tube types to meet your requirements. Tanks are made of high quality flange boiler steel. Tube Sheets of rolled steel, Castings of heavy gray iron, and Tubes of heavy gauge copper. O. E. F. U-Tube Instantaneous Heaters and Economizers--An eco nomical heater low in price but having high heating efficiency and made of best materials. Extensively used for heating O. E. P. U-Tube Storage Healer All Heaters, unless otherwise specified are constructed for a working pressure of 100 lb.. Information for higher pressures furnished on request. When it is necessary to use both high and low pressure steam, the steam chamber and tubes can be so arranged as to eliminate in stallation of a separate tube bundle. All tube bundles or heating elements are removable from the tank for ease in inspection, cleaning, or repairing. ` . O. E. F. Storage Heaters For heating water from 50 to 180 deg. fahr. with steam at 212 deg. fahr. Storage Capacity 141 370 GaL 940 1445 2956 2538 2961 Tank 24 36 48 54 60 72 72 Size X z z z z z Inches 72 84 120 144 168 144 168 Gallons per Hour 100 C-5 K-5 W-5 CX-5 MX-5 PX-5 RX-5 200 C-11 K.-1I W-M CX-11 MX-11 PX-11 RX-II 500- C-27 K.-27 W-27 CX-27 MX-27 PX-27 RX-27 800 C-43 KAi W-43 CX-43 MX-43 PX-43 RX-43 1000 K.-S4 W-54 CX-54 MX-54 PX-54 RX-54 1500 . K-81 W-81 CX-81 MX-81 PX-81 RX-81 2000 3000 5000 k-108 W-108 CX-108 MX-108 PX-108 RX-108 W-162 CX-162 MX-162 PX-162 RX-162 W-269 CX-269 MX-269 PX-269 RX-269 O. E. F. Instantaneous U-Tube Heater and Economiser water instantaneously or for connection to storage tanks. Also for use as economizers in cooling condensate in steam systems or generators in hot water heating systems. These heaters are adaptable for con necting below the water line of the boiler. Capacities and General Dimensions O. E. F. U-Tube Instantaneous Heaters ` Heating Water from 50-180 deg. fahr., with Steam at 212 deg. fahr. .- Gallons per Hour ' Size Width Length Steam Water Drain In. Ft.-In. In. In. In. 100 500 800 1000 1500 2000 3000' 5000 U-6 U-15 U-24 U-30 U-45 U-60 U-90 U-150 11 13% 13% 16 16 19 19 22% 4-9% 6-3% 6-3% 6-3% 7-43/, 7-5% 7-53/4 7-73/, 3 1% 32 3 2% 3- - 2% 4 .3 43 64 84 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2 3 685 Heaters, Water Excelso Products Corporation 65 Clyde Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y. Excelso Direct Water Heaters . ' The Excelso Indirect Water Heater is easily connected below the water line of any steam or vapor heating boiler in any old or new installation. Cannot interfere with combustion or the firing of boiler. Cannot over heat the water. Consists of a heavy copper coil heating element fitted in a cast iron shell by means of patented ground joint connection. All parts are inter changeable and easily accessible. Represent a most inexpensive and modern method of heating water. Excelso Double Coil Heaters Excelso Double Coil Heaters are es pecially designed for large residences, small apartments and stores where require ments for hot water are rather large. DoxibU Coil E^Hcain ExCeiso Triple Coil Heaters Excelso Triple Coil Heaters are designed for heavy duty work to furnish hot water for large apartments, industrial plants, small hotels, etcetera. The heaters are easily installed in batteries so that almost any hot water requirement can be met. The heaters may be very easily serviced because of their superior construction. Triple Coil Exedeo Heater Excelso Dual Coil Heaters Dual Coil Excdeo Heater Excelso Dual Coil Heaters--these large Dual Coil heaters with capacities from 1,200 to 2,000 gallons below the water line are built to meet the demands of large apartments, hotels, office buildings,' hos pitals, etc. The same ground joint coil in stallation is used as in the smaller size of heaters and the construction is of the best. The wide range of sizes give an easy choice of the right heater for any particular job. Of course, they may be used in batteries to take care of great quantities of properly heated water. 686 C apacities-- D im e n sio n s-- Prices DOUBLE COIL M Excelso Products Corporation Heaters, Water 46 2000 1 -I 8 d <N -- ^ D Q -J O u -J * : : 5 Q 0 : : D Q 2B I & 1I -S u txNSO -1 -J 8U sa :f-ga| UJ S : : 1 si P jy e *2 ffl im2g ; ; a- a. e .3. 2aSJ :o.SS| uo a > ag: 2 8 --^ * 1 1$ -- co <* DOUBLE COIL : *s , g S 4-) CO > 2 *3 *3 H ar --- " c 3 a?.:: w aS a2s ' :5-8 4I-n1 C8 -f : : w -J. 8 a o So =? 2= :^-Sg -- *3 03 In W . CD C 03 X. 2S : -J 8 a o oo rsg8 28S : N-- NN C 03 X 3O JS Oz M 3g - 3 l sias **s5 *g3 O' wS J3 3 *o 32 a S> 3 2 o2. js . su js 2 IwS3 (3 .C 0 -0C9 "3 2 S . Oc 5 CO = 3*0 . %3 O 8 3 2 J3 S3 3 -g-i *3 eo -O j mE =o =f ae* . -- NO jo . a $ 2. t4oo1 oo dCOJ i-- u3V '. I g *3 JS =s '8-8S3cr IsISBs 5-3.5 3 a 2^ 52s2 `S* Ig -o28 v 2' 2-g S 8- & EV Size of Heaters........... Tank Capacity, .gals.j Size of Heater............ Length.....................in. W idth ....................in. Diameter................. in. SChoielllooppeenininnggss...............iinn.. Weight, crated___ lbs. List Price.................... 687 Heaters, Water . w-. The Patterson-Kelley Co. 99 Park Avenue - New York City Hot Water Heaters for all purposes. Pool Heaters and Converters. Preheaters, Heat Exchangers, Heaters for Chemicals, Gases, Oils. Coolers for Brine, Chemicals, Gases, Oil and Water. The Patterson Combined Hot Water Service and Storage Heater, Type B, is for any service where require ments for hot water are not constant, or where a large volume must be stored for sudden heavy demands. We guarantee to furnish heaters that will deliver the quantity of hot water called for. Without obligation our Engineering Department will be glad to give engineers the benefit of our 49 years' experience. . General Specifications Constructed like a high grade boiler--of heavy steel plate. Steam inlet and outlet chamber is a heavy, grey iron casting. Tube head is a heavy, steel forging into which both ends of each tube are expanded. Tubes are of pure, cold drawn seamless copper and "fl" shaped to provide against contraction and ex pansion strains. Heater is for any service and in any required size per tables below. Write us for engineering advice. , HEATING CAPACITIES-- . 40 F. to 180 F.--Steam at Atmospheric Pressure . No. 1H . 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 7H 8H 9H 10H 11H I2H 13H 14H Gallons per Hour 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1250 1500 1750 Approx. Wt. in Lb. 200 215 235 255 285 315 350 370 400 425 450 500 550 600 No. 15H I6H 17H I8H I9H 20H 2IH 22H 23H 24H 25H 26H 27H 28H ' Gallons per Hour 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7500 10000 12500 15000 20000 25000 . Approx. Wt. in Lb. 700 800 900 1050 1200 s 1350 1500 1750 2000 3200 3800 4500 ' 5100 5800 Note--To specify Type B. Heaters, combine the numbers of the required storage and heating capacities. For example, *1 Oxe . Patterson Type B. Heater with No. 22 S. and No. 17 H." has 1000 . gallons storage with 3000 gallons hourly heating capacity. ' No. . 1S 2S 3S 4S 5S 6S 7S 6S 9S 10 S 11 S 12 S 13 S MS 15 S 16 S 17 S IBS 19 S 20 S Dimensions in Inches 24 x 48 24* 60 . 24 x 72 24 x 84 30 x 60 30x 72 30 x 84 30x % 30x120 36 x 72 36x 84 . 36x 96 36x 108 . 36x120 36x 144 42 x 72 42x 84 42 x 96 42x108 42x120 STORAGE CAPACITIES Capacity 1 Approx. in Gals. - Wt. in Lbs. No. Dimensions in Inches 94 650 118 750 141 850 164 950 180 875 215 1000 255 1150 285 1300 360 1500 310 1250 365 1400 415 1550 475 1700 500 1850 640 2100 430 1500 500 1650 575 1800 650 1950 720 2200 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 S 27 S 28 S 29 S 30 S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S 37 S 38 S 39 S 40 S . 42 x 144 42x168 42x192 48x % 48x120 48x144 48x168 48 x 192 54x 120 54x144 54 x 168 54 x 192 60x120 60x144 60x168 60 x 192 72 x 174 84x 168 ' % x 168 96 x 192 Capacity Approx. ' in Gals. Wt. in Lbs. 860 ` 2450 1000 2800 1155 3100 750 2600 940 - 2925 1125 3350 1300 3840 1500 4200 1190 3500 ' 1425 3900 1665 4300 1900 4700 1400 4300 1700 4950 2000 5600 2240 6200 3000 7000 4000 8700 5200 10000 6000 11000 688 Stas*. Heaters, Water The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Manufacturers and Engineers . Baltimore, Md. Dallas,Tex. HARTFORD, CONN. New Orleans, La. San Antonio, Tex. Boston. Mass. Denver, Colo. New York, N. Y. San Francisco, Calif. Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit, Mich. Charlotte, N. C. Houston, Tex. Chicago, III Indianapolis, Ind. Cincinnati, 0. Kansas City, Mo. Cleveland, 0. Memphis, Tenn. W Heater S Omaha, Neb. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. Y. Seattle, Wash. St. Louis, Mo. St. Paul, Minn. Tacoma, Wash. Darling Bros!. Montreal, Manufacturers of Whitlock Heaters in Canada See Telephone Directory for Local Address ' Whitlock type "K" storage heaters are manufactured in both horizontal and vertical types. The table shows sizes of the horizontal heaters only. We will gladly furnish dimensions of horizontal heaters and vertical beaters upon request. That this type of heater is of particularly sturdy construction is evidenced by the increasing number of prominent engineers and architects who are specifying their use in au types of buildings, including many of the largest and finest buildings constructed. Whitlock Type K Storage Heaters, Horizontal SHELLS To be used with Type IC Heating Section Shell Prices include Cradle. Manhole 11**15' Gallons Diam Length Thick Thick Number One eter ness ness Filling of Shell Shell of Shell of Head 1 65 18 60 14 % 2 80 - 3 118 18 24 72 V* 60 'A %y. 4 141 24 72 'A y 5 164 24 6 185 30 84 <4 60 v< 7y9, 7 220 30 72 'A A 8 *255 30 84 'A V, 9 290 . 30 % 'A A 10 365 36 11 .420 36 84 ft % ft v<%A 12 475 36 13 525 36 14 575 42 108 ft ft120 *8 % n<A j 15 720 ` 42 . 120 ft 16 860 42 17 1000 42 144 168 fftt 18 950 48 120 Vb <A nf 19 1140 48 20 1310 48 21 1480 48 22 1190 54 23 1430 54 24 1670 54 144 V. 168 Vt 192 120 Vyb 144 168 y%. '<AAA V(At 25 26 . , 27 1900 1420 1710 54 60 60 192 V, 120 k 144 ft >%fAt 28 2000 ' 60 168 ft % 29 2300 60 30 2460 72 ft192 ft 144 ft ft 31 2880 72 168 % Weight Shell 400 450 600 700 800 750 850 950 1050 1300 1450 1600 1800 1850 2150 2500 2900 2850 3250 3700 4100 3250 3700. 4200 4700 4300 4900 5600 6200 5700 6400. HEATING SECT IONS Capacity based on Heating from 40 to 180"with Steam at 0 U. pressure. For other tempera' tures and Steam Pressures see Bulletin No. 27 Number Maximum Gallons ' Size & Steam Pipe Inches . Smallest # Shell into which Section will Fit Inches Weight Entire Heatinj Section Lbs. H 0 100 H 1 150 H 2 200 H 3 250 H 4 300 H 5 350 H 6 400 H 7 500 H 8 550 H 9 600 H10 700 Hll 800 HI2 900 H13 1000 HI4 1250 H15 1500 H16 1750 H17 2000 H18 2400 HI9 2800 H20 3200 H21 3600 H22 4000 H23 4400 H24 4800 H25 5400 H26 6000 H27 7000 H28 8000 H29 9000 H30 10000 2 2 2 Vh vA vA vh 3Vl 3'A 3Vl 5 3Vf m y/i 5 5 5 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 18x 48 18x 60 I8x 72 I8x 48 <18x 48 I6x 60 18x 60 !6x 72 18x 72 18x 84 24x 60 18x 96 16x106 18x120 24x 84 24x108 24x120 30x 96 30x120 30x132 36x % 36x108 36x120 36x132 36x 96 36x108 36x120" 42x 96 42x 96 42x108 42x108 75 80 90 175 185 190 200 210 215 220 300 260 270 285 370 425 450 570 620 670 860 920 950 1020 1200 1300 1360 1950 2000 2300 2460 DIRECTIONS FOR USE--Select the size storage you require and combine its designating number with the number which designates the desired hourly output. Assuming a required storage of 1000 gallons (No. 17 shell 42 x 168) arui a required hourly output of 1750 gallons (No. H16 Heating unit) you would specify a Whitlock Type K No.'17Hl6. '. . 689 : The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Heaters, Water This type of heater is used extensively as an instantaneous heater in connection with a separate storage tank, as a swimming pool heater, as a hot water convertor for use with a heating system as well as for various special conditions. Standard sizes of the 2 and 4 pass heaters are shown in the table. Dimensions on multi-pass heater will be furnished on request. Standard Sizes, Capacities, Dimensions and Weights MULTI PASS. TEMP. RANGE 40 F. to 180 F. ' 4 PASS TEMP. RANGE 40" F. to 120" F. Size No. Capacity Diam> Size Size , Capacity Gallons Over-all ' eter liour Length of Shell Water Connec Connec Weight tions ' tions !& Length Diam- of Shell Size Connec Connec Weight tions tions 0 I. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 M 15 16 17 18 IHVi 19 l 9% 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 15% 60 26% 150 37% 200 250 300 400 340i%$ 500 .43% 600 48% 800 52 1000 61 1250 74 1500 . 59% 2000 72% 2500 59 3000 71 4000 89 5000 6000 7000 ,o4 8000 9000 71% 10000 78% 12500 . 94% 15000 89 20000 113 25000 96 30000 112 7 7 7 9% 9% m 9% Wi 9% 12 12 12 15 15 17 17 17 20 20 20 26 26 26 26 30 30 36 36 %1 90 80 "% 7 %1 80 % 1% 125 % 1 ig 160 280 150 300 A,6% 480 7 7 7 Va V/4 ' 100 1 2 115 1 2 135 1 2 325 650 5i% 7 i% 2/i 150 1 2 250 800 38% 7 i% 2Vi 170 i% i% 2% 3 300 325 960 24% 1350 30% % i% 2 3 3 220 270 i% 3 350 1600 35% 9,A 2 y/2 300 1/7 % 1% 33%% . 575 645 4 760 2100 2600 3300 43% 55% 52 Wl 9% 12 2 2Vi 2% 4 5 5 2 5 870 4000 61 12 3 6 350 420 620 700 2 5 1020 5300 79 12 3 6 860 2% 6 1035 6600 55% 15 3% 8 940 2% 6 2% 8 1175 1420 8000 65% 10500 71 15 17 4 8 1070 5 to 1390 3 8 1910 13300 83 17 5 10 1580 3 10 2185 16000 72% 20 5 10 2020 3 4 10 10 2475 2800 18500 21000 842% 20 20 .5 6 12 12 2230 2430 4 10 3000 24000 26 6 12 2800 4 12 3220 26700 67% 26 6 12 3000 4 12 3725 33300 82% 26 6 14 3480 . 5 14 - 4125 40000 73 30 8 14 4015 6 16 4860 53300 92 30 8 16 4600 6 18 6350 - 66700 83 36 . 10 20 6100 6 20 7175 80000 95 36 10 22 6900 Sizes 0 to 8 inclusive, have V*m O. D No. 18 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. Remainder have 1* O. D. No. 17 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. Sizes 0 to 10 inclusive, have O. D. No. 18 B. W. G. . Copper 1 ubes. Remainder have r o. d. No. 17 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. . Whitlock Heat Transfer Products include the following types of apparatus in addition to the Storage and1 Instantaneous Heaters shown above: Feed Water Heaters; Heat Exchangers; Fuel Oil Heaters; .Superheaters; Condensers and Coolers for all kinds of liquids; Also pipe coils of any kind of .pipe or tubing and Air and Ammonia Receivers. Additional information and quotations covering any of this apparatus will be gladly furnished upon request. . '' . 690 Heating and Air Conditioning Units Carrier-Tyle Corporation 850 Frelinghuysen Avenue, Newark, N. J. Affiliated with the Farrier Fnqineerinq Corporation THE CARRIER WEATHERMAKER A SCIENTIFIC AIR-CONDITION ING SYSTEM FOR HOMES Compact new gas-buming unit for homes introduces.a warm-air heating system that is clean; positive in circulation of air; healthful and automatic in operation. A complete heating and air-conditioning system for homes in winter. Approved by American Gas Association Testing Laboratory. Made to take summer cooling unit, (now under develop ment), without change in present system. . The Carrier Weathermaker makes indoor weather to order. 1. It controls the moisture content of the air, maintaining a fixed, healthful relative humidity. 2. It warms the air, using manufactured or natural gas as fuel. 3. It filters the air, removing dust, dirt and bacteria. 4. It circulates the air by centrifugal blower, insuring positive, uniform distribu tion of heat. 5. It operates automatically. In controlling warmth, humidity and air motion, the Carrier Weathermaker repre sents an original and constructive improve ment in house heating. Development--The Carrier Weather maker is an adaptation for domestic use of the well-known Carrier Systems now operating in nearly 3,000 theatres, stores, factories and other large buildings. Operation--The simplicity of the Carrier Weathermaker is indicated by the diagram on following page. Air enters through return duct (4)--passes through filters (B) into blower (C) and is forced out under uniform pressure into heat-inter changer (), where it is warmed. It rises to (F), where humidity is furnished by humidifier (G); then passes into mixing chamber (H) and. is returned to rooms through warm-air ducts. Circulation is continuous and positive. Combustion--The heat is supplied by gas burner (J). Combustion chamber and gas passages are entirely separate from the air passages. ' The Carrier Weathermaker operates with an overall efficiency of 90 per cent. Temperature Regulation--The ther mostatic control mechanism(M) operates a throttling valve on the gas line. It regu lates the gas supply to the demand for heat. Protective Controls--A thermostatic pilot control operates to close the main gas supply should pilot go out or gas-flow fail; a heat-limiting control turns oflF the. gas supply before overheating, through any cause, can occur. 691 Carrier-Lyle Corporation Healing and Air Conditioning Units Filters--The air is cleaned by oilcoated, metallic-fiber filters. Humidity Control--Moisture is added to the circulating air by the humidifier (C). Once adjusted to provide the desired relative humidity of the house atmosphere, the humidifier functions automatically. Positive Circulation of Air--The blower provides forced circulation of air throughout the house. It is indirectly driven by a separately-mounted electric motor. Non-corroding Construction--The combustion chamber and interchanger are made from a special nickel-chrome steel which is leak-proof and impervious to rust and acids. . .. . Space Economy--The forced distri bution of air permits the Carrier Weather- maker to be placed anywhere in the cellar, with resulting economy of space. It permits, also, the use of smaller ducts and long runs. RATINGS, CAPACITIES, GAS CONSUMPTION, WEIGHTS Weathermaker Output Number ' . B.t.u. per Hour 1 75,000 2 155,000 3 225,000 Fan Capacity Cubic Feet per Minute 600 1200 1800. Motor Horsepower . Gas.Consumption Approximate Cubic Feet Shipping Weight per Hour* Pounds 1/8 1/6 . 1/4 . 155 318 455 800 ' 1100 1400 *Gas consumption figures based on manufactured gas of 550 B.t.u. and 3M in. water gauge at pressure regulator. ^(A. G. A. Standard). . -- DIMENSIONS maker Number 1 2 3 Overall Length 6'-3%' 6'-3%' 6'-3%' Overall Width 3'-3/2' 45--22'%/'-' Height 3'-11%' 3-11%' Height Sin of Including Return Air Draft Diverter Upernng 4/-IO' 4'-10%' 4-11'/.' 12'x14' 12' x 25V*' 12' x 36%' Size of Air Size of Diameter Discharge Gas Supply of Flue Upernng ' Line Conn, r H' x 22' 22' x 22* 22'x 33' 1' i%' V/l' r 8' 9' Heating and Piping Systems Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating, Industrial arid Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Executive Offices: Providence. R. I. AliBANT, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. (Plant and Foundry) Auburn, R. I. (Plant and Foundry) Baltimore. Mp. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. ' Charlotte. n. C. Chicago, 111. (Branch) Cincinnati. Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio (Branch) Offices, Plants and Bran Columbia, Penna. (Foundry) . Dallas, Texas Detroit, Mich. Hartford, Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. - . Kansas Cm, Mo. Kbabnt, N. J. (Branch) Milwaukee, Wis. . .. Minneapolis. Minn. (Branch) Newark, N. J.' . New Orleans. La, New York, N. Y. North Charlotte, N C. (Branch) Philadelphia, Penna. (Branch) ' Pittsburgh, Penna. (Branch) Pltmouth, Fla. . Providence, R. I. (Plant and Foundry) Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. (Branch) Warren, Ohio (Plant and Foundry) . grinnell company of the pacific Los Angeles, Cal. (Branch) Oakland, Cal. (Branch) San Francisco, Cal. (Branch) Seattle, Wash. (Branch) Montreal, Qub. (Branch) GRINNELL COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. Vancouver, B. C. (Branch) Toronto. Ont. (Plant and Foundry) Oshowa. Ont. (Foundry) Winnipeg, Man. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES-- Complete Service on materials to specification on Power Plant Piping, Industrial Piping, and Industrial Heating Systems; Fabricated piping including bends, welded headers, lap joints and the Grinnell Triple XXX line of products for Super Power; Grinnell Equiflo Valve; Grinnell Pipe Hangers and Fittings; Grinnell Thermolier (A Development in Unit Heaters), ThermOflex Heating Special ties. Also Humidifying Systems; Con-, stant Level Size Circulating Systems; Piping for acids and other special ma terials; Pipe Fabricating, Bending and Threading; Welding. Brass, Bronze and other Castings; Valves: Air Relief, Globe, Angle, Cross, Check, Quick Opening and Closing, Non-return, Tank, Pressure, Reduc ing and Regulating, Safety and Y. . Pipe Bends and Coils; Unions, Tees, Ells and Nipples; Cast Iron, Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe; Pipe Rolls; Steam Traps. Automatic Sprinkler Systems. For data on ThermOflex Heating Specialties, see page 862. A Revolutionary Development in Forced Hot Water Heating-- One of the chief difficulties in the way of a broader use of forced hot water heating systems with their many important advantages has been the determination of pipe sizes by the complex and arduous method of calculating frictional re sistances. Failure to do this, plus easily possible installation mistakes Equiflo Valve has resulted in many unsatisfactory installations of this type of heating system. This whole problem has now been simplified by the invention of the Grinnell Equiflo Valve. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve for forced hot water heating permits: 1. The calculation of pipe sizes for this system by simple tables, similar to those commonly used in connection with the design of vacuum steam systems. 2. Change in locations of radiators or piping during installation to take care of local construction conditions without re calculation of pipe sizes. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve for forced hot water heating accom plishes: 1. More nearly perfect equalization of flow to every radiator than has ever been Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant. Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. practical by even the most careful calcu lation of pipe sizes. Size or location makes no difference. 2. The introduction of sufficient fric tional resistance to completely overcome that trouble so pronounced in most forced hot water heating systems which is due to the well-known war between pump head (a constant) and the gravity or temperature head (a variable). This insures absolutely equalized circulation at all temperatures.- 3. Lower pumping costs. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve: 1. Serves as the regular shut-off valve for each radiator. It is of the packless type. 2. Is so designed-that after the installa tion is completed a multiple-orifice car tridge or tube, having a definite resistance pre-determined by Grinnell Company, is dropped into' place in the valve. ' and other pipe fabrication develop ments, Grinnell Company has a corps of workmen. who can be depended' upon to translate a specification into a satisfactorily finished product. These experienced workmen have the best modern facilities to work with. Pipe fabrication plants are strategically located at Auburn, Rhode Island; Warren , Ohio; and Atlanta, Georgia. Grinnell pipe bends are true to radius and free from buckles and flat places. Bends are furnished according to dimen sions from standard and extra heavy wrought iron and steel pipe, as well as from seamless steel tubing. In order to obtain all the ad One item that works to standard vantages of this new development, ize quality in Grinnell-made pipe it is only necessary for the Con bends is our mechanical filling and sulting Engineer to specify that each hammering machines which replace radiator shall be equipped with a the old method of hand filling and Grinnell Equiflo Valve. This device eliminate the human element in is marketed through the regular this important- feature of pipe heating trade, arid proper results bending work. In filling-of pipe for are guaranteed by the standing-of bends, specially prepared sand is Grinnell Company in the hot water used which does not crystalize or heating field. . adhere to the inside, of the pipe. Fabricated Piping Materials: Lap Joints, Pipe Bends . Welded Headers-- The making of pipe bends, welded headers, lap joints of every descrip tion, and a complete line of miscel laneous pipe fabricated materials, has for.- many years been a specialty of Grinnell Company. In work of this kind experienced workmen are essential to quality products. Due to its Engineering and Laboratory facilities, its training of welders, Grinnell Pipe Bends can be fur nished with Lap Joint Flanges, with Screwed-on and with Welded Flanges; also with Screwed Ends or with Scarfed Ends for field welding. Lap Joints may be plain faced, having 100 per cent thickness in Laps, or with Male and Female, Tongue and Groove, or "Sarlun" facings with a thickness equal to 100 per cent of pipe walls at thinnest point, and suitable for all pressures up to 1350 lb. W. S. P. at a total temperature of 750 deg. fahr. '. 694 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating1, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Square Lap in Rough Lap Small Tongue in Rough Lap Above illustrations show clearly how the ample thickness of perfect metal in the rough-forged lap allows for machining front and back for any conceivable face with a finished lap of at least 100 per cent thick ness and strength. Finished Square Lap Finished Tongue and Groove Lap The Place of Triple XXX in Power Plant Piping Triplex XXX is a line of fabricated piping material developed by Grinnell Company to meet the demands of high pressures and temperatures in modern.power plants. It is standard with us for all working steam pres . sures of Series 40 (400 lb. W. S. P.) and over, and recommended for Series 30 with high temperatures. The line is complete, comprising .all types of pipe joint faces, welded headers and pipe bends. Each piece of material is stamped XXX showing that it has been produced for this, special service. - - - .. Grinnell Fittings--After years of buying cast iron, fittings on the open market Grinnell Company concluded that the best way to obtain clean accurate fittings of uniformly high quality was to cast them in Grinnell Foundries. Grinnell Cast Iron Flat Band Fittings made to con form to the American standard approved by American Engineering Standards Committee and by the N. F. P. A. can now be obtained by other users. Impartial purchasers agree that accuracy of threading, freedom from sand holes, and smoothness of core speed up installations and reduce replacements wherever Grinnell Fittings are specified. . Grinnell Adjustable Pipe Hangers and Supports ' One of the chief advantages of Grinnell Adjustable Hangers is that they permit adjustment of pipe lines after installation, thus obviating the necessity of turnbuckles or the removal of hangers. And their time and trouble-saving qualities during installation are equally exceptional'.' On the following pages are shown a few Grinnell Hangers and Supports of particular interest to heating engineers. Send for Grinnell Hanger Catalogue No. 5, a catalogue covering the complete line of Pipe Hangers and Supports, giving illustrations, list prices and dimensions. 695 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems CfKINITBU COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Solid Ring--Adjustable Swivel Ring--Split Ring THIS Malleable Iron Adjustable Swivel Ring can be used with Coach Screw Rod or Machine Threaded Rod in . connection with practically any type of Ceiling Flange, Expansion Case, Insert, etc. With the Swivel Shank, an adjustment of at least in. is secured by turning the nut on the shank. ' An unique locking device on the Swivel Shank auto matically locks, preventing loosening due to. vibration in: the pipe line. #/ The Split Ring Type has the same adjustment as in Fig. No. 104 Split Ring Fig. No. 101, either before or after the hinged section is Patented--No. bolted in place. The off-center hinging of the Ring pro- 1,612,959 . vides sufficient seating to hold the pipe before closing the Ring.. A wedge type Pin is loosely but inseparably cast into the hinged section for fastening this section after pipe is in place. . Universal Insert--Simplex Insert ' 1V1^ ]V *ADE of charcoal malleable iron, they have ample vertical and horizontal adjustment. Four widely separated nail slots, low height and large bottom surface jomk. all tend to minimize the chance of displace- Kjw ment during construction, whether nailed to wood or pasted to steel forms. Universal inserts are made in one body H size, to take a special removable nut. Nuts 1 Universal Insert , Fig. No. 80 are furnished tapped for % in., M in., ^ in. or % in,, rod as required, and are automatically locked laterally by means of serrated teeth on both insert and nut, Simplex Inserts are made in five body sizes, with nuts assembled in place and not removable, for rod tappings % in. to in. inclusive. - , Universal Clamps 4^* T 4^(Patented--Nos. 1,134.395 and 1,568,122) HE Side I-Beam Clamp has ample strength for hanging % to 12 in. pipe from I-Beams. Made in different sizes to fit all sizes of Standard and Bethlehem Fig. No. 25 . Side I-Beam Clamp I-Beams, and most sizes of Bethlehem Girder Beams. # Fig. No. 26 Channel Clamp The Grinnell Channel Clamp, made in three sizes with varying lengths of clamp rods, will meet most of the conditions encountered in practical installation work in connection with channels. Fig. 28 U. F. S. I-Beam Clamp (Universal Forged Steel) i-beam Clamp ' (Patented--No. 1,604,590) THE UFS (Universal Forged Steel) I-Beam Clamp is a recent addition to the Grin nell Hanger line'and is an out standing development in con venience, strength and adjust . ability. While made only in three sizes, it covers the whole range of beam sizes from the smallest to Bethlehem 24-in. Forged steel construction gives to each size the same strength as the maximum rod strength involved. Rods carried range from % to l}4 in., providing for all pipe sizes up to 24 in. 696 Grinnell Company, Inc. Healing and.Piping Systems GMNIZLI COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies,. Etc. Fig. No. 192 Adjustable Wall and Wrought Radiator Brackets THE Bracket, Fig. No. 190, is designed to support a single tier of wall radiation. A similar Bracket, No. 191, is designed to support a double tier, one in front of the other. The Wrought Bracket, Fig. No. 192, is designed to support leg less radiation of the new Tube Type. Only one bolt is necessary to securely fasten these brackets to the wall. This means low installation cost and it cuts drilling holes down to a minimum. .. When hook bolt is used, it can be set without extremely accurate measurements, due to the liberal range of vertical and horizontal adjustment, and.as only two or three points of the bracket touch the wall, the difficulty so often experienced with rough brickwork is practically eliminated. Adjustable Wall Coil Hangers . (Patented--No. 1,062,372) THE Adjustable Wall Coil Hanger can be furnished with four separate brackets--two for single coils and two for double coils. The brackets locate the center of the coils or 6}4 in. from __ back of bracket. Where double coils are used the second hangs in. in front of the first. Fig. No. 180 Single Pipe Rolls GRINNELL Single Pipe Rolls are especially designed to take care of expansion and con traction. Rolls are made hollow which means small surface in contact with roll rod. The Adjustable Sockets permit vertical adjustment at the roll. The nut at the bottom of the hanger rod fits into a recess in the socket, thus prevent ing loosening or turning from vibration. Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll THE Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll supplies the need for an adjust able type of pipe roll hanger with single hanger rod. It is unique inasmuch as vertical adjustment can be made by use of the Swivel Shank at the top of the hanger. . pis, i7Jf Adjustable Pipe Stand--Anchor Chair-- Pipe Seat~ v 0 \Y/ELDED STEEL BRACKET, Fig. No. 199 is light in . No. 198 yy weight and was designed primarily for use with the Grinnell Adjustable Pipe Stand, Fig. No. 196, Anchor Chair, Fig. No. 197 and Pipe Seat, Fig. No. 198, !. No. 199 These combine . the strongest type of brackets and pipe - supports. The Ad justable Pipe Stand as used with the Steel Bracket has excellent adjustment features, it being possible to obtain both vertical and lateral ad justment. 697 Fig. No. 197 Fig. No. 198 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating. and Piping Systems MffMIS'Lt. - ^COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies! Etc. Copper Housing Makes for Durability and Fine Appearance Grinnell Thermolier THE Grinnell Thermolier is a modern development of unit heaters. This principle of heating is rapidly becoming standard for use in many kinds of buildings. The reason for this may be briefly stated: (1) Low initial cost; (2) economy of operation; (3) adaptability; (4) maintenance; (5) depreciation. This unit is the result of more than three years' intensive investigation and test by the Grinnell organization which for 70 years has-been recognized as a leader in industrial heating work. No pains have, been spared to make it a most dependable, efficient and long-lived unit. Heat is obtained from brass-finned, seamless, copper U-tubes rolled into a cast-iron header. No solder is used for joints and there are no flat horizontal surfaces to catch dirt. One model 800 Thermolier may be used to heat a floor area of 500 to 5000 sq. ft. Units may be controlled manually or automatically, singly or in groups. Installation and piping are extremely simple and inexpensive, hence the unit may be moved from one location to another at small cost if found desirable on account of changes in building or occupancy. Furnished in several sizes for factory offices and small rooms. Thermoliers provide excellent distribution of heat free from objectionable drafts. May be used when desirable with steam pressures up to 125 lb. Specifications--Fan: Grinnell, special, of nigged construction. Motor: Heavy duty, oversize, enclosed, moisture-proof. Housing:' Heavy copper, insuring exceptionally long life. Rubbed CQpper finish protected by high temperature lacquer. Frame: Heavy pressed steel, providing rugged support for motor and fan. Special features: Adjustable swivel hanger rod couplings; louvers rigid, but easily adjustable; integral cooling leg insuring complete drainage through one 14-in. trap on Models 300 to 800, K-in. on Models 100 and 200, or 1-in. on Models 1200 and 1600. For pressures not exceeding 100 lb., a thermostatic trap of proper construction can be used and should be attached directly to unit. ' ` Particular attention is called to the integral cooling, a unique feature of the Thermolier which is of vast importance to the heating man. Due to the construction of the header in Thermolier, steam circulation and removal of condensation in this unit are distinctly different than is usual in such heaters. Simple piping connections, both on same side, with dose return trap Steam is delivered into Chamber *'A" of the header and circulates from there through the pitched U tubes, carrying its condensation with it into Chamber "B.'* By partitioning off the tubes at the bottom of the Steam Supply Chamber "A," these lower tubes carry all condensation from Chamber " B" into Drain Cham ber " C." In passage of this condensation through these tubes, the air from the fan is rapidly caiTying off heat just as it does in the rest of the unit. The result is that these lower tubes form an efficient internal cooling leg, integral with the unit. The actual cooling effect of this construction is equal to a run of more than 100 feet of the ordinary, exterior cooling leg piping. Unique headerS' ,construction forces all condensation through integral cooling leg 698 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GR1N.NSLL' COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Tubes expanded into cast-iron header Due to the efficient functioning of the internal cooling leg, it is practical with the Grinnell Thermolier to make an exceedingly close connection of the return trap, as indi. cated on the drawing on previous page. The condensation coming from the unit is cool enough so that the trap "will operate continuously even when the unit is working at maximum capacity for long periods. This feature, com bined with the fact that the steam supply connection is at the same end of the unit, makes for compactness and neatness in the piping connections. c EModel Numbers A B D F C HJ KL M N 0 Supply P Retura Q 100-200 a300--400 si 2* 1600-800* Wi ii% 15 2% |% 12% l`H 2% 3% 2% 5*36 10% 11% 18% 25$ 17 21 3% 3% 3% .4% 3% 1% 7% 4% 4 1200--1600 12% 32% 25 4% m 33% 1% 9% 5% 536 % 36 136 1% - i'/. .% 2% $ t% i'1/. t% All Dimensions given in Inches. *This Dimension varies slightly with different motors. tAdjustable Swivel Coupling-(fumished with Thermolier) Tapped Standard Bolt Thread. iOutlets bushed to pipe size next smaller than indicated in table. 699 Heat-Surface (Fan System) Aerofin Corporation 850 Frelinghuyeen Avenue Newark. N.J. Manufacturers of Aerofin Standardized, Light-Weight, Fan System Heat-Surface 11 West 42nd Street NEW. YORK Burnham Building CHICAGO Paul Brown Building ST. LOUIS Land Title Building PHILADELPHIA Oliver Building PITTSBURGH United Artists Building DETROIT Aerofin is the modern Standardized Light-Weight Fan System Heat-Surface originated by Fan Engineers to meet the present-day requirements of this highly specialized field, and to afford an adapta bility which permits and fosters the new and advanced applications of tomorrow. Low Pressure, Universal and High Pressure Aerofin: Aerofin is built in three distinct types: Low Pressure Aerofin, tube-plate con struction, for pressures up to 50 lb. gauge; Universal Aerofin, continuous multicoil seamless tubes, for pressures from 2^ to 150 lb. gage, and High Pressure Aerofin, continuous seamless tubes, for pressures from 25 to 350 lb. gauge (temp. 500F.). , Design and Construction: The heattransfer surface in Aerofin is a plurality of seamless copper tubes about which is wound a helix of copper ribbon, crimped on its infier edge to permit winding and to afford maximum contact between tube'and fin. The extended fin surface is applied and; tinned while held in position, by highly developed automatic machines, being accurately crimped and spaced. The* tinning of the tube and the extended Sur- Fig. i face makes them metalliciy integral, affording maximum heat transmission and permanent effectiveness. The thickness and width (height) of the extended surface, the crimping and the pitch of the helix were determined by careful experiment, to afford maximum heat transfer, uniform air flow and minimum resistance thereto. The copper tubes and fins of Aerofin trans mit heat eight times as effectively as iron. So scientifically is Aerofin designed that air is heated more in passage through a single row of its tubes, a travel of in., than in passage through an entire section of cast iron surface, a travel of 9 in. In Low Pressure Aerofin the tubes are set into flexible tube-plates by means of a highly developed joint which is tight and permanent. (See Figure 1.) In Universal Aerofin ,and High Pressure Aerofin the seamless tubes, with their extended fin sur^ . face, are continuous. (See Figs. 2 and 3.) Low Pressure Aerofin, Universal Aero fin and High Pressure .Aerofin :are furnished" as completely encased units, ready for pipe and duct connections. The casings are built of pressed steel and are. exceptionally strong and rigid, 'protecting the unit from all the strains of pipe con nections and expansion or contraction in service. The casings are flanged on both faces, top and bottom, and template punched for bolting together adjacent units, or for duct connection. Standard Casings: The casings of all Aerofin Units) whether comprising one, two or three rows of tubes, are 29 in. wide, (except 6-tube Universal Aerofin which is 21^6 in-) across tubes, from outer edge one flange to outer edge opposite flange, and 10 in. deep in direction of air flow. Length of casing is nominal tube length plus 8H in. ' . ' Aerofin Sizes: Low Pressure Aero fin: Made in fifteen standard tube lengths, either one, two or three staggered rows of tubes per unit. There, are thus forty-five standard units available, a 700 . Aerofin Corporation Heat-Surface (Fan System) range which adequately meets all re quirements. Tubes are furnished of any length between 2 ft. and 6 ft., in increments of 6 in., and between 6 ft. and 12 ft. in increments of 1 ft. Complete tables of sizes and capacities are shown in Bulletin GS0, mailed gratis upon request. This bulletin also contains 23 proved piping diagrams in four colors. Universal Aerofin: Available in onerow or two-row units, 6-tubes or 9-tubes across face, in seventeen standard tube lengths (distance between end baffle plates, or between 180 bends) between 2 and 10 ft., inclusive, in increments of 6 in. Batteries of double width are easily as sembled by setting units end-to-end, leav ing space for pipe connections. Complete information is contained in our Bulletin G 30, mailed gratis upon request. High Pressure Aerofin: Made in five standard tube lengths (i.e., length .of straight section of tube, between 180 bends) 2 ft.; 2 ft. 6 in.; 3 ft:; 3 ft. 6 in.; 4 ft., either one, two or three staggered rows of tubes per unit. There are thus fifteen standard units now available, meeting practically all requirements. Since the supply and drip connections of High Pressure Aerofin are located on the same end (Figure 3) units may be placed end-to-end, thus affording battery widths of twice the standard tube-lengths. Com plete tables of sizes and capacities are shown in our Bulletin G30, mailed gratis upon request. Steel Supporting Legs: Standard steel supporting legs, 18 in. high, template Fig. S punched to same bolt hole centers as standard casing, are furnished when ordered. These legs may be attached quickly and obviate necessity of any other foundation. * Advantages: Aerofin weighs but 9 to 16 per cent as much as equivalent cast iron and occupies but 35 per cent of the space required by equivalent cast iron (3-row units). Two men can easily carry any Aerofin Unit. Expensive founda tions are unecessary, building re-enforce ment is not required and the units may readily be suspended from-beams or roof trusses, or installed snugly in any out-ofthe-way corner. The light weight and remarkable compactness of Aerofin per mit design heretofore impossible, bringing a new era in Fan Engineering, enabling the Engineer or Architect to exercise his highest skill, undeterred by the weight and bulk which have limited him in the past. F*g. 2 Sales: Aerofin is sold only by manufacturers of nationally advertised Fan System Apparatus. 701 Healing and Cooling Surfaces American Radiator (Company General Sales and Eastern Executive Office 40 West 40th Street, New York Western Executive Office 816 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Manufacturers of Ideal Boilers, American Radiators, and Ventilating, and Refrigerating Products ' other Heating, VENTO Cast Iron Heaters The standard spacings of regular Vento in a stack are 5 in. centers. The distance between centers can be increased or de creased by use of hexagon nipples as here with described. 30*. 40. 50 and 60 Inch Sections 72 Inch Sections Centers Sizes of Nipples Centers Sizes of Nipples Inches Inches` Inches Inches 5% 2/, .3% 5% 5 2A x 3 5 4% 2/4 x 2% 4% 4** 2/4x2 3x3% 3x3 3x2% *30 inch Nipples are all 2 inch diameter. Internal Nipple. . . For assembling of these sections, we rec ommend a Vento nipple wrench which is made of extra heavy drop forged steel, especially for use on right and left-hand threaded nipples having a hexagon nut at', Vento has a unique construction which the center. . breaks up the air currents and assures . Vento does not call for. any new or rapid steam circulation, both of which special conditions in either housing or features insure full heating efficiency of all . steam supply and drip connections. Both the surfaces of the heater. live and exhaust steam may be used at Being made up into stacks which are the same time. ' easily handled, and having fewer joinis- * j in-blast and plenum cham per hundred square feet of heating surface : ber: WORK THE NET INSTALLED than pipe-coils, there is less possibility of COST OF VENTO IS LESS THAN THAT leaks. Use of Vento reduces labor instal . OF LIGHTER FORMS OF HEATERS. lation costs, and calls for minimum space. Twenty-five years of successful opera Vento is made of cast iron, which does not tion of Vento Heaters in thousands of rust by action of air, gases, water or sum installations in private and public build mer dampness, and is exceedingly durable. ings throughout America, Europe and Vento Heaters do not freeze, split or Australia, disclose no failure of any kind. corrode, nor is there any effect from elec A copy of Engineer's Data on Vento trolysis. . Heating will gladly be sent on request. . 702 American Radiator Company Heating and Cooling Surfaces ARCOBLAST HEATERS The Encased Section FEATURES of the ENCASED SECTION For Pressure from 5 to 200 lb. The following outstanding features of Arcoblast will appeal to the Heating Engi neer who is figuring heating surface for central fan and plenum chamber work. 1. Galvanized Encasement--complete and ready for pipe connections. 2. One Piece Cast Iron Header--The headers are cast in one piece with the tube plates three-fourths of an inch thick, thus allowing the tubes to be exexpanded properly and held securely. 3. No Soldered Steam-Backed Joints, Tubes expanded in headers--Ample strength for high pressure is assured. 4. Assured Strength with Minimum Weight--The Arcoblast Heater is com posed of staggered rows of copper tubes expanded into cast iron headers--on the opposite side of which are register ing tapped openings through which the tubes are expanded. After the expand ing operation the holes are closed with counter-sunk plugs. ' The %-in. copper tubes are fin wound with extended copper surface--metal lically attached--with six' turns per lineal inch. Their all-over diameter is 1 in. 5. Fin-Wound Copper Tubing--The %-in. copper tubes are fin wound with extended surface4--metallically attached--with six turns per lineal inch. Their all-over diameter is l}-6 in. 6. Non-Corrosive--Heating surface en tirely non-ferrous metal. A catalog containing roughing-in dimen sions, physical data, final temperatures and condensation and pipe sizes will be gladly sent on request. 703 American Radiator Company Heating and Cooling Surfaces ARCOBLAST HEATERS For High and Low Pressure Unit Heaters 5 to 150 Pounds The Arcoblast Heaters, both Ideal and UH Type, have been designed to meet the rapidly expanding requirements of the Unit Heater manufacturer. The construction has met with approval from our many users. Both types are made with three-quarter inch copper tubes having extended surface Ideal Type Arcoblast Heater metallically attached with six turns per lineal inch. The over-all diameter is 1in. The Design is rugged having no soldered steam-backed joints, non-cor rosive and with ample tube steam carrying capacity together with minimum weight without impairing strength. The Ideal Type as shown in the illustra tion is made of a two piece header con struction secured together by bolts with gasket having staggered rows of copper tubes expanded into two cast iron header plates forming the supply and return headers. The UH Type is made of a one piece cast iron header construction having stag gered rows of copper tubes expanded the same way as the Ideal cast iron headers-- on the opposite side of which are register ing tapped openings through which the tubes are expanded. After the expanding operation, the holes are closed with counter-sunk plugs. Between the headers on the sides of this heater galvanized filler plates are used. The materials of construction, copper for tubes and fins and cast iron for headers offer a product which is non-corrosive. A catalogue containing complete tech nical data on Ideal and UH type Arcoblast heaters will be sent gladly on request. 704 Heat-Surface: {Fan or Unit) McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. 2587 E. Grand Boulevard Detroit, Mich. Manufacturers of Spiral Fin-Tubing for Unit Heaters and Concealed Radiators, for Electric' Refrigeration, Automotive Radiators and Metallic Asbestos Gaskets. . McCord tubing, now developed for use in heating and refrigeration systems, is the result of twenty-two years' experience in the building of automotive cooling systems. The construction of McCord tubing in sures a perfect contact between the fin and the tube, insuring greatest heat transfer. McCord solder was developed for the particular purpose of withstanding the high temperatures of heating require ments. The special ``Spiral Fin-Tubing" is made by a patented process, and may be had in corrugated or plain fin. It is made of seamless tubing, brass or copper, finished bright on inside. The corrugated or flat spiral fin is continuous with a. perfect metal-to-metal contact between the fin and the tube which makes for efficient radiation. The tubing is made in either hard or soft temper and can be coiled on short- radius so as to occupy the minimum of space. For heating purposes McCord Spiral FinTubing is well adapted to unit heaters or concealed wal) radiators, and is used by a number of manufacturers. McCORD Spiral Fin-Tubing Compared on Basis of One Lineal Foot with Plain Tubing of the Same Outside Tube Diameter. McCord Corrugated Spirol Fin-Tubing Tube Size Radiating Surface per 1Jr>e*l Ft. Heating-Ratio w w vWs w. VS vvvvvsssss I* 1' , McCord Spiral Fin-Tubing Plain Tubing `McCord Spiral Kin-Tubing Plain Tubing McCord Spiral t* in-1 ubing Plain 1 ubing McCord Spiral Fin-Tubing Plain Tubing McCord Spiral Fin-Tubing' Plain 1 ubing McCord Spiral Tubing Plain Tubing '. McCord Spiral Tubing Plain Tubing = 70 sq. in. = ll%q.in. = 113 sq. in. = 14 sq.in. = 122.5 sq. in. = lb.) sq. in. - = 132 sq'. in. = 19 sq. in. = 150% sq. in. = 23% sq. in. -- sq. in.' = 28% sq. in= >/> sq. in. - = 37% sq. in. Sizes and Specifications Tube Size r wvs VS wvs w Width of Fin ys : VS vvVsSs- . Diameter McCord Spiral ' Fin-Tubing - 2*. IJ6* 1VS ' IV : VS x%r , . Standard lengths of tabe up to SO feet in copper or brass. Standard gauge tube 0.028 walL Special gauges on request. '--Standard gauge fin 0.006 except x/i in. and in. sizes. Flat 8piral fin 0.012.. - 705 McCord Plain Spira Flat Fin-Tubing Heat-Surface (Fan or Unit) The Rome-Tumey Radiator Go. Rome, N. Y. Exclusive Manufacturers of Rome HELICALFIN Tubing for Unit Heaters; Oil Coolers; Refrigeration Condensers and Heat Exchangers . Complete Unit and Blast Heaters; Lynch Concealed Copper Radiation, Bath Room Heaters; Truck and Tractor Radiators The radiating surface provided by Rome HELICALFIN Tubes is all highly efficient. There are no corrugations to pocket the air and collect the dust and dirt. Rome patented processes produce continuous Flat radiating fin, free of corrugations, with a tight copper to copper contact with the tube.wall, insuring highest efficiency. Rome HELICALFIN Tube Data Standard Sizes Rome Helicclfin Heater for Unit Heating Work Standard HELICALFIN Heaters are sturdy and non-corrosive. The Seamless copper tubes are fused into copper bearing steel tube sheets, complying with the most exacting engineering requirements. 0. D. of ' Plain Tube w %r w Vf Vf w Vf Vf zV?f Vf Vf 1V' f r i'/.' Wf 156' 156' Width of Pins >6' 56' 56' Vf Vf '/.' Vf '/.' Vf Vf Vf wVf Vf Vf Vf 0. D. of Finned Tube 56' 56' 56' Vf Vf 1V' f r r Wf Wf wWf i Vf 2' 2Vf 2Vf w 316' No. Fins per Inch 6 87 6 7 .8 5 6 7 65 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 Surface Linear Foot 54.38 Sq. In. 61.48 * " 68.58 0 " 85.13 " * " 96.83 " " 108.63 * " 89.80 * * 103.85 ` " 117.95' " " . 106.17., " 122.77 " " 187.47. " " 219.27 -" " ... 232.70 ' " 320.70 " " 377.20 " . . 489.20 * * 506.50 " " 774.50 " * Data covering special sizes on request. J Standard construction--seamless copper tube with copper fins. Steel and brass is supplied when specified for eitner tube or fins. Tubes bent and formed over-short radii to specifications'. . Over 25 years of experience behind Rome Products 706 Heat-Surface (Fan System) Schutte & Koerting Co. 1154 Thompson Street Philadelphia, Pa. for air-heating and air-cooling units S&K Radiafin Tubes have from 7 to 16 times as much surface as plain tubes of the same size and length. This'feature insures maximum heating or cooling capacity with minimum quantity of tubing and low initial and operating costs. RADIAFIN TUBING AND PIPING DATA Type'of Tube or Pipe Size of Tube or Pipe Width of Fins O. D. of Finned Tube or Pipe Pitch of Pins Ratio of Air Con tact Surface to Water or Steam Contact Surface Total Surface . P** . Lineal Foot Weight Lineal Foot * Price Price per Flanges Lineal Foot Seamless Drawn Brass Vf Vf 1* and Copper iubing Vf Vf v/f with Copper huts. \*Vf Pressures up to 250 lbs. Wf 56* W Vf Wf 2WVf Seamless Drawn Steel Vf r VVff Wf v/f Tubing Wf Vf 2Vf with Steel r ms. wf Vf V/f Pressures up to 250 lbs. V wf Wf 3* Wf v/f 1/7' 1/7' 1/6' 1/5' '/.* 56' Vf 56' Vf Vf Vf . 9.93 to 1 8.70 to 1 9.34 to 1 10.6 to 1 11.6 to 1 16.3 to 1 14.75 to 1 13.72 to 1 13.0 to 1 12.0 to 1 9.17 to 1 . 1.2 1.55 2.41 3.99 2.64 3.22 3.80 4.35 . 5.52 6.55 " * * 0.357 lbs. 0.6 0.63 1.09 2.04 " 1.2 1.93 2.80 4.4 6.1 10.5 . " Prices on Seamless Drawn Brass and Copper Oval' I ubing with Copper Fins. Pressures up to 250 lbs. Vf %'xWf 1/7' 7.6 to 1 1.33 0.75 - Appli- Vf 56* 1.3' 1/6' Standard Steel Pipe with Steel Puis. Pressures up to 125 lbs. VVff r i'/* Vf Vf VVff 1.59* 2.05' 2.56? 3.16' 1/5' Vf vws 2W* f Vf 1 Vf 3.65' 4.62* Vf Vf ivf Wf 5.12' 56' vfy 1 Vf 6.0' Vf 4' i 7.5' Vf 6' i Vf 10.12* l' If.6 to 1 10.9 to 1 11.1 to 1 13.5 to 1 12.2 to 1 12.1 to 1 -11.2 to 1 9.47 to 1 8.97 to 1 8.6 to 1 6.7 to 1 1.5 a 1.03 1.78 1.41 2.41 1.95 3.7 4.4 " 2.9 4.02 5.1 ** 5.75 * 6.07 * . 8.2 6.12 * 9.54 7.2 13.77 9.05 * 20.89 10.64 31.07 * cation The S&K Radiafin Tubes and Pipes listed above can be furnished with plain or flanged;ends and in any lengths up to 15 ft. Sbld with or without headers. . '* - 707 Heat-Surface (Fan or Unit) Winchester Repeating Arms Company RADIATOR DIVISION New Haven, Conn. . Manufacturers of Winchester Copper Radiators for Unit Heaters and Air Conditioning Equipment CONSTRUCTION FEATURES Large surface area in small space. Unrestricted air and water passages. Light weight and compactness. Simplicity of construction and durability. . . The Winchester Copper Radiator is recognized in the - Heating and Ventilating industry as an exceptionally efficient and lightweight element, having features that are outstanding in radiator surface construction. The free area is 62 per cent of the frontal area. This free ., area permits the passage of large volumes of air with only moderate fan power. This results in large air delivery with rapid temperature rise, power economy, and good dis tribution for long distances from the unit, permitting the unit to be placed at greater heights than heretofore considered possible in heating practice. All the heating surface is direct prime surface with steam on one side and air on the other. Each seamless copper tube provides an unrestricted passage for air and yet is small enough for the passing air to have intimate contact with its surface. The indenta tions set up a turbulence of the air in passing through, increasing the scouring effect. This results in a high rate of heat transfer throughout the entire heating surface and keeps the air friction loss at a minimum. There are no fins, ribs or other members used, thereby establishing a design which gives the steam a uniform close contact with the air over the entire heating surface. The tube wall construction adds greatly to this high efficiency, and the construction of the cores make them extremely light in weight without sacrificing mechanical strength. ' /' ' All heating surface is made of a special grade of pure copper, which in addition to its effectiveness as a heat conductor, is strongly resistant to all normal corrosive influences.' Simplicity of contruction is another advantage. The individual copper tubes are joined by a special high temperature bonding alloy. This alloy has been especially developed by the Winchester Research Laboratory to adequately, meet the strength requirements for service at the temperatures and pressures involved in steam heating . . work.. The tubes being joined at the ends permit unobstructed and maximum space for passage of steam around them. Foreign substances present no difficulties from clogging nor will they impair the efficiency of the surface and impede the flow of water or steam. The tubes are guaranteed not to burst. if' radiator should freeze. In case of freezing, ice would form on the outside of the tubes, having a tendency to crush rather than to split the tubes, in which event the radiator would still function. Winchester Copper Radiators can be furnished in any stand " ard overall size , from 12 x 12 in., up to 40'x 40 in. and in standard depths of 3, 3% and 5 in. 708 Winchester Repeating Arms Company Heat-Surface (Fan or Unit) The data tables shown (below) indicate the high rate of heat transfer possible from Winchester Copper Radiators and the extremely low friction loss. Further details will be gladly sent you upon request. To Specify Winchester Copper Radiators can be supplied by unit heater manufacturers as the radiating surface of any unit heater of stock pattern or special construction if the clause "with genuine Winchester Copper Radiator" is made a part of the specification or order. , WINCHESTER COPPER RADIATORS Final Temperatures and Condensation Rates Steam at 5 lb. gage. Referred to Dry Air at 70 deg. and Barometer of 29.92 in. Mercury AIR BLOWN THROUGH pace Velocity, Feet per Minute.... 400 600 800 1.000 1,200 Temperature Inlet Air TC TC 3 In. Deep . 0 20 40 . 60 80 Friction loss. Inches of Water........ 99.8 44.7 m.o 41.0 122.2 36.9 133.4 33.1 144.6 29.0 o.c* VA In. Deep 0 20 40 60 80 . Friction loss. Inches of Water...... 114.3 51.4 124.2 46.5 134.2 42.4 144.1 37.9 165.0 33.3 0.10* 5 in. Deep 0 129.8 58.3 20 138.4 53.0 40 147.0 48.1 60 155.5 42.7 80 164.1 37.8 Friction loss. Inches of Water........ . 0.12* 92.0 62 1 103.9 56 7 115.8 61 3 127.6 45.6 139.5 40.1 0. 2* 106.0 71.5 116.6 66,3 127.3 59.0 138.0 52.4 148.6 46.2 0.18* 123.2 83.2 132.3 75.7 141.5 68 5 150.6 61 4 159.8 53.8 0.24* rC 84.8 76.2 97.3 69.4 109.8 62.9 122.4 56.1 134.9 49.4 0.21" 98.5 88.5 109.6 80.6 121.1 72.9 132.5 66 3 143.8 57.3 0.33* 115.5 104.1 125.3 94.8 135.2 85.9 145.0 76.5 154.8 67.6 0.41* TC TC 60.0 90.0 93.0 82.2 105.9 74.3 118.9 66.2 131.6 56.3 0.34* . 76.1 102.8 89.4 93.8 102.7 84.6 116.0 75.7 129.3 66.4 0.4 91.8 103.1 103.7 94.1 115.6 85.1 127.5 75.6 139.4 66.7. 0.48* 87.1 117.4 99.5 107.0 111.8 96.6 124.1 86.1 136.4 76.1 0.66* 110.5 124.6 120.8 113.5 (31.0 102.6 141.3 91.7 151.6 80.5 0.60* 103.8 140.2 114.7 127.7 125.5 115.3 136.4 103.2 147.2 90.8 0.84* T = Temperature of Air Leaving Heater. C = Pounds of condensation per sq. ft. net frontal area per hour. WINCHESTER COPPER RADIATORS Final Temperatures and Condensation Rates Steam at 5 lb. gage. Referred to Dry Air at 70 deg. and Barometer of 29.92 in. Mercury . AIR DRAWN THROUGH . Face Velocity. Feet per Minute.... 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 Temperature Inlet Air 3 In. Deep 0 20 40 . 60 . 80 friction loss. Inches at Water........ ZA in. Deep , 20 40 60 80 friction loss. Inches of Water..... 5 in. Deep ' 0? 20 40 60 80 Friction toss. Inches of Waters.... TC TC rC TC TC 85.2 38.2 97.7 35.1 110.2 31.6 122.7 28.2 135.2 25.0 0.06* 80.4 54.2 93.3 49.4 106.2 44.7 119.1 39.9 132.0 35.0 0. 0* 75.4 67.8 88.7 61.8 102.1 55.9 115.4 49.9 128.8 43.9 . 0.18* 71.8 80.8 85.5 73.8 99.1 66 7 112.8 59.4 126.5 57. 3 0.:A* 68.1 91.9 82.1 83.8 96.1 75.7 110.1 67.5 124.1 59.4 o.<* 99.7 44.8 110.9 41.0 122.1 36.8 133.4 33 0 144.6 28.8 0,08* 93.5 63.2 105.2 J7 7 117.0 52.1 128.8 46.5 140.5 41.0 0.15* 89.9 80,9 102.0 73.6 114.0 66.7 126.1 59.4 138.2 52.4 0.27* 85.6 96.2 98.1 87.5 110.5 79,2 123.0 70.8 135.5 62.2 . 0.40* 81.4 109.7 94.2 100.0 107.0 .. 90.3 . 119.9 80.6 132.7 70.8 0.55* 120.0 53 8 129.4 49.0 138.8 44.5 148.2 39 6 157.6 34.7 0.10* 1T3.1 76.1 123.1 69.4 *133.2 62 7 143.2 56.1 133.2 49.4 . 0.20* 109.0 97.9 119.4 89.0 129.8 80.5 -140.1 72.1 150.5 63.2 0.34* 104.0 117.0 114.8 106.6 125.6 96.1 136.5 85.9' 147.3 75.7 0.50* 99.1 133.5 110.4 12J.9 .121.7 109.9 133.0 97.9 144.2 86.3 0.70* T = Temperature of Air Leaving Heater. C`= Pounds of condensation per sq. ft. net frontal area per hour. 709 Heat-Surface (Fan or Unit) WOLYERINCTUBECO. SEAMLESS COPPER BRASS & ALUMINUM 1453 Central Avenue, Detroit, Michigan Sales Offices--Cleveland; Chicago; Atlanta; Los Angeles; Denver; Dayton, Ohio; New York City; Dallas, Texas Seamless Copper, Brass and Aluminum Tubing For: Unit Heaters; Water Heaters; Oil Burners; Air Compressors; Refrigera tion Compressors; Lubrication Sys tems; Thermostatic Devices; Gas, Oil and Air Lines; Water Coolers; Pres sure Gages; Humidifiers; Cooling Systems. Seamless Copper Tubing--From tV to 1J4 m. Seamless Brass Tubing--0. D. any gauge. Seamless Aluminum Tubing--From A to *n. O. D., any gauge. Coils and Bends of Seamless Copper, Brass and Aluminum. All shapes and sizes which use tube from A to lMs in. outside diameter, any gauge. Unbrazed lengths up to 100 ft. Seamless Copper Tubing Wolverine seamless copper tubing is made from cast deoxidized billets. All operations are controlled so that the finished tubing meets the most rigid specifications for bending, flaring and freedom from flaws. This tubing is annealed bright by the most scientific electrical methods and under electrical control. There is no pos sibility of scale--an important feature. Seamless Brass Tubing All of our brass tubing is a 70-30 mixture. This gives excellent results in threading and the higher copper content makes brass of this character more desirable than 2 and 1 or 60-40 brass for bending, flaring and reducing. Particular care is taken to produce finished tubing which is bright and clean. Seamless Aluminum Tubing Wolverine Seamless Aluminum Tubing is bright, clean and accurately drawn to close dimensions. It can be.bent and flared to exact specifications. It provides an excellent means to reduce the weight of tubing bends and tubing parts which do not require the tensile strength provided by copper or brass. Coils and Bends Our manufacturing department is well equipped for coiling and bending seamless copper and brass tubing in sizes--from iV to in. O. D. Organized for quantity production, we also offer unusual facilities and the co operation of an efficient engineering depart ment toward the improvement in design of parts made of seamless tubing.. Coils and bends of copper and brass are made without flattening, tested up to 250 lb. and delivered free from discoloration- inside and outside. . Castings and fittings may be furnished, and coils or bent tubing parts delivered complete. Silver solder is used exclusively because of its many superior qualities in brazing. The Modern 5-acre Mill of the Wolverine Tube Co., Detroit, Michigan 710 Heat-Surface (Fan and Unit) York Heating and Ventilating Corp. York Building, 16th and Sansom Streets Philadelphia . Branch Offices and Representatives in All Principal Cities York Super-Fin Extended Surface Copper Indirect Radiation for Central Blast Systems YORK z SUPER ~ FIN UNIT ' Fig. S. Hole fusion of tube and header plate. There are no joints to leak. Copper orifice ring gives equal steam distribu tion to all tubes. Fin imbedded in tube gives S-side contact. , Fig. 2. In this assembly are four sizes ofSuper-Fin, illustrat- ing that innumerable combinations can be made, to give any required face area. ' Note: The Supply and return are at the tame end, permitting end-to-end stacking. . High or Low Pressure-- # York Super-Fin is made in one type only, , equally suitable for high or low pressure service. It is tested at 1000 lb. hydrostatic pressure and guaranteed for any working pressure up to 200 lb. - Design-- pressure is assurance of durability under severe conditions including ordinary water hammer. (4) Supply and return at same end simplifies stacking and. piping con nections. (Can be set end-to-end). (5) Removable from casing. Makes cleaning easy.- (6) Smooth fin without crimping minimizes dirt collection and makes cleaning easier. (7) U-tube construction eliminates strains from expansion and con traction. (8) Drainage pitch in tubes permits casing to be level. (9) Cuts cost of installation by its easy handling and adaptability. Sizes-- The range of sizes enables Super-Fin to fit any condition. There are 1, 2, 3 or 4 nominal depths of tubes in one casing. Casings are 10 in. thick, several heights and lengths. TABLE OF FACE AREAS IN SQ. FT. Height of Section. Length of Casing A helical copper fin is actually imbedded in the heavy copper tube. The fin is perfectly smooth, without crimping. Tubes are U-shaped, and are fused into the headers. Supply and return are at the same end. Each- Super-Fin unit is in a . galvanized casing from which it may easily be withdrawn by loosening the bolts at one end. Advantages-- (1)Three-side contact and bond between fin and tube. (2) No joints to leak-- every tube fused into header. (3) High test Symbol A N U w Dimension 17* 23* 29* 35* 32' 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 42* 62* 82' 2.5 4.0 5.5 4.0- 6.5 9.0 5.5 8.5 12.0 7.0. 11.0 . 15.0 Note: In specifying Super-Fin sections add to the aiie designation the number of rowa in depth required--i.e. N42-1 means a section 23 in. high, 42 in. long, having 4 sq. ft. face arearone row deep. Similarly, W82-4 means a section 35 in high. 82 in. long with 15 sq. ft. of face area, four rows in depth. Complete rating catalog on request 711 / Heating Systems D. & T. Manufacturing Company Factory and Engineering Dept. 3001-3009 La Salle Street General Sales Office . 15-17 South Clinton Street St. Louis, Mo. Pioneer Manufacturers Chicago, 111. AUTOMATIC HOT WATER HEATING SPECIALTIES The Complete Line D. & T. System Simplex System Lowest cost, dependable, Air-Sealed Hot Water Heating System. Tank is stand ardized and may be set on Floor or hung on Ceiling. - The original Tank-in-Basement SelfRegulated Hot Water Heating System. Economical, efficient and durable. All-In-One System Ylik. J. M. Electric Temperature Regulator ,, . A reliable, low cost, self-contained, Closed System with special and exclusive features including an Emergency Relief Device. Operates entirely automatic either with out or with Expansion Tank. A guaranteed Heat Regulator and fuel saver sold at a popular price. Underwriters' Laboratories approved. Combined Catalog and Text Book . The D. & T. Combined Text Book and Catalog, " Progress in Hot Water Heating, " in addition to listing, describing and illustrating our complete line of Automatic Systems and Specialties for Hot Water Heating also Includes 50 Pages of Useful Data design and standard practice detail, as substantiated and enthusiastically endorsed also by A. S. H. & V. E. ,' . Write Today for Your Copy . 712. . '. Heating Systems Kainer & Company 761-771 Mather Street, Chicago, 111. KAINER SPECIALTIES For Hot Water Heating Systems Entirely Automatic Heat Control Any ordinary gravity hot water job, old or new, equipped with the Kainer Pressure Governor, Kainer Sylphon Hot Water Damper Regulator, and Kainer Pressure Gauge, gives an entirely automatic and fully closed system that maintains uni form room temperatures by controlling the water temperature, effects marked fuel economy and lengthens the interval be tween firing periods. . The Kainer Pressure Relief Valve Furnished in two models. For use on domestic range boilers and Hot . Water Heating Systems. Model A is factory adjusted to operate at ~ 30 lb. pressure. Model B is furnished to relieve at pres sures of 50, 75, 100 and 130 lb. to your specifications. List Price, either model, $7.50; The Kainer Pressure Governor ... The Kainer Pressure Governor is a simple, safe and accurate device for pressure re ducing and relief service on any hot water heating system, old or new. It is com prised of two automatic valve units (cast integral) and a filter. One valve unit re duces and governs the water supply; the other valve unit relieves the heating system when excessive pressure due to expansion develops. Full flow opening in the reducing unit permits very quick filling of the system when first installed. The Kainer Bellows Diaphragm is used on both valve units. It contains no ma terial requiring service or replacement. The entire governor is of cast or phos phor. bronze- rust-proof, scale-proof and trouble-proof. It can be instantly disas sembled for inspection. The Governor is tested at 60 lb. pressure and set at the factory to maintain 10 lb. on the system and to relieve the system when the pressure due to expansion reaches 301b. List price Kainer Pressure Governor, complete with instructions for mounting The Kainer Pressure Reducing Valve Used principally on old or new hot water systems ' consisting of tank and relief valve only. In stalling the Kainer Pres- sure Reducing Valve . makes the system fully automatic. The Kainer Pressure Reducing Valve can also be installed with a Kainer Relief Valve and filter thereby making a manually filled system entirely automatic. List Price, $12.00 The Kainer Filter We strongly recommend the use of this filter when installing our reducing and relief valves. - The rugged filter screen of perforated copper strains the water and prevents particles of rust, dirt and scale from fouling valve seats, insuring continuous trouble-free operation. List Price, $300 /The Kainer Sylphon Regulator Furnished complete , with trimmings. When ordering ask for Kainer Sylphon Damper Regulator 46-WK. List Price, $16.00 The Kainer Pressure Gauge 3}4 in:- dial calibrated to 60 lb. White enamel finish. List Price, $2.50 713 Heating Systems MUELLER CO. Decatur, 111. Branches New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco. Dallas, Atlanta PRODUCTS--Mueller Heating System. Reducing and Regulating Valves for water. Reducing and Regulating Valves for Steam. Relief Valves. Water Strainers. A Complete Line of Plumbing and Gas Brass Goods The Mueller Heat ing System--has won favor wherever it has been installed. It is a closed system operating automati cally without an ex pansion tank. The Mueller Heating System has 9 Points of Superiority: 1. No rubber or solder joint diaphragms. 2. No soft or easily corroded seat discs. 3. No possibility of creating excess pressure. 4. No sediment or lime collecting pockets. 5. No complicated valve mechanisms. 6. No corrosive metal working parts. 7. No close fitting guides or guide wings. 8. No working parts which cannot be easily replaced. 9. The Big Red Mueller Heating System is designed correctly with . proper diaphragm area for long depend able service. The Mueller Heating System has no ex pansion tank, costs no more and is easier to operate. Water in the system is always fresh. The system saves fuel owing to its automatic supply, relief, and damper regulation. '. Reducing and Regulating Valves--For steam, water, air, gas and oil. ' Plumbing Bronze--Faucets, stops, etc., for kitchen, bath and laboratory. . Gas Brass Goods--A complete line of stops, meter hangers, etc. ; Mueller Co.--Established in 1857, is rounding out its 73rd year of manufacture. of quality brass goods. Specific information regarding any Mueller: product gladly furnished on request. 714 Heating Systems and Relief Valves Neptune Meter Company 50 East 42nd Street New York, N. Y. Branch Offices Atlanta. Ga.,,254 Spring St, N.W. Chicago, III.--.130 N. Jeffereon St Dallas, Tex.--.2014 Commerce St Denver, Colo_______ 1700-I5th St. Los Angeles, Caux., 701E. Third St - Louisville, Kt 815 W. Market St Portland, Ore.____ . .474 GlisanSt San Francisco, Cali*., 320 Market St '. Thomson Meter Corp 375 Fulton St. Brooklyn, N. Y. Neptune Meter Co., Ltd., 345 Soraaren Ave., Tronto, Ont Distributors J. L. Stuiaapt_____501 Fifth Ave., New York City, N. Y. W>in k. On .......4QS Trihnns BMgn Wimripftg, Richardson A Botnton--.1308 Arch St, Philadelphia, Pa! Gordon A Beltea, Ltd.. 101 Powell St, Vancouver, B. C. James Robertson Co., Ltd._______ St John N\B. PRODUCTS--Red Top Relief Valve, Model No. 2, the basis of your own closed hot water heating system, and for protecting hot water heating systems against boiler explosions, cracked boiler sections, and other ruptures. Red Top Relief Valve, Model No. 1, for pro* tecting range boilers, tank heaters, piping and fixtures in domestic hot water supply systems against dangerous pressures. Red Top "Tank-in-Basement" (or Pressure System) of Hot Water Heating A No. 2 Red Top Relief Valve, and any air-tight tank of good make are the only two special parts required for the most efficient, low-cost system of hot water heating. The illustration shows a typical Red Top System in a two story residence. The air-tight tank-- which gives a cushioning effect that promotes rapid circulation--is placed in the basement where it belongs. Since the hot water circulation is more rapid, smaller piping and less radiation surface may be used. For a "dosed" system the following sizes of air-tight expansion tank are suggested: Up to 500 ft. rad., 15 gal. tank 12 in. diam. x 30 in. long 500 to 800 ft rad., 21 gal. tank 12 in. diam. x 42 in. long 800 to 1200 ft rad., 26 gat tank 12 in. diam. x 54 in. long 1200 to 1600 ft rad.. 42 gal tank _ diam.___long Red Top "Tank-in-Basement" Systems Offer These Advantages: 1. No more cracked boiler sections or other costly rup tures due to exces sive pressures. 2. No more frozen overflow pipes, or corroded and clogged expansion tank outlets. 3. More effident heat ing due to faster drculation of hot Sectional View, Model No. t. Red Top Relief Valve water--twice as fast ' as in old type over head gravity sys tems. 4. Water, returning to the boiler at a higher temperature, requires less reheating. 65. Fuel is saved--frequently as much as 20%. . Less firing--saving labor. 7. Expansion tank is in basement. It does not take up usable space in some other part of 8 house. . No waste of water from system. No water can leave until the pressure reaches the danger point, when water is automatically released by the Red Top Relief Valve. 9. Very moderate in cost. Easily applied when the heating plant is installed. 10. Old systems can be changed over to the Red Top with little trouble and stnall cost. 11. First, last and always a safe system--protecting property and life from dangerous rising pressures. Approved by Underwriters Red Top Relief Valves, both Model No. 1 and No. 2, axe approved by the Underwriters' Labora tories, and by state and municipal bureaus of water and boiler inspection. Red Top Relief Valves act on the dead weight or gravity principle. In Model No. 2. a special nickel weighted piston is lifted off its seat when pressure reaches 30 lb. Non-corrosive metal is used through out. No springs, levers, diaphragms or other complicated parts to get out of order. Made for either "open" or "closed'* systems. Model No. 2 is in. high. 5H in. wide, with inlet and male outlet threaded for standard 1 in. fittings. Model No. 1 For Domestic Hot Water Supply Protects domestic hot water supply and . prevents range boiler explosions and other ruptures. Made with inlet threaded for standard M in. pipe fitting and outlet drilled and tapped for H in. connection. May be adjusted to relieve automatically at 50. 75, 100 and 130 lb. pressure. Model No. 1 is 4J in. high and 4 in. wide. 715 Model No. t. Red Top Relief Valve Healing Systems Thrush Differential Pressure Relief H. A. Thrush & Company Automatic Dual Control Unit Makers of Thrush Systems Thrush Factory and Offices Electric Water Peru, Ind:,Circulator Thrush Automatic Damper Regulator Thrush System comprises equipment to be added to any unregulated gravity Hot Water Heating plant to make it a "Closed System" operating under additional pressure and with automatic control of damp ers. It increases heat trans mission and reduces fuel consumption. It is made in four types as listed below. DATA and SPECIFICATIONS Class AA Equipment consists of Thrush Differential Pressure Relief Valve, Automatic Temperature Damper Regulator, Pressure Reducing Valve, Copper Bearing Steel Pressure Tank and special Gauge and Thermometer. It is automatic filling. Class A Equipment Reducing Valve, Copper Bearing'Steel Pressure Tank and special Gauge and Thermometer.* It is automatic filling. Class B Equipment Same as above except that it does not have Pressure Re ducing Valve for automatic filling. This is the same as Class AA Equipment except that it has no Pressure Reducing Valve for automatic filling. Class BB Equipment Consists of Thrush Differential Pressure Relief, Pressure Sizes Size No. 0 up to 350 sq. ft. of radiation Size No. 1 up to 700 sq. ft. of radiation Size No.-2 up to 1200 sq. ft. of radiation Size No. 3 up to 2000 sq. ft. of radiation Automatic Dual Control Unit An inexpensive heating system for competitive job. The Automatic Dual Control Unit may be used for small to medium sized hot water heating plants, easily and economi cally, by merely installing the Dual Control Unit in the water supply line. Furnished with or without strainer, as desired. Thrush Differential Pressure Relief Fig. 8 This valve is de signed with large valve area and has a capacity forrelievingexcess pres sure for both large and small installations. The valve seat is submerged in water, so designed that corrosion, or sedi ment accumulation is prevented. It is always Safe. (Tapping ^ in.)-. Thrush Automatic ' Temperature Damper Regulator The operation of this Regu lator depends upon the tem perature change of . the water circulat- > ing through the * heating system and not upon pressure. Fig. 4 Easily installed and very efficient. (Tapping 134 in.). Thrush Electric Circulator Here is a method of assuring positive circulation on any Hot Water Heating job. The Thrush Electric Circulator will pay for itself in less than one season in fuel saving. Highly recommended for oil and gas fired boilers, also for green houses, garages, apartments, store buildings, works perfectly with blower units. Cheaper to install than low pressure steam, vapor or vacuum vapor jobs. 110 or 220 A.C. 60 cycle motor for light or power line. Low operating cost. Any type motor shipped from stock. Tapping Gallons Capacity Radiation Capacity - Price No. 22--2 inch No. 23--3 inch 30 per minute * 70 per minute 2300 sq. ft. 6000 sq. ft. $131.25 150.00 Fg. 5 Humidifiers The Bahnson Company BAHNSON HUMIDIFIERS Winston-Salem, N. C. form within plus or minus 5 per cent Variation. Power required is approximately 200 watts per unit for 3-phase, 60-cycle, 110 or 220 volt motors. Single-phase motors require 225 to 230 watts. On account of the unavoidably low-power factor and efficiency of all small motors, allow pne KVA of transformer capacity to each 3 single-phase or 4 polyphase units. All motors are mechanically interchangeable. The Bahnson Master Control The Bahnson Master Control has been developed to give a sensitive and accurate instrument to open or close a valve in response to changes in relative humidity of the air. Bahnson Master Controls are The Bahnson Humidifier adjusted at the factory and the mechanism is then sealed in a glass tube case. Changes Bahnson Humidifiers are individual, self- in humidity may be obtained by a regulat contained humidifying units. In operation ing screw, whereby the humidity may be water is fed near.the center of a revolving raised or lowered as much as 10 per cent disk from the rim of which it flows off and either way from normal setting. strikes a series of stationary teeth sur . For ordinary commercial use the Master rounding the rim of the disk. A fan Control is set to operate on a variation of mounted on the end of the motor shaft relative humidity of 1 per cent between opposite the disk carries out into the air of high.and low. Where the instrument is to the room all particles of water which are - be used for laboratory purposes it may be fine enough to float in the air. This fan set to operate on changes of relative also provides the proper degree of air humidity within average reading error movement for thorough moisture distribu of the ordinary sling psychrometer. The tion. expansive element used which is of The speed of the disk is such that when specially prepared vegetable fiber is the water leaves the rim' of the disk it extremely rapid in its response to changes strikes the teeth with an impact cor in atmospheric humidity and has been responding to the speeding velocity at proven to hold a constant humidity through approximately 110 lb. pressure. wide variations Due to the method of producing finely- of Temperature. divided water particles, the amount The control is en evaporated by each unit may be varied tirely electrical in without sacrificing efficiency, the per its action and may centage of feed water evaporated being be located regard practically constant throughout the range less of the location of the unit. The actual amount evaporated of the valve. Each is around 50 lb. per hour under average control is a unit and conditions, and may be increased to 75 or is connected up more pounds under particularly favorable with a three-wire conditions or may have to be materially polarised attach reduced in rooms where ceilings are low ment plug to a prop or where there is a large amount of erly-wired- electri machinery or belting or shafting. Each cal valve. Current unit is equipped with an individual auto is used only while matic humidity control which operates to the valve is opening increase, or decrease the amount of water or closing, and is fed to the machine'in accordance with the taken from any 110 conditions of the air around it. This con volt line through a trol will hold the humidity condition uni- 1 ampere fuse. 717 / Instruments, Recording Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. Subsidiary of Manning, Maxwell and Moore, Inc. Makers of AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTS--Since 1851 Bridgeport, Conn. , BRANCHES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Manufacturers of Indicating and Recording Gauges; Gauge Testers; "IT* Gauges; Draft Gauges; Indicating and Recording Thermometers; Tachometers; Dial Thermometers; Pressure and Temperature Controllers; Electric Temperature Controllers; Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves; Steam Traps; Engine Indicators; Counters; Absolute Pressure Gauges. Also manufacturers of Locomotive and Engine Room Clocks; Barometeis; Mercury Column Gauges; Steam Whistles; Hydraulagraphs; Gauge Boards. American Quality Gauges--American Quality Gauges are made in all sizes from 2J to 12 in., for pressures from 10 to 30,000 lbs. and also for vacuum. Cases are cast iron or cast brass. The movements are Heavy Duty and all bearings are Monel Metal. Write for Catalog No. A-59. For Mercury Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, "U" Gauges, Draft Gauges and Mercurial Barometers. Write for Catalog B-59. American Recording Gauges--Ameri can Recording Gauges are made for all pressures from 15 in. of water to 10,000 lbs. and for vacuum. They are made in one size only to accom modate a 10 in. chart, having an effective scale width of 3% in. The case is Die Cast with a dull black hard-rubber finish and with either bot tom or back connection. The pen-arm is made of non-corrosive Monel Metal and is of the inverted type. Operating instruc tions are lithographed on the chart plate so that they cannot be lost. Especially designed Seth Thomas clocks are used, and all customary time periods can be furnished. American RecordingGaugesareequipped with the Time Punch which virtually makes each instrument a time clock, since a hole is punched in the chart whenever a reading is taken. Write for Catalog E-59. American Air Duct Ther- g mometer--Designed especial- H ly for both warm and cold air jgf ducts. Fitted with polished brass or nickel plated "V" shaped case, glass front. Fur nished with 9-in. or 12-in. scale graduated 0-160 F. Write for Catalog F-59. American Recording Thermometers-- American Recording Thermometers are made for recording all temperatures from minus 40 to plus 1000 F. or equivalent c., and with very flexible connecting tubing up to 200 ft. Made in one size only to accommo date 10 in. chart, with any effective scale , width of 3% in. The case is the same as for the American Recording Gauge, so that all instruments are uniform in appearance when mounted on Gauge Boards. American Indicating Gauges and Dial Thermometers are also furnished in same case. Write for Catalog H--59. American Dial Thermometers-- American Dial (mercury-filled) Indicating Thermometer has the accuracy of the standard glass tube thermometer and the reading convenience of a dial face. Entire working mechan ism is made of steel, meaning long life. Standard size of dial 6 and 12 in. Furnished with either rigid connection or flexible capillary steel tubing up to 200 ft. long. Made for any temperature range from minus 40 to plus 1000 F. Write for Catalog G-59. American Automatic Controllers--A complete line of American Controllers for automatically controlling pressure, vacu um, temperature, condensation, humidity liquid levels, timing of processes, control of dampers, etc. Write for Catalog R-59. American Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves-- Safety Valves of brass and iron for any set pressure up to 300 lbs., and of cast steel with outside spring up to 400 lbs. Relief I Valves of bronze and iron for pressures up to 10,000 lbs. for Catalogs U-59 and V-59. Write 718 Instruments 121 North Clark Street . Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of TELTRU Instruments for Air Testing TBLTRU MANOMETER The standard portable pitot tube and gauge outfit for measuring pressures. TELTRU SLANT GAUGE or chimney draft determinations. Range 0 to 2 in. of mater TELTRU FILTER GAUGE . for permanent mounting for indicating resistance thru air filters 719 Instruments The Palmer Company MANUFACTURERS 426 Clay Street, Cincinnati, (St. Bernard) Ohio Industrial Indicating Thermometers: Made in three standard case sizes: 12 in., 9 in. and 7 in. (as illustrated). FORMS: Straight, Reclining and Inclining case styles, 90 deg. Angle, Right and Left Side Angle styles. FITTINGS: Plain shank; Fixed flange; Union connection; Separable Socket Adjustable flange (as illustrated); (movable on stem); Adjustable clamp hook; Parallel thread fitting with locknut (for rooms, Fixed taper thread; ovens, etc.). Flanged Union connection; Insulation between case and stem (for frost, etc.) Extension neck (stem to pass through pipe covering, etc.) Standard stem length: 3)4 in.; other lengths can be ordered. Standard ranges: -20 + 120F.; +40 +240F.; 0 +100F.: +30 +180F.; +170 +270F. & P.; +30 +300F.; +50 +400F.; +200 +400F.; +200 +550'+.; +200 +750F. Other ranges can be furnished. , Construction: Lens, mercury tube; large diameter glass, easily read; Graduated brass scale; large numbers; V-shaped case; Glass front protection over tube; . All tubes annealed to prevent change with age; Accuracy Guaranteed on every thermometer; For registering air temperatures, the bulb is bare and protected . by a perforated metal stem around bulb; ' For liquids, a mercury chamber is furnished around bulb; Extra guards can be supplied with thermometer for protection to the bulb. Laboratory and Test Thermometers: Chemical type, all glass thermometers, with lines and numbers engraved on the glass tube; Furnished in various. lengths and ranges suitable for making tests, etc.; Pocket style chemical thermom eter is enclosed in metal case for use of service men, etc. Illustrating 7 in. cate Straight style; u>ith Separable Socket con nection. New Catalog: Write for your copy of our new 68-page catalog, illustrating all types of thermometers. Additional copies furnished to Department Heads upon request. The ONLY thermometer Cata log like this in the field! Each . thermometer is illustrated and fully described. Prices shown at each thermometer listed. Send for this today! . 720 Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening 141 Milk Street 101 Park Avenue, New York 5000 Bloomingdaie Avenue. Chicago Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Portland Cabot's Heat-Insulating Quilt (Trade Mark) Cabot's Quilt is the original flexible insulator. It is made in three thicknesses --single, double and triple--is 36 in. wide and shipped in rolls covering 250 sq. ft. each. Quilt is made of Zostera Marina, gathered on the Bay of Fundy, and will not rot, will not burn and will not harbor insects or vermin. U. S. Government Bureau of Standards Letter Circular No. 227, reporting tests of numerous Insulating Materials, gives Cabot's quilt a Thermal Conductivity rating of 0.25 which was equalled by only two other insulators, regardless of cost." Tests conducted by Prof: Gordon B. Wilkes, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, show the following savings in heat leakage in different methods of con struction, by the use of Cabot's Quilt. - CONSTRUCTION WALL Conductivity Uninsulated Conductivity Insulated ' Percentage with Cabot's Double Ply Heat - Quilt--MHl" . Saving 0.70 0.44 0.28 0.40 0.27 0.40 0.46 1.50 0.49 0.40 0.45 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.20 . 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.32 0.22 G.20 0.21 63 52 43 50 41 '50 54 79 . 55 50 53 ROOF 0.60 0.42 1.80 0.82 0.26 0.30 0.64* 0.24 0.20 0.32 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.24 . 60 52 82 67 - 39 43 63 Average value from Jones' tables. The Heating and Ventilating Magazine. .. The cost of Cabot's Quilt is so low, for material and application, that reduction in Heating Equip? ment more than pays for entire insulation. Thereafter there is a yearly fuel saving. . ' - . , < Fire-resistant: Quilt is a rent fire-resistant. It will not smoulder or carry fire. ' . < Will not Rot: Quilt will not rot. It will last as long as the building. . ' '. Flexible: Quilt wilt'fit any surface, or around corners or jogs. Lowest labor cost. .. Soundproof: Quilt has enormous and successful use in Soundproofing buildings. ' ' 721 Insulation, Building Armstrong Cork & Insulation Company Lancaster, Pa. ' Offices Albany Atlanta Birmingham Boston Buffalo Charlotte, N.C. Chicago Houston, Tex. New York Cincinnati Jacksonville, Fla. Pittsburgh Cleveland Kansas City Rochester Dallas Memphis St. Louis Denver Milwaukee Montreal, Que., Can. Detroit Minneapolis Toronto 2, Ont., Can. Armstrong Cork Company, Ltd., London, England . Representatives' . . Baltimore....... ............................John R. Livezey Los Angeles.........................Gay Engineering Corp. New Orleans..;................................. ...... H. T. Steffee Philadelphia...................... ........ John R. Livezey Portland....................................._Giilen-Co!e Co. San Francisco...... .\.........Van Fleet-Freear Co. Seattle.................................... D. E. Fryer & Co. Spokane.......................................... D. E. Fryer & Co.. Tacoma.....................................D. E. Fryer & Co. Washington____1--------------------John R. Livezey Detailed information, samples, and descriptive literature may be obtained on application to any of these offices or representatives. ' Something over 50 per cent of the heat supplied to an uninsulated residential building is lost by conduction and radia tion through the walls and roofs. But wh^en the house is insulated with the recommended thicknesses of Armstrong's Corkboard this loss is so materially reduced that it can be heated comfortably with a smaller plant and less fuel. Reference is made to Chapter 2, Heat Losses from Buildings, and particularly to the tables on pages 35 to 59 which very clearly show the remarkable heat saving effect of adding l.J^ or 2 in. of corkboard to standard wall and roof constructions. The reduction in heat loss amounts to from 50 to 75 per cent. This means that an adequate thickness of corkboard on walls and roof reduces the heat wastage, and, therefore, the', heat requirements of' the house, by `25 .to 40 per cent. Advantages of Insulation These savings, calculated and theoreti- .cal, are fully. confirmed by the actual experience of hundreds of home owners. Cork-insulated houses all over the country are being heated with smaller furnaces and boilers and radiation a third or more less than would otherwise be installed, also with a corresponding economy of fuel consumption. , . Furthermore, cork-insulated houses are heated much more uniformly, have no cold side or rooms that are hard to heat, and are decidedly. freer from drafts. The greater comfort and economy of the cork- lined house reacts directly to the. benefit of the heating engineer or contractor, since it reflects credit on the efficiency of. his plant and the value of his services. Furthermore, by taking advantage of the heat saving effected by the insulation, the contractor builds up an invaluable fund of good will for himself by pointing out the economies he is able to offer with the reduced size and cost of heiter and radiation. , - Roof Insulation . Similar economies are effected in in dustrial heating where, as a rule, the. roof - of the building only is insulated. One of the greatest heat losses is through the roof and its adequate insulation with Arm- strong's Corkboard gives very positive results,..decidedly to the advantage of both owner and contractor. Thickness of Insulation One point to be guarded against in basing calculations on the heat-saving value of insulation is the thickness in which the insulation is used. For residences, the . insulation of exterior walls should be 1in. of Armstrong's Corkboard and for 722 \ Armstrong Cor\ & Insulation Company Insulation, Building roofs or top-floor ceilings, 2 in. These thicknesses have been established as affording the maximum of comfort and economy per dollar of insulation invest ment. The transmission figures given in the tables on pages 35 to 59 are for these thicknesses and the values shown can be depended upon for estimating heating requirements. For roofs of commercial and industrial buildings, the thickness varies with con ditions. Not less than 1 in. should be used in any case, preferably \}/2 or 2 in. Where there is high humidity inside the building and ceiling sweat, the conditions should be analyzed by a competent engineer to determine the thickness necessary to prevent condensation. Armstrong's Corkboard Armstrong's Corkboard has been the standard insulation in the industries for the past 25 years. Many millions of* feet of it are in use in cold storage plants, refrigerators, refrigerator cars, and in other industrial rooms where temperature con trol is essential. Its dependability and permanence have been proved under all kinds of conditions. Armstrong's Corkboard is composed of clean granules of pure cork, compressed and solidified by a baking process into firm, semi-rigid sheets of uniform quality. Armstrong's Corkboard is made in boards measuring 12 x 32 in. and 36 in., 1, l}/, 2, 3, 4, and 6 in. thick. It is obvious that with this range of sizes, any thickness required for house insulation or com mercial roof insulation can be applied in a single thickness and therefore at a con siderable saving in labor cost. Armstrong's Corkboard is light in weight, about 0.8 lb. per square foot 1 in. thick. It can be easily erected in any type of construction, being applied in Portland cement mortar against masonry walls, nailed to studs, joists, and rafters, and laid in asphalt or pitch on roof decks. Regular house plaster is applied directly on the corkboard without lath, and standard roofings laid over the cork in the same manner as on the roof deck. Further Information Complete specifications and detailed information will be found in the book, "The Insulation of Walls and Roofs with Armstrong's Corkboard," which will be mailed on request. Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening The Celotex Company Branches in Principal Cities . General Office 919 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois Mill New Orleans, La. Ce.iloteX INSULATING CANE BOARD Outstanding Features High Insulating Value. Tough and Durable. Structural Strength. Light in Weight. Easily Worked with Tools. Cheaply Installed. Sound-Deadening Properties. Undergoes No Physical or Chemical Change after Installation. Reasonable in Price. _ Protects against Dampness. Celotex Roof Insulation For Industrial, Commercial and Apart ment Buildings, the convenient size of Celotex Roof Insulation Board makes it easy to handle and install. It compresses less than \lA per cent under a load of 720 lb. per sq. ft. and therefore provides protection to the roof covering against puncture and other damage. Usually.se General Characteristics ' Celotex Insulating Cane Board is a rigid insulation made from cane fibre and ``felted" into a board form of insulation. Because of its many unique physical properties, Celotex has a wide variety of uses. It has a conductivity of 0.33 B.t.u. per hour, per square foot, per deg. fahr., per inch of thickness,' based on tests con ducted at Armour Institute, and checked at .other nationally recognized engineering laboratories. Thus, when installed in the proper thickness, it effectively reduces the cured to wood roof decks by nailing, and to metal, concrete and gypsum- decks by embedding in pitch or asphalt and pro tecting with the usual built-up roofing. . Individual boards measure 2 ft. wide by 5 ft. long. Thickness approximately H in. and is also furnished in laminated thick nesses of .2 to 8 plies. . , passage of heat through any type of: con struction. ~ ' Celotex is highly resistant to the Celotex Standard Building Board . . passage of sound, and in addition, is sound This product is used for wall sheathing absorbent. It has considerable structural and provides a more rigid wall than, is strength and can therefore be used in place obtained with ordinary construction ma of other materials for sheathing and for terials. Any type of exterior finish can be plaster base: Celotex is easily worked used over Celotex Standard- Building with tools, and economically installed. It Board--wood siding, applied directly over is waterproofed in manufacture and is the Celotex; shingles applied over therefore moisture resistant. furring; stucco, applied over approved 724 The Celotex Company Insulation; Building and Sound Deadening stucco base; or brick veneer applied with customary anchors nailed through the Celotex into the studs. Also used for attic Lining and interior finish in its natural color, or it may be painted, stained or panelled. It is applied by nail ing direct to studding, joists, rafters or furring strips and can readily be cut and fitted. Celotex Standard Building Board is made in big, strong boards 4 ft. wide, 7 to 12 ft. long, ^6 in. and % in. thick. AcOUSti-CELOTEX A highly efficient sound absorbing tile for acoustical correction and sound quiet ing. Is also very effective in- reducing transmission of sound through ventilating ducts. Installed by approved contractors: Can be applied to any wall or ceiling sur face and adopted to practically any style of decoration. . Is permanent and can be easily cleaned whenever necessary. Celotex Refrigerator Insulation Board Made especially for insulating household and commercial refrigerators using ice or mechanical refrigeration, for ice storage houses, fruit storage and ripening rooms, and similar structures, also for railroad refrigerator and steel passenger cars. High insulating efficiency, strong, light in weight and rigid; easy to apply, clean, sterilized and odorless. Furnished in thicknesses of ^ in. and in laminated thicknesses of 2 to 8 plies and in any size piece required. Celotex Lath Celotex Lath is an excellent plaster base. The beveled edges and shiplapped joints reinforce against plaster cracks and eliminate lath marks. Plaster bonds with Celotex Lath with a strength of over 800 lb. per sq. ft. (See the illustration in which the arrows indicate the long line of reinforcement.) The long, horizontal shiplapped joints of Celotex Lath make a strong, tight wall, as is indicated by the illustration. Furnished 18 in. wide, 48 in. long, in. and in. thick. Celotex Industrial Insulation Board May be obtained in a variety of lengths and thicknesses. Adapted to many nonstructural insulation purposes, including air duct insulation, tank insulation, drvkiln insulation, etc. Also used in place of tarpaulins to protect construction work during cold weather. Made 3 ft. wide by 6 ft. long. Celotex Quickly Available Celotex Standard Building Board and Celotex Lath are stocked by lumber dealers in every locality throughout the United States and Canada. This availa bility is a money-saving convenience in conducting construction work according to schedule. Air Dud Insulation Competent Engineering Service The careful consideration of insulating requirements, invariably gives rise to situa tions demanding special study. As a means of simplifying this, The Celotex Com pany maintains an experienced engineering staff, which is available to Architects and Heating and Ventilating Engineers with out cost. 725 Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Flax-li-num Insulating Company .Chicago Office 228 North La Salle Home Office and Factory St. Paul, Minnesota Manufacturers of FLAX-LI-NUM New York Office Architects Building, 101 Park Avenue Flaz-li-num is a thermal insulation and sound control material used for many years in various industries to meet existing insulation requirements. Flax-li-num. is a semi-rigid board felted from the long tough fibres of the flax plant, consequently Flax-li-num is durable and assures the user that the insulation will last as long as the building stands. frame, brick, hollow tile or, veneer con structions, and to give the user the full benefit of its heat insulation and sound proofing qualities. Flax-li-num was introduced in 1909, first, to insulate railroad refrigerator cars, and has extended its application to a variety of insulating services in residences and industrial buildings and in many specialty markets, such as iceless shipping containers and kindred products. The use of Flax-li-num in buildings, brings definite economies in fuel and radia tion required, as well as the production and maintenance of healthful conditions. Heat transmission coefficients are given for various types of. walls and roofs. To get the best service from Flax-li-num, Flax-li-num is vermin and rodent proof. It is guaranteed by the manufacturers never to fall down or become displaced in . a building wall. As the material is of semi rigid type it cannot warp, break or crack. Flax-li-num should not be considered as a substitute for ordinary wood or metal lath, sheathing or other parts of a building specify the exact place where insulation is to go. The effectiveness of insulation is increased if applied between studdings, midway between the sheathing and lath and plaster for frame construction, of furred out on masonry construction. Flax-li-num for walls should. be at least Y in. thick and for roofs l.in. thick. construction. . The Flax-li-num method of application The Flax-li-num insulation method has ^ been developed for roofs and walls of of insulating material to all types of con struction is fully covered in our booklet, "Heat Insulation for Houses"--A. I. A. File 37-b-l. There is also contained in this booklet the Flax-li-num radiation chart which greatly simplifies the accurate com putation of radiation where heat loss factors are known. A copy of this publica tion should be in the files of every engineer and architect, and will be sent on request. 726 Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Heat Loss factors for various insulated'and uninsulated walls of stucco, brick and frame construction are fully covered in the publication "Heat Insulation for Houses." Frame Walls A-3. Standard frame construction. Sheathing, paper and siding outside. Lath and plaster in side..... .......... :....................... .........265 These walls are listed below with their K values, showing how these values are substantially reduced by the addition of Flax-li-num in accordance with our standard specification which calls for Y in; Flax-li-num in side walls and 1 in; ceilings or roofs. Stucco Walls A-l. Standard frame construction furred out over sheathing, metal lath and stucco. Lath and plaster inside.............. ............242 B-l. Same as above but with Y in. Flax-li-num added....... ...... 146 C-l. Standard frame construction with Byrkett sheathing. Stucco directly on sheathing. Lath and plaster inside............... .287 D-l. Same as above with Y in. Flax-li-num added...... ..................161 E-l. Frame construction. Metal lath directly on studs. Stuccoed outside and back-plastered. Lath and plaster inside. .357 F-l. Same as above with. Y in. Flax-li-num added........................ 181 Brick and Tile Walls A-2. Standard frame construction. Lath and plaster inside. Face brick veneer........................ .210 B-2. Same as above with Y in. Flax-li-num added.........................133 C-2. 8 in. hollow tile. 4 in. Face Brick, plastered directly on tile .255 D-2. Same as above, but furred in side with 1 by 2 in., plastered on Flax-li-num Keyboard..___ .141 B-3. Same as above with Y in. Flax-li-num added...,... .151 C-3. Standard frame construction, same as A-3, except plastered on lumber substitute_________ .216 D-3. Same as above with Y in. Flax-li-num added..................... .136 E-3. Standard frame construction, same as A-3, except lumber substitute used for sheathing.. .229 F-3. Same as above with Y in. Flax-li-num added..... ..... 141 Roofs and Ceilings A. Standard frame construction. Wood shingles, attic floor. ' Lath and plaster................ .......... 179 B. Same as above,, with 1 in. Flax-li-num under ceiling joist furred down for lath and plaster .104 C. Standard frame .construction, same as A, without attic floor. .284 D. Same as B, without attic.floor. .132 E. Standard frame construction, attic floor, tile roof__________- .163 F. Same as E, with 1 in. Flax-linum under ceiling joist furred down for lath and plaster.--.........098 One of the fields in which Flax-li-num finds extensive use is in the insulation of industrial roofs, where it serves to reduce heat losses, secures greater comfort for workers and corrects condensation dif ficulties which hamper production in many instances.- It is also extensively used for sound control and acoustical correction. E-2. Standard 13 in. solid brick wall, furred inside, lath and plaster .191'. F-2. Same as above with Flax-li-num Keyboard as plaster base____1... .146 All details pertaining to the above uses are covered in the aforementioned publica tion, "Heat Insulation for Houses." 727 / Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Chicago Mill & Lumber Corporation 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. Weatherwood The Only Insulating Board Fabricated from Hardwood PRODUCTS other material of this character. All tests Weatherwood are by unbiased engineering authorities. Used as sheathing, roof, attic and floor insulation. 2. Strength--The natural toughness of hardwood fibers, and the process used to Weatherwood Lath fabricate them into boards, gives Weather Used as insulating plaster base. wood strength and rigidity to provide Weatherwood Is manufactured by fabricat ing weatherproofed hardwood fibers into' boards of high tensile strength and high thermal insulating efficiency. Boards are uniformly full half-inch thick, 4 ft. wide by 8 to 12 ft. long. Weatherwood Lath are full half-inch thick, 18 In. by 48 in. Weight is approximately 650 pounds per thousand square feet. . . Purposes--Approximately 50 per cent of the heat generated within an uninsulated structure is lost by conduction and radia tion through walls and roof. It is estimated that 65 per cent of this lost heat passes through the roof and the remaining 35 per cent through walls and other points of escape. Weatherwood, used as sheathing, great bracing strength in any of its structural uses. ' 3. Weatherproof--Special chemical treat ment of the fibers during fabricating pro cess weatherproofs the entire structure of Weatherwood. It resists surface damage from moisture and is practidaHy non absorbent as well. 4. Sound Absorption--The . thorough meshing of the hardwood fibers in the fabricating process provides Weatherwood with innumerable dead air cells, which afford a high efficiency in the absorption of sound. - roof, floor and attic insulation, and as 5. Durability -- Weatherwood is a plaster base, will make remarkable heat durable, sterile, all-wood product! The savings in winter and prevent inward flow character of the hardwood fiber and the of heat in summer. Its effectiveness is so sterilizing process in manufacture, insure a great as to add materially to the efficiency board that resists time and the elements, as ^f the heating equipment you install. The well as a board which resists decay and the Weatherwood Book on Industrial Con attacks of insects and rodents. ' struction, sent on request, provides valuable data including roof insulation and Samples and Information prevention of condensation. Samples and the Weatherwood Book of Major Characteristics Industrial Construction, with other infor mation, will be sent on request. Technical . 1. Insulation Efficiency--The thermal information pertaining to Weatherwood, conductivity of Weatherwood, 0.32 B.t.u. and assistance in the solving of individual per- hour per square foot per degree Fah problems are at your command. The renheit per inch of thickness, demon cooperation of our engineering staff is strated by laboratory tests, establishes an available to heating engineers without cost insulation efficiency unsurpassed by any | or obligation. 728 , . Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening The Insulite Company Minneapolis, Minnesota BOSTON NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA Offices WASHINGTON CLEVELAND DETROIT Representatives in All Principal Cities ' CHICAGO KANSAS CITY LOS ANGELES Detailed information, samples, and literature may be obtained by application to any of the branch offices. A Service Department is maintained for solution of your technical problems. Insulite is an all-wood, rigid board insula tion, used extensively for general building, plaster, hase, soundrdeadening,.acoustical, roof insulation and refrigerating purposes. Insulite possesses durability, toughness, resilience, low thermal conductivity, high tensile strength and low capillarity and vapor absorption. . Insulite Plaster Base is made in 34 in. and 1 in. thicknesses 18 in. x48 in/ The 34 in. . unit, is shiplapped on. the. .long edges to produce a wind tight joint. The 1 in. unit is made by offsetting two 34 in. straight sided pieces one inch on all four edges and stapling together with non corroding wire. . Insulite is used as sheathing, wallboard, plaster base and roof insulation in struc tures. . Insulite is an efficient sound deadener when used under machines and motors, or as air duct lining in heating and venti lation systems. Special wall and floor constructions using Insulite have marked sound deadening properties. Insulite refrigeration material is a special low density, low capillarity and vapor absorption product, combining light weight with maximum insulation. Insulite Building Board is obtainable in sheets full 34 in. thick, 4 ft. wide and 8 to 12 ft. long. Insulite Roof Insulation is obtainable in sheets 17 in. x 34 in., either 34 in- or 1 in. thick. The 1 in. unit is made by offsetting two 34 in. sheets one inch on all four edges and stapling together with non-corroding wire. . Insulite, cut to exact size, may be obtained for heating and ventilation work, or standard Insulite Building Board may be used. . Detailed information, samples and litera ture may be obtained by application to any of the branch offices. ` A Service Department is maintained for solution of your technical problems. 729 - --^Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening International Fibre Board Limited Mills Gatineau, Quebec Canada TEN/TEST INSUjLATING BUILDING BOARD Sales Offices 1111 Beaver Hall Hill Montreal 100 East 42nd Street New York City Mills Midland, Ont. Canada Ten/Test is a manufactured lumber made from spruce fibres. These tough fibres are solidly pressed under a hydraulic pressure of 2,000 lb. per sq. in. into a strong homogeneous board 4 by 17 ft. Ten/Test, having a thickness of 1%2 in., has a struc Transverse - Strength, (equal deflec tion) is 28.4 lb. Test made on in. board, 6 in. wide, 18 in. long, on 12 in. centers, and load being applied to breaking point. For bending moment, see charts below. '- . tural strength many times greater in wall section than % in. horizontal pine sheath ing. The fibres are chemically treated and Thefollowing charts show bending moment of Ten/Test under varying loads: water-proofed during process of manu facture until the insulation is non-hygro- ' scopic, free from capillary attraction and 4" wu . Z~ THIC*. moisture-resisting in service commensurate with the maximum degree of insulation o-E obtainable. . . Ten/Test Insulating Building Board is in no sense a laminated or semi-laminated structure. It has a smooth and even sur face, creamy in color, and will readily take any interior finish. Ten/Test's durability has been proved by twenty years of research, both in our ji SPioKitNS &vtoe 'thictc own laboratory and under actual weather conditions'. Official Tests l - -4 - i e. M.-r. o i -- 4 -- \&. .M.C.x Conductivity. Ten/Test has a con ductivity of 0.324 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree fahr. per 1 in. thick. .Authority: Professor E. A. Allcut, M.Sc., M.I., Mech. E., Mem. A.S.M.E., Professor Load A-r Ccnthl: LtS. of Applied Mechanics, University of Toronto. Tests conducted under the hot plate method. Average temperature hot *-" 3 side 72.0 deg., cold side 32.9 deg. with 5PTCW4S.W3 -4"wtOB )fe"TWic*. average temperature difference of 39.1 deg. Mean Temperature 52.4 deg. Tensile Strength 228 lb. per sq. in. *' ' Y'6 -4 - is *- t-1 Tests made on %6 in: board cut to strips 1 in. wide and tested in a Rlehle Tensile Testing Machine, the grips being 2 in. apart. 228 lb. is the mean average of series of seven tests. 730 International Fibre Board Limited Insulation, Building Plaster Bonding Strength. 1,340 lb. per sq. ft. Ordinary wood fibre plaster was applied to standard Ks in. board, and the pull was registered in an Oslen Testing Machine. Moisture Resisting. Ten/Test, after complete immersion in water for 24 hours, registered 23.7 increase in weight. The water-proofing in the fibres is responsible for its resistance to moisture. Sound Absorption. Coefficient of absorption of standard He in. Ten/Test is .35. The source of sound was a standard open organ pipe of 512 vibrations, operated from an electro-pneumatic wind chest, and time taken for absorption of the sound to limit of audibility was recorded by a tor sion chronograph. Authority: Professor G. R. Anderson, Engineering Physics, Toronto University, Canada. Note.--Authority for tensile strength, plaster bond, transverse and moisture tests; J. T. Donald8c Co., Ltd., Chemical Analysts and Engineers, Montreal. Que. Ten/Test Insulating Sheathing. For frame, drop or shingle siding, brick veneer or stucco construction, replacing wood sheathing. Made in convenient sizes-- 4 ft. wide and from 6 ft. to 17 ft. long. Ten/Test Insulating. Plaster Base. Any size Ten/Test sheet can be used for this purpose, but Ten/Test Notch Board is recommended for convenience of hand ling and elimination of plaster cracks. No metal lath is required over joints. Manu factured in small panels 16 by 47% in., with tongues and grooved interlocking joints. Ten/Test Insulating Roof Boards. Manufactured in two sizes only--1 by 4 ft. and 2 by 4 ft. Quickly and easily applied in multiple layers and under any standard type of roofing. Approximately 28 lb. of asphalt or pitch required per 100 ft. for deck mopping. .. Ten/Test Industrial Boards for Refrigerator and Cold Storage In sulation. Manufactured in any thickness from K6 to 2 in. thick and from 4 ft. wide up to 17 ft. long. Used for all purposes where an insulating material is required and temperature control demanded. 731 Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening MacAndrews & Forbes Company Business Established in U. S. A., 1870 200 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. Factory: Camden. N. J. Maftex The "Thermal-Insulating" Board that has Structural Strength PRODUCTS: Maftex Structural Insulating Board for sheathing, sound-proofing, etc. Maftex Roof Insulating Board for flat roof decks. Maf-Lath--the ideal plaster base. Maftex Refrigerator Board. General Description: fuel bills, depending upon the type of construction. Has a bonding strength with plaster of over 1,000 pounds per square foot. Replaces wood sheathing and lathing with less cutting and less waste. Retains its structural strength to the very edge, thereby eliminating danger of splitting and turning on comers. Is easily sawed and nailed without waste. Is completely sterilized, leaving nothing Maftex--the four-in-one board that combines Insulation, Sheathing, Plaster Base and Sound Deadening--offers Heat ing and Ventilating Engineers definite advantages in structural strength, in sulating efficiency and economy. Maftex products are made from the roots of the licorice plant by a special process developed by the MacAndrews and Forbes Company. The thoroughly ex tracted, washed and sterlized root fibres are processed to produce a non-laminated board of great structural strength and in the finished product to attract vermin or rats. Is moisture proof, dry root proof and does not deteriorate with age. Does not buckle, crack nor warp when properly applied. - . Paints and stains produce beautiful effects on Maftex paneling., applied to studs. If desired, the ripple surface itself forms an attractive finish. Under floors and basement ceilings Maftex is used for its soundrabsorbing qualities as well as for its insulating value. remarkable thermal resistance. Licorice root fibres are inherently resis Maftex Roof Insulating Board: tant to attack by vermin and bacteria to an unusual degree. This natural charac teristic together with the sterlization and chemical treatment incidental to proces sing Maftex insures permanence. An experimental board produced 20 years ago still retains its strength and other physical characteristics. Due to its thickness Maftex Roof Insulating Board has an insulating value somewhat higher than Standard Structural Maftex and is intended for insulating purposes only. It is used on. flat roofs to keep out the heat in summer, for saving of fuel in winter, and to prevent condensation. . Maftex may be readily sawed, nailed or sandpapered. The sheets are strong enough to permit handling without danger of destroying the edges. .. The ripple surface of Maftex not only, furnishes an ideal base for gypsum plaster, but permits, of unusual decorative effects when painted or stained. Some Maftex Advantages: Sizes of Maftex: Maftex Structural Insulating Board is % in. in thickness. 4 ft. wide and 8, 9, 10 and 12 ft. long.. Weight is approximately 750 lb. per 1.000 sq.ft.' Maftex Roof Insulating Board is made in 4 ft. by 4 ft. sheets, approximately H in. thickness. MaF'Lath is cut in convenient sue 16 x 48 in. for use by lathers as an insulating plaster base. . Maftex Refrigerator Board is cut to specified size for use by refrigerator and refrigerator car manufacturers. x- - Is highly moisture resisting, being made Engineering Service: from licorice roots, a five-year subsoil growth. . Is a homogeneous mass of single-ply construction with millions of microscopic "dead-air" cells which effectively check Our Engineering Staff of Insulation specialists will gladly consult with engineers and architects and make any necessary experiments which might aid in solving thermal insulation problems. Further Information: the passage of heat and sound. . . We will be pleased to send a copy of the Maftex Has a thermal conductivity of 0.34. Shows a savings up to. 30 per cent on Manual--a practical and complete reference guide .which clearly and concisely.covers various phases of thermal insulation. ' . Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Masonite Corporation 111 W. Washington Street Chicago, 111. Masonite Structural Insulation and Masonite Presdwood Pat. No. 1578609-1663503-1663504 1578609-1663505 Mills: LAUREL, MISS. (Jooo SiDirfc Clapboard Ualls TV* Ml*** 4 UHi. T*M *r V*.4 * .6 Vffp)*l C**4(C) tAicik *** *p****j i* r- re rar N* f*'. Sr**< -- *sr<4f I . (M taOmZfMr . . /7b>ke Typ. lK.4 w " 3V*ar*** SFw3bl l*wUtm4 |Q*M*.r* Sfcv.Lr.l l**M=>* Veil W-vA, <J~J LJV LU Lrt, D.wvt. 3Bvctb**l CorflWT T Trn***U* aeee 0.1*1 9.1 * The great insulation value of Masonite is attributable to the cellular formation of the wood fibres from which it is made and to the thoroughness with which those fibres are felted together in the finished board. This also explains the great strength of Masonite Structural Insulation. This insulation is made entirely of fibres obtained by exploding fresh, clean wood chips and it contains no artificial binder of any charac ter. There is nothing in Masonite to break down or disintegrate--it is permanent. Masonite is used as sheathing on the outside of studs for both heat and sound insulation under wood siding, brick, stone or tile veneer and stucco. It is also used on the inside of studs as a plaster base-- and it bonds with the plaster so effectively that an average pull of more than 1000 lb. is required to pull the plaster from one square foot of Masonite Insulating .Lath. Bmaf i/trtttn. Ualls TV .(u. f u * Ty V tv Knrnt Co*w~-r ic) oVel* * epr*s4 < &Tu mmr H* 3,ft,., rr- srsdststiItiMfl ln>^ Kfry. WO p** IT t( T,r- -f IM RlsMitS* lavtltlw. 'S^veT^*! L.ifc. 0W*.>V %kT<hI 'SfrwTWi :-- C-flW -f 17.-.^ U. OC>6 O 1*6 O 1-91 O 122 fLAT C.00f- - NlfTAL LATH* J>LA5TeB. CflLlri65 n* vclucs I*hl ** foll--inj C*v 4wdW,i7*a CCJ 6To. per ttr pr fr per f d.J*3* L1..J (Vallot. pr 1; VM p*-!. {IW M per 1 . C*|erT R: \ H T "v i----------Cilf>]j/ Co^er*T* V,' ` \ / .'TZ7L[] T ()^ ft mr| tj-f- V Ihiclv**** *f ( ' VxZ rf* bwlaT*i| ft.r) 1 TKi'.Irn*.* 4 M Wr y r e* Tbit tn.*. f t 1* \y* rr y 4* .305" .3ol .vt* eoi .tTl tit .230 .214 . ITT .150 .214 .eiR E.oT Co .IOY 95 IOC .iT-9 .165 .142 .124 ,itr .19 9 .160 .IffO f 35 .158 -IS* .140 .134 .KO .106 a3 3 5 0-220 o.t^ry According to Professor F. B. Rowley, the conductivity of Masonite is 0.321 In roof decks, it effectively ends preventable heat losses and reduces condensation to a negligible minimum. . '' . 733 Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Pennrich & Company, Inc. 29 Broadway, New York LOS ANGELES f TORFOLEUM MAILLIARD & SCHMIEDELL SAN FRANCISCO PORTLAND SEATTLE VANCOUVER Torfoleum is made of dried Sphagnum Moss and its record of performance under actual working conditions, over a period of years, has demonstrated conclusively that it is a highly efficient insulating sheet. Its nature and advantages make it of practical use in meeting a wide range of insulating and sound deadening needs. Torfoleum has an exceptionally low thermal conductivity as confirmed by the test of J. C. Peebles of the Armour Insti tute of Technology: Sample 1 2 Thick- ne In. Density Lbs. Cu. ht. Mean Temp. Deg. Fahr. Heat B.t.u. Conduc- per Hour tivity. per per 1 in. Actual Thick Thick. 1.62 10.7 1.61 11.4 70 0.253 0.156 70 0.266 0.165 Torfoleum has been rigidly tested for its resistance to compression and the com pression in 1 in. under a load of 1,764 lb. per square foot in only 0.03 in. Torfoleum does not rot. It contains no bituminous or mineral binder and there fore provides permanent insulation against heat and sound transmission. Torfoleum is impregnated against water absorption which is a guaranty of the permanence of its insulating qualities. Torfoleum is free from harmful odor and particularly adaptable for use in storage plants where foodstuffs are to be stored. Torfoleum is a sterile material. Torfoleum is a fire retardant, as it has been thoroughly impregnated against rapid ignition and it may be used as a heat insulator up to 230 deg. fahr. Torfoleum can be nailed and it can be cut with a knife or saw. Its application is very simple and can be done by anyone familiar with this type of work. Torfoleum is made in sheets 12 by 32 in. or 19J^ by 39 in., in thicknesses of 1, 1J^, 2, 3, 4 and 6 in.; it is packed in cartons containing about 64 board feet and weighing approximately 70 lb. Applying IH *n- Torfoleum to the Concrete Roof Slab of Addition to L. Bamhergerbr. Co.. Depart ment Store, Newark, N. J,, Jarvis Hunt, Chicago, III., Architect 734 Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Sprayo-FIake Company Administrative Offices Milwaukee 56 South Bay Street Wisconsin Manufacturers of Sprayo-FIake Material and Equipment Licensed Operators in Principal Building Centers INSULATION SPRAYED ON WITH GUNS Process--Sprayo-Flake insulating process consists of forcing by air prepared flakes of fibrous material previously impregnated with fire' resisting agent through a specially constructed gun. As the flakes leave the gun they are coated with sprays of atomized adhesive agent (water glass) or (asphalt) and projected to the surface to be insulated. The coated fibrous flakes form a blanket of insulation covering all cracks and crevices. It can be applied to practically any surface in any desired thickness. Development--Sprayo-Flake was conceived by a layman while observing the installation of insulating material in his own home under course of construction. Prompted by a desire to overcome the inefficiency and attendant difficulties in volved in installing prepared types of insulating materials, the spray-gun method was evolved. Further development proved the soundness of this theory. SprayoFlake method in one operation does a most thorough job; it eliminates entirely the labor of cutting, fitting, and nailing. Further development of the original idea dates back to the year of 1924 when specially designed equipment was per fected to apply Sprayo-Flake. The next step was adoption of an adhesive agent, addition of fire resisting qualities, and vermin proofing which was perfected in laboratories and practical usage in the building field. Distribution and Service--To assure the highest return per dollar invested in insulation the Sprayo-Flake Co. has adopted a modem, economically sound plan of merchandising and distribution. Sprayo-Flake is supplied direct from factory to job through licensed operators. These licensed operators located in princir pie building centers are insulation specialists, financially responsible, and work on an exclusive franchise basis. Each instal lation is made by expertly trained me chanics under exacting supervision. This advanced. plan of distribution enables the architect, builder, or owner to know the exact cost of insulation. SprayoFlake is always quoted ,on the basis of unit price per square foot or lump sum bid installed, including labor and material. Physical Characteristics The fibrous cellular structure and method of application gives Sprayo-Flake the desired characteristics of the ideal insulation material:' . 1. LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. . 0.25 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 in. thickness per degree temperature differential. 2. PRACTICABILITY. Can be applied to practically any surface in any . desired thickness. Seals cracks and crevices; calks around window and door frames. 3. FIRE RESISTANT. Pre-chemically treated fibrous material plus the sodium silicate binder produces a highly effective . fire resisting insulation. 4. VERMIN PROOF. Alkali silicate binder and alkaline sulphate asphalt impregnation render Sprayo-Flake in sulation repellant to vermin. 5. LIGHT WEIGHT. Flakey fibrous air cell structure weighs only 4.6 lb. per cubic foot installed. 6. PERMANENCY. The fabricated blanket of Sprayo-Flake in sulation is held in place securely by employing a sodium silicate and asphalt cohesive binder. This binder s^so preserves the fibrous flakes ' from deterioration. The' cohesive and long-life properties of sodium silicate and asphalt have been recognized for years. 7. LOW COST. . Sprayo-Flake insulation is manufactured and applied mechanically in one operation'eliminating costly labor involved in cutting and fitting, prepared types of materials. 8. FLEXIBILITY. Sprayo-Flake is sufficiently flexible to allow for usual expansion and contraction of-structural members to which' it is applied without im pairing its efficiency. 9. SOUND ABSORBENT. The cellular structure and resiliency of SprayoFlake render it- a highly sound absorbent material. Note.---Conductivity and Transmission tests by such authorities as Prof. J. C. Peebles, Armour Institute Bureau of Standards and Prof. F. B. Rowley of Minneapolis. Complete Technical Data and Specifications Furnished upon Request 735 / Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Wood Conversion Company General Office and Factory at Cloquet, Minnesota Manufacturers of BalsamWool Blanket District Sales Offices . Chicago, III............,,1320 London Guaranty Bldg. New York. N. Y.................. ......3107 Chanin Bldg. Detroit, Mich............... ........515 Stephenson Bldg. Minneapolis. Minn.... :.................414 Baker Bldg. Kansas City, Mo...... ,,............. 231 West 47th St. Seattle. Wash................................ 621 Ligget Bldg. Washington, D. C........... -.........531 14th St. N. W. Also Mfgrs. of NU-WOOD the All-Wood Insulating Wall Board and Lath BALSAM-WOOL Standard Building Insulation is a flexible insulating blanket made from pure wood fibers in fleecy wool form, permanently matted together be tween two sheets of asphalt-coated, tough, flexible, creped Kraft paper. These pat ented crepe paper liners are capable of 25 per cent stretch which makes them virtually puncture proof, and the fact that these liners are not stitched renders BALSAM-WOOL windproof and water proof. In the process of manufacture, BALSAM-WOOL is chemically treated to make it fire resistant, vermin and rot proof. It is clean, odorless and sanitary-- a Weyerhaeuser product. Sizes--BALSAM-WOOL for. building insulation comes in three standard widths, 17, 25 and 33 in. and in two standard thicknesses, and full inch. It comes rolled, wrapped and sealed. in. BALSAM-WOOL weighs 240 lb. per 1,000 sq. ft., and full inch BALSAM- WOOL weighs 370 lb. per 1,000 sq. ft. Application--In frame construction, BALSAM-WOOL 17 and 25 in. wide is applied between the studding, joists or Test Results Hot Plate Method Material Thermal Mean Conduc Temp. tivity Authority Deg. Fahr. 70. 0.246 90 0.27 Standards Hot Box Method Description Mean Temp. Deg. Fahr. Heat Trans mission Factor If Authority Wood Lath and 3/#' Plaster, fir sheathing, building paper, 4" lap siding, insulation "C. flanged midway in air space between studding. 40.2 0.115 Kowley Taken from Journal of A. S. H. & V. E.,' Vol. 34, No. 7 (July, 1928), Page 536. Insulation *`C"--H in- BALSAM-WOOL. roof rafters, flanged in the air space be tween sheathing and plaster. BALSAMr WOOL 33 in. wide is applied to the inside face of the studding or joists with furred out lath and plaster. In solid masonry construction, 17 or 25 in. BALSAM- WOOL is applied by flanging between fur ring strips 16 or 24 in. on center. 33 in. BALSAM-WOOL is applied with either, single or double furring strips. Efficiency--BALSAM-WOOL has been tested for insulating efficiency in various laboratories throughout the country. In a building insulated with BALSAM-WOOL, 20 to 35* per cent less radiation and boiler capacity is required. The coefficients given on the next page are taken or com puted from information given in the A. S. H. & V. E. Guide 1930, and are recommended for use in computing, the heat loss through sections insulated with BALSAM-WOOL. A complete file show ing coefficients and the method of com puting radiation requirements, and fuel saving will be mailed on request. 736 Wood Conversion Company Insulation, Building Heat Transmission Coefficients for Building Construction Insulated With BALSAM-WOOL Section No. TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION Plastered Direct Furred Wood Lath and Plaster B-W Single Furring* 4' B-W Double Furringf 1' B-W Single Furring* 1' B-W Double Furringf Walls, Masonry: - 1 9" Brick............................................ 0.332 2 13' Brick....:................................... 0.263 3 18' Brick......................... ................... 0.208 4 6' Hollow Tile, Stucco.................... 0.299 5 0.273 6 12' Hollow Tile, Stucco.................... 0.193 7 4'Brick Veneer. 4* H.T............... 0.277 8 4' Brick Veneer, 6' H.T............... 0.246 9 4' Brick Veneer. 8' H.T............... 0.228 10 4' Brick Veneer, 12' H.T............... 0.169 II 12' Stone............................................ 0.415 12 16' Stone......... `................................. 0.356 13 0.311 14 0.437 15 0.395 16 12' Concrete, Stucco......................... . 0.361 17 0.308 18 0.348 19 0.271 20 0.328 21 8' Cinder Block, Stucco................. 0.276 22 0.210 23 0.300 24 4' Cut Stone Veneer, 13' Brick---- 0.234 0.209 0.179 0.152 0.196 0.184 0.144 0.186 0.171 0.162 0.130 0.239 0.218 0.200 0.246 . 0.232 0.220 0.199 0.215 0.183 0.207 0.185 0.153 0.196 0.165 0.141 0.127 0.113 0.135 0.129 0.108 0.130 0.122 0.118 0.100 0.154 0.145 0.136 0.157 0.151 0.146 0.136 0.144 0.128 0.140 0.129 0.113 0.134 0.119 0.116 0.107 0.097 0.112 0.108 0.093 0.109 0.104 0.100 0.087 0.125 0.119 0.113 0.127 0.123 0.120 0.113 0.119 0.108 0.116 0.108 0:097 0.112 0.101 0.112 0.103 0.093 0.108 0.104 0.090 0.105 0.100 0.097 .0.084 0.120 0.114 0.109 0.121. 0.118 0.115 0.109 0.114 0.104 0.111 0.104 0.093 0.108 0.098 0.096 0.089 0.082 0.093 0.090 0.079 0.091 0.087 0.084 0.075 0.102 0.098 0.094 0.103 0.100 0.098 0.094 0.097 0.090 0.095 0.090 0.082 0.093 0.085 Section No. TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION Not 'h* r Insulated B-Wf B-Wf 25 26 27 28 29 30 3f - 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Wails, Frame '' Siding or Wood Shingles. Paper. Sheathing. Wood Lath and Plaster.................. Brick Veneer, Paper, Sheathing, Wood Lath and Plaster................ .................... Stucco, Paper. Sheathing, Wood Lath and Plaster............................................. 0.227 0.216 0.257 Ceilings: Wood Lath and Plaster, No Floor Above.......................................................... Wood Lath and Plaster, 1' Pine-Flooring Above................................................ 0.502 0.234 0.202 Partitions: * Studding, Wood 1 j*fh and Plaster One Side........................................................ Studding, Wood Lath And Plaster Both Sides..................................................... 4' Hollow Tile, Plaster One Side.......................................................................... 0.502 - 0.251 0.31" .Roofs: Built-up Roofing on 1' Roof Boards, Wood Lath and Plaster Inside............... Same as 34, with 2' Roof Boards................................................ ...................... . Wood Shingles on Roof Boards, No Inside Finish.............................................. Same as 36, Wood Lath and Plaster Inside......................................................... Asphalt or Asbestos Shingles on Koof Boards, No Inside Finish....................... Same as 38, Wood Lath and Plaster Inside................... '.................................... Slate or Tile on Root Boards. No Inside Finish.................................................. Same as 40, Wood Lath and Plaster Inside...................................... .'................. 0.258 0.213 0.483 0.246 0.515 0.259 0.549. 0.262 {Roof and Ceiling Combined--Use Ceiling Area: ' Wood Shingles, Wood Lath and Plaster Ceiling, No Attic Floor...................... Same as 42, with Single Floor..................................................... .................... Asphalt or Asbestos Shingles, Wood Lath and Plaster Leiling, No Attic Floor.. Same as 44. with Single Floor. ........ ...'................................................... Slate or Tile, Wood Lath and Plaster Ceiling. No Attic Moor.......................... Same as 46. with Single Floor...;....................................................................... 0.289 0.174 0.297 0.177 0.305 0.180 Floors: ' ' 1' Yellow Pine on Joists........................................................................................ `ifc* Maple or Oak Mooring on 1' Yellow Pine on Joists.................................. Same as 49 with Matched Ceiling Boards Below......................................... 0.440 0.339 0.270 0 122 0.118 0.130 0.172 0.124 0.114 0.172 0.128 0.181* 0.130 0.117 0.170 0.127 0.174 0.130 0.177 0.131 0.137 0.105 0.139 0.106 0.141 0.107 JO 164 0.146 0.133 0.099 0:097 0.105 0.131 0.101. 0.094 0.131 0.104 0.135* 0.105 0.097 0.129 0.103 0.131 0.105 0.134 0.105 0.110 0.088 0.111 0.089 0.112 0.089 0.126 0.116 0.107 *Applied with one air space. ' ' tApplied with two air spaces, except where noted. ' **Plastered Direct. ^Figured on basis of Y pitch roof; sufficiently accurate for roofs of K to Y pitch. 737 >. / Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Stewart Company Manufacturers of Dependable Building Insulation St. Joseph, Missouri PRODUCTS InsoBoard and InsoLath, structural insulating board made of wheat straw fibre, for home, factory, hotel, apart ment, and office buildings. InsoBoard is made from the long, tough, sterilized, cellular fibres of straw, inter laced into flawless, sturdy panels A in thick, 48 in. wide, and any desired length. Used as sheathing or wall board, Inso Board adds structural strength as well as insulation. It does not increase building costs, because in most places it replaces boxing, lath, and other materials. Labor costs are less, and InsoBoard makes the structure easier to heat and cuts fuel bills as much as one-third. It provides dependable insulation from heat and cold; retards fire and moisture, is a thorough sound deadener and insures warm floors free from dampness and draughts. No artificial binder is used to hold the fibres of InsoBoard together. Time and elements have no effect on it, submersion tests have shown any tendency to warp or buckle to be negligible, and it will not crack nor deteriorate. It handles easily; saws and nails same as any other material. It is proper width for standard spacing ofstuds, and cuts without waste. InsoLath, same material as InsoBoard except that it is shiplapped and takes the place of ordinary wood lath as a plaster base. Possesses the same insulating and sound deadening qualities as InsoBoard, and provides a continuous plastering sur face, so does away with lath marks, crack . ing of walls and ceiling, and stains through plaster. Plaster is applied direct to the surface of Insolath and holds better because the bond between Insolath and plaster is stronger than the key of plaster and lath. Tests have proved the high insulating efficiency of InsoBoard. The Stewart InsoBoard Co. has subscribed to the two standard methods of testing the conductivity of insulating material and finding the exact loss of heat through that material. Both the "flat-plate test" and the "hot-box test" were used in tests of InsoBoard by G. F. Gebhardt, Mechani cal Engineer of the Armour Institute of Technology, at Chicago, an internationally known and recognized authority on insula- . tion values. The heat conductivity of InsoBoard in B.t.u. per I in. thick was found to be 7.78 per day by the "flatplate" test and 6.0 by the "hot-box" test. The result of the tests by this impartial and disinterested authority proves that InsoBoard possesses a high degree of insulating efficiency and should be specified on jobs calling for maximum structural insulation. ' 738 Insulation, Building and Sound Deadening Therm-O-Proof as we apply it as a fill between studs, joists and rafters in a thickness of in. provides a higher heat resistance than materials in stalled in a or 1 in. thickness. THERM-O-PROOF A production of lead slag, special process, removing all composites that would cause corrosion. Non-combustible, uniform, prepared in annealed or unannealed form. GENERAL INFORMATION Therm-O-Proof has been used quite extensively for a number of years, in its original form for the maintenance of high and low temperatures in the industrial field. It is not a new material but the application for residential use is new and made possible by our perfected application. There is no danger of Therm-O-Proof shrinking, bulging, warping, or cracking. Being of mineral composition, ThermoO-Proof will not deteriorate nor will it attract vermin, etc. Where used as a fill in between the studdings, it fireproofs the serious fire hazard in a home. Therm-O-Proof is given a con ductivity of 0.25 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit. (Authority ' Professor J. C. Peebles, Armour Institute of Technology). Also see latest report of U. S. Bureau of Standards. HOUSE INSULATION - Therm-O-Proof is blown pneumati cally or hand packed, insuring a fill in between the studding at various densities which will completely prevent settling. Realizing the value of a correct installa tion, Therm-O-Proof is always installed in accordance with our specifications or any architectural specifications. Therm O-Proof is a thick insulation and archi tects will find that recognized heating authorities will allow a reduction in radiation and boiler size which in some cases will go far towards paying the cost of the installation of Therm-O-Proof. COSTS The cost of Therm-O-Proof for a full, thick application, efficiently installed, is very reasonable. Quotations gladly fur nished on request after a survey has been made by our competent, qualified, engi neers. SPECIFICATIONS--House Use (a) Frame and Brick Veneer Construction Therm-O-Proof shall be installed between all exterior walls, said side wall fill to be not less than Insulation Company in accordance with these specifications, and any additional specifications by the architect. (b) Masonry Construction On all exterior walls Therm-O-Proof shall be hand packed between the furring strips before lathing; said strips shall be 1 by 2 in. and shall be blocked out with 1 by 2 in. blocks. (c) Ceiling Insulation Therm-O-Proof shall be installed as a 4 in. fill in between all top floor ceiling joists; said installa tion shall be made before plastering or after plaster is thoroughly dry, but in any case, before rough flooring is laid. '- Further detailed information gladly furnished on request. SOUND DEADENING Therm-O-Proof shall be distributed over entire floor area, between floor strips and rough finish floors. Floor strips shall be 2 in. and nailed over felt pads, 2 to 3 in. off center with floor joists. Therm-O-Proof is an ideal absorbent to use in connection with a sound deflector. INDUSTRIAL USES Therm-O-Proof, due to its texture and elasticity, is an ideal wool for maintenance of high and low temperatures. The annealing of the wool assures its fibres being tough and pliable and eliminates degradation. The oiled material is not greasy. Therm-O-Proof is sold in forms suitable for all general insulation yses, such as mechanical vibrations; refrigeration, and acoustical correction. For further information and complete set of architectural specifications, address inquiries to the home office, 203 North Wabash Avenue*,' Chicago, 111. Engineering advice furnished / upon request. . 739 Insulation, Pipes and Surfaces Johns-Manville Corporation ' Executive Offices 292 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. SAN FRANCISCO CLEVELAND CHICAGO NEW YORK TORONTO J-M 85% Magnesia For High-Pressure and IntermediatePressure Steam Lines, high-pressure drip piping, including connections to all engines, turbines, pumps, auxiliaries, water columns, safety valves, superheaters Underground Insulation For Steam, Hot Water and Fuel Oil Piping to be Installed Underground, use Johns-Manville System of Under ground Insulation. This system is complete. It provides insulation for the pipes, enclosure for the insulation, supports for the pipes and com plete drainage by means of drain-tile and broken stone around the cdnduit. For high efficiency (90% and more), permanency and economy use Johns-Man ville System of Underground Insulation. Johns-Manville 85% Magnesia and soot blowers, use Johns-Manville 85% Magnesia Insulation. J-M 85% Magnesia is suitable for insulating all surfaces where temperatures up to 600 deg. fahr. are encounted. Improved Asbestocel For Low-Pressure, Exhaust Steam and Feed Water Piping use Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Sectional Insulation, 4 ply. Sectional Improved Asbestocel is furnished in thicknesses of 2, 3 and 4 ply, each ply being approximately 34 in. in thickness. It is made in three foot sections with canvas jacket and brass-lacquered bands, to fit standard sizes of pipe: For Steam Heating Supply and Return Mains, Risers and Radiator Branches use Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel 4 ply. Concealed radiator branches should be insulated with 3 ply Improved Asbestocel. All other low-pres sure and hot water pipes at pressures be low 25 lb. or 267 deg. fahr., except heating returns, runouts and concealed radiator branches, should be insulated with JohnsManville 4 ply Improved Asbestocel Insulation. Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Insulation Other Johns-Manville Insulations Johns-Manville Superex Combination Insulation is for all superheated steam piping with temperatures of 600 deg. fahr. and higher. . Johns-Manville Asbesto-Sponge Felted is used oh all high-pressure steam piping and high-pressure drip piping used in distribution of steam for manufacturing . purposes. . Johns-Manville Anti-Sweat Insula tion is specified for all cold-service water piping, including risers and concealed fixture connections or exposed soil or waste lines. Johns-Manville Asbestocel Sheet . Insulation is specified for warm-air ducts, flues, heater casings and fan housings in the ventilating system. Block and cement insulation, to the same thickness as the adjacent pipe insula tion, shall be used on all fittings, valves and flanges. Block insulation should be the sanie material as the adjacent pipe cover ing, and plastic material used shall be hard finish Asbestos Cement. . 740 i iif 1 Insulation, Pipes and Surfaces Keasbey & Mattison Company "Makers of the Best in Asbestos" Ambler, Pa. BRANCHES BALTIMORE, MD. CHICAGO, ILL. DETROIT, MICH. PHILADELPHIA,PA. BOSTON, MASS. CINCINNATI, OHIO MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. PITTSBURGH. PA. BUFFALO, N. Y.. Care E. J. Eddy CLEVELAND, OHIO NEW YORK, N. Y. WASHINGTON, D. C. CALIFORNIA DISTRIBUTORS: Farrington Engineering Co., LOS ANGELES SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTORS BIRMINGHAM, ALA., Dixie Asbestos Co. ST. LOUIS. MO., L. Mcndet & Son, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MO., Standard Asbestos Mfq. & Insulating Co. PRODUCTS: Ambler High Temperature "Featherweight** 85 Per Cent Magnesia Pipe Sectional Covering and Blocks Covering and Blocks. High-Temperature Cov ering and Blocks. Am bler Asbestos Aircell Covering. Ambler As bestos Cement. Asbes tos Textiles of all kinds. rJtEC. U. S. PAT..OFF " Recommended for tem peratures in excess of 600 deg. fahr. These, coverings are composed chiefly of asbestos fibre, bonded with inorganic binders found by experience to be best fitted for this class Company*s Source of Asbestos As Keasbey & Mattison Co. controls its source of crude asbestos, owning the . Bell Asbestos Mines at Thetford Mines, P. Q., Canada, perhaps the world's most productive mines of high-grade Chrysotile Asbestos, this company is assured of a of insulation. These coverings have a high insulating value and will withstand temperatures up to 1200 deg. fahr. Furnished in same moulded shapes and thicknesses as 85 Per Cent Magnesia Coverings and Blocks. Ambler Asbestos Cement constant supply of long-fibred asbestos so necessary in making a thoroughly efficient insulation. Composed of asbestos fibre and inert materials having high insulating value, being superior to ordinary asbestos K&M 85 Per Cent Magnesia "Featherweight** Sectional cements and surpassed only by 85 Per Cent Magnesia Cement. Coverings and Blocks Ambler Asbestos "Velvet" Cement Keasbey & Mattison Co. were the originators of 85 Per Cent Magnesia Covering, so called because it is composed of about 85 per cent basic carbonate of magnesia and 15 per cent of asbestos fibre. The magnesia is. bound together with the long-fibred asbestos, giving it the necessary structural strength. K & M 85 Per Cent A fire-resisting and waterproof cement which gives a hard, smooth and beautiful finish to cement and block work, fittings and large or irregular steam surfaces. Furnished in 100-lb. bags. Ambler Asbestos Paper, Coverings and Boards Magnesia "Featherweight" is very light Ambler Asbestos Aircell Coverings-- in weight, fireproof and extremely durable. These are composed of various thicknesses It will not injure piping and has a very of asbestos corrugated paper, each ply high insulation value. Impartial expert being about 34 in* thick. These thick engineering tests showing its superiority nesses united form a covering which is will gladly be sent upon request. light, fireproof and very satisfactory for K & M 85 Per Cent Magnesia "Feather low domestic heating and piping insula weight" Sectional Coverings are canvas- tion. Made in 2, 3 and 4 plies. jacketed and 36 in. long per section. They are made in all standard and double standard thicknesses, 2-in. thickness, and 3-in. broken joint con struction, and also in combi- . nation with Ambler High Temperature Insulation. 741 Insulation, Underground Telephone Main 9200 The Ric-wiL Company Established 1910 UNDERGROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS FOR HEATING PIPES Union Trust Building, CLEVELAND, OHIO NEW YORK BALTIMORE ATLANTA Agents in. Principal Cities--Refer to Local Telephone Directory CHICAGO Products--Ric-wiL Conduit, which in cludes Base .Drain, Pipe Supports, Insula tion and other accessories, for underground steam, hot water, and fuel oil pipes. Cast Iron Conduit for extra heavy duty. Ric-wiL Conduit--Vitrified tile, bell and spigot type, which splits on the job for easy installing. Special Loc-liP Side Joints seal top and bottom halves together again after pipes and insulation are installed. A strong, water tight joint. Sections 2 ft. long. Sizes I. D. 4 to 24 in. Ric-wiL Base Drains-- Vitrified tile. Designed to be a base drain foundation for supporting and lining up conduit and drain for carrying away moisture. Slotted sections interlock with conduit bells to form a strong construction. Dry-paC Waterproof Filler-- Perma nently impervious to water, repells mois ture. Unusually high efficiency and great natural strength. Will not slump down away from pipes. Is non-corrosive. Engineering Service--Help in planning and supervision. Catalogs and special information on request. Ric-wiL Pipe SupportsPlanned to carry one to five or -more pipes and ordinarily spaced 12 ft. apart. Made of rust-proof cast iron. I nterlocked with base drain, imposing no load on conduit itself. Ric-wiL Conduit Sys tems for All Uses--Type F System for steam heat ing and power plants. Unlined Ric-wiL Conduit with filler packed around pipes. Dry-paC Water proof Filler if desired. ADVANTAGES OF THE RIC-WIL SYSTEM MECHANICAL WRTt* -TttMT JOINTS COMHtRTCkV MRLCD ' CCMCNT LOCNtO at. USIMl C0NO*TlON1.4O% STROMOCR THAN ANY OTrtta TU JTSTfM. *<Tf*L0CXM6 tOUTIMTW' COMOUIT AMO IASC OOAM STA66IO jOatTS.OM StiaaOATS kOCUD m MAC*. Tor /tie sot tom or CONourr locaio toccthso AND CCMCNT kOCKCD M. root, rooor > tor amO oottom or ceHOurr alm. CsanmcnDoOtWMNS. TAkk ur OAC DO Rata rolMDATlON AMO COAOlt < OUtT TO MOST ON. OCOMAWMCV i MATCatAAS ALL or rCNMAHCNT CMAOACTCO. Type SPC system for steam heating and power pipes and super-heated steam. Insulation standard pipe covering. Type DA system for hot water, fuel oil, and condensation returns. Sil-O-Cel In sulation moulded to inside of tile and keyed in. Pipes insulated from outside earth but not from each other. Type DF system for steam heating and power pipes. Type DA with addition of Ric-wrL Conduit Filler packed around pipes. Dry-paC Waterproof Filler if desired. ,.. Cast Iron Ric-wiL Conduit--For extra heavy duty under railroads or other places where conduit is subject to abnormal strain. Similar in design to tile Ric-wiL. Heavy duty base drain. Ric-wiL Type P with Dry-paC Waterproof Insulation packed around pipes. Fully closed construction 742 l Meters, Steam Builders Iron Foundry 9 Codding Street Providence, R. I. Branch Offices and Representatives Nbw York, N. Y----------Philadelphia, Pa...... ....... .25 Church Street Pittsburgh, Pa.. .617 Harrison Building Chicago, III.. ,,1503 Oliver Building ...466 Peoples Gas Building San Francisco, Calif.. .................................................................Percy Keatinge, 85 Second Street Los Angeles, Calif...... j--------- ....... ............Percy Keatinge. c/o Pacific Mfg. Co., 530 West 6th Street Dallas, T...e..x..a..s...... .............................................................................._Morey & Morey, 417 Praetorian Building Charlotte. N. C____ ______________ _________ ________________ _____:__Grinnell Co., Inc.,_P. O. Box 336 Toronto, Ont., Can.. __Allen General Supplies, Ltd., 15 Toronto-Street Atlanta, Ga.-- Seattle, Wash.. Kansas City, Mo.. _Wm. F. Wilcox, 'Fourth National Bank Building .California Filter Co., 1005 Securities Building __Terry, Cowan & Smith, Inc., 1005 Davidson Building Vancouver, B. C., Can___ Chas. A. Moorehead, c/o R. C. Cooper & Co., Ltd., 615.Pender Street, West Buenos Aires, Argentina, S. A.Major Geo. C. Robertson, 760 Avenida de Mayo Builders of the Venturi Meter, Diaphragm Meter, Shunt Steam Meter, Etc. SHUNT STEAM METER The Shunt Steam Meter fills the need for a low priced, practical steam meter which is easily installed and accurate over a wide range. It is used to advantage in measuring steam sold or in checking the distribution of steam (also air or gas) to various buildings, departments, machines or processes. Illustration shows the complete Meter. An orifice in the main line of flow deflects a portion of the steam through nozzles and against the turbine located in the shunt circuit out of the main line of flow. The turbine ' shaft extends through a housing into a condensation chamber below the main line. A damping fan attached to this shaft operates under water, keeping the speed low and eliminating bearing trouble. Magnetic drive between this chamber and the counter mechanism protects the latter from moisture. The meter is installed as a unit in 2, 3 and 4-in. lines. For larger size mains a small meter is installed in a by-pass line around an orifice in the main line. Shunt Steam Meter, Type KS. Steam Pressure * Lbs. per Sq.* In. . Gauge Approximate Measuring ' Range Rated Capacity of Saturated Steam ' Lbs. per Hour 1" Meter y Meter 4* Meter Low Pressure Meters 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 11-1 12-1 .13-1 610 810 1000 1200 1380 1650 1800 2000 - 1410 1880 2340 2750 2950 3400 3750 4050 2530 3350 4170 4750 5150 5850 6450 7000 Standard Meters 50 75 100 125 150 175 - 200 - 10-1 10-1 11-1 12-1 13-1 14-1 15-1 . 2650 3650 4150 4600 5000 5350 5700 6000 8250 9500 10500 11400 12300 13000 10600 14600 16600 18300 20000 21400 22700 225 - Extra Heavy 250 Meters . 275 300 15-1 15-1 15-1 15-1 6000 6300 6600 6900 13700 14400 15200 15700 24000 25200 26500 27500 Table shows rated capacities only. .Minimum Capacities equal one-tenth tabulated quantities. Where Approximate Measuring Range exceeds 10-1 the Meter has that overload capacity. Bulletin 234 gives complete information. 743 NI Metal Weatherstrips The Higgin Manufacturing Co. Newport, Ky. Manufacturers of Metal Weather Stripping for Windows and Doors ' Representatives in Principal Cities > H ALL METAL JL Weatherstrips Higgin all-metal weather strips are distinctly different from those of other manufacturers. Hig gin not only has the usual metal strip which is fitted to the four The Higgin Organization, backed by 35 years of constant pro gress, is fully prepared to weather strips all types of openings-- double hung windows, casements and doors. With branch es and special represen tatives in all large cities, Higgin offers you maxi mum service and co-op eration plus a brand of sides of the window frame, but also a specialsprittgbronze insert strip that fits into the groove of the window sash! Thus a metal-tometal contact is established! The spring bronze in sert literally hugs the win dow, and pro vides absolute protection against drafts, dust, dirt, and irritating rattles. Even though the window sash shrinks (as so often happens) the metal-to-metal contact remains totally uneffected--cold air posi tively cannot gain entrance. The efficiency of the heating system is increased 25 per cent and upwards! weatherstripping without equal. If your files do not already con tain full information on Higgin weatherstrips, a word from you will bring'same. ., Space.here does not allow the reproduction of test data on the Higgin Insert Equipment prepared at the University of Wisconsin.' A folder however is available covering this lest and copies will be sent on request. 744 Metal Weatherstrips The Higgin Manufacturing Co. Newport, Ky. Manufacturers of Metal Access Panels for Heating and Plumbing Systems Representatives in Principal* Cities ALL METAL Access Panel Illustration below shows panel used for access to concealed valve. Plaster is shown broken, to expose metal lath and method of fastening. Lid is shown removed from frame. (Right) Hinged type panel in ceiling. Either hinged or removable lid may be furnished. The Higgin All Metal Access Panel was designed to meet a pressing need for an inconspicuous flush panel for access to critical places in Heating, Plumbing and Refrigerating systems. The panel is entirely of metal. They are made as a unit. No assembling Stock Sizes at the job. 7^x11 M 12^x16)4 14^x18)4 183^x24)4 18^x30)4 ' Measurements are in rabbet. Installation is simple and no special framing or grounds are necessary. The panel is composed of a frame and lid. The frame is in one piece with a continuous angle on the inside, forming a rabbet for the lid. Perforated angles are spotwelded to outside of frame for fastening and plaster key. On the smaller panels friction catches hold the lid in place. For the larger sizes, retaining clips and special cam fasteners are used. Concealed hinges may be provided if desired in place of the" retaining clips. Panels may be installed in walls faced with plaster, tile or marble. They can be painted, decorated or papered over. Higgin All Metal Access Panels are ideal for use in Hospitals, Apartment Houses, Hotels, Residences, Offices and other Buildings. Write for Complete Descriptive Literature . 745 Motors and Controllers GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY SCHENECTADY, N. Y. Sales Offices in Principal Cities - Motor and Control For Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems Quiet Operating Motors The Need for Quiet Operating Motors This company has, for some time, been aware of the fact that induction motors of the general purpose line are not quiet enough for.use in office buildings, schools, etc., where quiet operation is of great im portance, although these motors are not objectionable for other classes of service. This fact was pointed out at various times so as to guard against the application of standard motors in such locations, but this warning has been generally disregarded, and although a great number of standard motors have been applied successfully in such buildings, there have also been a number of complaints on noise from customers who have used standard motors. Acoustics of the Structure, Location and Mounting The problem of reducing noise in build ings should not be left entirely to the motor manufacturer, and although it has been found that many architects fully appreciate the noise problem and their specifications cover very fully the pre cautions which must be taken in mounting the equipment, there are architects who are apparently overlooking this problem entirely and make no provision for cover ing this point at all. Concrete, which is usually used in con junction with steel in modern building con struction, is a nearly homogeneous sub stance of high density, liberal elasticity and is an excellent conductor of sound waves, while concrete arches are potential sound amplifiers. The importance of correctly designing foundations is best illustrated by a case which has come to our attention where, in the motor-room, there was no objectionable noise, yet on certain lower. floors,, the noise was very objectionable, the noise being transmitted by the steel work and amplified by the sounding-board effect of the walls, and sometimes further intensified by localized resonance. MTB Wound Rotar Quiet Operating Induction Motor One of the best methods for preventing the transmission of sound is to use a laminated structure across the direction of the sound wave, the lamination varying in density so as to cause multiple reflection. Materials which can be used in con structing proper foundations are cork pads (2 to 3 in. thick), felt pads, sheet lead, wood and sand used in combination with reinforced concrete or steel. ' It has been found that when cork is used, the foundation- should be designed so that the pressure on the cork will be 30 lb. per sq. in.; either more or less does not seem to produce as satisfactory results. A block of cork 2 in. thick should not com press more than 0.272 in. under'a pressure of 10,000 lb. per sq. ft. of surface area. The installation should be made so as.to eliminate any metal-to-metal contact between motor and building. . The use of short center belt, texrope drive or worm gear drive should be recom mended wherever possible as this enables. higher speed motors to be used--900 and 1200 r. p. m. motors are recommended rather than the lower speed motors such as 450 r. p. m., giving better efficiency and far better power factor. In addition, the connecting of motors in this way allows proper insulating foundations to be used under the motor without affecting the line-up of the drive. Where the motor is direct connected to the drive, especially low-speed fans, the most satisfactory This Company will gladly assist in the solution of any electrical problem in relation to heating and ventilation 746 General Electric Company Motors and Controllers Motors and Control For Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems Alternating Current Control rounding structure is a very important point, and while in one location a perfectly standard motor may be acceptable, the same motor may be entirely unsuitable in another location. CR77G5.1-6 Hp. Controller ' method of mounting is to have both motor and fan on a common base, the whole base being mounted on proper insulating sup ports. Where the fan and motor are not on the same base, it is difficult to use any sound absorbing insulation under the motor without causing difficulty in keeping the equipment properly lined up. The location of the motor in the building with reference to the acoustics of the sur Switches CR776I-F1, 0-60 Hp. Controller Method of Operation Type Manual Manual Push Button Push Button CR1924 CRI036 CR7006 CR7006FI Horsepower Range Overload Protection Remarks '/.-so '/,-S 1 -50 1 -5 Fuse...................................... Safety Type. thermal Cut-outs. Temperature Relay............. Contactor. Fuse and Temperature Relay Combined Magnetic Switch and Disconnection. Manual Manual Push Button Push Button Push Button CR10M CRI042 CR7056 CR705I CR7773 5 -50 5 -15 2-50 5 -50 1 -5 Starters Temperature Relay............. Temperature Relay............. Temperature Relay............. Temperature Relay............. Time Limit........................... Compensator Type. Resistance Type. Resistance Type. Compensator Type. Combined Magnetic Starter and Circuit Breaker. Manual Manual Manual Push Button Push Button CRI264 CR7764CI CR7764Y1 CR7765 CR7761 1 -15 71/2-50 5 -50 1 -5 5 -50 Speed Regulators Temperature Relay............. Time Limit........................... Temperature Relay............. Temperature Relay............. Requires Separate Switch. Combined Regulator and Switch. Combined Regulator and Circuit Breaker. Preset Speed Type. Remote Speed Indicating. The General Electric Co. manufactures a complete line of control devices for starting and controlling motors driving ventilating fans. The table above gives briefly the line of controllers for use with alternating current motors. All control lers are of the enclosed type externally operated. Speed regulators are designed This''Company will gladly electrical problem in relati to give 50 per cent speed reduction on fan load and arranged to maintain equalized current in all phases of the rotor which is necessary to maintain quiet operating motors. Details may be obtained at the nearest sales office. sist in the solution of any to heating and ventilation , Motors and Controllers Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Go. East Pittsburgh, Pa. Sales Offices and Service Shops in All Principal Cities There's a Westinghouse motor with matched control to suit the requirements of every heating and ventilating system. Fig. 1--At the Fox Theatre, San Francisco, California. At the left, a Western Blou-er Company air conditioning system is shown. A Westinghouse small, constant-speed motor with a Line starter drives the centrifugal motor pump for this system. The blower fan at the right is belt-driven, at reduced speed, by a Westinghouse type CS constant-speed, Line start squirrel cage motor. Fig. --In the Rhodes Department Store, Seattle, The large Western Blower Company fans are belt-driven by Westinghouse type SK variable-speed, direct current motors. This type of drive is used in direct-current applications to meet the requirements of a high starting torque and variable-speed duty. . Fig. 5--In the Fox Theatre, San Francisco, California are three Westinghouse type CS, constant-speed Line start motors driving blowers; one is directly connected, while the other two drive by belt at reduced speed. The control for each consists ofa' Line starter and push button. . Fig. 4--In the Holland Tunnel, New York River Building. A Sturtevanl Blower Fan connected by a Link-Bell chain-drive to a Westinahouse type CW, 00 hp., adjustable speed, wound rotor induction motor. This type of motor is used in alternating current applications where high starting torque and variable rates of air circulation are required Fig. 5--In the Stevens Hotel, Chicago. Two large blower fans, each directly connected to a Westinghouse type SK, low-speed, direct-current, variable-speed motor. This application could be advantageously controlled by the remote system shown in the illustration of Figure 6. Fig. 6--The air circulation may be varied or the fan motors may be stopped from a point remote from the fan room by pressing the proper button of this Westinghouse remote control equipment. This consists of controller and visual control station. Westinghouse engineers offer you their services in the planning of every phase of building electrification. 748 Ozone Equipment United States Ozone Company Engineers -- Manufacturers :-- Chemists Pacific Coast Montgomery Brothers 61 Fremont Street San Francisco 500 North Dearborn Street Chicago, U.S.A. Canada Darling Brothers, Ltd. 140 Prince Street Montreal Capacity of Elec tric Service 2.5 K: V. A. for fan capacities 25,OQO ; to 120,000 c.f. m. Normal operat ing load for pro ducing ozone 0.5 kw per hour. . Space Requirements For general ventilation the space requirement for fan capacities of 25,000 to 120,000 c.f.m. is 28 x 36 x 62 in. elevation. See plan view and typical layout above. Aisle space of 3 ft. should be allowed at the front and one side. Back may be placed against wall. For larger fan capacities and special multiple unit assembly for handling a number-of fans, see our Bulletin No. 50 or communicate with our nearest, office. . Engineering Detail See chapter on ozone in text section. For Cold Storage Plants we provide United States Controlled Ozone Apparatus for maintaining the air pure, and fresh, oxidizing odors and inhibiting mold growth, etc. For Water Purification .... we provide United States Ozone and other Apparatus for treating potable waters, destroying all pathogenic bacteria, odors and tastes, particularly the odor and taste of chlorine. Special attention is given to swimming pools. . 749 Pipe Fittings Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. Birmingham, Alabama . Warehouses: - BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO HOUSTON .. LOS ANGELES PIPE FITTINGS Cast Iron Screwed ~ Flanged Drainage ~ Sprinkler Malleable Electric Cast Steel Standard~Extra Heavy Hydraulic ~ Oil Country Flanged Screwed There are over 7,500 patterns in the complete Stockham line. Every pipe fitting require ment for gas, water, steam, oil or air, is met by Stockham. AH Stockham Fittings are accurately threaded and flanged. They are always in perfect alignment. Made according to the American Standard, therefore interchangeable on any standard pipe lines. Free from sand holes, blow holes or sponginess; strong, far in excess of probable strain. Tough, uniformly grained metal, easily drilled or otherwise machined; smooth inside and out; attractively finished, and when galvanized, coated with a double lustrous coat of finest quality spelter. CAST IRON FITTINGS Screwed Drainage Flanged Sprinkler Made according to the Ameri can Standard. Accuracy in pattern, accuracy in propor tioning materials, accuracy in melting, accuracy in molding, accuracy in finishing, accuracy in inspecting and testing. Stockham Sprinkler Fittings are made in accordance with the requirements of the National Fire Protection Association and are known as American Standard Sprinkler Fittings, being made to the specifications of the America[^Standards Association. They also have the approval of the Associated Factory Mutdal Fire Insurance Co's, and the Underwriters Laboratories. MALLEABLES Standard. Extra 'Heavy, Hydraulic and Oil Country . All Stockham Malleables are made according to the quality standard which dis-. tinguishes all Stockham fit tings. Annealing under definite tempera ture control which gives ductility, uniform structure and high strength with great resistance to shock and strain. CAST STEEL Flanged Fittings and. Flanges Conform to the American Standard. Walls . are de signed thicker than Ameri can Standard Requirements. Regular in outline; conformity to patterns; ample fillets well rounded. Meet speci fications of the American Society for Test ing Materials. - Every fitting hydrostatically tested before shipment. Exceptionally smootlj inner and outer surfaces; accurate facings and fine appearance. Made for pressures of 150, 300, 400, 600, 900 and 1350 lb. and for temperatures according to the Ameri can Standard. ' . CAST STEEL. Screwed Fittings Every needed design and size. Same quality standard as Flanged Fit tings and Flanges. Accu rate threads, accurate alignment, smooth inner surfaces. Strength far in excess of probably strain. Descriptive Catalogs on request. ' STOCKHAMyFITTINGS' Are sold by leading wholesalers 750 Publications, Trade HEAVING AND ventiiating Formerly The Heating and Ventilating Magazine Founded 1904 . 521 Fifth Avskue New York City LEADERSHIP-- . Conclusively Proven Through Increasing Editorial and Ad vertising Volume Reflecting the Growth of the Industry-- Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning District Heating including . Automatic Heating with ' coal--oil--gas--electricity Heating and Ventilating has just passed its quarter-century mark in devot ing itself exclusively to serving the heating and ventilating industry. Always pledging itself to its readers above all other obliga tions, always accepting only worthy adver tising, always ready to sponsor newer, more efficient methods. The industry and its engineers and con tractors in recognition of this cooperation and service, has accepted Heating and Ventilating as an authority in the field. With the cooperation of those progressive engineers and contractors who have given so generously of their knowledge, Heating and Ventilating has been largely instru mental in bringing about a better under standing of the many difficult problems which have arisen from the vast changes and improvements in heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment as occur ring over a period of twenty-five years. Heating and Ventilating offers the manufacturer and distributor of Keating,1 ventilating and air conditioning equipment a direct first-read medium of sales contact to the men who specify, buy and install this equipment. Wherever an office building, apartment house, hotel, school, home,church, hospital or industrial building' is planned, there will be found the heating; and ventilating engineer in consultation with the architect, the heating contractor and the builder. These are the men who read Heating and Ventilating. Sample copies, rate cards and market information sent upon request. i Publications American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 29 West 39th Street, New York THE CODE OF MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS . for the HEATING AND VENTILATION OF BUILDINGS (Edition of 1929) . . - $5.00 per Copy The Code has been recently published by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York, in fourteen sections, bound attractively in a loose leaf holder. . Each section was prepared by a Sub committee and the following subjects are . covered: Section I--Minimum Ventilation Re quirements for Public Buildings. Section II--Minimum Requirements for Estimating the Heat Required for Warm Buildings. Section III--Minimum Requirements for the Determination' of the Amount of Direct Steam and Hot Water Radiating Surface to be installed in Steam and Hot Water Heating Systems. Section IV--Minimum Requirements for the Determination of the Amount of Indirect Steam or Hot Water Heating Surface to be Installed in Indirect Gravity and Fan Circulation Heating and Ventilating Systems. Section V--Minimum Capacity and In stallation Requirements for Low Pressure Steam and Hot Water Heating Boilers. Section VI--Minimum Requirements for the Design and Installation of Warm Air Furnace Heating Plants. Section VII--Minimum Requirements for the Design and Installation of Chimneys or Stacks for Steam Boilers, Hot Water Boilers and Warm Air Furnaces. ' Section VIII--Minimum Requirements for Pipe Sizes for Use with Low Pressure Steam, Vapor and Vacuum Heating Systems. Section IX--Minimum Requirements for Pipe Sizes for Use with Gravity and Forced Hot Water Heating Systems. Section X--Minimum Requirements for the Design and Installation-of Air Ducts, Inlets and Outlets, in Conjunction with Fan Air Circulation, and the Installation of Ventilating Fans for Use with Steam and Hot Water Heatingand Ventilating Systems. ' Section XI--Minimum Requirements for the installation of Air Washers and Filters. .Section XII--Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment. - Appendix I--Formulae for Physical Units,' Air and Vapor Mixtures, Etc. Appendix II--Standard Symbols for Heating and Ventilating Drawings. , The Code consists of 158 pages and is fitted into a loose leaf binder with black flexible cover. It is printed on India Tint stock, 6x9 inches in size. The Code of Minimum Requirements was developed as a result of numerous requests made to the Society by engineers, architects, municipalities, engineering and trade or ganizations and its purpose is to standardize as far as practical the installation of heating and ventilating equipment. ' . The Code represents minimum require ments - as called for by good engineering practice and is so written that it. may be incorporated as a part of a Municipal Building Code, if found desirable. 752 Pumps American Steam Pump Company Plant and General Offices: Battle Creek, Michigan NEW YORK: 17 Battebt Place CHICAGO: 926 Monadnock Bldg. Sales and Sebvice Agencies Throughout the World Manufacturers of High Grade Centrifugal Steam and Power Driven Pumps of all Approved Types to Meet Every Industrial and Public Building Requirement American-Marsh Centrifugal Pumps --New Type HL Single Stage Centrifugal Pumps, shown above cost less to run, due to higher efficiencies and ball bearings (standard equipment). Furnished with . bronze seal rings, bronze impellers hydrau lically balanced, and split cases. Ideal for hot pr cold water circulating, low pressure boiler feed, air washer service, etc. Designed with non-overloading character istic and many other important features. Bulletin 61. Also other centrifugal pumps in all approved types, both single and multi ' stage, split or solid case. Adaptable to any liquid handling job with sizes to meet all needs. Bulletins 25, 38 and 53. American-Marsh Sump Pumps: -- Designed for auto matic operation, ele vating sewage and drainage to sewer levels, for cellar drains, etc. Current used only when pump runs; pump always submerged ready to start. Sizes to handle all jobs. Simple design for faithful service with out attention. Also built as duplex units, similar in construction except that two com plete pumps are mounted on one cover plate. Bulletin. 41. Sump Pump American-Marsh Condensation Pumps and Receivers--Both steam and centrifugal motor driven types in sizes to meet all requirements. Furnished com plete with control equipment. Bulletins 27 and 32. American-Marsh Steam Pumps--Both simplex and duplex types in sizes to cover any liquid handling requirement, such as boiler feed, tank filling, etc. Bronze fitted throughout. 225,000 units in service. Bulletins 26 and 28. Steam Vacuum Pump ' American-Marsh Vacuum Ptimps:-- Standard equipment includes bronze fit tings throughout. Designed for- all vacuum heating needs with sizes to handle up to 200,000 sq. ft. radiation. Motor driven if desired. Bulletin 24. Multistage Centrifugal Pump Guaranteesand EngineeringService:-- Every pump is rigidly tested and guaran teed to meet conditions specified. It is further, guaranteed against any defects in material and workmanship. Write for the co-operation of our engineers.. Our forty years' experience is at your disposal. 753 Pumps Buffalo Steam Pump Go. "Builders of Better Pumps Since 1887" 450 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y. Complete Line manufactured In Canada by Canadian Blower & Forge Co., Ltd., Kitchen, Ont. Awarillo, Texas.___ Boston, Mass................ Chicago, 111...... Cleveland, Ohio--...... Cincinnati, Ohio.......... Dallas, Texas.. Denver, ColoDetroit, Mich.. Indianapolis, Ind........ ....... Anunarillo Bldg. Los Angeles, Calif.... ..... 610 Pershing Square Bldg. .......... 10 Milk Street Minneapolis, Minn.... .459 N.W. National life Bldg. 562 W. Washington Blvd. New York, N. Y........ ______ 39-41 Cortlandt Street ___.368 Rockefeller Bldg. 4 Philadelphia, Pa.......... ............ 1302 Land Title Bldg. 604 Mercantile library Bldg. Pittsburgh, Pa ............927 Uoion Trust Bldg. 601 Construction Bldg. Portland, Ore ................ _3S5 Everett Street ..... 1621--17th Street San Francisco. Calif. ............... . J65 Tenth Street ..... 2051 W. Lafayette Blvd. St. Louis, Mo. .......... .....906 Chemical Bldg. .......... .State life Bldg. Seattle, Wash ...........,,..,,303 Alaska Bldg. Washington, D. C____ 418 Washington Loan Trust Bldg. ` PRODUCTS Centrifugal Pumps For All Purposes--Single and Double Suction, Single and Multistage, Horizontal and Vertical. Steam Pumps--Duplex and Simplex, Inside Packed and Outside Packed. -Vacuum Pumps and Condensers. Class "S" Double Suction Centrifugal Pump Horizontally divided casing. Extensively used with air washers, and for circulating systems and booster service. Centrifugal Condensation Return Pump and Receiver Also built vertical with receiver pit. Especially adapted for low pressure boilers. Automatic in operation. Duplex Steam Pump and Receiver Automatic Sump Pump Self contained. Ball bearing thrust. Entirely automatic. Can be furnished for high or low boiler pressure. Complete Descriptive Catalogs Furnished Upon Request 754 \ I Decatur Pump Company . Decatur, 111. Pumps buna Ant Grout N^OPER-TURBB^^ PUMPS Onlyone moiMyfpait A SATISFACTORY CONDENSATION RETURN UNIT TO INSTALL Pumps water alone to high pressure. Pumps air and water mixed to high pressure. ' ' . Operating working pressure .100 lb.; using Series 41100. Stainless steel, acid-proof, non-cor roding shaft-carried in oversize ball bearings. Tank of. copper-bearing steel; iV-in. shell; J--in. top. and bottom, welded con struction. Impeller and Raceway of Cast Bronze Balanced hydraulic load--insuring mini mum torque. . '- Series 4700 Condensation Return Unit The Burks Condensation Return Unit is made in two styles--Series 4700 and Series 41100. The two styles are capable of han-' dling the condensate of heating systems covering a range of from 2,000 to 12,000 sq. ft. of steam radiation. Condensation computed on basis of .25 lb. of water per hour per square foot of radiation. Gravity return to receiver tank. Low pressure on radiation. The entire unit is sturdy and built for service. Due to extremely compact con struction, the Series 4700 Unit can be in stalled to occupy a floor space of only 24 in. sq., and the larger Series 41100 Unit occupies a floor space of only 40 in. sq. The pump capacities range from 180 to 1,080. g.p.h. The condensate range is from 60 to 360 g.p.h. These Units handle hot water in a highly satisfactory manner. Will Not Steam Bind When ordering Burks Condensation Units, always furnish the following, in formation : Total number of square feet of radiation to be served. ' Operating,-pressure (pop setting) of heating boiler used. . Kind of current available. . Direct Current, show voltage. If Alternating Current, show cycles, . voltage and phase (1,2 or 3 phase). Construction Features Only one moving part--no metal-tometal contact. Self-priming--Pumps air alone to high pressure. 755 Series 41100 . Condensation Return Unit / i Sq. Ft. .diation Pump in Min. Unit No. . 1Sq. Ft. Direct ^ [ Radiation 1Air Cap.-- C.f.m., 10' | Vacuum Water Pum| Capacity, G.p.m. 1Size Return Inlet , in Inches Pump , Discharge i in Inches Approx. Floor Space in Inches Pumps GO PUMP COMPANY SEWAGE-CONDENSATION-CIRCULATING BILGE- FIRE-HOUSE-VACUUM 2330 Wolfram Street Chicago, 111. PRODUCTS--Electric Centrifugal Pumps, Sewage, Bilge, Fire, House, Circulating, Pneumatic and Tankless Water Systems, Con densation. Vacuum, Cellar Drainers . List of Representatives . Arizona, Des Moines, St. Louis, ' South Carolina, Phoenix, J. W. Ladlow H. F. Willis, 521 Securities Foster Mechanical Equip. Greenville, James McCabe Alabama, . Bldg. ' Birmingham, C. P. Leibold Sioux City, Wigman Co. Co. Montana, .Tennessee, Chattanooga, ' California, . . Daienpori, , Butte, Southern Sales Co. Los-Angdes, Smith Booth Usher Co. : - San Francisco, Jenison Machinery Co. A. R. Boudinot . Kansas, Wichita, J. M. O'Connor Kentucky, Sullivan Valve k Engr. Co. New Jersey, . Newark, R. B. Brown New York, Knoxville, S. T. Weaver Memphis,. Southern Sales Co. Nashville, Colorado, Pueblo, M. R. Schwer k Co. Denver, A. Wallace k Co. Connecticut, . Hartford, Boiler Equipment Co. . 'District of Columbia, Washington, W. L. Ticer Florida, Coconut Grove, Louisville, Wallace Hoeing, Louisiana, ` ' New Orleans, H. J. Kelly Shreveport, Ace Combustion Engr. Co. Maryland, Baltimore, J. J. Smith Massachusetts, Boston, Monahan Pomp Equip. Co. Buffalo, Bushneil-Feiton, Inc. New York, Chicago Pump Co. Rochester, R. C. Schwan Utica, H. F. Bantham North Carolina, Greensboro, F. L. Bunker Ohio, Cincinnati, - Southern Sales Co. Texas, Amarillo, Clowe k Cowan Fort Worth, Sprekelmeyer-McDonald Houston, Dalton-Heyne Co. San Antonio, Daltob-Heyne Co Utah, ' R. H. Magruder Co. Michigan, C. R. Lingo Engr. Sales Co. Salt Lake City, . Jacksonville, G. E. Osgood Detroit, Chicago Pump Co. Cleveland, L. Brandenberger Tampa, H. G. Carter Georgia, * ^ Atlanta, J. R. Whitman Savannah, Bergen k Peck Grand Rapids, C. H. Alexander Saginaw, R. R. Kimble Minnesota, Chicago Pump Co. Columbus, J. T. Seiders Toledo, M. C. Griffin Oklahoma, . Virginia, Richmond,.- ` Virginia Equip, k Supply Co. - . . Illinoib, Peoria, C. E. Kallister Co. Indiana, . Fort Wayne, Domestic Sales Co. Indianapolis, W. P. Whittington Co. Iowa, Des Moines, E. B. Carr Minneapolis, Cash Co. Mississippi, ' Jackson, ' . Paine Machinery Co. Missouri, Kansas City, . J. M. O'Connor Springfield, Harry Cooper Supply Co. Oklahoma City, Federal Steam Spec. Co. Oregon, Portland, D. R. Munro Pennsylvania, ` Philadelphia, Culbert-whitby Pittsburgh, F. W. Rockstraw Co. West Virginia, . Charleston, H. DeB.Miner , Wisconsin, t k Milwaukee, : Swisher Maurer k Co: Washington*. .' Seattle, Chicago Putnp Co. Spokane, W. B. Starky . Vertical Condensation Pump and . Receiver . Tables partial only (ask for Bulletin 133) t| 1-c CL S) .< *e CV 0 d led s-s u. > is Is *3 u oiu. ' D to 31 OO IS OO .2 g Q*3 1650 1651 3,000 10 " 17 Vi % 5 24 1652 . " 22 1 1654 6,000 10 1655 . " 17 'A 10 Vs 24 " 1656 22 1 1658 10,000 1659 -* 1660 * 10 17 22 'A V. 1 15 24 " .* 1662 15,000 14 Vs 21 24 1663 * 18 1 * " 1665 25,000 1666 " 17 16 Vs 1 35 " 30 * a1668 40,000 1669 * 10 14 Vs 55 \ 30 " 1670 21 l'/l * Vertical ' Condensation PumP Fig. 1940 Horizontal Condensation Pump and Receiver Designed for capacities up to . 150,000 sq. ft. of direct radiation and boiler pres sures to suit any job. ." F. C. Condensation Pump Fig. 19$1 ASK for Bulletins 129,131 and 133 for complete information and tables on Con densation Pumps. 756 Chicago Pump Company Pumps "CONDO-VAC" Condensation ' Vacuum Vacuum and Boiler Feed Pumps Fig. 1990. Single "Condo-Vac" "Condo-Vac" is a Return-Line Con densation Vacuum and Boiler Feed Pump. It is a complete unit--having a base and receiver, motor, air and water pumps, float switch, vacuum regulator, automatic starter, strainer and pressure and vacuum gauges---completely wired and ready for installation as it leaves the factory. VCondo-Vac" has a centrifugal air pump. Air and water pump are on one shaft, driven by one motor. Stuffing Boxes are free from vacuum or pressure--no injury to shaft caused by tight packing and no air drawn into pump through stuffing box. All fittings for pump interior are made of bronze. Inlet is very low-- only 10 inches off floor on smaller sizes.' ' "Condo-Vac " is very quiet in operation. Oversize ball bearings used. Operating principle eliminates close clearances and their natural noises and early wear. Made in single and duplex units for systems up to 100,000 sq. ft. direct radiation and for pres sures up to 35 lb. ASK for Bulletin 137. The Receiver of the "Condo-Vac," which also serves as a base, is made of cast iron. The construction of the receiver . eliminates the necessity of a special founda- . tion for the pump and forms an ideal base for the pump proper. A heavy cast iron base carries the motor and is adjustable for various motor heights' --base provides plenty of ventilation for motor. ASK for Bulletin 137. ' ARCHITECTS' SPECIFICATIONS DUPLEX "CONDO-VAC" Furnish and install where indicated on plans, a duplex `Condo-Vac," centrifugal condensation and vacuum return line pump as manufactured by the Chicago Pump Company. This unit shall be a complete duplex pump mounted on one cast iron recover together with all apparatus necessary for duplex automatic vacuum and float switch control. Each pump shall have a capacity ofsq. ft. of direct radiation and shall have a pressure oflb. at the pump discharge. Cast iron recover shall be so arranged that inlet will not be more than 12 in. from the floor, rump casing wh^ll be horizontally split. Suction strainer shall be placed between vacuum pump and receiver. Each pump shall be equipped with two out-board ball bearings. Control apparatus shall include two enclosed, fused, main line switches, two enclosed float switches, two enclosed, automatic, vacuum switches, two manual vacuum cut out switches, and two enclosed automatic starters providing overload and low voltage protection. Each unit shall be controlled by its own vacuum switch and float switch, and piping and wiring shall be so arranged that either unit can be operated independent of the other. All wiring and electrical connections between motors and . control apparatus will be made when equipment s assem bled at the factory. The entire pumping equipment is to be shipped from the factory in a complete unit, leaving only wiring between electrical service ana motor and piping connections between inlet to receiver and discharge of pump, to be done after pump has been shipped. "CONDO-VAC" TABLES* For 10 lb. Pressure at 1,720 r.p.m. 1. Ss! oJ~S X-SlC 2601 8000 1 5 12 2602 16000 IV, 10 24 2603 26000 2 16 39 2604 40000 3 21 60 2605 65000 S 36 96 2606 100000 7<A 52 140 2 48x56 3 w, 56x60 3 1 Vi 60x62 4 2 66x62 4 2 74x66 6 3 86x68 For 20 lb. Pressure at 1,720 r.p.m. 2609 6000 . I'A 5 12 2610 16000 2 9 24 2611. 26000 3 15 39 2612 40000 5 19 60 2613 65000 7V, 34 % 2614 100000 10 52 140 2 1% 48x56 3 IV, 56x60 3 v/z 60x62 4 2 66x62 4 2 74x66 6 3 86x68 Other tables for 35IbTpressure in Bulletin 137. HORIZONTALLY SPLIT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS--For all Purposes Fig. 1981, Duplex "Condo-Vac" Fig; 1881 Type "D" Single Stage Single and Multistage Centrifugal Pumps for hot or cold water circulating, boiler feed, booster and other work. Capacities up to 2,000 g.p.m. Pressures up to 310 lb., ASK for Bulletins 101 and 103. . .757 Pumps Economy Pumping Machinery Co. 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, 111. District Sales Offices Baltimore; Md. ,,........................ $22 Park Avenue Detroit, Mich.........................517 E. Lamed Street Boston, Mass.............. :....................141 Milk Street Fort Wayne, Ind...............225 E. Columbia Street Chattanooga, Tenn............ _..215 West 7th Street Indianapolis, Ind..... -Architects & Builders Bldg. Dallas, Texas.................2017 Cedar Springs Road Jacksonville. Fla......................660 College Street Montreal, P. Q., Can_____1072 Beaver Hall Hill Horizontal Centrifugal (For Clear Liquids) Single-Stage Multi-Stage Horizontal Centrifugal- Pumps are gener ally used for water supply, either with overhead tanks or directly into mains as boosters. They are also used for various other services, such as boiler feeding, hot water circulation, filter swimming pool circulation. They are truly general- purpose pumps. The double-suction single-stage pumps embody up-to-date hydraulic develop ments with exceedingly high efficiencies. Their mechanical design is unusually rugged, so that they are fitted for con tinuous service. Specifications-are given in Bulletin. No. 408. The high-pressure multistage horizontal split-case pumps have one-piece bronze diaphragms which eliminate leakage be tween stages. A volute or spiral in every' stage results in high-pump efficiency with out the use of diffusion vanes. The thrust is eliminated with a hydraulic balancing device. See Bulletin No. 414 for'specifica tions. ' Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps Capacity Total Gal. per Head in Min. Ft. Water Size Disch. and Type of Pump Motor Hp. Num Approx. ber of FloorSpace Stages In. Capacity Total Gal. per Head in Min. Ft Water Size Disch. and Type of Pump Motor Hp. Num Approx. ber of Floor Space Stages In. 20 30 20 115 20 - 240 50 20 50 60 50 . 175 50 275 I'/i-SS 1-AS LAS IVVSM i'/4-sm LAS 1-AS Va 1 23 56 11 21 56 10 4 16x30 18x41 18x46 18x42 18x42 18x46 22x54 250 30 3-MF 3 1 -22x48 250 125 15 1 24x60 250 240 25 3 . 34x72 250 600 3-EMF 60 7 .34x98 F500 40 4-MG 500 80 4-MG . 1 26x64 1 26x64 500 200 3-ME 40 1 34x72 100 30 2-SM Wl 1 20x46 100 100 2-MD 5 1 20x46 too 200 2V2-EMF 10 4 24x62 MOO . 500 2'A-EMF 25 8 24x75 150 30 21/2-SM 3 1 20x46 150 60 2V2-SM 5 1 20x52 150 220 2'/J-EMF 15 4 24x62 150 300 20 6 24x70 150 750 60 8 34x98 750 750 1200 1200 3000 3000 3000 40 5-MH 200 5-M 30 6-MJ 200 5-M 80 &.M 140 8-M 200 8-M 10 75 15 100 100 150 250 26x64 34x84 34x70 34x98 42x106 48x112 56x124 For intermediate sizes or gizes not listed refer to Bulletins No. 408, 414, 415 and 416. 758 Pumps Economy Pumping Machinery Co. 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, 111. District Sales Offices--(Continued) Cleveland, Ohio...... ..... 1603 St. Clair Ave., N. E. Mgw Orleans, La_______ ___ 807 Howard Avenue New York City.__.......................... 39 Cortlandt Street New York Central, - 32 Pershing Drive, Scotia, N.Y. Oklahoma City, Okla. Philadelphia, Pa.'.......... Pittsburgh, Pa...... .......... St. Louis, Mo.................... San Francisco, Calif. .710 N. Hudson Street ................. Bourse Bldg. ................. Fulton Bldg. .709 North Euclid Ave. ....... Monadnock Bldg. Non-Clogging Centrifugal Pumps (For Pulpy Liquids) _ Made in all sizes and capacities, both horizontal and vertical, for pumping raw sewage, industrial wastes, paper pulp, food pulps, etc. They are extensively used for ejection of sub-basement drainage from buildings, in municipal sewage lift stations, and in place of conveyors in industrial plants. In addition to the pumps, we are in a position to furnish com plete sewage pumping apparatus consisting of tanks, valves, fittings, piping, electric motors, automatic control, etc., all factory assembled and ready for erection. Our engineering department is in an excellent position to assist in the layout of such equipments, whether for buildings or municipalities. Economy non clogging pumps have several important patented features which make for longer life, lower main- tainance cost. Write for Bulletins 412 and Horizontal Non-Clogging Pump 413 describing them.- Duplex Submerged Non-Clogging Pump Selection Table Non-Clogging Pumps All Types Capacity * Total Head in Feet per Min. 15 20 25 30 40 50 Vertical Open Shaft 100 150 300 500 750 1000 1500 2000 3000 Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.... Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.. .. Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.. .. Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.. .. Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.. .. Size..................... -Horsepower...... Rev. per min.'... Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.... Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.. .. Size..................... Horsepower........ Rev. per min.. .. 3 1'/2 1150 3 2 850 4 2 850 ' 4 5 850 6 T'h 850 6 T'h 850 8 10 670 8 15 670 10 25 670 3 t'h 1150 4 3 850 4 3 650 6. 5 850 6 T'h 850 6 10 850 8 15 670 8 20 670 10 30 670 3 2 1150 4 5 850 4 5 850 6. T'h 850 6 10 850 8 15 850 8 15 670 10 25 670 10 40 850 3 .2 1150 4 5 850 4 5 850 6 T'h 850 6 10 850 8 15 850 6 20 850 8 25 850 10 40 850 4 5 1150 4 5 1150 4 Vh 1150 6 15 1150 6 15 1150 8 20 850 8 25 850 8 30 850 10 50-- 850 4 5 1150 4 5 1150 4 10 1150 6 15 1150 6 20 1150 8 25 850 10 40 850 to 50 850 10 60 850 We also manufacture a complete line of pumps for clear seepage in capacities from 7 g.p.m. up to 7,500 g.p.m. .....-- Send for bulletins showing other speeds and capacities. The above is only a con densed table. Use Hoffman Economy Vacuum and Condensation Pumps See Pages 806*807 for Capacities 759 V! Pumps Goulds Pumps, Inc. Seneca Falls, New York New Yohk, 16 Murray SL & 19 Park Place Tulsa-------705 Kennedy Bldg. Pitisbubgh----------636 H. W. Oliver Bldg. Philadelphia................. .....111 N. Third St Chicago...... 12-14 S. Clinton St. AiLANTA..Citizen and Southern Bank Bldg. Boston......................... -194 Congress St CLEVELAND-Union Trust Bldg. Houston__ 1902 Second Nat'l. Bank Bldg. Manufacturers of Pumps for Every Service PRODUCTS--Centrifugal Pumps for all purposes--Single and Double Suction, Sump, Fire, Single and Multistage, Horizontal and Vertical. Triplex Pumps. Single and Double Acting, Deep Well, Power Rotary, Pressure Pumps, etc. Goulds Pumps, manufactured since 1848. comprise a line of hand and power pumps, including types and sizes for practically all pumping services. Every Gould' Pump sold is guaranteed to give reliable, satisfactory service under the conditions for which it is recommended. The power pumps can be furnished for belt, chain, gear or direct drive from all types of drivers. Condensation Return Pump and Receiver Takes care of the condensation from heating plants up to 15,000 sq. ft. of direct radiation, based on % lb. of condensation per square foot per hour or 10,000 sq. ft. of radiation based on 3d! lb. of condensation per square foot per hour. Outfits shipped from stock completely, assembled! Pump--Ball bearing centrifugal type, two stage, bronze fitted. Requires no lubrication. Pump Shaft and Float Rod--Oper ate through stuffing boxes to prevent leaks. This enables outfit to be used under pressure. Float Rod cannot bind. Tank -- Heavy, galvanized, welded steel, 24 in. in diameter by 40 in. high. Tank has two inlets both tapped for 3 in. pipe, 8 in. below top of tank. Tapped for vent connection, and fitted with drain opening. 1-in. dis charge from pump to boiler. Motor--% hp. 1750 np.m.,110-220 volt, 60 cycle repul sion induction motor or % hpr 110 or 220 volt D.C. motor. Capacity--20 gal. per minute; Maximum Direct Radiation, 15,000 sq. ft.; Maximum Discharge Pressure, 17 lb.; Height Overall, 64% in.; Weight 350 lb. "Pyramid" Double Acting Power Pump, Sizes, Capacities, Etc.--(based on 200 ft. elevation). Made in five sizes, .2% x4 in. to 5% x 6 in.; square foot of radiation, based on the condensation of one-third of a pound of steam per square foot of 1 radiation surface per hour, 7500 to 75,000; for vacuum steam heat system, 700 to 7000 sq. ft. radiation; horsepower at catalog rating for cold water or condensa tion % to 5 hp., for vacuum steam heat systems % to 1% hp.; weight, 170 lb. to 980 lb. When used as a condensate pump, a pump twice the required capacity should be selected so that pump will run intermit tently. If temperature of water'exceeds 160 deg. fahr. it must flow to the pump. For handling condensation, in connection with steam heating plants, hot water, mine service and general water supply. For Belt Drive--For heads up to 200 ft. With tight or loose pulleys. For Gear Connection to Electric Motor--(Form C Drive). For heads up to 200 ft. Includes pump, cast iron bed plate, gear and pinion for connection to motor; motor not included. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Pumps Complete Outfit Including Electric Motor-- (Form Q Drive). For heads up to 100 ft. Furnished only in the 2% x 4 in. size. Includes purqp, motor bracket, gear, pinion and motor. Form Q Drive supplied with % hp. motor, 110, 220, 32 volt D.C. motors and 110 or 220 volt A.C. motor, single phase. 60 cycles. Four-Stage Centrifugal Pump Vertical Self Priming Type--Fig. 1776. Capacities up to 25 gal. per minute. Heads up to 23 ft. For pit depths of from 1% to 5 ft. Shipping weight 107 lb. Pump has cast iron casing and priming chamber. Bronze impeller with stainless steel shaft working in bronze bear ings. 1 in. discharge. Motor is M hp. mounted on pit cover. Furnished for 25 or 60 cycle A.C. or for D.C. circuits. Equipped with motor protecting Sentinel Breaker and 8 ft. of cord with plug. Double pole type switch. Copper float with brass rod. This New Standard Model is a 4-stage vertical split ball bearing pump for direct connection to electric motors. It is made in two sections with two pairs of opposed impellers which balance the thrust. This pump covers an extremely wide range of capacities and heads making it suitable for use in connection with humidi- tying systems, for boiler feeding, as a house booster pump, for circulating brine, for Horizontal Self Priming Type--Fig. 3034. Two sizes, capacities 1 in. size up to 30 gal. per minute; 1% in. size up to 50 gal. per minute. Heads up to 20 ft. Approximate weight, 100 and 250 lb. This type is equipped with special priming chamber making it entirely auto- made for pit depths of 3% ft. Minimum diameter drainage pit, 1 in. size, 13% in.; 1% in. size, 16 in. handling gasoline and light oils, and other equipment requiring a circulating pump. Bronze Fitted Pumps--Have bronze impellers, stainless steel shaft, -bronze water seal rings and bronze bushings. ' All Iron Pumps--Have all parts coming in contact with liquid of iron, except stainless steel shaft. Pump size is 1 in.; r.p.m. from 1750 to 3450; capacities from 5 to 80 gal. per minute according to head; motors %, 1, 5 and 7% hp.; domestic shipping weight 200 lb.; for bedplate for 5 and 7% hp. motors add 30 lb. Automatic Cellar Drainers Pump is bronze fitted. Discharge 1 in. or 1% in. Pump shaft is connected to motor shaft by flexible coupling. Motor is repulsion induction type. Double pole type switch. Copper float with brass rod. Centrifugal Sump Pump--Fig. 3013 Electrically driven, directly connected to motor. Single stage, single suction. Used to elevate drainage in buildings to street level, where the basement floors, boilersand eleva tor pits are below sewer level, and for any other service where liquid accumulates in a catch basin, pit or tank. Pump casing and impeller are regu larly made of close grained gray cast iron. Capacities up to 600 gal. per minute, heads up to 70 ft. Motors, %. M, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 % hp. Pit depths from 3 to 16 ft. Standard pit diame ters, 36 in. and 42 in. Complete out fits includes Pump, Motor and Control Equipment. Also furnished for belt drive when electri city is not available. For pit depths up to 8 ft. Centrifugal Sump Pump Fig. 3013 761 The Nash Engineering Company Plant and General Offices * South Norwalk, Conn., U. S. A. Sales Offices Atlanta..................................... 152 Nassau Street, N.W. Birmingham. ...................................... 2224 Coiner Bldg. BostonTM..........................................25 Huntington Avenue Buffalo.................... .............317 Chamber of Commerce Butte, Montana______ _______ 910 Arizona Street Chattanooga.........................................1104 James Bldg. Chicago..........:................................. 925 Monadnock Block Cleveland__:...............................1600 Union Trust Bldg. Dallas........... ..................... 1020 Mercantile Bank Bldg. Denver.................................................1226 California Street Detroit....... ........................................... ..................... Kerr Bldg. Indianapolis..937 Architects & Builders Bldg. Kansas City, Mo.......................... 314 W. Tenth Street Los Angeles........................... 1224 S. San Pedro Street Louisville.............................. ,....................901 Realty Bldg. Memphis--........................... ;............1714 Exchange Bldg. Miami......................................... ........ 113 N.E. Third Street Minneapolis................................... 808 La Salle Avenue Montreal.--.................................. 417 New Birks Bldg New Orleans.................................... ........344 Camp Street New York, N. Y--....................................Graybar Bldg Oklahoma City, Okla........... 1217 West 44th Street Omai/a--.............................................------------------- Baum Bldg. Philadelphia__________________ .254 South 15th Street Pittsburgh._.,,..................... .......... ....1430 Oliver Bldg Portland, Ore-- ............................... .224 Pine Street Richmond--...301 American National Bank Bldg St. Louis....................................... .4200 Forest Park BlvdSan Antonio, Tex..... 412 Builders Exchange Bldg Salt Lake City, Utah.................. .............. Dooly Bldg' San Francisco..................................... ............ Sharon Bldg. Seattle....................................................518 Fourth Avenue Toronto.................................................. 90 Chestnut Street Vancouver--........................................... 410 Homer Street Washington, D. C........................................... Barr Bldg Wichita, Kan........................................... 808 Brown Bldg | Pump Size | Equiv. Direct Rad. Sq. Ft. Water Capa . city G.P.M. A ir Capacity Cu. Ft. per Return line and air line mvacuum heating pumps. Con densation pumps. Standard ' and suction centrifugal pumps. House service pumps. Sewage ejectors. Sump pumps. Com pressors and vacuum pumps for air and gases. " Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump Removes air and condensation from the return line of vacuum steam heating systems; discharges the air to the atmos phere and returns the water to the boiler. Two independent units are combined in a single casing--an air unit and a water unit. Impellers of both are mounted on the same shaft. The pump is bronze fitted throughout. The air unit exhausts air and vapors and delivers these to. the atmosphere without back pressure. The water unit removes condensation and pumps it directly into, the boiler; Horsepower is saved, with a proportionate reduction in cost of current. Supplied either direct connected to standard electric motors, for belt drive, or for steam-turbine drive. For continuous or automatic operation against pressures up to 40 lb. Capacities of Jennings Vacuum Heating Pumps MOTOR H. P. 10 lb: 201b. 301b. 401b. T U V 2500 5000 10.000 4 194 B 16.000 22 <: D E F *C 26.000 40.000 65,000 100.000 150.000 35 6900 140 200 H 300.000 400 3 3 96 1159 34 50 117012 H 1X 2I'A 3 5 170 'A VAt 1 2 3 5 150 15 1 I'/l 1 3I'A . 2I'A 5 55 5 7i/2 175 'A 10 15 upon request upon request The last two sizes are not of the manifold type. Condensation Pump and Receiver. Removes condensation from radiators in return-line steam heating systems and pumps condensation back to the boiler. Compactness is secured by making the pump casing a part of the return tank, and bolting the motor base to the tank. The pumpman be in stalled in a corner against the wall. Jennings con densation pumps are furnished in standard sizes with capacities ranging from 4 to 22 g.p.m. of Jennings Motor-driven Condensation Pump water. For serving up to 150,000 sq. ft. equivalent direct radiation. 762 The Nash Engineering Company Pumps Centrifugal Pump For circulating hot and cold water; boosting city water pressure; handling water in air washing and conditioning; removing condensate from heating systems, blow-down from soot blowers and super heaters; exhaust drips from steam ejector air pumps and other auxiliaries; screen wash water, oil engine jacket water, ash sluicing water. Compact -- motor armature and pump impeller are on the same , Jmmn" shaft. Simplicity--no bearings in pump casing, only one stuffing box. Accessible-- pump impeller can be removed without breaking pipe connections, touching pack ing, or disturbing shaft alignment. Supplied in 1J, 1}^, 2, 3, 4 and 6 in. sizes for handling up to 1200 g.p.m. Heads up to 250 ft. Bronze fitted pump is standard construction. Also furnished in all-bronze or all-iron for special service. Centrifugal Pump Operating With Suction Lift ' When the Jennings Suction Centrifugal is started, the built-in Nash Hytor Vacu um Pump exhausts the air from the casing and suction piping. Water is quickly drawn into the pump. Full rated capacity is delivered without delay. ' Successful performance is assured under conditions where water level is likely to fall. Intermittent operation is possible without the need for a foot valve. F urnished in 2, 3, 4 and 6 in. sizes for capacities up to 1200 g. p. m. Heads up to 100 ft. Either bronze fit ted or all Joining* Suction (Self-Priming) Centrifugal Pump bronze con struction. Sewage Ejector For pumping unscreened sewage or drainage from basements below the street sewer level; handling crude sewage from low level districts; pumping effluent, sludge and other heavy liquids. The Jennings Sew age Ejector is of the pneumatic type. A Nash Hytor Com pressor is used as the motive power to pump the accumu lated sewage from a pot to the sewer. Air is compressed, delivered, and used only when required. Penning Sewage Ejector There are no air storage tanks, reciprocating air compres sors, or screens. Air valves are avoided. Furnished in standard sizes for handling from 30 to 1500 g.p.m. Heads up to 50 ft. Compressors and Vacuum Pumps for Air and Gases The rotor, consisting of a cylindrical hub around the periphery of which are cham bers formed by heavy shrouds cast in tegrally, revolves in an elliptical casing filled with water. As the rotor turns, it carries the water with it. The water under the influence of centrifugal force, follows the contour of the casing, and alternately enters and leavesthe rotor chambers. As the water recedes from the rotor, air Sectional View of the Naeh Hytor is drawn into C,,omp-.ressor or . Vacuu_m. .P.ump, the chambers through the in- .. let port. As the water is forced back into the rotor, the air is compressed and then discharged through the outlet port. A separator frees the compressed air of entrained moisture. Supplied in standard sizes for handling up to 5000 cu. ft. of free air per minute. For discharge pressures up to 20 lb.; vacu ums up to 20 in. of mercury column. Cast iron standard construction. Bronze fitted, solid bronze and other alloys furnished special. Bulletins No. 10. Nash Hytor Compressors. No. 11. Mash Hytor Vacuum Pumps. No. 52. Jennings Standard Centrifugal Pumps. No. 85. Jennings Return*Line Vacuum Heating Pumps, manifold type. No. 87. Jennings Vacuum Heating Pumps, unit ------ manifold type. No. 97. Jennings Suction Sump Pumps. No. 99. Jennings Condensation Pumps. No. 103. Jennings Sewage Ejectors. Type B. No. 108. Jennings Sewage Ejectors, Type A. 763 Pumps (Hot Water Heating Circulator) The Rochester Circulator Company 3092 Culver Road, P. O. Box 23. . . Rochester, N. Y. The Rochester Circulator, for Hot Water Heating Plants, Domestic Hot Water Systems, Ice Water Circulation, or for circulating any liquid in a pipe system under a balanced head Forced Circulation on every Hot Water Heating System represents the most mod ern method of obtaining efficient heating in all types of buildings. The equipment now,.. made available to the Heating Engineer : and Contractor, through the development of the Rochester Circulator, brings a re markable improvement in existing heating plants, whether they be open systems or equipped with the latest pressure regula tors. With the Rochester Circulator installed piractically full boiler temperature will be maintained through every part of every radiator and the boiler temperature^ will always be much lower than is possible without the Circulator. It is not necessary to maintain a big temperature differential between the flow and the return lines in order to secure circulation, while the effec tive average temperature at the radiator remains the same as before. This means much lower temperature of the. escaping flue gas, and a corresponding economy in fuel consumption. Room temperatures are maintained practically constant, as the de mand of the thermostat is met instantly in the radiator--there is no long time lag as invariably exists in a system depending on thermal circulation, pressure or otherwise. Every radiator, regardless of its position relative to the boiler, is maintained at practically full boiler temperature from end to end, and from top to bottom, even though that radiator be served by flow and return pipes dipping below the boiler level, as in a separate building. On new jobs the cost, including the Rochester Circulator, is less than without it, for the engineer has complete freedom in running his pipes past obstacles, etc., his calculations are greatly simplified, and usually smaller boilers and less radiation will amply take care of the maximum demand, due to the' increased operating . efficiency of the system. On a sluggish system the Rochester Circulator is almost indispensible. ' The first cost of the Rochester Circula tor is low; its installation is very simple and inexpensive and its operating cost is very small. In fuel saving it will quickly pay for itself and its installation. It never interferes in the slightest degree with natural circulation, as the full area of all the flow or return pipes is maintained throughout. There are no flappers or check valves to corrode and stick. : The Rochester Circulator is made for every different pipe size, from 1J4 to 12 in. All the return lines-, or in some cases, the flow lines, are brought through one tee of equivalent size, installed as an elbow, arid - the Rochester Circulator screwed into the . extra run opening of that tee, exactly like a pipe plug. . .. Sizes and Capacities of Rochester Circulator ' Size and . Size of No. Tee Plug Nominal Motor Shipping Capacity H.P. Weight Gallons per Hour &Ift 'ft 1/20 24 450 2 1/20 25 . 750 Vi IVlsWirl'/l 1/20 26 1.500 3 3x2x3 2 1/20 27 2,700 3ft 3'/2x2x3/2 2 1/20 28 5.120 4 - 4x3x4 3 1/10 45 ` 8.250 V/&1A4Vi 3 1/8 . 47 10,000 5 3 1/6 . 50 13.500 6 6x6x6, 6x3 Bush. 3 1/4 65 16,500 7 7x7x7, 7x3 Bush. 3 1/3 100 18.000 8 0x8x8, 8x3 Bush. 3 1/3 125 21.000 10 10x10x10, Flanged 3 3/4 250 25.500 12 12x12x12. Ranged 3 1 300 36,000 Note.--6, 7 and 8 in. Circulators are shipped mounted in the corresponding Standard bushings; 10 and 12 in. Circula tors are shipped mounted in Companion Flanges. .. The nominal capacities, given in the table above repre sent one-half the pitch velocities of the standard marine propellers, and are much lower than the capacities obtained . in actual average installations. . - ' Write for-full data and prices. " 764 Pumps Skidmore Corporation General Offices and Factory: 1535 Dayton Street, Chicago, U.S.A. Sales and Service Offices Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore. Md. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago, III. Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland. Ohio Dallas, Texas Denver, Colo. Des Moines. Iowa Detroit, Mich. Garnet. N. Y. Grand Rapids, Mich. Houston, Texas Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas Citt, Mo. Little Rock, Ark. Los Angeles, Cauf. Memphis, Tenn. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. Nashville, Tenn. New Orleans, La. New York. N. Y. Oklahoma Citt, Okla. Omaha, Nebr. Peoria, III. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. Y. Canadian Representatives and Manufacturers--DARLING BROS,. LTD. Rockford. III. San Francisco, Calif. Seattle, Wash. Spokane, Wash. St. Louis, Mo. Tampa, Fla. Toledo, Ohio Tulsa, Okla. Montreal, Que. Skidmore Vacuum Pump Interceptor base gives low water-line operation without pitting. Uriit sets directly on floor--no necessity of a concrete base. Occupies small floor space, simple in design and sturdy, high efficiency. Having no close clear ances, valves or gears, the Efficiency Remains Constant. Send for Bulletin 6 IUustration of Skidmore Condeneation Pump The Skidmore Condensation Pump The same high-grade construction as in our Vacuum Pumps: bronze fitted throughout, cast iron tank, ball bearings. Due to novelty in design, pump has lower water line control than many others which in many instances makes pitting unnecessary. Motor and float mounted high above danger of being submerged. Centrifugal pump is accessible without disturbing piping. Send for Bulletin No. 7 Size Capac- H. P. Motor Gallons ity Sq. Ft. IOLbJ20Lb. Roat Stops Gallons Per Minute Pumped Weight Inlet Disc 10# 20# C 71 2.000 M C 22 7.000 C 41 4.000 a C 47 4.000 C 61 6.000 I* C 62 6.000 C 81 8,000 a C 8? 8 000 C10I 1,0000 a CI02 1,0000 CI21 1,2000 ft. CI27 1.2000 CI61 1.6000 ft CI62 1,6000 C261 2.6000 VsC262 2,6000 C40! 4 0000 Ift (J402 4.0000 ft ft Vi ft ft Vs Vs i 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 18 18 18 18 18 18 25 25 25 25 4 2m 1' 325 4 l" 1' 350 6 2' V 325 6 2* r 350 8 2- i* 325 8 r \* 3M 11 2m 1ft' 325 11 l" 1 Vs' 350 13 Ift* 44t 13 1 Vs" 460 16 2ft" IV," 46C 16 2ft' IV," 470 22 2ft' IV," 46t 22 2ft' IV,' 470 35 r Ift' 495 35 Y ift' 515 60 Y 7- 525 60 Y 2- 550 Illustration of a Skidmore Automatic Vacuum Pump Size Capacity of 5q. Ft. of Pump Radiation Gals, of Water per Min. Motor H.P. 10 Lb. Motor H.P. 20 Lb. Size of Companion Ranges For Returns Size of Discharge to Boiler 0 ... | 2 3 4 5 6 7 5.000 8.000 16.000 26.000 40.000 65.000 100.000 150.000 118 22 35 60 90 150 200 V, 1 1 IV? - ft' 2" - IV? 2 23 2W . y 35 y 5m 7V? 10 10 15 Y Y Y .. 1' I'/." W," ift* 2" 2? 2ft' pressure furnished on request. 765 Pumps The Trane Company La Crosse* Wis. See Unit Heaters, page 679; Heat Cabinets pages. 654-665; Heating Specialties, pages, 83S-839. BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES TRANE PUMPS Circulating Pump Heavy Duty Circulating Pump Condonation Pump, f00 Serie, The complete Trane Line of Pumps in cludes condensation pumps, sump, pumps, circulating and booster pumps--both low and high pressure for water, brine, or liquids ordinarily encountered in the process industry. All Trane pumps are of the centrifugal pumps. Due to advanced engineering design they develop higher efficiencies and require smaller motors than the average centrifugal pump. On the smaller pumps three-quarter horsepower motors do work that has always required one or one-andone-half horsepower. On the larger pumps TYl hp. motors do work that ordinarily requires a 10 hp. motor. The condensation pump units are fur nished completely hooked up and ready to install. All electrical equipment is wired ' according to National Code requirements. Complete* data, roughing-in dimensions, and capacities for all sizes of pumps will be . sent on request. _ * ' CAPACITIES Ptimn Radiation NoT in Sq. Ft. Mill. Cal. Min. Max. Unit Complete Pres. Motor at H.P. See Notes Pump Approximate Ship. Wt., Lb. Pump No. 4m 415 420 430 440 610 615 620 630 640 810 815 820 830 840 850 1010 1015 1030 1030 1040 1050 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 6000 6000 . 6000 6000 6000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 ioooo 10000 IOOOO 1io0o0o0o0 IOOOO 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 9-12 9-12 9-12 9-12 9-12 12-16 12-16 12-16 12-16 12-16 12-16 15-20 15-20 J5-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 10 15 20 30 40 10 15 20 30 40 10 15 20 30 40 50 10 15 20 30 40 SO % ''A/? Vt V. '/. Vt % y. % 'h 'A y V, 2 'A 8 Vi 250 275 275 275 300 400 425 425 450 450 400 425 425 450 450 550 425 450 450 475 475 650 1510 1515 1520 1530 | 1540 1550 2010 | 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050 [ 2510 2515 2520 2530 2540 2550 Data on larger sizes will be furnished upon request. 766 Radiation in Sq. Ft. 15000 15000 1.5000 15000 15000 15000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 25000 25000 25000 25000 25000 25000 Min. Cal. Per Min. Max. Unit Complete Pres. Motor at HP. See Note* Pump Approximate Ship.Wt. Lb. 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 10 15 20 30 40 50 Vi y%* 1 2 3 525 550 550 575 625 650 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 10 15 20 30 40 50 % \ 1 2 2 3 550 575 575 625 '625 650 . 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 10 15 20 30 40 50 1 1 3 3 575 575 600 625. 650 650 ] \ Radiator Enclosures Schleicher, Inc. Factory: Gary, Indiana Manufacturers of Slyker Metal Radiator Furniture Representatives in all Principal Cities Specialists in the manufacture of Radiator Enclosures for Cast Iron Radiators, Free standing floor types. Wall mounted or Recessed. Finned type radiators, including Recessed Linings and Paneied fronts. Housings and tops for Fantom radiators. Housings for Industrial heat units. Access Panels to plumbing and heating pipes or other concealed equipment to which quick access is desired From a. report (Bulletin 192) entitled " Investigation of Steam Radiators with Enclosures and Shields by A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz, M. K. Fahnestock and S. Konzo, all of the University of Illinois" appearing in the June 1st and 15th issues of Domestic Engineering, we quote the following: - ``23. Performance of Enclosures--A Comparison of the six types of commercial enclosures tested may be made from Table 3. From this table it is evident that the most satisfactory combination of all of the factors involved was obtained with en closure No. 3. Since the degree of comfort produced is probably the final criterion for judging the performance of any given heating unit, the mean temperature inlthe zone from the floor to the breathing level is the most important factor involved. With one exception, the highest mean temperature below the breathing level was obtained with enclosure No. 3." Detailed drawings--architects size--for the asking. Tell us your problem and.we will illustrate the answer. `'We Say It With Drawings" Access Panel Model A shou'ing anchor straps and plaster grabs Type C J--2 recessed lining and grill for finned radiation 767 Housing for industrial type unit heater Radiators, Brass BOSTON' CHICAGO CORPORATION A 1 East 42nd Street, New York CLEVELAND PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH Representatives in Principal Cities * ST. LOUIS Robras 20-20 finned type radiators are scientifically designed non-corrosive extended surface radiators, especially developed to utilize the advanced principles of heating, wherein the heat-surface is enclosed, either within the building wall or a casing. ' Robras Radiators utilize the enclosure as a stack within which they induce a positive movement of the heated air, expelling it horizontally, with sufficient velocity to insure a uniformity of heating throughout the adjacent space never before achieved without fans. Thus the Rome Brass Radiator Corporation endorses this modern Method of Heating as incomparably superior to former practice, affording uniform comfort, economy, effective control, freedom from enormous weight and bulk, and freedom from intrusion upon the decorative scheme. Robras Finned Type Radiators are made entirely of brass and so constructed that they will withstand ordinary steam pressures. As indicated two stamped brass side plates are electrically welded around the edges and down the center in two places. The brass radiating fins are applied at right angles to the surface. Shouldered nipples between sections are firmly screwed into octagonal spacers to prevent distortion of the brass walls. End,, caps are screwed on to the" shouldered hippies at each end section. Robras Radiators are sectional as described and the sections are assembled in one or two tiers according to the space available.: They may be any number of sections deep. By the use of special fittings sections may be connected vertically or horizontally as illustrated. . Sections of Robras Radiators are from 18 to 70 inches in length and are conservatively rated from sq- ft. to 25 sq. ft. so that 100 sq. ft. of Robras Radiator can be set in a space 4 in. deep, 12 in. high and 70 in. long. * The ratings of Robras Radiators have been determined frqm carefully prepared tests and are guaranteed, when radiators are properly installed,-arid other conditions of $he heating plant are correct. Robras 20-20 radiators are rated E. D. R. (Equivalent Direct Radiation)>,Their ratings in square feet are given on Pages 770 and 771. * Special attention is called to the fact that, due to their construction and the method of rating, it is unnecessary to increase Robras 20-20 radiation 25 per cent, or any other quantity, because of the enclosure. When the amount of radiation to be installed is known, determine the recess space available. Suppose that it is required to install 42 sq. ft. E. D. R. in a recess under a window. The approximate recess dimensions are 40 in. long by 24 in. high by 6 in. deep. The draft head can be determined by subtracting approximately 10 in. from the available height of the wall space to provide for top and bottom grilles and overlap of enclosure. In this case, the approximate draft head would be 12 in. and reference should be made to table on Page 770 under this heading. Select a section length nearest to the length of recess available arid refer to capacities under length of section and opposite 5)4 in-' depth of radiator. This would give a rating of 31)^ sq. ft., which is insufficient and a two-tier radiator should, therefore, be selected. By using the above method and referring to tables on Page 771 a rating of 42 sq. ft. will be found for a radiator 32 in. long and 5)4 in deep which would meet the requireirients. The space requirements for installing valves and traps must be considered. If used on a two* pipe system, the supply connection could be horizontal and the return vertical. If used on a one-pipe system, supply connections could be either vertical or horizontal. 768 Rome Brass Radiator Corporation Radiators, Brass If an intermediate draft head is available, that is, one between any of those shown in this catalog, the footage may be estimated for that particular height as the heat output of any radiator increases proportion ally with the increase in draft head and vice versa. An important feature to be kept in mind, is that any type of front used must have two openings, one at the floor line, the other at the top of enclosure, preferably in the front face. In no case must the front be made of one large grille. Such a front prevents the proper circulation of air and cuts down the effectiveness of the radiator, unless backed by a sheet of metal or other material to form a proper flue. Where connections looking down are used, at least one inch ofspace is needed at the ends of the radiator, that is, the recess need be only two inches ' longer than the section. Recess lengths for other assemblies may be determined by reference to pages 8 to 11 of our catalog and adding necessary length to accommodate valves and traps. .. Typical Specifications, for Robras Radiators Robras Furnish and install where shown on plans and called for in the specifications, Radiators Robras Radiators of the finned type as manufactured by the Rome Brass Radiator Corporation, 1 East 42nd Street, New York City. All radiators shall be shipped completely assembled with the connections tapped in accordance with the manufacturers' schedule. All Robras Radiators shall be installed in a horizontal position with the low end generally 4 in. above the finished floor and shall be pitched in accordance with dimensions furnished by the manufacturers. Radiators may be supported on standards made of % in. iron nipples with a floor f\ange at either end. Radiator Recesses All recesses for Robras radiators shall be lined with No. 26 gauge sheet metal, backed with approved insulation. Sizes of recesses shall be as shown on plans, but general details may be obtained from the Rome Brass Radiator Corporation Engineering Catalog. (Where desirable, our enclosures or lining and fronts separately can be used.) . Radiator recesses shall be provided with fronts having face openings above and below the radiator as shown on de tails. The Free Area of the bottom open ing or grille shall be not less than 30 per cent of the top face area of the radiator. The Free Area of the top opening or grille shall be not less than 40 per cent of the top face area of the radiator. (The top face area of the radiator is its depth from front to back multiplied by the section length). Bathroom Units Each bathroom unit shall be furnished complete with a white lacquered metal cabinet 8 in. high and may be supported by the pipe connections only. (Note that on one-pipe steam jobs small angle iron brackets will be required for these units). Robras Bathroom Units shall be so in stalled as to have the grille at the top. 769 Rome Brass Radiator Corporation Radiators, Brass Rome Brass Radiator Corporation Radiators, Brass Typical One Tier ROBRAS SO-SO Installation Showing Front Elevation and Section Capacities of Enclosed ONE TIER ' ROBRAS 20-20 Radiators Capacities are shown in the square foot equivalent of standard direct cast iron radiation. One square foot equals 240 B.t.u. per hour in a 70 deg. room with steam at 215 deg. and one pound pressure DRAFT HEAD Is measured from bottom of radiator to bottom of OUTLET GRILLE L---Section Length 18* 22'- 26' 32' 38' 44' 50* 60* 70* 4a * 1 1' Total Number of Sections in Rad. A--Face 1'Tap lw Tappings 1%'Tap 20%'. D--Overall Depth of Rad. Sq, Ft. 23>/,' 24'/,' Sq. Ft. 27)/,' 33V.' __28%' 34'/;' Sq. Ft. Sq.Ft. 39V.' 40V;' Sq. Ft. 46'/;' Sq. Ft. JIV.' 52'/;' Sq.Ft. 61V.' 62'/;' Sq.Ft. 71V.' Sq. Ft. 2 3'/.* 3 5'/.' . 4 63/.* 5 8%' 6 9%* 2 33/.' 3 4 5 6 93/> 9 If4 2*/; 9'/; 14'/. 19 23'/. 28'/; 12 in. Draft Head ip/; 13'/; 171/. 201/, 23 27 28'/. 33'/, 34'/; 40% 1 17'/, 25*/. 34% 51% 18 In. Draft Head 21 31 Vi 42 52/2 ' 63 P 61'/. 73% 28 42 56 70 84 34 51 ' 68 85 102 88 25 31'/. 37>/; 15 22'/; 30 37% 15. 19 sa .s* si 45 56'/, 67% 26% 66% 79% Si' 61 88 37 W1 w 40 60 ,, 80*-' 100 120 43% 65% 87 1083/, 130% 2 33/.' 3 5'/." 4 ' 63/.' 5 8'/.' 6 93/.' 21 26'/. 31'/; 24 in. Draft Head 13'/; 16 20 si. 29 20% 24 30 43/2 27 32 40 49 58 333/, 40 50 61% 72/2 40% 48 60 73% 87 33 2* 40 60 60 100 120 47 70/j. 94 . H7/2 141 - 2 3. 4 5 6 '' 33/.' & 8'/.' 93/4' 11 16% 22 27>/; 33 30 in. Draft Head 14 17 21% 26 21 25% 32% 39 28 34 43 52 35 42% 53'/, 65 42 51 64% 78 30% 45'/, 61 76% 91'/; 35 521/; 70 87% ro5 42% 63'4 85 IO6/4 127% 50 75 100 125 150 Where top outlets are used, decrease amount of required effective radiation 10 per cent and use capacities shown above. 770 Capacities of Enclosed TWO TIER ROBRAS 20-20 Radiators Capacities are shown in the square foot equivalent of standard direct cast iron radiation. One square foot equals 240 B.t.u. per hour in a 70 deg. room with steam at 215 deg. and one pound pressure. DRAFT HEAD fs measured from bottom of radiator to bottom of OUTLET GRILLE ' L--Section Length 18' 22' 26' 32' 38' 44' 50* 60* 70* Total . Number of Sections in Rad. A--Face '//Tap 20* 24' 28' 34' 40* 46' 52" 62' 72to Face of Tapping* 2" Tap 21' 25' 29* 35' 41' 47' 53' 63' 73' D--Ov erall Depth o Rad. Sq. Ft. Sq.Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. 12 In. Draft Head 4 6 6 (0 12 3'/.' 5%' 63/,' 8%' 9*/,' 38 29 36% 43% 18 . 27 36 45 54 22 33 28 42 34 51 40 60 45% 68>/$ 55 ,82/2 65 97/2 44 56 68 80 91 no . 130 55 70 85 100 113'/, 137/2 162/2 66 84 102 120 136% 165 195 18 in. Draft Head . P *4 6 8 10 12 3'/,' a? 8%' 9'/,' 16% ' 24*/, 33 41 41% 51% 49% 61% 25 SA %A 31% 47% 63 783/, 94% 96% 115% 45 67/j 90 112/2 135 51% 77% 103 1283/, .154% 156% 187% ..88 147 183'/, 220% 24 in. Draft Head 4 6 8 10 12 33/,' . $ 9V.' 17% 26*/, 35 m 45 58 55 88 69 41% 61% 83 49 73/2 98 56 84 112 68 102 136 '80 120 160 43'/, 52% 56% 67V, 68 62/2 86% 103% 103'/, 124% 122/2 147 140 168 170 204 200 240 SQ In. Draft Head 4 6 8 10 12 3'/,' 5%' 6*/,' S'/,' 9'/,' 19% .88 29% 39 49 30 45 60 88 75 . 45% 68% 91 53% 80% 107 61 ,.8 91/2 122 -149 87% 131% 175 483/, 58% 61% 73% 75 . 90 933/, H2l/; 113% 136% 133'/, 160'/; 152/2 183 186% 223% 218'/, 262% Where top outlets-are used, decrease amount of required effective radiation 10 per cent and use capacities shown above. 771 . Radiators, Gas, Steam James B. Clow & Sons ' (ESTABLISHED 1878) General offices: 211 N. Talman Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Manufacturers of CLOW GASTEAM RADIATORS CLOW G ASTEAM HEA. TING COMPANY: Sales Offices Baltimore, Md718 N. Howard Street Birmingham, Ala.1131 8. First Street Little Rock, Ark....... Boston, Mass:250 Stuart Street Lubbock, Texas Buffalo, N. Y------------------------------- ___991 Main Street Louisville, Ky.. .. Charleston, W. Va407 Broad Street New York, N. y. Clarksbubo, W. Va___________________ 14 Arcade Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio-....-..*_______ 1076 Union Trust Bldg. Norwood, Ohio. Oakland, Calif. Dallas, Texas__2009 Main Street Parkersburg, W. Va'.. Detroit, Micb--...____ .1311 Buhl BldgPort Worth, Texas.---------808 First Nat'b Bank Bldg, Philadelphia, Pa___ PnrRBURQH, Pa........ Houston, Texas------------- --- ----------------- .2919 Main Blvd. San Antonio, Texas..... Huntington, W. Va--1414 Fourth Avenue San Francisco, Calif.. Jacksonville, Fla_________________ ____ 230 Adair Bldg. San Jose. Calif. Kansas Crrr, Mo______ _8 West lOtii Street Tampa, Fla........ Lexington, Kt._--___107 Barr Street Wichita, Kans............ .......-....215 Home Ina. Bid? ......... 307 Temple Ellis Bide' ................. Ml E. Broadway .............. 2276--12th Avenue ........... 2702 Melrose Avenue ................ 363 Hobart Street .... -----....... S20 Avery Street -506 Bailey Warehouse Bide. ............... 502 Wabash Bide ........................ 1111 Broadway ...............571 Mission Street ..............123 S. Third Street .......... 3822 San Juan Street .............. 225 S. Main Street Representatives Coshocton, Ohio--JS. C. Smoker................................................................... . Dayton, Ohio,,6IS Mutual Home Bldg Los Angeles, Cauf.-:1866 W. Cordova Street.......... Nevt Orleans, La818 S. Fdert Street........................................................... Oklahoma City, Okla._........_................. J W. Main Street............... Phoenix. Aavl--~___ ...181 E. Harrison St................ Shbevepost, LaJt& Rutherford Avenue. Toledo, Ohio__________ ____ _____ __ ____ --6888 Lakeside Avenue.......... Tulsa, Okla...___-__ __________St$ E, Fourth Street................................... ..James B. Clow & Sons ..... .--Bacon A Saunders ..Williams Radiator Co. ...Dawson Heating Co. -Gasteam Radiator Co. -...............Dale Sbreeve .... Barrow Heating Co. ...........H. E. Turner Gasteam Radiator Co. Glow Gasteam Radiators A unit steam heating system, using gas fuel, suitable for heating a single small room or an entire large building. Notable installations include the International Nickle Company, Huntington, W. Va.; South Water Market, Chicago; MetroGoldwyn-Mayer Studios, Culver City, California. Clow Gasteam radiation combines the advantages of gas fuel and steam heat - with greatest operating efficiency. Each Gasteam radiator is a com . plete heating unit in itself. There is no central boiler, steam piping, or water piping. Below the steam columns is a gas burner, completely enclosed in cast iron. An automatic regulator maintains a run ning steam pressure of approximately 5 lb. A filling cap permits periodic re plenishing of the water chamber, necessary every two to four weeks. . ; Independent operation of each Gasteam radiator makes possible large fuel econo mies not possible with a centrally operated heating plant. Only those Gasteam radiators need be used when and where heat is needed. Quick steam heat is always ready for short periods, or for continuous operation, without starting up the whole heating system. No heat is wasted in an unused basement, or in long steam transmission lines. Furthermore, because no central . 772 James B. Clou) & Sons Radiators, Gas, Steam boiler, or fuel storage space must be pro vided, the need for a basement is largely eliminated. Or, in buildings already built, this basement space can be used to much better advantage for other purposes. Approved Clow Gasteam is listed as standard by the Underwriters Laboratories and ap proved by the American Gas. Associa tion Testing Laboratory. Rigid tests by health departments and municipal boards also have resulted in their being uncon ditionally approved. (See City of Balti more, Smith Emery, E. Vernon Hill and. Rice Institute Test Data).* -Vented and Unvented Unvented Clow Gasteam radiators deliver the moisture produced by the com bustion of gas directly into the room air. This is highlydesirable in dry climates, mak ing additional humidification unnecessary. In relatively damp or cold climates this additional moisture is undesirable. Vented Clow Gasteam radiators dispose of the moisture they produce through a vent con nection and stack to the outside air. Generally it is not necessary to provide for all vented radiators in an installation. Except in very damp or very cold climates, where all vented radiators should be pro vided, a combination of vented and un vented Clow Gasteam radiators will pre vent excess moisture. Four-Tube Unvented 38 Inches High No. of Sections Eauiv. Sq. Ft. of Radiation 4 6 . 8 10 ' 12 15 32 48 64 80 96 120 . Four-Tube Unvented 26 Indies High . >t 8* 10 12 15 . 20 30 40 50 60 75 Four-Tube Unvented 22 Inches High 4 12 6 18 8 24 10 30 12 36 15 45 Six-Tube 2 3 Unvented ' 4 5 6 7 31 Inches High 8 9 10 28 40 53 65 77 89 101 113 125 Six-Tube Unvented 26 Inches High 2 22 3 32 4 43 ' 5 53 6 63 7 72 8 82 9 91 10 100 Four-Tube Vented 38 Inches High 5 28 7 39 9 so 11 61 13 72 15 ' 83 20 110 25 137 Four-Tube Vented 26 Inches High 5 7 911 13 15 20 25 15 21 27 33 39 45 60 75 Send for A. I. A. No. 29, f. 4 Catalog, "Clow Gasteam Heating Systems," free on request. ' \ 773 Radiators National Radiator Corporation General Offices: Johnstown, Pa. NATIONAL PANEL RADIATION NATIONAL Panel Radiators are designed for installation beneath windows of Public Buildings, Office Buitdings, Apartment Houses, Hospitals, Schools and Dwellings. They can be installed flush with or recessed in the wall, thereby saving valuable floor space. *v4 ateam or Tfiler. ' - * rvi x ii>vrd: iyi inch top find bottom both ends. Bushed to meet requirements. CONNECTIONS; Assembled with extra heavy Malleable Iron Push Nipples. .. VENTS: All Panel Hadiatore regularly furnished with Steam and Water Vents. ' Guaranteed Heat Emission of 240 B.tu. per square foot listed rating in room temperatureof 70 F. with steam at 215* F. Diameter of rod holes Yi in. ' National Bonded Boilers and National Aero Radiators are described on pages 598, 599 and 600 774 Radiator Hangers--Concrete Inserts Healy-Ruff Company Manufacturers of E-Z Radiator Hangers and Concrete Inserts 776 Hampden Avenue, St. Paul, Minn. PRODUCTS E-Z One-Bolt Radiator . Hanger or Bracket, for hang-, ing all makes of wall and tube radiation. E-Z Concrete Inserts, for all pipe hangers. E-Z RADIATOR HANGERS Style "R" places radiator 1J4 In. from wall, but is not adjustable for baseboard ad justment. All Style "R" hangers con vertible, with parts No. 5 and No. 8, Into Style "H." Both styles are made for wall, column and tube radia tion. ; All parts made of pressed steel except bottom hook support. Style R Style H Style C All column and tube radia tion is held in at the top with an invisible washer. Style "C" hanger will hang tube radia tion, wall radiation, and the new "fantom" radiation. Fully adjustable horizontally Advantages and vertically and has adjustments for irregular walls. Can be furnished for Easy to clean under the radiator. hanging either or 2)^ in. from wall. Anchor bolts can be placed in walls Style "C" is a complete hanger, no nipples during construction. No accurate measure beingrequired. All parts made of pressed ments required since hangers have both steel. horizontal and vertical adjustments. (Vertical, adjustments on Styles H and R Typical Specifications made with ^ bi. pipe). All radiation, unless otherwise noted, Only one bolt in the wall for each hanger. shall.be supported on wall by means of Expansion can not affect anchor bolts E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style------ or in wall. equal, and approved in writing by the Entire hanger invisible when installed. architect, arranged to support the radia Adjustable for any height of baseboard. tor------ in. from the wall. Saves time and labor. Applicable towalls of wood, brick, tile E-Z Concrete Inserts (7 in 1) or of any other material. An insert with special features making it adaptable to all sizes of pipe hangers, whether supported by pipe, bolt, rod or t-Z 1N5ERT SLOT HO 2 rod #` AMD 96' ROD OR. band iron. Advantages--Made in just one size, and this one size accommodates 34, 34 in. MACHINE COLT irr foa fk'Hur AND BOLT rOROABC IRON CONNECTION stor no-1 roa-H* ABD-J4' Pi91, Ott and-H* rod *. MACHINE DOLT -STANDARD PIPE OR. ROD-COT TO ANY LCHOTH C-Z-fiUTTOd pipe, 34. Ys> 34. % and % in. rod or bolt. Ball and socket connection between in sert and hanger. Fully Adjustable--Allows play to com pensate for expansion and inaccurate alignment of inserts. p-Z Button turns in the insert--no couplings or turn-buckles needed. "Make Pipe Hanging Easy." 775 i Refrigerating Machinery York Ice Machinery Corporation General Office York, Pa. Direct Sales and Service Branches in Principal Cities Complete Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Installations for all Types and Sizes, of Industrial and Commercial Applications Spray Type Air Conditioner Coil Type Air Conditioner Air Washer Vertical Single Acting Semi-enclosed Carbon Dioxide Compressor Goil Type Air Conditioner: . A self-contained unit for cooling air by means of water, . brine, carbon dioxide, methyl chloride or ammonia. Coil design insures maximum efficiency. Low speed fans designed for quiet operation. All parts gal- , vanized. Exterior casing lacquered finish. Adapted to thermostatic control with defrosting feature. s Spray Type Air Conditioner: Complete self-contained air conditioning unit requir-' ing minimum space and including air washer with refrigerating coil air heating coils, fan and motor, . pump and motor and temperature and humidity con trol, all assembled as a single unit. _ Compute Self-Contained Refrigerating Unit - Air Washer: . Galvanized iron copper and copper air washers of extra heavy construction, especially designed for re frigerating duty for water or brine. Washers furnished. with or without coils. Adjustable self-cleaning mist nozzles insure maximum humidifying efficiency. Vertical Single Acting Enclosed Ammonia Compressor Refrigerating Equipment: Complete ammonia and carbon dioxide refrigerating plants of capacities suitable to any commercial instal lation. The design of York compressors provides minimum clearances in the compressor working cylin ders, low lift, large area valves, automatic lubrication of all bearing surfaces, quiet operation and a minimum amount of expert attention. / - 776 Registers and Grilles The Auer Register Co. Cleveland, Ohio MANUFACTURERS OF REGISTERS, FACES AND GRILLES FOR HEATING AND VENTI LATING; WROUGHT METAL GRILLES FOR CONCEALING AND PROTECTING RADIATION Cold Rolled Steel, Sheet Brass, and Bronze, any Size 10 Gauge and Lighter Steel in all Standard Finishes, 12 Gauge most popular PLAIN LATTICE DESIGN Design No. 8A 5A 3A 9A tOA Holes Vz* sqV.'sq. Vs* sqIV." sq. Bars v.w v.V." Opening 50% 64% 70% 75% 85% UNION JACK Design No. Squares Bars Multiples I2A r 2Vi' v*m 2%' *qI w w y q. I4A i v w 3W qy w 3'/z* q I6A 3V," 4' sq. 3%' w W >q. 20A 4'/,- %* #/l sq. OBLONG MESH No. Opening Bars Opening I5A 'A' 67% I7A 2A.V. 72%. DIAGONAL MESH No. 6A % in. sq. holes 14 n. bars DIAGONAL With fractional Mesh around margin. Designated as No. 18A. LOUVER REGISTERS _ In all sizes and finishes for all purposes. The above shows Pole operating Register. No. 4A Moorish Design, 51% Opening Openings lM in. Bars A >n. Multiples 2 in. sq. -- i v*_ Metal Doors for Clothes Chutes, SHELL DESIGN--Design No. 13A, 50% Opening Switch Boxes, etc. Invisible doors for access to radiator valves can be incorporated. All grilles can be made into registers with operating or stationary louvers. 777 Registers and Griffcs^ Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. ' Established 1846 441 Lexington Avenue, New York Boston...........................................36 Portland Street Chicago..................................407 S. Dearborn Street Kansas City......... ..................704 East 18th Street San Francisco.............................. _v...Phelan Bldg. TUTTLE & BAILEY MFG. CO. of Canada. Ltd., Bridgeburg. Ontario, Can. Send for "GRILLES"--a textbook on choosing, layingout and fastening all types of grilles Registers-- All types of. standard registers in stock. Special sizes and brass and bronze registers in plain lattice and special designs--to order. Grilles-- Perforated of steel, brass, bronze, Monel metal, and aluminum sheets, in several designs to sizes specified. Grilles (Ferrocraft)-- Cast of iron, brass and bronze metals, in plain lattice and decorative designs. Ferrocraft Cast Iron Grilles have the lati tude in design that makes it possible to harmonize radiator concealment with the decorative plan of the room, and by their delicacy of line in metalcraft add distinc tion to the interior furnishing. Ferrocraft Cast Grilles in Period designs, combining the artistic with the practical, are offered to discriminating Architects and Engineers as the solution for covering ducts and concealing radiators, to the satis faction of those who appreciate, the best. They are made to specification of size, material, design and finish. Our catalog "GRILLES" illustrates more than 150 different designs. Radiator Cabinets-- Many attractive styles made of furniture metal and designed to meet both technical and artistic requirements. To order only, to fit any radiator and surrounding con ditions. .. Radiator Fronts-- For recessed radiators, in- attractive designs and with or without new. type . Sliding, damper for easy air control. \ Fixed Louvres-- ^- Of stamped steel; design and construction, of the National Board\of Fire Underwriters. Ferrocraft Grille--Design 121 778 Specialties, Heating frames cJones 9 128 Brookside Avenue, Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass. New York Office: 101 Park Avenue . Barnes & Jones Improved Modulation Vapor and Vacuum Systems of Steam Heating; Modulating Radiator Valves; Thermostatic Radiator Traps; Thermostatic Traps for medium and high pressures; Condensators (Boiler Return Traps); Blast Traps; Drip Traps; Vent Traps; ' Strainers; Damper Regulators; Gages. . - Barnes & Jones Service The Barnes & Jones organization offers an advisory4; f consulting service, believing that the manufacturer . heating system often is in the best posi tion to give practical assistance in the solution of heating, problems. On request, members of our staff will con sult with and advise engineers, con tractors or users as to the most advan tageous manner in which Barnes & Jones apparatus can be installed and operated. When desired, our Service Department will furnish installation details and work with engineers, contractors or users to gain the best results in installation or operation. Barnes & Jones Modulation Valves Made in the angle type, in sizes from )4 to 1)4 in. "Renewable disc seat. Size Valve. Capacity, Inches Sq. Ft. 'h 30 V* 60 1 100 l'/4 180 1'/, 250 Barnes & Jones Vent Traps The air from a Barnes & Jones Vapor System is discharged to the atmosphere through a Barnes & Jones Vent Trap, with a float valve to prevent dis charge of water and ball check valve to allow free discharge of air but prevent its return into Vent Trap the system, thus enabling . Barnes & Jones Vapor Systems to operate in many cases under vacuum conditions, with a resultant saving in fuel. B. & J. Thermostatic Radiator Traps Made in )4, J4, 1 and 1)4 in. sizes. . Size Valve, Water Inches Hour, Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Coils C. I. Radiation 30 . 80 1 200 i'/. 400 100 125 240 320 600 800 1200 1600 Barnes & Jones Blast Traps Combination float and thermostatic traps with an air and water capacity large enough to take care of the condensation from the largest vento stacks, dry kiln coils, hot water heaters and other units condensing large quantities of steam at low pressures. Made in sizes from 1 to 2)4 in. Capacities to 5000 lbs. of water per hour. Barnes & Jones Condensators For returning the water of condensation to the boiler from open return line systems independently of boiler pressure, without change in operating conditions, without air binding, or admitting steam to the re turn side. Blast Trap B. & J. Blast-Drip Traps, Type BD For use on drips from supply mains and risers and on returns from water heaters and indirect stacks. Float-controlled valve governs discharge of water; thermo statically-controlled valve allows passage of all air but prevents passage of steam. Made with J4 in. tappings. 779 Specialties, Heating The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., Cleveland, Ohio 4901-4915 Hamilton Avenue, N.E. Baltimore, Mo------- Building Service Co., 404 St. Paul St. Birmingham, Ala., . Quin W. Stuart, American Traders Bk. Bldg. Boston, Mass.................. .The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Bridgeport, Conn................E. A. Seeley. 55 Calvin Street Chattanooga, Tenn____ -S. Roberts. 215 West 7th Street Chicago. 111........ ..... ....... The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Cincinnati. Ohio, ' Cooper Pogue, 950 Chamber.of Commerce Bldg. Denver Colo.... .............The Daly Co.. 1635 Blake Street Detroit, Mich-------W.-Hawley & Co., 6032 West Fort St. Duluth, MiNN._-.The C. C. Ferguson Co., 809 Torrey Bklg. Los Angeles. Cali?., Mr. John Dowd, A-65 Chamber of Commerce Bldg. Memphis, Tenn.___ M. T. Crumley. 1366 S. Lauderdale St. Minneapolis, Minn____The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. New Yore, N. Y.______ The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Oklahoma Cut, Oxla..,,_____ Federal Steam Specialty Co. Philadelphia, Pa., Alexander A McDevitt, 2313 Walnut St. Pittsburgh. Pa._.........._The Bishop A Babcock Sales Co. Richmond, Ya...... .........Virginia Equipment A Supply Co. Scotia, N. Y....... .................F. E. Dwyer, 32 Penhing Dr. Spokane, Wash.... ..... _.............. Heating Assurance, Inc. Washington, D. C.....--Edward A. Maginnis, Bond Bldg. Heating Specialties--Temperature Conti I--Ventilating Equipment--Unit Heaters Special Modulation Valve B. 6* B. Multiflex Trap No. 6 Multiflcx Pneumatic Radiator Valve Bishop & Babcock manu factures a complete line of Heating and Ventilating Equipment. Its products comprise all devices and apparatus used in up-todate vacuum and vapor Heating Systems, Tem perature Control and Ventilating Systems. It is entirely practical for an engineer and architect' to standardize with Bishop &' Babcock apparatus, thus insuring a uniformity in design and operation not to be found in equip ment of varied manu facture. Bishop & Babcock has been manufacturing heat ing, ventilating and tem peraturecontrol apparatus tor many years; its installations including many of the most prominent buildings in all parts of the country. Type B Massachusetts Air Washer Single Width Squirrel Cage Fan Type C Unit Healer (Ceiling) All Metal Thermostat Our Engineering Data Book, pocket edition,, will be mailed upon request. 780 Type V Unit Heater (Floor) Specialties, Heating Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore. Md. Boston, Mass. Charlotte, N.-G. Chicago, III. . Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Denver, Colo. Cochrane Corporation 3120 North 17th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Brandi Offices Detroit, Mich. Harrisburg, Pa. Hazleton. Pa. Houston, Texas Indianapolis. Ind. Joplin, Mo. Kansas Citt, Mo. Knoxville, Tenn. Los Angeles, Calip. Memphis, Tenn. Minneapolis. Minn. New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y Oklahoma Citt, Okla. Phoenix, Abie. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Richmond, Va. Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Salt Lake Citt, Utah San Francisco. Calip. Scranton, Pa. Seattlb, Wash. ENGLAND, Norman Engineering Co., 23 Budge Row, LONDON Stracuse, N. Y. Toronto, Ont. Montreal, Quel Halifax, N S. Calgart, Alta. Winnipeg. Man Havana, Cuba Paris, France PRODUCTS--Open Feed Water Heaters; Closed Heaters; Deaerating Heaters; Metering Heaters; Hot Process Water Softeners; Pressure Filters;-Steam and Oil: Separators; Steam Purifiers; Back Pressure Valves; Drainers or Traps; Dischargers; Blow-off Valves; Flow Meters for steam or water in pipes; V-Notch Meters; Automatic Boiler Blow-offSystems; Automatic Returns Vent Traps, etc. Slogan: " To Economize, Cochranize." Feed, Water Heaters The Cochrane open heater heats the water to steam temperature and serves as a hot well or return tank and as an automatic cold water regulator. Storage heaters of both direct contact and surface types are supplied. Stainerless Conical Filters A new im proved design for clarifying water for drinking,, washing, swimming pools, in dustrial pro cesses, boilers, etc. Pressure Filter with Single Control Valve Multiport Back Pressure Valves , Combined Deaerator and Hot Water Generator Deaerators Deaerators heat the water and expel oxygen and other gases from water and thereby prevent;`corrosion in piping, economizers, boilers and heating systems. They cure the "red water" trouble. Coch rane Combined Deaerators and Hot Water Generators have been specially designed for low basement engine and boiler rooms. . Steam and Oil Separators remove liquids or solids from steam. Steam sepa rators protect engine or turbine, increase efficiency and improve lubrication. Oil separators make ex haust steam as good as low pressure live steam. Steam and Oi Separator These valves differ from the ordinary back pres sure valves in that a num ber of Small disks are used instead of one large disk, thus reducing the size, weight and . travel of the disks and insuring Multiport Back Pressure Valve absolute safety. Traps and Drainers The Cochrane Drainer removes condensate or drips from low or high pressure heating or drying coils, radiators, jackets, steam and oil separators, etc. Due to the balanced valve it has tremen- dous discharge capac ity, exceeding 600,000 ` lb. per hr. The Coch rane automatic re turns vent trap voids air from vacuum pump while holding pressure on condensate so that it will flow to heater. Drainer 781 >. t Specialties, Healing Combustion Specialties Corporation 101-109 East 144th Street, New York . Manufacturers SDRAmiM; ICOHlsTOI For all types and sizes of Heating and Hot Water Supply boilers in Apartment Houses, Buildings, Churches, Garages, Green houses, Institutions, Schools and Residences. DRA FT-BA LA NCER installation with Mercoid Automatic Control and Manual Cut-Out Switch showing operation of Double Ball ond Socfeel Joints with Ttiescoding SUevt Specifications: Consists of cast iron or aluminum housings bolted directly to ash-pit of boiler. Damper door oyer intake controls volume of air de livered by Sirocco fan wheel. Fan is direct con nected to Century, G. E., or Leland motor. A por tion of the air delivered by the fan is diverted over the fire by piping or metal flexible hose from orifice in adapter casting to double ball and socket telescoping coupling. This air is de livered to diffuser on inside of fire-door and sprayed over the fire for consuming the monoxide gas as it is distilled from the coal. Operation is governed by Mercoid or Contactor type of automatic control. The DRAFT-BALANCER enables the burning of Buckwheat No. I cool without increasing the tonnage consumed or attention necessary to the fire over that required with the use of Egg, Stove, Nut, or Pea anthracite. This is due to the unique feature of creating a balanced air supply over and under the fire, together with the carefully studied-out engineering principles which assure positive, accurate, quiet operation. WHAT COMBUSTO IS: To quote the late Walter S. Timmis, past president of the American Society ofHeating 6* Ventilating Engineers: "Combusto is a system carefully studied, tested and developed for each individual different case and provides means for supplying the necessary diffused and heated air (oxygen) over the fire to properly complete in the second stage the combustion begun in the fuel bed by distillation of gases." . WHAT COMBUSTO DOES: "Combusto is of cast iron cellular structure, the air is heated on passing through thi9 structure and is then discharged through a large number of small apertures over the fire bed. The amount of air thus admitted having been carefully computed for the required conditions, the result is practically perfect combustion, which to the user of Combusto results in-- Economy of fuel Fewer firings .. Complete combustion of fuel, hence-- A finer ash and reduction of clinker Elimination of coal gases ' Means for producing a steady even heat." STYLES: Combusto is manufactured in 28 basic styles--each style is capable of adjustment to meet specified conditions. Suit able styles are manufactured for practically any type of heating plant and for all sizes and grades of fuel. Definite estimates can be submitted at once if manufacturer's name and number of boiler is sent to us. 782 COMBUSTO Saves coal and labor--maintains even heat with less draft : Aids draft u/ith undersize chimneys Specialties, Heating G. M. Davis Regulator Company 407 MILWAUKEE AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. New York Office, 71 Fulton Street Manufacturers of Automatic Valve Specialties Pressure Regulator-- Diaphragm Type . Large diaphragm insures sensitive action under low service pressures as required in heating. Steam Trap--Continuous Flow Type Duplex balanced valves give unusually large capacity. Works on any pressure without alteration. Will discharge into a vacuum line. Fig. 40S Pressure Regulator --Piston Type Automatically makes any pressure re duction. Has visible action and may be hand tested. Float Valve--Globe and Angle Patterns Used on makeup line to open tank---maintains constant level. Has no internal packing--closes tight. Can not stick. Fig. 4&6 Back Pressure Valve A noiseless, double ported, semi-balanced valve for maintaining exhaust steam pressure of 201b. or less. Specialties, Heating C. A. Dunham Company General offices-. Dunham Bldg., 450 East Ohio St., CHICAGO, ILL. Factories: Marshalltown, Iowa, Michigan Cm, Indiana and Toronto, Ont., Can. Special Sales Office, Washington, D.C. (Munsey Bldg.), CoL W. H. Riblet Eastern Division Offices 101 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. Central Division Offices , 450 EL Ohio Street, Chicago, ill. Western Division Offices 617 W. 7th Street, Loe Angeles, Calif Albany, N.Y., 91 State St Allentown, Fa., u S. 5th St Baltimore, Md., 218 Water St. Bangor, Maine, 104 Exchange St. Boston, Mass., 136 Federal St Buffalo, N.Y.. 232 Delaware Ave. Clarksburg, W.Va., 212 Exponent Bldg. Greensboro, N.C., 915 American Bank Bldg. SALES OFFICES EASTERN DIVISION Greenville, S.C., P. O. Box 563 Harrisburg, Pa., 2216 N. Fifth St Huntington, W*Va., 530 First Hunt ington National Bank Bldg. Johnstown, Pa., 244 Market St Kingston, Pa., 302 Kingston Corners Bldg. Newark, N.J., 972 Broad St New Haven, Conn., 30 Whitney Ave. New Yore, N.Y., 101 Park Ave. Philadelphia, Pa., 1500 Walnut St Pittsburgh, Pa., 3002 Grant Bldg ' Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 38 Fulton Ave Providence, RI., 49 Westminster St Rochester, NY., 972 MercantileBldg. Syracuse, N.Y., 306 0. C. S. B. RIH. Trenton, N.J., 219 E. Hanover St, Washington, D.C., 327 Munsey Bide White Plains, N.Y., 199 Mam St (Bar Bldg.) CENTRAL DIVISION Special Sola Office, 450 Bait Ohio Sired, Chicago. C. E. Roeeoe Aaron, Ohio, 1175 La Croix Ave. Atlanta, Ga., 804*Foreyth Bldg. Birmingham, Ala., 1216 Martin Bldg. Chattanooga, Tenn., 1201-03 Volunteer Bldg. Chbtenne, Wro., 430 Boyd'Bldg. Chicago, III., 450 East Ohio St. Cincinnati, Ohio, , 1231 Union Trust Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio, ,430 Terminal Tower Bldg. Colorado Springs, Colo., 1424 B. Platte Ave. Dallas, Texas, 408 Dallas National Bank Bldg. Davenport, Iowa, 305 Security Bldg. Denver. Colo., 414 West Colfax Ave. Dsa Moines, Iowa, 710 Old Colony Bldg. Detroit, Mich , 2988 E. Grand Blvd. . Duluth. Minn., 316 Glenooe Bldg. Grand Rapids. Mich., 1003 Grand. Rapids Trust.Bldg. Houston, Texas, 911 Electric Bldg. Indianapolis, Ind., Board of Trade Bldg. Kansas Crrr, Mo., 615 City Bk. Bldg. . Louisville, Kt., 1342 Starks Bldg. Memphis, Tenn., 355 Madison Ave. Milwaukee, We,, 901 Empire Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn,, 132 So. 10th St. New Orleans, La., 419 MaritimeBldg. Omaha, Neb., 527 Peters Trust Bldg. Peoria,. III., 1303 Peoria Life Bldg.. Quinct, III., 628-638 Jersey St. St. Louis, Mo., 3605 Laclede Ave. San Antonio, Texas, Ironwood, Mich., 6 Albert Bldg. Joliet, III., P. 0. Box 1086 ' 3005 Smith-Young Tower Toledo, Ohio, 1918 Vermont Ave. Wichita, Kan., 1100 E. Douglas Ave. wAtebn division ISSSIrtS:: C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 1523-41 Davenport Road, Toronto, 4, Ont., Canada. Sain Office*: Calgary, Alta.; Halifax, N.8.; Montreal, Que.; Ottawa, Ont; Quebec, Que., St. Johns, Nfld.; Toronto, Ont.; Winnipeg, , Man.; Vancouver, B.C. 232 Monadnock ^ldg. -- C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd. (of The United Kingdom) 18 St. Thoinas St., S.E. 1. Londpn, England. Agencies: Birmingham, Eng* Leeds, Eng.; Liverpool, Eng.; Newcastle-on-Tyne, Eng.; Glasgow, Scotland; Belfast. Ireland; Paris, France; Munich, Germany; Copenhagen, Denmark; Gothenburg, Sweden; Wellington, N.Z. - Di/r-enshal-thcm System, j HEATING SERVICE v This Service is delivered through over eighty Sales Offices throughout the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. These Branch arid Local sales offices bring Dunham Heating Service as dose to your office as your telephone. Consult your telephone directory for the address of our office in your city. An engineer - will counsel with you on any project. DUNHAM DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM HEATING SYSTEM Heating with Steam of Variable Temperatures--Cool Steam (133 deg. fahr.) Warm Steam (133 deg. to 212 deg. fahr.); Hot Steam (Above 212 deg. fahr.) Principles and Design The principle of the Dunham Differen tial Vacuum Heating System is based on the fundamental laws of heat flow and heat processes. The basis of the theory is briefly summed up in the statement of its object-- to maintain steady temperatures inside a building throughout the heating season, ir respective of the daily and hourly fluctua tions of the outside weather. 784 . C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating No Complicated Equipment Required The Differential Vac uum Heating System ac complishes this without AirplaneAlt. Rec. 38,704 T ByLievi. McOead- DunhamDH.Sjrtt.(37^81) 155.0-1 Dim am Dif era tial \fac JUF He tint Iw ter Soils St 331 egrt***) 1491' terr any complicated or deli cate equipment, or any Me McKinley 20,000 167-5' greater variety of appli Pike's Peak 14,180 179.6-| ances than is used by the ordinary Vacuum Return Line Heating System. No larger or special Boiler is Mi. Hood . 11.225 186.1' 5,279 199.7' O 212.0* y required on this system than on any other. Any . Fig. IttOA type of Boiler suitable for heating work and No new principle is used to attain the of high efficiency can be used. . long sought combination of comfortable heat, with real economy. The application Easily Adaptable to Change-over From of the Dunham Appliances which utilize Existing Vacuum Return this important principle is the only thing Line Systems new. These appliances are attention--com An ordinary, well-designed, Vacuum Re turn Line System can be changed-over to the Dunham Differential System. Radia tion does not have to be disturbed and in most instances existing piping may be used with only slight changes. The system uses steam as a heating medium. Steam is supplied at variable temperatures from 133 deg. up to 212 deg. and higher if so required. The 133 deg. temperature corresponds to 25 in. of vacuum (at sea level), and 212 deg. to zero on the gauge. By furnishing steam at this wide range of temperatures, it is possible to vary the heat output of the radiation thus preventing overheating. pelling and revolutionary. They have made the Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System the outstanding heating develop ment of the decade. The temperature of the steam is gov erned by the Dunham control equipment and the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump, which removes the air from the sys tem, thereby reducing the pressure on the water in the boiler, or causing the steam to expand through Reducing Valves when they are used. The term "Differential" is applicable because a relatively constant differential in pressure between the radiator and. the return is maintained, so that the air and water will constantly flow out of the radia Based on Bed-Rock Laws . , of Physics . tors. The steam is induced to completely fill them. Due to this "Differential" com plete circulation is obtained and the radia tors throughout the building are heated uniformly. The Meat Emitted Bv a Radiator DepenosOnThe Temperature Difference BetweenTne Radiator AndThe Air Of Tme Room. Heat Emission from Radiation Under Vary ing Pressure and Tem- peratures The heat given off by the radiator is proportion al to the difference in temperature between the room and the radiator. By varying the tempera ture of the radiator, the building temperature can be kept constant, and the heat given off by the radi ator kept in proportion to the heat loss from the building. By operating the system at varying de grees of pressure or vac uum the temperature of 785 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Healing cent of the heating season when the heat output of the system must be reduced if uniform room temperature is to be main tained. Daily weather reports show that the temperature rises and falls quite rapidly over the greater portions of the country. Temperature changes of 40 deg. per day occur each winter in the Chicago. area, while daily changes of ,20 deg. are but slightly higher than normal. To this varia tion in heat demand must be added the cooling effect of wind, if a true picture of the great fluctuations in heating require ments is wanted. . .. The graph, Fig. 1288, shows the official maximum and minimum temperatures at Chicago for each day of the heating season of 1928-29. It clearly shows.the tempera ture fluctuations for that season and also the extreme limits of temperature recorded in the previous 54 years. During that year, there was a total of 131 hours when the temperature was 10 deg. or lower, with but 35 hours of this at zero or below. The heat ing season was but 0.4 deg. warmer than the average since the year 1900. Fuel Saving of 25 Per Cent or More Compared with Ordinary . Types of Steam Heating Systems On buildings changed over to the Dun ham Differential Vacuum System the per formance records show actual fuel savings of 25 per cent or more compared with pre vious system.' The charts and illustrations on this and the following page tell this story in a non technical way. , Fig. 1066C, Steam Table Applied-- This drawing gives a comparison of the properties of steam as used in the ordinary type heating system and the Dunham Dif ferential Vacuum System. The Ordinary System Has-- (1) Operating range zero to 5 lb. gauge pressure or higher. (2) Temperature range 212 deg. fahr. to 227.1 deg. fahr. (3) Volume per pound steam 26.79 to 20.42 cu. ft. The Dunham Differential Vacuum System Has-- . (1) Operating range 25 in. vacuunvto 5 lb. gauge pressure or higher. , (2) Temperature range 133.22 deg. fahr. to 227.1 deg. fahr. ' (3) Volume per pound steam 145 to 20.42 cu. ft. By comparing the steam volumes and temperatures used in the two types of systems an index to the flexibility of each is obtained. The extreme flexibility of the Differential System eliminates overheating and reduces the heat lost through open windows. Fig. 1!S8. A eerage Temperaturefor Chicago Heating Seaton t9S8-t9B9 *= 4&B deg. (1) Maximum and minimum daily temperatures for 1928-29. (2) Normal daily temperature from 54-year record. (3) Hightest temperature an record. (4) Lowest temperature on record. , (5) 65 deg. temperature base for degree-day calculation. 786 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating iOO s rleAT Wasted By Open Window. Woulo ft?evAi l With !_) CONTROLLED HEAT SlJDD. "s < _rr - Heat Wasted By Overheating. rHi | i i 60 50 40 50 20 IO ~ OotsioeTcMpeaATUBB - Degrees Fahrenheit. 5- 0 .4-0F --IV Q Outside Temperature In Degrees Fahrenheit Fig. 10S9A. Comparative Heat Emission from Badiators |This chart of heat emission from radiation is based on the room Fig. IttSA. Heat Sated by Controlling Heat Supply temperatures that would be obtained as shown by Fig. 1113A. For example whenthe outside temperature is 30 deg. fahr. with the ordinary type heating system the room would be overheated to 90 deg. fahr. as noted from above graph. Using steam at zero gauge pressure. Thisdrawingshows theheat Lost by overheating and wasted through open window in relation to the room temperature and the outside, disregarding the effect of sun. wind and humidity. ' (212 deg. fahr.) the heat emission would be 200 B.iu. per square foot per hour. By controlling the pressure at which steam is supplied as in the - Differential Heating System the heat emission is controlled in propor- portion to the outside weather. Using the example with 30 deg. With the ordinary type heating system with uncop trolled heat supply the room or building would overheat in direct relation to the outside weather. It was found by observation that occupants would allow room temperatures of approximately 80 deg. fahr. fahr. outside, the heat emission of a radiator on the Differential Sys tem would be.132 B.t.u. per square foot per hour keeping the room substantially at 70 deg. fahr. The effect of sun, wind ami humidity on the building has not been considered in above graph. During cold and average weather the steam is furnished in sufficient quantity to.com pletely fill the radiator at required degree vacuum. During mild before windows would be opened, we nave therefore termed the excess heat between 70 deg. and 80 deg. as, wasted through open windows. The diagonal fine in. dicates the temperatures that would be attained if windows were kept closed, which is approximately same as would be lost if the windows were open. weather the radiator may be only partly filled with steam under high vacuum. General Description of Parts and Operation The Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System is a two-pipe system. Its general design and parts are very similar to the well known vacuum return line heating system of which this is a further development. The system may be con trolled manually or automatically. (See Fig. X247B). Any Good Piping Job Is Sufficient-- The piping is assembled so as to remain tight over a long period of years, just the same as is required for any other good job. . The same quality of workmanship which is used to assemble hot water supply piping is easily sufficient with proper provision for expansion. Control of Steam Supply In smaller installations steam is supplied at the same vacuum (absolute pressure) at which it is to be used in the heating system by controlling the rate of heat generation at the boiler. On larger installations and on central station installations steam is fur nished at a higher pressure than is required by the system and is reduced by means of pressure reducing valves to the desired vacuum or absolute pressure. These valves may either be manually or thermostati cally controlled. Regulating Plate at Each'Radiator Assures Uniform Steam Distribution By careful design and installation of a piping system, it is possible to get a dis tribution of steam at pressures which are fairly uniform throughout the piping. The use of a regulating plate in each radiator inlet valve assists steam distribution at all periods of the heating cycle. .They inter pose a small resistance to the flow of steam and create a reservoir condition within the supply piping. During the heating-up period and while the radiators are filling with steam, the radiator traps are open to the return pipe and they remain open until steam reaches the trap when they close. When the radiators are completely filled with steam and under normal operation, the regulating plates produce a semi reservoir condition in the steam mains as compared with the condition when filling, by supplying an area for the flow of steam that is in proper relation to each size of radiator; if through some abnormal con dition, the condensing rate of some radia tor would be increased, the regulating plate will tend to prevent such a radiator A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating from condensing an excessive amount of steam, notwithstanding the demand for it. This is of value in reducing heat loss through excess window ventilation. Radiators ofa heating system completely filled with steam under varying degrees of vacuum meet the average heat loss re quired during a season, but early autumn and late spring days with very much high er outside temperatures, require such a small heat output that even with a high vacuum, a radiator full of steam at a tem perature corresponding to that pressure (vacuum) might under such conditions overheat the building if the system was not capable of further heat reduction. In the Dunham Differential System the quan tity of steam supplied during such periods is reduced, under a high vacuum, and the regulating plate controls its admission to each radiator so that each remains partly filled, balancing the heat input to the radi ator with the heat loss of the building. The Differential Thermostatic Radiator Trap on the outlet of each radiator is of importance, for by its use a positive dif ferential can be maintained between the pressure (vacuum) in the radiator and the pressure (vacuum) in the return pipe, thus securing satisfactory heating. Fig. 1H7B. Typical Layout of an Automatically Controlled System for Heating with Steam Behw Atmospheric.Pressure 789 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Steam circulation is maintained by the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump ca pable of producing a high vacuum. The pump is controlled by the Dunham Dif ferential Controller which is an automatic electric switch actuated by the pressure difference in the radiation and return pip ing. The function of this controller is to automatically start or stop' the pump so that, a small but substantially constant pressure difference is maintained. This dif ferential will furnish a head sufficient to cause steam flow toward the returns. In operation, sub-atmospheric pressures (vacuum) are secured by retarding the ad mission of steam into the steam heating main until the desired vacuum is reached. If the rate of steam admission is too great, pressure on the main increases causing the valve to partially close, thus reducing the steam supply which permits the vacuum desired to again be obtained. Adjustment allows a greater or lesser vacuum to be maintained on the outlet side of the valve. Application / is a manually controlled Differential Svs. tem using steam at not more than 10 lb. initial gauge sure. For higher initial pressures see Application 3. Two ftjtvatmosphenc Pressure Reducing Valves are used os shown Tig. 1I49E. Valve "A" supplies steam in mild weather e second valve, " B." supplies steam in cold weather In extreme weather both valves may be uged if necessary. . Method of Control ' Automatic Control by Thermostats-- Fig. 1247B illustrates a typical layout of a heating system which gives automatic control of the steam supply. Thermostats located in key rooms con trol the operation of the larger of the two supply valves referred to on this page. This valve, located directly in the steam main is a motor operated valve. Its function is to admit additional steam to the heating system when the room thermostat calls for heat and to stop this flow when it is no longer required. . , Application 8 is an automatically controlled system on which a Dunham Temperature Control Valve "C," operated from (me or several thermostats is substituted for valve *`B. Sub-atmospheric Pressure Reducing Valve "A" sup plies steam in mild weather. As the weather becomes colder the Sub-atmospheric Pressure and Temperture Control Valve "C" supplies the necessary additional steam. The Thermostat must be placed in a typical room on the most exposed side of the building and at a point most remote from the source of steam supply measured along the steam piping. Its location should also represent the average building tem perature and heat requirements. Room thermostats are electrically con nected to the motor of this valve through a control panel, arranged so that the steam in the system maybe either automatically controlled or. manually controlled. In buildings where varying wind condi tions cause different demands for heat on the windward side, the'use of several ther- . mostats located on different sides of the building.' in separate key rooms has been the practice. The heating system may be under the control of any one of these ther mostats. Appltcaiion 8 is a manually controlled system with initial steam pressure greater than 10 lb. gauge. The Pressure Re- ducing Valve D" .is used to reduce the steam pressure to 10 lb. or less before supplying the Sub-atmospheric Pressure Reducing Valves "A' and * B." If automatic temperature control is desired, valve "C" is substituted'for valve **B." See Application 2. . 790 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Zoning--Individual Temperature Control for Sections of Buildings or Groups of Buildings By "zoning" is meant the division of a located at the proper points in the zone heating system into smaller complete units and set to a predetermined degree. for the purpose of separate control to se cure lower operating costs. Different parts of buildings require dif ferent quantities of heat at different times due to class of occupancy of various parts Automatic Remote Control--When the room thermostat of any zone calls for heat, the sub-atmospheric control valve for that zone opens automatically, allowing of building, sun and feind effect on the more steam to flow into it, producing the different sides, and buoyancy of the heated required rate of heat transfer from the air as in very tall buildings. Therefore, all radiation. When the proper heat is ob-. large buildings should be "zoned" to se cure maximum conservation of steam and correct heating of all sections. The Dunham Zone Temperature Con tained this additional steam supply is stopped. Manual Remote Control--The con trol in conjunction with the Dunham Dif trol valves for each section being electri ferential Vacuum Heating System, see Fig. cally operated can also be remotely con 1247B, Page 789, provides remote elec trolled, independently of the thermostats. trical control of the steam supply as re A Dunham Zone Contrpl Panel in the quired by each zone. Each zone operates from its own ther- ' mostat located at a suitable control point or "key-room." Furthermore each zone must be served by its own Differential boiler-room shows the operating engineer at-a glance the temperature conditions in the various zones and he can, by simply throwing a switch, accelerate or decelerate Pump where the building is divided into the rate of stfam flow to the particular zone. two or more independent zones. A building may be divided into any number of zones but an average size build ing could conveniently be divided into two zones-- one set of piping caring for the west and south sides, the other set for the north and east sides. Usually in ordinary heating, Duplex ' Pumps are specified. This,, in the Differential System will allow a pump on each zone. The same theory is applied to groups of build ings--each independently controlled from the boil er room. A building is divided in ^------------------e-rd to the neces ... J sary zones by having each zone supplied from its own steam main. The supply jKq ... of steam from each main is tjUg controlled by ....... ij* `1 Controlling Factors in Designing a Zoning System (1) Buoyancy-- Rising within the building due to flue effect in. tall buildings. This causes the upper floors to be over-heated after the system is full of steam. (2) Exposure--Sunshine, wind and other weather con ditions cause variable heat demands on different sides of buildings. (3) Typeof Occupancy --Sections of t h.eC_ s a am e building may require dif ferent de: grees of heat ^' due to their particular uses, such as storage, man ufacturing, office space, etc., or peri 1 ods of.occu..jpancy. . a Dunham '"Vc No pairticu- Type 377A (electrically operated) Sub-atmos Pig.ttfB. Schematic lUuetrotipn ofa Sgstem _ with Each Zone Controlled Independently ofthe _ Gite Actual Piping Detail*, the Purpoie Being to Illustrate the Control System Only--and Not the Heating System ` lar' .rule can be given for the araning of a building, pheric Pressure and Temperature Con each, is an individual problem and should trol Valve. One or more thermostats are be studied carefully. 791 C.A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating The "D" series Dunham Differential Vacuum System Central Station Heating is for the heating of office buildings, hotels, apartment houses, schools and groups of Difr~enshal~lhcm rsStC SystenL^ `"`IP The Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System is especially adapted to Central buildings, etc., of more than Station Steam Supply. It 3,000 sq. ft. of equivalent di rect radiation. The Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating Sjratem and individual offers great economy of steam consumption and very low The boiler serves as a heat storage from which steam is supplied according to the de parts of the apparatus used in that system are fully protected by United States Patents Nos. 1,644,114 and 1,706.401, and.Can* condensate temperatures. Another advantage is com plete circulation even though mand of the Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Reducing Valve or Temperature Control Valve. adian Patents Noe. 282,193,282,194 and 282,195. Additional patents in the United States. Canada and foreign countries are now pending. the pressure carried on the distributing mains from the boiler plant is low. This sys The manually controlled sys tem therefore is ideal both tem uses two sub-atmospheric pressure re from the standpoint of the Central Station ducing valves. The small valve "A" supplies Company and the Consumer. . steam in mild weather, valve " B " in cold weather. In extreme weather both valves Exhaust Steam __ may be used, if necessary. By shifting the weights of the valve in use, the steam pres sure (vacuum) is controlled in accordance with outside weather conditions. Exhaust steam may be circulated under vacuum, thus saving steam formerly wasted. The application of this system re In the automatically controlled system duces the back pressure to a vacuum and a Temperature Control Valve "C" is sub greater power output will be obtained. stituted for valve " B." In installations where high steam pres The Dunham Differential Controller starts and stops the pump maintaining, under all steam supply conditions, a greater vacuum in the returns than in the radiators. This assures complete circulation at all sures and temperatures are necessary for process work the building heating system can be operated more economically by ap plying the differential principle to it. By reducing the high steam pressure through times. In severe weather when steam reducing valves the heat input may be con pressure above atmospheric is required (to trolled and the overall economy of the maintain the room temperature) the Dif plant improved. ' ferential Controller automatically stops the pump until pressure conditions in the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump, system make its operation necessary. "D" Series The Dunham Differen tial Vacuum Pump oper ates on the Jet Exhauster principle. The Dunham Exhauster is a special de sign and has great air and vapor handling capacity. Under high pressures water is supplied from the receiving tank to the ex hauster by a motor driven enclosed impeller type centrifugal pump of high efficiency. The pump exhausts air and water from return piping under very high vacuums and discharges condensate to the boiler. It is a completely assem bled compact unit ready for piping and wiring con nections. 792 C.A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Dunham Thermostatic Radiator Trap Sectional View of Trap . Sectional view of Dunham Differential Thermostatic Radiator Trap, sizes, styles and specifications, see Dunham Hand Book. All traps used in connection with the Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System are known as "D" Series. They function uniformly over a wide range of pressures.and temperatures from 25 in. of vacuum to 25 lb. gauge pressure. Dunham Packless Radiator Valve Types of Control The system of control is arranged so that: A single valve may be controlled by a single thermostat. A single valve may be controlled by several thermostats. Several valves may be controlled each by its own thermostat. Several valves may be controlled each by several thermostats. The control panel in each case is cen- trailed in the boiler room. Where heating systems are divided into complete zones (or for systems where only one thermostat is intended to control one valve) Control Panel Type 391 is used. Either control provides the following advantages: It centralizes control of the entire steam supply. It permits either automatic or manual operation. , It gives the attendant the information he desires regarding temperature condi tions prevailing in various parts of the building, in addition to informing him :whether or not the valve is admitting steam to the system. Each panel is provided with a red and a green light for each thermostat and valve. Switches are provided for transferring the Sectional View, Type t08, Dunham Packless Radiator Volte ' with Regulating Plate . Far sixes, styles and specifications, see Dunham Hand Book. Dunham Packless Radiator Valves with Regelating Plate must be used on all radia-. tors to secure proper balance. Either Type 105 (lever handle) or Type 145 (wheel handle) n>ay be used. The valve is made packless by means of the bellows construction. The plate orifice is calibrated to the number of feet of radia tion in each radiator. Dunham Regulating Plate, Type 198 793 Type 891 iH' 51 l! C. A. Dunham Company system from automatic control to manual operation. Each thermostat has a switch to permit its being disconnected from the control. . The line switch is also provided on the control panel to disconnect the'entire con trol system from the electric supply line. Alternate Control Panel--The Alter nate Control Panel, Type 390, enables the engineer to know temperature conditions in the building and to regulate the tem perature in various parts of the structure. The application is similar to "Zoning" (described on preceding page) and is recommended for systems that cannot be readily divided into separate zones. The piping arrangement may not permit this ideal, complete division, but the medium size building and the change-over instal lation may have the benefit of control through this Control Panel in conjunction with Type 377A Valve. It is also connected to two or more thermostats, located at dif ferent points of the building (to obtain heat control of the coolest part, depending upon wind and sun effect upon the build ing). The panel is equipped with .lights which indicate to. the engineer the heat conditions in the building--a green light is shown when the thermostat indicates proper temperature and a red light flashes when the thermostat is below this tempera- ture. Any thermostat calling for heat auto matically takes charge of the heat supply. The panel is also provided with switches for obtaining manual control. . When desired a Signal Panel can be pro vided to be located in the building super intendent's office enabling him to observe temperature conditions and operation of the temperature controlled valves in the various zones. " This panel will indicate simulatneously with the panel in the boiler room the range of temperature existing in the build ing and the position of the temperature controlled valves. The "DH" Series--is for small installa tions with gravity returns to boiler having a total equivalent direct radiation load of not more than 3,000 sq. ft. (excluding pip ing). It is entirely automatic in operation. . This system will heat properly any resi dence or small building without the usual fuel and heat waste caused by overheating! and resultant excessive window ventila tion..It furnishes steam to the radiators at sub-atmospheric pressures with corre spondingly low radiator temperatures, causing a uniform, mild and healthful heat to be distributed throughout the building. This gives the occupants a comfort here tofore unknown, with healthier living con ditions. 794 c. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Healing Heating Specifications "D" Series, Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System 1. GENERAL CONDITIONS.--The general conditions governing this work shall be those established as standard by the American instituteof Architects whichshallapply hereto. 2. CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL.--t he heating apparatus, proposed herewith includes the furnishing, delivery and erection on the premises of ail necessary ma terial and labor, which shall be first class in all particulars, and in accordance with the specifications and plans. 3. INSPECTION.--The Heating Contractor must at all times allow the C. A. Dunham Company's Representative to come on the job for the purpose of inspection and must lend any assistance necessary to expedite and complete the work. Any instructions given by the C. A. Dunham Company's Representative and confirmed in writing regarding changes to make system conform to plans or specifications and details shfrll be considered a part of this specification. 4. BOILER.--The steam boiler shall be a___ _____ ~~ with guaranteed rating fot................... .sq. ft. of radiation installed upon suitable foundation, and equipped with all necessary connections and trimmings, including a safety valve set to blow at 10 lb. pressure, a Dunham Compound Gauge 15 lb. x 30 in. vacuum and a 7-in. Dunham Damper Regulator. (Omit Regulator on gas fired and automatic oil fired installations). 5. SMOKE PIPE.--Connect boiler to chimney with suitable black iron smoke pipe gauge....... ..... .....-- Sixe to be as recommended by Boiler Manufacturer. Smoke pipe must be provided with hand stop damper. (Omit stop dfirnpgr on gas fired installation). 6. PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL.-- On all systems not equipped with full automatic control of fire, install Dunham Sub-Atmospheric Control Valves of site shown on plans, with necessary gate valves. Install Dunham 15 lb. x 30 in. compound gauges where directed. If 14. FLOOR PLATES, SLEEVES--Furnish approved, floor and ceiling plates, protecting sleeves on all pipes passing through floors or finished partitions. " 15. DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM PUMP.--Furnish and install one or several (as indicated on plans) Dunham' Differential Vacuum Pumps of " D" series sixe___________ having a differential rating of.....-....--......sq. ft. of equiva lent direct radiation. The pump (or pumps) shall be in stalled, connected and wired in accordance with manu facturer's instructions and local regulations. 15A. DOMESTIC HOT WATER AND BLAST HEATER.--Condensation from this equipment shall be returned to boiler by other means than Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump. 16. CHECK VALVES.--Check valves shall be hori- sontal swing type with brass disc, best grade obtainable. They shall be installed where called for by the plans, and in accordance with accompanying details.' 'They shall be tested for tightness. 17* RADIATION.--Furnish and install radiation as shown on the plans. There shall be................... jsq. ft. of direct radiation of approved make. AU radiators must be provided with top inlet tapping. Furnish eccentric bushing in the return tapping. All air valve tappings shall be plugged. 18. RADIATOR TRAPS AND VALVES.--Each radia tor shall be provided with a Dunham " D" Series Radiator Trap of suitable capacity. A Dunham Packless-Radiator Valve with Dunham Regulating Plate shall be installed at inlet connection according to manufacturer's instructions. 19. PAINTING.--AU exposed piping in finished rooms shall be given a priming coat of flat paint and thereafter painted or enameled as directed by architect. Radiators shall be painted as directed by architect. All pipe joints and Thermostats and Dunham Control Panels are to be used. Heating Contractor shall furnish, install and wire these, all in accordance with manufacturer's details and instructions. 7. PIPE AND FITTINGS.--Furnish and erect with tight connections all necessary piping of sixes shown on plans all uncovered piping in basement, front and other exposed parts of boiler shall be painted one coat of black asphaltum when the system is hot and under a vacuum. The finishing coat of paint must be applied when the entire system is under vacuum, so that paint will fill up small leaks. and run as indicated, supported ana properly graded to in 20. COVERING.--Cover all steam mains and spring sure free and noiseless circulation. Use fittings of cast iron pieces with four-ply, 1 in. thick asbestos sectional covering of standard quality. The ends of all pipes shall be reamed or and fittings with asbestos cement. Cover all steam ana filed. Proper provision must be made for expansion. Use' return risers and other piping run concealed in outside'wails graphite and oil for making up all pipe joints applied to male with two-ply, Yi in. thick asbestos sectional covering. Cover thread only. Provide for expansion of mains and risers by | boiler as specified by boiler manufacturer. loop type expansion joints and swing connections in mains 21. FINISHING UP.--After system has been in opera wherever passible, in other cases provide approved all tion two weeks, thoroughly blow down and clean out metal packless expansion joints. Piping to be properly system as follows: anchored. ' Remove the safety valve and connect a temporary blow- 8. Ail steam tappings in boiler shall be connected full sixe off pipe to the safety valve tapping, extending it outside or to of tapping into a steam header which shall be dripped to the some suitable drain. Shut off all radiator vaives or valves in return header through a bleeder. All spring pieces to steam main. Fill the boiler with water to top of gauge glass. Build and return mains shall be taken off the top of mains at a very hot fire and blow steam and water out through the 45 deg. On down-feed Bystems, take the spring pieces from safety valve tapping and pipe connected thereto. Fire hard the bottom of steam mam at 90 deg. with not more than 10 lb. pressure on the boiler. Supply 9. The end of each steam main and each drip point shall cold water constantly in at bottom of the boiler. Continue be drained, through a gate valve, Dunham Strainer, and this for six hours. At the end of the period, close the water "D" Series Dunham Trap as indicated on plans. feed valve, draw the fire quickly, open blow-off at bottom of No lift connections shall be used at drip points. _ boiler and entirely drain the boiler, replace thesafety valve. 10. Grade steam mains, return mains and drip mains Fill the boiler slowly after it becomes cold. Yi in. in 10 ft. All steam supply tranches such as spring Remove the cover of each trap and wipe off grease and pieces, offsets in steam risers and runouts to radiators shall dirt accumulation. Replace trap cover tightly on body. , m each case be installed one sixe larger than the vertical pipes to which they connect and shall be given as much grade as possible M in. per ft is preferable. 11. Return mains shall be connected together into the accumulator tank of Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump as shown to detail furnished by manufacturer. lift connections must not be used except between pump and accumulator tank. 12. Risers are to' be run concealed or in the open as directed by the architect. Each down-feed steam riser most be dripped into the return through a "D" Series Dunham Trap. Install traps as instructed by manufacturer. AU concealed piping must be tested and made tight at IS lb. water pressure before being concealed and covered. 13. AU union connections, flanges, packing nuts on gate and globe valves and on gauge glass of boiler must be drawn up tight so as to prevent airleaking into system when under a high vacuum. Ibis work must be performed after system is completed and while it is working with a vacuum in both steam and return lines. 22. TEST.--The System when finished and cleaned shall be tested for tightness as directed by C. A. Dunham Com pany's Representative. Contractor shall furnish labor and material for performing test. . 23. GUARANTEE.--The Heating - Contractor shall guarantee the apparatus installed to circulate steam thoroughly through every radiator without noise, with a vacuum of 15 in. in steam main. If the apparatus shall fail to accomplish this guarantee by reason of any defect developing within the period of one full heating season and* that defect is due to faulty material or poor workmanship, the Heating Contractor shall remedy such defect at his own cost within reasonable time after notice thereof. 24. FINALLY.--Nothing herein contained can be con strued to relieve the Heating Contractor from making good and perfect work in all usual details of construction, and he will he held responsible to provide and furnish necessary material and to performall necessary labor and to bear all ex penses incidental to the satisfactorycompletion of the work. 795 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Heating Specifications ' "DH" Series, Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System 1. GENERAL CONDITIONS.--Hie general conditions stalled and connected in accordance with manufacturer's governing this work shall be those established as standard by instructions and details. The necessary electric wiring the American Institute of Architects. between pump and differential control, shall be connected to 2. CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL.--The heating the thermostatic equipment in accordance with manu apparatus proposed includes the furnishing, delivery, and facturer's instructions and in conformity with all local erection on the premises of all necessary material and labor, regulations. which shall be first class in all particulars and in accordance Furnish and install on return main in accordance with with specifications and plans. manufacturer's instructions a Dunham Air Eliminator. In 3. INSPECTION.--The Heating Contractor must at all stall a Dunham Air Check on vent opening of eliminator. times allow the C. A. Dunham Company's Representative to come on the Job for the purpose of inspection and must lend any assistance necessary to expedite and complete tile'work. Any instructions given- by the C. A. Dunham Company's Representative and confirmed in writing regarding changes to make system conform to plans or specifications and details whftll be considered a part of this specification. ' 4. BOILER.--The steam boiler shall be a with guaranteed rating forsq. ft of direct radiation installed upon suitable foundation and in accor dance with manufacturer's setting instructions. It shall be equipped with all necessary connections and trimmings, in* eluding a safety valve set to blow at 10 lb. pressure, a Dun ham Compound Gauge 15 lb. x 30-in. vacuum and a 10-in. Dunham Damper Regulator. (Omit Regulator on gas fired and automatic oil fired installations). - 5. SMOKE PIPE.--Connect boiler to chimney with suitable iron smoke pipe same size as boiler smoke outlet. Smoke pipe must be provided with approved Dunham Check Damper and hand stop damper between check damper and boiler. (Omit Dunham Check Damper on automatic oil fired installations). (Omit check damper and hand stop damper on gas fired installations). 6. PIPE AND FITTINGR--Furnish and erect with tight connections all necessary piping of sixes shown on plans and run as indicated, supported ana propoly graded to in 16. CHECK VALVES.--Check valves shall be horixontal swing type with brass disc, best grade obtainable. They shall be installed where called for by the plans and in accordance with accompanying details. They shall be tested for tightness. 17. RADIATION.--Furnish and install radiation as shown on the plans. There shall be.sq. ft. of direct radiation of approved make. All radiators most be provided with top inlet tapping. Furnish eccentric bushing in the return tapping. All air valve tappings shall be plugged. 18. RADIATOR TRAPS AND VALVES.--Each radia tor shall be provided with a Dunham "D" Series Radiator Trap of suitable capacity. A Dunham Packless Radiator Valve with Dunham Regulating Plate shall be installed at inlet connection according to manufacturer's instructions. 19. PAINTING.--AU exposed piping in finished rooms shall be given a priming coat of flat paint and thereafter painted or enameled as directed by architect. Radiators shall be painted as directed by architect. All pipe joints and all uncovered piping in basement, front and other exposed parts of boiler shall be punted one coat of-black asphaltum when the system is hot and under a vacuum. Hie finishing coat of paint must be applied when the. entire system is under vacuum, so that the paint will fill up small leaks. 20. COVERING.--Cover all steam mains and spring sure free and noiseless circulation. Use fittings of cast iron of pieces with four-ply, 1-in. thick asbestos sectional covering standard quality. The ends of all pipes shall be reamed or and fittings with asbestos cement. Cover aU steam and re filed. Proper provision must be made for expansion. Use turn risers and other piping run concealed in outside walls graphite and oil for malring up all pipe joints applied to male with twcvply, H-in. thick asbestos sectional covering. thread only. Cover boiler as specified by boiler manufacturer. 7. All steam tappings in boiler shall be connected full sixe ; 21. FINISHING UP.--After system has been in opera of tapping into a steam header which shall be dripped to the . tion two weeks, thoroughly blow down and clean out system return header through a bleeder. All spring pieces to steam as follows: - and return mains shall be taken off the top of mains at 45 deg. Remove the safety valve and connect a temporary blow- 8* The end of each steam main shall be dripped as in off pipe to the safety valve tapping, extending'it outside or to dicated on the plans by means of a drip line to boiler, pro : some suitable drain. Shut off aU radiator valves or valves in perly vented through Dunham "Dl" Hap in accord with main. FU1 the boiler with water to top of gauge glass. BuUd details furnished by manufacturer. a very hot fire and blow steam and water out through the 9. Grade steam mains ^ in. in 10 ft. Grade return mains safety valve tapping and pipe connected thereto. Fire hard and drip mains 1 in. in !0ft All steam supply branches such ' with not more than 10*lb. pressure on boiler. Supply cold as spring pieces, offsets in steam risers ana runouts to radia : water oonstantly in at bottom.of the boiler. Continue this. tors shall in each case be installed one sixe larger than the for six hours. At the end of the period, close the water feed vertical pipes to which they connect and shall be given as valve, draw the. fire quickly, open blow-off at bottom of much grade as possible. H in. per ft is preferable. boiler and entirely drain the boiler, replace the safety valve.. 10. Return maina shall be connected to the Dunham Fill the boiler slowly after it becomes cold. . Differential Vacuum Pump as shown m detail furnished by Remove the cover of each trap and wipe off grease and dirt ' manufacturer. accumulations. Replace trap cover tightly on body. 11. Rbers are to be run concealed or in the open as 22. TEST.--The Bystem when finished and cleaned shall directed by the architect AU concealed piping must be be tested for tightness by filling it with water to its very top. tested and made tight at 15-lb. water pressure before being The water shall be left standing in the system at least four concealed and covered - hours after all leaks have been made tight, when final test 12. All union connections, flanges, packing nuts on gate and inspection in presence of Dunham Representative shall and globe valves and on gauge glass of boiler must be drawn be made for leaks. The contractor must take precaution to up tight so as to prevent air leasing into system when undo- guard against damage from freezing during test. a high vacuum. This work must be performed after system 23. GUARANTEE.--The Heating Contractor shall is completed 8nd while it is working with a vacuum in both guarantee the apparatus installed to circulate steam' steam and return lines. thoroughly through every radiator without noise, with a. 13. FLOOR PLATES. SLEEVES.--Furnish approved vacuum of 15 in. in steam main. If the apparatus shall fail floor and ceiling plates and protecting sleeves on all pipes to accomplish this guarantee by reason of any defect passing through floors or finished partitions. developing within the period of one full heating season and 14. THERMOSTATIC CONTROL.--Contractor shall that defect is due to faulty material or poor workmanship, furnish and install where shown on plans a Series 10 Minnea the Heating Contractor shall remedy such defect at his'own . polis Honeywell Thermostat according to manufacturer's cost within reasonable time after notice thereof. instruction. (If this thermaetat is being supplied with oil or 24. FINALLY.--Nothing herein contained can be- gas burner under another contract, then the Heating Con construed to relieve tbe Heating Contractor from making tractor shall connect Differential Vacuum Pump to the good and perfect work in all usual details of construction,, Thermostatic Control). and he will be held responsible to provide and furnish 15. DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM PUMP AND AIR necessary material and to perform all necessary labor and to ELIMINATOR.--Furnish and install a "DH" Series Dun bear all expenses incidental to the satisfactory completion ham Differential Vacuum Pump. The pump shall be in of the work. 796 J*? trade-mark Specialties, Heating Julian d'Este Company 6 Spice Street, Charlestown Dist. Boston, Mass. Manufacturers of Curtis Engineering Specialties Pressure Regulators and Steam Traps Type E Regulator Sizes Vi in. to 8 in. inclu sive. For water service. Saves wear on plumbing fixtures. Eliminates water ham mer. Full sized seat area. Sizes 37 in. to 4 in. inclusive. A compact, selfcontained valve, piston actuated, for steam or air service. Ideal for high and intermediate pres sures. Type D Regulator CURTIS BALANCED STEAM TRAP A quality product for large volume of condensate. Large sized seat area. Continuous flow in operation. Sizes H in. to 4 in-7 inclusive. 797 Type.K Regulator Sizes Y2 in. to 10 in. : Also furnished in increased outlet sizes up to 8 x 16 in. Ideal for steam, heating or low pressure require ments demanding a large volume of steam. Specialties, Heating William S. Haines & Company 12th and Buttonwood Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturers of Equipment for Vapor and Vacuum Heating Systems Haines Vento Thermostatic Trap. Haines Medium Pressure Thermostatic Trap. Haines High Pressure Thermostatic Trap. Haines Float and Thermostatic Blast Trap. Haines Vent Trap. Haines Modulating Valve. - Haines traps pass all of the air and the water of condensation without permitting the escape of steam. ' The Haines Vento Trap is operated by a spring tempered rust resisting steel alloy bronze coated thermostatic bourdon tube, (similar to and as accurate as the bourdon tube in all pressure gauges) in which a volatile liquid is hermetically sealed. In this thermostat, the strength of the steel tube, the bronze coating eliminating any possible chance of the thermostat becoming inoperative through rust, or chemicals found in the water of condensation, readily enables us to give a five year guarantee on the Haines Vento Radiator Traps when installed in. connection with a vapor, vapor vacuum, vacuum or differential system of steam heating. The thermostatic member is mounted outboard the valve seat, closing the valve piece against the flow of steam. A variation of 1 deg. fahr. is sufficient to open or close the valve. Due to the horizontal seat and the placing of .the thermostat in the return line Haines Vento Traps do not become ineffective from scale, or other foreign matter and they cannot freeze. , Haines thermostatic traps are made in sizes from ^5 to 1J^ in. Every trap is factory tested and adjusted before shipment. They are suitable for pressures from below atmosphere to'100 lb. per sq. in. Haines modu lating valves never need re packing. They, seat tightly and open on less than . a full turn of the lever or wheel handle. Made in sizes from yi to 2 in. in angle, globe, or corner pattern. haines vento traps No. of Trap 1 2 2E 3 3E Center to Inlet 2'/,* y/c wy/>' Center to Outlet 1 XT tar iv IV Capacity Sq, Ft. . 125 200 250 400 500 HAINES MODULATING YAI.VK8 ' Size' of Valve Center to . Inlet Center to ' 'Outlet rw f/.' 2Wi' *. \%r w 22Iv>HVx/r'' & % *% 798 Specialties, Heating Hoffman Specialty Go., Inc. Waterbury, Conn. Sales Representatives in Principal Cities . HOFFMAN VALVES and CONTROLLED HEAT EQUIPMENT HOFFMAN VENTING VALVES In the Hoffman line there is a specially designed venting valve for every type of steam heating system. The basic principle used in the design of all Hoffman venting valves is that of an all-metal thermostatic member, with one or more flexible diaphragms, containing a volatile or heat sensitive fluid which causes valve action upon slight tem perature changes. ' . Hoffman valves have a wide pressure range in which they operate with the same degree of accuracy, for the internal fluid pressure in the thermostatic member maintains a constant relationship with the external steam pressures throughout the whole range of pressure for which each valve is intended. Hoffman valves are automatic, non-adjustable and (except Nos. 20 and 21) are guaranteed to properly function for a period of five years from date of installation when installed and operated under normal conditions for which designed. VENTING VALVES FOR ONE-PIPE SYSTEMS ALL METAL--NON-ADJUSTABLE--THERMOSTATIC The No. 1 Hoffman Siphon Air Valve is designed for systems of the one-pipe gravity type, to vent all air from radiators without loss of steam. After contact of water with the valve the siphon drains all water from the valve and venting occurs without the slightest "spit" even if the radiator is under pressure. Radiator connection, fs in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. Furnished with special short siphons for narrow pattern radiators. The No. 4 is used in venting mains, risers, vento stacks, coils, etc. All air is freely vented through a Y% in- vent port without steam loss, but valve does not close against water. Standard connection, % in., can also be supplied with in. connection. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb.. The No. 5 is particularly adapted for use in venting: Ends of steam or dry return mains; Indirect radiators; Blast or "Vento" stacks; Hot-water generators; Dryers and drums, etc. The basic principle is the same as the No. 1 Valve, having separate channels for air and water which are only found in Hoffman Valves. Pipe connection, %/s in.; vent port for less than 3 lb. is A in-; for 3 lb. and over is A *n- Unless otherwise ordered, will be shipped with ^ in. port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. Write for Descriptive Circular-- No. 4 The Watchman of the Coal Pile 799 .. i Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heatine VENTING VALVES FOR ONE-PIPE VACUUM SYSTEMS In construction, the No. 2 Valve is similar to the No. 1 VENTING FLOAT HALVE PIN - AIR CHECK with the addition of a vacuum diaphragm in the base and an air check over vent port. Upon steam contact, float diaphragm (7) expands, ' closing port (2). When pressure goes below atmosphere vacuum diaphragm (8) follows up contracting float diaphragm, maintaining port closed against air intake. Air check (1) functions only in the case of a half-hot radiator when float diaphragm (7) is not expanded by steam contact. With a cessation of steam generation, air check holds port closed against air intake until pres sure goes below atmosphere and when a 1 in. vacuum forms diaphragm (8) expands, closing port, relieving air check.of any further function. The superiority of the diaphragm controlled port compared with valves having air check only is indicated by the fact that the total pressure exerted in holding vent port closed is approximately 20 times greater than No.S Hoffman Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve that exerted in maintaining an air check closed. This greater pressure, exerted by the vacuum dia phragm holds the valve pin more tightly against its seat and also aids in crushing or pushing away dirt particles which might be caught between the valve pin and its seat. . Radiator Connection in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure 10 lb. Fur nished with special short siphons for narrow pattern radiators. . The No. 6 Float Air and Vacuum Valve is similar in design and application to the No. 5 with the additional feature of the Air Check or Vacuum starter above vent port and vacuum diaphragm in base. Used for venting ends of mains, vento stacks, etc., where water is liable to be present. Pipe connection, % in.; vent port for less than 3 lb. is in.; for 3 lb. and over is }4e in. Unless otherwise ordered, will be shipped with 3-f6 in. port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 16 Air and Vacuum Valve is used for venting ends of steam and dry return mains. Valve is 3% in. high overall, permitting installation in lines close to ceiling. It has the special Hoffman feature, the combined air check and vacuum diaphragm for preventing return of air to system. Pipe connection, % in. Vent port H6 in. dia. , No. 6 Maximum operating pressure, 10 lb. No. 16 The No. 3 Hoffman Air Line Valve is specially designed for Air Line, or as they are frequently termed "Paul" Systems. It is sensitive in action and closes the instant steam fills the radiator. Radiator connection, ]/% in.; Air Line connection, l/i in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. THE HOFFMAN VALVE LOCK Prevents theft of No. 1 and No. 2 valves in public buildings, etc. No extra tapping is required as lock is easily applied when valve is inserted, in radiator. By using set screws, valve is locked in position and can only be removed by a special key. Hoffman Voire Lock Write for Descriptive Circular--Locking the Door Against the Heat Thief 800 ;-T>,a. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT The No. 7 Hoffman Adjustable Modulating Valve-- For use in Vapor or Vapor Vacuum systems, is made in yi in. size, angle pattern only, having a range of adjust ment up to 200 sq. ft. of direct cast-iron radiation. After installation, whether the system is in operationor cold, the port of each valve is adjusted for the size of the radiator to which" it is attached. Adjustment is simple; loosen a locknut; turn valve handle until proper number of graduations are visible on the dial plate; then tighten locknut. The valve handle may then be moved to admit sufficient steam to heat a quarter, half, three-quarter, or entire radiator. The valve stem stuffing box has a frictionless metallic fibre.packing No. 7--Hoffman Ad. that will last, indefinitely and require no iuttable Modulating attention, giving at the same time, a valve Volvo action so free that the pressure of only one finger is required to open the valve. TOP DIAL PLATE ADJUSTMENT Port Area for 00 aj. ft. . Radiator Port 'Area for 60 eq. ft. Radiator Dial act for 00 tq. ft. Dial eet for 60 oq. ft. The visible adjustment aids the designing engineer by enabling heating contractor to make a final accurate adjustment which compensates for slight irregularities in pipe sizes, failure to ream pipe, installation of extra fittings not foreseen in original layout, etc. The advantages of an adjustable port in forced hot water systems to secure proper balance makes the No-. 7 Valve especially adaptable for such use. "- The No. 7 Valve is regularly supplied with lever handle. On special orders, it can be furnished with wood wheel, lock shield, closed top, extension stem and handle, or chain pull. The Nos. 8 and 9 Hoffman Return Line Valves--These valves are automatic, non-adjustable, thermostatic and relieve all air and condensation without the loss of steam from radiators, pipe coils, indirect radiation, steam mains and risers, steam kettles, sterilizers and other devices where it is desired to get full efficiency and economy without waste of steam. In service, they have established a . reputation for efficiency and consistency of operation with the same degree of sensitiveness under either high or low pressure. The body of the valve is made of cast steam metal; cap Sectional View Nov. 8 and 9 Return Una Valve* and ,tail Piece are hot brass forgings; the thermostat of a special Hoffman alloy. In continued operation the ther-. mostats will not break, stretch or lose their tension, giving long life and perfect operation. CHIEF FEATURES - The valve consistently operates under a pressure range from 13 in. of vacuum to 50 lb. steam pressure. Water at a temperature of approximately -12 deg. less than, the temperature corresponding to the steam pressure- causes full valve opening and free discharge of condensation. Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman "Controlled Heat" . 801 . Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heatine HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT Nos. 8 and 9 Hoffman Return Line .Valves (continued) The thermostatic member is removable. and may be changed from one valve to another of the same size without adjustment. This feature is appreciated by engineers who require the removal of the thermostat from the valves, until the system is thoroughly cleaned, and likewise by contractors complying with this practice. The No. 8 Valve has in. pipe connections, ]4. in', port and is furnished in Angle, Straightway, Right and Left-hand Offset Patterns. The normal capacity is 200 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. Interchangeable Thermo ' Member . The No. 9 Valve with % in. connection is made in Angle and Straightway Patterns only, and is suitable for 600 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. For pressures up to 15 lb. valve has % in. port, for higher pressures fa in. port. Noe. 8, 9 or 18 Angle Pattern . Data and Dimensions Style Size In. Diameter Maximum Valve Port * Capacity In. Sq.Ft.. Dimensions ABc No. 6 Straightway........ No. 18 Anglp No. 18 Straightway........ No. 180ffset....... ............ No. 9 Straightway........ % Ve Vjii 'A ia Ve Vo Ve . Ve Ve Ve Ve Ve )/. V.' 200 38 Wa 200 i'/j 200 2%t in 200 2%t . % 1% 200 2%t % hi 100 2'/.t We 100 2>/et Ve We 100 2Vet 1 \ l3/a 600 Xi 600 m .... . ..... ...iwot .t,u m iu. pur, iur pressures acove la id. ' ' fNos. 7, 19, 8 and 18 Valves can be supplied where specified to meet standard roughing measurements-of National Heating and Piping Contractors' Association. The No. 11 Hoffman Vapor Vacuum Valve is used for venting the return mains in vapor vacuum systems or for other conditions where a large venting capacity is required and where return of air through vent port must be prevented. The vent port, is % in. in diameter. Pipe connection, % in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 15 lb. No. is NO. 15 VALVE In conjunction with the Loop a special valve for venting the entire system is used--the No. 15 Hoffman Vacuum Valve--which permits free venting of air through its % in. vent port and prevents air returning to the system by means of a light check, which is thoroughly reliable in fulfilling its requirements. The No. 15 Valve is intended for use only in con nection with Hoffman Differential Loops. No. it 802 Hoffman Specially Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating HOFFMAN DIFFERENTIAL LOOP The Differential Loop is the safety device for maintaining a steady water line in vapor and vapor vacuum systems. It is entirely automatic, non-adjustable and has no moving parts to stick at a critical moment. In operation the water rises in the return main only to a certain pre determined height. The loop then functions, blowing over a small quantity of steam which closes the No. 15 Valve used for venting the system and then compresses the air which is "bottled up" in the return main and builds up a pressure which prevents further rise of water in the vertical part of the return beyond the predetermined amount. As soon as this is accomplished, and the action is almost instantaneous, the loop reseals and no more steam is blown over until the differential pressure is slightly reduced. It will be readily seen that, by the alternate blowing over and resealing of the loop, a constant differential pressure will be maintained between the steam main and return main. Also by the main tenance of this differential no matter how high the boiler pressure goes, . circulation will start in a radiator as soon as the inlet valve is opened B*S!dLooa~ p even though the return main vent is closed through loop action. Standard Differential Loops are made in four sizes, to handle systems up to 15,000 sq. ft. of radiation. For larger systems the No. 04 Loops can be installed in a battery. No. 01 and No. 02 Loops should not be used where the low point in the dry return is less than 24 in. above boiler water line; with the No. 03 and No. 04 Loops this distance must be at least 30 in. , HOFFMAN DAMPER REGULATOR One of the most important features of the Hoffman Damper Regulator is the accurate pres sure control and resultant fuel economy. It is extremely sensitive in its action and con trols so efficiently that when inlet valves are Hoffman Damper Regulator turned on or off, the fire is accelerated or retarded to meet the change in demand for vapor. A low constant pressure is always maintained so that vapor enters the radiator as soon as a valve is turned on. . The compensating or balancing plate is like a pair of scales. It is practically friction less, remarkably sensitive and operates on slight changes in pressure. It has an additional feature for the convenience of the installing fitter, in that the fulcrum on which the lever is suspended may be turned at different angles, permitting a straight chain connection with the dampers instead of at an angle, which might cause the dampers to bind. . Fig. 1 shows Damper Regulator under no pressure. . Compensating disc is in its uppermost position, the bottom of the disc being in line with bottom of inlet. The space above diaphragm is filled with water up to the inlet. Weights on lever are to be so placed that they will hold the diaphragm against the perforated plate. Drafts are held open until the predeter mined pressure is generated, when through diaphragm action which in turn is trans mitted to the lever, drafts are closed. Fig. 2 shows position of Damper Regulator when drafts are closed. Vapor pressure has overcome upward ' force exerted by the* weights on lever arm and forced diaphragm downward. The water on the diaphragm lowers with it and like wise the compensating disc until top of the disc is level with the bottom of the inlet, thus preventing any addition to, the water above the diaphragm. With a slight drop in vapor the weights force- the diaphragm upward and drafts are opened. Write for Descriptive Circulc *--Hoffman "Controlled Heat" 803 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating Hoffman Kompo-Gage HOFFMAN KOMPO-GAGE Measures pressure up to 30 lb., vacuum to 30 in. Pressure is registered in ounces up to 5 lb. Vacuum is shown in half inches up to 10 in. " Used in Hoffman "Controlled Heat" installations or in one- pipe gravity vacuum systems equipped with No. 2 valves; in dicates efficiency of the apparatus when a warm house is main tained with vapor at temperatures considerably below 212 deg. . The No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap is adapted for draining condensation from Indirect Radiators, Dryers, Drums, Blast Coils, Unit Heaters, Hot Water Generators and Ends of Long Steam Mains or Risers. . . i The Trap embodies the desirable feature of open bucket or float traps because it relieves condensation immediately upon its arrival at the trap regardless of the water temperature. Coupled with the float is a thermostatic member which positively over comes the chief difficulty with float traps by automatically relieving air as well as condensation from the system. . No. IS Hoffman Blast Trap Table of Nominal Capacities, No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap Pressure; Pounds per Square Inch.. % Capacity, Pounds per Hour.............. 800 Capacity, Square Feet Radiation.. 3200 1000 4000 2 1500 6000 3 1800 7200 4 2000 6000 5 2500 10000 Operating Pressure. 30 lb. Capacities for oyer 5 ib. pressure, furnished on application. .- With Strainer: inlet connection, 1 in.; outlet, 1 in. On the basis of ib. of condensation per square foot per hour. i No. 19 Quick Opening Hoffman Radiator Valve is of the semi-packless type for vacuum pump installations or for vapor systems, where modulation is. not required. Made in in. size only, capacity up to 200 sq. ft. C. I. Radiation. Regularly furnished in Lever Handle pattern. Wood Wheels or Lock Shields furnished on special order without extra charge. Extension stems supplied at an extra charge. Ho. IS Hoffman Radiator Trap ' N- 19 Boiman Radialor VaiK No. 18 Hoffman Return Line Valve or Radiator Trap . is similar in principle to the No. 8 Valve. It is intended for pressures up to 15 Ib. and radiators up to 100 sq. ft. Thermostats are interchange able and made of special Hoffman Diaphragm Metal that will not soften, stretch of crack under repeated action. Made with in. connections in Angle, Straightway,Rightand Left-hand Offset Patterns. For roughing measurements see page (802). Write for Descriptive Circulars 804 W Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating TYPICAL INSTALLATION HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT __ _ . TYPICAL HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HAT~ INSTALLATION. NOTS.--Loop discharges into high end ofreturn main. This results in venting airfrom high point tn rettam instead oflota point. Point " W'` should be at least S4 in- above water line tnth Nos, 0 and OS loops and SO in. tnth Nos. 03 and 04- NOS. 20 AND 21 HOFFMAN THERMOSTATIC STEAM TRAPS Pressure Range 0 to 100 lb. Without Change or Adjustment . The Hoffman Steam Trap Body is of strong, rugged all bronze construction. The diaphragms in the thermostat, the valve pins and valve seat are all made of the same non-corrosive alloy which has been successfully used for diaphragms in Hoffman Valves for a number of years. The alloy withstands high temperature steam, and repeated action without softening or cracking. It also withstands the ' scoArinsgtraaicnteiornisofbustieltamin.to the trap body permitting ready removal for cleaning. All renewable parts are interchange able, permitting replacement without adjustment of any sort. The trap is built to give maximum service with minimum attention and when repairs or cleaning are required the work can be quickly done. The Hoffman Steam Trap normally has a wide open vent port which is maintained until all air and condensation is relieved from the system, after which steam contact with the thermostat closes the port. No hand operated by passes are required to vent air from the system. The trap Hot. ta and tl Hoffman Themortolic Stoam Trap canTnhoteadiris-bchinadrgoer cfraepeazec.ity is dependent upon differences between the temp. erature of condensation delivered to the trap and steam temperature, the greater the difference the larger the capacity of the trap. The following table gives continuous discharge capacities in pounds per hour. . NO. 20 TRAP Pressure, lbs. per sq. in*.... . 30 Temperature Drop 20".. 275 550 Temperature Drop 33.. 725 1075 50 715 1380 70 820 1675 900 1830 100 925 1860 10 375 950 No. 20 Trap has H in- pipe connections. & in. port. Weight 3# lb. No. 21 Trap has %in- pipe'coonectioas, K m- port Weight 3# lb.; Write for Descriptive Circulars NO. 21 TRAP 30 50 70 90 725 925 1085 1190 1410 1860 2250 2490 100 1225 2550 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating and Pumps . HOFFMAN-ECONOMY RETURN LINE VACUUM PUMPS The jet type vacuum producer used in these pumps is one of the simplest and best known methods for exhausting air and vapors. It has no moving parts and avoids close clearances so that loss of efficiency, due to wear, is reduced to a minimum. Pumps will handle extremely hot water and are smooth and quiet in operation. All units of 16,000 sq. ft. and over have double suction, bronze impellers. SSVV--11, 29 aah--nno-ddriz-53-o-t---nAA--t-a-u"le"nsn-ipctfslloitshecadav,see pumps with enclosed, vertically split vo lut'e Capacity Table--Vacuum Pumps pumps, with enclosed impeller, removable bronze stand bearing and outboard ball bear PumpNo. Capacity Sq. FtTDir. Cast Iron Rad. Water Cap. C. P. M. Air Cap. C. F. M. Motor R P. 20. lb. Press. ing. Operation is controlled by float switch and vacuum regulator. All standard units are for 20 lb. discharge pressure. Also furnished in Duplex Units. When returns SV-1 SV-2 SV-i-A SV-4 SV-5 SV-6 SV-7 SV-8 SV-9 SV-10 SV-11 2500 5000 12,000 16,000 20,000 26,000 40.000 65,000 100.000 150,000 250,000 5 ]% are below pump 94 inlet an auxiliary 16 20 25 7 10 15 1 4 2 3 accumulator tank will permit 35 19 5 operation on 60 100 ISO 24 40 60 5 7<A 10 float control only. All units 225 90 15 completely as 375 150 25 sembled and wired ready for installation. HOFFMAN-ECONOMY HORIZONTAL CONDENSATION PUMPS Horizontal Condensation Pumps are made in Styles "A"-11-!) to 20 lb. pressure--"B"--"C" arid "D" for 35 to 100 lb. pressure. All units have bronze fitted, enclosed impellers. Styles A-B and C have vertically split case-- Style D horizontal split case. Style A pumps have out board ball bearing and self-lubricating, renewable bronze stand bearing. Style B and C have double outboard bear ings, ring oiling at driving end and ball bearing at opposite end, both readily renewable. Style D has double outboard ring oiling bearings, both easily renewable. Float switch mechanism is positive with bronze float arm supported by two liberal bearings. All units are completely assembled and wired, ready for installation. sii/U"A" Pump and Style No. Capacity S q .F t. D ir. C. I. Radiation M otor | 1H .P . 1 Pump and Style No. 1C a p a c ity Sq. F t. j D1,. C . I. Radiation M otora p. Pump and Style No. Capacity 1 , Sq. F t. D ir. C. 1 1 Radiation M otor H .P Speed R.p.m. I0A 30A 3IA 32A 60A 6IA 62A MB 6SB 65C 66B 66C 67B 67C 68C 69C Capacity Table--Condensation Pumps--60 Cycle and Pirect Current 2.5 <&9 V i* Q_1 0.0 li crrctf.j 1.000 . 3,000 3.000 3.000 10 10 IS 20 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 10 IS 20 30 40 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 6,000 6.000 40 SO 50 60 60 75 100 2 V. 1.750 5 */ 1.750 S 1.750 5 1.750 100A fora I02A I03B I04B I05B 12 1? Vi 1.750 Vi 1.750 I05C I06B 12 Vs 1.750 106C 1? i 1.750 fl I07B 12 1 Vi 1.750. | 107C 109C 12 1? 12 12 1? 12 12 \'/l 2 2 3 3 3 5 3.500 1 151A 1.750 | I52A 153B 3.500 I 1.750 fl 3.500 fl 3.500 | 3,500 | I55B 155C 157B I57C 159C d <3 . |a Cud tnaz 10.000 10 10.000 IS 10.000 20 10.000. 75 10.000 30 10.000 . 40 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 40 SO so 60 60 100 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 IS 20 25 40 40 60 60 100 70 Va 1.750 1 200A 20 1.750 1 20IA 20 V, 1750 I 202A 20 1 1.750 203B 20 20 1 /j Wt 1.750 1.750 1 205B 20 1 Vz 3,500 1 205C 20 2 1.750 207B 70 2 3.500 207C 20 3 1.750. 209C 20 3 3.500 20 5 3.500 30 A 1.750 30 Va 1.750 30 1 1.750 300A 30IA 302A 303A 30 2 30 2 30 3 30 3 30 5 1.750 3.500 1.750 3,500 3300 304A 307C 308C 309B 3*5 d 6' s- jH i4 Qj CL U 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 10 40 v? 1,750 15 40 v 1,750 70 40 1.750 25 40 l'/z 1.750 20.000 20.000 20,000 20.000 20.000 40 40 60 60 100 40 2 40 2 40 3 40 3 40 5 1.750 3.500 1.750 3 500 3.500 30.000 30,000 30.000 30.000 10 53 y* 1.750 IS S3 Va I7S0 2ft S3 1750 25 53 i 'A 1.750 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30 6ft 7S 100 53 2 1.750 53 5 3.500 53 T/i 1 750 53 to 1.750 Given in Our 1980 General Catalogue 806 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating and Pumps HOFFMAN-ECONOMY VERTICAL UNDERGROUND COND. PUMP Where return lines are located below the floor, or otherwise too low for Horizontal Condensation Pumps, the Vertical Underground Pump should be used. No concrete pit is required as receiver is of heavy cast iron suitable for underground use. Ball bearing pump shaft is mounted in dust proof housing. Lower bearing is self lubricating and renewable without removing impeller from shaft or dismantling pump. Can be furnished in duplex unit or for high pressure by addition of horizontal booster pump* Float switch mechanism same as in Horizontal pumps. Completely assembled and. wired, ready for installation. Capacity Table --Vertical Underground Condensation Pumps Pump No. Capacity Sq-Ft. Dir. C. I. Pump Cap. RP. 10 U>. Rad. [C. P. MJ Dii- Pr. U-30 U-50 U80 3000 3000 8000 6 10 16 '/ V* % Recvr. Dim. ins. 16x30 16x30 16x30 Pump No. U-120 U-200 U-300 Capacity Sq. Ft. H. P. Dir. C. 1. Cap. 10lb. Rad. G. P. M. Dis. PV. 12,000 20,000 30,000 24 40 60 Vi l4 Recvr. Dim. Ins. 24x36 24x36 30x36 HOFFMAN-ECONOMY AIR LINE VACUUM PUMPS Hoffman-Economy Air Line Pumps are used for Capacity .Table--Air Line Pumps rapid removal of air from gravity installations using Pump No. Capacity Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation Air Capacity Cu. Ft. per Min. Motor R R. No. 3 . Hoffman or "Paul" type air line valves. Does not -* handle condensate nor al-i AL-2 AL-3 4000 6000 12,000 iy. 4 6 ,v. 1 act as boiler feed \Vz pump. AL-4 20.000 10 2 Made in single or AL-S AL-6 AL-7 30.000 40.000 60,000 15 20 30 3 5 duplex units with ca 5 pacities from 4,000 to AL-8 AL-9 80.000 150.000 40 70 10 150,000sq. ft. radiation. HOFFMAN-ECONOMY KburH.uv.Mimj v.vjlxu. ruu Hoffman-Economy Reciprocating Condensation Pumps are widely used in laundries, cleaning and dyeirig establishments, etc., where steam pressures of 50 to 100 lb. are carried. These units are low in cost but are not as quiet as Centrifugal type, due to the slight pulsation at end of stroke and chain drive. Standard sizes range from 1,000 to 10,000 sq. ft. of radiation with discharge pressures of 50 and 100 lb. in each size. Capacity Table--Reciprocating Pumps Pump No. Capacity Sq. Ft. Direct - Radiation or Equiv. R- 11R- 12 R- 31 R- 32 R- 61 R- 62 R-101 R-102 1.000 1.000 3,000 3,000 6.000 6.000 10,000 10.000 Discharge Pressure Lbs. per Sq. In. 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 Pump Capacity Cals, per Min. 2 -2 5 .5 10 10 16 16 Motor RP. Receiver Capacity Gals. 9 Va Vi Y? 13 Vi 20 1 1 26 2 HOFFMAN THERMADOR ELECTRIC HEATER An abundance of clean electrically heated air at the touch of a switch, and concentra tion of the warmed air in the lower, or/living zone of the room, are features that make the Thermador an outstanding achievement among electric heating devices. __ By drawing up colder air from the floor level, warming it and then distributing it directly in the "living zone" a large percentage of the air is constantly recirculated, confining it to the zone of usefulness and eliminating waste due to overheating the upper, or unoccupied portion of the room. Special Catalogue Furnished, on Application Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating HOFFMAN MOTO HEATERS Hoffman-Moto-Heaters correct the "upside down" heating results often found in garages, industrial plants, and other high ceiling buildings where gravity air circula tion is used. Moto-Heaters distribute the heated air directly in the "working zone" reducing to a minimum the waste heat in the upper areas. The heating element consists of smooth copper fins, 1 Vi in. outside diameter embedded in copper tubing with out the use of solder, forming a three-side metal to metal contact. The tubes are united to steel headers by actual fusion of metal eliminating expanded joints and all clanger of leakage. Every heater is tested under 1,000 lb; per sq. in. hydrostatic pressure, and is guaranteed for any operating steam pressure up to 200 lb. per sq. in. Flexibility of output is provided in the Nos. 6, 7 and 8 Moto-Heaters which are equipped with two fans, as follows, 100 per cent total output with both fans running. Front View No. 9, 4 and 5 55 per cent with one fan and 6 per cent with no fans running. Moto-Heaters are made in six sizes and except the No. 2, each size is supplied in three types--suspended, floor mounted recirculating box and horizontal outside air intake box. A selection of three motor speeds, 1750, 1160 and 870 is available depending upon the degree of quiet operation the application demands. Bear Vieui No. 6, 7 and $ Steam Pressure at Heater--2 Lb. Sq. In. 1750 R.P.M. | 1160 RJ\M. | 870 fU.M. H .P . | Leavi_ng__ B.t.u. Output . B.t.u. O u tp u t C i.m . at Entering A ir Temp. f e ,erin* 1 1 C.f.m. at Entering A ir Temp. Entering A ir B.t.u. O u tp u t tco > -o'1: g u Si H .P . . to . 1_ si s <5:5 U 00 * 1.5 o-` IS M x "ft E oh Si o<5< 1 60 112 70 119 80 125 40,000 37.100 34,100 41 36 35 moto-heAter no. 2 700 1/15 60 117 29,400 30 700 1/15 70 124 27.230 7.8 700 1/15 80 130 25.000 25 455 i /ii> 60 i?t 23.600 24 350 465 1/30 70 17.8 21,900 23 x 350 455 1/30 80 134 20.100 21 350 60 1091 92.000 70 116 85.200 80 123! 78.500 1.700 88 1.700 81 1.700 MOTO-HEATER NO. 4 1/6 1/6 1Lr6o0 115 122 1/6 IT 80 129 69.000 63.900 58,800 h 1,130 66 1.130 61 1.130 1/8 n 171 n1/8 177 1/8 U 80- 134 57.000 52.800 48,600 59 55 50 850 850 850 MOTO-HEATER NO. 5 60 114 110.000 114 1.850 1/6 1 121 70 121 I0ZOOO 106 1.850 1/6 70 128 80 123 93.900 97 1.850 1 1/6 U 80 134 83500 77,400 71,200 87 1.230 80 1.230 74 1.230 i/* 1/8 1/8 60 1?.? 70 134 80 140 60 97 153.000 158 3.740 70 105 141.500 145 3.740 80 113 130.000 134 3.740 1/3 1/3 1/3 MOTO-HEATER NO. 6' Iff 60 102 (15.000 119 70 no 106.500 no 80 117 98.400 102 1/4 1/4 1/4 n 60 70 0 80 l06 114 121 68.500 63.500 58.500 95300 88J00 81.200 71 92&J \/\6 66 920 1/10 61 920 | 1/10 99 1.866 91 1,660 84 1.860 1/5 1/5 1/5 MOTO-HEATER NO. 7 60 lb 19^.000 203 3.490 1/3 60 118 TSaoRT 155 ZW 1/4 I 6^ 124 124.000 12k 1.746 1/5 70 118 182,500 189 3.490 1/3 70 125 139.000 144 2.320 1/4 70 m 114.500 118 1,740 1/5 80 125 166.000 174 3.490 1/3 A 80 (32 121000 (32 2.320 1/4 l 80 137 103.500 109 1,740 1/5 MOTO-HEATER NO. 8 60 126 236.000 244 3.240 1/3 70 132 218.500. 226 3.240 1/3 to 134 1W.000 lib 2.150 1/4 if 60 142 145.500 150 1.610 .70 140 164.000 169 2.150 1/4 1 70 147 134.500 139 1.610 80 138 201.500 208 3,240 1/3 u 80 146 151.000 156 2.150 1/4 II 80 152 124.000 128 1.610 Complete Capacity Tables for. Various Pressures Given in Our 1930 General Catalogue 808 Specialties, Healing Kelly Brass Works 226-232 West Ontario Street Chicago, 111. Kelly Non-Adjustable Steam, Air and Vacuum Valves Att Cats One-Third Site - "Kelly" Air Valves will fill every valve reqTuhireemcoemnpt.lete line of Kelly Non-Adjustable Automatic Steam, Air and Vacuum Valves are manufactured complete by the Kelly Brass WoTrhkes.interior construction of "Kelly" Air Valves are identical. The float is sealed with a phosphor bronze diaphragm at the bottom. A definite amount of volatile liquid is placed ,,,, l-U-in. SidtrOvilei in the float before sealing which vaporizes from Aii VaKV Radiator* the heat of the steam causing the diaphragm to expand and raise the float thereby closing the escape port in the top of the valve. "Kelly" Air Valves will operate under all pressures up to 10 pounds venting the radiator of the accumulated. air and closing against steam and water. Any water of condensation in %the valve will be drained back to the radiator through the syphon tube. Your particular attention is called to the "Kelly" No. 2 Vacuum Valve. Simplicity of parts. Absolutely positive in No s--Vomum--ypm. SidoOatl* Air Yol* for Radiator* No. S-H-mffir Valvefor Maine, Cotie and Risers ac"tioKne. l-ly" Air Valves are sub.jected to practical steam and vacuum tests before shipping and are Guaranteed for Five Years No. i--Vacunm--K-w>. BMmOulht Air Vdotfar Main*, Coilt and B**a* Note.--Contains Float--will close against water. Note.--Will not close against water. 809 No. 6--Vacuum--- . */pin. BaUom-Oatkl QW* Vent Air Valvefor Mam* and HV Stack* Note.--Contains Float--will close against water. Specialties, Heating Illinois Engineering Company General Offices and Factory: CHICAGO Akron Atlanta Baltimore Birmingham Boston Buffalo Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dallas Datton Denver . Detroit El Paso Grand Rapids Greensboro Halifax Harrisburg - Branches and Representatives . Houston - Indianapolis Kansas Cm Knoxville Little Rock Los Angeles Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis Montreal New Orleans New York City Oklahoma City Omaha Peoria Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Richmond (Va.) Rochester St. Louis Salt Lake City San Francisco Scranton Seattle . Shreveport South Bend Spokane Toledo Toronto Tulsa Wichita Falls Youngstown PRODUCTS--Illinois Heating Systems--Eclipse Steam Specialties Illinois Heating Systems Successfully installed in thousands of buildings--the result of over 25 years of special work in this line, and the ultimate in efficiency and economy. Illinois Thermo Trap The original vertical seat trap. Dirt does not lie on seat--self cleaning, non- adjustable, posi tive in opera tion ; durable, _ Thermo Trap will stand 50 lb. steam pressure which shows the great strength of the diaphragm, which is the reason for the long life and durability of these Traps. Thousands in operation for over 15 years without diaphragm replacements. pressure--with only two or three firing periods per 24 hrs. Tne advantages are healthful, modulated heat, and a fuel sav ing of S5-S0 per cent over other systems of heating. This result is secured by the' ILLINOIS HEAT RETAINOR--Browne Patent, a device which marks an epoch in the heating art. Illinois Heat Retainor This improved device not only vents air from the System oh 3^j oz. pressure, but it abso lutely pre vents air pull ing back into the System, . thus allowing the System to remain under vacuum for llltnots Heat Retainor htimoeurs at a Illinois Modulating Supply Valve Quick Opening--pnly a half turn of handle from, open to closed position. Packless! Bake- lit ehandle, steam tight on 50 lbs. pressure. . Large diameter of thread spool and machine cut -threads make valve easy of operation. Modulating Valve The improved Bakelite handle insulates the hand from heat. The graduated, dial shows the open or closed or any position of the valve. Furnished with Lock Shield and Key, or with Bakelite Wheel handle, upon order. Illinois Vapor Systems Illinois Vapor. Systems are capable of operating automatically on any pressures possible in a low pressure heating system --from. 10 lb. to 20 in. of vacuum. Our improved equipment actually insures oper ation under vapor--less than atmospheric Nodirt or scalecan reach the valve of the Retainor, and even the air passing through same is washed, so this device will remain in operative condition over long periods. Our Bulletin No. 22, describes the opera tion in detail--Copy sent upon request. Illinois Return Trap or Alternating Kecmer This device automatically puts the water back in the boiler against any boiler pressure possible in a low pressure heat ing system. The float trips the weights which in turn positively operate the valves. The operation is Illinois Return Trap forceful and posi tive and this mech anism cannot be caught on dead centre by water half filling the tank. No external parts to be adjusted or tampered with. No stuffing boxes--all working parts enclosed in the tank. . Our Sales-Engineering Organization will be glad to give detailed technical infor mation regarding our products and to advise as to their proper installation. 810 Illinois Engineering Company Specialties, Healing ILLINOIS PRODUCTS--Eclipse Steam Specialties Eclipse Steam Specialties The old John Davis Co. Eclipse Steam Specialties have been on the market for over 40 years, and embody the improvements and refinements sug gested by this long period of service. These Specialties are quality products, having bronze and monel metal pistons, seat rings and valve parts, the bodies are extra heavy, and every piece of apparatus is carefully steam tested--under working pressure where same is given---before shpiprmesesnutr.e Reducing Valves., for all pressures and serBvaicceks.Pressure, and Atmospheric Relief Valves. Separators. Oil and Steam, Cost Iron and Steel. Sttom Traps, all pressures. Non-Return or Stop and Check Valves. Pump Governors, Balanced Valves. Float Valves, Expansion Joints, Pipe Strainers. Reducing Valve Reducing Valves. In general use on Vacuum or low pressure Heading Systems. Will reduce to 4 oz. pressure from even 150 lb. initial pressure. The Urge diaphragm insures sensitive opera tion. . Made in both straight way and expanded outlet bodies. Sizes % in. to 12 in. Eclipse Master Reducing Valve Eclipse Steam Trap Something new in Steam trap design. The valve and stem are sepa rate from the bucket and only operated by the bucket at its extreme top and bottom travel --Result--- Valve is always either full open or tight closed. No wire draw ing or cutting of - valve 'and seat. which are of Monel metal. Steam tight and long lasting. Bulletin No. 33 describes in detail. Horizontal Oil Separator A pilot type valve will reduce from any pressure up to 250 lb. down to 10 lb. and hold reduced pressure constant at all times --even against a "dead end" pipe. Made of Bronze with monel valves and trimmings. Sizes H in. to 6 in. Illinois Expansion Joints - Smjfc mi Inra" Heavy duty joints, the liners are cast bronze-- not brajss tubing. The bolts are through bolts, no stud bolts used. _ if dTeaspirpeedd. lor se'rvice connections in anchor section These Separators have a baffle removable with out disturbing the piping. Occasional cleaning is necessary for proper elimination of oil. The port areas are over 3 times the diameter of the pipe area, hence these separators are effective. Eclipse Back Pressure and Combina tion Relief Valves Made in Vertical and Horizontal types, straight way or angle pat tern, for condensing and non-condensing engines; It is noiseless and works equally well on pressure or va cuum, air cushioned by back pressure i n dashpot. Con structed entirely of metal with no ^ springs; weari ng parts of specia i |y? V bronze. gj^ ^ jjj to 36 in `' ' Catalog and Bulletins--TUlnois Heating Systems--144 pages No. 14--Heating Specialties. No. 22--Vapor System Details.' No. 45--Non-Return Valves. BULLETINS No. 104--Pressure Reducing Valves. No. 204--Back Pressure, and Relief Valves. Exhaust Heads. 811 No. 34--Steam Traps. No. 54--Separators--(XI and Steam. No. 204--Float and Balanced Valves. Specialties, Heating Klipfel Manufacturing Co. 2641-2659 West Harrison Street Chicago, 111. Manufacturers' of Automatic Valve Specialties No, 48 Vapor Thermostats.-- Automatically maintain hot water in steam heated tanks at any desired temperature between 140 and 180; but can be made special for other temperatures. A complete operating unit, within itself--it is selfcontained. No compressed air, water, electrical, or other auxiliary power required. Lever oflever type is fitted with roller bearings to insure frictionless operation. The sensitive all-metal bellows will move the inner valve farther on a given temperature-pressure change No. 48 Vapor Thermostat, Lever Type than any competing bellows of the same diameter and length. Sizes: K to 8 in., inclusive. No. 49 Vapor Thermostats.-- Bronze bodies in sizes IK in. and under, union connections only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above, flanged ends only. Similar to the No. 48 Vapor Ther mostat, except that a spring is used instead of a lever and weight. The spring type may be used where the lever type and where extresmpeacseendsoietisvennoest spaenrmd ait wthideeursaengoef No. 43 Vapor Ther mostat. Spring Type Sizes; H to 2H in., in- clnsive.- Bronze bodies m sizes IK in. and under. Union connec tions only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above flanged ends only. ' of temperature adjustment are not required. The semi-balanced, bevel seated, bronze inner valve is normally held open by a spring. An increase of temperature of a volatile fluid hermetically sealed within the temperature sensitive bulb, which is installed in contact with the medium, causes the bellows to expand and operate the inner valve. No. 1 Pressure Regulators.--Automatically reduce any initial steam, air or water pressure to any desired reduced pres-. sure down to 2 lb. and maintain reduced pressure constantly regardless of fluctuations in initial pressure, or changes in the demand for steam. When specified for the control of air or water, the piston is provided with special leather cup packing. Can be furnished with expanded outlet in sizes 1x2 to 12x24 in., in clusive. No. 1 Pressure Regulator, Piston Type Sizes: K to 14 in., inclu. sive. Bronze bodies in sizes IK in. and under, screwed ends only. 'Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be furnished unless otherwise specified; sizes 7 in. and above, flanged ends only. No. 3 Pressure Regulators.-- Automatically reduce any initial steam pressure to any desired reduced pressure, either Delow atmosphere or up to 5 lb. above atmosphere, and con stantly maintain reduced pressure re gardless of initial pressure fluctuations or changes in the demand for steam. Includes no packing box, thus elimi nating leakage and friction on valve stem. Inner valves and seats are bronze, bevel seated. Can be furnished with expanded outlet in sizes 1 x 2 to 12 x 24 in., inch 812 No. 3 Pressure Regula. tr, Diaphragm Type Sizes: % to 14 in., in clusive. Bronze bodies in sizes IK in. and under, screwed ends only, iron bodies in sizes *2 in^ and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be furnished unless other wise specified; sizes 7 in. and above, flanged ends only. Klipfel Manufacturing Co. Specialties, Heating No- SS Pressure Regulator Spring Type Sues: fi to 6 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in- sizes IK in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; sizes 2 to 6 in., inclusive, are made with screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be furnished unless otherwise specified. No. 33 Pressure Regu lators.--Similar to the No. 3 Pressure Regulator, except that a spring is. used instead of a lever and weight. Being equipped with a locking device, they are particularly suited for use underconditions where the adjustment of a lever and weight type might be No. 88 Noiseless Back tampered with. ; Will re Pressure Valve duce any initial steam, air or water pressure to any Sizes: 2 to 24 in., inclusive. All sizes desired reduced. pressure made with iron bodies and with flanged ends; sizes 2 to 8 in., inclusive, also - not exceeding SO lb. made with screwed ends. Unless other Cannot be used to main wise specified, sizes 6.in. and under will tain pressures below at be shipped screwed ends; sizes 8 in. and mosphere. Expanded out- above with flanged ends. lettan be furnished. No. 28 Noiseless Back Pressure Valves.--Automatically and noiselessly maintain any desired back pressure on exhausts of non-condensing engines. Because of the patented construction, inner valve is effectively stabilized and can not pulsate in unison with the stroke of the engine. Operated in either horizontal or vertical position. Pre ferable installation is in horizontal pipe line. Iron bodies, bronze inner valves and trimmings. No. 27 Balanced Float. Valves.--Automatically control the supply of cold water to open tanks, so as to maintain a practically constant, water level. The inner valve consists of two perfectly balanced bronze plunger discs, and is unaffected by the water pressure. Can be furnished with bevel seated valves at an extra price. Angle and globe patterns; with seamless cop per float, for working pressures up to 200 lb. : Swivel guide yoke can be turned to any position.,, . ^ No. 87 Balanced Float Valve Sizes: H to 20 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes IK in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped unless specified otherwise; sizes 7 in. and above, flanged ends, only. All sizes J4 in. and under made angle or globe patterns, but angle pattern will be shipped unless specified globe. Sizes 16 in. and above made globe patterns, only. No: 7 Single Seated Float Valves.--Automatically maintain a constant level of hot or cold water in open tanks. Single seated, auxili ary operated. Seat equal to pipe size. Swivel guide yoke allows the float to be turned to any position. Includes a packing box with gland to prevent leakage past the valve stem. Angle and globe patterns, with seamless copper float, for working pressures up to 2001b. 813 No. 7 Single SeatedFloat Valve ' Sizes: % to 12 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes IK in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be ...shipped unless specified otherwise; size 8 in., flanged ends only. Sizes 8 in. and under made angle or globe patterns, but angle pat-, tern will be shipped unless: specified globe. Sizes 10 and- 12 in. made to order, flanged > ends, globe pattern only. ` VI Specialties, Heating Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Manufacturers of Specialties fofr Steam, Water, Air, Oil and Gas 34 West 13th Street Agents tn an principal cutes New York City Specialties, Heating The McAlear Mfg. Co. 1901-1907 So. Western Avenue CHICAGO Power and Heating Speclalties.for Controlling Pressures and Flow of Steam, Water, Air or Gas '` The Kieley Special 98 Reducing Valve is suitable for regulating steam pressure for Vapor and Vacuum Heating. This valve will reduce 100 lb. pressure to a vapor. . pressures. AH parts subject to wear are located externally and easily'removable. . The Rapid Feeder is de signed for use in controlling the water sup ply to heating and industrial boilers. It is a "direct to boiler'1 feeder and therefore, has extraordi nary high ca pacity. Kieley Ball Float Traps have all the de sirable features necessary for taking care of High and Low' Pressure Condensation. They are compact, easily repaired and have high condensation capacities.. The Duplex Feeder feeds water to the boiler when required and discharges excess water if sluggish returns tend to flood or cause a high water line. . The Climax Junior Damper Regulator. This is a Hydraulic Damper Regulator de signed for large heating systems. 814 McAlear Reducing Valves are con structed in either the diaphragm weight and lever type, spring weighted diaphragm type or the pilot operated type. They are made with either single' or double seats, and with expanded outlets when desired, depending on the type selected. They will reduce steam pressure from 5 to 250 lb. to any desired service pressure front a partial vacuum to 240 lb. Complete infor mation furnished on application. Sizes % to 20 in. McAlear traps are built in both Open Bucket and Ball Float types and are con structed in several different styles to meet any service condition. No. 717 (illustrated) is invaluable for low pressure drip connections but can be used on pressures up to 125 lb. It has large capacity, equipped with' accessible, valve construction, deep water seal, and thermostatic element when used for blast trap duty. Sizes to 3 in. No. 15 Automatic Air Valve is used for relieving mains and risers of low pressure vapor and gravity heating systems. It will operate at any pressure up to 15 lb., and is made in sizes %, l/i, % and 1 in. McAlear Direct-to-Boiler Water Feeders are made both Simplex and Du plex and are equipped with Mercoid Switches, when desired, for Oil Burner Control. Working parts of non-corrosive material, heavy seamless copper floats and they feed water direct to the boiler. McAlear Radiator Traps are con structed in several, different sizes and patterns. The thermostatic elements are made of the best quality bronze rrietal, suitable for' pressure from a partial vacuum to 15 lb. The McAlear line of Power, Heating, Gas and Oil Specialties also include: Radiator Hangers, Return Traps, Grease Extractors, Dirt Strainers, Pump Governors, Back Pressure Valves, Water-Regulating Valves, Tank Controllers, Gas Regulating Valves, Liquid Level Controllers and many other devices. General Catalogue No. 28 illus trating our complete line, will be gladly furnished upon request. 815  Specialties, Healing J. E. Lonergan Co. 211-215 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Branch Offices and Representatives New York-............................................. .......................................... _______ C. A. Butler. 429 Park Row Bldg. Chicago............................................................................ ......Naylor-Hickey Corf.. 641 Washington Blvd. Detroit.......................... :............................................. H. O. Trerice Co., 1338 W. Lafayette Blvd. St. Louis_.............................................................................Merritt M. Stone Co., 4459 Manchester Ave. Los Angeles................................... .................................._A. E. Garnjost. 824 San Fernando Bldg. Los Angeles.................... ..................................................................John C. Bell Co., 712 E. Sixth Street San Francisco-...........................................:................................................. _A. B. Ambler, 444 Market Street Seattle............. ........................... ...:........ .........................LP, L. Francis, 900 Dexter Horton Bldg. Philadelphia (Southern Representative)-Thos. H. Winston, Suite 313,1600 Arch Street Export Office (New York)--------------------- -------- Benj. Whittaker, Inc.. 114-118 Liberty Street PRODUCTS Steam Specialties; Steam Gauges, Pressure and Vacuum; Safety Valves; Water, Oil, Ammonia and Cylinder relief valves. Also Whistles for Steam or Air, Water Gauges, Oil Cups and Oiling Devices. . - Model "VAK" Special Valve for Vacuum Breaking. Six sizes--J4 to 2 in. Model "HHU" Model "GLP" A.S.M.E., Iron Body, Bronze Mounted Pop Safety Valves A. S. M. E,, "House Heating Boiler"' Especially designed for . low pressure boilers and converted high pressure boilers.. Can be set to blow off at 10, IS, 20, 25 or 30 lb. This valve has a high lift and ex ceedingly high relieving capacity. Five sizes--254 to 4 54 in. Always state Pressure at which valve is Standard pressures '5, 10 and 15 lb. . Fool proof as Pressure' cannot be changed after Valve is set at factory. Seven sizes--% to 3 in.. to be set. Portable Boiler Bronze Pop Safety Valves The Safety Valves illustrated herewith are our Models "KDP" and "ODP" made with high lift and adjustable blow down ring. Made with equaliz ing top and bottom spring steps,. steel spindles, powerful cam.lifting lever, outside adjustable blow down ring and complies in every way with the A. S. M. E. code. Model "KDP" Model "ODP" Pop Safety. Valve. A. S. M. E. Bronze Top Outlet. . Eight Sizes--34 to 3 in. Pop Safety Valve. A. S. M. E. Bronze Side Outlet. Eight Sizes--J4 to 3 in. Always state pressure at which valve is to be set. 816 J. E. Lonergan Co. Specialties, Heating Model "ORV" Oil Relief Valve for use on oil burning systems, has large re lief and positive in action. Seven sizes--% to 2 in. Model "WRV" Water Relief Valve, for tank service. Three sizes %, 34 and 34 >n- Model "U"--Relief Valve "Snifter, Water or Cylinder' '--Bronze A relief valve to be used on cylinders of Steam Eh- . gines to prevent a dose of water from blowing off . the Cylinder Head. Furnished with flanged Inlet and Outlet, if desired. Recommended for Steam Engines, Pumps, Pipe Lines, etc. In ordering, statg pres sure at which Valve is to blow off. Ten sizes--34 to 4 in. Model "GOZ" Vapor Gauge A very sensitive gauge graduated to 5 lb. by ounces. Carefully made and accurately graduated. An excellent gauge for indicating low pressure. Two sizes--434 in. and 5 in. Dial. Model "BLGW" Drawn case gauge. For either pressure or altitude, or com bination of both. Graduation 30 lb., 70 ft. . Two-sizes--354 m. and 454 in. h)ial. Model "GV"--Vacuum Gauge Standard single'seamless drawn Bourdon tube gauges for vacuum. Gauges graduated to 30 in. vacuum. Cocks always furnished without additional charge with all gauges excepting 234 in. and 3 in. Dial. Made in cast iron, black Japaned case; also in cast brass polished case. Ten sizes--254 to 12 in. Dial. Model "BLGR" Drawn case gauge. Graduated by ounces up to 10 lb., and relayed beyond that point to 30 lb. For use on house _ heating boilers. One size--454 in. Dial. - . Model "BLGA" Pressed steel case gauge for indicating height of water in feet. Graduation 70 ft. All cases rust-proofed prior to enamel. Three sizes--334. 434 and 5 in. Dial. ^ Model "BLGB" Drawn case gauge. Tank in base ment type of gauge for closed' heating systems. Made in two and three-story calibra tions only. One size--334 in. Dial. 817 Specialties, Healing Washington Office Bond Building * founded in 1865 2073 Southport Avenue CHICAGO, ILL. . Los Angeles Office . 1220 Maple Avenue Branch Offices and Stocks in Principal Cities ' New York Office 551 Fifth Avenue MARSH PRODUCTS . Consists of a complete line of Specialties for heating and industrial purposes which have been accepted as a standard for the past sixty years, gaining its merit through long satisfactory service and sound engineering practice. . Marsh Reflux Traps and Marsh Influx Radiator Valves for vapor or vacuum systems, Heavy Duty Traps, Hvyflo Float Traps, Marsh Boiler Return Traps, Marsh Thermo-' disk Air Valves, Vents and Air Line Traps for one pipe steam systems, Boiler and In dustrial Gauges for all purposes, Thermometers, etc., represents a partial list of the products pioneered by Jas. P. Marsh & Company. ' . MARSH SERVICE Marsh Service is at the disposal of Architects, Engineers and Contractors through representatives in over forty cities throughout the'United States and Canada. ` MARSH VACUUM SYSTEM . Especially, suited for large buildings where efficient and economical operation is essential. System comprises of a source of steam supply, steam and return mains, and a mechanical means of maintaining a constant vacuum within the return line system. Steam is admitted to the radiators through Marsh Influx Radiator Valves and the air and condensation is passed on into the return system through a Marsh Reflux Radiator Trap. .The Marsh Hvyflo Float Trap is employed for dripping ends of mains, main risers, etc., and the Marsh Combination Float and Thermostatic Heavy Duty Trap is . used on vento and hot water heaters. . MARSH VAPOR SYSTEM A system designed to meet the requirements of heating apartment buildings, public buildings and residences where the amount of radiation required is not large and it is. . desired to eliminate the vacuum pump. Piping is simple in design, enabling the system to operate noiselessly and efficiently on pressures a low as eight ounces. System consists of Marsh Influx Radiator Valves, Marsh Reflux Radiator Traps, Marsh Boiler Return Trap as the means of returning water of condensation back-to boiler and the Marsh Air Trap on the return system and Marsh No. 5'Rapid Vent oh the supply system as the air expelling- mediums. MARSH HI-LO VACUUM SYSTEM ` A system designed to operate on pressures at or below atmosphere, having flexible qualities so that the system can be manually or automatically adjusted to correspond to outside temperatures, reducing waste of fuel by overheating. In mild weather an in creased vacuum is maintained throughout the system, thereby delivering steam to the. radiators at a low temperature, and by-means of the Marsh Hi-Lo Traps, the amount of steam in each unit is reduced. In cold weather the vacuum is decreased and temperature of.the steam increased, at the .same time increasing the amount of steam in each unit to correspond to the amount of heat necessary to maintain a comfortable temperature with in the room or space to be heated. ' Piping arrangement and pipe sizes are practically identical to that of a standard vacuum system, the only additional features being the Marsh Hi-Lo Governors which maintain a constant- differential between supply and return mains under all conditions. On several prominent installations,of this type, one of them the largest co-operative apartment building in the mid-west, a saving of one-third of the total fuel consumption for the heating season was recorded in spite of the fact that this period experienced the severest weather recorded by the U. S. Weather Bureau in that locality for the past forty years. This system is recommended where fuel economy over a long period of years and ease of operation are of great importance. Upon request, complete details and data will be furnished. ji 818 ii Specialties, Heating Marsh No. 1 Reflux Radiator Trap Applicable to radiators, coils or other heating units where a free dis charge of air and condensation is de sired without pas . Ma__rr_h_N_o. SReflta Radiator Tra`p sage of steam into the return system. Can also be used as an air line trap on vento or other apparatus where a large volume of air is to be handled. . Sturdy in body design as well as interior construction. Diaphragm is of handspun corrugated phosphor bronze with special double seal locking device and a reinforcing ring which will prevent rupture of the dia phragm. Actuated by means of a sensi tive combination of volatile fluids. Ad justed and tested at factory. For pres sures not to exceed fifteen pounds, but when so specified, can be made for pres sures up to and including 100 lb. Size Vi Vi V Capacity Sq.Ft. 150 300 600 Lbs. Water Per Hour 40 75 _ 150 Marsh No. 2 Reflux Radiator Trap A thermostatic trap capable of handling large volumes of air and condensation Particularly suited for large radiators, direct- Marik No. I Raflvz Radiator Trap indirect heaters . and for dripping downfeed risers and small sub-mains. Body is of cast steam brass with heavy nickel plated tailpiece and nut. Dia phragm is of handspun phosphor bronze. having the same internal construction and reinforcement features as the No. 1 Reflux Radiator Trap. Adjusted and tested at factory. For pressures not to exceed fif teen pounds, but when so specified, can be made for pressures up to and including 100 ib. . Sixc Capacity Sa. Ft. Vi Vi n 1' 200 500 1000 Lbs. Water Per Hour 50 125 250 ANGLE Dimensions Size A Vi 3 Vi Vi 3{F l* 4 B 1 ft2' 2ft* CORNER BACK OFFSET STRAIGHTWAY Dimensions -- A BC w 3%' v/i i%' Vi 3H' wi i ft' 1* 4ft* Wi iW Dimensions - Size' 1 A Vi 3 Vi' Vi B 2' V i Jos.. P. Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating Marsh Influx Packless Radiator Valve Marsh Influx Pack less Radiator Valves are designed for all types and sizes of ra diators and coils on steam, vapor and vacu um heating systems. Also furnished for hot water systems when so ordered. Both Pack less and Graduated Valves are furnished in oval wheel. Graduated type also in lever handle. The Marsh Graduated Valve is a real modulating valve and by means of set ting the indicator at various points on the dial, any desired modulating opening can be obtained. Likewise, by means of a very simple operation the full opening of the valve can be varied on the job. Loosen the lock nut above the graduating dial, turn the graduating dial to desired position and tighten the locknut. The maximum port opening of the valve is then adjusted to desired position. Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating farsh Heavy Duty Trap A heavy duty trap of the combined float aid thermostatic type for handling large volumes of condensation and air. Has a turdy cast iron body, a unique float me chanism and a large capacity thermo static by-pass. Adaptable for large blast heaters, hot water storage heaters or other services where great Marsh Heanf Duty Trap quantities of con dheannsdaleted. isTetsotedbeunder actual working conditions at factory. For pressures up to fifteen pounds. ANGLE GRADUATED Dimension* Size 54' A B 1A' 54' 2 54' 1A' l' i 54' 354' 3 A' lA' 154' 154' 2' 3 54' ltt' 2W ' CORNER Dimensions Size A A' 254' B 54k 54' 2H* 154' i' 3A' mw IK' 3J4' i34' 154". 3J4' iH' 2" 454' 2' ANGLE Dimensions Size A' A B 1A" 54' 254' 3 A' i' 3 K' iA' IK' , 3A' i A' 3 54' iH' 2' 454' 2 54' ------------H as -------------Combination Float and Thermostatic Heavy Duty Trap Applied to Vento Heaters mansions-----------:--1 i' 154' Wi 2' A;, B 13 A' 1054' 13A' 1054' 1554' HA' 1554' UA' c 5 A' 5 A' 5H' 5H' D 154 154' 154* 154' GLOBE Dimensions Size A B At 254' K' 2 K' 154' 154' i' 3 A' 154' IK' 3A' 154' lA?i 354' iii' 2' 454' 2 A' 820 GATE Dimensiijns Size A B Vi 2 A' 154' K' 2' 154' i' 3A' 154' 154' 354' i*r lAi 354' 154' 2' 354' 154' !_1________ . drip points, main risers, unit heaters and Marsh Hvyflo Float Trap A light weight combined float and thermostatic trap for handling large amounts of condensation and B air, and can be Marsh Mmllo ffoot Trap - suspended directly . from piping with- indHiraescat hheeaatevrysc. opper float and compound float mechanism of non-corrosive metals. Outlet orifice is always water sealed, pre senting no opportunity for steattrteakage and air . is handled through thermostatic by-pass. Can be equipped with gauge glass feature when so ordered. Tested under actual working conditions at factory. 821 Jas-P-Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating Marsh No. 4 Reflux Drip Trap A large capa city thermo static drip trap designed to meet the require ments of those who prefer a thermostatic Marik No. i Rtfiux Drip Trap trap for dripping ends of mains, large risers, unit heaters and, small indirect heating units. . Body is of heavy cast iron with bolted cover and cleanout opening. Fitted with a heavy handspun phosphor bronze dia phragm of the double seal lock type having ample internal reinforcement. Seat is of brass. Suitable for pressures up to fifteen pounds, or for pressures up to-100 lb. when so specified. No. 4 Reflux Trap Applied to A Vacuum System. Note Seal No. 4 Reflux Trap Applied to A Gravity or Vapor System Size X' 1" Dimensions AB c 5* 6K' 5 T 6' 6". rw 6 Caoackies At Press. X Press. 475# 950# . 750# 1500# 1050# 2100# 822 Jas. P. Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating Marsh Air Trap A light weight air vent trap for use on vapor systems, having a large air outlet that permits rapid expulsion of air from the return system. Float mechanism is so arranged that it is impossible for water to come out of air outlet should it reach this point. Equipped with a copper float, brass mechanism and post and a Jen kins composi tion seat on the air outlet. Made in one inch size only, with onehalf inch air out let. ' Marik Air Trap A V A 9 A* Dimensions BCD 754' 3 54' fA' . uEr . Pounds Pressure Cu.Ft. Air per minute Capacity in Sq. reet Capacities . 'At l 2000 .1# 2# 3# . 4# 3 6 8 10 6000. 12,000 16,000 20,000 5# 12 24,000 Marsh Automatic Boiler Return Traps Can be installed on any vapor heat ing system with a minimum of head room above the boiler' water line as will be noted from the installa tion diagram and dimensions. Will automatically re Marsh Boiler Return Trap turn all water of condensation to the boiler prompt- ly and practically nois elessly, maintaining constant .water line in the boiler. The trap is very simple in construction consisting of a ball float, which, through a lever arm throws a counterweight which in turn operates the piston-like stems opening and closing the ball valves which operate within the combination strainer guides. There are np springs, sliding mechanisms, complicated adjustments and all mecha nism is enclosed within the trap. Like other Marsh heating specialties, the Marsh Boiler Return Trap is guaranteed for five years continuous satisfactory operation. Sq. Ft. 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 _______Dim.cmicni-- ABcD nw 17 Vi 9A' 2' 21' 21K' 11 Vi T-Vi E H' Hw F H" H" 823 Jas. P. Marsh & Company- Specialties, Heating PIPING ARRANGEMENT OF THE MARSH BOILER RETURN TRAP AND AIR TRAP AS INSTALLED ON THE MARSH VAPOR SYSTEM jaS_ P. Marsh & Company _______' ________ Specialties, Heating Marsh Compound Retard Gauge A compound gauge designed expressly for vapor systems,^having a sensitive spring that will register the slightest change in pressure. Dial is graduated in ounces up to five pounds, and in M'^a^a five pound graduations from five to thirty pounds. Depth of vacu um is clearly indicated in wide half-inch graduations up to 10 in., and in five inch graduations from 10 in. to 30 in. vacuum. To obtain the most economical results from a vapor system, a damper regulator that will open, or .close draft or check dampers with the slightest change in pres sures is essential. The Type D-10 Damper Regulator is equipped with a sensitive ten inch flexible metal bellows that will actuate at the slightest change in pressure. Has a 48 in. lever with weights and bell cranks. Made in one inch female bottom connection only. Can also be furnished in other size dia phragms if so ordered. Marsh Medium Pressure Steam Trap A medium pressure trap of the open float type for dripping steam lines, drying, cooking, refining and other industrial ap Marsh Medium Pressure Trap paratus where the steam pressure does not exceed 100 lb. . Has a heavy cast iron body with bolted cover, non-collapsible copper open float with valve post rigidly attached.' Valve seat is of a special hard metal which prevents wiredrawing. Also equipped with cleanout feature and test vent. Adjusted and tested at factory for all varying pres sures up to 100 lb. Sire Trap 2000 4000 6000 8000 toooo Dimensions AB 25' 24' C 25' 30' 29' 30' D 6' 6' The above are minimum dimensions Marsh No. 5 Thermodisk Rapid Vent Marsh No. 7 Air Eliminator A reliable air eliminating device for the ends of, steam mains on vapor or one pipe steam systems. This vent has a sturdy brass body and equipped with a large brass float, thermostatic member and an air port of sufficient MarA No 6 s'ze to Permit rapid expulsion Rapid Keiu of air from the system. Also equipped with vacuum top. Made in sizes from up to % in. This air vent is also used on the return system of Marsh Vapor Systems as the air expelling medium in lieu of ' the Marsh Air Trap. Has a polished brass body with a female bottom connection. Will allow free passage of air. but will close off instantly tlanh Na. i should water reach this point. Air Eliminate Equipped with a vacuum top feature. Made in % and 1 in. sizes. 824 Medium Pressure Trap Applied to Cooking Apparatus Dimensions Libs. Water Per * X CO Size A B C H" 6W 5 W Wa i" 6%' 6X' m' i X' 7%` 6X' 4' iw 7' 4 W Pressure 500 750 1500 3000 SPECIFICATION FOR A MARSH VACUUM SYSTEM 1. GENERAL CONDITIONS.--The general conditions governing this portion of the work Bball be in accordance with those of the American Institute of Architects. 2. SCOPE OF WORK--Te work to be <jone includes tie furnishing of alllabor and materials for the complete erection of a Marsh Vacuum Heating System as-hereinafterspecified and as shown on drawings. Work to be done shall be executed in a.neat and workmanlike manner, and all heating apparatus pertaining to this portion of the work to be of the best grade materials and ahall strictly conform to these specifications. .. ; 825 Jas. P. Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating 3. BOILER.--Furnish and install atype boiler as manufactured by.____________ having a guaranteed rating of--___ .sq. ft. of radiation. Boiler shall be equipped with all necessary trimmings and accessories, including Marsh Compound Vacuum and Pressure Gauge, Kunkle Pop Safety Valve and Type D-10 Damper Regulator. ' The above boiler hall be connected to chimney with a in. breeching ofgauge black steel, all as shown on plana. 4. PIPE AND FITTINGS.--Contractor shall furnish and install where indicated on plans all pipe and fittings properly supported and graded to insure a complete and successful operation of Use system. Fittings to be of standard best grade cast iron, and pipe to be of mild black steel properly threaded and reamed. Joints to be made up with a paste consisting of Portland cement and boiled linseed oil applied to male threads only. Proper provision to be made for ex pansion in all mains, risers and branches. Boiler headers h*11 be made up of standard flanged fit tings connected to boiler full sue of steam opening, same to be dripped to return header through a bleeder. All spring pieces to steam and return mains shall be taken out of top of mains at 45 deg. on upfeed systems, and out'of bottom of steam mains at 45 deg. on downfeed systems. AU runouts or branches to radiators or risers to be graded 1 in. in 10 ft. and supply and return mains 1 in. in 20 ft . Ends of mains and points where mains rise to a higher level shall be dripped through a Marsh.------- ---------- Trap as indicated on plans. Each drip point to be provided with a dirt strainer or a scale pocket All drip traps to pro perly valved. Return mains shall be graded to permit con densation to flow to pump suction strainer by gravity. Lifts in return m**08 are not to be used except where unavoidable, and in such cases, lift*shall occur at pump, not to exceed 2 ft below suction strainer. 5. COVERING.--All steam mains, risers and runouts that are exposed shall be covered with an approved air cell cover ing 1 in. thick, same to be canvased and banded in a neat and workmanlike manner Fittings to-be covered with plastic asbestos cement trawled smooth and canvased. System shall be tested with water for leaks before covering of piping is commenced. ' 6. FLOOR PLATES.--Where pipes project through finished floor, ceiling or wall, provide an approved type nickel plated floor or ceiling plate. 7. RADIATION.--Furnish and install where shown on plans a total ofsq. ft. of direct radiation, as manu factured byor equal, to have top supply, and bottom return tappings at opposite ends. Contractor must instruct manufacturer to thoroughly wash sections free of all core sand and plug all openings. Eccentric bushings shall be used at return tapping. 8. PAINTING.--All radiation and exposed piping shall be given one priming coat of flat paint and one coat of paint to match surrounding decorations, except where piping is to be covered.all as directed by the Architect. Boiler and smoke breeching to be given two coats of graphite paint. 9. RADIATOR TRAPS.--At the return end of each radia tor, install a Marsh Reflux Radiator Trap, site to be deter mined by the schedule below. 10. RADIATOR VALVES.--On the supply end of each radiator, install a Marsh Influx Radiator Valve,-- (Packless, Oval Wheel Graduated, Lever Handle Graduated) type, of a sue to be determined by the schedule below. TAPPING SCHEDULE Sq. Ft. 0- 30 31- 80 81-125 126-175 176-250 -250 up * Valve W vs II/,. 1 Vi" 2* ,' Trap 'h- No. 1 VS No. 1 W No. 1 W No. 2 W No. 2 V,. No. 2 11. VACUUM PUMP---Furnish and install where shown a ._______ ____ (Duplex or Single unit) vacuum pump having a guaranteed condensate and air capacity equivalent to ____ ...sq. ft. of direct radiation, as manufactured by ' ,,____ ____ Motor to be wound for.^____phase,___ cycle.------__volt____(AC. or D.C.) current. Pump shall ' be properly valved and bypassed in accordance with insur ance and manufacturers regulations. Pump shall be fitted with one Marsh Compound Gauge and one Thenpometer. 12. CLEANING SYSTEM.--System shall be operated for a period of several days with condensation wasted to.sewer. Boiler shall then be Mowed down through the bottom blow- off connection under 5 lb. pressure. Remove safety valve apd connect piping from this opening to sewer properly valved. Fill boiler to proper water level, built bot fire to create at least 5 lb. pressure and open valve in top blowoff connection, feeding enough water to boiler to maintain a constant water level. After four hours firing in this manner, fill boiler with water and allow hot water, to flow out of top blowoff connection for one hour. Draw the-fire, shut off feed water and blow down through bottom blowoff connection. . Allow boiler to cool, replace safety valve and fill boiler with ' fresh water to proper level. ' '. 13. GUARANTEE.--The contractor shall guarantee in the entire system a complete, continuous and noiseless circula- * tion of steam to each radiator or coil, free of all air and con densation, at a pressure not to exceed______lb. gage. He shall also hold himself responsible for any defects which may develop in any part of the system, including piping, valves or other apparatus included in this specification, due to faulty' workmanship, design or material at any time within_____ years from date of final payment, and shall remedy such defects at his own cost. 14. FINALLY.--The true intent of these specifications is to bring about the satisfactory completion of the system as out* fined above, and nothing contained herein can be construed to relieve the contractor from making good and perfect the work in all usual details of construction, and he wiif be held responsible and bear all expenses incidental to the satis factory completion of the work. SPECIFICATION FOR A MARSH VAPOR SYSTEM 1. GENERAL CONDITIONS.--The general conditions governing this portion of the work shall be in accordance with those of the American Institute of Architects. 2. SCOPE OF WORK.--The work to be done includes the furnishing of all labor and materials for the complete erection of a Marsh Vapor Heating System as hereinafter specified and as shown on drawings. Work to be done shall be execut ed ina neatand workmanlike manner, and allheatingappar atus pertaining to this portion of the work to be of the best grade materials.and shall strictly conform to these speci fications. 826 Jas. P. Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating 3. BOILER---Furnish and install a----------------type boiler as manufactured by____ ________, having a guaran teed rating, of---------sq. ft. of radiation. Boiler snail be equipped with all necessary trimmings and accessories, in cluding Marsh Compound Vacuum and Pressure Gauge, Kunkle PopSafety Valve and Type D-10 Damper Regulator. The above boiler shall be connected to chimney with a _____ in. breeching of_____ .gauge black steel, all as shown on plans. 10. RADIATOR VALVES.--On the supply end of each radiator install a Marsh Influx Radiator Valve, (Packless,Oval WheelGraduated,Lever HandleGraduated) type, of a sixe to be determined by the schedule below. TAPPING SCHEDULE Sq.Ft. Valve Trap 4, PIPE AND FITTINGS.--Contractor shall furnish and install where indicated on plans all pipe and fittings properly supported and graded to insure a complete and successful operation of the system. Fittings to be of standard best grade cast iron, and pipe to be of mild black steel properly threaded and reamed. Joints to be made up with a paste consisting of Portland cement and boiled linseed oil applied to male threads only. Proper provision to be made for ex pansion in all mains, risers and branches. Boiler header shall be made up of standard flanged fittings connected to boiler full sis& of steam opening, same to be dripped to return header through a bleeder. Au spring pieces to steam and return mains shall be taken out of top of giainfl at 45 deg. on upfeed systems, and out of bottom of steam mains at 4S deg. on downfeed systems. AU runouts or branches to radiators or risers to be graded 1 in. in 10 ft. and supSplhyoartnrdunresttueranmmmaaininss1sihna.llinbe2r0eftut.rned back to boiler at a height not less than 24 in. above water fine, dropping to return header with check valve and vented through a Marsh No. 5 Thermodisk Rapid Vent. Mains that terminate a great distance from boiler shall be dripped through a Marsh ............ .....--trap and vented by 8 Marsh No. 5 Thermodisk Rapid Vent. Return mains shall run in same direction as steam mains and shall terminate at the boiler at a height not le&B than_____ in. above waterline.- 5. COVERING.--AU steam mains, risers and runouts that are exposed shall be covered with an. approved air cell covering 1 in. thick, same to be canvased and banded in a neat ana workmanlike manner. Fittings to be covered with plastic astestos cement trawled smooth and canvased. ' nt l -`-J --f, lMln h*fnrpmverilUt of piping is commenced. 6. FLOOR ELATES.--Where pipes project through finished floor, ceiling or wall, provide an approved type nickel plated floor or ceiling plate. O- 30 31- 80 81-125 I26-I7S I7&-25Q 250 up v/f l1/1' V '/S No. I Ww* No. No- 1 I Vi" No. 2 y% No. 2 ys No. 2 .11 VAPOR SPECIALTIES.--At each point where steam nvaMvfrdrop to a lower level or where a steam matn is dripped,' it shall be vented by a Marsh No. 5 Thermodisk Rapid Vent. Where the return main drops below water line at ooiler, it shall be vented by a Marsh Air Trap as indicated on draw ings. Return main shall be connected to a Marsh Boiler Return Trap, having a capacity of.--__sq. ft. of direct radiation. Install swing check valves on each side of return trap connection in return main and connect same to boiler header bleeder through Hartford loop connection 3 in. below water line of boiler. All check valves to be tested for tight ness before installing. Install vacuum equalizing fine be tween supply and return mains with swing check valve closing on pressure on supply system. 12. CLEANING SYSTEM.--System shall be operated for a period of several days with condensation wasted to sewer. Boiler shall then be Mowed down through the bottom blowoff connection under 5 lb. pressure. Remove safety valve and connect piping from this opening to sewer properly valved. Fill boiler to proper water level, build hot fire to create at least 5 lb. pressure and open valve in top blowoff connection, feeding enough water to boiler to maintain a conslant water level. After four hours firing in this manner, fill boiler with water and allow hoi water to flow put of top blowoff connection for one hour. Draw the fire, shut off feed water and blow down through bottom blowoff connection. Allow boiler to cool, replace safety valve and fill boiler with fresh water to proper level. , 7. RADIATOR.--Furnish and iostall whereahown on plans a total of,-------- sq. ft. of direct radiation, as manufactured by..-or equal, to have top supply and bottom re turn tappings at opposite ends. Contractor must instruct manufacturer bo thoroughly wash sections free of all core sand and plug all openings. Eccentric bushings shall be used at return tapping. ' 13. GUARANTEE.--The contractor shall guarantee in the. entire system a complete continuous and noiseless circulation of steam to each radiator or coil, free of ail air and con densation, at a pressure not to exceed______ lb. gage. He shall also hold himself responsible for any defects which may develop in anypart of thesystem, including piping, valves or other apparatus included in this specification, due to faulty workmanship, design or material at any time within years from date of final payment and shall remedy such 8. PAINTING.--AU radiation and exposed piping shall be given one priming coat of flat paint and one coat of paint to match surrounding decorations, except where piping is to be covered, ail as directed by the Architect. Boiler and smoke breeching to be given two coats of graphite paint. 9. RADIATOR TRAPS.--At the return end of each install a Marsh Reflux Radiator Trap, sixe to be defects at his own cost. 14. FINALLY.--The true intent of these specifications is to bring about the satisfactory completion of tne system as out lined above, and nothing contained herein can be construed to relieve the contractor from making good and perfect the work in all usual details of construction, and he will be held resnonsible and bear afi expenses incidental to the eatis- Marsh Gauges and Industrial Instruments Our experience of over sixty years in de signing and manufacturing the full and complete line of Marsh Gauges enables us to produce any size or style of Gauge re quired for any particular service or in dustry. All Marsh Gauges are accurately gradu ated by open mercury column, adjusted, tested and warranted correct before leaving the factory. Our Catalog No. 52-G show ing a complete line of Gauges will prove beneficial to the Architect and Engineer, a few excerpts of which are illustrated on the following page. 827 Jos. P, Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating Marsh Standard- Pressure Gauges Marsh Gauges . areadapt- with hinged door, lock and key. Furnished in sizes 6% in. to 16 in., inclusive. Marsh Illuminated Dial Gauges able for use on steam, water, gas or any pressure medium which will not dete riorate So con struct e d with non- , breakable glass dial and glass back that with elec tric light bulb hung Mareh Pressure Gauge r. a S s * . . These gauges are available in a wide variety ofdial graduations in sizes 2 in. to 16 in. Furnished in bottom connection for pipe lines and, back connection for instrument panels. behind, all gradua- tions, .nu Hard Illuminated Dial Gauge merals and indicating hand stand out clearly in silhouette. With Marsh Recording Gauges Inround form to electric light turned off, hand and gradua tions show up black against the white background. ' match indicat ing in s t rurn e n t s I Marsh Compound Gauges For both 1 pip ing and gauge board panels to . ongauge matchthe board other in panels and fit ted with hinged door, lock and Marsh Recording Gauge dicating gauges. Made in bottom connec tion and back con key. Twenty-four hour record and avail able in a large range of pressure charts. Also compound pressure ahd vacuum. Sizes from 6% in., 8J4 in., 10 in. and 12 in. Also available in a combination instrument both indicating and recording. nection to indicate March Compound Ga. uge , both pressure and vacuum on such services as heating supply, return line, etc. Marsh Flush Mounted Instruments Marsh Clocks The complete line of Marsh Espec ially de signed for use in sta- t ion ary and ma rineengine rooms. Also on gauge board panels. Mounted Marsh Clod in casings other instruments on gauge boartdo pmanaetclsh, Indicating and Recording in struments is produced . also, in flush mount ed construc tion per the illustration. Available in sizes 8V in., 10 in. and 12 in. Also avail Martk Flush Mounted G--auge able in the il luminated dial construction so that electric lights can be hung in the back of the board and eliminate the glare of direct lighting. 828 Jas. P. Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating Marsh Gauge Board Panels The sketch below shows a number of typical.examples of instruments and gauge board panels, with the over-all dimensions of same for convenience in locating the panels. Also shown are the overall dimen sions of all sizes of Marsh Instruments for convenience in laying out gauge board panels where it is desired to have some combination not shown or a panel to have more than one size of instruments thereon. Marsh Indicating Instruments, recording instruments, clocks, etc., are available in all of the standard sizes and are furnished in black finish all over or brass trim, nickel trim or polished brass, nickel plated or chrome finish all over. Marsh Gauge Boards are produced in marble, slate, wood, steel, etc. Bulletins Nos. 1, 2, 15 and 21 describe Marsh instruments and Marsh Gauge Board Panels in great detail. TYPICAL LAYOUTS OF MARSH GAUGE BOARDS AND OVERALL DIMENSIONS OF MARSH GAUGES 829 / Jas. P. Marsh & Company Specialties, Heating MARSH THERMODISK AUTOMATIC AIR VALVES AND VENTS The Marsh Thermodisk line of Automatic Air Valves and Vents, including the Marsh No. 5 Thermodisk Rapid Vent and the Marsh No. 7 Air Eliminator shown among Marsh Vapor Specialties, includes an air valve or vent for every air eliminating purpose on gravity steam heating systems, one pipe gravity vacuum systems, air line systems and vapor heating systems. Each Marsh Thermodisk valve and Vent is the highest grade obtainable in its particular type. All Marsh Thermodisk Valves and Vents are guaranteed for five years to function perfectly and give excellent satisfaction. Marsh No. 1 Thermodisk Syphon Automatic Air Valve As installed upon any radiator, large or small, will vent the air rapidly due to the large capacity which has been built' into this valve and will keep the radia tor constantly free of air. Will not leak water or steam, or hiss and is abso lutely noiseless in operation. Made also in straight shank pattern. Marsh No. 2 Thermodisk Syphon Air and Vacuum Valve With the instal lation of the Marsh No. 2 Thermodjsk Syphon Air and Vacuum Valve on the radiators, Marsh Vents on the supply, any tight one pipe, gravity steam heat ing job can be made intoaone pipegravity vacuum heating system. This valve together with the vents eliminates the air from the system, keeps it.out and when the fire is banked, will hold vacuum so as to re tain heat in the radiator many hours after. In the morning, circulation of steam to radiators is prompt and efficient. Made also in straight shank pattern. Marval Syphon Automatic Air Valve A medium priced high grade syphon automatic air valve. Like the Marsh T^ermodisk, it is all metal, guaranteed to give excellent satisfac tion and noiseless in operation. The valve is smaller in size and ca pacity than the Marsh Thermodisk Syphon Automatic Air Valve, but in its class will vent the radiator rapidly and maintain the radi ator efficiently. Made also in straight shank pattern. Mortal Syphon Air Volte Marsh No. 3 Thermodisk ' Air Line Valve For installation on Paul and similar air line heating systems, vento, etc. 'Made in a wide range-of 'sizes. Passes all air promptly but' leaks Mat* No. S Air Lim n steam or vapor.. *riw . Operates perfectly with or without mechanical suction. Marsh No. 6 Thermodisk Quick Vent For installation at.any high point where a large volume of air is to be rapidly vented or where there is no danger of water leak. This valve passes air at all tempera tures and closes prompt ly against steam. Maxth No. 6 Quick Veal 830 Specialties, Heating Mueller Steam Specialty Go., Inc. 349-351 West 26th Street, New York City Steam, Water, Mr, Oil and Gas Specialties for Heating and Power Plants *"d w"t i**-" rN*Qo. nit No. IT No. ti No. 11--For Vacuum. Vapor and Low Pressure Heating Systems. Initial Pressures, up to 200 lb.; ReduNcoe.d1P7raenssdu2re1s--, 0Fotroau10tolmb.atic control of reduced pressures on dead-end service, requiring a tight dosing valve, such as tank heaters, kitchen utensils, sterilizing apparatus, laundry equipment, kettles, cookers, drierCs,onestctr.ucItneditiwalitPhrfeuslslugrleosbeupbotdoie2s0. 0 Clbe.nteRregduuidceedelPimreinssauteressth0etwoin1g5s0olbn.discs, and increases efficiency, assures minimum noise and prolongs the life of the seats and discs. Lever and weight operates on a steel roller bolt, assuring a most sensitive valve. Spring type furnished with special long springs for sensitive operation and wide ranges of reduced pressures. No. 601 Junior up to 6000 Sq. FL No. 607 Up to tt,600 Sq. Ft. No. 611 for Industrial Service No. 617 Duplex vp.lo tS,600 Sq. Ft. Automatic Water Feeders with a powerful leverage to control the water line in steam boilers, etc. They supply make up water to compensate for evaporation. leaks, steam utilized in process work and condensation wasted. Where condensation held up m the system eventually returns in targe quantities, our Duplex type protects the boiler against flooding. All working parts of non-corrosive metal, are accessible without breaking pipe connections. Provided with an integral strainer. For steam pressures . up to 100 lb., water pressures up to 120 lb. j ` Simply Sturdy and- Simple, Positive and Compact Air Eliminators and Re turn Steam Traps for returning the condensa tion from any type of low or high pressure heating system or ap paratus. direct to boiler Compact Steam Traps for draining water of con densation from steam apparatus and steam mains. Powerful - compound leverage enables them to take care of large quanti ties of condensation. ' at bigb temperatures - Equipped with strainer, and discharging the air No. 5/5 upto SB lb. Pressure to the atmosphere. No. 5/7 upto 150 lb. Pressure No. 1 Inlet Outlet Steam - Vent Sq. Ft. Kao. No.tlduplo 50tt>.Pressure water gages, air cock. No.821 upto 160U>. Pressure blow-off and integral by pass valve, when desired. AVI working parts accessible without disturbing 1 i 3 4 5 61 V. 1tV. 1 '/l 2 V/i 1 V* IV* % /, i 2' i I'll I'/l ~ IV* 1'/* Vi 2250 % 3300 4950 ,* 7200 9000 1 14.400 any pipes. Valves sealed with several inches of water, making the escape of steam impossible. - Made in sizes from 3^ to 3 in. --- . .,1-^vrpr ctR Link vladly furnished on application. Catalogur and Bulletins covering ou C Monash-Younker Co., Inc. . Specialties, Heating Monash-Younker Co., Inc. EStAuSHED 38 YEARS CHICAGO NEW YORK MONASH THERMOSTATIC RETURN LINE TRAPS oPelAtaPcHhfet^o4 OCfACKfO Diaphragm No. Ss-A-M i,,. Made in Angle only. No. S5-B-H in. No. 36-ft Made in Angle. Right, Left Made in Angle only, and Straightway. . The working parts or "ELEMENT" of MONASH Thermostatic line of Traps are described on following page. ' . Designed to overcome the various faults of ordinary return line traps, the MONASH have proven their efficiency in rigid tests in actual operation over a period of Thirteen Years in many large buildings. '. When MONASH Traps are specified the responsibility of the heating engineer ceases because they are Guaranteed in Writing for Ten Years--for pressure not to exceed Ten (10) lbs. The No. 35 Trap can be furnished with either a vertical or horizontal seat as illus trated above. No- 35 A - or B Pi in. 200 sq. ft. 65 lbs. water per hour No. 36 B No. 36 B No. 36 BX in. 350 sq. ft. 108 lb3..water per hour 2? in. 590 sq. ft. 160 lbs. water per hour Pi in. 800 sq. ft. 280 lbs. water per hour - . Monash Thermostatic Heavy Duty or Drip . du^A| - Traps for 25 Ids. Pressure pocket, clean-out and by-pass. .' h?iZ Vertical seat and diaphragm outside the' steam' chamber. Especially suitable > for blast coils, dry kiln coils, main drips, dryers, laundry machinery and all points where large Quantities of condensation is to be handled. Water pgr Hour....pounds 508 Hr ... .. Size........................... inches J/2 Sq- Ft. of Radiation.......... >50 Net Weight............... pounds 3.25 Monash Guaranteed Automatic Air Valves ____ _ w. a, cut metal, non-adjustable automatic air valve in which the base and nipple are in one casting-- -MONASH No. 1o,,ailolumr-etal, way-drain, lock-shield, automatic air valve with all working parts above MONASH No. 6, four no soldered or sweated joints opening to radiator. Self to come apart. cleaning; no flooding of fnloors and other damage. Specify Monask Valve holde--r---w- ith valve. No- 6 8 Monash Quick Venting Valves Monash Thermostatic Air Line Valves No. 27 . RFVox-r *m--ains and* ri'sers the for drip nr air ------------- MONASH No. 27 thermostatic, for drip or air line systems; quick venting valve is desirable. also for venting vento stacks Has heavy brass body and and blast coils. cover, phosphor bronze thermo static diaphragm. ' preOsspuerreasteuspatuoto1m0albti.cally at all la rapid in action and positive in results, passing all air but closing tightly Insures rapid steam circula against steam. 1 tion. Closes against steam, but does not close against water. neCt wonenigehctt.ions are H `in*, I lb. Made of brass, white plated; the No. 2 is K * & in., the No. 3 is x % in. 1 lb. net weight. . 832 No. 2 A WORD TO HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS Obsolete and defective Return Line Radiator Traps can be recon structed and made BETTER THAN NEW by inserting the MONASH THERMOSTATIC TYPE "C" ELEMENT into the old Trap Bodies. Have your client send us an old (half-inch) Radiator Trap complete with nut and tail piece attached and if it has a screwed-in seat, we will replace it with our own seat and insert our MONASH Thermostatic Type "C" Element into the Trap Body and return it to your client for test on consignment, postpaid. . '. This MONASH Element consists of a Diaphragm, which is the heart of the Trap, and the construction of same is illustrated and described herewith below. If the Trap, sent us by your client, is one that we cannot reconstruct, then we will gladly furnish a MO'NASH Ten Year Guaranteed Trap Complete with the proper length tail piece so that it will fit into the roughing-in dimensions of the old Trap and no pipe fitting need be done. This will give you an opportunity to learn first hand all about the virtues of the MONASH Element in the old Trap Body or the MONASH Trap complete. We feel confident that once you know more about the MONASH Product you may want to specify it in your work. MONASH THERMOSTATIC DIAPHRAGM This Diaphragm is as sensitive to the various changes of temperature as the most delicate instrument, yet, so sturdy in construction that we do not hesitate to Guarantee it in Writing for Ten Years. . . ' -N9i Cover (No. 1) is cast in one piece with the guide, which permits the plunger (No. 4) to be in perfect alignment with the seat (Nq. 5) when closing. Diaphragm (No. 3), the heart of the Trap, is held securely in place between the adjusting screw (No. 2) and the plunger (No. 4). It is therefore a separate and independent unit not attached to any part of the Trap. Body, permitting the Dia phragm to be removed without disturbing the adjustment, as this can be done from the exterior of the Trap. . monash Type -C" Element These exclusive features in the MONASH Trap are covered by United States and Foreign patents. 833 Specialties, Heating @ O-E Specialty ,Mfg. Co. Manufacturers of O-E Vapor-Vacuum and Hot Water Heating Specialties 1710-1712 St., Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, Wi's. . Representatives in All Principal fbities - - Nos. 1 and 2--O-E Improved HighGrade Packless Supply Valves for Vapor, Vacuum, Steam or Hot Water. Can be furnished in the following patterns: Lock Shield, Globe, Straight Way, and Right and LeftHand Corner. No. No. 4 Nos. 3 and 4--The O-E Bail Check Water Seal Con denser Return Fitting with adjustable air vent and O-E Air Exhauster and Vacu um Valve with the O-EGraduated Pack less Supply Valve are designed for the simplest and most flexible heating sys tem ever devised. Send for Bulletin "K." No. 5--Interior view No. 1 and No. 5 O-E Thermo-Nickel Return Trap for vapor, vacuum or pressure heat ing systems. Guaranteed to remain closed on a vacuum pump system. Thermal members practi cally indestructible. Roughlng-ln Dimension and Capacities No. Capacity Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation A ' Pipe Center Line Connection Outlet to In. End of Spud In. B Face of Outlet to End of Spud In. 5 75 Vi We We 1 200 Yi We oh. 1 500 Ve 2Ve We No. 6--O-E Float Drip and Blast Traps are highly efficient, positive in action and are entirely depen dable for dripping low or high-pressure steam mains risers, vento coils, etc., with out the loss of steam. Made in sizes to 2 in. - No. 6 . No. 7--O-E No. 2 y2 Direct Differential Boiler Return Trap is infallible for returning condensa- tion to boiler on any vapor- vacuum one or two-pipe gravity steam heating sys- ' terns. Capacity 4,500 sq. No. 7 ft. direct Radiation. Pipe connections 2 in., steam % in., air vent *n., No. 4 with outside mechanism 3,500 sq. ft,, No. 5, 6,500 sq. ft., No. 6, 9,250 sq. ft. No. 8--O-E Vacu-Float Vents made in two sizes, in.. No. 15 and % in.. No. 30. Vents quickly and freely closes against water or steam. No. 8 No. 9--O-E Flow Con trol Hot Water Fitting for controlling hot water circulation in both Heating and Plumbinginstallations. For either gravity or Forced circulation heating systems this Fitting substitutes for and interchanges with the Standard Union Elbow commonly used on the return con nection of Hot Water radiators. The out standing advantage of the O-E Flow Con trol Fitting is the ease with which the flow orifice can be adjusted without the neces sity of draining the water from the system. We are also manufacturers of O-E No. 1 and No, 2 Vacuum Gauges, O-E No. 2 and No. 3 Damper Regulators, O-E Frost Proof Fitting, O-E Dirt Strainers, O-E No. 7 Vacu-Quick Vents, O-E Thermo-Nickel air line valves, and O-E Automatic air valves and vents. Data Pertaining to any of the Above Specialties Cheerfully Furnished on Request 834 w. A. Russell Grand Central Terminal "Warco" Specialties, Heating & Company . New York Valves and HV Stack* In concentrating on seven perfected ``Warco" Air and Vacuum Valves, W. A, Russell & Co. offer what experience has shown to be the valves that fill every air and vacuum valve need. W. A. Russell & Co. have specialized in air valve manufacture for more than 39 years, and have embodied many unique -and original mechanical improvements in "Warco" Valves. Every "Warco" Valve is tested under . actual steam conditions, and guaranteed for a period of five years when properly installed. " Warco" No. 5 14 in. Bottom-Outlet Quick Vent Air Valeo for Maine and HV Stack* " Warco" No. 6--Vacuum 14 in. Bottom-Outlet Quick Vent Airand Vacuum Valve for Maine and HVStacke "Warco" No. S in. Bottom-Outlet Air Valve for Maine, Coil* and Rieere 835 "Warco" No. A-V . Vacuum Vi in. BotlomrOutUt Air and Vacuum Vaitc for Mains, Coils and Risers- Specialties, Heating Sarco Go., Inc. Baltimore Boston 183 Madison Ave., New York Buffalo Chicago Cleveland . Detroit Philadelphia Pittsburgh RADIATOR, BLAST AND STEAM TRAPS, St. Louis PACKLESS INLET VALVES. TEMPERATURE REGULATORS AND STRAINERS . .. . ~ SARCO STEAM TRAP No. 9 - For pressures 0 to 100 lb. For industrial purposes, hospitals, laundry and kitchen equipment. Sarco Steam Trap No. 9 consists of a heavy bronze body with a powerful motor element of helical seam less bronze tubing containing an expansion fluid. Is of the balanced pressure type, suitable for any steam pressure from 0 to 100 lb. without readjustment. Has unusually great capacity, large valve area and quick, high lift when discharging. Cannot air bind. Write for Booklet No. HV-230. ' For Steam Pressure from 0 to 30 lb. Fig. 9-1 can be used. It has the same capacities as F*g. 9-2 but is furnished with brass composition valve heads and seats. -Size In. <A 1% Price. Each Type No. 9-2 $ 8.50 . 11.50 14.50 Price, Each Type No. 9-1 $ 7.50 10.50 13.50 Dimensions Inlet to Outlet We' We' V . . (Upecity Lb. per Hour 500 600 800 SARCO HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE BLAST TRAPS No. 9-3 and 9-4 (entirely Thermostatic) This Heavy-Surface or Blast Trap is for draining steam . .. ' coils of hot water tanks, vento stacks and main drip lines; also where a large capacity trap is required such as for draining coils in dryers, vacuum pans, heating coils, cooking vessels, etc. Will handle great flows of condensation without loss of steam. Is entirely thermostatic, so removes the air as well as water. . Operates on the same principle as the Sairco Steam Trap No. 9-2. No. 9-3, Pressures 0-30 Lb. List Prices F. O. B. Bethlehem, Pa. 1' i'/.' w 2" $25.00 27.50 30.00 37.50 - Capacities Lb. per Hour 1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 No. 9-4, Pressures 0-100 Lb. Monel Valve Head- and Seat List Prices F. O. B. Bethlehem, Pa. I" I'A' .W $30.00 32.50 35.00 - Capacities Lb, per Hour 1,250 1.250 3.250 Write for Blast Trap and Heavy Service Booklet. F. T. 1 (Float and Thermostatic) Recommended for live drips, large heating units, vento stacks, hot water tanks, etc. Two inlet and two discharge connections tapped 1in. are provided and can be.adjusted to the size speci&ed. The thermostatic by-pass releases air. The under-slung valve head insures large capacity and reduces wear. Capacity in pounds of water per hourat pressure differential per square inch. Alb. 1 lb. 2 ib. 550 725 1000 5 Ib. T/z lb. 101b. 1600 1800 2000 List Price: in., t in., F. 0. B. Bethlehem, Pa, 836 1H in.. $25.00 Weight: 15 lb. Sarco Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating SARCO RADIATOR TRAPS For vacuum, vapor and low- pressure heating systems. The Sarco is of the thermo static type, using Seamless Helical Bellows and a vola- . tile liquid filling. Its posi tive action keeps radiators thoroughly drained, preventing water hammer and air binding. . Type H TypcE Helical' Bellows is phosphor bronze. It has, a high lift, insuring free discharge, a maximum closing pressure and an unusually long life. Body is heavy brass, nickel plated. Can be used on all'pressures up to 25 lb. without adjusting. Write for Booklet HV-110. '' list Prices F.O.B, Bethlehem. Pa. TypeE TypcE Type E Type H '(k $ 6.00 8.00 15.00 5.00 Dimensions Center Outlet to Inlet Center Inlet to to Face of Outlet 3%" Wi* Capacity--Direct Radiation Vapor Syst< Sq.FL Vacuum System Sq.FL 200 250 600 1500 1800 125 150 Angle, straightway and offset types are furnished at same prices. SARCO PACKLESS INLET VALVE For use on vapor and vacuum heating systems, r--e-g--u--l-a--r-.----E--a--s,y t..o. t.urn. Dial is dis TThIii!sp yvmallivrAe rcaann. not leak as it is of the true Packless type. tinctly marked. Has heavy brass, well-nickeled body. Furnished with lever or round moulded `h'an--dies . vti t t ha By the use of the Sarco Helical Tubing it elimi List Prices Center . F.O.B. Inlet to Bethlehem. Pa. Outlet CAPACITIES Feet Direct Radiation nates the necessity lor packing of any kind. Valve opens or closes with a three-quarter turn \/S VS 1# V/,' l'/2' $5.50 6.00 7.50 9.50 12.00 y 3' 3V y/2- up to 40 sq. fL 41 to 75.sq. fL 76 to 125 iq. ft. 126 to 200 eq. ft. 201 to 500 aq. ft. and the pressure is always even, smooth and. SARCO TEMPERATURE REGULATORS Sarco Temperature Regulators are self-contained and self-operating. No auxiliaries such as air, water or electricity are required. They operate thermostatically by the expansion of a heavy hydro-carbon oil and are positive in action. Will operate steam, gas or water valves and can also be supplied to open with rise in temperature. They can be used for hot water tanks, cold storage plants, dry room or kiln control and for any specified temperature from 30 to 300 deg. fahr. Sarco Regulators can also be furnished to meet special conditions. Inquiries are invited. Write for Booklet HV-60. ' SARCO SELF-CLEANING STRAINER For Steam, Water and Oil Lines. Write for Booklet HV-200. . Type TR-tl SARCO'AIR ELIMINATOR Has a capacity of 15,000 sq. ft. of Direct Radiation based on one ounce pressure. Has % in. port area and is fitted with union connection. .' - Specialties, Heating The Trane Company La Crosse, Wis. See Pumps, page 766; Unit Heaters, page 679; Heat Cabinets, pages 654-655. - branches jn all principal cities * TRANE HEATING SPECIALTIES Bellows-Packless Valves--Trane Valves are strictly packless. A special arrangement of ten-corrugation bellows makes.the use of packing unnecessary and does away with all the inherent evils attending its use. Brass bodies and tops. Nickel plated. Non-rising stem. Composition wheel handle. Lever handle furnished as special. Indicator standard with wheel handles. Tension spring under Bakelite collar on stem prevents valve opening or closing from vibration. Bellows guide insures proper seating and prevents bellows twist ing. Only up and down movement possible. Standard valves furnished in l/2, 3A, 1, 1)4, i/4 and 2 in. sizes. Right and left- hand corner pattern valves furnished in % in. size. Straightway patterns avail able in I and 1}4 in. sizes. Chain and wheel attachments for ceiling radiation, lock and key type for public buildings, etc. Trane Vents--For venting air 'from heating systems, steam coils, blast coils and Unit Heating Systems. ' Float Vents--Trane Float Vents close against steam and water. Also close to retain a vacuum in a system. Brass body. Nickeled finish. Equipped with Trane fourteen-corrugation bellows for closing against steam. Copper float closes against water. Full !4 in. venting port. Aluminum flapper prevents air returning to the system after it is Once expelled. Outside diameter 3 in. Bellows guaranteed for five years. . Quick Vents--Brass Body. Nickeled finish. Equipped with Trane fourteencorrugation bellows. Closes against steam only. Also closes to retain a vacuum in 838 The Trane Company Specialties, Healing the system. Full 14 in. venting port. Aluminum flapper prevents air from re turning to the system once it is expelled. Outside diameter I in. Bellows guaranteed for five years. ' Trane Gauges--Small 4)4 in. gauge has black body. Nickeled finish. Easilyread figures. Two styles--Vapor-Vacu- ' urn and Vacuum. Compound Vapor- Vacuum reads from eighteen inches vacu um to thirty pounds pressure. Bourdon | spring movement. : Large 8)$ in. gauge has black body and brass rim. Bourdon spring - movement. For high boilers and dark boiler rooms. Reads from 30 in. vacuum to 30 lb. pressure. Trane Strainers--Cast iron bodies. Heavy brass perforated open end screen easily removed for cleaning. Operate in either vertical or horizontal position. Furnished in five sizes, 1, i\4 and \ )/2 in. Screen' easily removed forcleaning. Trane Direct Return Traps--The . Direct Return Trap is essentially a safety device. No matter how carelessly the system is fired this Direct Return Trap returns the water to the boiler. Guaran teed for pressures up to 20 lb. Furnished in three sizes, No. 10, No. 210, No. 310. Trane Damper Regulators--Trane Damper Regulators are sensitive to the slightest change in boiler pressure. An ounce of pressure operates it and gives even temperatures at all times. Rubber diaphragm constantly in water--a pre servative. Only one weight to adjust. Trane Bellows Radiator Traps-- Trane Bellows Radiator Traps areequipped with the Trane standard fourteen corruga tion bellows. The bellows are made of seamless, jointless copper. Guaranteed operating range from any vacuum to 25 lb. pressure for low pressure traps and from 25 to 125 lb. pressure for high pressure traps. Bellows are guaranteed for 5 years. Offset Pattern Trap--This trap has the same general characteristics as stand ard Trane Angle Traps. Same capacities. Exactly the same in construction except for its adjustable outlet fitting, which may be adjusted to any angle desired thus facilita ting pipe fitting and simplifying stocking. Trane Thermostatic Drip Traps-- Trane Bellows Drip Traps are available in low or high pressure styles. Ideal for dripping ends of mains or on steam con densing equipment where drop in tem perature of condensate is necessary to prevent re-evaporation. Fourteen-cor rugation bellows. Operating range from . any vacuum to 25 lb. pressure. Trarie Float Drip Trap--A heavy duty product for handling large volumes of condensate. Cast iron body. Seamless copper float. Double-acting brass mecha nism. Horizontal seating type discharge valve. Cleanout plug in bottom. Standard fourteen-corrugation bellows controls air elimination orifice. Two inlet and two outlet openings on No, I- and No. 3 Traps. Either may be used. Trap cannot become air bound as air is eliminated through a thermostatically controlled port. 839 Specialties, Heating Sterling Engineering Co. 1626-44 Holton Street Milwaukee, Wis. * Sales Agencies in All Principal Cities THE THERMOTROL A self-contained, automatic temperature control valve. Adaptable for vapor, vacuum, or low pressure two pipe steam heating systems. . % in. Capacity 70 sq. ft. of Direct radiation 1 in. Capacity 150 sq. ft. of Direct radiation in. Capacity 250 sq. ft. of Direct radiation . ' iyi in. Capacity 300 sq. ft. of Direct radiation Note--Also adaptable for hot water heating systems. , , . . , Specialties, Heating Vapor Engineering Company 489 Fifth Avenue New York City Chas. E. Scott--R. C. Willis. 10 South 18th Street Philadelphia, Pa. J. W. Glassey--M. S. Buck VECO VAPOR SPECIALTIES Non Mechanical ami Positive in Operation Engineers for the design of "open-to-atmosphere" vapor heating systems for factory, public and residential buildings, regardless of size, construction or location, Veco Vapor specialties are the result of 21 years of specialization in vapor heating work THE COMPELLER For stimulating the circulation in hot water heating systems or domestic hot water or ice water circulating systems. . No. 234--Furnished with companion flanges tapped 2J6 in. or under. No. 4 --Furnished with companion flanges tapped from 3 to 4 in. No. 6 --Furnished with companion flanges tapped from 4}^ to 6 in- 840 Full cooperation is offered to Architects, Engineers and Contractors in the planning of Veco Systems which are fully Guaranteed as to material--and satisfactory operation. 841 ,Specialties Heating ESTABLISHED 1888 WARREN WEBSTER & COMPANY Pioneers of tho Vacuum System of Steam Heating Camden, N. J. Branches in over 50 Cities r ,, Systems ofSteam Heating Manufacturers of Webster Systems of Steam Heating and Webster System Equipment--Webster Series "78" Traps for "Process" Steam Pressures--Steam and Oil Separators and Expansion Joints -for uses of process steam Webster Products Webster Moderator System of Steam Heating. .' Webster Vacuum and Type "R" Systems of Steam Heating. Webster System Apparatus: Including Sylphon Traps; Diaphragm (No. 7) Traps; Modulation Supply Valves; Sylphon Quick Opening Packless Valves; Dirt Strainers; Dirt Pockets; Drip Traps; Heavy-Duty Traps; Double Service Valves; Water Accumulators;. Expansion Joints; Lift Fittings; Suction Strainers; Vacuum Governors; Hy-lo Traps and Controllers; Damper Regulators; Vent Traps and Vent Valves; Boiler Return Traps; Air Separating Tanks. Steam and'Oil Sepa rators. Webster Series "78" Traps for "Process'* steam pressures (10 to 100 lb. per sq. In.). Future installation of rfis system in new buildings can be arranged for by installing a standard Webster Vacuum or Type "R" System with provision for later addition of Moderator System equipment and ad vantages. . Webster Vacuum Systems --are particularly suited to large buildings, or where "process" steam is used and the exhaust utilized for either direct radiation, or in combination with blast coils or unit heaters . . . operating on either low-pres sure live steam or exhaust steam, or a combination of both. Webster Service Webster Type "R" System . --delivered through more than 50 Branch Offices; places at the disposal of engineers, . architects, and heating contractors accu rate, comprehensive information resulting from' the extensive experience of this organization. Webster Moderator System A. fundamentally new development in steam heating which varies the quantity of steam admitted to the building as a whole and to each radiator in particular--balanc ing the supply of heat with changes in out side temperature arid normal inside demand. This system gives fully automatic varia tion of steam supply to provide for changes A two-pipe, open return line, low pres sure steam heating system adaptable to almost every type of building, except the very largest, where Webster Vacuum Sys tems are used. For installations from J500 to 32,000 sq. ft. of direct radiation. The . only limitation is the necessity for a base- ' ment or other depression so that the boiler ' may be placed with its water line below the level of water of condensation flowing back to it. The combination ,of the Webster Boiler Return Trap and Webster . Vent Trap incorporated in this system pro- . vides maximum safety with open return line simplicity. . in demand resulting from (1) variation in outdoor temperature (2) from shutting off or turning on of radiation; to compensate for (3) variation of steam pressure above the minimum resulting from uneven firing and (4) in vacuum systems, for variation in degree of vacuum in returns within limits established for the system. ft also gives convenient manual control of steam supply to provide for changes in demand resulting from changes in weather conditions other than temperature and to provide for quick heating up and night load conditions. Each Webster Moderator System must be made to order for the requirements of the individual building, with the result that production is limited at present. Conventional Arrangement of Piping Around Webster Boiler Return Trap, Sizes OSS to SSS, in the Webster . Type "R" System of Steam Beating 842 Warren Webster & Company Specialties, Heating TABLE I. Webster Type System , Basement Equipment Size of Rating. Sq. Ft. Boiler Return . Direct " Trap Radiation 0023 023 123 223 323 1500 2500 4000 8000 ' 16.000 Number Size of Vt*o. of Vent VaWe* VentTVap 1 0023 1 1 2 023 123 223 3 323 For iestallatious over 16,000 sq. ft., two Boiler Return Traps and a Duplex Vent Trap are used. See' Webster. Service Details. In the following columns are listed Webster Systems Equipment. Roughingin dimensions are given in inches. Consult Webster Service Details for cornpiete in stallation instructions. Webster Sylphon Packless Q-O. Valves TABLE II Dimensions Webster Dirt Strainers--Series 18 TABLE VI Dimensions Webster Heavy Duty Trap-Series 19T __ TABLE VII Dimensions Size A ooiir 0I9T II9T 219T >4 1 1'4 2 CE 1 12% 1 15 u/i 18V* m 19% Size B I2% "v/T I VA 2>4 % 3 % .1% 214 1 254 Webster Type "W" Modulation Valves table III Dimensions Webster Drip Trap--Series 026 A heavy duty trap, handling large volumes of condensation and air. Compact and light in weight. Suited for drips of mains, unit heaters and simi lar applications. Specifications call ing for a heavy- duty float-type Webster Drip Trap trap is fully met, while the advantages of the thermostatic element and ease of installation are both Webster Sylphon Traps . c-V------- ajxi TABLE V--Dimension^ Size --A B~D 'A-512 >4-513 >4-522 5/4-523 >4-533 1 -534 3% i% 4 3% 3'4 l>4 i% 4/a % 3`A 1 v/% 4 2y< 5Vs 4 2% 5>4 4% 234 6% 4>4 234 6vb retained. . Outlet openings on both end and the bottom permit discharge of water, or water and air, either vertically or hori zontally. An opening in the cover of the trap Dimension! is provided so that air may. be dis charged separately when desired. In the bottom of the trap is a plugged opening which serves as a cleanout. Ratings range from 500 lb. per hour at rs ik nressure difference to 1800 lb. at 843 Warren Webster & Company Specialties, Healing Webster Series "78" Thermostatic Traps Application: Webster Series "78" Webster Series "78" Thermostatic Traps have been developed to meet the needs of users of "process" steam at 10 to 100 lb. per square _, . ,, . ,,,, inch. When installed lSl,.p accordance with the recommendations of Webster Service, they provide the answer to a multitude of problems of efficient discharge of air and water of condensation from process-steam using equipment. In creased production through quicker heat ing-up and higher maintained temperature of heating surfaces result. Design and Construction: Unusual construction features include automobiletype copper-asbestos gasket, heavy-gauge monel metal diaphragm, renewable-stain less steel valve piece and seat, expanded opening for quiet operation, cast steam brass body, and hot forged brass cap bolted on with monel metal tap bolts. Thermostatic Traps may be used to advantage in hundreds of different applica tions. Most of these falljpto three groups. 1. To discharge both air and water of condensation from single pieces of apparatus within its capacity. 2. For installation on each unit of a battery--as for example a battery of kettles instead of the old fashioned method of trying to handle the entire battery through one "master" trap.- 3. For venting air only from apparatus formerly provided with Iqmdcock or other similar inadequate means, and . where volume of condensation is handled by a "bucket type" trap. TABLE IX Sizes and Types: Webster Series "78" Thermostatic Traps are made in J^, % and 1 in. sizes and in two pressure classes. Class 2 Traps are designed for pressures from 10 to 50 lb.; Class 3 Traps for 50 to 100 lb. pressures. Dimensions No. of Trap ABC D 780 782* 783 784 m m IV4 2V4 IV, IJfc iv 156 I'/b 37/g 4% 2 2y8 4J/ Ratings: The range of application of Webster Series "78" Traps is limited only by the following three factors: (1) Pres sure of 10 lb. (or less) to 100 lb. per sq. in. (2) Volume of condensation ranging from 60 to 1210 lb. of water. (3) Not to be used with superheated temperature. Class 2 Trap--10 to 50 lb. pressure. ` Class 3 Trap--50 to 100 lb. pressure. . *782 Trap furnished on special order with Vj-m. nipple to fit the standard union nut. Other dimensions unchanged. . ' Webster Series "78" Dirt Strainer TABLE VIII Ratings of Webster "78" Thermostatic Traps ' 0. vS Size of Tap- pingi Class 2 Work ing Pressures up to 50 lb. per sq. in. Pressure Differential. Pounds per In- Out- Square Inch let let 10 | 20 | 35 1 50 Clan 3 Working Pres- , sures, 50 to 100 lb. Pressure Differential Pounds per Square Inch 20 1 35 | 50 | 65 80 1100 Pounds of Water per tjlr. Water per Hour 780 782 W y.' it Vi* 201 40| 80|l20 3o| 50 68 85 100 115 60| 95} 1401185 751110 145 180 210 245 783 784 V," r y 130225330435 165245 3251405 470 545 V 300|465|685|900|375|550 725 900 1040 1210 Note.--The pressure differentials given in this table refer to pressures existing at the inlet of the trap and in the return line. . The Webster Series "78" Dirt Strainer has been provided to be placed, ahead of every Webster Series "78" Thermostatic Trap located at a drip point in the supply piping or attached to apparatus which is likely to contain core, sand, pipe scale or sedi ment. TABLE X Dimensions PLUG FOR NTT MOT OSLO RTMCNACLE STUWTtR REMOVABLE 5TRENER CAP Size, in. A B c v/t782-% 4V? I'/s 782B-V2 4Vl V/t I'A 7S3->/t 4% J'/l 136 784-1 536 4'/b 156 844 Specialties, Heating Exhaust Heads Water Columns Pump Governors ' Wright-Austin Co. 315 W. Woodbridge Street ^ ... , Detroit, Mich. Representatives in Principal Centers Made to order Separators Air Traps "Airxpel" Bucket Type Steam Trap Expels entrained air auto- to 300 lb. The two. Separators illustrated here are part of one of the most complete lines of types and sizes in the world. These include matically. Unusually cast semi-steel Separators, cast steel, riveted large capacity. Has ex ceptionally long life, with steel and welded steel Separators made in all sizes for all classes of service for both steam out repairs, because of and oil. ' simple, one lever con struction. All parts are accessible at all times. Straight line horizontal Type "A" Vertical Steam Separator 0 to 250 lb. pipe connection, making it easy to install; low weight, hangs on the pipe line. Monel metal valves and seats in a valve holder which; regrinds the valve as the Trap operates, keeping it steam tight. For average service. Will eliminate dirt and mois ture from steam down to )- of 1 per cent; cast in one piece and self cleaning, requiring no maintenance "Emergency" High Pressure Steam Trap after installation. The Type "A" has been stand 0 to 250 lb. Three valve Trap ard for 35 years and there with exceptionally are many thousands in large capacity at successful use. Installed high loads and no wire just ahead of the throttle drawing at low loads. of an engine; it improves efficiency, checks No change of valves vibration and prevents accidents. or adjustment of any kind from 0 to 200 lb. Capacity increases Type "B" Horizontal Steam Separator with pressure. AU 0 to 250 lb. internal mechanism Can be placed close attached to and removable with the cover. to walls or ceiling, Straight line horizontal connections. because body of Sep Strong nickel float. An exceptionally arator hangs below reliable Trap for shipment to foreign lands pipe line. Self-clean or out of the way places. ing, cast in one piece, no maintenance re "Victor" Low Pressure Steam Trap quired. Will remove 0 to 20 lb. moisture down to Especially designed for low pressure. The J4 of 1 per cent. valve opens outward with the flow of con densate, giving enormous capacity. Will discharge without pressure, which is valuable in starting up a cold system. An Air Trap for Relieving Air from Hot and Cold Water Systems excellent oil and grease Trap. Very simple in construction, having only three moving parts. Used extensively on central station heating systems, on vento coils and on vacuum re turns, in which case, the Trap is provided with a thermostatic air valve. Extreme simplicity and reliability charac terizes this Air Trap. There is nothing to it but a float, a lever and a valve. Noth ing to get out of order, no overflow needed, ample valve opening, 7 in. high by 6 in. diameter, reasonable in price. - 845 Steam Heating Systems and Controls Webster Tallmadge & Go., Inc. 50 Church Street, New York, N. Y. HIGH EFFICIENCY HEATING SYSTEMS Tallmadge Methods insure better economy, comfort, health and proficiency from correct heating of buildings, and in process work in industrial plants. . The first cost of Tallmadge Heating Systems is lower and the complete story is told in the Bulletin "Correct Heating," which also covers Electrical Control of Zoned Orifice Distribution. Some of the outstanding advantages of the orifice type of steam distribution are: 1. Low steam consumption of radiators, in mild weather with just enough heat to supply the building losses, maintaining a more healthful atmosphere and greater operating economy. t 2. Simplicity of control, minimum of devices and less elaborate piping makes these systems economical to operate and lowers maintenance expense. 3. Permits zoning of buildings for various heating and weather requirements 'with resultant fuel saving. Type E ToJlmadge Valxe Control Mechanism Ifiil, JeSJ ia, mui 1 ii tHi ! i m, i nr;i a 1__u--.-------------1 __i With reduced steam ettppfy and ordinary distribution the closest radiators get all the steam With Tallmadge Orifice System the supply to each radiator is correctly proportioned _ In the design and operation of the orifice type system, reference to the accompanying diagrams, indicates recognition of the following facts; . 1. The most valuable heat obtainable from the steam in a radiator is the latent heat. A heating system should therefore operate at approximately, 100 pet cent thermal efficiency, as compared with modern power plants which have only 20 per cent economy because of loss of this latent heat. . 2. If the steam supply to a radiator is reduced it will be observed that the upper portions of the radiator will be hot and the lower portions cold. It is therefore often unprofitable to pump the. return water long distances back to the boilers as there is no appreciable heat left. ' ' 3. When the steam flows into the top of a radiator, the air being heavier, if permitted to freely do so* will naturally flow out of the bottom and no unusual device is required to make it do so. . 4. With the orifice system of distribution, the supply of steam to the radiators is so easily controlled that return valves, or radiator traps, are not essential. .. 5. If the return pipes are either vertical or have a slight uniform pitch downward with the flow, it is not necessary to go to the expend of pumping a vacuum on the return piping.` An ordinary return water receiver with open vent pipe to let the air out and a pump to put, the water back into, the boilers are all that are necessary. , 6. The modern method of selecting steam supply pipe sizes is to keep the frictional resistance or pressure drop in the steam mains within certain percentage limits of flow to the more remote radiation. TALLMADGE SERVICE - Corrects operation in any type or size of plant. Power--Process--Heating. Practical Surveys and Reports by trained technical men. 846 Temperature Control Johnson Service Company General Offices and Factory Milwaukee, Wisconsin Albany, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, III. Cincinnati. O. Cleveland. O. Dallas. Texas Denver, Colo. Des Moines, Ia. Detroit, Mich. Greensboro, N. C. Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, Calif. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. New York City, N. Y. Philadelphia. Pa. Pittsburgh. Pa. Portland, Oregon Salt Lake City. Utah San Francisco, Calif. St. Louis, Mo. Seattle, Wash. JOHNSON TEMPERATURE REGULATING CO. OF CAN., LTD., 44 Adelaide St., E. Toronto, Ont., Can. Montreal. Que. Winnipeg, Man. Calgary, Alb. Vancouver, B. C. Products and Services Engineers and contractors for the CONTROL of TEMPERATURE Or HUMIDITY for any purpose and over every range used in manufacturing purposes or buildings, furnishing and installing: Dual or two-temperature systems of temperature control for entire buildings. Manufacturers of thermostats and other apparatus for the control of temperature and humidity. Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any and all kinds of heating and venti lating systems. Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any industrial process requiring the medium of heat. Control of humidity in industrial pro cesses requiring artificial humidification. Johnson All-Metal Thermostats Every Johnson Thermostat is ALL METAL throughout, having no soft or hard rubber parts to deteriorate and become inoperative. Every thermostat exquisitely made and thoroughly tested for accuracy, efficiency and durability. HMoZdesl "hPL"l'- -- Lever Adjustment ' Dual ThermBuostttoant with 847 Dnud Adjustment Johnson Service Company Johnson Intermediate or Graduated Action Thermostat This thermostat gives a true graduated motion to mixing dampers and valves. It holds them in an intermediate position to maintain the temperature of the room accurately within one degree above or below the setting of the thermostat. This thermostat is best suited for all systems of heating and ventilating except the single pipe gravity steam system. The Johnson positive movement is manufactured for use in connection with single pipe gravity systems. Johnson Dual or Two-Temperature Thermostat The Dual, or two-temperature thermostat provides for a daylight temperature (usually 70 deg.) and a night-time temperature (35 to 50 deg.) as desired, for all or some of the rooms in a building, simply by the manipulation of a single push button by the engineer or other person in authority. It is an all-metal thermostat and operates valves and dampers with a gradual motion, holding them in an intermediate posi tion to maintain the temperature of the . room ac curately within one degree above or below the setting of the thermostat. It is a factor for the greatest economy in school buildings, a number of rooms of which are occupied at night as well as day, and for buildings in which some of the rooms are occupied only at certain times, such as churches, auditoriums, masonic temples and lodges. Johnson Insertion Thermostat Designed to control temperatures within closed air chambers or ducts and tanks. The body of thermo stat is a dust-proof case containing the two working parts and extending outside the chamber. Designed, in the case of hot water tanks, for in sertion through 1 in. tapped hole and controlling a diaphragm valve on the supply pipe to the steam coils in the tank. It can be used to control the temperature of any liquid, either hot or cold. It is especially adapta ble for controlling the temperature of water in hot water heating plants by its control of the boiler draft doors. Adaptable for use in bake ovens for enamels, japans, etc.; drying rooms for paints, varnishes, patent leather, etc.; storage rooms for tobacco, rubber or similar goods; sterilizers or pasteurizers, coldstorage rooms, fur vaults, etc.; refrigerator machine control; humidity control for air washers; flue gas tempered control; hot blast heating plants; combina tion tempered ventilation and hot blast systems; greenhouses, Turkish bath rooms, etc.; tempered ventilation for buildings. Multiple Insertion Thermostat ( Similar to the insertion duct thermostat, excepting . that one multiple thermostat takes the place of a number of separate duct thermostats set for different temperatures. The 4-point multiple thermostat shown will operate four separate diaphragm valves at as many different temperatures. It has become very popular with heating engineers for the control of heating and tempering coils where it is desired to have these coils turn on at different temperatures. 848 Temperature Contra Liquid Insertion Thermostat Four-Point Multiple Thermostat .M^fohnson Service Company $ Temperature Control Johnson Metal Diaphragm Valve Sylphon Globe Valve Sylphon Valve Brass Three-Way Flanged Globe Coil Valve Screwed Globe Coil Valve Window Seat With Radiator Behind Grill Diaphragm valves on radiators in window seats, or behind grills, or similar enclosed spaces, operate under very severe conditions. The Sylphon valve overcomes all of the objections to placing diaphragm valves on radiators in such spaces, as the Sylphon is permanent and neither heat nor moisture can destroy its efficiency. I ------------ This valve having an indestructible 1-piece metal bellow, is permanent and requires no repairs. Its value for the control of steam is obvious and particularly so in connection '* --in wail boxes where excessive heat would destroy rubber 849 V Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Pneumatic Switch Control Remote valve and damper control plays, by means of our pneumatic switches, a very important part in the economical operation of the modern heating plant, especially in schools. It saves the janitor's time for other duties, and makes it possible to accomplish results in the operation of the heating plant which can not be ob tained in any other way. It makes it easy to operate the fresh air, return air and vent dampers, with the corresponding assur ance that these dampers will be economi cally operated as intended by the heating engineer. It also makes possible and facilitates the control of risers in office buildings in accordance with the latest practices for the economical use of steam. Different types of pneumatic switches: Lever handle switches. Push button switch. Indicating. switch to open and close dampers partially as desired. Electro pneumatic switch to open and close dampers automatically--with the starting and stopping of fan motors. Specifications The Johnson System of Temperature Regulation to be erected and assembled by t trained mechanics employed by the manu facturer, the Johnson Service Co. The Johnson Service Company main tains an engineering organization in each of its branch offices competent to render complete information regarding applica tion of the equipment, location of thermo stats, capacity of air compressors, hu midifiers, etc., and layouts of air piping. Our engineering department should be consulted regarding specifications. Humidity Control The supplying of moisture to the heate'd air in buildings and the automatic control of the percentage of moisture in this air are recognized by authorities to be as important as maintaining proper tem-. peratures. . Humidostats and Humidifiers The humidostat automatically controls the supply of moisture delivered to the air by a humidifier and maintains a constant percentage of relative humidity. It op erates a diaphragm valve on the steam coils in the pan humidifier. The pan is provided with float box to maintain con stant water level and is located in1 the ventilating air duct leading throughout the building. Steam jet and water spray types of humidifiers are also furnished. Distributing Damper Control for Ventilating Air Switchboard 850 Temperature Control National Regulator Co. Factory and General Offices: 2311 Knox Avenue, Chicago, 111. hiifinfiimhitfifinn TRADE . METAPHRAM MARK (MMMMMMMMMMMIII MANUFACTURERS OF: National System of Heat Regulation; "Metaphram" Diaphragms; "Metaphram" Damper Regulators for low-pressure and hot water boilers; National Humidity Controllers; Na tional Dampers; A-Jacks High-Pressure. Steam Damper Regulators; National Cam Valves. National Heat Regulation--National Metaphram Damper Regulators-- Systems of heat regulation obtain the best possible results in a simple, direct manner, avoiding complicated piping and intricate valve arrangements. In the National System the control of valves and dampers centers in the adjust able, dust-proof National Thermostat mounted on the wall of the room to be controlled. Thermostatic action of the sensitive, imperishable hard rubber element opens and closes the leak port of the pneumatic system connected to National Metaphram Valves on radiators or Na tional Metaphram Motors on dampers. The National System provides for gradual control in its most successful form, together with any combination of remote control suitable for the building under consideration. Engineering assistance in plan and layout will be rendered on request, without obligation. National "Metaphrams"--These are self-collapsing metal diaphragm units de Metaphram Damper Regulators are made in five sizes to operate dampers on any lowpressure heating boiler operating on steam, vapor or vacuum. They are extremely powerful, sensitive and durable, operating on pressure changes as low as 1 oz.; for working pressures to 15 lb. The dia phragm unit is built up of individual, self collapsing National Metaphrams which provide a maximum of power in a mini mum of travel. Every regulator is shipped complete with chain, weights, etc., and installation instructions. signed and patented by this Company for the specific purpose of operating valves and dampers. The sections are con Reg. , No. Boiler Con. Ship. Wt. List Price structed of high-grade spring brass, which is not spun or heated in the manufacturing . process, and so retains all its resiliency and strength. These diaphragms are assembled by means of finely threaded integral studs. AA A-2 B-2 C-2 D-2 F VS vvss V 2r" 10# , 15# 20# 35# 55# 10# $12.00 IS.00 18.00 20.00 27.00 18.00 Compressed air is applied inside the " Metaphram" and affects so large a surface that maximum power is attained with a minimum of travel. "Metaphrams" are regularly made in sizes from 2 in. to 10 in. Correspondence is invited from engineers regarding special Metaphram assemblies. . National Dampers--(Round, Double or Louvre Types). National Dampers are operated by Metaphram Motors, and are successful under the most difficult con ditions. They are made in our own shops and Metaphram motors are fitted and tested to each damper before shipment. National Dampers may be controlled by thermostats, remote control switches or by electric-pneumatic valves operated by starting or stopping of ventilating fan motors. Type "F" Damper Regulator--A simple, compact thermostatic unit for con trolling draft and check dampers, operat ing with gradual action on changes as low as 5 deg. in water temperature, insuring a controlled rate of combustion to provide uniform water temperature. Metaphram Furnace Regulator-- The principles of Metaphram Damper Regulators have been adapted to a simple warm air furnace regulator, easily installed in any return air furnace, offering auto matic temperature control without re source to electric or spring-wound motors, intricate valves or room thermostat con nections. Complete details will be mailed on request. ' 851 Temperature Control The Powers Regulator Co. Over 36 years of specialization in temperature control General Offices and Factory--2719 GREENVIEW AVENUE, CHICAGO, ILL. General Eastern Offices--137 EAST 46th STREET. NEW YORK CITY THE CANADIAN POWERS REGULATOR CO., LTD., TORONTO. ONT. Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore. Md. Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Butte, Mont. Chattanooga, Tenn. Cincinnati. Ohio Cleveland, Ohio U8tDL^nrl0mCeS f Th*Pow<- ****** Co. Denver. Colo. Detroit, Mich. El Paso. Texas Houston. Texas Indianapolis, Ind Kansas City, Mo. Los Anceles, Calif. Louisville, Kv. Milwaukee, Wis, Minneapolis, Mn*. Nashville. Tenn' New Orleans. La. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Rochester, n. V Salt Lake City, Utah San Francisco, Calif Seattle, Wash, ' St. Louis, Mo. Calgary Halifax Montreal Vancouver Winnipeg Products Automatic Temperature Controlling Systems, applying them, under the super vision of Powers engineers, to the heating plants, new or old, in residences, offices, factories, schools, institutions, and to any other conditions of artificial heating where uniform temperature is desired. Automatic Regulators for ACCU RATELY controlling temperature of Liquids, Gases and Air, Pressure Reducing Valves, High Pressure Steam Traps, Humidity Control Devices, Shower Mix ing Valves, Etc. exclusive with Powers regulators, and are not thrown out of adjustment by extremes of temperature or long disuse. For over. 35 years the accurate control obtained by this method has been the standard of thermostatic control by which all other methods are measured. In design, Powers thermostats are. second to none in beauty and perfection of finish; in size, as small as is consistent with the reliability so neces sary in such instruments: in operation, sure, with gradual or positive action, as conditions require. - Diaphragm radiator valves,' diaphragm motors, mixing dampers and other equip Temperature Controlling Appliances ment are especially rugged in construction, Powers thermostats are accurate in their working and will maintain their adjust ment. They are of the vapor disc type. dependable and durable; built regardless of expense, for efficiency and long serviced Motive power used in these systems is compressed air. The company builds its The Povoers Regulator Co. Temperature Control own air compressors, operated by steam, or electricity, and charac terized by their relia bility, noiseless opera tion, perfect control and force a ready-made in flexible system or device to meet special require ments, taking no account of the conditions peculiar to the situation to be long life. Installations treated. For these reasons we believe special study Installations of Powers should be given each systems are invariably made by the company. case. We shall be glad to submit to any Archi At each branch office is maintained a competent engineering and erecting force, sparing no expense Powers Type D Thermostat The Powers All-Metal Radiator Valve tect or Engineer a de tailed Specification, ac companied by a guaran teed price, to cover to maintain the highest efficiency. Powers complete system of temperature control special devices, however, are easily in installed, the price to hold if specification stalled by any engineer or contractor. is used. This guarantees full protection Prices to the client against advantage being taken of a close specification. This com Price for Powers regulation covers the pany will gladly collaborate with Architect system installed complete, and is only or Engineer in preliminary plans. As named after a careful study of the require specialists in temperature control, The ments. Our price is not lowest, but no other system will be found so efficient and economical. Customers are served with the sole aim of getting, results for them; and experience shows that satisfactory service from a temperature control ling system is of much more impor tance than its first cost. Powers Regulator Company has unusual facilities for solving problems in this particular field. Catalogs Engineers, Architects, and others who wish further information regarding the Powers System, will find it in the following books: Elimination of Heat Waste shows Specifications , applications in schools, churches, and other Heating systenis, and the requirements public buildings, residences, etc.; Shop and for temperature control, vary widely in Office Temperatures shows applications in detail. Much of the dissatisfaction ex shops, offices and workrooms, also presents perienced with some systems of tempera proof of fuel savings and increased pro ture regulation is due to the attempt to duction due to its use. 852 853 The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control POWERS ALL-METAL DIAPHRAGM VALVES All-Metal Volte The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control powers self Operating regulators POWERS NO. 11 REGULATOR For Hot Water Heaters, . Feed Water Heaters, Fuel Oil Heaters, ' Drinking Water Systems, Etc: Write for. Bulletin No. 229 Powers no. is regulator fyiry For Drying Rooms Ventilating Ducts, Etc. Write for Bulletin No. 238 NO. 10 REGULATOR operated by Compressed Air or Water Pressure Write for Bulletin No. 216 854 . Style A Style B Write for Bulletin No. 246 POWERS NO. 18 REGULATOR For Storage Rooms Offices and Factories Write for Bulletin No. 245 Installed on direct healing system in an oftte 855 Temperature Control Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company - . Executive Offices . . 2711 Fourth Avenue; S., Minneapolis , . Factories: Minneapolis, Minn, and Wabash, Ind, * Branch and Distributing Offices: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Detroit, Cleveland, Providence, Newark, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Balti more, Washington. D. C.; Buffalo. Syracuse, Rochester, N. Y.; St. Paul, Denver, Salt ' Lake City.Louisville, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, Hartford. New Haven, Springfield; Mass. In Canada:- Halifax, N. S.; St. John, N. B.; Montreal, Toronto, Windsor', Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver: Agencies in almost every city. - Manufacturers of Temperature, Pressure and Safety Combustion Controls for all Types of Residence and Industrial Heating Systems, Including Oil Burners, Gas Burners, Coal Stokers, Automatic Blowers, District Steam and Single Unit Controls for Buildings. Service Departments Maintained by all Branch Offices and Agencies. THERMOSTATS--Oil, Gas or Coal Heat Control 8-Day Clock Thermostats--give differential day and night tem perature control for buildings unoccupied at night or where lower night temperatures are required. Types available for motor valve or relay operation. Plain Thermostats (low voltage)--are used where one temperature is required at all hours or where irregular temperature regulation or, group or master clock control is necessary. Available for motor valve or relay operation. ' . 110 Volt Thermostats (Mercury Tube Contacts)--for use where accuracy of operation is not of primary importance, such as in garages, storage warehouses, etc. No transformers or relays are needed. Instal lation is low in cost. . THERMOSTAT GUARDS--Fitted and locked over thermostats to prevent, tampering with the setting or mechanism. DUAL CONTROL UNITS--Dual Control offers protection against damage to heating plants due to overheating and gives a decided advan tage from the standpoint of fuel economy and safety. For Hot Water Heating Systems, the Aquastat provides more uniform room temperatures as well as protection against overheating of the boiler. For. Warm' Air Systems, the Minneapolis-Honeywell Warm Air Limit Control, installed in the principal warm air duct for any limit up to 240 deg. fahr., gives overheating protection to warm air furnaces. For Steam Systems, the Pressuretrol, ah enclosed contact mer cury tube type steam boiler limiting device--simple, compact and sturdy --provides safety from overheating of boiler units and maximum fuel economy. Available for both low and high voltage circuits. For. Vapor Systems, the Vaporstat--designed to operate with vapor but will not control within the vacuum range. For additional safety protection in connection with room thermo stats--rgives extreme accuracy and maximum fuel economy. For low pressure vapor systems, shuts off fire when pressure increases a few ounces. May be used singly to control burner from the boiler temperature or in dual control with the room thermostat. 856 Aquastat Vaporstat F Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company Temperature Control PROTECTORELAY--Complete line for full automatic control of all types of oil burner installations. Available - for 110 or 220 volts, 25, 30, 40, 50 or 60 cycle A. C. and 110 or 220 volt D. C. Listed as standard by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. . GAS VALVES--Minneapolis-Honeywell electric gas valves for automatically controlling gas supply used directly in connection with thermostat. Gas valves for use in connection with Pyrostat or Protectostat also available. Provide positive operation at all times with safety com bustion protection by the use of a thermal cutout switch. Available in sizes 1, 1 ]/\, 1 and 2 in. COAL BURNING CONTROL--Electric motors for controlling heating plant dampers. Also controls, for automatic stoker operation. UNIT HEATER CONTROL SYSTEM--Minneapolis- Honeywell controls are designed to meet all types of Motor Gas Valve installations from the cheapest direct line control by 110 volt thermostats to the complete control systems which can only be accomplished through the use of low voltage thermostats, motor valves and relays. ' The following are fypical systems of Minneapolis- Honeywell control: Unifan Control--the fan motor of a unit heater is controlled by temperature or pressure in the return line. Prevents operation of fan when heating coil is cold, eliminating cold blasts. Steam Flow Control--motorized valve in steam line operating from a low voltage thermostat--shuts off or turns on steam at demand of thermostat. Eliminates condensation losses during standby periods. Can be used in connection with direct radiation and hot water heating systems. Motorized valves for steam flow control--consist of electric motors integrally mounted either above or below a semi-balanced globe type valve. Available for angle or straight through mounting up to and including six inches. For 110 or 220 volt D. C. or 110 volt or 220 volt, 25, 40 and 60 cycle A. C. Plain Thermostat Control--for use principally where constant temperature is to be maintained 24 hours of the day. Direct Clock Control--for automatic night and day regulation of temperatures where a different temperature for each period is desired. Unit Clock Control--for use where unit heaters in different locations of building are operated on different day and night basis. . Group Clock Control--for- use where unit heaters are grouped under uniform conditions. Single clock type thermostat used to Steam Flow Control Valve control the plain thermostats in all groups combined. Master Clock Control--for automatic control of day and night temperatures in individual departments of plant. This independent control of sections permits re-establishment of daytime control by hand operated switch. District Steam Supply--refers to control system where the steam supply is from a central station heating plant or the heating plant of. the building itself and sectional or zone layouts are used. Pressuretrol PROMPT ATTENTION WILL BE GIVEN TO REQUESTS FOR CATALOGS ON THE COMPLETE LINE OF MINNEAPOLIS-HONEYWELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT 857 Valoes and Fittings CRANE CO Manufacturers of Valves, Fittings, Fabricated Piping, Steam Specialties, Plumbing and Heating Materials 836 S. Michigan Avenue Chicago, 111. . Branches in All Principal Cities Write for catalogues and full information about any materials in which you are interested No. 112 Low Type Radiator Valve The No. 112 valve is equipped with a Crane Renewable Radiator Valve Disc and is of the packed type. It per forms ail the duties of steam radiator service in an accurate and satisfactory manner and is adaptable to installations in homes, hotels and large buildings. Forged brass stems, disc holders, tailpieces, tailpiece rings and packing nuts give this vafve a substantial con struction which combines fine quality with strength and reliability. A moulded composition handwheel elimi nates the possibility of burned fingers. A liberal quantity of braided asbestos packing does away with frequent repacking of the stuffing box. All wrench surfaces and points where strains occur have been made amply heavy in order to prevent _ breakage. The threaded bonnet connection is con- IfIT. lit Low Two Roiiolor V.olte structed so that there is no possibility of leakage or of stripping off. This valve is designed to withstand the effects of frequent temperature changes. The beautiful design and nickel finish of this valve will harmonize with the most attractive surroundings. No. 438 Standard Brass Wedge Gate Valve This valve has been designed (or general service and is recommended for use wherever brass gate, valves for 125 lb. steam working pressure are desired. The guides on the discs and the ribs in the bodies are accurately fitted, which insures true and easy movement, prevents wear of the faces and also prevents the discs from touching the seats in the bodies except at the point of closing. When wide open this valve may be re packed while under pressure. No; 01 Oil Separator An Oil Separator should be used in . every steam plant where exhaust Ot/ Separator No, oi steam is-used for heating. It will Sins H u> 10 m. met keep the oil out of the pipes and Wedge Gate Volte No. 433 radiators, thereby preventing a loss Of efficiency and eliminat ing the disagreeable odor of oil which is apparent when the air valves are opened- . The baffle plate inside the oil separator slows up the current of the exhaust steam and changes its direction of flow. The globules of oil impinging on the baffle follow its grooves down into the drip pocket, which is out of the flow of the steam. 858 Crane Co. Valves and Fillings No. 7 Union Bonnet Brass Globe Valve The No. 7 Valve is recommended for steam working pressures up to 150 lb. and is designed for use in plants where discs must be changed quickly without injury to the valve. The Crane Renewable Disc is held,in place in the disc holder by means of a brass nut, and the disc holder slips onto the stem and is accurately guided in the body of the valve by four guide wings. To be able to make repairs quickly, users should keep on hand a supply of the discs and holders complete. The old disc may be removed and a new one placed in the holder at the convenience of the engineer. No. 460 Standard Iron Body Wedge Gate Valve ' Wedge Gate Valve No. 460 This non-rising stem wedge gate valve belongs to our large and complete line of wedge and double disc gate valves. It is suitable for steam working pressures up to 125 lb. in sizes 16-in. and smaller and for 100 lb. in the 18-in. and larger sizes. Each valve is tested to 150 lb. hydraulic pressure with the valve closed, and at various times they have been subjected to hydraulic pressures of from 250 lb. to 500 lb., depending upon the size, without leaking. The finishing and fitting of the guides on the disc and the ribs on the body is such that it insures proper movement of the disc and prevents wear of the disc faces; and in addition keeps the disc from touching the seats except at the closing point. The construction is such that when wide open it may be re packed while under pressure. ' No. 100 Cranetilt Three-Valve Lifting Trap A steam trap is needed to prevent the escape of steam while removing condensation from all low points in steam piping, drip pockets, separators and steam-using appliances. It is called a lifting trap because it is used when the pressure of the condensation is not great enough to force it from the trap to the point of delivery. The pressure to do this work is supplied from some outside source, usually a high pressure steam line, though it. may be a compressed air line. ' This trap is automatic in operation and its steam consumption depends entirely upon the work done. The movement of the tank is Cranetilt 3-Valx Trap Series No. too. Sizes Mi to 3 in. ind. controlled by the water which comes to the trap, and when there is no water the trap automatically cuts off the steam consumption until water again accumulates in the. trap tank. 859 The Direct Control Valve Company 8 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois New York Citt 10 East 40th Street Boston, Mass. 131 State Street Newark. N, J. 972 Broad Street ' Philadelphia, Pa. Ill South 15th Street Washington, D. C. 910--17th Street, N.W. Raleigh, N. C. Atlanta, Ga. . Red Rock Building Rochester, N. Y. 306 Laburnum Crescent Huntington, W. Va. Box 878 Branch Offices ^"loSjDi^oVd&ABldg. Street ^Snio^tBuildi^ "^WUfereUeBlvi Louisville, Ki. , Milwaukee, Wes. . Minneapolis, Minn. 1220 Foahay Tower Des Moines, 1a. J001 East 33rd Street Waterloo, Ia. - 111 Tflghland BW4, Oklahoma Cut, Okla. . 120 E. Main Street Little Rock.- Abk. Tulsa, Okla. Seattle, Wash. ` 308 First Avenue, South San Fhancisco, Calit. DIRECT CONTROL VALVE It isa thermostatically operated, hydraulic, quick opening, packless radiator valve, controlling the steam to the radiator so as to automatically maintain room tempera ture at any required degree. It may be applied to any building, new or old, which is equipped with a two-pipe heating system--vacuum, vapor, or at mospheric steam. The degree of temperature at which the room is to be maintained may be con trolled by the occupant of the room. Or the valve can be equipped with a lock to be operated only by the building operator. Self Contained Unit The Direct Control Valve is a tried and perfected method of individual radiator, control. It is a complete, self contained unit requiring no outside attachments or power of any kind. It is as easily installed Advantages as a hand valve. It costs only a fraction of the usual temperature control system. It automatically regulates the amount of steam to the radiator. The saving in fuel alone usually repays its cost in about 3 years. Reduced Fuel Cost--Maintains constant, healthful temperature with large savings in steam arid fuel. The savings in fuel alone return complete installation costs together with interest on the investment, in about 3 years. . 860 Direct Control Valve Company Valves THE DIRECT CONTROL VALVE COMPANY Low Maintenance Cost--There is practically no maintenance cost. The Direct Control Valve is a self contained unit requiring no outside accessories or attach ments, no complicated piping systems, no delicate' wall mounted thermostats. The First Cost is the Last Cost. Low Initial Cost--It requires no more labor installation cost than an ordinary hand valve. The simplicity of design and the sturdy construction assures uninter rupted temperature control within the prescribed control limits with practically no upkeep costs. The valve is of all metal construction, guaranteed for 3 years, and built to give indefinitely long service. Description Thermostatic Unit--The thermostatic unit, 3> in. long, is ruggedly built to withstand abuse. Utilizes hydraulic pres sure for valve operation. Is positive and powerful, fulfilling test of 2500-3000 lbs. per sq. in. The hydraulic pressure is constant and effective. It is unaffected by evaporation or chemical change--once filled and sealed it remains in its original condition developing constantly the neces sary power to firmly seat the valve. , Standard Type--Occupies a-minimum of space. Height over all 7 in. Sizes--Furnished in %, 1, 1J4, 1 '/i and 2 in. sizes. .arranged that each valve can be shut off by hand or not, as desired. These valves shall be designed to control 1at an average room temperature of ....... deg. fahr. Valves shall be nickel plated finish and !shall be of the following sizes: For radiators up to 80 sq. ft. % in. valve For radiators 80 to 140 sq. ft. 1 in. valve For radiators 140 to 250 sq. ft. IK in- valve For radiators-250 to 350 sq. ft. 1^6 in. valve For radiators 350 sq. ft. and above 2 in. valve 1Standard Guarantee The Direct Control Valve Company guarantees that a Direct Control Valve or Valves, when properly installed on suf ficient radiation to properly heat the room, will maintain a room temperature within the limits of 1 deg. fahr. above and 1 deg. fahr. below the point of adjustment. Write for catalogue showing all dimensions. A Few Notable Recent Installations: Chicago Civic Opera Building Chicago ' _ Rand Building ' Minneapolis . New York Life Insurance Building New York City Fisher Building Detroit Recessed Radiators--For concealed or recessed radiators, valves can be furnished with extension stems. . Specification On each radiator,, furnish and install a self contained thermostatic radiator valve, designed to control room temperature within one degree above or below a pre determined room temperature. These values shall be~actuated by means of hydraulic thermostat and shall be so Koppers Building Pittsburgh Arnold-Constable Building . New York City Willoughby Tower Chicago Reynolds Tobacco Co. Building Winston-Salem, N.C. ' . Fuller Building New York City . Foreman National Bank Building Chicago ' 861 rr Valoes GrinnelL Company, Inc. Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Executive Offices: Providence, R. I. Exclusive Distributors of ThermOflex Traps and Other Heating Specialties For complete data on other Grinnell Products, see pages 693-699 . ' The heart of all ThermOflex Traps is. the Hydron Bellows. The Hydron bellows is formed under hydraulic pressure. This powerful internal pressure locates any weakness - of any nature in the tubing. Such hydraulic pres sure is many times more severe than any pressure the Trap will ever be called upon to control. Every ThermOflex Trap, there fore, is practically indestructible. ThermOflex Traps have an exceptionally large orifice. This large orifice combined with high lift, insures fast action and freedom from clogging. . We supply ThermOflex Traps guaran teed for steam pressure up to 125 lb. Com plete .information and details of typical installations will be gladly sent on your request. Valves, Traps, Gauges, Etc. The ThermOflex line includes, Radiator Traps, Offset Traps, Blast Traps, Drip Traps, High Pressure Traps, Vent Traps, High grade Packless Inlet Valves, Auto matic Boiler Feeders, and the ThermOflex Alternator, ThermOflex Compound Gauge, ThermOflex Damper Regulator. No. 12 ThermOflex Radiator Trap ThermOflex High Pressure Traps The No. 100 ThermOflex Hydron Trap is guaranteed for steam pressures from 0-125 lb. Must not be used where the steam temperature exceeds 400 deg. fahr. For use in all types of process work, Laundry Machinery, Kitchen Equipment, Hospital Sterilizers, Vulcanizers, Dry Kilns, Unit Heaters, Street Steam Service, etc., in fact any place that a trap is desired for service at the above'pressures. Small, compact and inexpensive in com parison to the usual float or bucket trap. Extra heavy cast brass body , without unions with renewable monel metal seat, in body. Valve on bellows is of nitrided steel which cannot rust and will not. score or wire draw.. Regularly furnished without unions plain brass finish. Can be furnished nickel or chromium plated at extra cost. , No. 4 ThermOflex Drip Traps The full eight-fold ThermOflex-Hydron Bellows is the best bellows ever made. Because of the Hydron-forming process every bellows is absolutely perfect. Body is extra heavy throughout, using a brass forging for the cap and spudnut, highest- grade.cast brass for the body and spud. The No.-12 is made in angle pattern only, with. in. inlet and Y in. outlet tappings. The inlet neck is double thick to allow for expansion strains. . For dripping mains, risers, coils and unit heaters, we offer this type of trap. Gast- iron body, brass cap and inserted brass seat, angle pattern only, without union's. Can be used for any general purpose where a finished, nickel-plated trap is not neces sary, and at a lower cost. ' 862 Valves The Fairbanks Company New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh, Pa. Boston, Mass. - ' London, England Factory: Binghamton, N. Y. Fairbanks Bronze Globe Valves Simple in Construction; parts quickly and easily renewed; stuffing box packed with J specially moulded vulcabes- ton ring which is durable and cannot be blown or washed out; valves can be packed under pressure when wide open. Made in sizes it.-. Y to 3 in. Fairbanks Bronze Radiator Valves Globe and Angle Types Embody all good points of the Fairbanks Fig. 01 Valve. Furnished with Wood Wheels or lock shield and T handles. Made in sizes . Y to 2 in. Fig. ott Fairbanks Standard Bronze Gate Valves Fig. oeos For general service. Stuffing boxes can be repacked under pressure when wide open. Guides in wedge and ribs in body so fitted as to insure true and easy movement; prevent wedge from touch ing seats except at point of closing. Made in sizes from 14 to 3 in. Fairbanks Bronze Swing Check Valve As perfect a check valve as ever con structed. Has full area equal to pipe connection and straightway pas sage. The rotating disc works freely, never sticking on the seat. Made in sizes \4 to 3 in. ' - - Fig. oeoi Fairbanks Iron Body Valves Globe and Angle Types with Renewable Vulcabeston Ring Disc tg. 0101 Embody the most modern re newable features. Have a raised round seat upon which scale, grip or other sediment will not lodge. Disc Rings will not crack or flake; easily and quickly renewed. Valve so constructed as to eliminate all rattling or tilting when open. Fairbanks Standard Iron Body Gate Valves Designed for a maximum steam working pressure of 125 lb. Guides in wedge and ribs in body so finished and fitted as to insure true and easy movement; pre vent wedge from touching seats in body, except at point of closing. Made in sizes from 2 to 12 in. Flanged type up to 20 in. Fig. OiOe Fairbanks Iron Body Swing Check Valves Designed with 45 deg- Angle seat making it possible to use the valve in either a hori zontal or a vertical position. Regularly equipped with Bronze Disc; can be furnished with Rubber Disc for water serviceMade in sizes 2 to Fig. 0701 12 in. Fairbanks Sphero Ball Valves An entirely different principle,--designed and built to meet the need of an easily operated, quickly repaired valve. Con struction is simple and substantial. , Has straight through passageway, re newable seats, inter changeable parts, and is easily opened or closed. Made in sizes from Y<i to 8 in. Fig. oses 863 Marsh Valve Gofhpany Plant and General Offices: DUNKIRK, NEW YORK General Sales Distributors .^Edward T. Hetherington 1709 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Pa. `tfJnleun#c LiPtrH, Inc. UnItfiLni'^JUdifior Corporation 1480 Broadway, New York General Offices. Detroit, Mich. ,,, ,, ,,Jhn W- Mabbs Taylor-Forbes Company s- Dearborn Street, Chicago. III. Canadian Agents,-Guelph.-Ont. < wa,r?o Company, Inc. tSd Madison Avenue, New York We specialize on high-grade Radiator Valves and make the largest line of any company in the world. ' The re-enforced packless feature of our Packless and Modulated lines both steam and water and the upper seat features of our Union Bonnet, Special and Gate lines are distinctive, scien tific, mechanical principles, used with these lines exclusively, , MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKJLESS RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield All sizes and patterns Globes, Angles Corner and Bade Offsets Flat-Disc We call particular attention to the scientific mechanical construction of the Re-enFfoirtc.e1dSSCone Metal Packless Feature of our Modulated and Packless Valves. These are the only Packless Valves in which the Packless feature is re-enforced or in any way protected against leakage due to wear or cracks of so-called Packless parts and are GUARANTEED against wear or defects of Packless construction and leakage through bonnets. . A _three-fourths turn will fully open a %QUinI.CvKalvOe,PaEnNdIfNroGm this up to one and one-quarter turns-for balance of line through 2 in. These valves, account of low pitch of thread due to large diameter of cylinder, will seal and lock against any pressure- . - MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED LEVER HANDLE RADIATOR VALVES . These Valves may, be had with Oval Wheel in place of . Lever Handle same as Fig. 147 Flat-Disc - Fig. 182 ' - The Modulation or Graduation is accomplished by a cone disc nut, regulating volume of steam, ac cording to pressure, until indicator registers valve about two-thirds open; when the further turning of lever handle until indicator registers open, will give full valve capacity; a feature of material value in a valve in which volume or capacity for modulating purposes is choked down, and to meet extreme weather. conditions, full pipe capacity is required. . 864 Marsh Valoe Company Valves MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield These Discs will not crack or leak through valve seat. No clogging or water hammer from return condensa tion Fig. W Marsh Cone Discs are without question one of the greatest improvements in radiator valve construction in the past fifty years or since the composition disc replaced the old style metal-to-metal disc and seat. This Cone Disc construction combined with the Marsh Re-enforced Packless Feature is the last word in completing radiator valve maximum efficiency at popular price, all of which will check 100 per cent true upon investigation. % in. Full Size Positive Seal The above views showing cone disc and beveled seat are to actual size of a % in, valve and are made to full size to show the following advantages of this construction over the old style flat disc and seat: First: Through design of disc and protection afforded from disc nut covering under surface they will not warp and crack as'will a flat disc which overhangs valve seat. 865 Marsh Valve Company Valoes Second: The compression is at right angles to face of seat, forcing disc com pound inward to center, making disc more compact and harder instead of scoring and extruding over seat, opening cracks or seams if any, as with a flat disc. i Third: While the life of these conft discs because of construction, as proven by tests, is three to five times the life of a flat disc, and a CRACKED DISC IS IMPOS SIBLE, the matter of exchange if.desired is very simple, as to remove disc nut the disc will drop from disc-holder, while with a flat disc it must be dug out, often destroying disc-holder. Further, these cone discs are reversible and can be turned over or replaced with new at the same cost as for a flat disc. . Fourth: The beveled seat is low in valve body, giving complete drainage and will wash free from sand or scale in system, positively providing against leakage through scale or grit imbedding in disc AS IS COMMON with a raised flat seat and flat disc construction. Fifth: Through this low beveled seat, to return condensation through valve for a one-pipe system, the flow will hold to the outer wall leaving center of valve throat and pipe free rather than shoot out over a raised seat to the center of pipe as is common with a heavy flow over a flat seat, clogging flow of steam, causing hammer or pounding of system. " The foregoing are all, each and every one, practical points which will prove out in test and practice. '. MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield Fig. 147 The Modulation feature of our Cone Disc Line is the same as with our union bonnet flat disc Fig. 132. . Our Cone Disc Modulated valves unless otherwise ordered are fitted with Oval Wheel. When Lever Handle is preferred, Fig. No. is 148. With our Oval Wheel Handle user has the same dial and indicator control as with Lever handle and a much stronger and more serviceable CONSTRUCTION tlian is possible with a Wood wheel as this composition won't break or split as will wood. : Further, this wheel is removable and interchangeable with our Lever handle, effecting a materia1 advantage to customer in matter of convenience of changing from one to the other on job if for any reason change is desired. 866 Marsh Valve Company Valves MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS WATER RADIATOR VALVES . Oval Wheel or Lock Shield A Genuine Pack less Water Valve Guaranteed to hold any pressure required for forced circulation PackUss Fig. IS? Marsh re-enforced packless Hot Water Radiator Valves are not only a boon but the answer to hot water heating problems, permitting the same ease of operation and com pletTehtesmepheorattuwraetecronvtarlovleassawreithqusitcekamo.pening, can be operated--opened and closed-- withThpeeyrfewcitllehasoeldbhyigahcphrieldssaunred swuiiltlanbloet fsotricfkorocredlecaikr.culation up to any pressure radia tion will stand, and the cost is nominal. MARSH RE-ENFORCED GRADUATED WATER RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield Water Graduated Fig. 139 SOMETHING ENTIRELY NEW IN WATER HEAT REGULATION We have made a special study of hot water heat regulation and control and are pioneers in the matter of individual radiator control, through a graduated valve, em ploying the same principle as with steam. If you can modulate, graduate, or regulate individual radiator vapor or vacuum steam heat through a valve (and you can), then why not by the same principle regulate water heat, and, for that matter more consistently than steam, as with water you have something to regulate, while with steam, to allow fireFtoordsrolepepbienlgowrooamgsiv,ehneaptoriengt,uylaotuiohnawveithnoththeinMg.arsh G. raduated water valves may be controlled with the same ease of operation and certainty of results as is possible with a Modulated valve on a steam system, and at a much less cost than for a vapor or vacuum systFeumrthinesrt,alwlaatitoenr.circulation for each radiator, graduating for same or balancing of system, can be increased from nothing to full pipe capacity and held or locked at any intermediate point, if desired, by simply turning dial so that stop on same will register against indicator or pointer and locking dial in this position, preventing further opening of vTahlveeseorvatulvrensincgosotf bwuhteelilttoler lemvoerrehtahnadnleotuor trheegulelaftr. water valves and much less th. an steam modulated valves. 867 / Valves Jenkins Bros. Manufacturers of Valves and Mechanical Rubber Goods Principal Storea and Offices ^ 80 White Street NEW YORK, N. Y. 524 Atlantic Avenue BOSTON, MASS. 133 North 7th Street ' 646 Washington Boulevard PHILADELPHIA, PA. ' CHICAGO. ILL. Factories in ELIZABETH, N. J. and BRIDGEPORT, CONN. . JENKINS BROS., LIMITED . Canadian Works and Head Orfice*. Montreal. Q\3e., 617 St. Remi Street London Office : 6 Great Queen Street, Kingsway, W. C. 2 products . Jenkins Globe, Angle, Cross, Check, Hose, Blow-Off, Safety! and Gate Valves; Radiator Supply Valves. Also, Rapid Action Valves; Steam Traps; Gage Cocks; Marine Valves, Needle Valves--Valve Discs; Jenkins '96 and Jenarco Sheet Packing, Gaskets, Pump Valves; Compressed Asbestos Joisting; and Moncrieff. Scotch Gauge Glasses. Fig. 106 Bronze Globe, Screwed Renewable Disc, Bronze and Iron Body Valves, Standard Pattern Jenkins Valves, standard pattern, all have the feature of renewable disc and disc-holder. The renewable disc, first introduced by Jenkins Bros. many years ago, assures absolute tightness. The flexibility of the Jenkins disc secures perfect seat contact and is a most important improvement in valve construction. Por steam use, the discs are made of hard composition, which becomes pliable under the action of steam; for water, gas and air service, somewhat softer compounds are furnished. Radiator Valves Fig. 108 Bronze A ngle, . Screwed Fig. 858 Bronze Swing .. Check Valve Regularly furnished with black composition wheels, or, if desired, with bronze, wire or iron wheels. Furnished in the new low-bonnet patterns or the regular pattern as supplied for years. Lock shield valves, to be operated with key, designed to prevent tampering, can be supplied in all the different patterns. Corner valves are made in two patterns---regular and offset. Regular styles of finish follow; . . Fig. ISO : Rough body, finished trimmings, No. 1 screwed, BronztOffsetCorner, No. 6 with union. " Radiator with Union Finished and polished ail over, No. 2'screwed, No. 7 with union. Rough body, nickel-plated trimmings, No. 3 screwed, .No. 8 with union. - Rough body, nickel-plated all over, No. 4 screwed, No. 9 with union. Finished and nickel-plated all over. No. 5 screwed, No. 10 with union. Fig. 868 Law Bonnet Radia tor A ngle, Male Union Catalog A catalog of all the Jenkins valves, giving sizes, styles and list prices, mailed on request. F'ig. les Radiator Angle, with Union . Fig. 869 Low Bonnet Radia tor Offset Globe, Mate Union Fig. 148 Iron Body Globe, Flanged Fig. 886 Iron Body Gate, Screwed 868 Fig. 870 Bronze Gate, Screwed Fig. 170 Bronze Lock Shield Radiator A ngle, with Union Valves New York Air Valve Corporation 476-478 Broome Street ' New York SYPHON The "Air-out" Line THERMOSTATIC NON-ADJUSTABLE ` `Air-Out " valves, for eliminating air from steam radiators, operate by the expansion of a phosphor bronze diaphragm, soldered on the bottom of a brass float, containing a volatile liquid. This float is large in size, allowing ample capacity for the necessary pressure to operate the diaphragm. The seating pin at the top of float is made from nickel,silver, as called for in United States Government specifications for Air Valves. Verdigris will not form on nickel silver--corrosion at the vent post is therefore reduced to a minimum. We do not use a "stamped out" base. Our bases are heavy bronze castings, in one piece, with no soldered parts to break off. Made also in straight pattern, threaded % and *`/\ in. for quick venting of cellar mains and risers. The best valve money and experience can produce and sold at reasonable prices. . OTHER SPECIALTIES Carbon Post Automatic Air Valves. Key and Wood Wheel Air Valves. Adjustable Floor and Ceiling Plates. Steam and Altitude Gauges. Water Gauges. . : Pop Safety Valves. "Air-Out" Valves Guaranteed for Five Years 869 Ventilators W. F. Hirschman Go., Inc. Main office; Buffalo, N.Y. Works; Le Roy, N.Y. Nsw York, -V Y,, 205 East 42nd Street Boston, Mass., 31 Pearl Street Deteoit, Mich., 97 VL Warren Ave. MANUFACTURERS ROOF VENTILATORS Principle of Operation of Wind-Electric Ventilator--When the wind is blowing sufficiently to remove the desired amount of air from the build ing being ventilated, the electric motor is still. In stantly, when the wind turbine moves below a previously determined number of revolutions, the electric motor starts automatically and carries the load. The entire apparatus is noiseless. Special Advantages--Besides the regular auto matic operation the motor may also be so connected as to give a maximum exhaust capacity (running full speed) by manual control. ---------- --- ....... .... ----- . I.l.l. !--) Effico Rotary Bali Bearing Ventilator Installation, Wind Driven (only) The Effico Wind Electric Also Bos the Same Artistic Lines and Plearing Appearance. Lowest in Height of Rotary Ventilators by Over SO per cent Average. Detail of Effico Wind Electric Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilator Full Automatic Note.---Details of Wind Driven (only) Ventilator are Identical with Exception of Motor Unit. CAPACITIES OF EFF1CO ROTARY BALL BEARING VENTILATORS Both Wind Electric and Wind Pmco (only)--Cubic Feet of Air Exhausted per Minute Wind Velocity, Mile* Bold Type it Regularly Furnished Wind-Electric Capacity Temperature Difference in Degrees Fahrenheit in Building and Outaide per Hour 5 10 14 5 10 14 5 10 14 0 10 20 30 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 12-ln. Ventilator 18-In. Ventilator 24-In. Ventilator 350 440 430 . 525 460 600 515 600 635 560 625 700 600 910 1050 850 1050 1200 950 1200 1300 10401 1020 1600 1300 1490 1900 1400 1600 2230 1780 1900 2100 2300 2460 2590 30-In. Ventilator 36-In. Ventilator 42-In. Ventilator 1560 2300 2300 3210 2900 3650 2690 3490 3850 2900| 2300 3400 3600 3250 4200 4020 4040 4800 3810 4720 5300 4100 5050 5600 3150 4500 4390 5700 5600 6700 5010 6300 7400 5500 6800 7800 48-In. Ventilator 54-In. Ventilator 60-1n. Ventilator 4000 5900 7000 5900 7900 9000 6700 8900 10000 7400 90501 10500 5100 7850 9500 7300 9900 11800 8450 11000 12500 9500, 6500 11500 9200 12800 11400 9300 12500 14000 10600 14000 15000 11900 14500 16000 Effico Wind-Electric Ventilator, Automatic ' Patented May 20, 1922; March 20, 1928; August 21, 1928. ' Effico Wind Electric Ventilator Dimensions The Effico Wind Elec Ventilator Sixes Corre sponding to Those in Table Opposite Dimensions in Inches--(See Diagram Above) iThicknessoIMetall B |h"HActual Size of Ventilator for [ Base I Diam. of) Height to Storm Propeller Wind Elec. Type I I Blades Band Blades Gauge G. 1. Hp. [Cop- i1 Mo*tor Oz. Cowl! Base 12 14 18 19 24 25 2m m 40 32 32 40 1/30 30 31 36 37 42 43 50 42 60 45 68 51 1/6 48 49 76 54 55 86 6,,0. ._______ 6_1________ , ww t .t i 9TM8 i 51 51 5j5j i i i8i zm 1/4 This apparatus is adjustable to exhaust various quantities of air within the limits of given ' sizes and is regularly supplied at capacities of 5 miles per hour wind and 10 deg. temperature difference rating. The Wind-Electric will exhaust minimum volume regardless of temperature tric Ventilator, Full Automatic Recommended for those, installations which require a definite minimum ex haust at all times or which may require an unusually heavy exhaust at inter, mittent periods. This is the regular Effico equipped with an auxiliary elec trically operated fan placed in the ventilator throat just below the regular fan. The throat is difference or wind velocity. Other capacity can be supplied and the ventilator is adjustable to any constant capacity after installation. . isfvolnirghmthteely mmenooltaorrg.ed to allow For F Electric Ventilator Non-Automatic see second page following: 870 W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc. Ventilators "Effico" Wind-Driven Roof Ventilators The Effico Ventilator consists of a wind- Suggested Specifications - The roof ventilators shall be of the sizes as shown in plans,' (square base] (round base} style to be made driven head to which suction blades are permanently connected (on the underside) making an efficient exhaust fan. Rotation of [Tuncan] [Copper], [The pneumatic damper motor to be supplied with these units). They shall be the Effico Interna/ Louver Unit ventilators as of the head creates an exhaust suction in the throat of the ventilator. There are no moving parts. . Effico Louver Unit Sizes and Dfmensfona Galvanized Steel | Copper, Oz. Bearings.--Effico Bearings,are full ball bearings, are solidly enclosed and oilflooded (also dust and acid proof). They are as sturdy as the best automobile Dimensions. Inches A BC D E Gauge 3 s ta Net Wght., Lb, bearings, and will run in a dry state for years, but we oil-flood them as an extra precaution. Effico Internal Louver Unit Ventilators The Effico internal louver unit comprises the Effico rotary ball bearing ventilator head constructed with a specially short base, or neck. In this base is built a circular multiple blade louver' damper. The damper is carefully balanced and 18 20 24 30 30 36 36 42 42 48 48 54 54 60 60 66 66 72 72 80 84 92 96 116 10 14 14 18 22 24 24 24 30 30 36 45 2&/2 23 24 24 40 30 22 22 50 37 22 20 60 32 22 18 68 43 22 18 76 43 22 18 86 43 7.2 18 98 43 20 18 mw, 49 20 18 114 54 *20 18 130 54 18 16 153 54 18 16 90 140 190 225 350 400 600 710 800 680 1050 1200 16 vale 18 valet 20 vive 24 varve 24 vetch 24 vax 24 void 24 valor 24 vamp 24 vane 24 vang 24 van- For round bases, '`E" dimension remains the same. For capacities note preceding page. heavily constructed. The blades lap and are fitted in a circular frame. It is adapt able for manual control, but is intended for a thermostatic control system. The roof base is very low, is part of this unit and is supplied with either the square or round base. . The roof base and the ventilator head are connected by means of angle iron com panion rings, which give' solidity and facilitate the taking down of the ventilator when required. Each ventilator neck has also a tight fitting door to give free access to the louvers and to the operating motor. The operating motor is suspended under neath the damper to a cross brace. The object of the specially low base and the low roof base is to make the entire unit as low to the roof as possible. Effico Louver Dampers . Made of stretcher leveled sheet steel. The pneumatic damper motor is supplied and installed with these units unless not desired. (Note specifications below). Effico Louver Unit Low Height. The Effico louver unit sets very low (note dimensions at right). Height above Coping Louver Unit "C" dimension should be above coping. Note above. Heads Only. Effico Heads without dampers are also supplied. Open ' Cloeed , The Multiple Circular Louver Damper in NeckoJ Ventilator lAPACITV--Exhaust capacity same as Effico Head 871 W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc. Ventilators Hirschman's S E and F Roof Ventilators For our Effico Ventilator see preceding pages Recommendation of F Electric Ventilator--Is a high class ventilator where a high exhaust velocity is required at certain periodical times or resistance (static pressure) is encountered. Where our Effico Rotary Head, or the Effico Wind-Electric Automatic Ventilator, due to obstructed location or its moderate, even capacity is not required, then, we recommend the Hirschman F Ventilator. Dampers--Chain, pneumatic or elec trically operating; close fitting damper supplied with all sizes if required. Fire F Electric Ventilator Non-Automatic (Patented) Damper--with fusing link furnished if required. There are no outside louvers Motor--Condenser Motor, Brushless, to freeze or blow shut. . Cumm'utatorless, Variable Speed, fully enclosed, very quiet running, are furnished As an Exhaust Head at extra cost when above characteristics FOR EXHAUST FAN are essential. SE Ventilator design is such that air driven 1200 ft'- velocity DIMENSIONS OF HIRSCHMAN F. SE AND LU VENTILATORS through the head, registers Vents SE Weight Crated . Dimensions, In. (See Diagram) Thickness of Meta! Ga, Galvan. Oz. Copper A BC DE F H Head Base Head Base only .015 water gauge static pressure a performance of unequalled merit. Thus for a fan or high heat exhaust 30 12 6 10 22 24 16 12 24 24 16 16 head, it is highly effective. 50 1ft 6 1b 32 24 24 12 24 24 16 16 When so used and the fan 75 110 150 24 8 21 42 30 30 12 24 30 8 27 52 30 36 18 22 24 20 16 16 16 20 is cut off the ventilator still 36 10 33 62 30 42 18 22 18 20 24 ventilates as a syphon venti 200 42. 10 38 71 30 48 18 20 18 20 24 lator. There are no shut 300 360 420 4ft 12 42 81 36 54 18 54 12 46 91 36 60 24 60 12 60 102 36 66 24 18 18 18 18 18 16 20 20 24 24 24 ters to blow or freeze shut. 24 Is also vision-proof, will 490 66 16 66 102 36 72 24 16 16 24 32 resist back drafting during 520 600 7? 16 70 120 36 78 24 84 16 76 120 36 92 24 18 18 16 16 24. 24 32 32 a five mile wind against an adverse temperature differ ence of 10 deg. fahr. Also CAPACITIES OF HIRSCHMAN' F VENTILATOR during the same wind veloc Size of Stack, In. Speed R.p.m. Cu. Ft. Min. Less Than Vi in. Sp. Cu- Ft. Cu. Ft. Min. Min. % in. Sp.;y8 in. Sp. Type of Motor Tele- ity will not back-draft unless H.P. SSe a greater than static pres sure resistance of .025 water 12 1425 1750 650 900 T.D. 1/30 Range gauge. For information on SR. 1/25 Ram wind pressure causing down 1140 1600 SR.D. 1/25 Rone draft in the angle of U or L 18 855 1140 1420 1675 2000 2200 900 1350 1600 iioo S.DJL S.DR. T.Q. 1/8 Rank 1/6 Rap 1/6 Raze buildings, write us. . 24 . 780 850 570 1140 2600 3400 4000 4500 1700 2600 3000 3700 900 1400 2100 3200 S.T.D.Q. D.SR. S.T; S.DR. 1/6 Ray 1/4 Rat i n Rash 1/2 Rugn 30 680 4500 3600 2700 D.Q. 1/4 Rein 900 6000 5000 3600 SRX 1/2 Rinse 36 550 6500 5200 3900 SR. 1/2 Rime 900 7000 6000 5000 T.Q.D. 1/2 Kip 42 575 11000 490 10000 8000 7000 6500 5000 S.T.OR.D. 3/4 S.TR.Q.D. 1 Roar Roast : which the motors are available. AUerating--S, single-phase, 60 cycle. R,. two or three-phase, 60 cycle. T, ' * " ' Q, two or three-p,,hase, 25 cycle. D. direct curreenntt., lie low _ are suitable for schools, theatres, auditoriums and other quiet running requirements. <$E Ventilator pox industrial installations permitting increased speeds, capacity can be increased 100% REMEMBER--With the Hirschman F Ventilator you still have a good ventilator when the motor is not running. 872 Ventilators The Swartwout Company Swartwout Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilators 18551 Euclid Avenue CCllnevvpe.llaand, Ohio. \ New Yobjc, N.Y,, 103 Park Ave. Branch \Potsburgh, Pa.,Grant Bldg. Offices: t Chicago, 111., M9 W. Randolph St / St. Louis, Mo., 1124 Chemical Bldg. Construction--Swartwout Ball Bearing" Ventila tors are built of Armco Ingot Iron or special metals as required. All joints are double seamed--no bolts being used. All interior members are given a special rust-resisting coating after punching and forming. Bronze bearings re volving on bronze balls provide free rotation without the necessity of lubrication. Outside louver dampers are controlled easily from within the building by a special louver attachment which permits . definite setting of area opening with out necessity of fastening the chain. Bases to fit standard sizes are made of the same metal, two gauges heavier than the ventilator. PRODUCTS-- Swartwout Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilators. Erection and Opera tion--Swartwout Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilators leave the factory com pletely assembled. Swinging(rpely_with the... . wind, Swartwout Ventila tors provide a continual suction of air from within the building. Survey Service--The Swartwout Company co operates with heating and ventilating engineers by making help ful recom mendations in the form of Swartwout Surveys. There is no charge for . this service. Write for a copy of "The Gospel of Fresh Air," a new book on ventilation. Dimensions, Weights and Gauges of Swartwout Ventilators Welding and Cutting Apparatus The Bastian-Blessing Co. 240 E. Ontario Street, Chicago, 111. Welding and Cutting Equipment Welding is the modern way of making pipe joints, and this process is rapidly gaining the support of engineers and architects who recognize its superior qualities. With properly welded joints where threads are usually used the following results may be expected: '' 1. Increased efficiency in flow. 2- Increased tightness and leak-proofness of joint. 3- Rapid erection and easy alteration. 4. Less dead weight. 5. Decrease in first cost and in cost of upkeep. ' The most modern skyscrapers have welded piping throughout. A fund of information is available for the asking. Write and state your problems. Less Expensive Covering 874 Welding In Branch Index to Modem Equipment 1930American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, ACCESS PANELS (.See Ponds, AIR MEASURING AND RE Access) CORDING INSTRUMENTS Cochrane Corp. Thermal Units Co. Thermidaire Corp. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. AIR CLEANING EQUIPMENT American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co/ Bishop Sc Babcock Sales Co. Buffalo Forge Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co., Inc. Ellison Draft Gage Co. E. Vernon Hill Co. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. BLOWERS, Pressure Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Garden City Fan Co. Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp: AIR MOISTENING APPA Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Garden City Fan Co. RATUS (See Humidifiers) Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. * New York Blower Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Maryland Air Conditioning Corp. AIR PURIFYING APPARATUS Midwest Mfg. Co. . United States Ozone Co. ' B. F. Sturtevant Co. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. National Air Filter Co. John J. Nesbitt, Inc. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Parks-Cramer Co. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co. Strandwitz & Scott. Inc- B. F. Sturtevant Co. Unit Heater & Cooler Co. York Heating & VentilatingCorp. AIR RECEIVERS (Set Receivers, Air) AIR VALVES (See Valves, Air) AIR WASHERS (See Air Cleaning Equipment) AMMONIA COILS (See Coils, Ammonia) BLOWERS, Turbine American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. . Buffalo Forge Co. '' ' Garden City Fan Co. General Electric Co. New York Blower Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. BOILER COMPOUNDS (See Com AIR COMPRESSORS {See Com pressors, Air) ' ASBESTOS PRODUCTS (See In sulation) pounds, Boiler) BOILER COVERING (See Cover AIR COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING APPARATUS Aerofin Corp. ' ' Air-Way Electric Appliance Corp. American Blower Corp. - Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. AUTOMATIC SHUTTERS (See ing, Pipes and Surfaces) . Shutters, A utomatU) BOILER FEEDERS (See Feeders. BENDS, Pipe Boiler) James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. . BOILER FEED PUMPS (See Pumps, Boiler Feed) BOILERS, Cast Iron BENDS, Return (SeePipe, ReturnBends) American Radiator Co. Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co. Ilg Electric.Ventilating Co. ` Maryland Air Conditioning Corp. BLOWERS, Fan (See Fans, Sup-, Herman Nelson Corp. . ply and Exhaust) - Burnham Boiler Corp, Central Radiator Co. James B. Clow & Sons . New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. ' Parks-Cramer Co. ' Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Thermal Units Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. York Heating&Ventilating Corp. York ice Machinery Corp. BLOWERS, Forced Draft American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Garden City Fan Co. B. F- Sturtevant Co. . L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. Mofby Boiler Co., Inc. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. National Radiator Corp. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Pierce. Butier & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Pittsburg Water Heater Co. . Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Spencer Heater Co. United States Radiator Corp. . AIR ELIMINATORS . Cochrane Corp. C. A. Dunham Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Jaa. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Sarco Co.. Inc. . Sterling Engineering Co. BLOWERS, Heating and Venti lating American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Buckeye Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Garden City Fan Co. . General Electric Co. W. F. Hirschraan Co., Inc. . Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. AIR FILTERS (See Air Cleaning Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Equipment) ' . ' New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. AIR HEATING SYSTEMS {See Heating-Systems, Air) Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. '. Weii-McLain Co. BOILERS, Combination, Gas, Coal, or Oil American Radiator Co. Brownell Co.Monitor Boiler Co. National Radiator Corp. Wm, H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. . Stanwood Corp.` . BOILERS, Down Draft' Ames Iron Works , Brownell Co. * Erie City Iron Works Catalog Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 885 to 888 875 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Harrisburg Star Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Stanwood Corp. Titusville Iron .Works BOILERS, Gas Fired American Gas Products Corp. Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co. James B. Clow & Sons L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Pittsburg Water Heater Co. Richmond Radiator .Co. BOILERS, Heating American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Leader Boiler & Heater Co. Oil City Boiler Works Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. Pierce,-Butler & Pierce Mfg; Corp. (Ames Div.) Stanwood Corp. Titusville Iron Works Wickes Boiler Co. BREECHINGS AND " CHIMNEYS Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co. Brownell Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Erie City Iron Works Keasbey & Mattison Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Nash Engineering Co. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. CONCRETE INSERTS (See In serts, Concrete) CONDENSERS _ Alberger Heater Co. American Steam Pump Co. Cochrane Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. . O. E. Frank Heater & Engineering Co., Inc. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. . Schutte & Koerting Co. . ` Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. . . York Ice Machinery Corp. Brownell Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Central Radiator Co. James B. Clow & Sons Erie City Iron Works Oil City Boiler Works Stanwood Corp. Titusville Iron Works ' Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Wickes Boiler Co. . * CONDUITS, Underground Pipe American District Steam Co. . Johns-Manville Corp. Ric-wiL Co. ' Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Harrisburg Star Boiler Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. BURNERS, Coal, Automatic {See Stokers) CONTROLLERS AND CON TROL EQUIPMENT'(See Aha Temperature Control) . Leader Boiler & Heater Co. BURNERS, Oil (See Oil Burners) American Radiator Co. Molby Boiler Co., Inc. D. & T. Mfg. Co. . Monitor Boiler Co. CALORIMETERS, Steam General Electric Co. ' L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Newport Boiler Co. Ellison Draft Gage Co. Johnson Service Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula Oil City Boiler Works Wm, H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. . - Stanwood Corp. Titusville Iron Works . United States Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. CIRCULATORS, Hot Water Heating Rochester Circulator Co. Sterling Engineering Co. H. A. Thrush & Co. COILS, Ammonia ' tor Co. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. ' Webster Taltmadge & Co., Inc. Time-O-Stat Controls Co. Westinghouse Electric & ^Ifg. Co. Wright-Austin Co. Wickes Boiler Co. James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. COOLING EQUIPMENT, Oil and Water (See Also A ir Cooling BOILERS, Magazine Feed Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. And Dehumidifying Apparatus) American Radiator Co. York Ice Machinery Corp. Bayley Blower Co. ' Molby Boiler Co., Inc. Newport Boiler Co. Spencer Heater Co. COILS, Pipe, Copper E. B. Badger & Sons Co. Davis Engineering Corp- . O. E. Frank Heater & Engineering. Co., Inc. Weil-McLain. Co. James B. Clow & Sons . Patterson-Kelley Co. Rome-Tumey Radiator Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. BOILERS, Oil Burning Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co. Brownell Co, Burnham Boiler Corp. Erie City Iron Works COILS. Pipe, Iron - ' American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. Crane Co. . Garden City Fan Co* Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc.. Harrisburg Star Boiler Co. COILS, Tank Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. E. B. Badger & Sons Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Leader Boiler & Heater Co. . Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. COVERING, Ammonia Pipe: Crane Co. '. \ COVERING, Pipes and Surfaces American District Steam Co-4 Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Johns-Manvilte Corp. Keasbey & Mattison Co. - Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. .Ric-wiL Co. .. Monitor Boiler Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Newport Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works COLUMNS. Alarm, Water Wright-Austin Co. CUTTING AND WELDING AP PARATUS (See Welding And Cutting Apparatus) . Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Stanwood Corp. Titusville Iron Works Weil-McLain Co. COMPOUNDS, Boiler Richardson & Boynton Co. United States Radiator Corp; Vinco Co.f Inc. PAMPERS . Ames Iron Works D. &T. Mfg. Co. W. F. Hirschman Co.* Inc. . BOILERS, Steel Ames Iron Works ' Bigelow Co. Brownell Co. Coatesville Boiler Works COMPOUNDS. Boiler and Radi ator Sealing Vinco Co.. Inc. COMPRESSORS, Air L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. National Regulator Co? Niagara Blower Co. ` ' Powers Regulator Co. < Thermidaire Corp. _ Edge Moor Iron CoErie City Iron Works Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Harrisburg Star Boiler Co. American Steam Pump Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Electric Co. Johnson Service Co. DAMPER REGULATORS. Boiler and Furnace , American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Catalog Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 885 to 888 876 Index to Modern Equipment Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Julian D'Este Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Kainer & Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula FANS, Furnace Buffalo Forge Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan.& Blower Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. New York Blower Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. . B. F. Sturtevant Co. > FURNACES, Warm Air American Gas Products Corp. Bryant Heatpr & Mfg. Co. . James B. Clow & Sons Langenberg Mfg. Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. GAS HEATERS (See Heaters, Gas) tor Co. National Regulator Co. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. GASKETS, Asbestos Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co. Vapor Engineering Co. Warren Webster & Co. FANS, Supply and Exhaust American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Buckeye Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Crane Co. - Jenkins Bros. Keasbey & Mattison Co. GASKETS, Metallic James B. Clow & Sons . De Bothezat Impeller Co.. Inc. deaerators Garden City Fan Co. GASKETS, Rubber Cochrane Corp. General Electric Co. . W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc. James B. Clow & Sons DIFFUSERS (See Ventilators, Floor and Wall) DRAFT APPARATUS Mechanical Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. GAUGE BOARDS Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. .. J. E. Lonergan Co. Jas. P. Marsh Sc Co. Buffalo Forge Co. - Combustion Specialties Corp. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp, GAUGE GLASSES Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Crane Co. Kieley & Mueller, fnc. National Regulator Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co DRYING EQUIPMENT Air-Way ElectricAppliance Corp, American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. FEEDERS, Boiler American Steam Pump Co. Goulds Pumps. Inc. Grinnell Co., Inc. Kieley & Mueller, Inc, McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell Sc Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co. Wm, H. Page Boiler Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Jenkins Bros. J. E. Lonergan Co. GAUGES, Altitude American Radiator Co. Crane Co. . J. E. Lonergan Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. New York Air Valve Corp, Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. . Circulair Heat, IncCooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Garden City Fan Co. W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc, Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Maryland Air Conditioning Corp. New York Blower Co, FEEDERS, Water Decatur Pump Co. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller United States Radiator Corp. GAUGES, Ammonia- Crane Co, ' J. E. Lonergan Co. ' Jas. P. Marsh & Co. ' New York Air Valve Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Thermal Units Co. ' Trane Co. Unit Heater & Cooler Co. FEED WATER HEATERS (See Heaters, Feed Water) ' FEED WATER REGULATORS (See Regulators, Feed Water) GAUGES, Draft Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. Ellison Draft Gage Co. E. Vernon Hill Co: . National Air Filter Co. DRY KILNS (See Kilns, Dry) DUST SEPARATORS (See Air Cleaning Equipment) . EXHAUST HEADS W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. ' Swartwout Co. Wright-Austin Co. EXPANSION JOINTS Alberger Heater Co. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. E. B. Badger & Sons Co. James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. . Illinois Engineering Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Warren Webster & Co.- - FILTERS, Air (See Air Cleaning Equipment) FITTINGS, Pipe, Flanged James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. York Ice Machinery Corp. GAUGES, Hot Water American Radiator Co. D. & T. Mfg. Co. J. E. Lonergan Co. . Jas. P. Marsh & Co. New York Air Valve Corp. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. United States Radiator Corp. FITTINGS, Pipe, Screwed James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. ' D. & T. Mfg. Co. Grinnell Ca.. Inc. . Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. York Ice Machinery Corp. GAUGES, Pressure American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc.' Crane Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Kainer & Co- . FURNACE HEATING SYSTEMS . (See Heating Systems, Furnace) J. E. Lonergan Co-- . Jas. P. Marsh & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. . Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. FURNACES, Electric Petroleum Heat & Power Co.- General Electric Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Trane Co. United States Radiator Corp. Catalog Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 885 to 888 ' ' 877 . ... <L American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 GAUGES, Steam Kewanee Boiler Co. New York Blower Co. ' American Radiator Co. Oil City Boiler Works Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Crane Co. ' Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Co. J. El Lonergan Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. Titusville Iron Works Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. New York Air Valve Corp. Wickes Boiler Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Win. H. Page Boiler Co. Trane Co. Pierce, Bu tier & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson & Boynton Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Trane Co. GRILLES, REGISTERS AND ORNAMENTAL METAL WORK Auer Register Co. . HEATERS, Cabinet" Air-Way Electric Appliance Corp. Circulair Heat. Inc. . United States Radiator Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. McQuay Radiator Corp. Knowles Mushroom' Ventilator . L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. GAUGES, Vacuum Co. Herman Nelson Corp. American District Steam Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Schleicher. Inc. American Radiator Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. , Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Schleicher, Inc; Texo Heater & Mfg. Corp.. Co., Inc. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. Thermal Units Co. Crane Co. C. A. Dunham Co. HANGERS, Pipe Trane Co. . Grinnell Co., Inc. James B. Clow & Sons HEATERS, Electric Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. , . Air-Way Electric Appliance Corp. General Electric Co. ' J. E. Lonergan Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. HANGERS, Radiator Schleicher, Inc. New York Air Valve Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Win. H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Trane Co. United States Radiator Corp. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. ' Circulair Heat, Inc. ' James B. Clow & Sons Grinnell Co.. Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Trane Co. N, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. HEATERS, Feed Water ' Alberger Heater Co. Brownell Co. " . GAUGES, Vapor McAlear Mfg. Co. Wta. H. Page Boiler Co. Cochrane Corp. O. E. Frank Heater S: Engrg. Co., American District Steam Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Inc. American Radiator Co. Sterling Engineering Co. . Patterson-Kelley Co. C. A. Dunham Co. United States Radiator Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Co. Grinnell Co.', Inc. Schutte & Koerting Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. HEAT CABINETS {See Heaters, Stanwood Corp. ** Illinois Engineering Co. Cabinet) Wickes Boiler Co. J. E. Lonergan Co. Swartwout Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. HEATERS, Air New York Air Valve Corp. Wo. H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co.,.Inc. Trane Co. United States Radiator Corp. Aerofin Corp. . Air-Way Electt ic Appliance Corp. American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. - Buffalo Forge Co. HEATERS, Gas American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co. Carrier-Lyle Corp. . . . James B. Clow & Sons . ' . GAUGES, Water , Carrier-Lyle Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Niagara Blower>Co. . . American Radiator Co. Garden City Fan Co. Pittsburg Water Heater Co. Crane Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Richmond Radiator Co. .. J. E. Lonergan Co. McQuay Radiator Corp. Texo Heater & Mfg. Corp. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. * John J. Nesbitt, Inc. '. New York Air Valve Corp. New York Blower Co. HEATERS, Hot WaterService * Wo. H. Page Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler& Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson & Boynton Co. . United States Radiator Corp. Wright-Austin Co. GOVERNORS, Pump G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Julian D'Este Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co-, Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co, Schutte & Koerting Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Texo Heater & Mfg. Corp. Thermal Units Co. Trane Co. Alberger Heater Co.. American Radiator Co. Bell & Gossett Co. . Brownell Co. .. . Cochrane Corp. '' . ` Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp: O. E. Frank Heater & Engrg. Co., v Inc. C. A. Dunham Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. HEATERS, Automatic Hot . Water Kewanee Boiler Co." . Monitor Boiler Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Jas. P- Marsh & Co. American Radiator Co. -Neptune Meter Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co. Crane Co. Electro! Incorporated Patterson-Kelley Co. Pierce, Butler&Pierce Mfg. Corp. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Pacific Steel BoilerCorp. Richardson & Boynton Co. ' Swartwout Co. * Pittsburg Water Heater Co. Rome Brass Radiator Co. Wright-Austin Co. H. A. Thrush & Co. HEATERS, Blast Weil-McLain Co. * GRATES FOR BOILERS AND FURNACES Aerofin Corp. Air-Way Electric Appliance Corp. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. , Ames Iron Works American Blower Corp. HEATERS, Indirect Brownell Co. Erie City Iron Works American Radiator Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. American Radiator Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Garden City Fan Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Catalog Data of Manufacturers listed can be located, by referring to pages 885 to 888 878 Index to Modern Equipment Excelso Products Corp. Patterson-Kelley Co. Pittsburg Water Heater Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Rome Brass Radiator Co. United States Radiator Corp. HEATING SYSTEMS, Furnace Burnham Boiler Corp. James B. Clow & Sons Langenberg Mfg. Co.' L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. James B. Clow & Sons C. A. Dunham Co. Wm. S. Haines & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. . Illinois Engineering Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. . McAlear Mfg. Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace'Co. HEATERS, Storage Newport Boiler Co. Alberger Heater Co. American Radiator Co. Cochrane Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. O. E. Frank Heater & Engrg. Co.. Inc. J Patterson-Kelley Co. Pittsburg Water Heater Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Rome Brass Radiator Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co, HEATING SYSTEMS, HotWater Barnes & Jones Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat. Inc. James B. Clow & Sons D. & T. Mfg. Co. . Mueller Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. . Neptune Meter Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler& Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson & Boynton Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Thermal Units Co. Trane Co. * United States Radiator Corp. Unit Heater & Cooler Co. Vapor Engineering Co. ` Warren Webster & Co. HEATERS, Tank ' American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Excelso Products Corp. Kewanee Boiler Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp Richardson & Boynton Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Stanwood Corp. United States Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Thermal Units Co. H. A. Thrush & Co. Titusville Iron Works United States Radiator Corp. HEATING SYSTEMS, Steam American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. . James B. Clow & Sons C. A. Dunham Co. Wm. S. Haines & Co. HEAT SURFACE, Fan System Aerofin Corp. Air-Way ElectricAppliance Corp. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Thermal-Units Co. Winchester Repeating Arms Co. Wolverine Tube Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. HEATERS, Unit Air-Way Electric A ppliance Corp. American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. ' , Buckeye Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. - De Bothezat Impeller Co., Inc. Dixie Blower Co, Garden City Fan Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. . McQuay Radiator Corp. Herman Nelson Corp. John J. Nesbitt, Inc. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. . Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kelly Brass Works Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Pierce. Butler& Pierce Mfg. Corp Richardson & Boynton Co, Thermal Units Co. United States Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. HEATING SYSTEMS, Vacuum Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. C. A. Dunham Co. HOT WATER HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems, Hot Water) . HUMIDIFIERS American Blower Corp. Bahnson CoBayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling St Air Conditioning Corp. . Grinnell Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. . Johnson Service Co. Maryland Air Conditioning Corp Midwest Mfg. Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. National Regulator Co. New York Blower Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Texo Heater & Mfg'. Corp. Thermal Units Co. Thermidaire Corp. Trane Co. United States Radiator. Corp. Unit Heater & Cooler Co. Wm. S. Haines & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kelly Brass Works Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. .Co. . Monash-Younker Co., Inc. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. Newport Boiler Co. ' ' Niagara Blower Co. ' Parks-Cramer Co. * Peerless UnitVentilationCo., Inc. Powers Regulator Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Strandwitz & Scott, Inc. Thermal Units Co. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp. York Ice Machinery Corp. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. York Heating & VentilatingCorp. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. HUMIDIFIERS, Unit HEATING SYSTEMS, Air . American Blower Corp. Carrier-Lyle Corp. Circulair Heat. Inc. . Garden City Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. , Skidmore Corp. Sterling Engineering Co. Webster Tallmadge 8t Co., Inc. Thermal Units Co. Trane Co. United States Radiator Corp. ' Warren Webster & Co. Buffalo Forge Co. - Maryland Air Conditioning Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Thermal Units Co. ' York Heating & Ventilating Corp. HUMIDITY CONTROL American Blower Corp. New York Blower Co. ' Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc Richardson & Boynton Co.- Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Thermal Units Co. York Heating &; Ventilating Corp . HEATING SYSTEMS, Vapor American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. ' Circulair Heat, Inc. Bahnson Co. .* Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Catalog. Data of Manufacturer* listed can be located by referring to pages 885 to 888 879 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Grinnell Co*. Inc. Johnson Service Co. National Regulator Co. ' New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Parks-Cramer Co. Powers Regulator Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. York Ice Machinery Corp. METERS, Air Builders Iron Foundry Cochrane Corp. METERS, Condensation American District'Steam Co. Builders Iron Foundry PIPE, Brass James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. PIPE, Cast Iron American Radiator Co. James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. INCINERATORS Kewanee Boiler Co. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. METERS, Feed Water Builders Iron Foundry Cochrane Corp. PIPE COILS (See Coils, Pipe) PIPE CONDUITS (See Conduits, Underground Pipe) . `. INSERTS, Concrete Grinnell Co., Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. . INSTRUMENTS, Indicatingand Recording METERS, Flow American District Steam Co.'' Builders Iron Foundry Cochrane Corp. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. PIPE COVERING (See Covering, Pipes and Surfaces) < PIPE FITTINGS (See Fittings, Pipe) General Electric Co. METERS, Steam PIPE HANGERS (See Hangers, Jas. P. Marsh & Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. INSULATION. Building American District Steam Co. Builders Iron Foundry Cochrane Corp. Pipe) ' .- PIPE, Return Bends ., Stockham Pipe & Fitting Co. Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. METERS. Water Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Builders Iron Foundry . Chicago Mill & Lumber Co. Cochrane Corp. . Flax-li-num Insulating Co. . York Ice Machinery Corp. PIPE SLEEVES, Adjustable Knowles Pipe Sleeve Co.. Insulite Co. International Fibre Board, Ltd. Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Masonite Corp. Pennrich & Co. Sprayo-Flake Co. MOTORS, Electric General Electric Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. ' B. F. Sturtevant Co. Westinghouse Electric 8c Mfg. Co. PIPE, Steel James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. PIPE, Wrought Iron James B. Clow & Sons ' , .. Stewart Inso Board Co. Thermo-Proof Insulation Co. Wood Conversion Co. NOZZLES, Spray (See Spray Nozzles) Crane Co. Ric-wiL Co. . PITOT TUBES (See A ir Measuring INSULATION, Pipes and Sur OIL BURNER EQUIPMENT and Recording Instruments) faces (See Covering, Pipes and Surfaces) INSULATION, Sound Deaden Electro! Incorporated Hardinge Brothers, Inc. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES (See Regulators, Pres- sure) r. - ing Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Chicago Mill & Lumber Co. Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulite Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. Newport Boiler Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Schutte fit Koerting Co. OIL BURNERS PSYCHROMETERS (See Air Measuring and Recording Instru ments) ' PUBLICATIONS Heating & Ventilating . .' International Fibre Board, Ltd. Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews & Forbes.Co. Masonite Corp. Pennrich & Co. ' Sprayo-Flake Co. Stewart Inso Board Co. Thermo-Proof Insulation Co. Wood Conversion Co. Automatic Burner Corp. Electrol Incorporated Hardinge Brothers, Inc. May OD Burner Corp. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating -Corp. Winslow Boiler & Engrg. Co. PUMP GOVERNORS G. M. Davis Regulator Co. . Julian D'Este Co. '. i. C. A. Dunham Co. ' -. \ . Kieley & Mueller, Inc, .', Klipfel Mfg. Co. .' ' Jas. P. Marsh fit Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. - . KILNS, Dry Bayley Blower Co. New York Blower Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Thermal Units Co. , OZONE APPARATUS Langenberg Mfg. Co. United States Ozone Co. PACKING Jenkins Bros. * Mueller Steam Specialty Co. ; ' PUMPS, Air and Gas . American Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co; Decatur Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery . LOUVRES Auer Register Co. Buckeye Blower Co. W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Swartwout Co. . MECHANICAL DRAFT APPA RATUS (See Draft Apparatus, Mechanical) '. Ric-wiL Co. PANELS, Access Higgin Mfg. Co. Schleicher, Inc. PIPE BENDING James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. York Ice Machinery Corp. Co. Nash-Engineering Co. . PUMPS, Ammonia . American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery " Co. . . Goulds Pumps, Inc. ' . Nash Engineering Co. ' ' - York Ice Machinery Corp. ' Catalog Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 885 to 888 880 Index to Modern Equipment PUMPS, Boiler Feed American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. UDecatur Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. ' Skidmore Corp. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co. PUMPS, Brine ' American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co.. Decatur Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. . Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co. ,. York Ice Machinery Corp. PUMPS, Centrifugal American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago' Pump Co. . C. A. Dunham Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co. . PUMPS, Circulating . American Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Decatur Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps. Inc. Nash Engineering Co.' . Rochester Circulator Co. Sterling Engineering Co. H. A. Thrush & Co. Trane Co. PUMPS, Condensation .. American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Decatur Pump Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. ` Goulds Pumps, Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co. Nash Engineering Co. . Skidmore Corp. Sterling Engineering Co. . Trane Co. ' PUMPS. Oil American Steam Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. * Goulds Pumps, Inc. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Schutte 8c Koerting Co. PUMPS, Steam American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co.' . Petroleum Heat 8c Power Co. PUMPS, Sump American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery . Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Nash Engineering Co. ' Trane Co. PUMPS. Turbine American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. - - Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Petroleum Heat fic Power Co. PUMPS, Vacuum American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. C. A. Dunham Co. ' Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co. Nash Engineering Co. Schutte fic Koerting Co. Skidmore Corp. RADIATOR HANGERS (See Hangers, Radiator) RADIATORS, Cabinet and Concealed Air-Way Electric Appliance Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. McQuay Radiator Corp. Herman Nelson Corp. John J. Nesbitt, Inc. . Rome Brass Radiator Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. Thermal Units Co. Thermidaire Corp. ,.. ... Trane Co. RECEIVERS, Air Illinois Engineering Co. . -Kewanee Boiler Co. Vapor Engineering Co. . RECEIVERS, Condensation American District Steam Co. American Steam Pump Co. Decatur Pump Co. Julian D'Este Co.. C. A. Dunham Co. Goulds Pumps, Inc. ' Illinois Engineering Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Vapor Engineering Co. RADIATION, Aluminum, Brass, Copper, Steel, Etc., Plain and Extended Surface Aerofin Corp. Air-Way Electric Appliance Corp. American Radiator Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. . McQuay Radiator Corp. Herman Nelson Corp. REFRIGERATING machinery Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling 8l Air Conditioning Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating Corp. York Ice Machinery Corp. . John J. Nesbitt, Inc. REGISTERS (See Grilles. Regis Richmond Radiator Co. ters, Etc.) . Rome Brass Radiator Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co. REGULATORS, Damper Schutte 8c Koerting Co. American District Steam Co. . B. F- Sturtevant Co. Thermal Units Co. * Thermidaire Corp. Trane Co. Unit Heater 8c Cooler Co.. Winchester Repeating Arms Co. Wolverine Tube Co. York Heating 8c Ventilating Corp. American Radiator Co. . Bishop fic Babcock Sales Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. D. 8c T. Mfg. Co. Julian D'Este Co. . C. A. Dunham Co* Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. RADIATION, Cast Iron American Radiator Co. * Bayley Blower Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Central Radiator Co- James B. Clow & Sons Kewanee Boiler Co. National Radiator Corp. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. . Pierce, Butler 8c Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson fic Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. - United States Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. . . Jenkins Bros. Kainer & Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. National Regulator Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Petroleum Heat fic Power Co. Powers Regulator Co. Richardson 8c Boynton Co. Sarco Co., Inc. . Time-O-Stat Controls Co. Trane Co. Vapor Engineering Co. RADIATOR AIR VALVES (See Valves. Air) RADIATOR ENCLOSURES AND SHIELDS American Radiator Co. Auer Register Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. McQuay Radiator Corp. Schleicher, Inc. - --- Tuttle fic Bailey Mfg. Co. United States Radiator Corp. REGULATORS, Feed Water Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Julian D'Este Co. Kieley 8c Mueller, The. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. . Swartwout Co. Wright-Austin Co. 881 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 REGULATORS, Humidity (S Humidity Control) REGULATORS, Pressure American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. ' Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. Crane Co. ' G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Julian D'Este Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kainer & Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klip/el Mfg. Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co. SPRAY NOZZLES American Blower Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. James B. Clow & Sons New York Blower Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. ' . - STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS (See Heating Systems, Steam) STOKERS, Mechanical - Brownell Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Detroit Stoker Co. .. Iron Fireman Mfg. Co. Newport Boiler Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Whiting Corp. (Harrington Div.) STRAINERS, Oil E. B. Badger & Sons Co. Bigelow Co. . , Brownell Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Decatur Pump Co. Erie City Iron Works Kewanee Boiler Co. ` Patterson-Kelley Co: ' Stanwood Corp. ' Titusville Iron-Works United States Radiator Corp. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Wickes Boiler. Co. . TEMPERATURE CONTROL (See Also Controllers) * American Gas Products Corp, American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock . Co.. Inc. 1 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co Petroleum Heat-& Power Co. Powers Regulator Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Sarco Co., Inc. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . ` D. & T. Mfg. Co. Julian D'Este Co. Direct Control Valve Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Illinois Engineering Co. * , , Schutte & Koerting Co. H. A. Thrush & Co. ` McDonnell & Miller Mueller Co. Johnson Service Co. ' Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Time-O-Stat Controls Co. Trane Co. REGULATORS, Temperature (See Temperature Control) Mueller Steam Specialty Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Schutte & Koerting Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. . RELIEF VALVES (See Valves. Relief) SAFETY VALVES (See Valves. Safety) SEPARATORS, Dust (See Air Cleaning EautpmenO SEPARATORS, Oil Cochrane Corp. Crane Co. STRAINERS, Steam Mueller CO. National Regulator Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mlg. Co. Powers Regulator Co, Sarco Co., lnc. Sterling Engineering Co.. McDonnell & Miller Muellet Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co.. Inc* H. A. Thrush & Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co.- Tirae-O-Stat Controls Co. Sarco Co., lac. Schutte & Koerting Co. . United States Radiator Corp. Warren Webster &. Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Schutte & Koerting Co. Swartwout Co. ' Warren Webster & Co. Wright-Austin Co. SEPARATORS, Steam American District Steam Co. Cochrane Corp. ` Crane Co. ` Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. STRAINERS, Water American District Steam Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kainer & Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co, McDonnell & Miller Mueller Co, . * Mueller Steam Specialty Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Schutte & Koerting Co. THERMOMETERS, Indicating and Recording .. American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. . v E. Vernon Hill Co. . Jas. P. Marsh & Co. '. ' New York Air Valve Corp. ` Palmer Co. . Petroleum Heat & Power'Co. * Powers Regulator Co. . . Richardson & Boynton Co. . . United States Radiator Corp*. TANK COILS (.See Coils, Tank) McAlear Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Swartwout Co. Warren Webster & Co. Wright-Austin Co. , TANK COVERING (See Covering, Pipes and Surfaces) TANK HEATERS (See Healers, Tank) THERMOSTATS American Gas Products Corp. ' American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co; Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock SHUTTERS, Automatic TANKS, Blow-off Co., Inc. Julian D'Este Co. American Blower Corp. ' .Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Garden City Fan Co. llg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. National Regulator Co. L. j. Wing Mfg. Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co. ` Coatesville Boiler Works Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Stanwood Corp. Titusville Iron Works Wickes Boiler Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Johnson Service Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. National Regulator Co. . , Petroleum Heat & Power Co.. Powers Regulator Co, SOFTENERS. Water Cochrane Corp. TANKS, Storage American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Sarco Co., Inc. H. A. Thrush & Co. Time-O-Stat Controls Co. United States Radiator Corp. Catalog Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 885 to 888 882 Index to Modern Equipment TRAPS, Bucket . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Cochrane Corp.' . Julian D'Este Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co. Swartwout Co. Wright-Austin Co. TRAPS, Float American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Cochrane Corp. Crane Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Julian D'Este Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Grinnell Co-, Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. , Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Swartwout Co. Warren Webster & Co. Wright-Austin Co. TRAPS, Radiator American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. C. A. Dunham Co. ' Grinnell Co.. Inc. Wo, S. Haines & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. United States Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co. Warren Webster & Co. TRAPS, Return American Blower Corp. American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Cochrane Corp. Crane Co. Julian D'Este Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Wm. S. Haines & Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . Monash-Younker Co,, Inc. ` O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Swartwout Co. Trane Co, United States Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co. Warren Webster 8c Co. TRAPS, Steam American Blower Corp. American District-Sjteam Co. Barnes & Jones `^ Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. James B. Clow & Sons Cochrane Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. . . Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Julian D'Este Co. C. A. Dunham Co. . Grinnell Co:, lnc. Wm. S. Haines & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley 8t Mueller, lnc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. * Sterling Engineering Co. Swartwout Co. United States Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wright-Austin Co. UNITS, Air Conditioning Maryland Air Conditioning Corp. L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. ' York Heating & Ventilating Corp, VACUUM HEATING SYSTEMS (See Heating Systems, Vacuum) VALVES, Air American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Crane Co. C. A. Dunham Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.Jenkins Bros. Kelly Brass Works Jas. P. Marsh Sc Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. New York Air Valve Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. W. A. Russell & Co. Sterling Engineering Co. United States Radiator Corp. TRAPS. Vacuum American Blower Corp. American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Crane Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. ' C. A. Dunham Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Wm. S. Haines & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. VALVES, Angle, Globe and Cross American Radiator Co. James B. Clow & Sons Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., fnc. Crane Co. Fairbanks Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. - Jenkins Bros. Marsh Valve Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. United States Radiator Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. , Pierce, Butler & fierce Mfg. Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Schutte & Koerting Co. VALVES, Anti-Siphon James B. Clow & Sons Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Swartwout Co. VALVES. Back Pressure Time-O-Stat Controls Co. Trane Co. United States Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Cochrane Corp. Crane Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. TUBING, Copper and Brass Klipfel Mfg. Co. James B. Clow & Sons McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Wolverine Tube Co. . McAlear Mfg. Co. ,.. Mueller Steam Specialty Co" O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. TURBINE BLOWERS (S Blowers, Turbine) TURBINES General Electric Co. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. UNDERGROUND PIPE CON DUITS (See Conduits Under ground Pipe) VALVES, Balanced James B. Clow &. Sous Crane Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Julian D'Este Co. Illinois Engineering Co. . Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. . Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula tor Co. , Mueller Steam Specialty Co. UNIT HEATERS (See Heaters, VALVES, Blow-off . Unit) --- UNIT VENTILATORS (See Ven- American Radiator Co. Cochrane Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock tilalors. Unit) Co., Inc. Catalog Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 885 to 888 883 - American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Crane Co. Fairbanks Co. Jenkins Bros. United States Radiator Corp. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Crane Co. Direct Control Valve Co. VALVES, Stop and Check (See Valves, Non-Return) Ke VALVES, Check James B. Clow & Sons Cochrane Corp. C. A. Dunham Co. ` Fairbanks Co. Grinnell Co.V Inc Wm. S. Haines & Co. HEATING SYSTEMS (Sre Heating Systems, Vapor) VENTILATORS, Floor and Wall Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. Crane Co. Fairbanks Co. . Grinnell Co., fnc. Jenkins Bros. ' ''Schtrtte'&'?Coertirig Co. VALVES, Float Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marsh Valve Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. '" American Blower Corn Auer Register Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Knowles Mushroom Ventilator L. J. Mueller Furnace Co * B. F.-Sturtevant Co. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. " James B. ClOw & Sons Crane Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. Pierce Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson & Boynton Co. W. A. Russell & Co. VENTILATORS, Mushroom American Blower Corp. .Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc Klipfel Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co. , KnCoow. les Mushroom Ventilator . U. J. Mueller Furnace Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . Mueller Steam Specialty Co. United States Radiator Corp. vapor Engineering Co. VENTILATORS, Roof * O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Trane Co. VALVES, Gate Warren Webster & Co. VALVES, Relief American Radiator Co. American Blower Corp. W. F Hfochman Co.. Inc. rig Electric Ventilating Co Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Cochrane Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc American Radiator Co. James B. Clow & Sons Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. Swartwout Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. Crane Co. Fairbanks Co. Jenkins Bros. Marsh Valve Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. ,, ^utte & Koerting Co. United States Radiator Corp. VALVES, Hydraulic Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. Crane Co. J. E. Lonergan Co. HALVES, Non-Return James B. Clow & Sons Crane Co. M. Davis Regulator Co. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Julian D'Este Co.. Illinois Engineering Co. Kamer & Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc Klipfel Mfg. Co. J. E. Lonergan Co. Jas. P. Marsh & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co * Neptune Meter Co. ` O-E Specialty-Mfg. Co.. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Swartwout Co. * H. A. Thrush & Co. Time-O-Stat Controls Co. VENTILATORS, Unit American Blower Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. Buckeye Blower Co; Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Herman Nelson Corp. John J. Nesbitt. Inc. 1 New York Blower Co. . - Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., I nc Reed Air Filter Co.. Inc. B. F. Sturtevant Co. WARM ATR FURNACES (See Furnaces, Warm Air) , WTFM1! AA-R HEATING SYS- JEMS {See Healing Systems, rurnace) . Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock mx, Jnc. Crane Co. G. M. Davis Regulator Co. United States Radiator Corp. VALVES, Safety WTER FEEDERS (.See , Feeders. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. - American District Steam Co . American Radiator Co Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. Crane Co. Jenkins Bros. WATER HEATERS, (See Healers, Hat Water Service) WATER SOFTENERS (See softeners, Water) .. VALVES. Pressure Reducing J. E. Lonergan Co. (oee Regulators, Pressure) Jas. P. Marsh & Co WEATHER STRIPS, Metal New York Air Valve Corp.- Higgin Mfg. Co. . VALVES, Radiator O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. American District Steam Co American Radiator Co. ' Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. United States Radiator Corp. WELDING AND CUTTING . APPARATUS Bastian-Btessing Co. . Catalog Data of Manufactory I tat*. can he located hy referring to page, 88S to 888 884 Index to Advertisers American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1930 Page Aerofin Corporation, 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J.............. ...:........... 700-701 Air-Way Electric Appliance Corp., Toledo, Ohio......... .'.......................... :............. 658-659 Alberger Heater Co., 218 Chicago St., Buffalo, N. Y......................:............. .............. 682 American Air Filter Co., 215 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky;..........:...... 546, 547, 548,656 American Blower Corp., Detroit, Mich..:.............:....................................... -..... .......... 637 American District Steam Co., North Tonawanda, N. Y...:.............. :.......................... 635 American Gas Products Corp., 376 Lafayette St., New York, N. Y......................... 553 American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y..... ,...........559-569, 702-704 American Society of Heating & Ventilating Engrs.,29 West 39th St., New York, N. Y. 752 American Steam Pjump Co., Battle Creek, Mich.... ........ ....... .................. .................. 753 Ames Iron Works, Oswego, N. Y..... ...................................................... .... .--............ 607 Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co., Lancaster, Pa.._....................................... 650, 722-723 Auer Register Co., 3608 Payne Ave., Cleveland, Ohio--.............................. ............... 777 Automatic Burner Corp., 312 N. May St., Chicago, 111--....... .................................... 625 E. B. Badger & Sons Co., 75 Pitts St., Boston, Mass...............................................:... 636 Bahnson Co., Winston-Salem, N. C--...................... :......................................... --....... 717 Barnes & Jones, 128 Brookside Ave., Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass........................... 779 Bastian-Blessing Co., 240 E. Ontario St., Chicago, 111................................................. 874 Bayley Blower Co., 784 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis.................. ................ 1....... 638 Bell & Gossett Co., 3000 Wallace St., Chicago, III.. .................................................... 683 Bigelow Company, New Haven, Conn...................................... ........ .................... 570-571 Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., 4901-4915 Hamilton Ave., N.E., Cleveland, Ohio----- 780 Brownell Co., Dayton, Ohio.-......................:....................................................... '.... 572-574 Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., 17850 St. Clair Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.__....... ........ 554-556 Buckeye Blower Co., 400 Dublin Ave., Columbus, Ohio.................. ..................... ..... 639 Buffalo Forge Co., 450 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y........... .-.................... ......... .............. 640 Buffalo Steam Pump Co., 450 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y............................................. 754 Builders Iron Foundry, 9 Codding St., Providence, R. I............................... ....... ..... 743 Burnham Boiler Corporation, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y.................. ..... ...... .......... 575 Samuel Cabot, Inc., 141 Milk St., Boston, Mass...... ..............................................721 Carrier Engineering Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J................... 534-535 Carrier-Lyle Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J.... ........................... 691-692 Celotex Co., 919 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.................................................. 724-725 Central Radiator Co., 420 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y.................... ................ 577 Chicago Mill & Lumber Corp;, 111 W. Washington St., Chicago, 111.......... ........... - 728 Chicago Pump Co., 2330 Wolfram St., Chicago, 111................... ........... ........:..... 756-757 Circulair Heat, Inc., 202 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky..................... .................. ........ 656 James B. Clow & Sons, 211 N. Talman Ave., Chicago, 111........................... ...... 772-773 Coatesville Boiler Works, Coatesville, Pa.._............................................ ............ ......... 576 Cochrane Corporation, 3120 North 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa................................... 781 Combustion Specialties Corp., 101-109 East 144th St., New York, N, Y...._........... . 782 Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenburg Division), Bridgeport, Conn........................... ............................................................. 718 Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp., 11 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y................... 536 Crane Co.) 836 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111............................--....................... 858,859 D. & T. Mfg. Co., 3001-3009 La Salle St., St. Louis,. Mo................. --................... .'.J12 Davis Engineering Corp., 90 West St., New York, N. Y____ ;...... ...... ............ ...... -- 684 G. M. Davis Regulator Co., 407 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, 111........... ..............-....... 783 De Bothezat Impeller Co., Inc., 1922 Park Ave., New York, N. Y......................... . 641 885 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Decatur Pump Co., Decatur, 111.:....:...:............ ,..... ................. :..... Julian D'Este Company, 6 Spice St.; ^Charlestown Dist., Boston, Mass. Detroit Stoker Co., 3-168 General Motors Bldg., Detroit, Mich............. Direct Control Valve Co., 8 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.............. ....... Dixie Blower Co., 1351 West 37th Place, Chicago, 111............................... C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, 111...................................... Page ....... 755 ,.... 797 ....... 549 860-861 ....... 657 784-796 Economy Pumping Machinery Co., 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, 111............ 758-759 Edge Moor Iron Co., Edge Moor, Delaware......................................................... 578-579 Electrol Incorporated, 227 East 45th St:, New York, N. Y............................ ........... 626 Ellison Draft Gage Co., 214 W. Kinzie St., Chicago, 111..................................... . 652-653 Erie City Iron Works, 1500 East Ave., Erie, Pa........................................................... 582 Excelso Products Corp., 65 Clyde Ave., Buffalo, N. Y........................................ 686-687 Fairbanks Co., 393 Lafayette St., New York, N. Y........................................ ............ 863 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y.._.................. 580-581 Flax-li-num Insulating Co., St. Paul, Minn................................. ........ ................ . 726-727 O.' E. Frank Heater & Engineering Co., Inc., 20 Milburn St., Buffalo,. N. Y.._....... 685 Garden City Fan Co., McCormick Bldg., Chicago, III................................................. 642 General Electric Co., 1 River Road, Schenectady, N. Y...................................... 746-747 Goulds Pumps, Inc., Seneca Falls, N. Y.......................... ...................... ............... 760-761 Grinneli Co., Inc., Providence, R. I--........................................................... 693-699, 862 Wm. S. Haines & Co., 12th and Buttonwood Sts., Philadelphia, Pa....................... ,. 798 Hardinge Brothers, Inc., 4149 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, 111....................... ......... . 627Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp., 15 Park Row, New York, N. Y................... i.............. 586 Healy-Ruff Co., 776 Hampden Ave., St. .Paul, Minn.................................................. . 775 Heating & Ventilating, 521 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y................... ;....................... 751 Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co., Joliet, 111----- '................................................ ........... . 583-585 Higgin Mfg. Co., Newport, Ky...... ..........................................................A............. 744r-745 E. Vernon Hill Co., 121 N. Clark St., Chicago, III....... .......... .'.... ,.............................. 719 W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc., 220 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.......................... 870-872 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., Waterbury, Conn...... ............................. ........ . . 799-808 Ilg Electric Ventilating Co., 2880 N. Crawford Ave., Chicago, 111................. ....... . 643 Illinois Engineering Co., 21st St. and Racine Ave., Chicago, 111........................ 8i0-8li Insulite Co., Minneapolis, Minn.... ............... ................................................................. 729 International Fibre Board, Ltd., 1111 Beaver Hall Hill, Montreal, Que., Can., 730-731 Iron Fireman Mfg. Co., Portland, Oregon.-........................................................ -- 550-551 Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., New York, N. Y.._........................................................... 868' . Johns-Manville Corp., 292 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.._................................... -740 Johnson Fan & Blower Co., 1317 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111........ 644 Johnson Service Co., 149-159 E. Michigan St., Milwaukee, Wis......................... 847-850 Kainer & Co., 761-771 Mather St., Chicago, III........ ....................... .............. ........ . 713 Keasbey & Mattison Co., Ambler, Pa................................................... .'....................... -741 Kelly Brass Works, 226-232 W. Ontario St., Chicago, III............................. :............. 809 Kewanee Boiler Corp., Kewanee, 111...................................... .............. --................. 587-593 Kieley & Mueller, Inc., 34 West 13th St.; New York, N. Y........................................ 814 Klipfel Mfg. Co., 2641-2659 W. Harrison St., Chicago, 111............................. ... 812-813 Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., 41 N. Moore St., New York, N. Y........ 544 Knowles Pipe Sleeve Co., 41 N. Moore St., New York, N. Y....... .-............................ 545 Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4549 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Mo......................................... 651 Leader Boiler & Heater Co., 310 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111............................... 594 J. E. Lonergan Co., 211-215 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa.......... ............................ 816-817 886 Index to Advertisers Page MacAndrews & Forbes Co., 200 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y........................... ..........732 Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 2073 Southport Ave., Chicago, 111......... ........................... . 818-830 Marsh Valve Co., Dunkirk, N. Y...... ........................................... -......... -...... . 864r-867 Maryland Air Conditioning Corp., Clarkson, McComas, Donaldson and Race Sts., Baltimore, Md......................................... ............................... ............ ................. ........ 537 Masonite Corporation, 111 W. Washington St., Chicago, 111............:............. :.. ........ 733 May Oil Burner Corp., Baltimore, Md........... ............................................. ......... . 628-629 McAlear Mfg. Co., 1901 S. Western Ave., Chicago, 111.................... .'................. ........ 815 McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co., 2587 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich..-.-.......... ........ 705 McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, 111................................................. ........ 624 McQuay Radiator Corp., 35 E. Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111............................. . 660-662 Midwest Mfg. Co., Bradford, Pa.................................... ..... ..... ...... .................... ......... 546 Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., 2711 Fourth Aye.: S., Minneapolis, Minn...... ,................................................................................................................ . 856-857 Molby Boiler Co., Inc., 420 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y...... ...... ............ ........ 595 Monash-Younker Co., Inc., 1315 W. Congress St., Chicago, 111.............:.... ..... . 832-833 Monitor Boiler Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa...................... .................... . 596-597 Mueller Co., Decatur, 111................................. :.......... ........................................... ........ 714 L. J. Mueller Furnace Co., 200 Reed St., Milwaukee, Wis............................. . ......... 557 Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc., 349-351 West 26th St., New York, N. Y-.......... 831 Nash Engineering Co., South Norwalk, Conn.................................... National Air Filter Co., 205 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky............... National Radiator Corp., 55 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y........ National Regulator Co., 2311 Knox Ave., Chicago, 111..................... Herman Nelson Corp., Moline, 111....................................................... Neptune Meter Co., 50 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y.._.............. John J. Nesbitt, Inc., Holmesburg Junction, Philadelphia, Pa......... Newport Boiler Co., 529 S. Franklin St., Chicago, 111....................... New York Air Valve Corp., 476-478 Broome St., New York, N. Y, New York Blower Co., 3169 Shields Ave., Chicago, III.................... Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., Buffalo, N. Y......................... ...... 762-763 .............. 547 598-600, 774 ............ . 851 ...... 663-666 .............. 715 ...... 667-670 .............. 601 .............. 869 .............. 645 ...... 538-539 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co., 1710-1712 St. Paul Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. Oil City Boiler Works, Oil City, Pa...................................................... ...... 834 602-603 Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., Waukegan, 111......... ..... ........ ,............................ Wm. H. Page Boiler Co., 200 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y......... :..... Palmer Co., 426 Clay St., Cincinnati (St. Bernard), Ohio......................... Parks-Cramer Co., Fitchburg, Mass............................. ................ ............... Patterson-Kelley Co., 99 Park Ave., New York, N. Y................ .............. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc., 776-788 Union Ave., Bridgeport, Conn Pennrich & Co., Inc., 29 Broadway, New York, N. Y..................J............ Petroleum Heat & Power Co., Stamford, Conn.-........................................ Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 41 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y.. Pittsburg Water Heater Co., Pittsburgh, Pa..:............................................ Powers Regulator Co., 2719 Greenview Ave., Chicago, III........................ 604-605 ...... 606 ...... 720 540-541 ....... 688 671-673 ...... 734 ...... 630 608-609 ....... 558 852-855 Reed Air Filter Co., Inc., 202 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky.............................. .......... 548 Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y......................... .... . 616 Richmond Radiator Co., Inc., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y................... ..,610-611 Ric-wiL Co., Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio..........................^.................. ..'........ 742 Rochester Circulator Co., 3092 Culver Road, P. O. Box 23, Rochester, N. Y.......... 764 Rome Brass Radiator Corp., 1 East 42nd St., New York, N.-Y.... ................. ... 768-771 Rome-Turney Radiator Co., Rome, N. Y........................................................... ...../..... 706 W. A. Russell & Co., Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y............................... 835 887 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 ' Page Sarco Co., Inc., 183 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y............. :............ .......... . 836-837 Schleicher, Inc., 3824 Georgia St., Gary, Ind....___ l.i~............................... ............. . 767 Schutte & Koerting Co., 1154 Thompson St., Philadelphia, Pa....:....................... . 707 Skidmore Corp., 1535 Dayton St., Chicago, III.............................. .......'........................ 765 Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc., 1490 S. Vandeventer, St. Louis, Mo.... ............... 674-675 Spencer Heater Co., Williamsport, Pa___ x....................... ....................... :............ 612-613 Sprayo-Flake Co., 56 S. Bay St., Milwaukee, Wis.... ................................................... 735 Stanwood Corporation, P. O. Box 821, Cincinnati, Ohio...................................... 614-615 Sterling Engineering Co.,.1626-44 Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis......;.......... ................. 840 Stewart InsoBoard Co., St. Joseph, Mo.................. :......... :....... ................................... 738 Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co., Birmingham, Ala................. ..................................... . 750 Strandwitz & Scott, Inc., 537-49 S. Second St., Camden, N. J.:....................... :........ 543 B. F. Sturtevant Co., Hyde Park, Boston, Mass........ ............................ .................... . 646 Swartwout Co., 18551 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio................................. ................. . 873 Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y............... ............. 846 Texo Heater & Mfg. Corp., 220-230 Madison Ave., Covington, Ky.......................... 676 Thermal Units Co., Pershing Road and Loomis St., Chicago, 111............................... 677 Thermidaire Corporation, 2441-45 Charlotte St., Kansas City, Mo.............. ;............. 678 Therm-O-Proof Insulation Co., 203 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111............... :............ 739 H. A. Thrush & Co., Peru, Ind.... ....... ...... ......... ......................................... :.............. 716 ' Time-O-Stat Controls Co., Elkhart, Ind.............. .............. ......... ........................... :..... 634 Titusville Iron Works Co., Titusville, Pa................... :........................ ................ _.v...... 617 Trane Co., La Crosse, Wis........................................................ 654-655, 679, 766, 838-839 Tuttle & Bailey Mfg; Co., 441 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y.......................:...... 778 Unit Heater & Cooler Co., Wausau, Wis.................................. .......... ........ ...... :....... 680 United States Ozone Co., 500 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111...... .................. ............. 749 United States Radiator Corp., Detroit, Mich............... ................. ................. :..... 618-620 Vapor Engineering Co., 489 Fifth Ave!, New York, N. Y_....... .......... ..................... 841 Vinco Co., Inc., 75 Vesey St., New York, N. Y......................... ...... !....:.... .......... 623 Warren Webster & Co., Camden, N. J.......... ....................... ..... :......... ................ 842-844 Weil-McLain Co., 641 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111.............'....................... ,..... !............... 621 . Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.......... 1......... ...... ........__...... 748 Whitjng Corporation (Harrington Division), Harvey, III..:.... .................. ................... 552 Whitlock Coil Pipe Co., Hartford, Conn...... .................................................... ...... 689-690 Wickes Boiler Co., Saginaw, Mich :............................ :......................... .... .............. 622 Williams-Oil-O-Matic Heating Corp., Bloomington, 111................................. ...... 632-633 Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn.......................................... , 708-709 L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 59 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y...................................... 647-649 Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co., 844 Rush St., Chicago, 111................ .................. 631 Wolverine Tube Co., 1453 Central Ave., Detroit, Mich........ ........................... ........ . 710 Wood Conversion Co., Cloquet, Minn.......!.............................. ......................... :.... 736-737 Wright-Austin Co., 315 W. Woodbridge St., Detroit, Mich......................................... 845 York Heating & Ventilating Corp., 16th and SansomSts., Philadelphia, Pa;, 542, 681, 711 York Ice Machinery Corp., York, Pa....'........... ........................................................ J.... 776 888 Roll of Membership AMERICAN SOCIETY of . HEATING and VENTILATING ENGINEERS 1929-30 Contains Lists of Members Arranged Alphabetically, and Geographically also Lists of Officers and Committees, Past Officers and Local Chapter Officers Corrected to December 1, 1929 Published at the Headquarters of the Society - 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y. Officers and Council American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1929- President..................................................................................................... .......... Thornton Lewis First Vice-President........................................... ,......................... ................... L. A Harding Second Vice-President,.......................'............................... !................. ...........W. H. Carrier' Treasurer.................................................................................................................. -W. E. GillhAm Secretary...............................................:........... .......................................... A. V. Hutchinson Technical Secretary......................................J......................................................... P. D. Close One Year W. H. Carrier C. V. Haynes John Howatt W. T. Jones A. C. Willard - Council Thornton Lewis, Chairman L. A. Harding, Vice-Chairman Two Years ' H. H. Angus N. W. Downes ' Roswell Farnham F. B. Rowley Three Years E. B. Langenberg G. L. Larson . F. C, McIntosh W. A. Rowe Committees of the Council Executive: L. A. Harding, Chairman; W, H. Carrier, W. E. Gillham. Finance: W. T. Jones, Chairman; C. V. Haynes, F. C..McIntosh.' Membership: Roswell Farnham, Chairman; John Howatt, G. L. Larson. Publication: A. C. Willard, Chairman; N. W. Downes, W. A. Rowe. Advisory Council fl' cd2"?v. h*"'d"Si,hhlAnj'sr,',,E p <>>'. s. e. Special Committees Advisory Committee on International Heating and Ventilating Exposition: H. P. Gant, Chairman; E. B. Langenberg, J. I. Lyle, J. F. Mclntire, F. R. Still, H. L. Whitelaw, E. K. Webster, H. C. Murphy, A. S. Armagnac, D. S. Boyden, A. C. Edgar, C. V. Haynes, W. H. Carrier and Roswell Farnham. Guide Publication Committee: S. R: Lewis, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, C. V. Haynes and J. F. Mclntire. Committee on Meetings Program: H. H. Angus, Chairman; A. J. Nesbitt and F. B. Rowley. Committee on Code for Testing Unit Heaters: D. E. French, Chairman; L. C. Soule, W. A. Rowe and H. W. Page; representing Industrial Unit Heater Association: G. E. Otis, Chairman; O. K. Dyer and J. H. Shrock. Committeefor Interpreting Codefor Rating Low-Pressure Healing Boilers: L. A: Harding, Chairman; R. V. Frost and F. C. Houghten. ..... ' Committee to Prepare Code for Testing and Rating Concealed Radiators: G- E. Otis, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, R. N. Trane, R. C. Malvin and F. C. Houghten. 2 Committees--1929 . Committee on Research L. A. Harding, Chairman S'. R. Lewis, Vice-Chairman F. C. Houghten, Director O. P. Hood, Ex-Officio Member One Year Philip Drinker S. R. Lewis F. D; Mensing W. A. Rowe A. C. Willard Two Years A. R. Acheson D. S. Boyden R, V. Frost L. A. Harding F. B. Rowley Three Years O. W. Armspach R. S. Franklin F. E. Giesecke A. P. Kratz A. E. Stacey Coordinated Research: J. C. Fitts, Chairman (Nat'l Assn. H. & P. Contrs.); R. M. Conner (American Gas Association). Technical Advisory Committees Temperature, Humidity and Air Motion: W. H. Carrier, Chairman; O. W. Armspach, S. C. Bloom, C. A. Bulkeley, Philip Drinker, W. A. Rowe and Perry West. Infiltration: G. L. Larson, Chairman; A. W. King, A. P. Kratz, L. B. Lent and W. C. Randall. ' Head Transmission: A. P. Kratz, Chairman; D. R. Brewster, F. B. Rowley, C'. G. ' Segeler and Perry West. Pipe {Sizes for Heating Systems: H. M. Hart, Chairman; S. E. Dibble, R. S. Franklin, F. E. Giesecke, C. V. Haynes and R. C. Morgan; . Heating and Ventilation in Its Relation to Health and Comfort: Philip Drinker, Chairman; John Aeberly,. O. W. Armspach and C. P. Yaglou. i Radiation: R. A. Wolff, Chairman; C. W. Brabble, R. V. Frost, j. D. Hoffman, C. H. B. . Hotchkiss, J. F. Mclntire, F. D. Mensing and A. C. Willard. Garage Ventilation: E. K. Campbell, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, E. B. Langenberg and Thornton Lewis. Air Cleaning Devices: F. B. Rowley, Chairman; H. E. Birkholz, Albert Buenger, E. V. . Hill and H. C. Murphy. Atmospheric Dust ayd Smoke: E. B. Langenberg, Chairman; E. V. Hill, S. R. Lewis . , and H; C. Murphy. Oil Burning Devices: L. E. Seeley, Chairman; James Breese, Jr., G. S. Meikle and H. L. Tapp. Effect of Wind and Weather Conditions on the Heating Loads: R. S. Franklin, Chairman; W. L. Fleisher, J. F. Hale, E. B. Langenberg, S. R. Lewis, F. R. Still and A. C. Willard. Testing and Rating Unit. Heaters: D. E. French, Chairman; O. K. Dyer, G. E. Otis, H. W. Page, W. A. Rowe, J. H. Shrock and L. C. Soule. 3 Officers of Local Chapters Cleveland Headquarters, Cleveland Meets: Second Friday in Month President, W. C. Kamherer 1301 Citizens Bldg. Secretary, R. G. Davis 887 Nela View Road 1929-30 ` Western New York Headquarters, Buffalo Meets: First Monday in Month President, O. K. Dyer 490 Broadway Secretary, D. J. Mahoney 503 Franklin Street ' Illinois ` Headquarters, Chicago Meets: Second Monday in Month President, H. G. Thomas 549 W. Washington Blvd. Secretary, C. W. Delano 211 N, Desplaines Street . Ontario ' Headquarters, Toronto, Canada . Meets: First Monday in Month President, M. Barry Watson 25 Bloor Street Secretary, J. Paterson 155 College Street "- Kansas City Headquarters, Kansas City, Mo. Meets: Second Monday in Month President, C. C. Clegg 311 Mutual Bldg. Secretary, F. A. Kitchen 1011 Pioneer Trust Bldg. - Pacific Northwest Headquarters, Seattle, Wash. Meets: Second Thursday in Month President, E. L. Weber . 723 Seaboard Bldg. Secretary, M. Anderson 246 Westmont Way ' Massachusetts Headquarters, Boston Meets: First Monday in Month President, T. F. McCoy 125 St. Botolph Street Secretary, J.-S. Webb Statler Bldg., Room 517 ' Philadelphia Headquarters. Philadelphia Meets: Second Thursday in Month President, A. C. Edgar 1202 Locust Street '' Secretary, L. C. Davidson 810 Land Title Bldg. ' Michigan Headquarters, Detroit Meets: First Monday after the 10th ofthe Month President, W. G. Boales 1346 Broadway, Room 502 . Secretary, E, H. Clark 606 Michigan Theater Bldg. Pittsburgh Headquarters, Pittsburgh Meets: First Monday in Month - President, H. Lee Moors 927 Union Trust Bldg. Secretary, W. W. Teague . 4800 Forbes Street Minnesota Headquarters, Minneapolis Meets: Second Monday in Month President, E. F. Jones 301 Zenith Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. Secretary, M. S. Wunderlich 2095 James Street, St. Paul St. Louis Headquarters, St. Louis " Meets: First Wednesday * Month President. F. J. McMorran 230 E. Argotme Drive, Kirkwood, Mo. Secretary, R. M. Rosebrough 4246 Forest Park Blvd. New York Headquarters, New York Meets: Third Monday in Month President, E. J. Ritchie 183 Madison Ave. . ' Secretary, E. B. Johnson .. 154 Wardwell Ave., W. New Brighton, S. I. , Wisconsin . Headquarters, Milwaukee Meets: Third Monday in Month President, F. G. Weimer 440 Barclay Street Secretary, V. A. Berghoefer 1640 Holton Street 4 Roll of Membership American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1929-30 HONORARY MEMBERS BALDWIN, WM. J. (1915), New York, N. Y. (Deceased May 7, 1924.) BILLINGS, DR. J. S. (1896), New York, N. Y. (Deceased March 10, 1913.) GORMLY, JOHN (Charter Member), Norristown, Pa. (Deceased January 31, 1929.) NEWTON, C. W. (Charter Member), Baltimore, Md. (Deceased August 6, 1920.) HOOD, O. P. (1929), Washington, D. C. JELLETT, STEWART A. (Charter Member), (Presidential Member), Philadelphia, Pa. LIST OF MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING Arranged Alphabetically--All Grades (Asterisk indicates authorship of papers) . (M 1923; A 1918; J 1916) indicates, Election as Member 1923; Associate 1918; Junior 1916. (Pres. 1923) indicates. Elected President in 1923 and is now a Presidential Member. A ABBOUD, Alfred (J 1914), Pres, (for mail). Alfred Abboud & Co.. Inc., 45 Bromfield St., Boston, and 4467 Washington St., Roslindale, Mass. . ABEL, D. Morgan (J 1928), Research Engr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport, Montgomery Co., and 103 Jacoby St.. Norris town, Pa. ABRAHAMSON, P. (Af 1927), Secy, (for mail). Advance Htg. Co., 117 N. Desplaines St., and 1440 Rosemont Ave., Chicago, 111. ABRAMS, Abraham (Af 1927; J 1924), 1240 Walton Ave., New York, N. Y. ACHESON, Albert R. (Af 1919), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 601 Eckel 'Theater Bldg., and 852 . Ostrom Ave.. Syracuse, N. Y. ` ADAMS, Benjamin (M 1919), Dist. Mgr: (for mail), American Blower Corp., 612 Otis Bldg., and 3006 W. Coulter St., Queen Lane Manor, Philadelphia, Pa. ADAMS, Charles W. (Af 1920), Vice-Pres. (for . mail). The Daly Co., 1635 Blake St., and Denver Athletic Club, Denver, Colo. ..ADAMS, N. D. (A 1925; J 1922), Supt. (for mail), Franklin Htg. Sta., 220 Second Ave. S. W., and 836 Eighth Ave. S. W., Rochester, Minn. . ADDAMS, Homer (Charter Member), (Presidential Member), Pres., 1924; 1st Vice-Pres.. 1923; Treas., 1915-1922; Council. 1915-1925), Pres, (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y. ADDY, Edward (A/ 1923), Board of Education, 155 College St., Toronto,-Ont., Can.. ADLER, Alphonse A.* (Af 1921), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 10 Murray St., New York, N. Y., and 35 Stewart Ave., Arlington, N. J, ADRIANSE, Paul R. (M 1923), Dist. Mgr. (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 610 Pershing Sq. Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif. ' AEBERLY, John J* (Af. 1928). 6015 Newburg Ave., Norwood Park, Chicago, 111. AHEARN, William J. (M 1929), The Downey Co., 99 W. Dedham St., Boston, Mass. AHERN, Thomas L. (M 1928; A 1928; J 1923), John F. Ahern Co., 80 S. Portland St., Fond du Lac, Wis. AHLFF, Albert A. (M 1923; A 1918), 521 Crescent Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. AKERS, George W. (Af 1929). Secy-Treas., Geo. W. Akers Co., 2847 Grand River Ave.. and (for mail), 3480 Chicago Blvd., Detroit, Mich. ALCOTT, William L. (A 1929), 945 Liberty Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. . ALEXANDER, Alfred D. (Af 1915), 168, Marion * St.. Oak Park, 111. ' ALEXANDER, Charles H. (M 1920), Prop, and Owner (for mail), Charles H. Alexander Co., 313 319 Allen St. N. W., and 532 Paris Ave. S. E., Grand Rapids, Mich. ALGER, Richard W. (M 1911). Member of Firm (for mail). Marye. Alger & Vinour, 801-7 Walton Bldg., and 40-15th St. N. E., Apt. J., Atlanta, Ga. . ALLAN, Charles D. (Af 1920), .612 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. . ALLEN, Harry D. (Af 1917), Htg. Contractor (for mail), 2940 W. Lake St., and 1640 N. Luna Ave.. Chicago,Til. ALLEN, W. Harwell (Af 1911; J 1910), Pres, (for mail). State Htg. & Power Co., 272 Walnut St., P. O. Box 331, and 878 Kensington PI., Memphis, Tenn. .` ALLINSON, Orrie H. (Af 1915), Jobstown, N. J. ALT, Harold L. (Af 1913), 1926 North 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa. .-- ALVORD, Arthur M. (Af 1926), Pres, (for mail). Alvord and Swift, Grand'Central Terminal, New York, and 240 Hamilton Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. - AMES, Charles Fordyce (A 1928), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). Ames Pump Co., Inc.. 30 Church St., New York. N. Y., and 4312 Allendale Ave., Detroit, Mich. 5 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 AMMERMAN, Charles R. (Af 1916). Consulting Engr. ((or mail), 924 Continental Bk. Bldg., and 3908 Guilford Ave- Indianapolis. Ind. ANDEL, Frank J. (Af 1922), Andel & Co.. 4630 .ATWATER, Lyman W. (Af 1923). Htg. Engr552 Rugby Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. AUSTIN, Frank L. (1914), 240 College. StBurlington, Vt. N. Lamon Ave., Chicago, III. . AUSTIN, William E. (Af 1909), Branch Mgr. (for ANDEREGG, R. H. (Af 1920). Central Div. Sales mail). National Radiator Corp- 3032 Norfolk Mgr., The Trane Co., and (for mail). Apt. 102, St- and 107 Overbrook Rd,, Richmond, Va. Kingston Court. La Crosse, Wis. AXEMAN, James E. (7 1925). Sales Engr- ANDERSON, Claude A. (Af 1916). Dist. Mgr.. Johnson Fan and Blower Co., 613 Harrison Bldg., Spencer Heater Co- Williamsport, Pa., and (for mail), 162 Spruce Ave., Rochester, N. Y. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 218 W. Washington Lane. Germantown. Philadelphia, Pa. ANDERSON. F. Paul* (Af 1921), (Presidential B Member), (Pres., 1927; 1st Vice- Pres.. 1926; 2nd Vice-Pres.. 1925; Council, 1924-1928), (for mail). Dean, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, and 499 E. Main St., Lexington, Ky. ANDERSON, Marius (Af 1929). Mech. Engr., Seattle School District No. 1. 810 Dexter Ave., and (for mail), 2467 Westmont Way, Seattle, Wash. .. ANDERSON, P. E. (A 1926). Buyer (for mail). Farwell, Ozmon, Kirk & Co., Second and Jackson Sts., and 1160 Orange St.. St. Paul, Minn. ANDERSON, S. A., Jr. (Af 1909), P. O. Box 486, La Grande, Ore. ANDRESEN, A. W. (Af 1926), Owner, A. W. Andresen Co.. 5311 Penn Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn. ANGUS, H. H. (Af 1918), (Council, 1927-1929), Consulting Eagr., Angus & Watson, 25 Bloor St., West Toronto, and (for mail). 34 Farnham Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. ARCHER, Frank S. (A 1929; 7 1926), Mfrs. Repr. (for mail). 311 Jackson Bldg., Buffalo, and 110 Chateau Ter., Snyder, N. Y.. . ARENBERG, Milton K. (A 1920), Chicago Sales BABBITT, Edward C. (Af 1923), 135 N. Ardmore Rd- Columbus. O. BACHLER, Harry C. (Af 1927: 7 1921), Member of Firm (for mail), C. F. Bachler & Son, 139 N.`Fourth St- Philadelphia, and 836 Kemnore Rd,, Overbrook, Philadelphia, Pa. BACHLER, Leonard J. (Af 1918), Engr- Molby Boiler Co- 420 Lexington AVe., and (for mail), 304 East 41st St., New York. N. Y. BACKSTROM, Russell E. (7 1928), Engr., Wood Conversion Co., Cloquet, Minn. BACKUS, Theodore H. L. (Af 1916), Schumacher &'Backus, 308 S. Main St- Ann Arbor, Mich. BAETZ, Henry (Af 1919). Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. 1440 S> Vanderventer Ave- St. Louis, Mo. BAHNSON. Frederic F. (Af 1917), Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr. (for mail). The Bahnson Co- 1001 S. Marshall St- and 28 Cascade Ave- WinstonSalem, N. C. BAILEY, Edward P,, Jr. (Af 1925), 2642 N. More land Blvd- Cleveland, O. Bailey, Joseph H. (Af 1928; A 1927; 7 1923). Sales Engr. (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 1032 Burnham Bldg- and 1613 Farwell Ave., . Chicago, IU. ,, Mgr, (for mail). Jig Elec. Vtg. Co., 324 WMonroe St., Chicago, and 382 Oakland Dr., Highland Park, 111. ARKLEY. L. M-* (Af 1922), Prof., Queens University, Kingston. Ont., Can. ' BAIN, James G. (Af 1920), Pacific Engineering Co734 East 12th St- Los Angeles, Calif. BAIRD, Floyd E., (Af 1929), Mgr., Atlanta Branch ' (for mail), Trane Co., 405*6 Southeastern Trust Bldg- Atlanta, and 900 Church St- Marietta, Ga. ARKO, Frank W. (7 1929), Research Engr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport, and 512 Chain St., Norristown, Pa. ARMAGNAC, Arthur S. (Af 1914; A 1907), Editor (for mail). Heating and Ventilating, 521 Fifth Ave.. New York, N. Y., and 375.Upper Mountain Ave., Upper Montclair. N. J. ARMSPACH, O. W.* (Af 1919). Engr. (for mail), Brunswick-Kro'eschell Co.. 136 Liberty St., New York, and 3706~72nd St., Jackson Heights. L. I.. N. Y. BAIRD, F. X. (A 1925), Johns-ManvUIe, Inc- 292 Madison Ave- New York, N. Y. BAKER, Clyde H. (Af 1928). 3907 Keswick RdBaltimore, Md. BAKER, Edward V. (Af 1923), Silent, Partner, J. H. Olson, 4012 S. State St- and. (for mail), ' 3654 Wentworth Ave- Chicago. 111. BAKER, H. W. H. (Af 1918). Twyford, Ltd- 18 Cruncil Rd- Tientsin, N. China. BAKER, Howard C. (Af 1921), Pres, (for mail), ARMSTRONG. Harold Melotte (A 1928), (for mail). American Radiator Co.. 1344 Broadway, and 2921 Webb Ave.. Detroit, Mich. ' ARNOLD, Robert S. (A 1926; J 1922). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., York Bldg., 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia. Pa. Howard C. Baker Co., 128 S. St. Clair St- and 4604 Manorwood Dr., Toledo, O. BAKER, Roland H. (Af 1928; A 1924). Pres, (for mail), R. H. Baker Co- lac., Kendall Sq. Bldgand 19 Garden St- Cambridge. Mass. BALDWIN, William Howard (Af 1921). Mgr. ARONSON, Henry H. (7 1929). Asst. Mgr. (for mail), H. A. Aronson & Son, 1015 Chestnut St., and 4740 Pine St- Philadelphia, Pa. ARTHUR, Harry W. (A 1920). 748 S. Flower St., Los Angeles. Calif. ARTHUR, John M., Jr. (Af 1923), Industrial Engr. (for mail), Kansas City Power & Light Co1330 Grand Ave- Kansas City, Mo., and 3311 State Ave- Kansas City. Kan. Br. 23 (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co- 2988 E. Grand Blvd- and 2662 W. Grand Blvd- Detroit, Mich. BALSINGER, Harry David (Af 1927), American Radiator Co- 1008 Pine St., St. Louis. Mo.' - BAMPTON, C. Morton (Af 1919), Vice-Pres. (for mail). Ideal Htg. Co- 915 Gates Ave- Brooklyn, and 8843-l92nd St- Hollis Park Gardens, L. I N. Y. ASCHER, Norman C. (A 1928). U. S. Radiator Corp- 516 Board of Trade Bldg- Indianapolis. Ind. BARKER, Arthur Henry (Af 1906), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 100 Victoria St- S. W. 1, Westminster, and Oakhill House, Beckenham, Kent. Eng. ASHENHURST, Harold S * (A 1926), Consulting Engr., 6519 Algonquin Ave- Chicago, 111. ASHLEY, Edward E. (Af 1912). P. O. Box 188, BARNES, Arthur F. (Af 1921), Mech. Engr. and Owner, Texas Engrg. Co- 839 Electric BldgHouston, Tex. Noroton Heights. Conn. ASHTON, David W. (Af 1929). Htg. Contractor and Engr. (for mail), D. W. Ashton Co- 1529 Main St- and 206 Linden Ave- Buffalo, N. Y. ASTON, James (Af 1919). A. M. Buyers Co- BARNES, Elmer Raymond (Af 1928), Estimator, Eichler Htg. Co.. 2010 Railway Exchange Bldgand (for mail), 4444 Beethoven, St. Louis, Mo. BARNES, Ralph B. (Af 1927), 800 Carpenter Ave- Oak Park, 111. 235 Water St., Pittsburgh, Pa. ATKINSON, Raymond E. (A 1928; 7 1923), P. O. Box 245. Arlington Heights, 111. BARNSTEINER, Alphons (A 1926), Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co- 200 E. Fifth St- Mans field. O. 6 Roll of Membership BARNUM, Marvin C. (A 1928), Sales MgrHumidifier Div. (for mail), Wilcolator Co- 17 Nevada St., Newark, N. J-and 1921 Irvine Ave. S- Minneapolis, Minn. BARR, George W. (Af 1905), 24 Chatfield Rd- Bronxville, N. Y. BARRE, Louis S. (Af 1925), 32 Ave. De La Motte. Picquet 32, Paris, France. BARROWS, C. E. (A 1921), Mgr.. Chicago Br- (for mail). Crane Co- 156 N. Jefferson St . Chicago, and 1041 Ridge Ave- Evanston, 111. BARRY, Patrick I. (Af 1920), Htg. Engr. (for mail), M. Barry, Ltd- 4 Marlboro St- and 2 Clarence Ter- St. Lukes, Cork, Ireland. BARTH, Herbert E. (Af 1920). Eastern Div. Sales Mgr., American Blower Corp- 50 Church St- New York, N. Y. BARTLETT, Amos C. (Af 1919). B. F. Sturtevant Co- 60 State St- Boston, Mass. BARTLETT, C. Edwin (Af 1922), Pres, (for mail). . Bartlett & Co- Inc- 1938 Market St- and 3111 W, Coulter St- Philadelphia, Pa. . BARTON, Royal Elton (Af 1922), McLean & Cousens Co- 65 Chandler St- Boston, Mass. BASSLER, Edwin M. (Af 1923), D. J. Murray Mfg. Co- 1002 Third St- Wausau. Wis. BASTEDO, Albert E. (Af 1919). Burnham Boiler Corp- Irvington, N. Y. . BAUER, Henry C. (A 1928). H. C. Bauer Co- 42 E. Allen St- Philadelphia, Pa. BAUM, Albert L. (Af 1916), Member of Firm. BENNETT, Prescott D. (Af 1926), 7527 Ridge Blvd- Chicago, III. BENNETT, R. E. (A 1928), 838 Judson Ave., Evanston, 111. BENNITT, George E. (Af 1918). Consolidated Gas Co- 130 East 15th St- New York. N. Y. BENSON, B. A. (A 1929), Vulcan Match Co- 25 West 43rd St- New York, and (for mail), Soundview Gardens, Mamaroneck, N. Y. BENSON, Maurice A. (7 1929), Johnson Service Co- 10 E. N. Diamond; N. S. Pittsburgh. Pa. BENTZ, Harry (Af 1915). 18 Holland Ter- Montclair, N. J. BERCHTOLD, Edward W. (Af 1927; A 1925), 29 Randolph St- S. Weymouth, Mass. BERG, A. Herman (Af 1919), Pres.. Berg Htg. & Vtg. Co- 1310 Ann Ave- St. Louis, Mo- and (for mail). 5317 Abbott Pi- Los Angeles, Calif. BERGHOEFER, Victor A. (7 1926), Secy Sterling Engrg. Co- 1640 Holton St- and (for mail). 1580 Oakland Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. BERGNER, William G. (A 1923), 616 N. Michi gan Ave- Evanston, 11L BERMAN, Louis K. (Af 1908), Vice-Pres. (for mail), Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave- and 515 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. BERMEL, Alfred H. (7 1928), 350 N. Sixth St- Newark, N. J. BERNHARD, George (A 1929), Pres-Treas. (for mail). Geo. Bernhard Htg. Co., Inc- 1007 Church Ave- and 417 Ocean Ave- Brooklyn, N. Y. Jaros& Baum, 116 West 39th St- and (for mail), BERRINGER, Sidney H. (Af 1926), 1217-50th 255 West 108th St- New York, N. Y. St- Milwaukee, Wis. BAUMGARDNER, Carroll Miles (Af 1928). Br. BETTS, Howard M. (Af 1927), Senior Mech. Mgr. (for mail). U. S. Radiator Corp- 228 N. Engr. (for mail). Dept, of Bldgs- City of Min La Salle St.. Chicago, and 613-B Sheridan Rd- neapolis, 213 City Hall, and 4923 Russell Ave., Evanston, 111. S- Minneapolis, Minn. . BAYSE, Harry V. (Af 1923), American Furnace BETZ, Harry D. (Af 1928), Chief Air Conditioning Co- 2725 Morgan St- St. Louis. Mo. Engr., General Refrigeration Co- 1931 Main St., BEAHM, Robert B. (Af 1924; A 1919), Eagan & Kansas City, Mo., and (for mail), 4513 Eaton Beahm, Inc- 304-5-6 Stephen Girard Bldg- Ave- Kansas City, Kans. Philadelphia, Pa. BEASOM, George R. (Af 1927). Pres- Beasom & ' Fitch, Inc., 65 Broad St- and (for mail). 51 Brookdale Ave- Rochester, N. Y. BEATTY, David J. (Af 1918), 1274 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. BEAURRIENNE, Auguste (Af 1912), 25 Rue des Marguettes. Paris, France. BEEBE, Frederick E. W. (A 1915). Sales Engr. (for mail), Johnson Service Co., Inc., 28 East 29th St- New York, N. Y,, and 20 Denman Place, BEVERLY, R. Carter (Af 1905), Pres, and Treas., R. C. Beverley Htg. Co- Inc- 308 E. Main St and (for mail). 3812 Chamberlayne AveRichmond. Va. BEVIL, Alexander T. (7 1927), Asst. Htg. Engr.. Crane Co- 254 Court Ave- and (for mail), 353 Walker Ave., Memphis, Term. BEVINGTON, Warren C. (Af 1928). Pres- Con sulting Engr. (for mail), 1139 Indiana Pythian Bldg- and 327 E. Maple Rd- Indianapolis, Ind. BEYER, Jack E. (A 1927; 7 1924). 1317 East Elizabeth, N. J. BEERY, Clinton E.* (Af 1913), Sales Engr. (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Corp., 1858 S. Western Ave- and 4317 N. Paulina St- Chicago, 111. 112th St., Cleveland, O. BIDWELL, R. E. (A 1924), Vice-Pres- Gen. Sales Mgr. (for mail). The Kellogg-Mackay Co., 1351 West 37th PL, Chicago, and 348 Washington BEGGS, William E. (Af 1927). 3639 Palatine Ave- Seattle, Wash. BEIGHEL, Howard Atlee (A 1927), Sales Repr. (for mail). The Herman Nelson Corp- 320 Penn Ave- Pittsburgh, and 3338 Latonia Ave- Dormont, Pittsburgh. Pa. BEIRN, John U. (7 1928), 210 Voorhees Ave- Buffalo, N. Y. BELING, Earl H. (7 1925), Research Htg. and Vtg. Engr- Herman Nelson Corp- and (for mail), 2428-13th St- Moline, 111. BEMAN, Myron C. (Af 1926), (for mail), Beman & Candee, 607 White Bldg, and 55 Granger PL, Buffalo, N. Y. BENDER, Charles P. (Af 1923). Co-Partner (for mail), C. & J. Bender, 1734 FTatbush Ave- and 2045 East 19th St- Brooklyn, N. Y. . BENEDICT, Everett R. (Af 1926). Chief of Opera tions (for mail). United District Htg- Inc- 500 East .102nd St- and 2450 Overlook Rd- Cleve- land. O. BENNETT, George Garman (Af 1928), 1106 Springfield Ave- Urbana, 111, BENNETT, Irving T. (Af 1928; A 1928; 7 1927), (for mail). Republic Brass-Corp.. 230 Park AveNew York, and 234 East 42nd St- Brooklyn, Ave., Wilmette, III. B1LYEU. William F. (M 1927), Eastern Sales Mgr- The Trane Co- 600 S. Delaware Ave., Philadelphia. Pa.; and (for mail). 710 Thomas Ave- Riverton, N. J. BINDER, Charles G, (Af 1920), Mgr., Htg. Dept., Warren Webster & Co- 17th and Federal StaCamden, and (for mail), 115 Oak Ter- Merchant- ville, N. J. BINDER, Irving (Af 1922; 7 1920), Engr. and Estimator (for mail). Dierks Htg. Co- 210 East 31st St- and 498 West End Ave- New York, N. Y. BIRCH, Herbert R. (Af 1922), U.-S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. BIRKHOLZ, H. E. (A 1925), Vice-Pres. (for maii). National Air Filter Co., 205 Central Ave- and 2019 Strathmoor Blvd- Louisville, Ky. BIRRELL, Allan L. (A 1925), Equipment Engr. (for mail). Chapman & Oxley, 372 Bay'St., and 201 Pacific Ave- Toronto. Ont- Can. BISHOP, Charles R. (Af 1901). 4X3 Locust St- Lockport, N.Y. BISHOP, Frederick R. (Af 1921), MgT- Garland Furnace Div- Detroit-Michigan Stove Co- 6900 E. Jefferson Ave- and (for mail). 4018 Pingree 7 American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 BJERKEN, Maurice H. {A 1927), Hoffman Specialty Co., 531 South Seventh St., Min neapolis, Mian. BLACK, Edgar Newbold (Af 1922), 111 Woodside Rd., Haverford, Pa. BLACK, F. C. (Af 1919), Pres, (for mail), F. C. Black Co.. 622 W. Randolph St., and 4535 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago, 111. BLACK, George E. (Af 1915), 709 Broad St., Sewickley. Pa. BLACK, Harry G. (Af 1917), P. Gormly Co., 155 North Tenth St., Philadelphia, Pa. BLACK, John J. A. (A 1925; J 1922), Pres, (for mail), John Black &-Sons. Inc., 20 Nassau St., and 3 Harris Rd,, Princeton, N. J. BLACKBURN, Edwin C., Jr. (Af 1929), 35 Miller PI., Hempstead, L. I., N. Y. BLACKHALL, Wllmot R. (Af 1922), Partner, McKeUar & Blackball, 1104 Bay St,, and (for mail), 332 Waverley Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. BLACKMAN, Alfred O. (Af 1911), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 33 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y., and Suburban Club, Stamford, Conn. BLACKMORE, F. H. (Af 1923), Mgr., Operating Dept, (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., Box 686, and 2322 Tuxedo Ave., Detroit, Mich. . BLACKMORE, George C- (Charter Member), Edgewood, Pittsburgh, Pa. BLACKMORE, J. J. (Charter Member), 32 West 40th St., New York. N. Y. BLACKMORE, Norman L. (Af 1928), Secy, (for mail). Automatic Gas Steam Radiator Co., 301 Brushton Ave., and 103 Biddle Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. BLACKSHAW, Joe L.* (J 1929), Research Fellow, Heat Transmission Research, Experi mental Engrg. Bldg., University of Minnesota, Minn., and (for mail), 1888 Feronia Ave., St. ' Paul, Minn. BLAKE, Albert Henry (Af 1926), Sheldons. Ltd., 119 Pender St., W., Vancouver. B. C., Can. BLANDING, George H. (Af 1919), Salesman, Johnson Service Co., 1355 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, and (for mail), 800 N. Lombard Ave.. Oak Park, 111. BLANEY, Charles A. (Af 1914), Secy, and Gen. .Mgr. (for mail), Wheeler-Blaney Co.. 249 N. Burdick St., and 301 Douglas Ave., Kalamazoo, Mich. BLANKIN, Merrill F. (Af 1927; A 1926; J 1919), 3328 W. Penn St., Philadelphia, Pa. BLESSED, William A. (A 1929; J 1927), Mech. Engr., Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, and (for mail), 78 Amherst Rd., Pleasant Ridge, Mich. BLEST, Frank S. (Af 1923), Treas. (for mail). Blest & Emery Co., 784 Coney Island Ave., and 226 Argyle Rd., Brooklyn. N. Y. . BLISS, Sherwood C. (A 1926), 30 Argonne Dr., Kenmore, N. Y. ' BLOMFELDT. Allen A. (M1914), Texo Sales Co., Inc., 241 Walnut St., Cincinnati, O. BLOOM, Samuel C.* (Af 1915), Prop, (for mail). S. C. Bloom & Co.. 53 W. Jackson St., and 1953 East 72nd St., Chicago. 111. BLUME, Frederick J., Jr. (/ 1929), Sales Engr., . American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail). Box 433, Emerson, N. J. BOALES, William G. (A 1923), Asst. Sales Mgr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 1346 Broadway, and (for mail), 1100 Parker Ave., Detroit, Mich. BOCK, Bernard (A 1929; / 1927), P. O. Box 96. Times Sq. Sta., 223-241 West 38th St., New York. N. Y. BODDINGTON, WiUlam P. (Af 1927), The Canadian Power Reg. Co., Ltd., 106 Lombard St.. Toronto, Ont., Can. BOEKER, Carl Herman (Af 1926). 39 High St.. Passaic, N. J. BOGARDUS, George W. (Af 1925), Br. Mgr. (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Corp., 606 B. I. Keith Bldg., and 2901 Hampton Rd., Cleveland, O. BOGARTY, Hermann S. (Af 1921), 5230 North 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. BOISCLAIR, Hugh Cappes (Af 1926), Warren Webster & Co., Protective Life Bldg., Binning, ham, Ala. BOLLING, Esten (Af 1921; J 1918), Consulting Publicity Engr., Mountain Lakes, N. J. BOLSINGER, Raymon C. (Af 1916), Treas. and ' Sales Mgr. (for mail), Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co,. Oak and Corson St.. Norristown, Pa., and 238 E. Madison Ave., Collingswood, N. J. BOLTE, Edward E. (A 1929), 1502 East 69th pi Chicago, 111. ' BOLTON, Reginald Pelham (Life Member- M 1897), Consulting Engr., Pres, (for mail). The' R- P. Bolton Co., Bolton Bldg,, 116 East 19th St., and 638 West -158th St., New York, N. Y BONDY, Winfield S. (J 1926),-Htg. & Vtg. Engr., Cass Gilbert, Archt., 244 Madison Ave., and (for mail), 265 West 81st St., Apt. 6 W., New York N. Y. .- ' BOON, George (Af 1915), Boon & Sample, Iric. 3008 Ludlow St., Philadelphia. Pa: * BOOTji, C. A. (Af 1917), Vice-Pres, and Sales Mgr. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broad way, and 142 Summit Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BOOTH, Harry N. (Af 1924; A 1917), U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y BORNEMANN, Walter A. (Af 1924; J 1923)1 Carrier Engrg. Corp., 2021 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia. Pa. BOSTAJN, James C. (Af 1923), Williamson Heater Co., 337 W. Fifth St., Cincinnati, O. BOSWIN, George A.. (Af 1917), Vice-Pres. (for mail), R. B. Hayward Co., 1714 Sheffield Ave.. and 902 Diversey Pkwy., Chicago, 111. - BOWERS, Arthur F. (A 1919), Pres, (for mail). Industrial Htg. & Engrg. Co., 490 Broadway, and 697 Hackett Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. BOWERS, J. Sylvan (if 1921), Owner (fdr mail), J. Sylvan Bowers Sales Co., 3805 Page Blvd., and 2525-A W. St. Louis Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BOWLES, Potter (A 1928), Vice-Pres. (for mail). Hoffman Specialty Co.. 614 Architects Bldg., Los Angeles, and 1234 El Mirador Dr., Pasadena Calif. BOWMAN, Howard A. (A 1926). Mgr., Sales Promotion (for mail). American Radiator Co., 310 Second Ave., Pittsburgh, and 2706 Voelkel Ave., Dormont, Pittsburgh, Pa. . BOYD.-D. Knickerbocker* (Af 1921). Consulting Architect (for mail). Structural Service Bureau, 112 South 26th St., Philadelphia, and 8007 Crefeld St., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. Pa. BOYD, William R. (A 1926; J 1924). Turner Supply Co.. 8 W. Sixth St., Chester, Pa. BOYDEN, Davis S.* (Af 1909), Edison Elec. Illuminating Co. of Boston, 39 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. . BOYNTON; Daniel Wilcox (A 1927), Inter national Heater Co., 77 Franklin St., Boston. Mass. BOZEMAN, .Richard W. (J 1929), (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and 531 Dudley Ave., Narberth.Pa. . - BRABBLE, Dr. Charles W.* (Af 1925), American Radiator Co., 675 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers, N. Y. BRACKEN, John rfenry (Af 1927), Mgr., Special Insulation Dept, (for mail). The Celotex Co., 919 N. Michigan Ave., and 2929 Pine Grove Ave., Chicago, 111. - BRADFIELD, William W. (Af 1926). 909 Michi gan Trust Bldg., Grand Rapids, Mich. BRADFORD, H. H. (A 1927), 4701 Blaisdell Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. BRADLEY, Eugene P. (Af 1906), Hester-Bradley Co., 4200 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis. Mo. BRADLEY, John T. (Life Member; M .1908), (Board of Governors, 1911), Bradley Htg. Co., 3834 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. BRADLEY, Royal H. (Af 1915). Kelsey Htg. Co., 277 Janies St., Syracuse, N. Y. 8 Roll of Membership BRAEMER, William G. R. (Af 1915), Niagara Blower Co., La Fayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.. BRANDELES, H. J. (Af 1921), (for mail), Hudson- Brandeles. Inc., 1600 Lincoln Ave., and 66 Prospect St., Utica, N. Y. BRANDT, Ernst Hamilton, Jr. (Af 1928), P. O. Box 292, Charlotte, N. C. . BRANIGAN, Harry L. (Af 1926), The Air Con ditioning & Engrg. Co., 2914 S. Jefferson Ave.. St. Louis, Mo. v_ BRASSINGTON, Arthur F. (A 1918), 520-524 West 41st St., New York, and (for mall), 337 Richmond Ave., Port Richmond, N. Y. BRAUER, Roy (Af 1926), Chief Engr. (for mail). The Schley Co., Inc., 711 Columbia Bldg.. Pittsburgh, and 2880 Glenmore Ave., Dormont,. Pa. . BRAUN, Louis T. (Af 1921). 1418 Jonquil Ter.. Chicago, 111. _, BRAYTON, William M. (Af 1926), Robt. Gordon, Inc., 22 W. Austin Ave., Chicago, 111. . BRECKENR1DGE, L. P. (Af 1920), Prof. Emeri tus, Mech. Engrg.. Yale University. New Haven. Conn., and (for mail), N. Ferrisburg, Vt. BREEN, Joseph W. (Af 1916), Htg. Engr., Jos. W. Breen & Sons. Wyalusing Ave. and Fallon St., and (for mail). 957 N. Fallon St.. Philadelphia. Pa. BREITENBACH, George Charles (J 1928). Sales Engr. (for mail). The Trane Co., 330 Investment Bldg., and 1431 Chapin St. N. W.. Washington, D. C. . BRENEMAN, Robert B. (J 1927), Armstrong BROWNING, H. K. (JT926), Dist. Sales Repr. (for mail). A. M. Byers Co.. 415 Shell Bldg., and 6059 Cates Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BRUEGGEMAN, Arthur R. (Af 1920), The A. R. Brueggeman Co., 1212 Terminal Tower, Cleve land, O. ,, BRUNETT, Adrian L. (Af 1923), Associate Mech. Engr., U. S. Supervising Architect Office, U. S. Treasury Bldg., Washington, D. C., and (for mail). P. O. Box 16, Rockville, Md. BRUNT, T. Bayard (Af 1917), 405 Eighth St., Riverton, N. j. . BRYANT, Dr. Alice G. (Af 1921), 502 Beacon St.. Boston, Mass. . BRYANT, Percy J. (Af 1915), Chief Engr. (for mail), Prudential Insurance Co., Newark, and 530 Hanford PI., Westfield, N. J. BRYCE, Stephen D. (Af 1921). Partner (for mail), Bryce Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 2014-16 North 14th St., and 2907 Rockwood PI., Toledo, O. BUCK, Luclen (M 1928), Buck Dryer Corp., 122 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y. . BUDER, Charles G> (Af 1919). Pres, (for mail).' Boiler Service Corp.. 1415 Pine St., St. Louis, and 2000 Urban Ave., Forest Hills Park, Webster Groves, Mo. ., ... BUEL, H. G. (A 1921), Vice-Pres. (for mail). Tilghman Moyer Co., 141 N. Ninth St., and 2135 Chew St., Allentown, Pa. BUENGER, Albert* (Af 1920; J 1917), Mech. Engr., C. H. Johnson. Architect, 360 Robert St., and 1666 Stanford Ave., SL Paul, Minn. BUENSOD, Alfred Charles (Af 1918), Sales Cork & Insulating Co., 610 Cahill Bldg., Syracuse, N. Y. ,, ,, BRESNAHAN, James J. (Af 1919), Pres, (for mail). James J. Bresnahan, Inc., 41 Pearl St., and 92 Linwood Ave.-Buffalo, N. Y. BREWSTER. Donald R. (Af 1926), National Lumber Mfrs. Assn., 1339 Bk. of Commerce Bldg*. Memphis. Tenn. BRIDE, W. T. (Af 1928; A 1928; J 1925), Bride Grimes & Co., P. O. Box 373, Lawrence, Mass. BRIDGES, Frank G. (Af 1919), 13602 McElhat- ' tan Ave., College Sta., Cleveland, O. BRINTON, Joseph W. (Af 1920), 1003 Statler Bldg.. Boston, Mass. ^ BRODERICK, Joseph F. (M 1918; J 1914), P. O. Box 388, Springdale, Conn. BROGAN, James J. (A 1917), Senior Partner (for mail), Brogan & Co., 810 Race St., and 6142 Lebanon Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. BRONSON, Carlos E. (Af 1919), Mech. Engr. (for Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp*, 39 Cortlandt St., and (for mail), 1 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. BULKELEY, Claude A.* (Af 1923), Chief Engr. (for mail), Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., and 84 W. Hazeltine Ave., Kenmore Sta., Buffalo, N. Y. ` BUNNELL, E. W. (Af 1924; J 1923), Sales Engr., Bozeman. Mont. ' BURKE, Fletcher H. (Af 1925), Professional Engr. (for mail). 677 EUicott Sq., Buffalo, and Orchard Park. N. Y. . BURKE, George B. (Af 1926), Vice-Pres. (for mail), Sarco Co.. Inc., 205 W. Wacker Dr., Chicago, and 611 Ninth St., Wilmette, 111. BURNAP, Charles W. (Af 1922), Herman Nelson Corp., 724 Commercial St., Emporia, Kans. BURNETT, Earle S. (Af 1920), Mech. Engr., U. S. Helium Production Plant, Box 2025, and (for mail), 4223 West 11th Ave.. Amarillo, Tex. mail), Kewanee Boiler Corp., and 311 McKinley BURNS, Edward J. (Af 1923). Supt. (for mail). Ave.. Kewanee, HI. H. Kelly & Co., 925 Phymonth Bldg., and 4716 BROOKS, Thomas C. (Af 1923), T. C, Brooks Aldrich Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. Co., 101 W. Dedham St., Boston. Mass. BURNS, Willard A.-(Af 1924). (for mail). Burns BR0OM, Benjamin Alexander (Af 1914), Sales Htg. Co., 4230 Lincoln Ave., and 1728 Farwell Promotion Engr. (for mail), Weil-McLain Co., Ave., Chicago, 111. 641 W. Lake St., and 7440 Malvern Ave.. BURRITT, Charles G. (A 1916), Johnson Service Chicago. 111. Co., 922 Second Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn. BROWN, Alfred P. (U 1927). Pres.. Alfred P. Brown, Inc., Seattle, Wash., and (for mail), 618 Willow Rd.. Winnetka. III. ' BROWN, Aubrey I. (M 1923). Associate Prof, of Htg. and Vtg. (for mail), Ohio State University, and 169 Richards Rd., Columbus, O. BROWN, Chet (A 1928). Pres. (For mail). The Brown Co., 1055 W. Baltimore Ave.. and 1053 W. Baltimore Ave., Detroit. Mich. BROWN, Foskett* (Af 1926), Vice-Pres. (for ' mail). Gray & Dudley Co., 222 Third Ave. N., and 2314 West End Ave.. Nashville. Tenn. BROWN, John H. (M 1920), Keasbey & Mattison Co., 429 N. Washington Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. BURT, John E. (Af 1924), J. B. Burt & Son, 2442 South 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. - BURTON, C. A. (Af 1919), Br. Mgr. (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Corp., 2020 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. BUSHNELL, Carl D. (A 1921), Bushnell Ma chinery Co.. 1501 Grant Bldg., Pittsburgh. Pa. BUTLER, C. W. (Af 1929; A 1929; J 1927), Sales Engr. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 1221 Boatmens Bk. Bldg., and 5707 McPherson, St. Louis, Mo. BUTLER, Peter D. (Af 1922), 127 Edgewater Ave., Grantwood, N. J. BROWN, Morris (J 1928). 609 W. Park St., Dorchester, Mass. BROWN, Robert H. (M 1926). 1102 Old South. Bldg., Boston, Mass. BROWN, WilUam H. (A 1923), 1227-22nd St.. Milwaukee. Wis. BROWNE, Alfred L. (M'1923). Illinois Engrg. Co., 3514 Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y. ' CADWELL, William H. (Af 1916). Pres, (for mail). The Beaton & Cadwell Mfg. Co., P. O. Box 1012, and 130 W. Main St., New Britain, Conn. CALAHAN, John (Af 1915),. Supervising Engr. (for mail), Board of Education, 2 Harrison Ave.. and 79 Bartholdi Ave., Jersey City. N. J. 9 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 , CALEB, David (Af 1923). Engr. (for mail), Kansas City Power Sc Light Co., 1330 Grand Ave., and 141 Spruce St., Kansas City, Mo. CALLAGHAN, Philip F., Jr. (J 1929), Sales Engr. (for mail), Rome Brass Radiator Corp., 333 N. Michigan Ave., and 1554 Juneway Ter., Chicago. 111. . CALLAHAN, Michael J. (Af 1914), 776 Union Ave., Bridgeport. Conn. CAVILEER, James V. (A 1921), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. CHADWICK, John B. (Af 1926), 11 Orville Dr,, Burnage Hall Rd., Burnage, Manchester, Eng. CHALLMAN, Samuel A. (Af 1919), Director of School Bldgs.. State Dept, of Education, State Capitol. St. Paul, Minn. . CHAMBERS, W. E. (A 1923). Htg. Contractor, 1025 Franklin St., Williamsport, Pa. CALLAHAN, Thomas H. (Af 1928; A 1928; J 1924), Callahan Engrg. Co., 20 Grove St., White Plains, N. Y. CALLON, Harry, Jr. {A 1928), Office Mgr. (for mail), Callon Bros., 24 S. Alabama St., and 3001 East 38th St., Indianapolis, Ind. ' CALVERT, Norman W * (M 1921), 2651 W. Harrison St., Chicago, 111. CAMPBELL, Everett K.* (Af 1920), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), E. K. Campbell Htg. Co., CHAPMAN, D. Witt (Af 1914), 427 Bond Bldg., Washington, D. C. - CHAPMAN, Frank T. (Af 1909). (1st Vice-Pres.. 1916; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1915; Council. 1913-1916). 2539 Durant Ave., Berkeley, Calif. CHAPPELL, Robert E. (Af 1928), Repr. (for mail). Magnolia Gas Co., Magnolia Bldg., and Mayfair Hotel, Dallas, Tex. CHAPPELL, Temple A. (Af 1926). Owner of Business, P. O. Box 143. Weldon, N. C. 2441-3-5 Charlotte St., and 3717 Harrison Blvd., Kansas City, Mo. CHASE, John M. (A 1916). 50 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y. CAMPBELL, F. B. (A 1927), Own Business (for mail), Barclay-Campbeli Co.. 10 Murray St., New York, and 1205-A Bergen St., Brooklyn, N. Y. CHENOWETH, William H. (Af 1911), Chicago Dist. Mgr. (for mail), Warren Webster Sc Co., 549 W. Washington St., Chicago, and 541 Key stone Ave., River Forest, 111. CAMPBELL, J. Packard (A 1928; J 1027). Engr., The James Robertson Co., Ltd., P. O. Box 1000. St. John, and (for mail), Manawagonish Rd., Fairville, N. B., Can. CAMPBELL, John M. (A 1919), R 2 Plymouth. Plymouth, Mich. CAMPBELL, Thomas F. (Af 1928), Distributor (for mail), Minneapolis-Honeywell RegulatorCo., 1013 Penn Ave., Wilkinsburg, and 580 Oakwood St., Pittsburgh, Pa. . CHERRY, Lester A. (Af 1921), Industrial Plan ning Corp., 45 Court St., Buffalo, N. Y. CHERVEN, Victor W. (Af 1928; A 1920), Holland Furnace Co., Holland, Mich. CHESTER, Thomas (Af 1917). 1318 Cordova Rd., Pittsburgh, Pa. ' CHEYNEY, Charles C. (A-1925), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo. N. Y. * CHILDRESS, Worthie Lee (Af 1925), 609 West 27th St., Richmond, Va. CAREY, James A. (Af 1928), Gen. Sales Mgr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St.. Philadelphia, and Wynnewood. Pa. CARLE, William E. (Af 1926). Carle-Boehling Co.. 1641 W. Broad St.. Richmond, Va. CARLSON. Everett E. (A 1929), Br. Mgr. (for mail). The Powers Regulator Co., 1010 Louder- raan Bldg., and 6652 Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo. CARMAN, C. C. (J 1928). Pres, and Chief Engr. (for mail), Dykema. Carman & Dykema, Inc., 802 Grand Rapids Trust Bldg., and 900 Giddings Ave. S. E., Grand Rapids. Mich. . CHOFFIN, C. C. (M 1919). W. J. Scholl fe Co.. Mahoning Ave. and Hogue St., Youngstown, O. CHRISTIAN. Charles W. (Af 1913), P. O. Box 292.935 Providence Rd., Charlotte, N. C. CHURCH, Herbert John (Af 1922). Darling j Bros., Ltd., 77 York St., Toronto, Ont., Can. CLAFFEY, Edward J. (Af 1913), 10 W.'-Illinois St., Chicago. III. CLARE, Fulton Warren (Af 1927), Prop, (for mail), Clare & Co., 611 Bona Allen Bldg., and 1316 North Ave. N. E., Atlanta, Ga, CLARK, E. Harold (Af 1922), Br. Mgr., J. D. Swartwout Co., 606 Michigan Theater Bldg., and CARNAHAN, Glen C. (Af 1924), 5428 Woodlawn Ave.. Chicago, 111. CARPENTER, R. H. (Af 1921). Mgr.. New York Office (for mail), Nash Engrg. Co., Graybar Bldg- (for mail), 132 Pingree St., Detroit. Mich. ' CLARK, Homer J. (Af 1919), Mgr., Htg. & Vtg. Dept., B. F. Sturtevant Co., 1042 Wrigley Bldg., * Chicago. 111. 420 Lexington Ave.. New York, and 10 Jeffer CLARK; W. H. (Af 1921). 932 Berkshire. Ave., son Ave., White Plains, N. Y. South Hills Br., Pittsburgh. Pa. CARR, Clifford H. (A 1924), Pres, and Mgr. (for mail), C. H. Carr & Co., 411 Mutual Bldg., and 5108 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. CARRASCO* Saturnino (J 1928), Monedo 944, CLARKE, Samuel S. (Af 1909), Pres, and Mgr. (for mail), S. S. Clarke & Co.. Ltd., 605 Second St. W., and 603 Second St. W.. Calgary, Alberta. Can. Santiago, Chile, S. A. CARRIER, Willis H. (Af 1913). (2nd Vice-Pres- 1929: Council, 1923-1929). Pres, (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frellnghuysen Ave., . Newark, and Rensselaer Rd., Essex Fells, N. J. CLARKSON, Robert C,, Jr. (Af 1921), 821 South 49th St., Philadelphia, Pa. ' CLARKSON, W. B. (Af 1919), Vice-Prts., King Vtg. Co., and (for mail), 251 Broadway; Owa- tonna, Minn. CARROLL, W. J. (A 1925), Kewanee Boiler Corp., 402V$ Michigan Trust Bldg., and (formail), 339 Burton St. S. E., Grand Rapids. Mich. . CARSTEN, W. H. (Af 1923), Majestic Furnace & Mfg. Co., 1723 Westlake Ave. N., Seattle, Wash. CLEGG, Carl (Af 1922), American Blower Co., 311 Mutual Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. ` CLELAND, James E. (Af 1925), Pres, (for mail)- Cteland Engrg. Co., 208 Fifth St., and, 73 N. Princeton St., Lynchburg, Va. CARSTENS, Emil (A 1925; J 1922). Sales Engr., H. B. Smith Co.. 2209 Chestnut St., and (for maii), 4615 Rosehill St., Philadelphia, Pa. CLEMENT, E. R. (A 1924), 77 Richardson St.. Bridgeport. Conn. . CLIFTON, William F, (Af 1923), W. F. Clifton CASEY, Byron L. (Af 1921), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. ' 324 W. Monroe St., Chicago, 111. CASH, Tidle T. (A 1925), Grinnell Co., 240 & Co., 313 Brock Ave., Toronto, Ont., Gan. CLOSE, Paul D.* (Af 1928), Tech. Secy, (for mail). American Society Htg. & Vtg. Engrs., 29 West Seventh Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn. 39th St., New York, and 294 Bronxville Rd., CASSELL, John D.* (Af 1913), Board of Public Bronxville, N. Y. Education, 19th and Chestnut Sts.. Philadelphia, CLOUGH, Leslie (Af 1922), 203 Pierce Rd.. Pa. Weymouth, Mass. CASSERLY, T. D. (A 1923). 5339 Winthrop Ave., CLOW, Milton T. (/ 1926). James B. Clow Sc Chicago, 111. Sons. 201 N. Talman Ave., Chicago, III. CASTIN, Laurence N. (Af 1927), 1212 Michigan CLUCAS, W. Frank (Af 1928), 483 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Ave.. Buffalo, N. Y. . CATLIN, Byron J. (A 1929), Asst. Htg. Engr. (for mail). New Haven Gas Light Co., and 33 Lake PL, New Haven, Conn. COE, Ivan B. (Af 1918),-Pres, and Treas. (for mail). Blower Systems Corp., 362 Plymouth Ave. S.p and 122 Penhurst St., Rochester, N. Y- 10 Roll of Membership COE, Ralph T. (Af 1917), Senior Partner (for mail). The R. T. Coe Cos., 907 Gas and Elec. -Bldg., and 235 Chili Ave.,' Rochester, N. Y, COHAGEN, Chandler C. (Af 1919), Architect (for . mail), Mclver & Cohagen, Hedden Bldg., Box 1305, and 127 Wyoming Ave., Billings, Mont. COLBY, Clyde W. (Af 1915), 2341 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, O. COLE, Grant E. (A 1925), Vice-Pres., Trane Co. of Can., Ltd., 439 King St,, W. Toronto, and (for . mail), 128 Grenadier Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. COLEMAN, John B. (Af 1920). Grinnell Co., Inc., 260 W. Exchange St.. Providence, R. I. COLLAMORE, Ralph (Af 1904), (Board of . Governors, 1913), Secy., Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., and (for mail), 679 Pingree Ave., Detroit. Mich. COLLETTE, John R, (A 1928), Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. of 111., Waukegan, 111. COLLIER, William I. (Af 1921), W. I. Collier & Co., 522 Park Ave., Baltimore, Md. COLLVER, Gordon L. (J 1927), 63 Beattie Ave., London. Ont.,.Can. COMSTOCK, Glen Moore (A 1926), Chief Engr. (for mail). Rush Machinery Co., 32 E. Carson St. S., S. Pittsburgh, and 154 College Ave.. Beaver, Pa. .. CONNELL, Richard F. (M 1916), Mgr., Capitol COX, William F. (Af 1924), Crane Co., 1532 Grand Ave- Kansas City, Mo. COX, William W. (Af 1923), Htg. Service Co- 326 Columbia St- Seattle, Wash. CRAWFORD, William Blake (Af 1921), Distribu tor of Htg. Specialties, 228 N. La Salle St- and (for mail), 1516 N. Mayfield Ave- Chicago, 111. CRIQUI, Albert A.* (Af 1919), Chief Engr./Htg. & Vtg. Dept., Buffalo Forge Co- 490 Broadway, and (Tor mail), 250 Blaine Ave- Buffalo. N. Y. CROFT, Terrell (Af 1924), Airport Engr., Pan- American Airways, Miami, Fla. CRONE, Charles E., Jr. (Af 1922), Secy-Treas. (for mail), Wendt & Crone Co- 1131 N. Wells St- and 1320 N. State St- Chicago, 11L CRONE, Thomas E. (Af 1920), Dist. Mgr., Rome Brass Radiator Corp- 1 East 42nd St- and (for mail), 235 West 71st St- New York, N. Y. CRUTCHLEY, Edward, Jr. (Af 1920). Htg. Engr. and Contractor (for mail), 477-83rd St., and 78 89th St- Brooklyn, N. Y. CULBERT, Warren G. (A 1911), Pres- Culbert- Whitby Co- Inc- 2019 Rittenhouse St, Phila delphia, and (for mail), 38 Chester Pike,.Ridley, Pa. CULBERT, William P. (A 1929), 2019 Ritten house St- Philadelphia, Pa. GUMMING, Robert W. (Af 1928), Mech. and Testing Lab. (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., Sales Engr. (for mail), Sarco Co- Inc- 183 127 Campbell Ave., and 2970 Burlingame Ave., Madison Ave- New York, and 81 Alkamont Detroit, Mich. . COOK, Benjamin F. (Af 1920). Consulting Engr., 713 Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, and (for mail), 1720 Overton Ave., Independence. Mo. COOK, Chester D. (Af 1921), 2340-42 Pine St., St. Louis. Mo. . COOK, Harris R. (A 1924). American Foundry & Furnace Co.. Room 400, 15 Michigan St., Milwaukee, Wis. COON, Thurlow E. (Af 1916). 826 Edison Ave., Detroit, Mich. COOPER, Albert W. (A 1925). Br. Mgr. (for maii), Johnson Service Co- 610 McIntyre Bldg., '. and 2543 Highland Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah. COOPER, Frank Irving* (Af 1911), (Council, 1914-1916), Pres- Frank Irving Cooper Corp., 172 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. COOPER, Harry (A 1924), H. Cooper Supply Co- 223 Water St- Springfield, Mo. COOPER, John W. (A 1925), Buffalo Forge Co- Ave.. Scarsdale, N. Y. CUMMINGS, Carl H. (A 1927; J 1926), Mgr. (for mail). Industrial Appliance Co. of New England, 250 Stuart St- and 41 Edgehill Rd- Chestnut Hill, Mass. CUMMINGS, Charles A. (Af 1929; A 1929; J 1926), Capitol Testing Lab. (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 127 Campbell Ave- and 844 Delaware Ave- Detroit, Mich. CUMMINGS, G. J. (Af 1923), Htg. Supt., The Scott Co., 113 Tenth St., and (for mail), 2001 Hoover Ave- Oakland, Calif. CUMMINS, George H. (Af 1919), Dist. Repr. (for mail). Aerofin Corp- 418 United Artists Bldgand 17193 Roselawn Ave- Detroit, Mich. CUNNINGHAM, Noe! (Af 1929), Domestic Stoker Co- 7 Dey St- New York. N. Y. CURRIER, Charles H. (Af 1919), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). Drying Systems, Inc- 1800 Foster Ave- and 2440 Lake View Ave- Apt. 9-D, 906 Chemical Bldg- St. Louis, Mo. COOPER, Thomas R. (Af 1923), 13 Park StWinterton near Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, Eng. Chicago, 111. CUTLER, Joseph A. (Af 1916), (Council. 1917 1926). Mgr. (for mail), Johnson Service Co- 1355 COOPER, Thomas W. (A 1922), Sales Engr., ` Washington Blvd- Chicago, and 649 Hinman . Haynes Selling Co- 2013 Sansom St- and (for Ave- Evanston,-111. mail), 5117 N. Mervine St- Philadelphia. Pa. CUTTER, Edward H. (A 1923). (for mail), 179 W. CORBIN. William E. (J 1929), 445 W. Lamed, Washington St- Chicago, and 912 Douglas Ave- Detroit, Mich. Elgin, 111. CORNELL, Harold (A 1925), Davies Supply Co- - 6601 Grand Ave- Chicago, 111. D CORNWALL, George T. (Af 1919), Mgr., Boiler Dept, (for mail), Hitchings & Co- 701 Spring St., and 633 Madison Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. COSGROVE, WaUace M. (Af 1923), Vice-Pres. (for mail), American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St- New York, N. Y,, and 240 Ridgewood Rd., ' S. Orange, N. J. COTTON, Roland M. (A 1928), Secy-Treas. (for mail), Roland M.Cotton Co- 1720-26 E. Tenth St-and R. R. ll.,Box27-B, Indianapolis, Ind. COUGHLIN, R. J. (M 1925), 8215 Maryland Ave- Chicago, III. COUSENS, Walter S. (M 1924), 46 Shornecliff Rd., Newton, Mass. COWARD, Herbert (Af 1921), Repr. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co- 418 Washington Loan & ^ Trust Bldg- Washington, D. -C- and Falls * Church, Va. . COWLES, Benjamin E. (Af 1919), Kellogg . M.ackay Co- 824 S. Fourth St- Minneapolis, DAHLSTROM, Godfrey A. (A 1927), Dept. Mgr., Roberts-Hamilton Co- 713 So. Third Ave. S- and (for mail), 2412-28th Ave. S- Minneapolis, Minn. DAILEY, James A. (A 1920), 304 West 14th StNew York, N. Y. DAILEY, James F. (Af 1924), Pres, and Chief Engr., Typhoon Fan Co- 345 West 39th St- New. York, and (for mail), 25 Wilson.Dr., New Rochelle, N. Y. DALY, John H. (Af 1915), 1635 Blake St-Denver, Colo. DAMBLY, A. Ernest (Af 1924; J 1921), Asst. Consulting Engr. (for mail), 1001 Ledger Bldgand 243 W. Tulpchocken St- Philadelphia.'Pa. DANE, Irving S. (Af l925). 166 George.St., Medford, Mass. DANFORTH, Newman L. (Af 1919), John W. Danforth Co- 72 Ellicott St- Buffalo, N. Y. ' Minn. .r - . COX, Christopher J. (Af 1919). C. J. Cox Engrg. Co., 625 Putnam Ave., Cambridge. Mass. DANNIES, F. R. (A 1925), Mgr- National Radia tor Corp., 2003-9 St. Paul Ave- Milwaukee, and (for mail). 465 Fourth Ave-.Wauwatosa,>Wis. 11 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 DARLING, Arthur B. (A 1929), Mgr. of Webster DENSON, Walter (M 1922), 2916 Olga PL, Systems (for mail), Darling Bros., Ltd., 140 Jacksonville, Fla. Prince St., and 1935 St. Luke' St.. Montreal, DePALMA, James Robert (/ 1928), 9134-87th P. Q., Can. St., Woodhaven, N. Y. DARTON, Arthur W. (A 1925). 314 Fulton St., DERANLEAU, Raymond L. (Af 1924; J 1922), Union Hill, Union City, N. J. Htg. and Vtg. Engr., National Distributors, Inc., DARTS, John A. (M 1919), Kewanee Boiler Co., and (for mail), 1930 Jasimine St, Denver, Colo. Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y. ' . DEVENDORF, William F. (Af 1910), Prop, (for DAUCH, Emil O. (Af 1921), 81 Montana Ave. mail), Wm. F. Devendorf & Co., 70 Exchange W., Detroit, Mich. St., and 737 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y. DAVIDSON, L. Clifford (Af 1927), Associate Dist DeWOLF, Roger D. (M1915), Asst. Supt., Electric Mgr. (for mail), Buffalo Forge'Co., 810 Land Dept, (for mail), Rochester Gas & Elec. Corp., 89 Tide Bldg., and 916 South 49th St., Philadelphia. East Ave., and 330 Barrington St., Rochester. Pa. N. Y. DAVIDSON, Phillip L. (Af 1924; J 1921). Dist. DEXTER, Mac D. (Af 1924), Dexter Ventilator Sales Mgr. (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 1724 Co., Columbus, Ga. Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, and Haverford DIBBLE, Samuel Edward* (Af 1917), (Presi Gables, Haverford, Pa. dential Member), (Pres., 1925; 1st Vice-Pres.. DAVIDSON, Ralph A. (J 1928), 233 Summer St., 1924; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1922; Council, 1921-1926), Stamford, Conn. Prof, of Htg. and Vtg. (for mail), Carnegie DAVIES, George W. (M 1918), G. W. Davies & Institute of Technology, Schenley Park, Pitts Co.. 79 McLaggan St.. Dunedin, New Zealand. burgh, and 514 Hastings St., Pittsburgh, Pa. DAVIS, Arthur C. (Af 1920), Asst. Supt., The DICKEY, Arthur J. (Af 1921), Vice-Pres. and Holland Tunnel, Canal and Varick Sts., New Gen. Mgr., C. A. Dunham Co*, Ltd., 1523-41 York, N. Y., and (for mail), 73 Preston St.. Davenport Rd,, and (for mail). 9 Mossom PL, Ridgefield Park, N. J. Toronto. Ont., Can. DAVIS, Bert C. (Af 1904), Pres, and Treas. (for DICKINSON, Charles E. (Af 1926), Dickinson mail), American Warming & Vtg. Co., 317-319 Htg. Co., 2814 West 55th St., Chicago, 111. Pennsylvania Ave., and 603 W. Church St., DICKSON, Robert B. (Af 1919), Vice-Pres., in Elmira. N. Y. Charge of Sales (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Corp., DAVIS, Calvin R. (Af 1927), Mgr. of St. Louis and 409 E. Prospect St., Kewanee, I1L Office (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 2328 DIGBY, Homer E. (A 1925: J 1922), Salesman, Locust St., and 7534 Westmoreland Ave., Dwyer Equipment Co., 3002 Grant Bldg., and St. Louis, Mo. (for mail), 216 Oneida St., Pittsburgh, Pa. DAVIS, Herbert H. (A 1929), Secy-Treas. (for DILL, Harry O. (A 1922), 525 East 29th St., mail). Herbert H. Davis Co., 4146 S. Western * Brooklyn, N. Y. . Ave., and 6229 S. Sacramento Ave., Chicago, III. DILLMAN, Ernest J. (Af 1921), American Radia DAVIS, James H. (Charter Member), (Board of Governors, 1911), Bryson Hotel, 4932 Lake Park Ave., Chicago, 111. DAVIS, Joseph (Af 1927; A 1926), 72 W. North rop PI.. Buffalo, N. Y. DAVIS, Leo J. (Af 1917), 18261 Grayfield Ave., Detroit, Mich. ` DAVIS, Otis E. (Af 1929; A 1925), 1523 First Ave., Scotts Bluff, Nebr. DAVIS, Rowland G. (A 1921). Sales Engr., Herbert Nelson Corp.. 1900 Euclid Ave., Cleve land, and (for mail), 887 Nela View Rd., Cleve land Heights. O. DAY, V. S.* (Af 1924). Chief Engr. (for mail). Carrier-Lyle Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 357 Lincoln Ave., Orange, N. J. tor Co., 5961 Lincoln Ave., Detroit, Mich. DILLON. H. R. (A 1923), Dist. Sales Mgr. (for mail), National Radiator Corp.. 55 West 42nd St., New York, and 81 Palmer Ave., Larchmont, N. Y. DINGLEMAN, Charles S. (Af 1929). Consulting Engr. (for mail), 1132 Fidelity Philadelphia Trust - Bldg., Philadelphia, and Drexel Park, Pa. DISTEL, Frank (if 1918), Owner (for mail), Distel Htg. Equipment, Co., 125 E. Shiawassee St., and 1011 W. Genesee St., Lansing, Mich. DIVER, M. L. (Af 1925), Consulting Engr., P. O. Box 1073, San Antonio, Tex. DIX, Harry Morton (Af 1925), Htg. Engr,, American Radiator Co., 38 Fountain St., Provi- . dence, R. I., and (for mail), 11 Elmwood St., Worcester, Mass. DECKER, Edward M. (A 1917), Salesman (for . DIXON. Arthur G. (Af 1928), Western Sales Mgr., mail), American Radiator Co., 1344 Broadway, Modine Mfg. Co., and (for mail)., 1046 College Detroit, Mich. Ave., Racine, Wis. . DEEX, Charles J. (Af 1920). Pres, (for mail). The Mouat Vapor Htg. Co., 1246 W. Fourth St., and 4364 Rock River Dr., Cleveland. O. DEGAN, James E. (A 1916), Owner (for mail), James E. Degan Co., 2130 Franklin St., and 2428 Blaine Ave., Detroit, Mich. DEGNAN, Thomas J. (A 1929), American Radia tor Co., 304 North 2nd St,, Harrisburg, Pa. DeHAVEN, I. C. (A 1928), I. C. DeHaven Engrg. Co., 708 State Life Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. DOBBS, C. E. (A 1921), 72 Berlin Ave., .Haddon- field, N. J. . DOBSON, George Gardner (Af 1922), 166 Hard ing Rd., Rochester, N. Y. DODDS, Forrest F. (Af 1920). Mgr. (for mail). American Radiator Co., 1423 Baltimore Ave., and Ambassador Hotel, Kansas City, Mo. DOERING, Frank L. (Af 1919), Sales Repr.. American Radiator Co., 219 Denver Ave., Lynchburg, Va. DELAND, Charles W. (Af 1924; J 1923), C. W. DOHERTY, John A. (Af 1924), Engr.. Richardson - Johnson, Inc.. 211 N. Desplaines St., Chicago, 111. & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, and DeLONG, Maj. Harry B. (Af 1915), Owner (for (for mail), 1834 Schenectady Ave., Brooklyn, mail). The H. B. DeLongCo., 219 Riverside Ave., N. Y. and East 231-24th Ave., Spokane, Wash. DOHERTY, John J. (Af 1921), P. C. Doherty DEMPSEY, Hany P. (Af 1919), 34 Delaware Co., 114 Main St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Court, 232 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. DOHERTY, Russell (A 1929), Asst. Br. Mgr. (for DeNEILLE, J. Lawrence (Af 1920), Secy-Treas. mail), National Radiator Corp., 2445 N. Keeler (for mail), Eichler Htg. Co., 2010 Railway Ave., Chicago, and 302 N. Oak Park Ave., Exchange Bldg., and 7227 Maryland Ave., ' Oak Park 111 St. Louis, Mo. DOLAN, Edward M. (A 1927), Editorial Dir. (for DENHOLM, John A., Jr. (J 1929), Junior Engr., mail). Sanitary Age. Ltd., 31 Willcocks St., and Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., 10 Ladykirk Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. . Newark, N. J., and (for mail), 23 Sagamore Rd., DOLAN, Raymond G. (Af 1926; A 1926: J 1922), Bronxville, N. Y. Secy-Treas. (for mail), Tom Dolan Htg. Co., DENNIS, C. K. (A 1926; J 1923), Standard Inc., 614-616 W. Grand Ave., and 2112 West Heaters, 309 O. C. S. Bk. Bldg., Syracuse, N. Y. 20. Oklahoma City, Okla. 12 Roll of Membership DOLAN, William H., Jr. (J 1927), Asst. Treas. (for mail). The Jennison Co., and 65 Linden St., DUEMLER, Franklin C. U 1926). Sales Engr., Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., s. E. Cor. 22nd St. and Sedgley Ave.. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 1032 DOFiMtcEhb, uWrga, lMtearssR. , (Af 1920), 7129 Chew St., DOPNhiNlaEdeLlLphYia, ,JaPma.es A * (M 1904), (Treas., 1912 1914), Largent, W. Va. ' DONNELLY, Russell (Af 1923), Nash Engrg, Co., Inc., Graybar Bldg., 420 Lexington Ave., New E. Rittenhouse St., Germantown, Philadelphia, DUPFa.F, Kennedy (Af 1915), Johnson Service Co., 28 East 29th St., New York, N. Y. DUFFIELD, Thomas Jefferson* (A 1927), 400 West 119th St., New York, N. Y. DUGAN, Thomas M. (Af 1920), Engr., National DOYNorNk.ENLL. YY,. Webster C. (A 1929; / 1922), River Bank Court Hotel, Cambridge, Mass. DONOGHUE, James J. (A 1924). National Radiator Co., 55 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y, DONOHUE, Edmund S. (A 1924), American Radiator Co., 1344 Broadway, Detroit, Mich. Tube Co., Fourth Ave. and Locust St., and (for mail). 1308 Freemont St., McKeesport, Pa. . DUNCAN, George W., Jr. (Af 1923), Consulting Engr. (for mail), Dean & Dean, Archts., Cali fornia State Life Bldg., and The Hermitage Club, 2115 G St., Sacramento, Calif. DUNHAM, C. A.* (Af 1911), Pres, (for mail), C, A. DONOVAN, James E. (A 1922; J 1923), 618 Dunham Co., Dunham Bldg., 450 E. Ohio St., F6rest Ave., Rye, N. Y. DOODY, Catherine A. (M 1924), Silent Auto matic Corp., 255 Meldrum Ave., Detroit, Mich. Chicago, and Glencoe, 111. DUNLAP, Ralph L. (Af 1917), J. H. Kitchen Sc Co., 1012 Pioneer Trust Bldg., 1016 Baltimore DORPAN, M. I. (Af 1929), Mgr., Dust Collecting Div. (for mail), Pangborn Corp., Box 85, and 921 Oak Hill Ave., Hagerstown, Md. DORNHEIM, G. A. (Af 1912; J 1906), ThompsonStarrett Co., 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, N. Y. . DORSEY, Francis C. (Af 1920), 110 Prospect Ave., Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. DOUGHERTY, P. J.* (M 1926), 208 E. Lomita Ave., Glendale, Calif. DOUGHTY, Charles John (Af 1925). Pres, and Ave., Kansas City, Mo. DURAND, William L. (Af 1921). Clark McMullen & Riley. 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. DUSSOSSOIT, Edmond A. (Af 1920), Treas. (for mail). Lynch & Woodward, Inc., 320 Dover St,, Boston, and 16 Hancock Ave., Newton Centre, DWMaYsEs.R, Thomas F. (Af 1923), Board of Educa tion. Concord St, and Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn, DYNE. RY,. Orville K. (Af igi9), Mgr., Blower Dept, (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and Managing Dir., C. J. Doughty & Co., 30 Brenan 11 Russell Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Rd., Shanghai, China. . DOUGLASS, Thomas C. (Af 1922). 1416 Alvara do Ave., Burlingame, Calif. DOWNE, Edward R. (Af 1927), Dir., Gas Utiliza tion Dept, (for mail), American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., and 31 Howell Ave.. Larchmont, ' N. Y. DOWNE, Henry S. (Af 1895), American Radiator Co., 149 Blvd. Haussman. Paris, France. DOWNES, Nate W. (Af 1917), (Council, 1928 1929). Chief Engr. and Supt. of Bldgs, (for mail). School District of Kansas City, Mo., 601 Finance Bldg., and 2119 East 68th St., Kansas City, Mo. DOWNEY, Paul C. (Af 1928; A 1928; J 1926), Downey Htg. Co., 256-llth St., Milwaukee, Wis. EADIE, John G. (Af 1906), Eadie, Freund Sc Campbell, 110 West 40th St,, New York, N. Y. EAGAN, Walter H. (Af 1926). Walter H. Eagan & Co., 1612 Vine St, Philadelphia, Pa. EAGAR, R. Frank (Af 1922), 138 Lower Water St., Halifax, N. S. ' EAKINS. Walter (Af 1928), L. J. Sommer Sc Son.. - Inc., 2436 Brown St., Philadelphia, Fa. EARLY, George D. (A 1927), Business Repr. (for mail), Steamfitters Union, Labor Temple, and 3404 E. Marion St., Seattle, Wash. . EASTERBROOKS, Clifton C. (Af 1922), Sales Engr. (for mail). Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt DOYLE, William J. (Af 1920), Des. Engr., St., and 2735 Sedgwick Ave., New York, N. Y. Williamson Heater Co., 4558 Marburg Ave., EASTWOOD, E. O. (Af 1921). Prof, of Mech. Oakley, Cincinnati, and (for mail), 3766 Hyde Engrg. (for mail), University of Washington, and Park Ave., Cincinnati, O DRESEN, W. D. (A 1929; J 1926), Asst. Engr. (for mail), Thermal Units Co.,- 39th and Loomis Sts., and 340 N. Pine Ave., Chicago, 111. DRIGGS, Leland L. (M 1918), Htg. Engr., United Engineers & Constructors, 112 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 208 E. Clinton Ave., Oaklyn, N. J. DRINKER, Philip* (M 1922), Asst. Prof, of Ventilation and Illumination (tor mail), Harvard School of Public Health. 55 Van Dyke St., Boston, and 11 Lowell Rd., Brookline, Mass. DRISCOLL, William H. (Af 1904), (Presidential Member), (Pres., 1926; 1st Vice-Pres., 1925; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1924; Treas., 1923; Council 1918 1927), 23 Boyd Ave., Jersey City, N. J, DRUCE, John James (M 1922), Vice-Pres., McKelvey & Birch, Ltd., 69 Brock St., and (for mail), 96 Queens Crescent, Kingston, Ont., Can. DUB6, Wilbrod (Af 1925), Raoul Chenevert, Archt., Sun Trust Bldg., 132 St. Pierre, and (for mail). 316 Laurier.Ave., Quebec, Can. 4702-12th Ave. N. E., Seattle. Wash. EASTWOOD, Harry F. (Af 1925), Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr. (for mail). Combustion Specialties Corp., 101-109 East 144th St,, New York, and 157 Frankel Blvd., Merrick, L. I., N. Y. EATON, Byron K. (Af 1920; A 1919), 500 Sunset Ave., La Grange, 111. EATON, Phillips (Af 1927), 40 Caldwell St., Woodfords, Maine. EATON, Roy (A 1925), Salesman, Pierce, Butler & Pierce, 340 C St, Boston, and (for mail), 546 Broad St., E. Weymouth, Mass. EBERLE, Carl Frederick {A 1929; J 1926), 121 N. Main St, Zelienople, Pa; EBERT, WUUam A. (M 1920), Engr, and Esti mator (for mail), A. H. Shafer, P. O. Box 1280, and 1004 Drexel Ave., San Antonio, Tex. EBIN, Louis* (Af 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Phillips, Getschow Co., 421 N. State St., Chicago, 111. ' ECKARDT, Charles A. T. (A 1924), 456 Irving ton Rd., Drexel Park, Pa. ECKART, Claude H. (Af 1915), Secy-Treas. (for DUBRY, Ernest E. (Af 1924), Asst. Supt.. Central Htg. (for mail). The Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second Ave., and 9116 Dexter Blvd., Detroit, mail), Eckart Bros.. Inc,, 419 Eighth Ave. N,,and 9675-48th St. S. W., Seattle, Wash. . -ECKLES, Robert Arthur (Af 1926), L. S. & T. Mich. DUDFIELD, Alvin (Af 1920), Gen. Mgr.. Dudfield Mfg. Co., 116 W. Kansas St, Liberty, Mo. DUDLEY, William Lyle (Af 1922). Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr. (for mail). Western Blower Co., 1800 Ninth Ave. S., and 334 McGilvra Blvd., Seattle, Wash. ' Bldg., New Castle. Pa. EDDY, William Horace (A 1927), 802 E. Fifth St., Superior, Wis. . EDGAR, Andrew C. (Charter Member). (Council, 1920), Director, Certified Htg. Association. Inc., 1202 Locust St., Philadelphia. Pa. 13 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 EDWARDS, Daniel F, {Af 1920), 2340-42 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. EDWARDS, Paul A. (Af 1919), The G. F. Higgins Co., 606 Wabash Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. EDWARDS, Ralph H. (A 1928), Sink & Edwards. 621 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis, Ind. EELLS, Henry B. (Af 1926). 1049 East 27th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. * EGGLESTON, Lewis W. (M 1921), American Radiator Co., 5961 Lincoln Ave., Detroit, Mich. EHRENZELLER, Adolphe (Af 1924), Walker & Pratt Mfg. Co.. 31 Union St., Boston, Mass. EHRLICH, M. William* (Af 1916), Mgr., The Trane Co., 15 Park Row, New York, N. Y., and EVANS, John (Af 1919), 30 Water St., Galt, Ont., Can. EVANS. William A. (Af 1918), 24 Woodland Rd., Maplewood, N. J. . EVELETH, Charles F. (Af 1911), Engr. (for mail). C. W. Colby & Co., 2341 Carnegie Ave., and 2030 East 115th St.. Cleveland, O. ' EVLETH, Everett B. (A 1927). Br. Mgr. (for mail), Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.. 2831 Olive St., and 1258 Moorland Dr., St. Louis, Mo. EWING, Dell R. (A 1928), Ruud Mfg. Co., 875 Main St.. Buffalo. N. Y. _ (for mail). 56 Ridge Rd., Lyndhurst, N. J. E1CHBERG, W. Roy (Af 1929), Pres, (for mail), Carolina Sheet Metal Works, 3009 Chestnut St., F Philadelphia, and 828 Turner Ave., Drexel Hill, Pa. EICHER, Dr. Hubert C. (M 1922), 103 South St., Harrisburg, Pa. E1CHLER, Alvin (if 1919). Eichler Htg. Co., 2010 Railway Exchange Bldg.. St. Louis, Mo. EISERT, Herman* (if 1920), 4007 Bateman Ave., Baltimore, Md. ELLIOT, Edwin, (if 1929), (for mail), Edwin - Elliot & Co., 560 North 16th St., Philadelphia, and 403 W. Price St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. ELLIS, Ernest E. (if 1922). F. A. Ellis & Sons. 840 Center St., Winnetka, 111. ELLIS, F. R. (M 1913), Sales Engr., Buerkel & Co.. Inc., 18-24 Union Park St.. Boston, and (for mail), 131 Beacon St., Hyde Park, Mass. ELLIS, Harry W. {Id 1923; A 1909). Johnson Service Co., 149 Michigan St., Milwaukee, Wis. ELLIS, Wilbur H. {A 1927; J 1926), Htg. and Vtg. Estimator, J. L. Murphy, Inc., 340 East 44th St., and (for mail), 29 Maple St., Irvington, FABER, Guy Stanley (if 1926). J. P. Marsh & Co.. 2073 Southport Ave., Chicago, HI. ' FALVEY, John D. (Af 1922), Hester-Bradley Co.. 4200 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. FANSLER, P. E. (A 1927), Editor (for mail). Oil Heat, 167 Madison Ave., New'York, N. Y., and 94 Hobson St.. Stamford, Conn. FARLEY, John W. (A 1921), Mgr., Farley Sleeve & Hanger Co., 3748 East 71st St., Cleveland. O.' FARNHAM, Roswell (if 1920). (Council, 1927 1929), Dist. Mgr., Engrg. Sales (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., P. O. Box 985, and 5 Claren don PI., Buffalo. N. Y. FARRAR, Cecil W. (Af 1920; A 1918), Pres, (for mail). Excelso Products Corp., 65 Clyde Ave., and 29 Oakland PL, Buffalo, N. Y. FAULKNER. Dwifcht H. (Af 1926), Engr., The H. B. Smith Co., 10 East 41st St., New York, and (for mail), 46 Parsons Dr., Hempstead, N. Y. FAY, Francis C. (Af 1925), Raisler Htg. Co.. 129-31 Amsterdam Ave., New York, N. Y. N. Y. FEBREY, Ernest J. (Af 1903), Senior Member (for ELLISON, J. Huyler (Af 1919), 41 Wallace St, . mail), E- J. Febrey & Co., 616 New York Ave. Freeport, N. Y- . - N. W., Washington, and 3770 McKinley St., ELY, F. Ernest (A 1925), Taylor Instrument Co., Chevy Chase. D. C. 31 Union Sq., New York, N. Y. FEELY, Frank J. (A 1929), 2274 Calvert, Detroit. EMERSON, Ralph R. (M 1922), Hoffman Mich. .- Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y. FEEHAN, John B. (Af 1923), Pres, and Treas. (for EMERY, William D. (if 1923), Pres, (for mail). mail), John B. Feehan, Inc., 471 Union St., Lynn, Blest & Emery Co., Inc., 784 Coney Island Ave., and 82 Sargent St., Winthrop, Mass. and 496 Argyle Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. EMMETT, Luther D. (Af 1919). Buffalo Forge Co.. 562 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, IU. FEHLIG, John B. (if 1918), Pres, (for mail). Excelsior Htg. Supply Co., 528-30 Delaware St., and 2927 Brooklyn Ave... Kansas City. Mo. EMSWILER, John E* (if 1917), Prof, of Mech. Engrg. (for mail). University of. Michigan, 231 W. Engineering Bldg., and 1303 Granger Ave., Ann. Arbor, Mich. ENGLE, Alfred {A 1923). Asst. Sales Mgr. (for mail), Jenkins Bros., SO White St., New York, and 445 Gramatan Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. ENGLISH, AlpheusT. {A 1926), Dist. Mgr., The Columbus Htg. & Vtg. Co., 638 Wabash Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. ENSIGN, Ralph M. (if 1917), Pres., The Ensign Engrg. Co., 35 E. Wacker Dr., and (for mail). 411 Fullerton Pkwy., Chicago. 111. V ERICKSON, Harry A. (if 1917). Engr. and Estimator (for mail). Bureau of Quantity Surveys,. Inc., 314 Keyser Bldg., and 3716 Nortonia Rd., Baltimore, Md. ERICKSON, Martin E. (A 1926), 587-66th Ave,, West Allis, Wis. ERON, Lewis J. (Af 1925), Engr. (for mail), Eron Plbg. & Htg. Co., 195 Second St, N., and 031 Gardner St., Wisconsin-Rapids, Wis. ERTMAN, Bernard Rust (if 1920). 309 N. Main St.. Herkimer, N. Y. EVANS, C. A. (if 1910), 218 Lexington Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. EVANS, Edwin C. (M 1919), Dist. Repr.. Reed Air Filter Co., 985 Union Trust Bldg., and (for mail), 2953 Zephyr Ave.. Corliss Sta., Pittsburgh. Pa. EVANS, Howard (Af 1926), Mgr. (for mail). Howard Evans Engrg. Specialties, 406 Hernando Bldg., and R. F. D. 7, Lexington, Ky. FELDMAN, A. M * (if 1903), Consulting Engr. (for mail). 145 West 45tb St., and 124 West 93rd St., New York, N. Y. FELS, Arthur B. (M 1919), The Fela Co., 60 Union St., Portland, Me. FELTWELL, R. H. (if 1905), Dist. Mgr., D. & T. Mfg. Co.. St. Louis, Mo., and (for mail), 1040 S. , Frazier Ter., Philadelphia, Pa. FENNER, Everett M. (A 1928), Engr. and Mgr., F. J. Rooney Co., Commercial Trust Bldg., New Britain. Conn. FENNER, N. Paul (A 1928; J 1927), (for mail), . Hoffman Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn,, and Watertown. Conn. FENSTERMAKER, S. E. (Af 1909), Pres, (for mail), S. E, Fenstermaker & Co., Architect and Builders Bldg., Pennsylvania and Vermont Sts., and 3102 Washington Blvd., Indianapolis, Ind. FERGUSON, R. R. (J 1925), Mgr. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 1221 Boatmen's Bk. Bldg., and 609 Hamilton Ave., St. Louis,. Mo. ' FEST, Leon T. (Af 1919), Mgr. Phila. Br.. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp.. 31st & Oxford Sts., and (for mail), 6646 North 18th St., Phila delphia, Pa. FESTORAZZI, A. O. {J 1925), C. P. Lichty Engrg. Co., Inc., 507 North 22nd St>, Birmingham. Ala. FIEDLER, Harry W. (Af 1923), 49 Palmer Ave.. Scarsdale, N. Y. . FIELDING, Howard H. (Af 1904), (Council, 1917 1919), Htg. & Vtg. Engr. (for mail), 1226 Cali . foraia St., and 607East 10th Ave.. Apt. 2, Denver, ' Colo. 14 Roll of Membership FIFE, George Donald (A 1929). Estimating Dept., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J., and (for mail), 102 East 22nd St., New York, N. Y. FILSON, Foster E. (M 1924). (for mail). 107 Cherry St., Harrisburg, and 19 N. Second St., Wormley8burg, Pa. FINAN, Edward J. (A 1926), Engr.. Board of Education, Chicago, and (for mail), 7149 Euclid Ave., Chicago, ill. FINAN, James J. (if 1923), Supervising Engr., City of Chicago. Board of Education. 650 S. Clark St., and (for mail), 7149 Euclid Ave., Chicago, III. FIRSCHING, Frank J. (Af 1921), Warren Webster.& Co., 1005 Empire Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. FISHER, Edwin L. (A 1928), 3224 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa. FITCH, Walter S. (Af 1926), Dennison Mfg. Co., 300 Howard St.. Framingham. Mass. F1TZ, Jean Chandler (Af 1925), 4213 Darien St., Philadelphia, Pa. FIX, Frederick W., Jr. (A 1927). Treas. (for mail). Kellogg-Mackay Co., 1351 West 37th PL, Chicago, and 535 Hinman Ave., Evanston, IU. FLEISHER, Walter L. (Af 1914), Air Condition ing Engr. (for mail). Room 2330, 11 West 42nd St., New York, and New City, Rockland County, N. Y. FLEMING, James P. (Af 1923),'Board of Educa tion, 1410 N. Rockwell St., Chicago, 111. FLEMING, Thomas C. (Af 1919), Asst. Mgr., Crane Co.. 1301 Locust St., and (for mail), 5239 North 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. FLEMINGS, John A. (Af 1929), Mgr., N. E. Br. (for mail), Spencer Heater Co., 216 Tremont St., Boston, and 21 S. Main St.. Sharon, Mass. FLEMMING, Walter L. (A 1929; J 1928). W. F. Hirschman Co., 525 Sixth Ave., New York, N. Y. FLETT, Henry R. (Af 1915), (for mail), 1088 King St. W., Toronto 2, and 170 Indian Rd., Toronto 3, Ont., Can. FRANK, Mrs. Olive E.* (Af 1919), Pres, (for mail), O. E. Frank Heater & Engrg. Co., 20 Milburn St., and 296 Norwalk Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. FRANKEL, Gilbert (if 1926), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y. FRANKLIN, Ralph S. (Af 1919), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), Albert B. Franklin, Inc., 25 Haverhill St., Boston, and 320 Grove St., Melrose, Mass. FRANZHEIM, George W. (Af 1924), Universal Smokeless Boiler Co., Ravenna, O. FRASER, William G. (M 1916), Power Efficiency Corp., 137 Arthur St., Buffalo, N. Y. FREAS, Royal Bruce (Af 1928). Thermo Elec. Instrument Co., 1206 S. Grove St., Irvington, N. J. FRENCH, Donald E. (Af 1926). Vice-Pres. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and Rockland Rd., Merion, Pa. FREYN, Harry L. (A 1928), 1028 N. IUi St., Indianapolis, Ind. FRIEDMAN, Abraham (Af 1922), Friedman & Kiss, Inc., 207 East 43rd St., New York, N. Y. ` FRIEDMAN, Ferdinand J. (Af 1921), Mech. Engr., McDougaU & Friedman, 31 Union Sq., New York, N. Y. FROST, Robinson V* (Af 1921), Pres., Frost Research Lab., Inc., 1326 Markley St., Norris town. Pa. FRUTCHEY, Marcus Peter, Jr. (J 1927), 59 Grove Ave., Verona, N. J. FRUTCHY, Asel E. (Af 1924; J 1920). Vice-Pres. (for mail), Frutchy-Barnes Co., Inc., 104 W. Second St., and 864 Euclid Ave., Elmira, N. Y. FRYER, Frederick G. (Af 1918), Director (fo* mail), Rowntree & Co., Ltd., and Beech House, York. England. FUKUI, Kunltaro (Af 1927), Fukui & Co., Tokyo Kaiji Bldg.. Marunouchi. Tokyo, Japan. FULLER, John L. (A 1916). Mgr. (for mail). John L. Fuller Co.. 459 York St., and 1745 Chicago Blvd.. Detroit. Mich. FUNCK, Elmer H. (A 1928; J 1926). Johnson Fan & Blower Co., 1319 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111. TLINK, Carl H. (Af 1923), Asst. Director Gas Utilization Dept, (for mail), American Radiator G Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, and 324 First Ave., N. Pelham. N. Y. FLINT, Coll T. (Af 1919), Sales Mgr. (for mail). The H. B. Smith Co., 640 Main St., Cambridge, and 56 Brantwood Rd., Arlington, Mass. FOLEY, William J. (A 1923). Pres, and Mgr. (for mail). Wm. J. Foley Co,, 230-15th St., and 360 Colorado Blvd., Denver, Colo. FOLLEY, E. B. (Af 1928), Gaylord & Eitapence Co., 179 Washington St.. Binghamton, N. Y. FORFAR, Donald M. (Af 1917). Mech. Engr. (for mail). Grinnell Co., 240 Seventh Ave. S., and 4817 Emerson Ave. S.. Minneapolis. Minn. CABELMANN, P. Edward {J 1929). Engr.. Pacific Engrg. Equipment Corp., 972 Broad St., and (for mail), 62 Dayton St., Newark, N. J. GABY. F. A. (Af 1926), Chief Engr. (for mail). Hydro Elec. Power Commission, 190 University Ave., and 480 Spading Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. GALE, Thomas J. G. (M 1921; A 1920). 2705 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, Mo. GALLAIIER, A. J. (Af 1926). Gallaher Boiler Co.. 508 Star Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. GALLAHER, James E. (Af 1927; A 1923: J1923), B- F. Reynolds Co., 487 W. Alexandrine Ave.. FORGEE, Frederick A. (Af 1911). Box 433, Ridgewood, N. J. FORSBERG, William (Af 1919), Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co., 231 State St., New London, Conn. FORTUNE, J. Robert (Af 1929). Mgr., Htg. Div., The Wickes Boiler Co., Saginaw, Mich., and (for mail), 201 E. Kirby St., Detroit, Mich. FOSTER, Charles (Af 1923), Consulting. Engr. (for maU). 512 Seilwood Bldg., and 2831 E. . First St., Duluth. Minn. FOSTER, James M. (A 1920), Dist. Mgr. (for . mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 915 Olive St., and 7021 LindeH Blvd., St. Louis. Mo. FOSTER, William M. (A 1914), 16508 Woodward Ave., Highland Park, Mich. FOUILHOUX, J. Andre (Af 1915). West Rd.. Short Hills, N. J. FOULDS, P. A. L, (Af 1916), Mech. Engr. (for mail). Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, Consulting Bngrs., 210 South St., Boston, and 72 Whitin Ave., Point of Pines, Revere. Mass. FRANK, John M. (Af 1918; A 1912), Pres, (for mail), llg Elec. Vtg. Co.,2850 N. Crawford Ave., Chicago, and 1152 Chatfield Rd., Hubbard Woods, HL Detroit, Mich. GALLICAN, Andrew B. (Af 1921). 716 South 51st St., Philadelphia, Pa. - GALLIGAN, John H. (Af 1923), Treas. (for mail). Marine GaUigan Co., 14 South 20th St., and 1930 South 56th St., Philadelphia, Pa. ` GANT, H. P.* (M 1915), (Presidential Member), (Pres., 1923; 1st Vice-Pres., 1922; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1921; Council. 1918-1924). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., York Bldg., 16th and Sansom St., Phila delphia, Pa. GARDNER, Benjamin F. (M 1924), Htg. Con tractor, 322 Myrtle Ave., and (for-mail), 277 Carlton Ave.. Brooklyn, N. Y. CARDNER, S. Franklin (Af 1911). Member of Firm (for mail). Standard Engrg. Co., 2129 Eye St. N. W., and 3805 Kanawha St., Washington, D. C. GARDNER, W,, Jr. (A 1921). Sales Mgr. (for mail). Garden City Fan Co., McCormick Bldg., and 7836 Loomis Blvd., Chicago, 111. GASSLER, John H. (J. 1927). Htg. Engr., Crane Co., 738 West Bay St., and (for mail), P. O. Box 4242. Tacksonville, Fla. GAST, Charles (Af 1928), 2 Rutland Ave., Rock ville Center, N. Y. 15 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 GAULIN, Richard P. (J 1925), Sales Engr. (for mail). Hoffman Specialty Co., 1346 Broadway, GOETHEL, Allred C. (A 1926), 829-3lst St., ilxratilfWio and Webster Hall. Detroit, Mich. GAUSMAN, Carl E. (Af 1923). 2360 Chllcombe, St. Paul, Minn. GAUVIN, Leon Gough (Af 1926). 45 E. Delavan Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. GAWTHROP, Fred H. (Af 1919), 2211 Shallcross Ave., Wilmington, Del. GAYLOR, William S. (Af 1919), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Starrett & Van Vlecfc, Architects., 393 Seventh Ave., New York, and (for mail), 42 Maybew Ave.. Larchmont, N. Y. GAYLORD, F. H, (Af 1921), Asst. Sales Mgr. (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., 130 N. Wells St., Chicago, and 362 N. York St., Elmhurst, IB. GEIGER, Irvin H. (Af 1923), 600 Second St., Room 803, Harrisburg, Pa. GEMENY, William J. (Af 1919), W. J. Gemeny Co., 2528 W. Madison St., Chicago, III. . . GERRISH, Harry E. (Af 1910), (Council, 1919), Partner (for mail), Morgan-Gerrish Co., 800 La Salle Ave., and 4534 S. Freemont Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. GETSCHOW, George M. (A/ 1906), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), Phillips-Getschow Co., 421 N. State St., and 4542 Beacon St., Chicago, 111. GETSCHOW, RoyM. (Af 1919), Secy, (for mail), Phillips-Getschow Co., 421 N. State St., and 4542 Beacon St- Chicago, 111. GIANNINI, Aldo C. (J 1929), Estimator, Wolff & Munier, Inc., 222 East 41st St., and (for mail), 64 West 176th St., New York, N. Y. GIBBONS, M. J., Jr. (Af 1914), Owner, M. J. Gibbons Supply Co., 601-631 E. Monument Ave., . and (for mail), 22 Oxford Ave., Dayton, O. GIBBS, Edward W. (Af 1919). (for mail). The Smith-Gibbs Co., 201 S. Main St., and 61 President Ave., Providence, R. I. GIBBS, FrankC. (Af 1921), Gen. Supt. (for mail). National Regulator Co., 2301 Knox Ave., Chicago, and 430 S. Oak Park Ave., Oak Park, 111. GIESECKE, Frederick E.* (Af 1913), Director Engrg. Experimental Sta., Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Sta., Tex. GIFFORD, Edmund W. (J 1929), Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frefinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J. GIFFORD, Robert Fulton (Af 1927), Mgr., Robert F. Gifford Co., 89 Broad St., Boston, Mass. GIFFORD, Robert L. (Af 1908), 1231 S. El Molino Ave., Pasadena, Calif. GIGUERE, George H, (Af 1920),.800 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, Mich. GILBOY, John P. (M 1924), Owner (for mail), John P. Gilboy Co., 810 Scranton Elec. Bldg., GOLDBERG, Harry M. (A 1927; J 1923), 41 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. t GOLDSCHMIDT, Otto E. (Af 1915), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 116 West 39th St., and 215 West 92nd St., New York, N. Y. GOLDSTEIN, A. M. (Af 1923), Federal Htg. Co., 1501 Varnura St., Washington, D. C. COMBERS, Henry B. (A 1901), Secy, (for mail). Heating and Piping Contractors National Assn., 50 Union Sq., New York, N. Y., and 160 Halsted St., E. Orange, N. J. : GOMERSALL, William H. (A 1921), 7428 Fayette St- Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. GOOD, Macy S. (Af 1921), Mgr. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co-, 450 E. Ohio St., and 7350 Phillips Ave.. Chicago, 111. GOODHUE, Albion Paris (Af 1928), Herman Nelson Corp., 43 Court St., Belfast, Maine. GOODNOW, Wallace F. (Af 1912), Pierce, Butler & Pierce, 41 East 42nd St., -New York, N. Y. GOODRICH, Charles F. (Af 1919), Andrews & Goodrich, Inc., 98 Friend St., Boston, Mass, GOODWIN, Samuel L. (Af 1924), Consulting Engr., Thomas W. Lamb, Architect, 644 Eighth Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 247 Madison Ave.. Hasbrouck Heights. N. J. GORDON, Edward B., Jr. (Af 1908), 3025 S. Emerson, Minneapolis, Minn. GORDON, Edward G. (Af 1923), 6655 Ogallah Ave.. Chicago, 111. . GORMLY, Patrick (Life Member; M 1898), R. D. 5, Norristown, Pa, v GORNSTON, Michael H. (A 1923), 251 Crescent St., Brooldyn, N. Y. - GORTNER, John W. (Af 1919), 318 Sunbury St., Shamokin,Pa. GOSSETT, Earl J, (Af 1923), Pres, (for mall). Bell & Gossett Co., 3000 Wallace St., Chicago, and 314 Woodland Ave., Winnetka, ill. . GOTTWALD, C. (A 1916), Pres, (for mail). The Ric-wiL Co., 1562 Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, and 2225 Stillman Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. GRAHAM, Charles D. (Af 1929; J 1927),.Mgr- Engrg. Dept, (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansora St., Philadelphia, and 39 W. Athens Ave., Ardmore, Pa. ' GRAHAM, William D. (Af 1929; A 1925; J1923), Diet. Mgr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 205 W. Wacker Dr., and 11CK) Mohawk Rd., Wilmette. Hi. ' GRAHN, Victor F. (Af 1927), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Tenney & Ohmes, Inc., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 120 Greenwood Ave., E, Orange, N. J. and 1725 Olive St., Scranton, Pa. GILLETT, M. C. (Af 1916), Asst. Sales Mgr., GRANT, Albert E. (Af 1928), 3305 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Hoffman Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn., and (for mail), 6600 Rising Sun Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. GRANT, Walter A, (J 1929), Jr, Baer., Carrier Engrg. Corp., Newark, N. J., and (for mail), 419 West 121st St., New York, N. Y.- GILLHAM, Walter E. (Af 1917), (Treas., 1926 1929; Council, 1926-1929), 409 Interstate Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. GRAU, Earl R, (I 1929). Sales Engr., Samuel Sloan & Co.. 67 Exchange St., and (for mail), 380 Ridgeway Ave., Rochester, N. Y. GILLING, William F. (A 1919), Asst. Mgr., American Radiator Co., 129 Federal St., Boston, and (for mail), 29 Abbott Rd., Wellesley Hills, GRAVES, Clarence C. (A 1925). Secy-Treas. (for mail). Graves & Graves, Inc., 3047 Sheffield Ave.. Lake View Sta., and 4110 N. Kilbourn Ave., Irving Park Sta., Chicago, III. GILMORE, Frank P. (Af 1923), Sales Engr., Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. 80 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. GRAVES, Ralph E. (A 1923), R. R. 13, Osage' Hills. Kirkwood, Mo. GILMORE, R. E. (Af 1923), 4243 Sheridan Rd.. Chicago, 111. GRAVES, Willard B. (Af 1906), 162 N.. Desplaines St., Chicago, 111. GIVIN, Albert W. (A 1925), Mgr. (for mail), Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., 1070 Homer St- and 1075 Gilford St., Vancouver, B. C. GRAY, George A. (Af 1924), C. A. Dunham CoLtd., 404 Plaza Bldg., Ottawa, Ont., Can. GRAY, W. E, (Af 1922), Sales Engr., Powers GLASSEY, J. Wilbur (Af 1922). Vapor Engrg. Co., 10 South 18th St., Philadelphia. Pa. GLEASON, Gilbert H. (Af 1923), 25 Huntington Ave.. Boston; Mass. Regulator Co., Chicago, 111., and (for mail), 707 E. Lexington Ave., High Point, N. C. GREBE, Henry W. (Af 1919), Central Asbestos & Magnesia Co.. 214 W. Grand Ave., Chicago, IU. GLORE, Evins Foree (A 1916), 639 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. : GREEN, John E. (A 1926), Owner (for mail), John E. Green, 11820 Brush St., Highland Park, and 2411 Glynn Court, Detroit, Mich. GOERG, Bernhard (Af 1928), American Radiator Co., 675 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers, N. Y, GREEN, William C. (Af 1906). WarrenWebster & Co., 919 Provident Bank Bldg., Cincinnati, O. 16 Roll of Membership GREENE, Walter C. (Af 1021), Mgr. (for mail). Walter C. Greene Co., 1600 Union Trust Bldg., .. and 2605 Guilford Rd.. Cleveland, O. GRIER, William (Af 1908), P. O. Box 75. Cincin nati, O. GRIFFIN, Byron Henry (Af 1928), 2150 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, N, Y. . GRIFFIN, John J. (Af 1928). Sales Repr. (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn., and 3718 Hillsdale Rd., Baltimore, Md. GRIFFIN, Porter C. (Af 1923), Supt., The Hutton Bros. Co., 9 Union St., and (for mail), 151 Oak St., Winsted, Conn. GRIFFITHS, Morgan R. (A 1922), Mgr. (for mail), Canadian Blower & Forge Co., Ltd., 146 King St. W., and'55 Constance St., Toronto,. Ont., Can. GRILL, Guido E. (A 1928; J 1922), Clark. Me. f Mullen & Riley. 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. GRONBERG, C. E. (A 1928), 1617 Cleburne Ave., Birmingham, Ala. GROOM, Stanley L. (Af 1920), Homestead Thrale Rd.. Streatham, London, England. GROSS, Raymond A. (Af 1923), 527 N. Washing ' ton St., Park Ridge, IU. GROSS, Samuel (Af 1929), Treas. (for mail), Sheffler-Gross Co., Inc., 203-11 Drexel Bldg., Philadelphia, and 537 E. Church Rd., Elkins Park Pa * GROSSMAN, Harry E. (/ 1927). Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., Waterbury, Conn., and (for - mail), 1122 Wyoming Ave., Forty Fort, Pa. GROSSMAN, Howard M. (M 1922), Dist. Sales Mgr., Burnham Boiler Corp., 701 Griest Bldg., and (for mail), 634 Race Ave., Lancaster, Pa. GROSVOLD, Fred E. (Af 1917), 411 Grand Ave., HAKES, Leon Marc (J 1929). Sales Engr. (for mail), The R. T. Coe Cos., 907 Gas & Elec. Bldgand 345 Lake Ave., Apt. 5, Rochester, N. Y. HALE, John F. (M 1902), (Presidential Member), (Pres., 1913; 1st Vice-Pres., 1912; Board of Governors, 1908. 1910, 1912. 1913), Dist. Mgr. (for mail), Aerofin Corp., 1531-160 N. La Salle St., Chicago, and 408 S. Brainard Ave., La Grange, 111. HALEY, Harry S. (Af 1914), Consulting Engr. (for mail), Leland & Haley, 58 Sutter St., and 735 21st Ave- San Francisco, Calif. HALL, C. H. (Af 1927). Chief Engr., Domestic Stoker Co., 7 Dey St., New York, N. Y- and (for mail), 250 Hamilton Ave., Glen Rock, N. J. HALLEY, Wilson H. (Af 1925; J 1923), Engr.. Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4519 N. Euclid Ave., and (for mail) 6134 W. Park Ave., St, Louis, Mo. HALLIDAY, Leo (A 1926), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). Newport Boiler Co., 529 S. Franklin St., and 7242 East End Ave., Chicago, 111. HAMJY, Paul W. (M 1924). Owner (for mail). Paul W. Hamjy, 1158 Mohawk St- and 612 Steel PI- Utica. N. Y. HAMLIN, Harry A. (A 1916), Johnson Service Co., 427 Brainard St., Detroit, Mich, HANCHETT, James H. (A 1926), Trane Co- 210 . S. Tenth St., Minneapolis, Minn. HANCOCK, James Reynolds (A 1928; J 1926), 131 W. Chestnut St- Jeffersonville, Ind. HANKIN, Richard (Af 1898). 279 Main Ave- Passaic, N. J. HANLEY, John H., Jr. (Af 1923), 1718 East 26th St.. Brooklyn. N. Y. HANSEN, Charles C. (Af 1928), 428 Prospect St., E., Eau Claire, Wis. GROTZ, Arthur B. (Af 1921), 59 Old Orchard . South Orange, N. J. HANSON, E. W. (Af 1922), W. N. Sauer Co- 809 Lane, Scarsdale, N. Y. Chestnut St. N- S. Pittsburgh, Pa. GUNTHER, Felix A. (M 1925), Sales Engr. (for HANSON, Leon C. (A 1918). Secy-Treas-Mgr. mail). Direct Control Valve Co., 1007 Diamond (for mail), Bjorkman Bros. Co., 712 Tenth St. Bk. Bldg., and P. O. Box 137, R. F. D. No, 9, S- and 4603 Sunnyside Rd., Minneapolis, Minn. South Hills Br., Pittsburgh, Pa. HARBULA, M. G.* (Af 1921), Consulting Engr. GURNEY, Edward Holt (Af 1929), Pres, (for (for mail), 1775 Broadway, New York, and 3512 mail). The Gurney Foundry Co., Ltd., 500 W. Brewster Ave- Flushing. N. Y. King St., and 347 Walmer Rd., Toronto, Ont., HARDING, Louis A. (Af 1911), (1st Vice-Pres.. ' Can. 1929; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1928; Council. 1922-1929), Pres- L. A. Harding Construction Corp., 1335 . <H HAAS, Samuel L. (Af 1923), Pres, and Treas. (for mail). Advance Htg- Co- 117 N. Desplaines St., and 1513 Fargo Ave., Chicago, 111- . HAAS, William (Af 1915), 429 E. Third St., Dayton, O. HACKETT, Charles P. (A 1921), Htg. Dept- Hajoca Corp., 120 South 30th St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 56 W. Eagle Rd., Upper Darby, Pa. Main St- and 85 Cleveland Ave- Buffalo, N. Y. HARDING, RomieM. (Af 1928), 151 Broadway, Passaic N. J ' HARDINGE, Franklin (A 1929), Chairman of Board of Directors (for mail), Hardinge BrosJnc- 4149 Ravenswood Ave- and 1432 Fargo Ave- Chicago, 111. HARE, Edgar S. (Af 1920), W. Hare's Sons Co., 46-14th St- Wheeling, W. Va. HACKETT, H. Berkeley (Af 1921). Public HARMS, William T.* (M 1917). Owner of Busi Ledger Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. ness. 2015 Vinewood Ave- Detroit, Mich. HADDOCK, Isaac T. (A 1926), Cambridge Gas HARPER, Samuel H. (Af 1929; A 1927), Prop., Light Co- 719 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Htg. Equipment Co- and (for mail), Dist. Engr- Mass. . HADEN, George N. (A 1928; J 1922). G- N. Kaden & Sons, Ltd., 60 Kingsway, W. C. 2, Aerofin Corp- 1945 Oliver Bldg- Pittsburgh, and 223 Dalzell Ave., Ben Avon, Pittsburgh, Pa. HARRIGAN, Edward M. (M 1915). 1365 Baker London, England. HADEN, William Nelson (Life Member; M 1902). Chairman. G. N. Haden & Sons, Ltd., St. Georges Works, and (for mail), Trowbridge, Eng land. . HADESTY, Alfred L., Jr. (Af 1921), Owner, Alfred L. Hadesty, Jr- 130 E. Broad St., Tamaqua, Pa, HAGAN, William V. (J 1926), Secy.. V. J. Hagan Co., 506 Pearl St- and (for mail), 301 Metz Apts., Sioux City, Iowa. HAGEDON, Charles H. (Af 1919). Secy-Treas. (for maU), S. E. Fenstermaker & Co- 939 Architects & Builders Bldg., and 4156 Broadway, Indianapolis, Ind. . JIAILEY, Syd Houston (Af 1925). Asst. Engr- N. C. and St. Louis Railway, 924 Broadway, and (for mail); 3737 Harding Rd., NashviUe, Tenn- HAINES, John J, (Af 1919), Pres, (for mail). The Haines Co., 1931 W. Lake St., Chicago, and 623 17th Ave., Maywood, III. St- Detroit, Mich. HARRINGTON, Charles (M 1923), 43 Indian Grove. Toronto, Ont- Can. HARRIS. Henry W. (A -1924), 4296 Washington Blvd- St. Louis, Mo. HARRIS, Jesse Brownell (Af 1918), Partner (for mail), Rose & Harris, Engrs- 452 N. W. National Life Insurance Bldg- and 3620 Colfax Ave. S- Minneapolis, Minn. HARRISON, Burt S. (Af 1918), Chief Engr., Nichols Products Corp- 122 East 42nd St- New York, and (for mail), 148 Clinton St- BrdSklyn, N. Y. ' HARRISON, James M. (Af 1919), J. M. Harrison. Inc- Guarantee Title Bldg- Cleveland, Ohio, HART, Harry M. (Af 1912), (Presidential Member), (Pres- 1916; 1st Vice-Pres- 1915; Council, 1914 1917), Pres- L. H. Prentice Co- 1048-50 Van Buren St- Chicago, IU. 17 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 HART, Thomas H. (7 1927), Chief Engr., Buck eye Incubator Co., and (for mail), 1827 Stratford PI., Springfield, Ohio. HARTER, B. B. (7 1926), Htg. Engr. (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington Blvd., Room 506, and 5011K W. Maypole Ave., Chicago, III. HEDLEYi Park S. (AT 1923). (for mail). Hedley & Voisinet, 374 Delaware Ave- Buffalo, and 31 Westgate Rd- Kenmore, N. Y. HEEBNER, Walter M. (AT 1922), Sales Engr- Warren Webster & Co- 470 Fourth Ave- New York. N. Y- and (for maU), 362 Highwood Ave., Teaneck, N. J. HARTMAN, Frank E. (AT 1924), Vice-Pres, and Chief Chemist (for mail), U. S. Ozone Co., 500 N. Dearborn St., and 6435 N. Richmond St.. Chicago, IU. HARTMAN, John Milton (AT 1927), Kewanee Boiler Co., Kewanee, 111. HARTPENCE, Charles C. (AT 1923). Htg. & Vtg. Engr., 309 Third National Bank Bldg., and (for mail). P. O. Box 337. Columbus. Ga. . HARTWELL, Joseph C. (AT 1922), Grinnell Co lne.. 260 W. Exchange St.. Providence, R. I. HARVEY, Alexander D. (A 1928; 7 1925). Sales Mgr. (for mail), Nash Engrg. Co., S. Norwalk, and New Canaan, Conn. - HARVEY, Lyle C. (AT 1928). Sales Promotion Mgr. (for mail), Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., 17825 St. Clair Ave., and 3042 Beckett Rd.. Cleveland, Ohio. ' HASEY, Charles E. (AT 1919). Pres., C. E. Hasey Co.. 726 Fourth St., Minneapolis. Minn. HASKELL, Benjamin E. (M 1925), Engr., The Fels Co., 42 Union St., Portland, and (for mail). 539 Brighton Ave., Woodfords, Maine. HASKINS, Arthur L. (.4 1927), Htg. Dept, (for mail). The Hunting Co.,-127 Railroad St., and 46 Glenn Ellyn Way, Rochester, N. Y. HATTIS, Robert E. (AT 1926). Consulting Mech. Engr. (for mail), 6 N. Michigan Ave., and 4152 N. Mozart St- Chicago. 111. HAUPT, Howard F. (A 1929), Salesman. Ameri can Radiator Co- 288 W, Water St- and (for mail), J70 Beaumont Ave- Milwaukee, WLs. HAUSS, Charles F. (Charier Member), 931 Prinsengracht, Amsterdam. Holland. HAWES, Herbert R. (M 1926), 22 Elmwood StWorcester, Mass. HAYES, James J. (M 1920). Sales Engr. (for mail), Standard Power Equipment Co- 926 Monadnock Bldg., and 7443 Jeffery AveChicagO. 111. HAYES, Joseph G. (AT 1908). Pres, and Engr. (for mail), Hayes Bros., Inc- 236 W. Vermont St and 2849 N. Capitol Ave- Indianapolis, Ind. HAYNES, C. V. (M 1917). (Council, 1926-1929). Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., Hoffman Specialty HEIDENREICH, George (AT 1928). C. A. Dun ham Co- 506 Board of Trade Bldg- Indiana polis. Ind. HEILES, F. C. (AT 1920; 7 1914), c/o Perry West. 13 Central Ave- Newark, N. J. HEILMAN, Russell H* (M 1923), Mellon. Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. ' HEINLE, E. L. (AT 1920), Secy-Treas. (for mail), The Kain-Petersen-Heinle Co.. 437 East 106th St- Cleveland, and 3350 Tullamore Rd- Cleve land Heights, Ohio. " HELBURN, I. B. (AT 1929; 7 1927), Asst. Sales Mgr. (for mail), Circulair Heat. Inc- 215 Central Ave- and 1440 S. Fourth St., LouisvUle. Ky. HELLERMAN, Harry H. (AT 1902), The Penn Engrg. Co- 312 Cherry St- Philadelphia, Pa. HELLSTROM, John (A 1929). Gen. Mgr.. Midwest Corp., Bradford, Pa. HELPHINGSTEIN, Otto (AT 19$9). Pres, and. Mgr., The Cullyford Co- 1600. Monroe St- AmariUo, Tex. HELSTROM, Herman G. (AT 1928). (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Corp- 708 Builders Exchange, and 4608 Arden Ave- Minneapolis, Minn. HELWIG, Gunther Albert (AT 1927), PropNational Htg. & Vtg. Co- 920 Cass Ave., and4217 Athlone Ave- St. Louis, Mo.* HEMINGWAY, William S. (AT 1906), 3210 Mountain View Dr- San Diego, Calif. HENION, Hudson D. (A 1923), Sales Mgr. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co- Ltd- 1523 Davenport Rd- and 45 Ridge Dr., Toronto, Ont- Can. HENNINGS, William A. (AT 1926). Sales, Engr. and Estimator, W. F. Thumm, Inc., 1130 Cornelia Ave- and (for mail), 1445 Summerdale Ave- Chicago. 111. HENRICH, George A. (AT 1914), Marcellus, Mich. HENRIC1, Herman C. (AT 1914), Pres- Henrici Lowry Engrg. Co- 508 Huntzinger Bldg-114 W. Tenth St- and (for mail). 430 West 58th St., Kansas City. Mo. HERENDEEN, Frederick W. (AT 1920), Secy, (for mail), The Institute of Boiler and Radiator Mfrs- 29 Seneca St., and 815 S. Main St- Geneva, N. Y. Co- 25 West 45th St- New York, N. Y- and (for mail), 115 Llanfair Rd- Ardmore. Pa. HAYWARD, Ralph B. (M 1909), Pres.-(for mail), R. B. Hayward Go., 1714 Sheffield Ave- Chicago, and 201 S. Stone Ave- La Grange. IU. HEAGERTY, William H. (A 1923). Vice-Pres. HERLIHY, George F. (AT 1922), Vice-Prps. (for mail). J. J. Herlihy. Inc- 810 W. Congress St-, and 10836 Forest Ave- Chicago, IU. . HERLIHY, Jeremiah J. (Life Member; AT 1914), Pres., J. J. Herlihy, Inc- 810 W. Congress St- Chicago, 111. . and Gen. Mgr- Oil City Boiler Works, Oil City, Pa. . HEAGLER, John M. (M 1922). Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. American Foundry & Furnace Co- 809 Guardian Bldg- and (for mail), 1646 Iglehart Ave- St. Paul, Minn. HEATH, Frederick R. (AT 1913), 89 Trowbridge St- Cambridge. Mass. HEATH, Samuel C. (A 1928), 2345-31st Ave. S- Seattle, Wash. HERMAN, Harry H. (A 1927; 7 1925), Warren Webster Co- 1226 California St- Denver, Colo. HEROLD. Charles W. (A 1928). Sole Owner (for mail), Herold Plbg. & Htg. Co- 1315 East 26th St., and 2600 Pasco. Kansas City, Mo. HERRICK, Daniel A. (AT 1923), Julian D'Este Co.. 2 Spice St- Charlestown, Mass. HERRING, Edgar (AT 1919). Chairman (for mail), I. Jeffreys & Co- Ltd- BarrotisPl- Waterloo Rdand 22 Keswick Rd- Putney, London, S. W- HEATHERTON, James M. (A 1904). Plumbers England. ,. Trade Journal, 239 West 30th St- New York, N. Y. HERSH, G. Willis (AT 1917), 251p Chew StAllentown. Pa. HECK, George L., Jr. (A 1921), Chief Engr..(for mail). Garden City Fan Co- 1842 McCormick Bldg- and 8112 Ellis Ave- Chicago. IU. HERTZ, H. P. (AT 1924), Engr. (for mail). Routledge 8i Hertz, Architects and Engrs- 204 ' Exchange National Bk- and 314 Twelfth Ave- HECKEL, E. P. (AT 1918), Vice-Pres. (for mail). E- Hutchinson, Kans. Carrier Engrg. Corp- 1032 Burnham BldgChicago. and 314 Cuttriss PI- Park Ridge, 111. HERTZLER, John R. (7 1928). (for mail). Air Conditioning Dept- York Ice Machinery Corp- HECKROTH, Harry H. (A 1929), Eastern Sales Yorkco Club, York, and 627 N. Duke St.,. Mgr., Banner Rock Products Co- Alexandria. Lancaster, Pa. . Ind- and (for mail), 1322 Locust St- PhUadelphia. Pa. HESS, Horace L. (AT 1924). 214 Nedro Ave- Olney. Philadelphia, Pa. . HEDGES, H. Berkley (M 1919), Dist. Mgr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp- 149 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and 1021 Park Lane. Plain field. N. J. HESTER, Thomas J. (AT 1919), Vice-Pres. and -Treas. (for mail), Hester Bradley Co- 4200 - -Forest Park Blvd- and 67 Aberdeen PI- St; Louis. Mo. 18 Roll of Membership HETTINGER, Henry (A 1927), 40 Rose Ave., Floral Park, L. I- N. Y. HEYDON, Charles G. (A 1923). Mgr., Sales Western Div- Wright Austin Co- 315 Wood- bridge St. W- and (for mail), 2681 Nebraska St- Detroit, Mich. HIBBS, Frank C. (AT 1917), Salesman, The H. B. Smith Co., 2209 Chestnut St- and (for mail), 846 North 65th St- Philadelphia, Pa. HfERS, Charles R. (AT 1929; A 1929; J 1927), 294 Sherburne Ave- St. Paul, Minn. HIGGINS, Dan T. (AT 1928), M.cCarthy-Crandall, Inc- 529 S. Cascade Ave-Colorado Springs, Colo. HIGGINS, Thomas J. (AT 1927; A 1927:7 1923), Vice-Pres. (for mail), Ross Engrg. Co. of Canada, Ltd- New Birks Bldg- Montreal, and 478 Vic toria Ave- Westmount, P. Q- Can. ' HILL, E. G. T. (AT 1922), 20 Vermont Crescent, Newland HiU, E. Yorke, England. HILL, E. Vernon* (AT 1914; A 1912), (Presidential Member), (1st Vice-Pres., 1919; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1918; Council, 1915-1921), Pres, (for mail), E. Vernon HiU Co- 121 N. Clark St- and 1126 Farwell Ave- Chicago, III. HILL, Newell J. (AT 1916), Consulting Engr. (for maU), 708 Architects Bldg- and 19567 Stratford . Rd- Detroit, Mich. HILLEN, A. G. (7 1929), Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp- 1032 Burnham Bldg- Chicago. IU. HILLEN, William G. (A 1929), 102 N. Walnut St- East. Orange. N. J. HILLIARD, Charles E. (7 1927). Htg. and Vtg. Engr. (for mail), 27 B St- S. Boston, and 1301 Washington St- S. Braintree. Mass. HILLS, Arthur H. (AT 1924), C. A. Dunham Co., HOGABOOM, Henry Raymond (AT 1929), Pres. & Treas. (for mail), Hogaboom Htg. &.Vtg. Co- 202 Kulien Bldg- and 1529-33rd Ave- Seattle qh HOGAN, Edward L. (AT 1911), Consulting Engr. (for mail). American Blower Corp- 6000 Russell St, and 700 Seward Ave- Detroit, Mich. HOIER, William V. (AT 1917). Wm. V. Hoier Co701 N. Wells St- Chicago, 111 HOLBROOK, Frank M.? (AT 1923). 84 Park St,, Montclair, N. J. HOLMBERG, John A. (AT 1924), 122 E. Lincoln. Lindsborg, Kans. HOLTON. John H. (AT 1927), Director of Re search (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport, Montgomery Co-Pa- and 1718 Wil liams Way, Norristown; Pa. HONIBALL, Charles R.* (AT 1911), 156 Boundary St- Liverpool, England. HOOD, O. P. (Honorary Member 1929), Chief Mech. Engr- U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. HOOK. C. Howard (AT 1915). Pres, (for mail). Hook Heater Co- Sharpeaburg P. O. Sta- Pitts burgh, and 6949 Thomas Blvd- Pittsburgh, Pq. HOOK, Maurice G. (AT 1919), C. A. Dunham Co101 Park Ave- New York, N. Y. HOOVER, H. Earl (A 1922), The Hoover Co2300 Willoughby Tower, Chicago. IU. HOPKIN. William E. (AT 1919), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), Charles E. Hopkin Co- 107 Bethlehem Pike, and 514 Wyndmoor Ave- Chestnut HiU, Philadelphia. Pa. HOPSON. William T. (AT 1915), The Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co- New London, Conn. HORNUNC, John C. (AT 1914). Engr. (for mail). 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. Central Heat Appliances, 343 S. Dearborn St., HINCHMAN, E. G. (AT 1923), 1263 Atlantic Ave., Chicago, and 854 Bluff St., Glencoe, 111. Brooklyn, N. Y. HORTON, Homer F. (AT 1925), Sales Repr. (for HINKLE, Edwin C. (AT 1911), 170 Franklin St- mail), 2301 Knox Ave- Chicago, and 343 Green Hempstead, N. V. HINRICHSEN, A. F. (AT 1928), Pres, (for mail). A. F. Hinrichsen, Inc.. 50 Church St- New York, . N. Y- and Mountain Lakes, N. J. HIRES, J. Edgar (AT 1927), Consulting Engr., 2025. Fidelity-Philadelphia Bldg- Philadelphia, and (for mail), 107 Linwood Ave- Ardmore, Pa. HIRSCHMAN, WUllam F. (AT 1929), Pres, and Treas., W. F. Hirschman Co- Inc., 220 Delaware Ave- and (for mail), 1380 Amherst St., Buffalo, Bay Rd- Glencoe, IUHOSTERMAN, Charles O. (AT 1924), 25 Bales Rd- Dorchester. Mass. HOTCHKISS, Charles H. B. (AT 1927). Asst. Prof, of Htg. and Vtg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. . HOUGHTEN, Ferry C.* (AT 1921), Research Lab- A. S. H. V. E- U. S. Bureau of Mines *4800 Forbes St., Pittsburgh. Pa. HOULISTON, George Baillle (A 1928), Sales Engr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co- 919 n. y: Provident Bk. Bldg- Cincinnati. O- and 33 HIRST, James Noble (7 1927), Chief Draftsman Tower PI- Ft. Thomas, Ky. - (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp- 1541 Sansom HOUPT, George A. (AT 1916), Philadelphia Piping St- and 2913 Poplar St.. Philadelphia, Pa. & Equipment Co- 1605 Rockland St- Philadel HITClfCOCK, Frederick P. (AT 1917), Sales phia, Pa. ` Repr. (for mail), Herman Nelson-Corp- 309 HOWATT, John* (AT 1915), (Council. 1927 Lathrop Bldg., and 4938 Forest Ave., Kansas- 1929), (for mail). Board of Education, 188 W. City, Mo. Randolph St- arid 6720 MerriU Ave- Chicago. HOBBS, J. Clarence (AT 1920), 60 Wood St. Painesville, O. HOCHULI, Henry W. (AT 1925). Sales Engr- Rich^rdson & Boynton Co- 260 Fifth Ave- New York, N. Y- and (for mail), 113 Chester Ave- Bloomfield. N. J. HODGDON, Harry A. (AT 1919), 153 Norfolk St.. Wollaston, Mass. H0ERSTING. Frank J. (AT 1921), Pres, (for mail). The Hoersting & Holtmann Co.. 1130 W. Third St- and 2045 Philadelphia Dr- Dayton, O. HOFFMAN, Charles S. (AT 1924). Baker Smith & Co., Inc- 576 Greenwich St- New York, N. Y. HOFFMAN, George D. (AT 1906), Pres- Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc- Waterbury, Conn., and (for ' mail), Box 240, Pasadena, Calif. HOFFMAN,* James D. (AT 1903). (Presidential Member), (Pres- 1910; 1st Vice-Pres- 1908; Board of Governors, 1911-1912), Prof, of Practi cal Mechanics, Head of Dept- Director of Practical Mech. Lab. (for mail), Purdue Uni versity, and 323 University St- W. Lafayette, Ind. HOFT, Paul J. (AT 1925; A 1924), Prop, (for mail), Paul J. Hoft Plbg. & Htg. Co- 245 S. Eighth St and 1119 Wyoming Ave- Philadelphia, Pa. HO11W1. E, Willis W. (A 1917), (for mail), American Radiator Co., 816 S. Michigan Ave- and 5502 Everett Ave- Chicago. IU. HOWELL, Frank B. (AT 1920), American Radia tor Co- 40 West 40th St., 20th Floor, New York, N. Y. HOWELL, Lloyd (AT 1915), Mgr., Canadian Sirocco Co- Ltd- Windsor, Ont- Can. HOYT, William B.* (AT 1919), Pres, and Treas. (for mail). The Hoyt-Grant Co- 52 Whitney Ave., New Haven, and 39 Clifford St- Whitney- ville. Conn. - HUBBARD, Allen (AT 1919), Consulting Engr., Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, 210 South St- Boston, Mass. HUBBARD, Allen, Jr. (AT 1929). Engr., Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, 210 South St- Boston, Mass. ' HUBBARD, George Wallace* (AT 1911). Chief Mech. Engr. (for mail), Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. 1417 Railway Exchange, Chicago, and 710 Bonnie Brae, River Forest, IU. HUBBARD, Nelson B.. (AT 1919), Consulting Engr. (for mail), Room 500,1346 Broadway, and 2985 Blaine Ave., Detroit, Mich. 19 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 HUGH, A, J. (M 1919), Gtn. Mgr. ot Sales (foe mail), Central Supply Co., 312 S. Third St., and 4037 Harriet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. HUCKEL, Prank, Jr. (Af 1920), 120 South 30thSt., Philadelphia, Pa. HUCKER, Joseph H. (Af 1921), 715 Stanbridge St., Norristown, Pa. HUGHES, Willard C. (Af 1921). Pres, (for mail), Wicks-Hughes & Co., 224 Genesee St., and 16 Cottage PI., Utica, N. Y. HUMPHREY, Dwight E.* (Af 1921), Goodyear Tyre & Rubber Co., Akron, O. HUMPHREYS, A. E. (Af 1911). Mgr.. O'Mara Htg. Co., 504 Victoria Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. HUNGER, Robert F. (Af 1927), Davidson & Hunger, 1302 Land Title Bldg.. Philadelphia, Pa. HUNT, Phil M. (Af 1922), Sales Engr- Hoffman Specialty Co., 557 Market St., ana (for mail), 1245 Francisco St., San Francisco, Calif. HUNT. Richard B. (M 1912), Sales Engr., 414 S. Fourth Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. HUNTER. Charles C. (A 1923). 90 North 17th St., East Orange, N. J. HURLEY, Joseph C. (Af 1915), Petroleum Fuel Engrg. Co., 4028-32 Filbert St., Philadelphia, Pa. HUSBAND, Edward Woods (Af 1922), Drafts man, Public Buildings Dept., City Hall, and (for mail), 114 Corinth St., Providence, R. I. HUTTON, William (M 1919), Pres, (for mad). The Hutton Bros. Co., 9 Union St., and 28 Spring St., Winsted, Conn. HUTZEL, A. F. (Af 1916), Partner (for mail), Hutzel 8c Co.. 119 E. Washington St., and 2115 Wallingford Rd- Ann Arbor, Mich. HUTZEL, Hugo F. (Af 1918), 64 N. Long St.. Williamsville. N. Y. HUTZEL, Max H. (Af 1923), Hutzel Bldg.. Muncue, 2nd. HUTZEL. Victor C. (Af 1923), Hutzel 8c Co., Hutzel Bldg., Muncie, Ind. HUZZARD, Edward C. (A 1924), 710 New Holland Ave*. Lancaster, Pa. HYMAN, Wallace M. (Af. 1920). Vice-Pres. (for mail), Reis & O'Donovan, Ihe- 255 West 28th St., and 210 West 70th St., New York, N. Y. HYNES. Lee P.* (Af 1919), Elec. Engr. (for mail). 30 Church St., New York, and Delmar, N. Y. JACKSON, Jonathan William (A 1927), Pierce Co- 41-43 W. Spring St- Gainesville, Ga. JACKSON, Marshall S. (Af 1919), Repr. (for mail). Powers Regulator Co., 232 Delaware Aveand 108 Larchmont Rd- Buffalo, N. Y, . JACOBS, Barrett (A 1928), Pres, (for mail), Jacobs Htg. Corp., 122 East 42nd St- and 255 Haven Ave., New York, N. Y. . JACOBUS, Dr. David S. (Af 1916), Advisory Engr- Babcock & Wilcox Co- 85 Liberty StNew York, N. Y. JALIEN, John J. (Af 1922), 320 Central Park, W., New York, N. Y. JANET. Harry L. (Af 1920), Engr. (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp- 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newarfc, N. J., and 688 Decatur St- Brooklyn, N. Y. ^ -* JARDINE, DouglasC. (Af 1929; A t926),Partner (for mail), Jardine & Knight Plbg. & Htg. Co- 312 Custer Ave- and 1731 N. Nevada Ave., Coiorado Springs, Colo. ' JAYNES, Eubertis L. (Af 1918), Pres, (for mail), Michigan Warming & Vtg. Co- 363 Houseman. Bldg., and 862 Ardmore St. S. E- Grand Rapids, Mich;__ i. JELLETT, Stewart A. {Honorary Member 1929), {Charter Member; Presidential Member), (Pres- 1895; Board of Mgrs., 1896-1899: Secy-*2S98), Pres, (for mail), Stewart A. Jellett Co- 1200 Locust St- Philadelphia, and 6701 Lincoln Dr., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. JENKINS, Harry E. (A 1923), Sales Mgr'., Radia tor Div. (for mail), Winchester Repeating Arms Co- and 436 Whatley Ave- New Haven, Conn. JENNINGS, Irving C. (Af 1924), Nash Engrg. Co., S. Norwalk, Conn. JENNINS, Henry H. (Af 1901), 15 Grange View. Chapeltown Rd- Leeds, England. JENSON, Jean S. (Af 1912), 431 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. .- JOHN, Benjamin F. (Af 1920), 1003 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. * JOHNS, Harold B. (Af 1928; 7 1927). Mgr., House Htg. Div. (for mail). Peoples Gas Co- 122. S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and 543 N. Elmwood . Ave- Oak Park, 111. JOHNSEN, Henry (Af 1927), Plbg. and Htg. Con tractor, 173 Jewett A've- Port Richmond, and : (for mail). 70 Emerson Ave- Dongan Hills, S. I- N. Y. I ICKERINGILL, John (Af 1923), Spencer Heater Co., 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. ILLIG, Walter R. (A 1927). Mgr., Plbg. Dept., The Jennison Co., 17 Putnum St., and (for mail), 37 Allston PL, Firchburg, Mass. IMPEY, Paul F. (A 1925; 7 1921), Htg. Engr., 2623-78th Ave., Elmwood Park, Cragin P. OChicago, 1U. INGALLS, F. D. B. (Af 1906), Htg. and Sales Engr,, 136 Federal St.. Boston, and (for mail). 1 Hopkins St., Reading, Mass. INGELS, Margaret* (Af 1923; 7 1918), 336 Linden Walk, Lexington, Ky.. - INNIS, Helen R.* (Af 1921; 7 1918), Largent, ' W. Va. ISSERTELL, Henry G-* (Af 1913; A 1912), Com mercial Engr. (for mail), General Elec. Co., 120 Broadway, and 825 West,180th St., New York, N. Y, '' J JACKSON, Charles H. (Af 1923), Sales Engr. (for mail), Bayley Blower Co., 732 Greenbush St and 614 Farwell Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. JACKSON, Charles J. (A 1912), Vice-PresJenkins Bros- 646 Washington Blvd- Chicago, -III. JACKSON, George O. (A 1928), Pres, (for mail). Jackson Engrg Co- 39 S. Capitol Ave- and 124 . East 44th St., Indianapolis, Ind. JACKSON, J. O. (A 1928), Jackson Supply Co333 W. Ohio St- Indianapolis, Ind.- JOHNSON, Carl W. (Af 1912), Pres, (for mail), C. W. Johnson, Inc- 211 N. Desplaines St- and 1809 Morse Ave- Chicago, III. . . JOHNSON, Donald H. (7 1927), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St- Chicago, 111.. JOHNSON, Edgar E, (Af 1926), Sales Engr. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 200 - Loring Ave- Buffalo, N. Y. % ' JOHNSON, Edward B. (Af 1919), Sales Engr.. Staten Island Supply Co- 1390 Richmond Ter., , ' and (for mail), 154 Wardwell Ave- W. New Brighton, S. I.. N. Y. JOHNSON, Fred W. (Af 1916), 6530 Beaubein St- Detroit, Mich. " JOHNSON, Helge S. (7 1927), Sales Engr. (for mail). The Coon-DeVisser Co., 2051W. Lafayette Blvd- and 156 W. Margaret St- Detroit'; Mich. . JOHNSON, James M. (A 1928), 825 North 24th St., Philadelphia, Pa. . JOHNSON, Ralph B. (Af 1922), 1100 E. Douglas Ave., Wichita, Kans. . JOHNSON, Royster H. (M 1927). 660 College St., Jacksonville, Fla. JOHNSON, Tracy R. (Af 1924). Mgr., Htg. .Specialties Dept- The Trane Co- and (for mail), 628 S. Fourth St- Apt. 2, La Crosse, Wis, JOHNSON, Walter F. (Af 1929), 374 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. JOHNSTON, James A. (Af 1912), Member (for mail), Carneal, & Johnston, 806 Va. Ry. & Power Bldg- Richmond, Va. JOHNSTON, Robert Elliott (A 1926). Consulting . Engr- 3342-33rd Ave- W.. Vancouver, B. C. 20 Roll of Membership JOHNSTON, William B. (Af 1921; A 1916), VicePres. (for mail), Ideal Furnace Co., 2995 E. Grand Blvd- and 19450 Gloucester Dr- Palmer Woods, Detroit, Mich. JOHNSTON, William H. (Af 1924), Pres, (for mail), Johnston Htg. Co- 332 East 47th St- New York, and Larchmont, N. Y. * JONES, Alfred (Af 1928), Director of Research (for mail). Armstrong Cork Co., Research Div- KEASBEY, A. P. (Af 1922). Pres, and Gen. Mgr. (for mail), Robert A. Keasbey Co- 445 West StNew York, N. Y- and 298 Park St- Montclair, N. J. KEENAN, P. Frank (A 1921), Pres, (for mail). Leo Flush Valve Co- 331 Madison Ave- New York, and 283 Burns St., Forest Hills, L. I- N. Y. KEENEY, Frank P, (A 1915). Pres- Domestic Engrg- 1900 Prairie Ave., Chicago, 111. KEHM, August (Af 1901), (1st Vice-Pres., 1909, P. O. Box 565, and 402 President Ave- Lancaster, Board of Governors. 1908-1911). Pres, (for mail), Pa. Kehm Bros. Co- 51 E. Grand Ave- and 1366 N. JONES, Alfred L. {M 2926). Supt. ot Htg., Alfred Dearborn Ave- Chicago, 111. Penovi & Sons, 89 Railroad Ave- Greenwich, and KEHM, Horace Stevens (Af 1928), Contractor (for mail). Breezmont Ave., Riverside, Conn. (for mail), Kehm Bros. Co- 51 E. Grand Ave., JONES, Bernard G. (Af 1928), Acme Elec. CoLtd- 148 Princess St- Winnipeg, Manitoba. Can. JONES, Charles R. (Af 1928), Mgr- Jones Supply Co- 917-921 St. Nicholis Ave- Siloam Springs, Ark. JONES, Edwin (J 1924), Box 582, Tulsa, Okla. JONES, Edwin A. (Af 1919), Mgr- Gas Div. (for mail), L. J. Mueller Furnace Co- 197 Reed St and 2564 Bay Ridge Ave- Milwaukee, Wis. JONES, Edwin F. (Af 1923), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 216 E. Fourth St., and 1954 Grand Ave and 2337 Commonwealth Ave., Chicago, 111. KELBLE, Frank R. (Af 1928). Mgr. and Htg. Engr. (for mail), The Huffman-Wolle Co., 11 W. Rittenhouse St- Philadelphia, and Box A-34, Glenside, Pa. KELLEY, James J. (A 1924), 535 Commonwealth Ave- Boston, Mass. KELLOGG, Alfred (Af 1916), (Council, 1920* 1921; 1923-1924), Consulting Engr. (for mail). 585 Boylstoo St- Boston, and 6 Hawthorne St- Belmont, Mass. ' KELLOGG, H. D. (Life Member; A 1916), st. Paul, Minn. Haverford, Pa. JONES, Ernest (A 1925), Dist. Mgr. (for mail), KELLOGG, Thomas M. (Af 1929; A 1923), B. F. Sturtevant Co- 423 Dwight, Bldg- and Bishop & Babcock Co- 444 Lafayette St- New 4502 Mill Creek Pkwy., Kansas City, Mo. York. N. Y. JONES, Ernest F. (Af 1923), 1243 Morse Ave- KELLY, Hugh (Af 1927), 10041-101 A Ave- Chicago, 111.' JONES, Harold L. (Af 1920), W. W. Farrier Co- Edmonton, Alberta, Can. KELLY, John G. (A 1919), 374 Park Ave- 44 Montgomery St- Jersey City, N. J. JONES, Louis T. (Af 1921), 3700 Highland Ave., Drexel Hill, Delaware Co- Pa. JONES, Morris P. (A 1925), Mgr., Fan Sales Div., New York Blower Co., 3155 Shields Ave- and (for mail). 5430 Crystal St- Chicago, 111. Yonkers, N. Y. KENT, James King (7 1928), Secy-Treas. (for mail), Nu-Heat Corp., 210 Chestnut St- and 1030 Commodore Dr-St. Louis, Mo. KENT, Laurence F. (A 1927; 7 1924), Moncrief Furnace Co- P- O. Box 1673, Atlanta, Ga. KEPLINGER, William L. (Af 1929). Dist. Mgr. JONES, Raymond E. (Af 1919), Pres- Haynes Selling Co- Inc., 2013 Sansom St- Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 39 West End Ave- Haddon- ' field, N. J. (for mail), Aerofin Corp., II West 42nd St- New York, and 140 Fulton Ave- Hempstead. L. 1- N. Y. KERN, Raymond T. (Af 1927), Chief Engr- JONES, W. T. (Af 1915), (Council. 1925-1929), Jennison Co- Fitchburg, and (for mail), 51 Barnes & Jones, 128 Brookside Ave- Jamaica Claflin St- Leominster, Mass. Plains. Boston. Mass. KERNEY, Thomas F. (7 1925), Engr., H. JUNG, John S. (A 1923), 554 Layton Blvd., Berkeley Hackett, 1001 Public Ledger Bldg- and Milwaukee, Wis. JUNKERS, Prof. Hugo (Af 1925), Junkers-Werke, and (for mail). Kaiserpiatz21, Dessau, Germany. JUTTNER, Otto J. (Af 1915), Pres, (for mail), Juttner Htg. Co- 432 Jefferson St- and Elks Club, Milwaukee, Wis, (for mail), 4522 N. Reese St- Philadelphia, Pa. KERSHAW, Melville G. (A 1926; 7 1921), Dupont Engrg. Co- Wilmington, Del. ` KERSJES, William (Af 1922), 728 Clinton St- Kaiamazoo, Mich. ' KEYS, George Walter (A 1927), 518 Van Kirk St- Crescentville, Philadelphia, Pa. . KEYES. Robert E. (Af 1913), The Cooling & Air K Conditioning Corp- 11 West 42nd St- New York, N. Y. KAMMAN, Arnold R. (A 1925; 7 1921). (for KIEFER. Carl J. (Af 1922), Consulting Engr- 901 mail), John W. Danforth Co- 72 Eilicott St- Schmidt Bldg- Cincinnati, Ohio. Buffalo, and 3 E. Pkwy- Wanakah, Erie. Co KIEFER, E. J- Jr. (7 1928). Mgr. (for mail). N. Y. KAMMERER, W. C. (Af 1923), Mech. Engr. (for H. C. Archibald Co- 8 S. Sixth St., and 108 N. Sixth St- Stroudsburg, Pa. mail), Hadlow, Hughes, Hick & Conrad, Inc- KIEWITZ, Arthur A. (M 1912), 23-80 28th St., 1301 Citizens Bldg., Cleveland, and 13963 Clifton Astoria, L. I- N. Y. Blvd- Lakewood. Ohio. ' KAPPEL, George W. A. (Af 1921), Camden Htg. Co- 8 Market St- Camden, N. J. KAPPLER, Herman C. (Af 1927), York Htg. 8c KIEWITZ, Conway (Af 1907). Engr- New York Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. Ext. and Concord St- Brooklyn, and (for mail), 70 King St- Floral Park, L. I- N. Y.. Vtg. Corp., 16tb and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, KILBY, Roger E. (Af 1926), Northwestern Htg. Pa. . and Plbg. Co., 1465 Sherman Ave- Evanston, 111. KARLSON, Alfred F. (Af 1918), Chief Engr. (for KILLIAN, Maurice A. (Af 1922), Glanz & Killian mail), Parks-Cramer Co- 970 Main St- Fitch Co- 1761 Forest Ave. W- Detroit, Mich. burg, and 186 Prospect St- N. Leominster, Mass. KILNER, John Saunders (Af 1929), Partner (for KASTELLO, August (Af 1923), Mgr. of Branch mail), Kilner-Mills Co- 3-266 General Motors No. 4 (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 409 Bldg- and 1091 Seminole Ave., Detroit. Mich. New Birks Bldg- and 112 Cornwall Ave- Town of Mt. Royal, Montreal, P. Q- Can. KATSUMOTO. Eijlro (Af 1926), Pres, (for mail), Katsumoto & Co- 29 Awaji-cho. and 3 Kirishimacho. Dairen, S. Manchuria, China. KAUFFMAN, Rufus (Af 1921), 4308 N. Broad St- Philadelphia, Pa.'------KAYSING, Harry C. (Af 1926), 4200 Forest Park Blvd- St. Louis, Mo. KIMBALL. Charles W. (Af 1915), Richard D. Kimball Co., 6 Beason St- Boston, Mass. KIMBALL, Dwight D. (Af 1908), {Presidential Member), (Pres- 1915; 2nd Vice-Pres- 1914; Board of Governors, 1912-1916). Consulting Engr. (for mail). Kimball & Cued, 205 East 42nd St- New York, and 230 23rd St.,' Jackson Heights. L. L. N. Y. 21 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 KING* Thomson* (Af 1923), The Peerless Heater Co., Boyertown, Pa. KINGSLEY* Edwin A. (Af 1926), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 101 Park Ave.. New York, and 255 Forest Ave., Larchmont, N. Y. KINNER, J. E. (M 1924), 13409 Forest Hill Ave., Cleveland, O. ' KIPE, J. Morgan (if 1919), Br. Mgr. (for mail), - Spencer Heater Co., 609 Otis Bldg., Philadelphia, and Williamsport, Pa. KIRK* Charles D. (Af 1909), Mgr., Chas. D. Kirk & Co., Cor. Sargent and Colleen Sts., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Can. KIRK* George H. (Life Member;) (Af 1906), 6711 Wentworth Ave., Chicago, 111. KIRK* Leonard G. (Af 1923), 441 West 50th St., KREITNER, William (7 1926), Engr., Modine Mfg. Co., 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail), 108 Linden St., Brooklyn, N. Y. KRIEBEL, Arthur E. (Af 1920). Haynes Selling Co-. 2013 Sansom St., Philadelpiua, Pa. v KRIEBEL, John H. (A 1921). 708 Blythe Ave.. Drexel Hill, Pa. . KRUEGER, James I. (Af 1921), Factory Repr. (for mail). 357 Ninth St., and 1920 Sacramento St., San Francisco, Calif. KUEMPEL, Leon L. (7 1929). Sales Engr. (for mail), Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., and 4917 Garfield Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. KUHLMANN, Rudolf (Af 1928), 47 Lockwood Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. New York, N. Y. K1RMES, Edwin W. (Af 1923). Vice-Pres, and L Chief. Engr., Walworth-English-Flett Co., 81 Commercial Wharf, Boston, and (for mail),29 Oakland St., Melrose, Mass. KISSICK* J. J. (Af 1918), (Council, 1927-1928), ' 1768 Wayside Rd., Cleveland, Ohio. LAGODZINSKI, Harry J. (A 1927;.7 1920). 3628 N. Tripp Ave., Chicago, 111. LANCE, Joseph F. (Af 1923), Eighth and Baker Sts., Detroit, Mich. ,. LANDERS, John 7. (7 1924), Sales Engr. (for . KITAURA, Shlgeyukl (Af 1918). Monoply Bureau, Dept, of Finance, Tokyo. Japan. mail). Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., 303 Crosby * Bldg., and 823 Smith St., Buffalo, N. Y. . . KITCH, Stanley B. (Af 1928; A 1928; J 1925), LANE, Alfred M. (Af 1916), Monarch Metal Sales Engr., The Trane Co., 844 Rush St., Products Co., 5020 Penrose St., St. Lguis, Mo. Chicago, and (for mail), 3330 Wesley Ave., LANG, Lawrence P. (7 1925), 549 W. Washington Berwyn, 111. St.. Chicago, 111. KITCHELL* Herbert N. (A 1926), Mgr. Htg. Dept, (for mail). Crane Co., 824 Broadway, and 4528 Circle Ave., Cincinnati, O. KITCHEN, Francis A. (A 1927; 7 1923), J. H. Kitchen & Co., 1012 Pioneer Trust Bldg.,. Kansas City, Mo. KITCHEN* John H. (Af 1906), (for mail). John H. Kitchen & Co., 1016 Baltimore Ave., and 5015 Westwood Ter., Kansas City, Mo. KLEIN* Albert (M 1920). Engr. (for mail). LANGDON. J. D. (Af 1920). 2030 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. LANGENBERG, E. B. (Af 1914). (Council, 1926 1929), Vice-Pres, (for mail), Langenberg Mfg. Co.. 4519 N. Euclid Ave., and 6625 Waterman Ave., St. Louis, Mo. . LANGLEY, Frank P. (A 1926), 26 Berryman Dr., Snyder, N. Y. . LANNING, E. K. (A 1927), Asst. Secy, and Sales Mgr. (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., Camden, ana Clayton, N. J. Carrier Lufttechnische Gesellschaft, Langestrasse 63, and Panoramastr. 23, Stuttgart, Germany. LaPRAIRIE, Charles (Af 1926), Crane, Ltd., 1170 Beaver Hall Sq., Montreal, Que.. Can. LARIMER, William McCoy (Af 1922), Mgr., KLEIN, Edward W. (Af 1917), Dist. Mgr. (for Htg. Dept, (for mail). Crane O'Fallon Co., 1625 mail), Warren Webster & Co., 152 Nassau St. 15th St., ana 159 W. Second Ave., Denver. Colo. N. W.. and 825 Myrtle St. N. E., Atlanta. Ga. LARSON, G. L.* (if 1923). (Council. 1929), Prof. KLIE, Walter (Af 1915), Pres, and Treas. (for mail). The Smith & Oby Co., 6107 Carnegie Ave., Steam and Gas Engrg., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. . ' and 18411 S. Woodland Ave., Cleveland, O. KLONOWER, Arthur A. (Af 1920), J. S. Cassedy * Co., 132 Austin St., Cambridge, Mass. KLOTZ, Albert William (A 1927), (for mail), 1103 W. Mountain Ave., South Williamsport. Pa, KLUBE, John O. (7 1929). Carrier Engrg. Corp., Newark, and (for mail), 150 Elmoxa Ave., Eliza beth. N. J. ' KNAB, Edward A. (A 1927), Htg. Contractor, 1575 Cramer St., Milwaukee, Wis. KNIGHT, A. Bruce (A 1916), Mgr. (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 7402 Woodward Ave., and 19501 Burlington Dr., Detroit. Mich. KNOWLES, Arthur F. (A 1914), Pres..(for mail), Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., 202 Franklin St., New York, N. Y., and 135 Haddon PI., Upper Montclair, N. J. KOCH, Harry O. (Af 1916). 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. KO11E1. TZ, Lester (J 1929), 2505 Elisha Ave.. Zion. KOHR, Raymond K. (A 1928; 7 1927), 3631 Westfield Ave., Camden, N. J. KOITHAN* William S. (Af 1913), Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y. KORN, Charles B. (Af 1922). 1022 S. Eighth St., Allentown, Pa. KOTTCAMP, Horace A. (Af 1915). Cor. Phila delphia Ave. and Kenwood Rd., Chatnbersburg, Pa. KRATZ, Alonzo P.* (M 1925). Research Prof, (for mail). Dept, of Mech. Engrg., University of . Illinois, and 1003 Douglas Ave., Urhana, 111. KREISSL, Hans George (Af 1925), American Radiator Co., 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago. 211. LARSON, J. M. (Af 1924), National Regulator Co.. 2301 Knox Ave., Chicago. IU. LARSON, W. C. (Af 1925), 4224 N. Winchester Ave., Chicago. 111. ' LATHAM, George (Af 1924), Engr. and Supt; of Plant (for mail), Edmonton Public School Board, 518 Civit Block, and 11317 Qlst St., Edmonton, Alberta ^^an * ** LATHERS, Victor M. (A 1929), Rome Brass Radiator Corp., 354 Paul Brown Bldg., St. Louis. Mo. LATHROP, Dr. Elbert C. (Af 1926), 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. LAU, Anton S. (Af 1926), Consulting Engr., 51 East 42nd St.. New York, N. Y., and (for mail). 35 Woodland Rd., Bloomfield. N. J. LAUTENSCHLAGER, Fred (Af 1915). Vlce- Pres. and Treas.. Kroeschell Boiler Co., 4211 Diversey Ave., and (for mail), 3846 Alta Vista Ter., Chicago. 111. - LAWSON, William Irvin (4 1929), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., The Buckeye Blower Co., 400 ' Dublin Ave., and (for mail), 67 W. Dunedin Rd., Columbus. Ohio.! LAWTON, Frank C. (Af 1928). 145 Buena Vista Ave., Hawthorne, N. J. LEAHY, Joseph L. (A 1928; 7 1926), 5730 N. Howard St., Philadelphia. Pa. . LeBEAU, John F. (Af 1924). Pres.. John F. LeBeau & Co., Inc.. 103 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail). 15&-21 84th Dr., Jamaica, N. Y. LECOMPTE, William G. (A 1914), Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., New-York, N. Y. LEEK, Walter (Af 1903), Managing Director (for. mail). Leek & Co., Ltd., 1111 Homer St., and 1114 Pacific St., Vancouver, B. C. . . 22 Roll of Membership LEES, Herbert K. (M 1924; J 1912), Secy, (for mail), William Lees, Inc., 548 Washington Blvd., and 4944 Christiana Ave., Chicago, III. LEGEMAN, Ralph E. (7 1926). Architect (for mail). Thole & Legeman, 307 American Trust Bldg., and 900 Powell Ave., Evansville, Ind. LEiLlCH, Roger L. (Af 1922), Baltimore Htg. Corp., 425 St. Paul PI., Baltimore, Md. LEINROTH, J. Paul (Af 1929), Gen. Industrial Fuel Repr. (for mail). Public Service Elec. & Gas Co.. 80 Park pi., Newark, and 22 Hillside Ave., Caldwell, N. J. LEITCH, Arthur S. (Af 1908), Mgr. (for mail). The Arthur S. Leitch Co.. Ltd., 1123 Bay St., and 421 Russell Hill Rd.. Toronto, Ont., Can. LELAND. Warren B. (Af 1929), Sales Engr.. The H. B. Smith Co., Westfield, and (for mail), P. O. Box 1522, Springfield, Mass. LELAND. William E. (Af 1915), Partner (for mail), Leland & Haley, 58 Sutter St., San Francisco, and 704 The Alameda, Berkeley, . LIVINGSTOS, Bernard B. (M 1927). P. O. Box, 975, Richmond, Va. . LLOYD, Edward C. (Af 1927), (for mail). Arm strong Cork & Insulation Co., and 429 W. Walnut St.. Lancaster, Pa. . LOCKE, Hiram W. (M 1920), 1942 North 20th St.. Philadelphia. Pa. LOCKWOOD, Edwin H, (Af 1915), Prof, of Mech. Engrg., Yale University, 400 Temple St., and (for mail), 51 Sheldon Ter., New Haven. Conn. LOEFFLER, Frank X. (Af 1914), 710 N. Hudson St., Oklahoma City, Okla. . LOH, Nan-Shee (7 1927), Salesman, Andersen Meyer & Co., Ltd., and (for mail), 337 Rue Lafeyette, Shanghai, China. LONG, David Raymond (Af 1927), Mgr. of Mfg. (for mail), Congoleum-Nairn, Inc., Kearny, and 117 Christopher St., Montclair, N. J. LONGENECKER, Howard J. (Af 1917), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport, Montgomery Co., Pa. LONGWELL, Henry E. (Af 1919), 53 Washington Calif. LEMMERMAN, Clarence W. (A 1927), Eastern Dist. Mgr. (for mail). The Ric-wiL Co.. Inc., 101 Park Ave., New York, and 115 Parkside Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. LENNON, Joseph O. (Af 1929), New York Mgr. (for mail), llg Elec. Vtg. Co., 15 Park Row, and 180 West 59th St.. New York. N. Y. LENONE, J. M. (Af 1919), Smith-Totman Co.. Room 1207,122 S. Michigan Ave., and (for mail), 4808 Dorchester Ave.. Chicago. 111. LEUSCH. Victor William (A 1926), 1130 Dia mond Ave., South Bend, Ind. LEWIS, Edward B. (Af 1924), Engr., EUerbe & Co., and (for mail), 2283 Commonwealth Ave.. Sq.f New York, N. Y. . LORD. Frank R. (M 1922), Lord, Hawley 8c Hammel. Inc., 33rd and Thompson Sts., Phila delphia, Pa. LOVE, Clarence H. (Af 1919). 317 Chamber of Commerce, Buffalo, N. Y, LOVEGREN, Harvey M. (A 1927), B. Hoffman Mfg. Co., 1819 St. Paul Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. LOWNSBERY, Benjamin F. (Af 1920), 21 S. Sycamore St., Wilmington, Del. LUCE, George D,, Jr. (Af 1919). 3633 N. Harding Ave., Chicago, ill. ' LUCK, Alexander W. (Af 1919), Pres, and Gen. Mgr. (for mail), Reading Heater & Supply Co., Church and Woodward Sts., Reading, and St. Paul. Minn. LEWIS, George C. (Af 1919). American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. LEWIS, John G. (Af 1926), Prop, (for mail). John G. Lewis Plbg. & Htg. Co.. 412 East 31st St., and 3522 Campbell St., Kansas City, Mo. LEWIS. John W. (Af 1926), 3935 Sansom St., Reiffton, Pa. LUCRE, Charles Edward (Af 1924). Prof, of Mech. Engrg. (for mail), Columbia University, and 845 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. LUTZ, James H., Jr. (Af 1928). (for mail). 140 Paxton St., and 1601 Forster St., Harrisburg, Pa. LUTZ, Paul R. (7 1929), Mech. Engr., York Htg. Philadelphia. Pa. LEWIS, L. L * (Af 1918), Secy, (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 724 Carlton Ave., Plainfield. N. J. LEWIS, Samuel R.+ (Af 1919), (Presidential & Vtg. Corp., 16th and Sansom Sts., and (for mail), 2512 S. Lloyd St., Philadelphia, Pa. . LYLE, Ernest T. (Af 1919). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y. LYLE, J. Irvine (Af 1911), (Presidential Member), Member), (Pres., 1914; 2nd Vice-Pres.. 1910; (Pres., 1917; Council, 1917-1918), Exec. Vice- Board of Governors, 1909, 1910, 1912; Council, . 1914-1915), Consulting Engr., 1155 Old Colony Pres. (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave.. Newark, and 1200 W. Bldg., 407 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. . Seventh St.. Plainfield, N. J. LEWIS, Thornton* (Af 1919). (Presidential LYMAN, Samuel E. (A 1924), Elm Court Apts., Member), (Pres., 1929; 1st Vice-Pres., 1928; Apt. A-3, Elm St., Elizabeth, N. J. 2nd Vice-Pres., 1927; Council. 1923-1930), Pres, LYNCH, Grevirson D. (Student 1927), Draftsman, (for mail). York Htg. 8c Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and 327 Leandrillo Rd., Cynwyd. Pa. Western Elec. Co., Inc.. Kearny, and (for mail), 329 S. Union Ave., Cranford, N. J. LYNCH, William L. (Af 1928),.Pres, (for mail), LICHTY. A. J. (7 1923), Resident Engr., Stone & Rome-Turney Radiator Co., and 312 N. James Webster Engrg. Corp., and (for mail). C. P. St.. Rome, N. Y. Lichty, Martin Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. - LICHTY. C. P. (Af 1920), Pres, (for mail). C. P. ` Lichty Engrg. Co., Inc.. 1216 Martin Bldg., and ' M 127 Windsor Dr., Birmingham, Ala. LINDEMAN, Henry (A 1927;. 7 1923), 157 Foxall St., Ridgewood, L. I,, N. Y. LINDEMUTH, Nelson Rhoads (A 1924). Lindemuth Engrg. Co., Inc., 155 N. George St., York, Pa. LINER, John J. (A 1916), Pres, (for mail). Philadelphia Asbestos Co., 2010 N. Tenth St., Philadelphia. Pa., and Berlin, N. J. ` LINHARD* Howard V. (A 1921), 7238 Webb Ave., Detroit, Mich. MacDADE, Ambrose H. (Af 1923), Sales (for mail). Burnham Boiler Corp., Bourse Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and 225 Haddon Ave., West mont. N. J. MacDOUGALL, Burgess W. (Af 1923). 219 Netherwood Ave., Plainfield, N. J. MacKENZIE, Burt (Af 1924), Pres, (for mail), B. MacKenzie, Inc., 911 Greensboro Bk. & Trust Bldg., and 111 Westover Ter.. Greensboro, N. C. MacKENZIE, John J. (Af 1925), Htg. Engr., McNaughtnn & MacKenzie, 1029 Shaw St., and LINN, Homer R. (Af 1914), Engr., American (for mail), 664 Shaw St., Toronto, Ont., Can. Radiator Co., 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago. MACKIE, James (M 1917), Owner (for mall) , 357 ' and (for mail). 321 S. Ashland Ave., La Grange, Langside St., and 254 Montrose St., Winnipeg, m. Manitoba'. Can. ' LINTON, John P. (Af 1927), Garth Co.. 26 Craig MADISON, Richard D. (Af 1926). Buffalo Forge St., W., Montreal; P. Q., Can. LIPPMAN, Orville S. (A 1920), Sales Repr. (for mail). The Kellogg-Mackay Co.. 1351 West 37th PI., and 725l!Princetbn Ave., Chicago, III. LITTLE, Edwin R. (Af 1916), 1918 Ford Bldg.. Detroit. Mich. . Co.. 490 Broadway, Buffalo. N. Y. . MAGINN, Peter F. (Af 1908), 207 Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. ' MaGIRL, Willis James (7 1927), MaGirl Foundry & Furnace Works; 401-413 E. Oakland Ave., Bloomington, 111. 23 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 MAHONEY, David John (A 1926), Br. Mgr. (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 503 Franklin St.f and 703 W. Ferry St., Buffalo, N. Y- ' MAIER, George M. (Jf 1921), (for mail). Execu tive Dept., American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., and Peldean Court, Pelham, N. Y. MAIER, Herman F. (Jf 1926). 7124 Morgan St., Chicago, 111. ' MALLIS, William (Jf 1914), 326 Lyon Bldg.; Seattle Wash MALONE, Dayle G. (Jf 1929; A 1925), Vice- Pres., Hardin-Lavin Co., 121-31 W. Pershing Rd., and (for mail), '7015 Merrill Ave., Windsor Park Sta., Chicago, 111. MANAHAN, James E. (J 1926). Sales Engr., St. Louis County Gas Co.. 231 W. Lockwood Ave., and (for mail), 6732 Oakland Ave., Webster Groves, Mo. MANDEL, Henry J. (A 1929), Gen. Mgr., The Columbia Burner Co., 1649-51 Dorr St., and (for mail), 521 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, O. MANDEVILLE, Edgar W. (Jf 1914), 1171 East 37th St., Brooklyn. N. Y. MARSCHALL, Peter J. (J 1927), E. V. Hill Co.. 121 N. Clark St., Chicago. 111. MARSHALL, H. Hall (Jf 1923), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 37 West 43rd St., New York, and 63 Pine St., Garden City, N. Y. MARTENIS, John V. (Jf 1918), Associate Prof., Mchy. Design (for mail). University of Min nesota, and 114 Melbourne Ave., S. E., Min neapolis, Minn. MARTIN, Albert B. (Jf 1917), Mgr. (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Corp., 1858 S. Western Ave., Chicago, and 997 Vine St., Winnetka, 111. MARTIN, George W. (Af 1911), 141 East 29th St., New York, N. Y. MARTIN, Jeremiah F. (Jf 1926), Pres., J. F. Martin Co., Inc., 139 Taft St., and (for mail), . 166 Glenwood Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. MARTIN, O. Waldemar (Jf 1925), Br. Mgr. (for mail), Flaxlinum Insulating Co., 228 N. La Salle St., Chicago, and 1024 Hinman Ave.,' Evanston, III. MASON, James J, (Jf 1918), Sales Promotion (for mail). National Radiator Corp., 935 East 63rd St., Cleveland, and 936 Whitby Rd., Cleveland Heights, Ohio. MASON, Ray B. (Jf 1925), Kewanee Boiler Co., 2014 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. ' MATCHETT, James C. (Jf 1923), Vice-Pres, and Gen. Mgr. (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co., Racine Ave. at 21st St., and 9936 S. Winchester Ave., Chicago, III. MATHEY, Nicholas J. (Jf 1915), Mathey PIbg. Co., 31 Third Ave., Le Mars. Iowa. MATHIS, Eugene (Jf 1922), New York Blower Co.. 32nd and Shields Ave., Armour P. O. Sta., Chicago, 111. MATHIS, Henry (Jf 1921), 10317 Oakley Ave., Chicago, 111. MATHIS, Julien W. (A 1921), New York Blower Co., 2248 S. Halsted St., Chicago. 111. MATHY, Joseph, Jr. (Jf 1925). 3415 West 61st PL, Chicago, 111. ' MATSON, Taylor (A 1925), 6141 Girard Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. MATTHEWS, Charles R. (Jf 1924), Htg. Engr. (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 76 Summer St.. Boston, and 48 Dana St., Cambridge, Mass. MATTHIESSEN, H. G. F. (Jf 1923). Sales Engr., Hoffman Speciality Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 394 Centre St., Nutley, N. J. MATZEN, Harry B. (Jf 1919), Dist. Sales Mgr. (for mail), Carrier Engrg. Corp., 1824 Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, and 3115 Chadbourne Rd., Shaker Heights, Ohio. ' MAUER, William J. (Jf 1919), Vice-Pres, and Sales Mgr. (for mail), Dwyer Equipment Co.. 4534 W. North Ave., Chicago, and 2525 Colfax . St., Evanston, 111. MAURER, Edward D. (Jf 1921), 1527 Mars Ave., Lakewood, Ohio. '. MAUTSCH, Robert Henri (A 1928). Mgr-Dir., Engr., Compagnie Beige des Freins Westinghouse. Ave. Louise 97, Brussels, Belgium. MAY, A. O. (J 1928), Sales Engr. (for mail). Stannard Power Equipment Co., 53 W. Jackson Blvd.. Chicago, and 4824 Lee St., Niles Center, 111. 'MAY, Edwin A. (M 1906), 171 N. Kenilworth Ave., Oak Park, 111. - MAYER, Robert S. (Jf 1911), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., R. F. D. No. 1, Erie, Fa. MAYETTE, Charles E. (Jf 1926), Service Equip ment Engr. (for mail). United Engrs. & Con-, structors, Inc., 112 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, and S. 203 Stratford Court, Lansdowne, Pa. McCAFFREY, H. Grattan (Jf 1922), Sheldons. Ltd., W. Main St., Galt, Ont., Can. McCANN, Frank G. (Jf 1903). (Council, 1914 1915), Chief of Htg. and Vtg. Div. (for mail); Board of Education, 131 Livingston St., and 1616 E. Tenth St., Brooklyn, N. Y. McCarthy, Bernard J. (Jf 1625), Sales Engr. (for mail). The Trane Co., 844 Rush St., and 420 Diversey Pkwy., Chicago, 111. , McCarthy, Charles J. (Jf 1919). (for mail). 807 Otis Bldg., and 533 South 55thr St., Phila delphia, Pa. - McCAULEY, James H. (Jf 1921), 224 N. Pine St., Chicago, 111. McCLELLAN, James E. (Jf 1922), Asst. Mgr. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 228 N. La Salle St., and 4443 Greenview St., Chicago, 111. '` McCLENATHAN, Robert (Jf 1927), Board of Education, Central High School, Akron, Ohio. McCLINTOCK, A., Jr. (Jf 1928; J 1920), Htg. Engr. (for mail), A. McClintock & Sons, 1937 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, and 121 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon, Philadelphia, Pa. McCLINTOCK, A., Sr. (Jf 1917), Pres;, A. McClintock & Sons. 1937 Ridge.Ave.. Phila delphia. Pa. McCLINTOCK, John L. (Jf 1917), Htg. Engr. (for mail), A. McClintock & Sons, 1937 Ridge Ave,, Philadelphia, and .933 E. Rittenhouse St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. McCOLL, Jay R* (Jf 1916), (Presidential Member), (Pres., 1922; 1st Vice-Pres., 1921; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1920; Council, 1920-1923), 2348 Penobscot Bldg.. Detroit, Mich. McCONACHlE, L. L. (A 1928). McConachie & Reid, 8817 Mapk Ave., and (for mail), 1415 Harvard Rd., Detroit, Mich. .` McCONNER, Charles R. (A 1922), Dist; Mgr. (for mail), York IJtg. & Vtg. Corp., 4-266 General Motors Bldg., and 3290 Rochester St., Detroit, Mich. . - McCORMACK, Edward T. (A 1923), Dist. Mgr. (for mail). Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp,, 41 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y., and Stanton, N. J. McCOY, Thomas F. (Jf 1924), Mgr. (for mail), The Powers Regulator Co., 125 St. Botolph St,, Boston, and Glen Rd., Wellesley Farms, Mass: McCREA, Lester W. (Jf 1920), West 27th arid . Sisson Sts., Baltimore, Md. McCREARY, Julian Ledrew (A 1928), Room 11, Prince Theater Bldg., Ambridge, and Dettmar Ave., Baden, Pa. . McCREERY, Hugh Joseph (Jf 1922), Mech. Engr., 530 Standard Bk. Bldg., Vancouver, B. C. McCUNE, Byron V. (Jf 1928). Sales Engr. (for mail), 101 W. Yakima Ave., and 211 North 24th St., Yakima, Wash. MCDONALD, John j. (Jf 1927). Mgr., Albert Pick-Barth Co., John Van Range Co., 85 Kneeland St., Boston, and (for mail), 26 Chestnut St., Malden, Mass. , McDONNELL, Everett N. (Jf 1923), Owner (for mail), McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., 400 N. Michigan Ave., and 627 Arlington PL,. Chicago, 111. McELLROY, G. S. (Jf 1925), R. D. 2, Glenshaw, Pa. . . McEVOY, William J. (Jf 1917), Kitzelman Co., 3615 S. Morgan St., Chicago, 111. ` 24 Roll of Membership McFARLAND, William P. (A 1923), 6650 N. Maplewood Ave., Chicago, 111. McGEORGE, R. H. (Jf 1927), Mgr. (for mail), llg Elec. Vtg. Co., 415 Brainard St., and 14565 Brace St., Detroit, Mich. McGINNESS, J. E. (Jf 1903), Pres.. McGinness, Smith & McGinness Co., 527 First Ave., Pitts burgh, Pa. ,, McGLENN, G. Raymond (Jf 1915). 259 Lor- more St., Elmira, N. Y. ` McGRAIL, Thomas Ernest (Af 1926). 316 Belmore Ave., Montreal, Que., Can. McGREGOR, George H. (Af 1920), Mgr. (for mail). Western Htg. Co., 2250 N. Cicero Ave.. and 500 Leonard St., Park Ridge, 111. McGUIGAN, L. A. (A 1919), 724 Hastings St., Pittsburgh, Pa. _ McHENRY, Robert W. (Af 1921). Sales Engr.. Empire Brass Mfg. Co.. Ltd., 110 Adelaide St., W., and (for mail), 236 Eglinton Ave. E., Toronto, Ont., Can. McILVAINE, John H.* (Jf 1929), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), Mcllvaine Burner Corp., 749 Custer Ave., Evanston, and Lake Forest, 111. McINTIRE, James F. (Af 1915; A 1914), (Coun cil, 1926-1928), Vice-Pres. (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., P. O. Box 686, 1056 First National Bk. Bldg., and 3261 Sherbourne Rd., Detroit, Mich. McINTOSH, Fabian C. (Jf 1921; J 1917), (Council, 1919), Mgr. (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 10 E. North Diamond St., and 3334 Portola St., Pittsburgh, Pa. McKENNA, William N. (Life Member; Jf 1912). Treas. (for mail), William N. McKenna Co.-, 79 Chestnut St., and 21 W. Cedar St., Boston. Mass. McKIEVER, William H. (Af 1897; J 1896), Pres, (for mail), William H. McKiever, Inc., 247 West 13th St., New York, and 479 Eighth St., Brook lyn. N. Y. McLAIN, Roland D. (Jf 1921), 716 Vernon Ave.. Williairisport, Pa. , McLAUGHLIN, Joseph D. (J 1928). Mgr. (for ' - mail), Braley & McLaughlin, 166 Aborn St., and- 45 Roslyn Ave., Providence, R. I. McLAUGHLIN, Joseph J. (A 1928), 1831 South 23rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. McLEAN, Dermld (Af 1917). Consulting Engr. (for mail), McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2304 Penobscot Bldg., and 12651 Birwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. ^ McLEAN, Ivory D. (Jf 1924), Pres., McLean & Cousens Co., 65 Chandler St.. Boston, Mass. McLEISH, William Scott (J 1928). Mech. Engr. * (for mail), The Ric-wiL Co., Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, and 1646 Wagar Ave.. Lakewood. O. McLELLAND, H. Burton (A 1912), Jenkins Bros.. 646 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. McMAHON, Thomas W. (Jf 1928). American Blower Corp., 819 Cotninental Bk. Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. - , McMIGHAEL, Peter (A 1925), Apt. 7,41 Spadina Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. ' McMORRAN, Francis J. (Jf 1917), 230 E. Argonne Dr., Kirkwood, Mo. McMURRAY, John (M 1920), Iron City Htg. Co.. 843 Jackson St. N., South Pittsburgh. Pa. McMURRER, Louis J. (Jf 1928; J 1924), Pres., The McMurrer Co., 303 Congress St., Boston, Mass. McNAIR, E. (Af 1915), (2nd Vice-Pres., 1923; . Council, 1921-1923). Vice-Pres.. U. S. Radiator Corp., and Pres. Pacific Steel Boiler Corp.. 1056 First National Bk. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. . McVEHIL, Earl W. (Af 1923). McVehil Plbg. Co.. - 40 E. Wheeling St., Washington, Pa. MEAD, Edward A. (Jf 1926). Sales Dept, (for mail), Nash Engrg. Co., South Norwalk, and 5 Thames St.. Norwalk, Conn. MEAD, W. R. (Jf 1924). Mgr.. Htg. & Piping Con tractors Association of Alameda County, 354 Hobart St., Oakland, and (for mail), 1685 Euclid Ave., Berkeley, Calif. - ~ MEADOWS, Frank H. (Af 1923), 94 Second St.. Milwaukee, Wis. MEARA, John J. (J 1925), Engr. (for mail), Hunt Htg. Co., 1515 Olive St., and 5046 Wabada Ave., St. Louis, Mo. - MEHAFFEY, William Chambers (Jf 1922), Engr., Chambersburg Construction Co., Cham- bersburg. Pa. MEHNE, Carl A. (Af 1929), Livingston St.. Valhalla. N. Y. MEHRING, George (Charter Member), Pres., Mehring & Hanson Co., 162-166 N. Clinton St., Chicago, 111. MEIER, Konrad* (Jf 1916). Rychenbrirgstrasse 57, Winterthur, Switzerland. MELLON, James T. J. (Jf 1911), (for mail). Mellon Co., 4415-21 Ludlow St., and 431 North 63rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. MENK, R. W. (if 1919), 814 Clement St., Joliet, 111. MENSING, Frederick D. (Jf 1920), Consulting Engr. (for mail), Mensing & Co., 928 Presser Bldg., 1713 Sansom St., and 2845 Frankford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. MENZIES, Frederick Robert (J 1926), The Trane Co., 410 Temple St., New Haven, Conn. MERKEL, Fred P. (Jf 1924), 302 14th Ave., Belmar, N. J. MERRELL, Spencer A. (A 1927), Pres, (for mail), Merrell & Co., Inc., 2220 Olive St., and 4397 McPherson St., St. Louis, Mo. MERRILL, Carle J. (Af 1919), Treas., C. J. Merrill, Inc., 54 St. John St., Portland, Maine. MERRITT, Cecil James (Jf 1925), Asst. Gen. Mgr., C. J. Doughty & Co., 30 Brenan Rd., Shanghai, China. MERTZ, Walter A. (Af 1919), Secy, (for mail), Kehm Bros. Co., 51 E, Grand Ave., and 3753 N. Keeler Ave., Chicago, III. , MERVINE, Thomas R. (Jf 1922), Member of Firm, Mervicie Bros., 616 N. Fifth St., and (for mail). 1009 Pennsylvania Ave., Brookline, Upper Darby P. O.. Delaware County, Pa. MERWIN, Gile E. (Jf 1924; J 1923), Htg. Engr., Rockford Brass Works, and (for mail), 1509 Grant Ave., Rockford, 111. MESSMER, George Ellis (Jf 1929; A 1929; . J 1925), Sales Mgr. (for mail). Bridge & Beach Mfg. Co., 4204 N. Union Blvd., and 2914 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Mo.. . METCALF, Ralph H. (J 1929), C. A. Dunham Co.. 3605 Lactate Bldg,, St. Louis, Mo. MEWSHAW, James P. (W 1923). Sales EngT. (for mail), 915-16 Barr Bldg., and 2700 35th PI. N. W., Washington, D. C. MEYER, Frank L. (J 1928), Asst. Engr., Meyer Furnace Co., and (for mail), 220 Moss Ave., Peoria. 111. MEYER, Henry C., Jr. (Af 1898), (Council, 1915 1916), 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. MEYER, John W. (Jf 1921), Mgr., Order and Credit Depts. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 6000 Russell St., and 700 Seward Ave., Detroit. Mich. - MEYER, John W. (A 1929), (for mail). The Phila delphia Elec. Co., 1000 Chestnut St., and- 223 South 51st St., Philadelphia, Pa. . MICKIEWICZ, Stanley J. (/ 1928), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. (for mail), Typhoon Fan Co., 345 West 39th St., and 532 East 147th St., New York, N. Y. MIKESH, John James (J 1928), Wayzata Plbg. & Htg. Co., Wayzata, Minn. * MILES, James C.* (Jf 1914), Vice-Pres. arid Chief Engr., The Warm Air Furnace & Fan Co., 6511 Cedar Ave., and 1863 Crawford Rd,, Cleveland, Ohio. . MILLAR, Rowland J. (Jf 1925), Vice-Pres.,_and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). Pease Foundry Co./Ltd., 118 King St. E., and 53 Oakmount Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. ' MILLER, Alan A. (A 1926), Mgr., Htg. Dept., Tomlinson Co., Inc., 3650 N. Tenth St., Phila delphia. and (for mail), 731 Cornell Ave., Drexel Hill. Pa. MILLER, Charles A. (A 1917). H. B. Smith Co., 10 East 39th St., New York, N. Y. 25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 MILLER, Charles W. (M 1919; J1908), Pres, (for mail). The Rado Co., 192 Reed St., Milwaukee, and R 1, Box 62, Menomonee Falls, Wis. MILLER, Floyd A. (Af 1911), 477 Federal Bldg., Chicago, 111. MULLER, Harry M. (Af 1920), 6089-91 Plankington Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis. MILLER, Harvey N. (Af 1921), Estimating Engr., O. J. Dykman, 606 Building and Loan Bldg., and (for mail), 1850 Gidding Ave. S. E., Grand Rapids. Mich. MILLER-, Henry F. (A 1928), Dist. Mgr. (for mail), Keasbey & Mattison Co.. Schaff Bldg.. 15th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, and 11 S. Swartbmore Ave., Ridley Park, Pa. MILLER, James . (Af 1914; 7 1912), C. W. Johnson, Inc., 211 N. Desplaines St., Chicago, 111. MILLER, John F. G. (Af 1916), American Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., Detroit, Mich. MILLER, L. B. (Af 1926), Asst. Sales Mgr. (for mail), Time-O-Stat Controls Co., and 1843 E. Beardsley Ave., Elkhart, Ind. MILLER, Merl William (7 1926), Trane Co.. La Crosse, Wis. MILLER, Peter (Af 1926), Engr., Davidson & Miller, Inc., 119 Broadway, Saranac Lake. N. Y. MILLER, Robert B. (Af 1922), Pres.. Miller & Brady, Inc., 210 East 38th St., New York, N. Y. MILLER, Robert T. (A 1927), Masonite Corp., 504 Conway Bldg., Chicago, 111. MILLER, Tolbert G. (A 1929; 7 1921), 11 N. Second St., Wormleysburg, Pa. MILLER. William C. (Af 1918), Htg. Specialties. Co., 110 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. MILLIKEN, J. H* (Af 1923). Vice-Pres, and Br. Mgr. (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., 228 N. La Salle St., Chicago, and 1021 Ridge Court, Evan ston, 111. - MILLIS, Linn W. (Af 1918), Secy., Security Store & Mfg. Co.. 1630 Oakland St., and (for mail). 3534 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, Mo. MILWARD, Robert King (A 1920), Mgr. (for . mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 517 Dime Bk. Bldg., . and 2675 Tuxedo JWe., Detroit, Mich. MINNICH, Harry S. (Af 1921), 4526 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. MITCHELL, Charles H. (Af 1924). 179 Thatcher St., Mattapan P. O., Milton, Mass. MODIANO, Rene (Af 1925). Continental Sales Engr., Carrier Engrg. Co.. Ltd., 4 Rue d'Aguesseau, Paris 8ente, and (for mail), 55 Blvd. Beausiour, Paris 16n, France. MOFFETT, William S. (Af 1907), Staunton, Va. MOLER. WiUiam H. (Af 1927; J 1923), Sales Engr.. Carrier Engrg. Corp., 2706 Commerce St,, and (for mail), 2110 Bennett Ave., Dallas. Tex, MOLTZ, George N. (A 1925), 320 Granfiean Blvd.. Williamsport, Pa. MONAGHAN, T. H. (Af 1914), Pres., Robert Gordon, Inc., 22 W. Austin Ave., Chicago, III. MONDAY, Charles E. (Af 1920), (for mail), Chas. E. Monday & Co., 1323 Fairmount Ave., Phila delphia, Pa., and 15 N. Chelsea Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. MONROE, Harry E. (A 1928), 1907 East 78th St., Chicago, 111. ' MONROE, L. O. (A 1925; 7 1917), Gen. Mgr., Nichols Products Corp., 12953 Greeley Ave., Detroit, Mich. . MONTGOMERY, W. Ray (A 1923). Montgomery Bros., 500 N. Dearborn St.. Chicago. 111. MOON, L. Walter (Af 1915). Engr. (for mail). Bradley Htg. Co., 3834 Olive St., and 6069 . Gates Ave., St. Louis, Mo. MOORE, H. Lee (Af 1919), (Council. 1927-1928). Buffalo Forge Co., 927 Union Trust Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. . MOORE, H. S. (A 1923), Sales Mgr. (for mail). Atlas Engrg. & Mch. Co.. Ltd., 23 River St.. - Toronto, Ont., Can. MOORE, Raymond F. (A 1926), Architect (for ' mail), 415*18 O. R. C. Bldg., and 1714 Park Ave., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. MOORE, Robert Edwin (A 1928), Mgr., B. & G. Heater Div., Bell & Gossett Co., 3000 Wallace St,, and (for mail), 2102 Home Ave., Chicago, III. MORAN, Frank E. (Af 1922), Pres, (for mail), Ben Rigby, Inc., 6850 Grand Ave., Chicago, and 3034 S. Maple Ave., Berwyn, III. - ' MORAN, Roger J. (Af 1926), 51 AUen, Buffalo. N. Y. . MORGAN, C. Stanley (A 1919),Owner (for mail), 445 W. Earned St., Detroit, and 1036 Devonshire Rd.. Grosse Pointe Park, Mich. MORGAN, Francis H. (Af 1912), J. F. Morgan & Son, Inc., 67 Blake St., Lynn, Mass. MORGAN, Glenn'C. (Af 1911), Partner, Morgan- Gerrish Co., Affay Bldg., 800 La Salle Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. MORGAN, J. Scott (A 1922), 7277 Tioga St., Pittsburgh, Pa. MORGAN, Robert C. (Af 1915), 1200 Locust St.. Philadelphia, Pa. MORRILL, Raleigh Dudley (Af 1928). Prof.. Experimental Engrg., New York University, University Heights, New York, N. Y. MORRIS, C. Raymond (Af 1921), 55 Lexington Ave., Passaic, N. J. MORRIS, F. H. (Af 1912). (for mail), Grinnel! Co.. Inc., 5203 Hamilton Ave., and 1233 East 125th St., Cleveland, Ohio. . MORROW, Charles F. (A 1919), National Radia tor Co., 1509 Arrott Bldg., Wood and Fourth Aves., Pittsburgh, Pa.- MORSE. C. T. (Af 1921), Vice-Pres. arid Sales Mgr. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 6000 RusseJJ St., 16225ShaftsbbryAve., Detroit, Mich. MOSHER, Clarence H. (A 1919), Dist. Sales Repr., Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc., Elias St., Bridgeport. Conn., and (for mail), 624 Genesee Bldg., Buffalo, N. Y. / MOSHER, Roy Bradford (A 1927), Mgr. (for mail), Modine.Mfg. Co., 424 Baker Bldg., and 3236 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn. MOSS, Edward (Af 1920). 1130 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. - MOTEJL, J. A. (Af 1917), 220 16th Ave., Cedar Rapids. Iowa. - . MOTT, Abram C., Jr. (Af 1921), Pres, (for mail). Abram Cox Co., American and Dauphin Sts.. Philadelphia, and Lansdale, Pa. MOULDER, Albert W.* (Af 1917). Mgr., Htg. Power and Industrial Piping Div. (for mail), GrinneU Co., Inc., and 62 Humboldt Ave.,. Providence, R. I. . '. MOULTON, David (Af 1926), Mech. Engr. (for w mail). Monks & Johnson, 99 Chauncy St., Boston, and 35 Glen.St., Melrose, Mass. ' MOWER, William P. (Af 1924), Warren Webster Co., 76 Summer St., Boston, Mass. MUELLER, Paul E. (Af 1919), Pres, (for mail). The Paul E. Mueller Co., 320 Park St., and 343. Summit Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. MUIR, George A. (Af 1917), Consulting Engr., . 168 N. Michigan Ave.. Chicago, and (for mail), 234 S. Scoville Ave., Oak Park, 111. MUNDER, John F., Jr. (Af 1927; 7 1924), Mgr., Trade Div. (for mail). American Blower Corp., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y., and 193, River Edge Rd., Tenafly, N. J. *1 MUNIER, Leon L. (Af 1919; 7 1915), Secy-Treas/ (for mail), Wolff & Munier. Inc., 222 East 41st St., New York, and 610 Lafayette Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. MUNRO, Edward A. (Charter Member), Richard son & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. ' MUNSON, Morris G. (Af 1925), Herman Nelson Corp., Moline, III. MURPHY, Edward T.* (Af 1915), 39 Cortlandt St.. New York, N. Y. MURPHY, Howard C.* (Af 1923), Vice-Pres. (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., 215 Central Ave., Louisville, and Lightfoot Rd., Green Hills, Louisville, Ky. MURPHY, Joseph R. (A 1925), Sales Mgr., Taco Heaters, Inc., 342 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y., and Riverside Ter., Riverside, Conn. 26 Roll of Membership MURPHY, William A. (Af 1926), Mgr. (for mail), McDonnell & Miller. 5936 Grand Central Terminal Bldg., New York, and 172 Myrtle Ave., Larchmont, N. Y. MURPHY; William R. (Af 1911), Rpom 602, 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. MURRAY, Thomas F. (Af 1923), Engr.; State Architect, and (for mail), 300 Washington Ave., Albany, N: Y. ` MUSAUS, John, Jr. (Af 1923), 5912 New Utrecht Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. - MOTH, Herbert (Af 1912), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), Muth Htg. Co.. 4338 N. Western Ave., and 4117 Greenview Ave., Chicago. IU. MYERS, George W. F. (A 1928; 7 1923), Dist. - Mgr., York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1514 Chemical Bldg.r St. Louis, and (for mail), 476 Pasadena Ave., Webster Groves, Mo. ' MYERS, Joseph E. (A 1929), Sales Engr., Marine Galligan Co., 14 South 20th St.. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 98 W. Marshall Rd., Lansdowne, Pa. MYR1CK, James W. H. (Af 1909), New England Air Conditioning Co., 53 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass. N NACEY, Harry M. (Af 1908); Pres, and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). P. Nacey Co., 927 S. State St., and 229 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111. NADEN, Lester James (7 1925), 131 Southern Blvd., Albany, N. Y. NAROWETZ, Louis L,, Jr. (Af 1929; A 1912), Secy, and Active Head (for mail). Narowetz Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1711-1717 Maypole Ave., Chicago, and 112 Park Ave., Park Ridge, 111. NASON, George Lewis (Af 1929; A 1929; 7 1927), 31 N. Franklin St., Holbrook, Mass. NASS, A. F. (Af 1927), Secy-Treas. (for mail). McGinriess-Smith & McGinness Co.. 527 First ve., Pittsburgh, and Elmhurst and- Hillcrest d., Greentree Boro, R. D. 8, Crafton P. O., Pa. ' NATKIN, Benjamin* (Af 1909; 7 1907). Pres, (for mail), Natkin Engrg. Co., 314 W. Tenth St., and* 5211 Rokhill Rd., Kansas City, Mo. NAYLOR,. Ben C. (A 1922), Sales Mgr., Standard Asbestos Mfg. & Insulatipn Co., 210 Scott Ave., and 3232 Windsor Ave.. Kansas City, Mo. NEAL, Harry W. (Af 1928), 1324 N. Cap Ave.. Indianapolis. Ind. - NEALE, Laurance I. (A 1927), Gen. Sales Mgr. (for mail), Atlantic Gypsum Products Co., 40 Rector St., and 49 West 57th St., New York, N. Y. NEIDECK, Albert A. (7 1927), Engr,, Peter Sinnott Htg. Co.. 621 Tiffany St,, and (for mail). 2134 Wallace Ave., Bronx, N. Y, ^ NEILER, Samuel G. (Af 1898). Neiler & Rich Co.. 431 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IU. NEITZEL, Carl W. (Af 1921), 10724 Hathway Ave., Cleveland,* Ohio. NELSON, D. W.* (Af 1928), Asst Prof, in Steam ` & Gas Engrg. (for mail). Engineering Bldg., University of Wisconsin, and 3214 Oakridge Ave., Madison, Wis. NELSON, Frank, Jr. (Af 1923). Prop, (for mail), Nelson Piping & Equipment Co., 706 Delancey St.. Philadelphia, and 6349 Greenway Ave., West Philadelphia, Pa.\ NELSON, George Augustus (Af 1928), Sales Mgr. (for mail). Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., 949 Broadway, and 2336 University Ave., New York, N. Y. NELSON, George O. (Af 1923), Carstens Bros., Ackley, Iowa. NELSON, Harold A. (M 1926), 236 S. La Pere St.. Beverly Hills, Calif. NELSON, Herman W. (M1909). 1824 Third Ave., Moline, 111- NELSON, Ralph L. (Af 1917; 7 1923), N. 3823 Normandie St., Sopkane, Wash. NELSON, Richard H. (7 1928). Production Mgr., Herman Nelson Corp., Moline, and (for mail), Longview Apts., Rock Island, 111. - NELSON, Roy O. (7 1928), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. (for mail), The Ensign Engrg. Co., 35 E. Wacker Dr., Room 3536. and 2321 Waveland Ave., Chicago, 111. NESBITT, Albert J.* (Af 1921; 7 1921), State Road and Rhawn St., Holmesburg Junction, Pa. NESBITT, John J. (Af 1923), State Road and . Rhawn St., Holmesburg Junction, Pa. NESDAHL, Eilert (Af 1915), Sales Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and (for mail), 1453 Concord PI., Elizabeth, N. J. NESMITH, O. Earl (A 1928), 107 Warner Ave., Bloomington, IU. NEWCOMB, Raymond (Af 1927; A 1927; 71924), 570 Seventh Ave., New York, and (for mail), 25 Putnam Ave., White Plains, N. Y. NEWPORT, Charles F.* (Af 1906), Engr., Weil- McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind., and (for maU), 10001 Longwood.Dr., Chicago, 111. NICELY, John Eyster (A 1925), Vice-Pres. and Sales Mgr., Corbit Bros. PIbg. & Htg. Corp., Inc., 149 N. Fifth St., and (for mail), 1208 Marion St., Reading, Pa. NICHOLLS, Percy* (Af 1920), Supervising Engr.. Fuel Section (for mail), U. S. Bureau of Mines, and 273 N. Craig St., Pittsburgh, Pa. NICHOLS, George B. (Af 1915). (Council. 1919 1920). Mech. Engr., Gibbs & Hill. Cons. Engrs., Pennsylvania Station. New York, N. Y. NICOL, Norman C. (Af 1923), C. H. Sta., Box 542, New York. N. Y. NIESTRATH, Walter H. (A 1921), Sales Repr., Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 2073 Southport Ave., Chicago, IU.. and (for mail), 3324 S. Jefferson Ave., St. Louis, Mo. NILSON, Andrew (Af 1917), 5407 Wayne Ave., Chicago, IU. NILSON, Karl A. (7 1926), Secy, (for mail). Nilson Bros., 3222 N. Halsted St., and 5633 N. Mozart St., Chicago, IU. NOBBS, Waiter W. (Af 1919), 50 Fairhazel Gardens, London, N. W. 6. England. NOBIS, Harry M. (Af 1914), 1827 Stanwood Rd., East Cleveland, Ohio. - NOBLE, Milner (A 1929; 7 1924), Aerofin Corp.. 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J. NOLAN, James Joseph, Jr. (7 1929), (for mail), .Carrier Engr. Corp., 850 FreUnghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J., and Lebanon Springs, N. Y. NOLAND, Lloyd U. (Af 1915), 408 Cal-Wayne Bldg.. Ft. Wayne, Ind. NOLAND, Ralph Waldo (Af 1914), Consulting Engr. (for mail). 408 Cal-Wayne Bldg., and 910 Kensington Blvd., Ft. Wayne, Ind. NOLL, William F. (Af 1924). 1188 45th St., . Milwaukee, Wis. . NORDINE, Louis F. (Af 1914), Vice-Pres.. The Herman Nelson Corp., and (for mail). 1170 25th St.. Moline. IU. . NORMAN, Mehrold A. (Af 1920), 549 W. Washington St., Room 506. Chicago, IU. NOTTBERG, Henry J. (Af 1919), Secy-Treas. (for mail), U. S. Engrg. Co., 914-16 Campbell St., and 213 S. Bales, Kansas City, Mo. NOVOTNEY, Thomas A. (Af 1928), Mgr. (for mail). Research and Planning Dept., National - Radiator Corp., and 180 Ohio St., Johnstown, Pa. NOYES, George T. (Af 1928), Treas. and Engr.. The Allen PIbg. Co., 283 Main St., and (for mail), 27 Church St., Presque Isle, Maine. NULSEN, Carl A, (Af 1919), Mgr., Htg. & Power Dept, (for mail), Hanley & Co., 6 N. Clark-St., and 931 Ainslie St.. Chicago, IU. NUSBAUM, Lee* (Af 1915), (for mail), Pennsyl vania Engrg. Co., 1119-21 N. Howard St., Phila delphia, and 315 Carpenter Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia. Pa. 27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 oP OAKS, Orion O. (Af 1917), Chief Engr. (for mail). . PADGINTON, George (Af 1919), 73 Huntington American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. York, N. Y., and 119 Oak Ridge Ave., Summit. N. J. O'BANNON, Lester Severance* (Af 1928), Prof, PAETZ, Herbert E. (Af 1922), American Blower Co.. 2539 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Mich. PAGE, Harry W. (Af 1923), 119 Warren Ave., of Heat Engrg., University of Kentucky, Lexing ton, Ky. OBERT, Casin W. (Af 1916), Consulting Engr.. Wauwatosa, Wis. PAINE, Kenneth A. (A 1928; 7 1925), Paine Htg. Co., 127 S. State St,, Jackson, Miss. Union Carbide &CarbonResearch Lab.,Thompson PAINTER, David H. {A 1924), 4936 Park, Pkwy. Ave. and Manley St., Long Island City, and (for Sta., Kansas City, Mo. mail). 122 N. Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. PARKER, Philip (Af 1915), 8 Middle St., Woburn. O'BRIEN, J. H. (Af 1923), Dist. Mgr., American Blower Corp., 228 N. La Salle St., Chicago, 111. PARKHILL, David (Af 1915). 116 Wooster St,, O'CONNELL, Edward D. (A 1925), 1432 North New York, N. Y. 53rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. PARKS, W. N. (A 1927), Mgr. (for mail), U. S. O'CONNELL, Michael* (7 1927), 1722 Crosby Radiator Corp., 688 Hampden Ave., St. Paul, Ave., New York, N. Y. and 5348 First Ave. S., Minneapolis. Minn. O'CONNELL, Patrick M. (A 1928), Sales Engr.,. PARROTT, Lyle George (Af 1922), Supervising U. S. Radiator Corp., 1401 Builders Bldg., and (for mail), 6325 N. Mozart St., Chicago, 111. Engr., Member of Firm (for mail), McColl. Snyder & McLean. 2304 Penobscot Bldg., and O'CONNELL, Presly M. (Af 1916), 5749-31st 3788 Gladstone Ave., Detroit, Mich. Ave. N. E., Seattle. Wash. PARTER, Samuel C. (Af 1909; 7 1907), Secy., O'CONNOR, Joseph M. (Af 1923), 1100 E. Douglass Ave., Wichita, Kan. O'DONNELL, Thomas J. (Af 1920), Secy-Treas. James H. Merritt & Co.. 207 Water St., and (fdr mail), 865 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. PARTLAN, James W. (Af 1916). (for maxi), (for mail), William H. McKiever, Inc., 247 West 14290 Goddard Ave., and 2521 Edison Ave., 13th St., New York, and 927 Central Ave., Detroit, Mich. . Woodmere, L. I., N. Y. ' ' PATERSON, Frederick C., Jr. (7 1928), Paterson ODROBINA, Stephen R. (Af 1927), Engr., Vapor & Fensel, City Bldg., Bradford, Pa. Engrg. Co., 489 Fifth Ave., New York, and (for PATERSON, James S* (Af 1922), Board , of mail). 25-33-36th St., Long Island City, N. Y. Education, 155 College St., Toronto, Ont., van. OFFEN, Ben (Af 1928), Owner and Mgr., B. Offen PATORNO, Sullivan A. S. (Af 1923); Meyer. ' & Co., 608 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. OFFNER, Alfred J. (Af 1922), 1182 Broadway, Strong & Jones, Inc., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. . New York, N. Y. PATRICK, Horace M. (7 1929), Mensing & Co.. OLSEN, Carlton F. (A 1925; 7 1920), 6238 Evans 1712 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Ave., Chicago, 111. . PATTERSON, D. Finley (7 1923). Vapor Htg. OLSON, Arvid E. (Af 1925), 3554 Dickens Ave., Co., 2129 Cherry St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1 Chicago, 111. OLSON, Bernhard (A 1929), General Appliance Sales Corp., 116 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. OLSON, Robert G. (Af 1923), Br. Mgr. (for mail), PATTON, Roy L. (Af 1927), Pres, (for mail). Southwest Htg. & Plbg. Co., 1616 Petroleum Bldg., and 1111 West 38th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. American Blower Corp., 1418*19 Majestic Bldg., PAULDING, Lewis G. (Af 1926),. Treas. (for and 260 E. Wells St., Milwaukee, Wis. ' mail), Frank Paulding & Son, 4735 Grand OLVANY, William J. (Af 1912), 100 Charles St.. Central Terminal Bldg.. New York, and 8786 New York, N. Y. 116th St., Richmond Hill, N. Y. O'NEILL, James W. (Af 1929; A 1927; 7 1925), PAULSEN, Carl E. (A 1926). Mann & Co., 722 Chief Engr. (for mail), Trane Co. of Canada, Rorabaugh-Wiley Bldg., Hutchinson, Kans. . Ltd., 439 King St. W., and 8 Springmount Ave., PEACOCK, James K. (Af 1921). Hoffman Toronto, Ont., Can. . Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y. O'NEILL, Peter (Af 1920), 224 Third Ave., PEAK, Alexander M. (A 1929; 7 1927), 7221 ^Pittsburgh, Pa- ORMSBY, H. Kingsley, Jr. (7 1928), Dist, Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co;, 1538 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, N. Y. ' ORR, Fred B. (Af 1924), Illinois Maintenance Co., 72 W. Adams St., Chicago. 111. ORR, H. B. (Af 1928). Mgr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 2323*24 Koppers Bldg., and 281 Lebanon Ave., Mt. Lebanon, Pittsburgh, Pa. ORR, Merrill J. (Af 1917), 513 Jackson St., Sioux North 21st St., Philadelphia. Pa. PEARCE, C. E. (Af 1911), 1255 Clinton PI.. Elizabeth, N. J. PEASE, Harrison H. (A 1922), Carrier Engrg. Co.. 39 W. Cortlandt St.. New York. N. Y. PECKHAM, Randolph R. (Af 1919). c/o R. P. Peckham, 650 Baltimore W., Detroit, Mich. PEEBLES, John K., Jr. (A 1925; 7 1924). Peebles & Ferguson, 733 Law Bldg., Norfolk, Va. City, Iowa. PENCE, M. D. (7 1927), Asst. Engr.-(for mail). ORTH, John W. (Af 1919). 509 Columbia St., C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., and 7850 Lafayette, Ind. Saginaw St., Chicago, 111. OSBORNE, G. H. (Af 1922). 836 Pratt Ave., PENNELL, S. Howard (Af 1925), Member of Outremont, Montreal, Que., Can. . OSBORNE, Maurice Machado (Af 1925). Partner. Osborne & Powell, 755 Boylston St., and (for mail). 367 Beacon St., Boston. Mass. OSBORNE, Wallace J. (A 1927), Domestic Engrg.. 110 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y. OSTRANDER, Lewis F. (Af 1923), 701 Lake Dr.. Milwaukee, Wis. _ OTIS, Gerald E.* (Af 1922), H. Nelson Corp., . Moline, 111. ' OTT, O. W. (Af 1925), Consulting Mech. Engr. (for mail), 1100 Washington Bldg., and 123 S. Virgil Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. Firm (for mail), William Macy Stanton, Archi tect, Land Title Bldg., and Lansdowne, Pa. PENNOCK, William Britton (Af 1927), Mgr. and Sales Engr. (for mail). Darling Bros., Ltd., Pitt St. W., and 1428 Victoria Ave., Windsor, Ont., Can. PERHAM, Stanley H. (Af 1920). Consulting Engr., 4507 Carrollton Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. PERKINS, Fred C. (A 1923), Perkins Le Noir Co.. 1068 Drexel Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. PERLSTEIN, Samuel (7 1928), 718 W. State St., Trenton. N. J. OTTO, R. W. (Af 1912), Mech. Engr., Toltz, King PETERKIN, Stuart MacC. (Af 1922), 71 Del- & Day. Builders Exchange, and (for mail), 2147 oraine Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. -Carroll Ave./St. Paul," Minn. . PETERSON, Leslie James (A 1929), Sales Mgr. OVERTON, Sidney Harold (Af 1929), Consulting Engr.. 65 Caroline St., South Yarra, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. - (for mail), Yelton Weaver Supply. Co.. 215 N. Eighth St., and 1112 Fayette Ave.. Spring field. IU. 28 Roll of Membership PETHERICK, David H. (A 1910), 9 Kemberton Dr., Pleasant Ridge. Mich. PFEIFFER, Benjamin J. (A 1919; 7 1925), 435 West 41st St,, New York, N. Y. PFEIFFER, J. Frederick (7 1925). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., E. Keeler Co., and (for mail), 346 Louisa St., Williamsport, Pa. PFUHLER, John L. (A 1925; 7 1923), C00 Manor Rd., West New Brighton, S. I., N. Y. PHELPS, Harold R. (7 1927), 960 Gladstone Apt. 405, Detroit, Mich. PHILLIPS, Frank T. (Af 1919), American Radiator Co., 2212 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. PHILLIPS, Frederic W,, Jr. (Af 1921), Engr. (for mail), E. W. Mandeville, Inc., 623 Parkside Ave., and 825 East 38th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. . PICKER, Frederick Charles (A 1926), Pres, (for mail). Air Conditioning & Engrg. Co., 2914 S. Jefferson Ave., and 4568 Tower Grove PI., St. Louis, Mo. ' PICKETT, Clinton A. (A 1923), Herman Nelson Corp., 200 Rialto Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. PIERCE, Edward F., Jr. (7 1925), Sales Engr.. Hoffman Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn., and (for mail). 72 Pkwy, Melrose, Mass. . ' PIHLMAN, A. A. (Af 1928), (for mail). Consoli dated Gas Co., 4 Irving PI., New York, N. Y., and 235 Dwight St., Jersey City, N. J. . PINDER, Percy H. (Af 1919), 366 Third Ave., ' New York. N. Y. PINE, Melvin (Af 1929), Vice-Pres, (for mail). The Pine Engrg. Corp., 162-24 Jamacia Ave., and 181-ll-90th Ave., Jamaica, N. Y. PINES, Sidney (Af 1920), Asst. Mgr. (for mail), Natkin Engrg. Co., 314-318 W. Tenth St., and 736 Valentine Rd., Kansas City/Mo. PITCHER, Lester J. (A 1928; 7 1924), 1518 East 69th St., Chicago, IU. ' PITTELKOW, Arthur G. (Af 1907), Pres., Pittelkow Htg. & Engrg. Co., 2340 W. Lafayette Blvd., Detroit, Mich. PIZIE, Stuart G. (A 1926), B. J. Pizie & Son. MiUbrook, N. Y. PLACE, Clyde R. (Af 1924), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 420 Lexington Ave., and 333 East 57th St., New York, N. Y. PLACE, Herman R. (Af 1924), 835 Watertown St., West Newton, Mass. PLAENERT, Alfred Bernhard (7 1927). 1114 S. Park St., Madison, Wis. . PLASS, Charles Webster (Af 1928), Pres, (for mail), Plass Engrg. Corp., 1531 Grand Ave., and 426 East 55th St., Kansas City, Mo. . PLAYFAIR, George Alexander (A 1924), Mgr. (for mail), Johnson Temperature Regulating Co. of Canada, Ltd., 100 Adelaide St. E., and 78 Wineva Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. PLEWES, Stanley E. (Af 1917), 2853 North 12th St., North Philadelphia, Sta. 8, Philadelphia, Pa. PLUNKETT, John H. (Af 1925), Chief of Inspec- tion. Dept: of Public Safety, Massachusetts Com monwealth, State House. Room 24, Boston, and (for mail), 81 Woodrow Ave., Dorchester, Mass. POCOCK, Paul C. (Af 1929), N. E. Mgr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 260 Tremont St., Boston, and 8 Upland Rd., Wellesley, Mass. . POEHNER, Robert E. (Af 1928), Vice-Pres. and Secy., W. H. Johnson & Son Co., 330 E. St. Joe St., and (for mail), 2308 Coyner Ave., Indiana polis, Ind. - POLDERMAN, L. H. (Af 1927), Pacific Coast Mgr. (for mail), Carrier Engrg. Corp., 748 E. Washington St., and 1330 Colorado Blvd., Los Angeles. Calif. POOL, Sterling H. (Af 1913), 22 Market St., Lynn, Mass. POOLE, Ernest F. (Af 1921), Engr. (for mail). F. P. Sheldon & Son. 1009 Hospital Trust Bldg., and 74 Farragut Ave., Providence, R. I. ' POPE, S. Austin (U 1917), 260 Jefferson St., Chicago, 111. ' POPE, William A. (Af 1906). (for mail), 26 N. Jefferson St., Chicago, and 612 Keystone Ave., River Forest, 111. PORTRUDE, W. M. (7 1926), Salesman. Ander sen, Meyer & Co., Ltd., Shanghai. China. PORZEL, Joseph (A 1929), Vice-Pres. and Director of Research. Multicell Radiator Corp.; West Ave., and (for mail), 593 East Ave.. Lockport, N. Y. POSEY, James (Af 1919), 201 W. Franklin St., Baltimore, Md. POWERS, Fred I. (Af 1920), Factory Repr. (for mail). Box 324, and 605 S. Sixth Ave., Bozeman, Mont. POWERS, F. W. (Af 1911), Pres, and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). The Powers Regulator Co.. 2720 Greenview Ave., and 900 Castlewood Ter., Chicago, 111. PRENTICE, Oliver J. (A 1927). Publicity Mgr. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., and 850 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111. PRESDEE, Cliff W. (A 1926), National Trade Journals, 521 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. PRICE, William H., Jr. (Af 1927), Sales Mgr., Air Conditioning Div., York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), Windsor Ave., Wayne, Pa. PROBST, A. H. (Af 1919), Morgan-Gerrish Co., 800-6 La Salle Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. PROHASKA, Ernest C. (A 1929), 1752 N. Monticello Ave., Chicago. IU. PROX, Robert F. (Af 1923 ; 7 1922), Vice-Pres. (for mail), Frank Prox Co., 1201 S. First St,, and 1608 S. Fourth St., Terra Haute, Ind. PRYOR, Frederick L. (Af 1913), National Silk Dyeing Co., 5 Colt St., Paterson, N. J. PRYOR, Robert W., Jr. (Af 1913), (Council, 1919-1920), Mech. Engr. (for mail), Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St.. New York. N. Y., and 199 Roseville Ave., Newark, N. J. PURCELL, Arthur J. (Af 1914), Engr. Salesman, 631 New Britain Ave., Hartford, Conn. PURCELL, Frederick C. (Af 1926). 2847 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. PURCELL, Robert E. (Af 1916), 1726 Willis Ave.. Detroit, Mich. PURDY, Alexander K. (Af 1922), Purdy Mansell, Ltd., 63 Albert St., Toronto, Ont., Can. PURDY, Randall B. (A 1927). McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Tenth Ave. and 36th St., New York, N. Y. PURINTON, Dexter J. (A 1923), 101 Park Ave.. New York, N. Y. PURSELL, H. E. (Af 1919), Kewanee Boiler Co., and (for mail), 212 S. Tremont St., Kewanee, 111. PYLE, J. W. (Af 1919), Mgr. (for mail), Peru Htg. Co., 28-30 W. Canal St., and 371 W. Third St.. . Peru, Ind. O QUALTROUGH, B. F. (A 1926), 928 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. QUAY, D. M. ((Charter Member; Presidential Member). (Pres., 1900; 1st Vice-Pres., 1896, 1899; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1895), Builders Exchange, Cleveland. O. . QUENTIN, Edward H. (A 1919), 2328 Locust St.. St. Louis, Mo. :` QUIGLEY, William J. (Af 1920), 27 Knowlton Ave., Hertal Sta., Buffalo. N. Y. QUIRK, Clinton H. (Af 1916; 7 1915), Sales Engr., Vento and Arcoblast Div. (for mail). American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, and 36 Kilburn Rd., Garden City, N. Y. R .RAE, Thomas W. (Af 1924), American Radiator Co., P. O. Box 882. Oklahoma City, Okla. RAINE, John J. (Af 1912). G. S. Blodgett Co.. Burlington, Vt. . '' RAINGER, Wallace F. (7 1924). Chief Drafts man, Jaros & Baum, 116 West-39th St., New York, and (for mail), 441 Hawthorne Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. . RAISLER, Samuel (Af 1921), 173 Riverside Dr., New York, N. Y. . 29 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 RALSTON, Louis T. M. (Af 1926), Pres, (for RICHARDSON, D. Rait (Af 1915). Pres.. Richard mail), Louis T. M. Ralston, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt son & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, Ave., and 25 East 77th St., New York, N. Y. N. Y. RAMSAY, Harold Whiteman (7 1928), Newton RICHARDSON, Frank J. (Af 1921), Mech. Sq., Delaware County, Pa. Engr., Board of Education, 131 Livingston St., RANDALL, W. Clifton* (M 1928), Chief Engr. and (for mail), 467 First St., Brooklyn, N. Y. (for mail), Detroit Steel Products Co., 2250 E. RICHTMANN, William Muir* (7 1926), 3104 Grand Blvd., and 5540 Ridgewood Ave., Detroit, Wells St., Apt. 101, Milwaukee, Wis. Mich. RICKLY, Francis A. (A 1927), Special Repr. (for RANDOLPH, Charles H. (A 1928; 7 1926), mail), American Radiator Co., 4201 Duncan Kewanee Boiler Corp., 440 Barclay St., Mil Ave., and 5616 Pershing Ave., St. Louis. Mo. waukee. Wis. RIES, Lester S. (Af 1929), SupL of Buildings and RASMUSSEN, Einar (A 1926; 7 1925), 419 Grounds (for mail), University of Chicago, 5750 Whitney St., Wilkinsburg, Pa. Ellis Ave., and 5514 University Ave., Chicago. 111. RATHER, Max F. (Af 1919). Johnson Service Co., RIETZ, Elmer W. (Af 1923), Asst. Sales Mgr. (for 2142 East 19th St., Cleveland. O. mail). Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Greenview REARDON, J. Albert (Af 1921). Reardon Bros. Ave., Chicago, and 940 Greenwood Ave., Win- Co., 341 Union St., Lynn. Mass. netka. III. . RECH, P. D. (A 1927), Gen. Sales Dept, (for mail), RILEY, Champlain L. (Af '1906), (Presidential Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc., P. O. Box 1220, Member), (Pres., 1921; 1st Vice-Pres., 1920; Waterbury, and Main St., Watertown. Conn. Council. 1918-1922), Clark, MacMullen & RECK, William Ernst (Af 1927), Vice-Pres. (for Riley, 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. , mail). The Reck Htg. Co.. 15 Esromgade. Copen RILEY, DeWItt H. (Af 1921). Engr., American hagen, and Sundvej 16, Hellerup, Denmark. RadiatoT Co., Bond Plant, 87 Rano St., Buffalo, REDERER, Benedict S. (Af 1922), (for mail), 611 and (for mail), 88 Columbia Rd., Kenmore, N. Y. Arrott Bldg., and 384 Avon Dr., ML Lebanon, RINKENBERGER, George (Af 1924), 244 Market Pittsburgh, Pa. St., Johnstown, Pa. . if REED; John F. (Af 1927; A 1923), Vice-Pres., RITCHIE, Edmund J. (Af 1923), Sarco Co.. 183 Reed Air Filter Co., 420 Lexington Ave., New Madison Ave.. New York, N. Y. * York. N. Y. RITCHIE, William (Af 1909), Vice-Pres., Boyn REED, William M. (Af 1927). Reed Air Filter Co.. ton Furnace Co., 58 West 40th St., New York. 215 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky. ' N. Y,, and (for mail), 17 Van Reipen Ave., REEDER, Charles L. (Af 1911), 916 N. Charles St., Baltimore^ Md. REESE, Henry L. (Af 1923). Engr.. 426 Jefferson St., Hyde Park, Reading, Pa. REHLING, Hugo F. (Af 1928), Dist. Mgr. (for mail). B. F. Sturtevant Co., 445 Penton Bldg., Cleveland, and 1212 Hathaway Ave., Lakewood, Ohio. REID, Henry P. (A 1927), Special Engr. (for , mail). Universal Portland Cement Co., Room 1520, 210 S. La Salle St., Chicago, and 3507 Oak Park Ave., Berwyn, 111. REILLY, Charles Edward (7 1928), 4920 City Line Ave., Philadelphia. Pa. Jersey City. N. J. RITTER, Arthur (Af 1911), Mgr. (for mail). American Blower Corp., 50 Church St., New York, and Edgemont Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y. ROBB, John M. (Af 1913), Director of Service. Herman Nelson Corp.. Moline, and (for mail), 1513 Columbia Ter., Peoria, 111. ROBERTS, Henry L. (Af 1916), Engr. and Con tractor (for mail). 228 North 16th St., Phila delphia. and 1014 Allston Rd., Brookline. Delaware County, Pa. . ROBERTS, J. H. (Af 1926), W. A. Case & Son Mfg. Co., 203 Woodbridge SL W., Detroit, Mich.- ROBERTSON. John M. (A 1927; 7 1926), Br. Mgr. (for mail), E. K. Campbell Htg. Co.. 4908 REILLY, J. Harry (7 1929), Htg. Engr., Kimball & Delmar Blvd., and 6716 Clayton Ave., St. Louis. Cued, 205 East 42nd St.. New York. N. Y.. and Mo. (for mail), 14 Watson Ave., East Orange, N. J. RODMAN, Robert W. (Af 1922), Supt. of Plant REPP, Harry L. (Af 1922), 2294 Scranton Rd., Cleveland, Ohio. RETTEW, Harvey F. (Af 1929). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Board of Public Education, 19th and Ludlow Sts., and (for mail), 6821 Martins Mill Rd., Philadelphia, Pa. REUSS, Edward H., Jr. (Af 1921; A 1919), 49th and Grays Ave. Philadelphia, Pa. ` REYNOLDS, Henry M. (Af 1915), P. O. Box 350, San Antonio, Tex. REYNOLDS, Thurlow Weed (Af 1922). Mech. Engr., American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., ' New York. N. Y., and (for mail), 62 Hackensack St., Woodridge, N. J. ' REYNOLDS, Walter V. (A 1928). James-Rey- nolds Co., Inc., 218 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y. RICE, C. J. (A 1923). Western Distributor, Modine Mfg. Co., 1626 Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis. RICE, John A. (A 1929), Htg. and Vtg. Estimator, Thompson Starret Co.. 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, and (for mail), 108 Locust Blva., Gibson, L. I., N. Y. ' Operation (for mail), Board of Education, City of New York, 500 Park Ave., and 175 West 73rd . St.. New York. N. Y. ROEBUCK, William, Jr. (Af 1917), Partner (for mail), R. T. Coe Cos., 308 Jackson Bldg., and Linwood and Summer Sts.. Buffalo, N. Y. ROEMER, Julius (Af 1928), Owner, J. Roemer Htg. Co., Builders Exchange, Cleveland, Ohio. ROGERS, A. Carle (Af 1921). Commissioner of Water, Div. of Water, City of Toledo, 110 Cherry St., and (for mail), 752 Euclid Ave.. Toledo, O. RONEY, Thomas G. (Af 1916), 3461 Fort St. W.. Detroit, Mich ROONEY, Martin A. (Af 1918; A 1917). Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 41 East 42nd St.. New York, N. Y. ' ROSEBROUGH, Robert M. (Af 1920), Br. Mgri. (for mail), L. J. Mueller Furnace Co., 4246 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, and 7241 Dorset Ave., University City. St. Louis County, Mo. ROSENBACH, Rudolph G. (Af 1920J. 549 Washington St., Chicago, 111. / ROSENBERG, Philip (A 1928), 811 Walton Ave., New York. N. Y. RICE, William W. (Af 1915), 830 Morgan Ave., ROSS, John O. (Af 1920), Pres., Ross Industries Drexel Hill. Delaware County, Pa. Corp., 271 Madison Ave., New York. N. Y. RICHARD, I. T. (A 1928). Steamfitter and Engr., J. G. Giilispie Co., 708 Columbia Rd., Dor chester, and (for mail), 27 Mt. Pleasant Ave., ROSS, Joseph F. (Af 1926), Secy-Trcas. (for mail). Ross Boiler Co., 112 W. Adams St., Chicago, and 7501-57th St., Summit, 111. * Roxbury, Mass. ROSSMAN, V. D. (Af 1919; A 1907), 2365 Klemm RICHARDS. S. Frank (Af 1915), Pres.. The ` St.. St. Louis, Mo. . Richards Corp., 1125 North Ave., Wilkinsburg ROTHROCK, John T. (Af 1920), Thompson- Br., Pittsburgh, and (for mail), 335 West River- Starrett Co.. Inc., 250 Park Ave., New York, view Ave., Bellevue Br., Pittsburgh, Pa. N. Y. ., 30 Roll of Membership ROTTMAYER, Samuel I. (7 1928), 918 Winona Ave., Chicago, 111. ROTZ, John M. (Af .1918), (for mail), J. M. Rotz Engrg. Co.. 704 Merchants Bank Bldg., Indiana polis, and Carmel, Ind. ROWE, William A. (Af 1921), (Council, 1929). Chief Engr. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 6004 Russell St., and 1733 Virginia Park, Detroit, Mich. ROWLEY, Frank Benjamin* (Af 1918), (Coun cil, 1927-1929), Prof, of Mech. Engrg. and Direc tor of Experimental Engrg. Lab., University of Minnesota, and (for mail), 63 Barton Ave. S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. ROYER, Earl B. (Af 1928), Des. Engr.. Fosdick & Hilmer, 1703 Union Trust Bldg., and (for mail), 6635 Iris Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. RUDDELL, W. H. (Af 1921), Mgr. (for mail). West Coast Htg. Co., Inc., 505 Lloyd Bldg., and 816 W. Blaine St.. Seattle, Wash. RUFF, DeWItt C. (Af 1922), Healy-Ruff Co.. 765 Hampden Ave., St. Paul, Minn. RUGART, Karl (A 1924), Associate Mgr. (for mail), WarTen Webster & Co., 301 Stephen Girard Bldg., and 5830 Willows Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. RUGGLES, Robert F. (A 1927; 7 1926), 15 Gregg PL, Randall Manor, Tompkinsville. S. I., N. Y. RUPPERT, E. H. (A 1923), 85 Eastern Pkwy., Brooklyn, N. Y. RUSSELL, Edward A. (A 1927), 8103 Dorchester Ave., Chicago. 111. RUSSELL, Hugh C.* (Af 1911), U. S. Treas. Dept., Post Office Bldg., Chattanooga. Tenn. RUSSELL, Joseph N. (Af 1899). 37 Duke St.. Oxford St., London, W. 1, England. RUSSELL, W. A. (Af 1921). (for mail). U. S. Radiator Corp., 1405 West 11th St., and 235 Ward Pkwy.. Kansas City. Mo. RUSSELL, William Arthur (Charter Member), Pres., W. A. Russell & Co., Grand Central Terminal Bldg., New York. N. Y. RUSSELL, William Bradford (Af 1928), Colo rado Ave., R. F. D. 1, Joliet, 111. RUSSELL, William L. A. (A 1925), Sales Mgr., Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc., 1474 S. Vandeventer Ave., and (for mail), 1246 Temple PL, St. Louis, Mo. RYAN, Harry J. (Af 1922), Consulting Engr., 47 Harris Ave., Albany, N. Y. RYDELL, C. A. (7 1928), Mech. Engr., Carrier- Lyle Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., and (for mail), 244 Roseville Ave., Newark. N. J. RYEN, Max (7 1928), Pierce. Butler & Pierce. Nickols St., Syracuse, N. Y. S SABIN, Edward R. (Af 1919), E. R. Sabin & Co., ' . 4710-12 Market St., Philadelphia. Pa. SACHLEBEN, Edward H. (A 1921), E. H. Sach- leben & Co.. 2829 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo. SADLER, Charles Boone (Af 1928), Design Draftsman (for. mail). Public Wqrks Office, 11th Naval Dist., and 4440 Point Loma Ave., San Diego, Calif. ST. CLAIR, Charles W. (71927), Sales Engr: (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., 321 Union Bldg., Cleveland, and 17225 Clifton Blvd., Lakewood, Ohio. . ' ST. JOHN, Joseph S. (7 1928), Secy-Treas. (for mail), Dexter Engrg. Co., 12508 Dexter Blvd., ' and 13138 Turner, Detroit. Mich. . SAITO, Shozo (Af 1923), Htg. and Vtg. Contractor (for mail), 6th Floor, Marunouchi Bldg., and 171 Kits-kamata, Tokyo-fu. Japan. SAKOUTA, Mathieu L. (Af 1924), Gavan Simanskaia 4, Leningrad, Russia. SAMUELS, Sidney (A 1928; 7 1925), 262 West 145th St., New York. N. Y. SANBERN, E. Nute* (Af 1923), Engr. (for mail), Mensing & Co., 928 Presser Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and 119 S. Haviland Ave., Audubon, N. J. SANDS, Clive Chisholm (Af 1929). Briton Ltd., Dowling St.. Waterloo, Sydney, Australia. SANFORD, Arthur L. (Af 1915), Mech. Engr. (for mail), Board of Education, 245 Ninth Ave. N., and 301 East 48th St., Minneapolis, Minn. SAULSON, Saul (Af 1916), Mech. Engr. (for mail), A. Kahn, Inc., 1000 Marquette Bldg., and 12524 Broadstreet Ave., Detroit, Mich. SAUNDERS, J. Chester (Af 1926), Estimator and Engr. (for mail), Crosby & Beard Co., 1550 S. Wabash Ave., and 10921 Oakley Ave., Chicago, 111. SAVILLE, Thomas H. (Af 1924), 2009 N. Wabash Ave., and 1121 Lafayette St., Scranton, Pa., and (for mail), c/o Dean D. E. Carpenter, Inter national Correspondence School, Scranton, Pa. SAWADE, Carl A. (A 1920). Mgr. Sales Planning (for mail). National Radiator Corp., 55 West 42nd St., New York, and 569 Webster Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. , SAWDON, Will M. (Af 1920), Prof. Experiment Engrg. (for mail), Cornell Iniversity, and 1018 E. State St., Ithaca, N. Y. SAWHILL, R. V. (A 1929), Engineering Publica tions, Inc., 1900 Prairie Ave., Chicago, 111. SCHANK, George E. (A 1926), 155~16th St., Buffalo, N. Y. SCHANZE, Augustus Gale (A 1925), Mgr., Hardinge Oil Burner Corp., 843 Beacon St., Boston, and (for mail), 30 Willoughby St., Brighton, Mass. SCHEER, Frederick W. (Af 1922). 430 Connecti cut, Buffalo, N. Y. SCHE1BEL, Albert II. (Af 1919), 92 Milton Ave., Hyde Park, Mass. SCHEIDECKER, Daniel B. (A 1919), Hunter- Clark Vtg. System, 2800 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, 111. SCHELLHAMMER, Alfred L. (Af 1919), Penn sylvania Furnace & Iron Co., Warren, Pa. SCHIMMEL, F. W. (Af 1926). Warren Webster & Co., 279 Cumberland St.. Harrisburg. Pa. SCHLEY, Arthur A. (Af 1920). Schley & Nash Co.. 709 Columbia Bk. Bldg.. Pittsburgh, Pa. SCHLOSS, Newton L. (Af 1913). Consulting Engr. (for mail), 51 East 42nd St., New York, and 347 Lincoln PL, Brooklyn, N. Y. SCHMIDT, George G. (Af 1914;.7 1912), Secy, (for mail), Carrier-Lyle Corp.. 39 Cortlandt St., New York, and 55 Burns St., Forest Hills, L. I., . N. Y. SCHNEIDER, Charles (Af 1923), 492 East 163rd St.. New York. N. Y. * SCHNEIDER, Paul W. (Af 1919), 305 La Fayette St.. Utica. N. Y. SCHOENIJAHN, Robert Polk (Af 1919). Con sulting Engr. (for mail). 406-8 Industrial Trust Bldg., and 719 Nottingham Rd., Wilmington.- Del. ` SCHOEPFLIN, Paul H. (Af 1920), Pres, (for mail). Niagara Blower Co., 95 Liberty'St., New York, and 91 Valley Rd., Larchmont, N. Y. SCHOFIELD, Thomas Johnson (Af 1928), Gen. Mgr., Schofield-Cowl Co., 23 Tenth St., and Glenwood Heights, Wheeling. W. Va. SCHOPP, Walter J. (Af 1922), Designer, United Engineers & Constructors. Inc., 1401 Arch SL, Philadelphia. Pa., and (for mail), 711 Lincoln Ave., Palmyra. N. J. SCHRADER, Charles C.* (A 1925; 7 1923). Research Engr., Armstrong Cork Co.. Research Div.. Lancaster, Pa. SCHRAM, Waldo W. (Af 1928). Supervisor Htg. Div. (for mail), Northern Indiana Public Service Co., 649 Hohman St., and 109-15th Ave., Hammond, Ind. SCHROTH, A. H. (Af 1911). Vice-Pres., Rich mond Radiator Co., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 90 S. Oraton Pkwy., East Orange, N. J. -. SCHUKAI, Walter (7 1928), Estimator (for mail), Eichler Htg. Co., Railway Exchange Bldg., and 5208-A Von Phul SL, St. Louis, Mo. SCHULZ, Howard I. (A 1915). 1217 W. Broad St.. Richmond. Va. SCHULZE, Benedict H. (Af 1921). Sales Engr. (for mail). Hester Bradley Co.. 4200 Forest Park Blvd., and 416 Alta Dena Court. St. Louis, Mo. 31 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 SCHUNK, Thomas (Af 1929), Htg. Engr., Baker Bros. & Co., Riverhead, and (for mail), Quogue, N. Y. SCHWAB, Henry E. (Af 1923), Vice-Pres. (for mail), R. J. Schwab & Sons Co., 283 Clinton St., Milwaukee, Wis. SCHWAB, Quentin D. (7 1927), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E.' Ohio St., Chicago, 111., and 570 Buchanan St., Gary, Ind. SCHWARTZ, Jacob (7 1929), Estimator, Samuel Schwartz. 30 West 27th St., Bayonne, N. J. SCHWEIM, Henry J. (Af 1928), Development Engr. (for mail), United States Gypsum Co., 300 W. Adams St., Chicago, and 2233 Forest View Rd.. Evanston, 111. SCOLLAY, Ulysses G. (Charter Member), (Treas., 1904; 1911; Council, 1894-1904-1911; Board of Managers, 1895), 308 Halsey St., Brooklyn, N. y; SCOTT, Charles E. (Af 1907), Pres, and Treas. (for mail). Vapor Engrg. Co., 489 Fifth Ave.. New York, N. Y., and Meadowbrook Rd., Darien, Conn. SCOTT, Clarence E. (A 1929; 7 1926), Air Con ditioning Engr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and 730 Wynnewood Rd., Ardmore, Pa. SCOTT, Edwin A. (Af 1912), E. A. Scott Pub lishing Co., 45 West 45th St.. New York, N. Y. SCOTT, George McKay (Af 1915), 108 Wooster St., New York, N. Y. SEELING, Alfred E. (Af 1926), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., L. J. Wing. Mfg. Co., 154 West 14th St., and (for mail), 310 Convent Ave., New York, N. Y. SEELIG, Lester (Af 1925), Mech. Engr., Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave.. and (for mail), 2600 N. Kedzie Ave., Chicago, 111. SEIDERS, John T. (Af 1926), 82 S. High St.. Room 214, Columbus, O. SEITER, J. Earl* (Af 1928), Asst. Mgr. New . Business Dept., Steam-Sales. Consolidated Gas, Elec. Light & Power Co. of Baltimore, Lexington Bldg., Baltimore, and (for mail), 6 Dixie Dr., Towson, Md. SEKIDO, Kunisuke (Af 1903), Consulting Engr., 885 Marunouchi Bldg., Tokyo, and (for mail), 3300 Nakano, Tokyo Suburb, Japan. SELIG, Ernest T. (Af 1926), Consulting Engr, (for mail). 1501 Herr St., and 920 North 16th St., Harrisburg, Pa. SELLARS, Fred J. (Af 1917), 311 N. Penn Ave.. Independence, Kan. SELLMAN, Nils T. (Af 1922), Asst. Secy, (for mail), Consolidated Gas Co., 4 Irving PI., and 135 West 183rd St., New York, N. Y. SELTZER, A. P. (Af 1921), Sales Engr. (for mail), American Radiator Co., 820 S.- Michigan Ave., Chicago, and Evanshire Hotel, Evanston, 111. SENIOR, Richard L. (Af 1925), Engr. and Supt., J. Gescheidt & Co.. Inc., 142 East 43rd St., New York, and (for mall), 1 Edgewater PI., Dillon . Park, New Rochelle, N. Y. - SETZER, Walter C- (A 1926; 7 1922),, N. W. Cor. Gillham St. and Hasbrook Ave., Lawndale, Philadelphia. Pa. SEWARD, Percival H. {Charter Member), 369 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. SEWELL, John M. (Af 1919), (for mail). MarineGalligan Co., 14 South 20th St., Philadelphia, and Warren Ave., Berwyn, Pa. SHANKLIN, Arthur P. (Af 1929). 1724 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. SHANKLIN, Jno. A. (Af 1928), Estimator (for mail). West Virginia Htg. & Plbg. Co., 233 Hale St., and 5 Swathmore Ave., Charleston, W. Va. SHANKLIN, John R. (Af 1899). Pres, and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). West Virginia Htg. & Plbg. Co., 233 Hale St., and 1506 Quam'er St., Charleston, W. Va. SHARP, Floyd H. (Af 1929), Contracting Htg. Engr. (for mail), Chatfield & Sharp, 304 Pine St., and 512 E. Seventh, Jamestown, N. Y. SHAVER, Herbert H. (A 1929). Asst. Gen. Sales Agent (for mail). The Hudson Coal Co., 424 Wyoming Ave., and 215 Wheeler Ave., Scranton, . PaSHAW, Edgar (Af 1923), Pres, (for mail). Lynch & Woodward, Inc., 320 Dover St., Boston, and 51 Royal St., Wollaston, Mass. SHAW, N. J. H. (Af 1927; 7 1925). 15 Silk St., Arlington, Mass. . SHAW> R. E. (Af 1921), Sales Mgr. (for mail). B. F. Sturtevant Co., Hyde Park, Boston, and Wellesley Hills, Mass. SHAY, Russell A. (Af 1924), 108 Linwood St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. SHEARS, Matthew W. (Af 1922), 53 Sylvan Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. SHEFFIELD, Edward B. (Af 1921), Sales Engr., Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co., 11 Brant St., Toronto, Ont., Can. SHEFFLER, Morris (Af 1921), Pres, (for mail). Sheffler-Gross Co., Inc., 203-11 Drexel Bldg., and 5451 Lebanon Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. SHELDON, Nelson E. (Af 1927). Dist. Mgr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 703 Temple Bldg., and 942 Genesee Park Blvd., Rochester, N. Y. ^ . SHEPPARD, F. A. (Af lbl8), Salesman (for man). Johnson Service Col, 411 E. Tenth St., and1 27 East 70th St.. Kansas City, Mo. -' SHEPPARD, William G. (Af 1922), Sheppard & Abbott, 119 Harbour St., Toronto, Ont., Can. SHEPSTONE, Oscar (Af 1927), Engr., Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second Ave., and (for mail), 121 N. Phillip Ave., Detroit, Mich. SHERET, Andrew (Af 1929; A 1925), Pres, (for mail), Andrew Sheret, Ltd., 1114 Blanshard St., and 1030 St. Charles St., Victoria, B. C. v . SHERRY, Raymond Wilbur (Af 1927). 601 Peace St.. Hazelton, Pa. SHINOHARA, Shlro (Af 1924), Z. Chome Kojimachi, Kojimachikes, Tokyo, Japan. SHIPP, C. C. (Af 1923), Owner, C. C. Shipp & Co.. 230 E. Ohio St., Room 210. Indianapolis. Ind. SHODRON, John G. (Af 1921). 411 E. Milwaukee Ave., Ft. Atkinson. Wis. SHORB, WUl A. (Af 1909). 3 Lincoln PL. Decatur, 111. . SHREINER, Dewey C. (A 1926; 7 1923). Vice- Pres. and Treas. (tor mail), Shreiner & Son, Inc., 116 W. High St., and 1240 S. Boulevard, Elkhart, Ind. * SHROCK, J. H. (Af 1924), Vice-Pres. (for mail)., New York Blower Co., and 1524 Michigan Ave., La Porte, Ind. ` SHRUM, A. T. (Af 1928), 712 Louisville Trust Bldg., Louisville, Ky. SHUELL, Frank W. (A 1921). Pres, and Gen. Mgr. (for mail). Ever Hot Heater Co.,'5241 . Wesson Ave., Detroit, and Lone Pine Rd., Bloomfield Hills, Mich. SHUFELT, Howard M. (A 1928), 7353 Bennett Ave., Chicago, 111. ; SHULTZ, Earle (A 1919), Vice-Pres. (for mail), Illinois Maintenance Co., 1136-72 W. Adams St., and 1310 Birchwood Ave., Chicago, III. SJEBS, Claude T. (A 1927), Western Elec. Co., 100 Central Ave., Kearny, N. J. SIEGEL, Leo (Af 1928; A 1925; 7 1924), Mech.. Engr., Board of Education, Bridge and Concord Sts., and 1901 Stillwell Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. SIMONDS, A. H. (7 1929), Sales Engr. (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 748 E. Washington St., and 446 Westminster St., Los Angeles, Calif. SIMPSON, William A. (Af 1925), Johnson & Morris, 538 West 23rd St., New York, N. Y. SIMPSON, William K. (Af 1919), Secy, (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., and 9 Sands St., . Waterbury, Conn. SKAGERBERG, R. (Af 1924; 7 1921), Consulting Engr., 1497 Chelmsford St., St. Paul, Minn. SKELLY, John F. (Af 1921). 303 Catherine St., Ogdensburg. N. Y. SKINNER, H. W. (Af 1920), Mech. Engr. (for mail), Wyatt C. Hedrick, Inc., 1005 First National Bk. Bldg., and 1901 Tremont St., Ft. Worth, Tex. - 32 Roll of Membership SKLENARIK, Louis (7 1928), Thompson- Starrett Co., 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City. N. Y. SLIGHT, Irvin (A 1925). Partner (for mail). Slight Bros., 741 Yorkway PL, Jenkintown. and Hartsville. Pa. SMALL, John D. (Af 1910), 940-127 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. SMALLMAN, Edwin W. (Af 1920), Engr., Stone & Webster Engrg. Corp., 49 Federal St.r Boston, and (for mail), 21--13th St., Melrose, Mass. ' SMALLMAN, William T. (Life Member; Af 1911), Treas. (for mail). Isaac Coffin Co., 52 Sudbury ' St., and 127 Rockland Ave., Malden, Mass. SMITH, Gard Wentworth (Af 1927), 6900 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich. SMITH, Harold Paul (Af 1928), Mgr., The H. Smith Co., De Normandie Ave., Fair Haven, N. J. SMITH, John Colboume (A 1929; 7 1927). Sales Engr., Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., Buffalo, and (for mail), 95 Columbia Blvd., N. Y. SMITH, Leslie L.* (Af 1919), Smith. Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, Mich. SMITH, Milton S. (Af 1919), Vice-Pres., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 Frelinghusyen Ave., Newark, and (for mail), 13 N. Terrace, Maplewood, N. J. SMITH, Philip C., Jr. (Af 1928), Northport, L. I., N. Y. SMITH, Russell J. (A 1929). Sales Engr., 2228 Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo. SMITH, Sidney S. (Af 1926), Andes Range & Furnace Co., Geneva, N. Y. SMITH, Virgil A. (A 1927; 7 1923), 2304 Cleve- ` land Ave., Tampa, Fla. SMITH, Wilbur F. (Af 1920), 422 Bryn Mawr Ave., Cynwyd, Pa. ' SNELL, Ernest (Af 1920); 3914 Le May Ave., Detroit, Mich. SNIDER, L. A. (Af 1927), Pres, (for mail), L. A. Snider Engrg. Service, Inc., 612 N. Michigan Ave., and 814 Sunnyside Ave., Chicago, III. SNYDER, Jay W. (Af 1917), McColl-Soyder- McLean, 2348 Penobscott Bldg.. Detroit. Mich. SNYDER, Joseph S. (A 1925), Special R^pr., American Radiator Co., 374 Delaware Ave., and (for mail), 39 Granger PL, Buffalo, N. Y. SODEMANN, Paul W. (Af 1926; A 1925; 7 1920), 4947 Cote Brilliante Ave., St. Louis, Mo. SODEMANN, William C. B. (Af 1919), Pres, (for mail), Sodemann Htg. & Power Co., 2306 Morgan St., and 3510-A University St., St. Louis. Mo. . SODERBERG, C. H. (Af 1919), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 606 Donovan Bldg., Detroit, and 672 Puritan Rd., Birmingham, Mich. SOMERS, William Stuart (Af 1928; 7.1926), 2807 Grand Ave., Des Moines, la. SOMMER,Louis J., Jr., (Af 1922), Pres, (for mail), Louis J. Sommer & Son, Inc., 2436 Brown St., Philadelphia, Pa. SOPER, Horace A. (Af 1916), Vice-Pres. (for mail), American Foundry & Furnace Co., and 1122 E. Monroe St., Bloomington, III. SOPER, Ira N. (Af 1919). Warren Webster & Co.. 549 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. - SOULE, Lawrence C. (Af 1908), Secy, and Chief Engr.. (for mail), Aerofin Corp., 850"Frelinghuy- sen Ave.. Newark, and Gordon and'Stewart Rds., Essex Fells, N. J. SOWERS, Paul E. (Af 1922), Engr.-Mgr. (for mail), Paul E. Sowers Co., 25 N. Duke St., and 110 N. Finlay St., York, Pa. SPAFFORD, Allen (A 1927), Factory Supt. (for mail). Wood Conversion Co., and 406 Ave., D, Cloquet, Minn. . SPAFFORD, Ldwis Burton (A 1929), En^rg. Editor (for mail), Htg., Piping and Air Condition- ' ing, 1900 Prairie Ave., Chicago, 111., and Buc hanan,- Mich. * SPECKMAN, Charles H. (Af 1918), 375 The . Bourse, Philadelphia. Pa. SPELLER, Frank N.* (Af 1908), Dir., Dept, of Metallurgy and Research (for mail). National Tube Co., 1810 Frick Bldg., and 6411 Darlington Rd., Pittsburgh, Pa. SPERZEL, Henry J. (Af 1919; A 1918), Kewanee Boiler Co.. 708-10 Builders Exchange, Minnea polis. Minn. SPIELMANN, Gordon P. (7 1923), Vice-Pres. (for mail). Harrison-Spielmann Co., 480 Mil waukee Ave., Chicago, and 515 N. Prospect Ave., Park Ridge, 111. . SPITZLEY, R. L. (Af 1920), Pres, (for mail), R. L. Spitzley Htg. Co., 1200 W. Fort St.. Detroit, and 1050 Yorkshire Rd., Grosse Pointe, Mich. SPOONER, Harold R. (Af 1921), Schaeffler- Spooner Htg. Corp., 92-32 Union Hall St., Jamaica, L. I., N. Y. SPRAGUE, Frank H. (Af 1923), Sarco Co Engineers Bldg., Chicago. 111. SPROULL, Howard E. (Af 1920), Dist. Mgr. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 905 Sycamore St., Cincinnati, and 3588 Raymar Dr., Hyde Park, Cincinnati, Ohio. SPURGEON, Joseph H. (Af 1924), Sales Engr. (for mail), 5203 General Motors Bldg., and 17215 Lilac Ave., Detroit. Mich. STACEY, Alfred E., Jr.* (Af 1914), Wootton Rd.. Essex Fells. N. J. STACK, Murle F. (A 1925), 116 N. Fifth St., Reading. Pa. STACKHOUSE, Ray M. (Af 1919; A 1908), Br. Mgr. (for mail), American Radiator Co., 820 S. Michigan Ave., &nd 73 E. Elm St., Chicago, 111. STAMMER, Edward L. (Af 1919), Board of Education, 506-911 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo. STANDISH, Myles (Af 1929), Sales Engr. (for mail). Washburn-Garfield Co., and 36 Chestnut St., Worcester, Mass. STANFORD, Leland E. (Af 1921), 445 Hudson Rd.. R. D. 3, Kent. Ohio. STANGER, Ralph B. (Af 1920), Mgr. (for mail). Robinson & Stanger, 1007 Empire Bldg., 728 East End Ave.. Pittsburgh. Pa. STANGLAND, B. F. (Charter Member), (2nd Vice-Pres., 1908; Board of Governors, 1905 1906-1909; Board of Mgrs., 1895-1899; Council. 1896-1897), Morton, N. Y. STANNARD, James M. (Af 1906), (Council. 1914-1917; Board of Governors, 1913), Stannard Power Equipment Co., 925-8 Monadnock Block, Chicago, 111. . STANTON, Gerard W. (Af 1928), Pres, (for mail), Almirall & Co., Inc., 53 Park PL, New York, N. Y., and 231 Washington PL. Has- brouck Heights, N. J. ' STAPLES, William H. (A 1924), (for mail), Gillis & Geoghegan, 537 W. Broadway, and 605 West 141st St., New York, N. Y. STARK, W. Elliott* (Af 1926), Research Engr., Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., 17825 StJ Clair Ave., Cleveland, and (for mail), 1875 Rosemont Rd., East Cleveland, Ohio. . STAUD, Clement J. (A 1929), Mgr., Htg. Dept.. Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Ave., Pittsburgh, and (for mail), R. F. D. No. 4, Box 460-A, Millvale, Pa. STEARNS, Walter I. (A 1926), Owner, W: I. Stearns Co., 560 North 16th St,, Philadelphia, Pa. STECKHAN, Louis (Af 1928; A 1928; 7 1926). Estimator, Crane Co. (for mail), 30 South 16th St., and 3014 Indiana Ave., St. Louis, Mo. STEDMAN, Charles N. (Af 1921), C. N. Stedman Co.. 610 Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, 111. STEELE, Maurice G. (Af 1929), The Rome Radiation Co., Rome, N. Y. STEEN, Joseph M. (Af 1929). Pres, (for mail). Iron City Htg. Co., 843 Jacksonia St., and 906 Quaill Ave., Bellevue, P. O., Pittsburgh, Pa. STEIM, Charles J., Jr. (Af 1923), Br. Mgr. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 91 State St., and 949 Western Ave., Albany, N. Y. 33 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 STEINHORST, Theodore F. (Af 1919), Engr. and Treas., Emil Steinhorst & Sons, Inc., 612-616 South St., and (for mail), 1664 Brinckerhoff Ave., Utica, N. Y. STEINKE. George B. (Af 1924), Pres, (for mail). George B. & B. H. Steinke Co., Inc., 103 Park Ave., New York, N. Y., and 375 North 13th St., Newark, N. J. ' STEINMULLER, John M. (Af 1925). Mech. Engr. (for mail). Thompson-Starrett Co., Inc.. 245 Hunterspoint Ave., Long Island City, and Hawthorne, N. Y. STEPHEN, Harold M. (A 1926), James E. Degan Co., 2130 Franklin St., Detroit. Mich. STERN, H. Richard (Af 1923), Owner (for mail). Johnson & Morris, 538 West 23rd St., and 225 West 86th St., New York, N. Y. STETSON, Lawrence R. (Af 1913), 303 Congress St.. Boston, Mass. STEVENS, F. H. (A 1924), Sales Engr., Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., and (for mail), 140 Winthrop St.. Albany. N. Y. STEVENS, Harry L. (A 1927; J 1924), Member of Firm, M. W. Stevens, 108 W. Sherman St., Hutchinson. Kans. STEVENSON. Merle E. (J 1929), Repr., Steven son Htg. Co., 1615 E. Main.St., and (for mail), 51 South 16th St., Richmond, Ind. STEVENSON, W. W. (Af 1928). Steam Htg. Engr. (for mail), Allegheny County Steam Htg. Co., 435 Sixth Ave., and 1125 Lancaster Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. . STEWART, C. W. (Af 1919; A 1918), 21 Yates Ave., Waterbury, Conn. _ STILES, Harry Leroy (Af 1928), Mech. Engr., Edison Elec. Appliance Co., 5600 W. Tayler St., Chicago, 111. STILL, F. R.* (Af 1904), (Presidential Member). (Pres., 1918; 2nd Vice-Prea., 1917; Council, 1916 1919), Vice-Pres, and Mgr. of Export (for mail). American Blower Corp., 30 Church St., and 1 . East End Ave., New York, N. Y. ' STITT, Eugene W. (Af 1917). Sales Engr., National Radiator Corp., 1508 Arrott Bldg., Fourth Ave. and Wood St., Pittsburgh, and (for mail), 1535 Park Blvd., Dormont, Pittsburgh, Pa. STITT, Howard B. (A 1922). Sales Engr. (for mail). National Radiator Corp., 431 W. Georgia St., and 5355 Broadway, Indianapolis. Ind. STOCK, Edward L. (A 1918). Pres, (for mail),' Edward L. Stock, Inc., 1117-15th St. N. W., and Bradley Hills, Bethesda, Md. STOCKENBERG. Ruben (Af 1922). Johnson Service Co., 1355 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago. 111. STOCKWELL, William R. (Af 1903; J. 1901), Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind. STOKES, Ralph E. .(Af 1920), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 1024 Bessemer Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. STONE, Eugene R. (Af 1913), 171 Harrison Ave., Boston, Mass. - STONE, George F. (Af 1918), 4520 N. Carlisle St., Philadelphia, Pa. STRACHAN, John S. (Af 1928). Pres, (for mail). Strachan-Harrison, Inc., 243 State St., and 121 Furman St., Schenectady, N. Y. STRANDWITZ, William J. (Af 1919), Pres, (for mail), Strandwitz & Scott, Inc., 537 S. Second St., Camden, and 325 Hawthorne Ave.. Haddonfield, N. J. STRICKLAND, Albert W. (A 1929), Owner. Strickland PIbg. Htg. & Elec. Co., Big Timber, Mont. STROCK, Clifford (A 1929), Associate Editor (for mail), Heating and Ventilating 521 Fifth Ave., and 500 Broadway, New York, N. Y. STRONG, Edward A., Jr. (A 1928), 309 N. Alabama St., Indianapolis, Ind. STRONG, Ralph C. (Af 1919),.4515 Larchwood . Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. STROUSE, Sidney B. (Af 1921), Dist. Mgr. (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 429 Guarantee Trust Bldg., and 22 S. Illinois Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. STURGES, Heyward A. (A 1928; J 1926), 90 N. W. O'Conner, St. Albans, Vt. SUITS, George A. (Af 1923), Service Engr., 26 Stanley Ave., Medford, Mass. SULLIVAN, Daniel A. (Af 1923), Engr. and Estimator, Callahan Engrg. Co., Inc., 20 Grove St., White Plains, and (for mail), 3178 Rocham- beau Ave.. New York. N. Y. SUTCLIFFE, Arthur G. (Af 1922; A 1918). 4146 N. St. Louis Ave., Chicago, 111. SUTTERLEY, W. W. (Af f919). 503 North 52nd St., Philadelphia, Pa. SWAIN, Wilbur A. (A 1926), Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., New York. N. Y. SWAN, Ernest H. (Af 1929), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. (for mail), W. A. Swan & Sons, 122 Unley Rd., Unley. and 25 Austral Ter., Malvern, South Australia. SWAN, Thomas J. (A 1927; J 1925), 23 Athel- wold St., Dorchester, Mass. . SWANEY, Carroll R. (Af 1929; J 1921), Gilbert Howe Gleason, 25 Huntington Ave.. Boston, Mass. - SWARTWOUT, J. D. (Af 1917). Secy-Treas.. J. D. Swartwout Co., 613 Millard St., and (for mail), 349 S. Weadock Ave., Saginaw, Mich. SWEENEY, Sylvester H. (Af 1915), (for mail), 306 East 39th St,, New York, and 1916 Loring PI.. Bronx, N. Y. SWIFT. Clement K. (A 1928), MacAndrews & Forbes Co., Third St. and Jefferson Ave., Camden, N. J. . SZEKELY, Ernest (Af 1920), Chief Engr. (for mail), Bayley Blower Co., 732 Greenbush St., and 3104 Kilbourn Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. .T TABBINER, Harold (A 1929). Salesman (for mail). Crane, Ltd., 306 Front St. W,, and 24 Winona Dr., Toronto, Can. TAGGART, Ralph C. (Af 1912), 14 Lyon Ave.. Menands. Albany. N. Y. TALIAFERRO. Robert R. (Af 1919). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. . TALLMADGE, Webster (Af 1924), Pres.! Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc.. 50 Church St., New York. N. Y. TAVERNA, Frederick F. (Af 1928; A 1927; J 1924), Engr., Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., N. Y.. and (for mail), 406-12th St., Union City, N. J. TAYLOR, John H. (A 1928). Pres, (for mail). Hutchison Regulator Sales Corp., 4306-36th St., Long Island City, and 9344-215th PL, Queens Village. L. L. N. Y. TEAGUE, William Wallace* (Af 1929), Research Engr. (for mail), Research Lab., A. S. H. V. E., 4800 Forbes St., and 244 Spahr St., Pittsburgh, Pa. TEASDALE, Lawrence Aldrich (Af 1926), Engr.. Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, 210 South St., Boston, Mass, (for mail), 20 Ashmur St., and 199 Nicoll St., New Haven, Conn. TEMPLIN, Charles L. (Af 1921), Dist. Mgr. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 810 Bona Allen Bldg., and 764 Greenwood Ave. N. E.. Atlanta, Ga. TENNANT, Ernest M. (A 1927). Br. Mgr. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co.. 312 Securities. Bldg., and 1624 Boren Ave., Seattle, Wash. TENNANT, Raymond John Jefferson (A 1929). 435 Sixth Ave., Pittsburgh. Pa. TERRELL, Herbert A. (Af 1915), Hampton Hall. Cranford, N. J. . THAIN, Arthur Edgar (A 1926), 2 E. Biddle St., Baltimore, Md. THATCHER, George S. (Af 1919), Pres, (for ' mail), Thatcher Htg. Co., 455 E. Exchange St., and 140 Morningside Dr., Akron, O. . THEORELL, Hugo (Life Member), Consulting Engr., Hugo Tbeorells Ingenieussbyra, Skol- dungagatan 4, Stockholm, Sweden. 34 Roll of Membership THINN, Christian A.* (Af 1921). Chief Engr., C. A. Dunham Co.. 230 E. Ohio St.. Chicago, 111. THOMAS, Bernard A. (A 1927; J 1923). Sales Engr. (for mail). Crane Co., 705 W. Main St., and 3220 West 22nd St. N. W.. Oklahoma City. Okla. THOMAS, Herbert G. (Af 1917). Sales Engr., Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St., Chicago, and (for mail), 2312 Ridge Ave.. Evanston, III. - THOMAS, Melvem F. (Af 1909), Consulting Engr.. 229 College St,, Toronto; Can. THOMAS, Norman A. (Af 1928), Pres. (for.mail), Thomas Htg. Co.. 1046 Herrick Ave., and 824 Monroe Ave., Racine, Wis. THOMAS, R. H. (Af 1920), Economy Pumping Machinery Co., 3431 West 48th PL, Chicago, III. THOMPSON, Charles (A 1927), 720-13th St,, Sacramento, Calif. THOMPSON, Nelson S.* (Af 1917; J 1897). 1615 Hobart St. N. W., Washington, D. C. THOMPSON, Richard C. (Af 1927), Power Equipment Co.. 250 Stuart St., Boston, Mass. THOMPSON, William J. (A 1929). Imperial Iron Corp., Ltd., 250 St. Helens Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. THOMPSON, William P. (Af 1915), 2146 E. Norris St., Philadelphia. Pa. THOMSEN, William T. (Af 1919), 3636 Fill more St,, St. Louis, Mo. THOMSON, Thomas N. (Af 1927), Consulting Engr.. 37 Irwin PL, Huntington, N. Y. THORNTON, Roger T. (Af 1919). Sales Engr. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., and 46 Burbank Ter., Buffalo. N. Y. THRUSH, Homer A. (Af 1918), H. A. Thrush & Co., 21-23 E. River St., Peru, Ind. THUEM, Edward A. (A 1927; J 1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Board of Education, Flatbusb Ave. and Concord St.. Brooklyn, N. Y., and (for mail), Harrington Park, N. J. TIBBETS, John C. (Af 1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Engrg. Dept., Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co.. Room 1303, B. & O. Central Bldg., Baltimore, and (for mail), P. O. Box 106, Ellicott City. Md. TILDEN, Elwyn E. (Af 1924), Asst. Mgr., N. E. Dist. (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 76 Summer St., Boston, and Holbrook, Mass. TIMMERMAN, Manford Monroe (Af 1925; J 1921), Supervisor of Works Engrg..- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pittsburgh; and (for mail), 859 E. Hutchinson Ave., Swissvale, Pa. TIMMIS, Pierce (Af 1920), Service Equipment Engr. (for mail). United Engineers & Construc tors, Inc., 112 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, and 202 Midland Ave., Wayne, Pa. TIMMIS, W. Walter (A 1925), Consulting Engr., Timmis & Langgaard, 2nd National Bk. Bldg., Hempstead, and (for mail), Oa)c Lane, Glen Cove. N. Y. TINKER, A. K. (Af 1927), Special Repr., National Radiator Corp., McKinley Bldg., and (for mail), 338 Beard Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. TINKER, William E. (A 1922). National Radia tor Co.. 121 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. TISNOWER, William (Af 1923), 131 Livingston St., Brooklyn, N. Y. TITUS, Marvin Sinclair (Af 1928). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., H. K. Ferguson Co., Hanna Bldg. Cleve land, O. TJERSLAND, Alf (Af 1916; J 1906). E. Sunde & Co., Christiania, Norway. TOBIN, George J. (Af 1905), 187 North Ave., Plainfield. N. J. TOMLINSON, Malcolm C. W.* (Af 1924); 130 W. Penn St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. TOOKER, Charles C. (Af 1918), 116 North 27th St.. Billings, Mont. TRANE, Reuben N. (Af 1915), Pres.. The Trane Co., Htg. Equipment, and (for mail), 126 South 15th St., La Crosse, Wis. ` TRUE, Johii E. (J 1929), Dist. Mgr. (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp.. 622 Broadway, Cincin nati. and 2615 Sheridan Dr., Norwood. Ohio. TRUITT, Joseph E. (Af 1920; A 1911), Autovent Fan & Blower Co., 1805-27 N. Kostner Ave., Chicago, 111. TRUMBO, Silas M. (A .1926), Buffalo Forge Co., 562 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. TUCKER, Frank N. (Af 1926), 13 Park Row. Room 1108, New York. N. Y. TURNER, John W. (Af 1928). Chief Engr. (for mail), Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., and 233 Stewart Ave., Waukegan, III. TURNO, Walter G. W. (Af 1917; A 1912), 71 Lafayette Ave., East Orange, N. J. TUSCH, Walter (Af 1917), 881 Sterling PL. Brooklyn, N. Y. TUTTLE, J, Frank (Af 1913), Mgr. (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 76 Summer St., Boston, and 5 Lewis Rd., Winchester,'Mass. TWIST, Charles F. (Af 1921), Ashwell, Twist St Cook, 967 Thomas St., Seattle, Wash. TYLER, Frank T. (Af 1922), Asst. Sales Mgr. (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., 1824 Third Ave., and 1615 Eighth Ave., Moline, 111. TYLER, Roy Dexter (Af 1928), Sales Mgr. (for mail). Modine Mfg. Co., Rooms 1533-34, 101 Park Ave., New York, and 33 Elm Ave., Larch- mont, N. Y. TYSON, William Hope (Af 1923), Mgr. of Engrg. (for mail), Goodyear Tyre & Rubber Co.. Ltd., and "Kipewa," Codsall Rd., Wolverhampton, England. U UHL, Edwin J. (Af 1925), Sales Engr. (for mail), 132 S. Tenth St., and 4830 Pleasant Ave. S., Minneapolis. Minn. UHL, Willard F. (Af 1918). 4716 Lyndale Ave.. Minneapolis, Minn. UHLHORN, W. J. (Af 1920), 733 S. Highland Ave., Oak Park, 111. ULLMAN, Herbert G. (A 1928), American Radia tor Co.. 675 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers, N. Y. ULRICH, Kay Flemming (7 1926), Smedegade. Slagelse, Denmark. ' UNDERHILL, William W. (Af 1913), Treas. (for mail). Stone-Underhill Htg. & Vtg. Co., 171 Harrison Ave., Boston, and 15 Kenwood St., Brookline, Mass. V VALIQUET, Harry Howell (A 1926), Sales Engr., Allen & Billmyre Co., Inc., 1240 Builders Bldg.. 223 N. La Salle St., and (for mail), 6436 N. Albany. Chicago, 111. VAN ALEN, Walter T. (Af 1924). 1300 Darling ton Rd., R. D. 1, Beaver Falls, Pa. VAN ALSTYNE, Richmond F. (A 1928), Br. Mgr. (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 312 E. Ohio St., and 323 East 49th St.. Indianapolis, Ind. VANCE, Louis G. (Af 1919). Mgr., Baltimore Office (for mail), The Ric-wiL Co., 517 Ghrrett Bldg., and 3601 Garrison Bivd., Baltimore, Md. VAN NORDEN, Ernest M. (Af 1923), Civil Engr. (for mail). The New York Edison Co.. 130 East 15th St.. New York, -and 120 Stratford Ave., Garden City, L. I.. N. Y. VAN SICKLE, William B. (Af 1915), Pres, (for mail). The W. B. Van Sickle Co.t 723 Frankfort Ave., Cleveland, and 1530 Grace Ave., Lakewood. Ohio. .` VAN ZANDT, John H. (Af 1914), 408 Dallas National Bk. Bldg., Dallas, Tex. VAUX, Noble (A 1923), 11 Holmelands Park S.. Sunderland, England. VER HALEN, Edward T. (A 1925), 610 MU - waukee St., Milwaukee. Wis. VERMERE, Earl J. (Af 1929), Chief Engr., Htg. Div. (for mail), Air-Way Electrical Appliance Corp., 2101 Auburn Ave., and 2532 Cherry St., Toledo, Ohio. VERNER, William F. (Af 1913), Verner, Wilhelm & Shreve. 760 Book Bldg., Detroit, Mich. 35 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 VERNON, J. Rexford (Af 1928; A 1926), Sales Engr., Johnson Service Co.. 1355 Washington Blvd., Chicago, and (for mail), 1020 Austin St.-, Evanston, 111. VIVARTTAS, E. Arnold (Af 1910), Mech. Engr., Jardin, Hill & Murdock, Architects, 347 Madison Ave., New York, and (for mail), 10 Midwood St., Brooklyn, N. Y. VOGEL, Andrew (Af1926), Plant Engr. (for mail), General Elec. Co., and 611 Lenox Rd., Schnectady, N. Y. VOGELBACH, Oscar (Af 1923), 195 Devon St., Kearny, N. j. VOGT, J. H. (A 1925), 124 East 28th St., New 1 York, N. Y. VOIGT, Charles O. (Af 1921), Sterns Roger Mfg. Co., 1720 California St., Denver, Colo. VOLK, Joseph H. (Af 1923), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), Thos. E. Hoye Htg. Co., 1910 St. Paul Ave., and 1385-37th Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. VOORHEES, Guy A. (Af 1922), Engr., Century Htg. Service. 633 S. Delaware St., and (for mail), 3451 Broadway, Indianapolis, Ind. W WADE, Norman S. (Af 1926), Asst. Supt., Steam Htg. Service Dept., Edison Elec. Illuminating Co. of Boston, 39 Boylston St., Boston. Mass. . WAECHTER, Herman Paul (7 1927). Architects Repr., Celotex Co., 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail), 89 Sherman Ave., Tompkinsville, N. Y. WAGNER, A. M. (A 1921). M\. American . Radiator Co., 692 Prior Ave., St. Paul, Minn. WALKER,. Alex. (A 1925), Br. Mgr. (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 1307 Fifth St. W., and 603-13th Ave. W,, Calgary. Alberta. Can. WALKER, George E. (M 1929), Sales Engr.. Weil Pump Co.. 215 W. Superior St., and (for mail), 1430 Lunt Ave., Chicago, 111. WALKER, George F. (7 1925), Sales Engr. (for mail), Spencer Heater Co., 831 Connell Bldg., Scranton, and Waverly Rd., Clarks Green, Pa. WALKER, James B. (Af 1919), Secy, (for mail), Htg. & Piping Contractors, 715 Magee Bldg., and Iroquois Apts., Oakland. Pittsburgh. Pa. WALKER, James H. (Af 1916), Supt. of Central Htg. (for mail), Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second Ave., and 1520 Virginia Park, Detroit, Mich. WALKER, William K. (7 1924), Sales Engr.. York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 149 Broadway, New York, N.'Y. ,, WALLACE, George J. (Af 1923), Engr. and Con tractor, 1006 First Ave., New York, and (for mail), 27-36 Ericsson St., E. Elmhurst, N. Y. WALLACE, William M,, Jr. (Af 1929), Vtg. Engr., Charles Hartmann Co., 985 Dean St., . Brooklyn, and (for mail;. 8908-196th St,, Hollis, L. I,, N. Y. WALSH, Arthur F. (A 1923)., Htg. and Vtg. Contractor, 7445 Exchange Ave., Chicago, 111. WALSH, James A. (7 1929), Br. Mgr. (for mail). Rome Brass Radiator Corp., 400 Widener Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. ., WALSH, John Henry (7 1927), Engr.. 10 Fair- view Ave., New York, N. Y. WALSH, Joseph F, (Af 1928), 1163 Ocean Park way, Brooklyn, N. Y. WALSH, Malcolm (Af 1924), Vice-Pres. (for mail), Walsh & Wertheim, 504 W. Broadway, New York, and 91 Penbroke Ave., West New Brighton, S. I., N. Y. WALTERS, Arthur L. (Af 1926; A 1925; 7 1924), Chief Engr.. Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4519 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Mo. WALTERS, Victor (7 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 7048 St. Lawrence Ave., Chicago, III. WALTERS, William T. (Af 1917), 8053 Ingleside Ave., Apt. 2, Chicago, 111. WALTERTHUM, John J. (A 1922), Htg. and Vtg. Contractor, 173 East 62nd St., New York. N. Y.. and (for mail), 834 Grant St.', Jersey City, N. J. WALTHER, Harry J. (Af 1919), Salesman (for . mail), The H. B. Smith Co., 2209 Chestnut St., and 1115 Duncannon Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. WALTHER, Vernon H. (Af 1928; 7 1927), Mech. Engr. (for mail), Wendt & Crone Co., 2124 Southport Ave., and 6821 Osceola Ave., Edison Park, Chicago, 111. WALTON, Hiram Lessiter* (Af 1916), Member of Firm (for mail). Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., and 244 Hildale Ave., Detroit Mich. - WANDLESS. Franklin W. (Af 1925), Chief Engr. (for mail), Haynes Selling Co., Inc., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and Berwyn, Pa. . WARD, George C. (Af 1925), 86-87th St., Brook lyn. N. Y. . WARD, Lawrence T. (A 1928). Sales Div. (for mail), David Lupton Sons Co., Allegheny Ave. and Tulip St., and 1457 Lardner St., Phila delphia, Pa. ,, WARD, Oscar G. (Af 1919). Mgr. (for mail?. Johnson Service Co., 1230 California St:, and 1009 Grant St.. Denver, Colo- WARREN, Clarence N. (Af 1919), 419 East 48th St.. Indianapolis, Ind. . WASH, William Percy (Af 1923). Pres, (for mail). Colonial Supply Co., 1511 S. Jefferson'Sb., Roanoke, and 303 Stanley Ave., South Roanoke, Va. WASHINGTON, Laurence W. (Af 1929), 2301 Knox Ave., Chicago. 111. v WATERS, George G. (A 1926). Dist. Mgr. (for mail), American Blower Corp., 801 First National Bk. Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 3508 Meadowcroft Ave.. Mt. Lebanon, Pa. . WATSON, John H. (Af 1925), Engr., Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., and (for mail), 2045 Farragut Ave., Chicago, 111. WATSON, M. Barry (Af 1928), Consulting Engr., Angus and Watson, 25 Bloor St. W., Toronto, 5, Canada. WATTERS, Peter J. (Af 1921). 52 Ann St., Port Richmond, S. I., N. Y. WEAGER, T. A. (Af 1920), Dist. Mgr. (formail). Buffalo Forge Co., Rockefeller Bldg., and 3124 Berkshire Rd.. Cleveland, Ohio. ' WEBB, John S. (Af 1920), Mgr., New England Br. (for mail), The Herman Nelson Corp.., 517 Statier Bldg., Boston, and 16 Brookline St., Needham, Mass. -, WEBB, John William (Af 1926), Managing Director, Webb Dust Removing & Drying Co., Ltd., Tiviot Dale Chambers, and (for ipail), 6 Meadows Rd.,. Heaton Chapel. Stockport. England. WEBER, Erwin L. (Af 1921), Consulting Engr., 723-4 Seaboard Bldg., Seattle, Wash. " WEBER, G. A. (Af 1922), 207.Taylor St., Pitts burgh. Pa. ` WEBSTER, E. Kessler (Af 1915), Secy, and Asst. Gen. Mgr.. Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden. N. J. WEBSTER, Warren (Af 1906; A 1899), Pres.. Warren Webster & Co., 17tb and Federal Sts., Camden. N. J. ` WEBSTER, Warren, Jr. (7 1927), Asst. Secy.. Warren Webster. & Co., 17th and Federal Sts.. Camden. N. J. ` WEGMANN, Albert (Af 1918), Owner, A. Weg- mann Co.. 2813 W. Fletcher St., and.(for mail), 6206 North 17th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. ' WEIDER, Frederick J. (Af 1919), Vice-Pres'. and Treas. (for mail), Barr & Creelman Co., 74 Exchange St., and 40 Kenwood Ave., Rochester, N. Y. WEIL, Martin (A 1925), Secy.. Weil-McLain Co., 641 W. Lake St., Chicago. 111. , WEIL, Maurice I. (A 1928). Pres, (for mail), Chicago Pump Co., 2336 Wolfram St., and. 1409 Elmdale Ave., Chicago. 111. WEIMER, Fred G. (A 1919). 1308 Stowell Ave.. Milwaukee, Wis. . WEINSHANK, H. T. (7 1924), Sales Engr., Abbot Vtg. Co., Inc.. 5426 S. La Salle St., Chicago. 111. 36 Roll of Membership WEINSHANK, Theodore (Af 1906), (Board of * Governors, 1913), 2323 Kedzie Blvd., Chicago, 111. WEISS, Arthur Paul (Af 1928), Asst. Treas., Burnham Boiler Corp., Irvington, and (for mail), 134 Farrington Ave., North Tarrytown, N. Y. WEISS, Carl A. (A 1924). Supt., Kornbrodt Kornice Ko., 1811 Troost Ave., Kansas City, Mo. WEITZEL, Robert D. (7 1929), Htg. Contractor, 2312 Penn St., Harrisburg, Pa. . WEIXEL, Albert L. (Af 1928), Consulting Engr., 1020 Builders Bldg., 228 N. La Salle St.. Chicago, 111. WELAMB, Victor N. (Af 1918), V. N. Welamb Co., 105 N. Watts St., Philadelphia, Pa. WELCH, Louis A., Jr. (A 1929), Owner, Welch Bros., 1667 Broadway. Schenectady. N. Y. WELLS, Harry N. (A 1928; 7 1927), 44 Fuller PI.. Irvington. N. J. WELSH, Harry S. (Af 1906), Pres., Boiler & Radiator Corp.. 999 E. Main St., Rochester, N. Y. * WENDT, Edgar F. (Af 1918), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y. . WEST, Baird F. (7 1928), Asst, on Market Surveys (for mail), Engineering News Record, 475 Tenth Ave., and 417 Riverside Dr., N. Y. WEST, Perry* (Af 1911), (Council, 1920-1925; Treas., 1924-1925), Consulting Htg., Vtg., Plbg. and Elec. Engr. (for-mail). 13 Central Ave., and 445 Ridge St., Newark, N. J. WHEELER, Charles W. (Af 1916), Br. Mgr. (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 3002 Grant Bldg., Pittsburgh, and Allison Park, Pa. WHEELER, Otto J. (Af 1923). Mgr. and Secy., 548-558 W. Broad St., and (for mail), 504 Lin- wood Ave., Columbus, Ohio. WHELAN, William F. (7 1928), 222 W. Lancaster Ave., Ardmore. Pa. - WHELAN, William J. (Af 1923), Estimator and Purchaser (for mail), Harrigan & Reid Co., 1365 Baker St., and 3790 Seminole Ave., Detroit, Mich. WHELLER, Harry S. (Af 1916). Vice-Pres., L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 154 West 14th St., New York, N. Y.t and (for mail). 725 Union Ave., Elizabeth, ' N. J. '' WHITAKER, Ernest C. (Af 1925), 35 Sherborn St., Arlington, Mass. WHITBY, Stephen S. (A 1922). Treas.. Culbert- Whitby Co., Inc., 2019 Rittenhouse St., and (for mail), 127 E. Upsal St., Germantown, Phila delphia, Pa. -* WHITE, C. Ferber (Af 1929), Philadelphia Mgr., Modine Mfg. Co., 3110 Market Str,-.Philadelphia, and (for mail), Roslyn. Pa. WHITE, E. A. (Af 1921), Engrg. Dept.. Crane Co., 30 South 16th St., and (for mail), 5244 Nottingham, St. Louis, Mo. ' WHITE, Elwood S. (Af 1921). Pres., Taco Heaters, Inc., Room 1224,*342 Madison'Ave., New York, N. Y. WHITELAW, H. Leigh (Af 1916), Vice-Pres. and ' Gen. Mgr., American Gas Products Corp., 376 . Lafayette St.; New York, N.-Y. WH1TELEY, James (Af 1919), Consulting Engr., 3000 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. WHITNAH, C. S. (jf 1927). 6 Lakeside Court, Duluth, Minn. WHITTEMORE, Edward H* (Af 1920), Engr., ' Stone & Webster, Inc., 49 Federal St-.,'* Boston, WHITTEN, Herbert W. (Af 1909; A 1908). Htg. and Mech. Engr., Chamberlin Metal Weather . "strip Co., 134 Congress St., Boston, Mass. WHITTEN, Horace E. (Af 1924), Pres, and Treas. (for mail), H. E. Whitten Co., 9 Federal Court, Boston, and 56 Highland Rd., Somerville, Mass. WHITTINGTON, W. Penrose (Af 1928), Pres, (for mail), W. P. Whittington, Inc., 404 Lumber Insurance Bldg., and 79th and White River, Indianapolis, Ind. ' WHY, H. Berkeley (Af 1919), Engr., GalUgan Bros.. 716 North 51st St.. Philadelphia, Pa. WIDDICOMBE, R. A. (Af 1903). 1120 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, III. WIEGNER,. Henry B. (Af 1919). Office Mgr., Johnson Service Co., 31 Waltham St., Boston, and (for mail). 143 Standish Rd., Watertown, Mass. ' WIERSIG, Robert H. (A 1927), Pres, (for mail), Rud Wiersig, Inc., 2311 N. California Ave.. and 2445 Thorndale Ave., Chicago. 111. WIGGS, G. Lome (7 1924), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 1410 Stanley St.. Montreal, and 4643 Sherbrooke St.. Westmount, Quebec, Canada. WIGLE, Bruce M. (A 1926), Owner, Bruce Wigle Plbg. and Htg. Co., 9117 Hamilton Ave., Detroit, Mich. ' WILD, Walter H. (Af 1927; A 1921), (for mail), Walter H. Wild. Inc., 1014 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, and 122 Cynwyd Rd., Bala. Cyn- wyd, Pa. WILDE, Ray S. M.* (Af 1916), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 1216 Michigan Theater Bldg., Detroit, and 194 Connecticut Ave., Highland Park. Mich. WILDER, Edward L. (Af 1915). Mgr. Industrial Sales Dept, (for mail), Rochester Gas & Elec. Corp., 89 East Ave., and 16 Ericsson St., Roches ter, N. Y. '' . WILEY, Charles S. (Af 1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Eastman Kodak Co., Kodak Park, Rochester, N. Y. WILEY, Edgar C. (Af 1909). Consulting Engr., Wiley & Wilson, Lynchburg, Va. - WILLARD, Arthur C.* (Af 1914), {Presidential Member), (Pres., 1928; 1st Vice-Pres., 1927; 2nd Vice-Pres., 1926; Council, 1925-1929), Prof. Htg. and Vtg., and Head of Dept, of Mech. Engrg. (for mail), University of Illinois, and 1208" W. Cali- forma St., Urbana, 111. ' WILLIAMS, Allen W. (A 1915), Managing Dir., National Warm Air Htg. Asosciation, 174 E. Long St., Columbus, Ohio. ' WILLIAMS, Grover M. (Af 1928), Secy-Treas., Bevington-WiUiams, Inc., 1134-39 Indiana Pythian Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. WILLIAMS, Jesse M. (A 1925), Pres., Williams Radiator Co., 1869 W. Cordova St., Los Angeles, Calif. WILLIAMS, J. McFarland, Jr. (A 1928; 7 1927). Sales Engr., 2401 Garrison Ave.: Baltimore, Md. WILLIAMS, J. Walter (Af 1915); Pres; and Treas., Forest City Plbg. Co., 332 E. State St., Ithaca. N. Y. ; WILLIAMS, O. L. (A 1925), 509 Mellett Bldg., Canton, Ohio.- . WILLIAMS, Robert Eubank (Af 1926). Con- suiting Engr., 308 Home Insurance Bldg., Little Rock A fir WILLIAMSON, A. H. (A 1915), Sales Mgr., American Radiator Co. of Michigan, 1344 Broad way, Detroit, Mich. WILLIAMSON, Fred W. (Af 1914), Consulting Engr., 1418 East 34th.St., Brooklyn,- N. Y. . WILLIS, F. H. (Af 1921), Consulting Engr. (for mail), 740 Gas & Elec. Bldg., and 1110'Jackson ' St.. Denver, Colo. . ' '' . WILLIS, Roy C. (Af 1927), Vice-Pres. and Secy.* (for mail). Vapor Engrg. Co., 489 Fifth Aver, and 145 Audubon Ave., New York, N. Y. : WILLIS, William Jasper (Af 1927). c/o Mrs. J. A. Ruble, 351 Kirk PL, San Antonio, Tex. WILMOT, Charles S. (Af 1919), Supervising Engr., United Engrs. & Constructors, Inc., 112 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, and'(for mail), 227 Fifth Ave., Phoenixville, Pa. -; WILSON, Benjamin W. (Af 1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. (for mail). The Ballinger Co., S. E. Cor. . 12th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, and 5935 Windsor Ave., West Philadelphia, Par1 WILSON, Charles H. (Af 1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Fuller and Warren Co., 1403 Park Blvd., Troy. N. Y. WILSON, Ernest J. F. (Af 1923). Partner (for mail), Wiley & Wilson, Consulting Engrs., 801 Main St., and Box 150, Route 4, Lynchburg, Va. WILSON, F. A. (Af 1910), 209-45-110th Ave., Bellaire, L. I., N. Y. . 37 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 WILSON. George T. (M 1925), Tyre Ave., WORM, Amdi (A 1924), 2424 East 68th St., Islington, Ont., Canada. - .' Kansas City, Mo. WILSON, Harry A. (Charter Member; Life WORSHAM, Herman (M 1925; J 1918), Gen. Member), P. O. Box 155, Washington, R. I. Sales Office (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 WILSON. Howard M. (A 1925), Standard Heater Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 36 S. Jtfunn Co., 136 Federal St., Boston, Mass. ' Ave., East Orange, N. J. WILSON, J. J. (Charter Member; Life Member), WORTHING, E. (M 1923), Bayley Mfg. Co., 732 Consulting Engr. (for mail), 5514 Paschall Ave., Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis. " and Hayes Home. Belmont Ave., Philadelphia, WRIGHT, Harris H. (M 1917), Mgr., C. A. Dun Pa. ham Co.. Pacific Steel Boiler Co.. 615 City Bk. WILSON, William H. (A 1923), Mgr. Milwaukee Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. Office (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 149*159 WRIGHT, Kenneth A. (M 1921), Mgr., Johnson E..Michigan St., and 431 Olive St., Milwaukee. Service Co., 1113 Race St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Wis. . WUNDERLICH, Milton S.* (M 1925), 1598 WILSON, William Seath (A 1924), Field Engr. Laurel Ave., St. Paul, Minn. (for mail), Algoma Steel Corp., and 210 Mc WYLIE, Howard McW. (M 1925; J 1917), Vice- Gregor Ave., Sault Ste. Marie, Canada. Pres., In Charge of Sales, Nash Engrg., Co. WINANS, Glen D. (M 4929), Engr. of Steam South Norwalk,. Conn. . . Distribution, The Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second Ave., and (for mail), 16183 Wisconsin, Detroit, Mich. Y 5 WINTERBOTTOM, John W. (M 1915). Pres. YAGER, John J. (M 1921), 272 Carlton St... ~ (for mail). Winterbottom Supply Co.. Com Buffalo, N. Y. ' mercial and Miles Sts., and 432 Denver St.. YAGLOU, Constantin P.* (M 1923), Instructor Waterloo, la. in Ventilation (for mail). Harvard School of WINTERER, Alfonso V. (A 1929), Secy. Reuben Public Health, 55 Van Dyke St., and 1626 Com L. Anderson, Inc. & Asbestos Products Corp., monwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. -. 1834 St. Clair St., and (for mail), 1580 Race St., YAMASAKI, Kanjiro (A 1923), Htg. Engr.. St. Paul, Minn. Daiwa Kogyo Co.. Ltd., First Mutual Bldg.. WINTERER, Frank C. (M 1920). Htg. Dept., Room 216; No. 5-3 Chome Denmacho, Kyobashi- Cochran Sargent Co., Third and Broadway, ku, Tokyo, Japan. * St. Paul, Minn. . YARDLEY, Ralph W. (M 1920), Asst. Architect. WISE, Frank W. (A 1918), Mgr. (for mail), C.A. Board of Education, City of Chicago, Steuben Dunham Co., 430 Terminal To<ver Bldg., and Bldg., Cor. Randolph and Wells Sts., and (for 12505 Edgewater Dr., Cleveland, Ohio. mail), 817 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, III. .WISE, Mason W. (M 1923), Pres, (for mail). YATES, Walter (M 1902), Governing Dir. (for M. W. Wise Co., 214 Glenn Bldg., and 1656 mail). Matthews & Yates, Ltd., Cyclone. Works, Melrose Dr. S. W., Atlanta, Ga. and Parksend, Swinton, Manchester. England. WITTLEDER, Edward A. (J 1926). Engr., YOCKEL, Thomas J. (A 1929). 3190 Rocham- Western Vtg. & Engrg. Co., 24 S. Clinton St., beau Ave., New York, N. Y. and (for mail). 3429 Medill Ave., Chicago, 111. WOLF, J. C. (M 1923), Engr., B. F. Sturtevant Co., Sturtevant, and (Cor mail). 1367 Stowell Z Ave.. Milwaukee, Wis. ZACK, Hans J. (M 1928). Prop., Zack Co.. 2311 WOLFF, Oscar H. (M 1926), 6232 Oakland Ave., Van Buren St., Chicago. 111. St. Louis. Mo. . ZECK, Alex. (Life Member), Pres., Alex. Zeck & WOLFF, Richard A. (M 1919; J 1915), Pres, (for Son Co., 902 University Ave., Morgantown, mail). Wolff & Munier, Inc., 222 East ,41st St., W. Va. New York, and Woodmere, L. I.. N. Y. * ZELDITCH, Morris (M 1928), Mfrs. Agent. 212 WOLFSFELD, Charles F. (M 1923), Vista Ave., Fitzslmons Bldg., and (for mail), 2301 Lutz Avc,, Bayside. L. I., N. Y. Carrick, Pittsburgh, Pa. . ' ` WOOD, James Sydney (M 1926), Estimator (for ZIBOLD, Carl Edward (M 1929), Pres, and Chief mail). The Bennett & Wright Co.. Ltd.. 72 Engr. (for mail), Zibold and Donohue Co., Inc., Queen St. E., and 110 Balmoral Ave., Toronto, 331 Vanderbilt Ave., Brooklyn, and 78-55-80th ' Canada. St., Glendale. N. Y. WOODLING, Miner D. (M 1926), Owner and Manager (for mail). Miner D. Woodling Htg. & Vtg. Co., 811 Midland Bldg., and 1002 Greenway Ter., Kansas City. Mo. ` WOODLOCK, William M. (A 1929), Sales Engr., -York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 149 Broadway. New York, N. Y., and (for mail), R.\F. D. No. 1, Elizabeth. N. J. WOOLEY, Tbos. R. (M 1916), 3267 Tyler Ave., Detroit, Mich. - . ` ZIEL, Herbert E. (M 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. Architects and Engrs. (for mail). 1000 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, and 153. Robertson St;, Mt. Clemens, Mich. - ZINGSHEIM, George Godfrey (M 1927), 4011 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. . ZOKELT, C. G. (M 1921), Consulting Engr. (for ` mail), 414 Central Bldg., and 2355-16th Ave. S., Seattle, Wash. ' ZORB, Henry P. (M 1927), Htg. Engr. (for mail). 2620 Fourth Ave.. and 2618 Fourth Ave., WOOLSTON, Alfred H. (M 1919), Member of Detroit, Mich. Firm, Bdwers- Bros. & Co., 2015 Sansom St., ZUEHLKE, Rudolph (M .1923), Zuehlke Htg. Philadelphia, Pa. - * - Co., 281 N. Main St., Wauwatosa, Wis. , ` WOOLSTON, C. E. (M 1924), Treas. (for mail). ZUHLKE, William Ronald (M 1928), Engr.. Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co.. Inc., 1111 American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th.St., New . Frankford Ave., and 1510 North 28th St., York, and (for mail), 530 McLean Ave., Yonkers, Philadelphia, Pa. - N.-Y. . . 38 Summary of Membership (Corrected to December 1. 1929) Alabama............................ Arkansas............................ California.;.............. ,,....... Colorado........................... Connecticut..................... Delaware............................ District of Columbia__ Florida................................ Georgia............................... Illinois............................... Indiana.............................. Iowa..................................... Kansas................................ Kentucky.......................... Maine................................. Maryland..............'........... Massachusetts.... ............ Michigan.......................... Minnesota......................... Mississippi............... -........ UNITED STATES ....... 5 ....... 2 ...... 25 ...... 12 ....... 27 ...... 4 ....... 9 ....... 5 ....... 10 ....... 271 ....... 46 ...... 8 ..... . 8 ....... 9 ....... 6 ....... 19 ....... 107 ........ 115 ....... 55 Missouri.................................................... 100 Montana................................................... 5 Nebraska................................. ............... 1 1 New Jersey....................... 97 New York.................................................. 395 North Carolina...................................... 6 Ohio............................................................ 75 Oklahoma............................................... ' 6 Oregon--................................................... 1 Pennsylvania........................................... 288 Rhode Island........................................... 9 Tennessee................ !......................... 6 Texas........................................................... 12 Utah............................... 1 Vermont.................................................... 4 Virginia...................................................... 14 Washington............................................. 21 West Virginia.......................................... 7 Wisconsin................................................. 52 1844 Australia... Belgium... Canada...... China......... Denmark.. Englahd... France....... Germany.. Holland.... FOREIGN COUNTRIES ............................................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ,.................... .............. 3 1 69 6 2 17 3 2 1 Ireland.............................. Japan................................. New Zealand........ .......... Norway.............................. Russia................................ South America.............. Sweden...... ........................ Switzerland..................... 1 6 117 Total Membership... SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP BY GRADES Honorary Members.............................................. :............... 2 Presidential Members............... .....................;..................- 19 Members.............................................................................. 1411 Associate Members.......................... 402 Junior Members................................. 126 Student Member..............................,......................... ......... 1 1961 1961 39  LIST OF MEMBERS Arranged Geographically UNITED STATES ALABAMA Birmingham-- Boisclair, H. C. Festorazzi, A. 0. Gronberg, C. E. Lichty. A. J. Lichty, C. P. ARKANSAS Little Rock-- Williams. R. E. Siloam Springs-- Jones, C. R. . CALIFORNIA COLORADO Colorado Springs-- Higgins. D. T. Jardine, D. C. Denver-- Adams, C. W. Daly, J. H. Deranleau, R. L. Fielding, H. H. Foley. W. J. Herman. H. H. Larimer, W. M. Voigt, C. O. Ward. O. G. Willis. F. H. ' CONNECTICUT Waterbury-- Fenner, N. P. Rech, P. D. Simpson, W. K. Stewart, C. W. Wlnsted-- Griffin, P. C. Hutton. W. . DELAWARE Wilmington-- Gawthrop, F. H. Kershaw, M. G. Lownsbery, B. F. Schoenijahn, R. P. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Berkeley-- Chapman, F. T. Mead. W. R. Beverly Hills-- Nelson, H. A. Burlingame-- Douglass, T. C. Glendale-- Dougherty. P. J. Los Angeles-- Adrianse, P. R. Arthur, H. W. Bain, J. G. Berg, A. H. Bowles, P. Ott, O. W. Polderman, L. H. Simonds, A. H. Williams, J. M. Oakland-- Cummings. G. J. Pasadena-- Gifford, R. L. Hoffman. G. D. . Sacramento-- Duncan, G. W,, Jr. Thompson, C. <San Diego-- Hemingway W. S. S# adler, C. B. San Francisco-- Haley, H. S. Hunt, P. M. Krueger, J. I. Leland, W. E; Bridgeport-- Callahan, M. J. Clement, E. R. Hartford-- Purcell, A. J. New Britain-- Cadwell, W. H. Fenner, E. M. . New Haven-- . Catlin, B. J. * Hoyt, W. B. Jenkins, H. E. Lockwood, E. H. Menzies, F. R. Teasdale, L. A. New London--: Forsberg, W. Hopson, W. T. Noroton Heights-- Ashley, E. E. Riverside-- Jones. A. L. Springdale-- Broderick, J. F. South Norwalk-- Harvey, A. D. Jennings, I. C. ' Mead, E. A. Wylie, H. M. Stamford-- Davidson, R. A. .. Washington-- Breitenbach, G. C. Chapman, D. W. Coward, H. Febrey, E. J. : Gardner, S. F. Goldstein, A. M. Hood, O. P. Mewshaw, J. P. Thompson, N. S. FLORIDA Jacksonville-- Denson, W. Gassier, J. H. Johnson, R. H. Miami -- Croft, T. Tampa-- Smith, V. A. GEORGIA Atlanta-- Alger, R. W. Baird, F. E. -* Clare, F. W. Kent, L. F. Klein, E. W. Templin, C. L. Wise, M. W. . Columbus-- Dexter, M. D. Hartpence, C. C. Gainesville-- Jackson, J. W. 40 ILLINOIS .Arlington Heights-- Atkinson, R. E. Berwyn-- Kitch, S. B. Moran, F. E. - \ . Bloomington-- MaGirl, W. J. Nesmith, O. E.Soper, H. A. - Chicago-- Abrahamson, P. ' Aeberly, J. J. Allan, C. 0. ` Allen, H. D. Andel. F. J. . Arenberg, M. K.- Ashenburst, H. S. Bailey, J. H. Baker, E. V. Barrows, C. E. . * Baumgardner, C. M. Beery, C. E. . Bennett, P. D. * Bidwell. R. E. ' Black, F. C. Bloom, S. C. : Bolte, E. E. Boswin, G. A. . Bracken, J. H. Braun, L. T. - Brayton, W. M... . Broom, B. A.; ? . Burke, G. B. .. Burns, W, A. ' Callaghan, P. F.. Jr. Calvert, N. W. Carnahan. G. C. Casey. B. L. ... Casseriy, T. D. Chenoweth, W. H. Claffey, E. J. Clark. H. J;' \ ' Clow, M. T, ' Cornell, H. Coughlin, R. J. Crawford, W. B. . Crone, C. E., Jr.. Currier, C. H. Cutler, J. A. Cutter. E. H. Davis, H. H. Davis, J. H. Deland, C. W. . Dickinson, G. E. Doherty.-R. Dresen, W. D. . Dunham, C. A. ,, Ebin, L. - Emmett, L. D. Ensign, R. M. Faber, G. S. Roll of Membership Finan, E. J. Finan, J. J. Fix, F. W., Jr. Fleming, J. P. Frank, J. M. Funck, E. H. Gardner, W., Jr. Gaylord, F. H. Gemeny, W. J. Getschow, G. M. Getschow, R. M. Gibbs. F. C. Gilmore, R. E. Good, M. S. Gordon, E. G. Gossett, E. J. Graves, C. C. ' Graves, W. B.. Grebe. H. W. Haas, S. L. Haines, J- J. Hale. J. F. Halliday, L. Hardinge.F. Hart, H. M. Harter, B. B. Hartman, F. E. Hattis, R. E. Hayes, J. J. Hayward, R. B. Heck, G. L., Jr. Heckel, E. P. Hennings, W. A. Herlihy, G. F. Herlihy, J. J. Hill, E. V. Hillen. A. G. -Htiier, W. V. Hoover, H. E. Homung, J. C. Horton, H. F. Howatt, J. Howe. W. W. Hubbard, G. W. Impey, P. F. Jackson, C. J. Jenson, J. S. ' %Johns. H. B. . ' '* Mehring, G. Mertz, W. A. Miller, F. A. Miller, J. E. Miller, R. T. Milliken, J. H. Monaghan, T. H. Monroe, H. E. Montgomery, W. R. Moore, R. E. Muth, H. Nacey, H. M. Narowetz, L. L.. Jr. Neiler, S. G. Nelson, R. O. Newport, C. F. Nilson, A. Niison, K. A. Norman, M. A. Nulson, C. A. O'Brien, J. H. O'Connell, P* M. Offen, B. Olsen, C. F. ' Olson. A. E. Olson, B. Orr, F. B. Pence, M. D. Pitcher, L. J. Pope, S. A. Pope, W. A. Powers, F. W. Prentice, 0- J- Prohaska. E. C. Reid, H. P. Ries, L. S. Rietz, E. W. Rosenbach. R- G. Rottmayer, S. I. Russell, E. A. Saunders. J. C. Sawhill. R. V. Scheidecker, D. B. Schwab, Q. D. Schweim, H- J. Seelig, L. Seltzer, A. P. Shufelt, H. M. Johnson,.D. H. . Jones, E. F. , Jones, M. P. Keeney, F. P.' Kehm, A. Kehm. H. S. Kirk, G. H. Krelssl, H. G. Lagodzinski. H. J. Lang, L. P. Larson, J. M.. Larson, W. C. Lathrop, Dr. E. C. Lautenschlager, F. Lees, H. K. Lenone. J. M.- Lewis, S. R. Lippman, O. S. Luce. G. D.,. Jr. Maier, H. F. Malone, D. G- Marschall, P. J. Martin, O. W. . Matchett, J, C. Mathis, E. Mathis, H. Mathis, J. W. Mathy, J., Jr. Mauer, W. J. May, A. O. ' McCarthy, B. J. McCauley, J. H. McClellan, J. E. McDonnell, E. N. McEvoy, W. J. McFarland, W. P. McLelland, H. B. Small,'J. D. Snider, L. A. Soper, I. N. . Spafford, L. B. Sprague, F. H. Stackhouse, R. M. Stannard, J. M. Stedman, C. N. Stiles, H. L. Stockenberg, R. Sutcliffe, A.' G. , Thinn, C. A. Thomas. R. H. Truitt, J. E. . Trumbo, S. M. Valiciuet, H. H. Walker. G. E. Walsh, A. F. Walters, V. Walters, W- T. Walther, V. H. Washington, L. W. Watson, J. H. Weil. M. Weil. M. I: Weinshank, H. T. Weinshank. T. Weixel. A. L. Widdicombe, R. A. Wiersig, R- H. Wittleder, E. A. Yardley, R. W. Zack, H. J. Decatur-- Shorb, W. A. Evanston-- Bennett, R. E. Bergner, W. G. Kilby, R. E. Mcllvaine, J. H. Thomas, H. G. Vernon, J: R. Joliet-- Menk, Ri W, Russell. W. B, Kewanee-- Bronson, C.-E. Dickson, R. B. Hartman, J. M. Pursell, H. E. La Grange-- Eaton, B. K. Linn, H. R. . Moline-- Beling, E. H. Munson, M. G. Nelson, H. W. Nordine, L. F. Otis, G. E. Tyler, F. T. Oak Park-- Alexander, A. D. Barnes, R. B. Blanding, G. H. May, E. A. Muir, G. A. Uhlhorn, W. J. Park Ridge-- Gross. R. A. McGregor, G. H. Spielmann, G. P. Peoria-- Meyer, F. L. Robb. J. M. Rockford-- , Merwin, G. E. Rock Island-- Nelson, Ri H. Springfield-- Peterson, L. J. Summit-- Ross. J. F. Urbana-- Bennett, G. ,G. Kratz, A. P. Willard, A. C. Waukegan-- Collette, J. R. Turner, J. W. Wilmette-- . Graham, W. D. Winnetka-- Brown, A. P. Ellis. E. E. Martin. A. B. Zion-- Koetz, LI INDIANA Elkhart-- ~ Miller. L. B. Shreiner, D. C. 41 Evansville-- Legeman, R. E. Fort Wayne-- Noland; L. U. Noland. R. W. Hammond-- Schram, W. W. Indianapolis-- * Ammerman, C. R. Ascher, N. C. Bevington, W. C. Callon, H., Jr. , Cotton, R. M. DeHaven, I. C. Edwards, R. H. Fenstermaker. S. E. Freyn, H. L. Hagedon, C. H. Hayes, J. G. Heidenreich, G. Jackson, G. O. Jackson, J. O. McMahon, T. W. Neal, H. W. . .. Perham, S. H. ` Poehner, R. E. Rotz, J. M. Shipp, C. C. Stitt, H. B. Strong, E. A., Jr. Van Alstyne, R. F. Voorhees. G. A. Warren, C. N. Whittington, W. P. Williams, G. M. Jeffersonville-- ( Hancock, J. R. Lafayette-sHotchkiss. C. H. B. Orth. J. W. La Porte-- -Shrock, J. H. Michigan City-- Stockwell, W. R. Muncie-- Hutzel, M. H. Hutzel, V. C. Peru-- Pyle, J. W. Thrush, H. A. , Richmond-- ' Stevenson, M. E. South Bend-- . Leusch.V. W. . Terre Haute-- Prox, R. F. West Lafayette-- Hoffman, J. D.- IOWA Ackley--; -- Nelson, G. O. Cedar Rapids-- Moore, R. F. Motejl, J. A. Des Moines-- Sommers. W. S. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Le Mars-- Mathey, N. J. Sioux City-- Hagan. W. V. Orr, M. J. Waterloo-- Winterbottom. J. W. KANSAS Emporia-- Burnap. C. W. Hutchinson-- Hertz. H. P. Paulsen, C.E. Stevens, H. L. Independence-- Sellars, F. J. Kansas City-- Betz. H. D. Lindsborg-- Holmberg, J. A. Wichita-- Johnson, R. B. O'Connor, J. M. KENTUCKY Lexington-- Anderson, F. P. Evans. H. Ingels, M. O'Bannon, L. S. Louisville-- Birkholz, H. E. Helburn, I. B. Murphy, H. C. Reed, W. M. Shrura, A. T. MAINE Belfast-- Goodhue, A. P. Portland-- Fels, A. B. Merrill, C. J. Presque Isle-- Noyes, G. T. Woodfords-- Eaton, P. Haskell, B. E. MARYLAND Baltimore-- Adams, H. Baker. C. H. Collier, W. I. Dorsey, F. C. Eisert, H. Erickson. H. A. Griffin,,J. J. Leilich, R. L. McCrea, L. W. Posey, J. Reeder, C. L. Thain, A. E. Vance, L. G. Williams, J. M., Jr. Bethesda-- Stock. E. L. Ellicott City-- Tibbets, J. C. Hagerstown-- Dorian, M. 1. Rockville-- Brunett, A. L. Towson-- Seiter, J. E. MASSACHUSETTS Arlington-- Shaw, N. J. H. Whitaker, E. C. Boston-- Abboud, A. Ahearn, W. J. Bartlett, A. C. Barton, R. E.` Boyden, D. S. Boynton, D. W. Brinton, J. W. Brooks. T. C. Brown, R, H. Bryant, Dr. A. G. Cooper, F. I. Drinker, P. Dussossoit, E. A. Ehrenzeller, A. Flemings, J. A. Foulds, P. A. Gifford, R- F. Gilmore, F. P. Gleason, G. H. Goodrich, C. F. Hilliard. C. E, Hubbard, A. Hubbard, A., Jr. Jones, W. T. Kelley. J. J. Kellogg, A. Kimball, C. W. McCoy, T. F. McKenna, W. N. McLean, 1. D. ' McMurrer, L. J. Moulton, D. Mower, W. P. Myrick, J. W. H. Osborne, M. M. Pocock, P. C. Shaw, R. E. Stetson, L. R. Stone. E. R. Swaney, C..R. Thompson. R. C. Tilden, E. E. Tuttle. J. F. Underhill. W. W. Wade, N. S. Webb, J. S. Whittemore, E. H. Whitten, H. E. Whitten. H. W. Wilson, H. M. Yaglou, C. P. Brighton-- Schanze, A. G. Cambridge-- Baker, R. H. Cox, C. J. Donnelly, W. C. Flint. C. T. Haddock, I. T. Heath, F. R. Klonower, A. A. Matthews, C. R. Charlestown-- Herrick, D. A. Chestnut Hill-- Cummings, C. H. Dorchester-- Brown, M. Hosterman, C. O. Plunkett, J. H. Swan, T. J. East Weymouth-- Eaton; R. Fitchburg-- Dolan, W. H., Jr. Jllig, W. R. Karlson, A. F. Framingham-- Fitch, W. S. Holbrook-- Nason, G. L. Hyde Park-- Ellis, F. R. Scheibel. A. H. Lawrence-- Bride, W. T. Leominster-- Kern, R. T. Lynn-- Feehan, J. B. Morgan, F. H. Pool, S. H. Reardoh, J. A. Malden-- McDonald, J. J. Smallman, W. T. Medford-- Dane, l.'S. Suits, G. A. Melrose-- Franklin, R. S. Kirmes, E. W. Pierce, E. F,, Jr. Smallman, E. W. Milton-- Mitchell, C. H. Newton-- Cousens, W. S. .Pittsfield-- Robbins, L. G. Reading-- . Ingalls, F. D. B. Roxbury-- Richard. I. T. South Weymouth-- Berchtold, E. W. Springfield-- Leland, W. B. Watertown-- Wiegner, H. B, Wellesley Hills-- Gilling, W. F. 42 West Newton-- Place. H. R. Weymouth-- Clough, L. Woburn-- Parker, P. ' Wollaston-- Hodgdon, H. A. Shaw, E. Worcester-- Dix. H. M. Hawes. H. R. Standish, M. * MICHIGAN Ann Arbor- Backus, T. H. L. Emswiler, J. E. Hutzel, A. F. . ^ Detroit-- Akers, G. W. Ames, C. F. Armstrong, H. M. ` Baldwin. W. H. Bishop, F. R. Blackmore, F. H. Boales, W. G. Brown, C. Clark. E. H. Collamore, R. Connell. R. F. . . - Coon, T. E. Corbin, W.'E. Cummings, C. A. Cummins, G. H, Dauch, E. O... * Davis, L. J.` Decker, E. M. Degan, J. E. * Diliman, E. J. ' Donohue. E. S. Doody, C. A, ' Dubry, E. E. Eggleston, L. W. Feely. F. J. Fortune, J. R. Fuller, J. L. Gallaher, J. E; Gaulin, R. P. Giguere. G. H. Green, J. E. ' Hamlin, H. A. Harms, W. T. . Harrigan, E. M. Heydon, C. G. ` Hill. N. J. . . Hogan,' E. L. . Hubbard, N.-B. Johnson, F. W. Johnson, H. S. Johnston, W, B. Killian, M. A. Kilner, J. S. ` Knight, A. B. Little. E. R. MeColl. J. R. McConachie, L. .L. McConner, C. R. McGeorge,. R. H. Mclntire, J. F.. McLean, D. McNair; E. E. Meyer, J. W. Miller, H. N. Miller, J. F.- G. Milward, R. K. Monroe, L. O. Morgan, C. S. Morse, C. T.' Paetz, H. E. Parrott, L. G. Partlan, J. W. Peckham, R. R. Phelps, H; R. Pittelkow, A. G. Purcell, F. C. Purcell, R. E. Randall, W. C. Roberts, J. H. Roney, T. Gj Rowe, W. A. St. John, J. S. Saulson, S. Shepstone, O. Shuell, F. W. Smith, G. W. Smith, L. L. Snell, E. Snyder, J. W. Soderberg, C. H. Spitzley, R. L. Spurgeon, J. H. Stephen, H. M. Verner, W. F. Walker, J. H. Walton, H. L. Whelan, W. J. Whiteley, J. Wigle, B. M. Wilde. R. S. M. Williamson, A. H. Winans, G. D. Woolley, T. R. Ziel. H. E. Zorbl H. P. Grand Rapids-- Alexander, C. H. Bradfield, W. W. Carman, G; G. Carroll, W. J. Jaynes, E. L. Highland Park-- Foster, W. M. Holland-- Cherven, V. W. Kalamazoo-- Btaney, C. A. Kersjes, W. Lansing-- Distel, F. Marcell us-- Henrich, G. A.' Pleasant Ridge-- Blessed, W. A. , Petherick. D. H. Plymouth-- Campbell, J. M. Saginaw-- Swartwout, J. D. Roll of Membership MINNESOTA MISSOURI Cloquet-- Backstrom, R. E. Spafford, A. Duluth-- * Foster, C. Whitnah, C. S. Minneapolis-- Andresen, A, W. Barnum, M. C. Betts, H. M, Bjerken, M. H. . Bradford, H. H. Brown, J. H. Burns, E. J. Burritt, C. G. Cash. T. T. Cowles, B. E. Dahlstrom, G. A. Forfar, D. M. Gerrish. H. E. Gordon, E. B., Jr. Hanchett, J. H. Hanson, L. C. Harris, J. B.Hasey, C. E. Helstrom, H. G. Huch, A. J. Kuempel, L. L. Martenis, J. V. Morgan, G. C. Mosher, R. B. Parks, W. N. Probst, A. H. Rowley, F. B. Sanford, A. L. Sperzel, H. J. * Uhl. E. J. Uhl. W. F. Zingsheim, G. G. Owatonna-- Clarkson, W. B. Rochester-- Adams, N. D. . St. Paul-- Anderson, P. E. Blackshaw, J. L. Buenger, A. Challman, S. A. Gausman, C. E. Heagler, J. M. Hires, C. R. Jones, E. F. . Lewis, E. B. Otto. R. W. Ruff. D. C. Skagerberg, R. Wagner, A. M. Winterer, A. V, Winterer, F. C. Wunderlich, M. S. Wayzata-- . Mikesh, J. J. MISSISSIPPI Jackson-- Paine, K. A. Independence-- Cook, B. F. Kansas City-- Arthur, J. M,, Jr. Burton, C. A. Caleb, D. Campbell, E. K. Carr. C. H. Clegg, C. : Cox, W. F. Dodds. F. F. Downes, N. W. Dunlap, R. L. Fehlig, J. B. Gillham, W. E. Henrici, H. C. Herold, C. W. Hitchcock, F. P. Jones, E. Kitchen, F. A. . iCitchen, J. H. Lewis, J. G. Mason, R. B. Millis. L. W. Natkin, B. Naylor. B. C. Nottberg, H. J. Painter, D. H. Pines, S. Plass, C. W. Qualtrough, B. F. Russell, W. A. Sheppard, F. A. Weiss. C. A. Woodling, M. D. Worm, A. Wright, H. H. Kirkwood-- Graves, R. E. McMorran, F. J. Liberty-- Dudfield, A. St. Louis-- Baetz.H. Balsinger, H. D. Barnes, E. R. Bayse, H. V. Bowers, J. S. Bradley, E. P. Bradley, J. T. Branigan. H. L. Browning, H. K. Buder, C. G. Butler, C. W. Carlson, E. E. ' Cook. C. D. Cooper, J. W. Davis, C. RDeNeille, J. L. Edwards, D. F. * Eichler, A. Evleth, E. B. Falvey, J. D. " Ferguson, R. R. Foster. J. M. Gale. T. J. G. Gallaher, A. J. 43 Halley, W. H. Harris, H. W. Helwig, G. A. Hester, T. J. ~ Humphreys, A. E. # Kaysing, H. C. Kent. J. K. Lane, A. M. Langenberg, E. B. Lathers, V. M. Meara, J. J. Merrell, S. A.Messmer, G..E. Metcalf, R. H. Moon, L. W. Niestrath. W. H. Picker, F. C. Pickett, C. A. Quentin. E. H. Rickley, F. A. Robertson, J. M. Rosebrough, R. M."" Rossman, V. D. Russell, W. L. A. Sachleben, E. H. Schukai, W. Schulze. B. H. Smith, R. J.; Sodemann. P. W. " Sodemann, W. C. B. Stammer, E. L. Steckhan, L. Thomsen. W. T. Walters, A. L. White. E. A. Wolff, O. H. Springfield-- Cooper, H. Webster Groves-- Manahan, J. E. Myers, G. W. F. MONTANA Big Timber-- Strickland, A. W. Billings-- Cohagen, C. C. Tooker, C. C. Bozeman-- Bunnell, E. W. Powers^ F. I. ' NEBRASKA Scotts Bluff-- Davis, O. E. NEW JERSEY Atlantic City-- Strouse, S. B. Bayonne-- Schwartz, J. Belmar-- Merkel, F. P. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 Bloomfield-- Hochuli, H. W. . Lau, A. S. Camden-- Kappel, G. W. A. Kohr, R. K. Lanning, E. K. Strandwitz, W. J. Swift, C. K. Webster. E. K. Webster, W. Webster, W., Jr. Cranford-- Lynch, G. D. Terrell. H. A. East Orange-- Grahn, V. F. Hillen, W. G. Hunter, C. C. Reilly, J. H. Schroth, A. H. Tumo, W. G. W. Elizabeth-- Cornwall, G. T. Klube, J. O. Lyman, S. E. Nesdahl, E.' Pearce,' C. E. , Wheller, H. S. Woodlock, W. M. Emerson--- Blume, F.J., Jr. Essex Fells-- Stacey, A. E., Jr. Fair Haven-- . Smith, H. P. Glen Rock-- HaU, C. H. ` Grantwood-- Butler, P. D. Haddonfield-- Dobbs, C. E. Jones. R. E. Harrington Park-- Thuem, E. A. Hasbrouck Heights-- Goodwin, S. L. Hawthorne-- Lawton, F. C. Irvington-- Ellis, W. H. Freas, R. B. Wells, H. N. . Jersey City-- Calahan, J. Driscoll, W. H. Jones, H. L. Ritchie. W. Walterthum, J. J. . Jobstown-- ' Allinson, O. H. Kearny-- Long, D. R. Siebs, C. T. Vogelbach, O. ' Lyndhurst-- .. Ehrlich, M. W. Maplewood-- Evans, W. A. Smith, M. S. Merchantville-- Binder. C. G. Montclair-- Bentz, H. Holbrook, F. M. Mountain Lakes-- Bolling, E. Newark-- Bermel, A. H. Bryant, P. J. Carrier. W. H. Day, V. S. Gabelmann, P. E. Gifford, E. W. Heiles, F. C. Leinroth, J. P. . Lewis, L. L. Lyle. J. I. Noble. M. '. Nolan, J. J., Jr. Rydell. C. A. Soule. L. C. west. p.; . . Worsham.H. Nutley-- Matthiessen, H. G. F. Oaklyn-- Driggs, L. L. Palmyra-- Schopp, W. J. Passaic-- Boeker, C. H. Hankin, R. Harding, R. M. Morris, C. R. Paterson-- Pryor, F. L. Plainfield-- MacDougall, B. W. Tobin, G. J. Princeton-- Black. J. J. A. Ridgefield Park-- Davis, A. C. Ridgewood-- Forgee, F. A. Riverton-- Bilyeu, W. F. Brunt, T. B. Short Hills-- Fouilhoux, J. A. South Orange-- ` Hansen, C. C. Teaneck-- Heebner, W. M. .Trenton-- Perlstein, S. Union City-- Darton, A. W. Taverna, F. F. Verona-- Frutchey, M. P., Jr. Woodridge-- Reynolds, T. W. NEW YORK Albany-- Murray, T. F. Naden, L. J. Ryan, H. J. Steim, C. J., Jr. Stevens, F. H. Taggart, R. C. Binghamton-- Folley, E. B. Bronxville-- Barr, G. W. Denholm, J. A., Jr. Brooklyn-- Atwater, L. W. Bampton, C. M. Beatty, D. J. Bender, C. P. Bernhard, G. Blest, F. S. Crutchley, E., Jr. Dill, H. O. Doherty, J. A. Dwyer, T. F. Eells. H. B. Emery, W. D. Gardner, B. F. Gornston, M. H. Griffin, B. H. Hanley, J. H., Jr. Harrison; B. S. Hinchman, E. G. Janet, H. L. Kreitner, W. Lemmerman. C. W. Lindeman, H. Mandeville, E. W. McCann, F. G. McKiever, W. H. Moss, E. Musaus, J., Jr. Phillips, F. W., Jr. Richardson, F. J. . Ruppert, E. H. Scollay, U. G. Sewardv P. H. Shay, R. A. Siegel, L. * Tisnower, W. Tusch, W. Vivarttas, E. A. Walsh, J. F. . Ward, G. C. Williamson, F. W. Zibold, C. E. Buffalo-- Ahlff, A. A. Archer, F. S. ' Ashton, D. W. Beirn, J. U. - Beman, M. C. Booth, C. A. . Bresnahan, J. J. Bulkeley, C. A. " Burke, F. H. Castih, L. N. Cherry, L. A. Cheyney. C. C, * Clucas, W. F'. Criqui, A. A. ' Danforth, N. L. * Davis, J. . 'i Dempsey. H. P. Dyer, O. K. Evans, C. A. . Ewing, D. R. Farnham, R. Farrar, C. W. . Frank, Mrs. O. E. Frankel, G. . Fraser, W. G. Gauvin, L. G. ' Harding, L.;A._ . Hedley, P. S. Hirschman. W. F. }. Jackson, M. S. . Johnson, E E. Johnson, W. F. . * ' Kamman, A. -R- - Landers, J. J. Love, C. H. ' Madison,- R. .D. . Mahoney, D. J. Moran, R. J. ' Mosher, C. H.. - . Padginton. G. Quigley, W. J. \ Roebuck, W., Jr. Schank, G. E. Scheer, F. W. . Snyder, J. S. Thornton, R. T. Tinker, A. K. .Wendt, E. F. . Yager, J. J. ' Elmira-- .. * Davis, B. C. ' Frutchy, A. E; McGlenn, G. R.- . ' Geneva-- . Herendeen, F. W. Smith. S. S; Herkimer-- . ; Ertman, B. R. . Irvington-on-HudsonBastedo, A. E. - 44 Roll of Membership Ithaca-- Sawdon, W. M. Williams, J. W. . Jamestown-- Sharp, F. H. Kenmore-- Bliss, S. C. Riley, D. H. . Larchmont-- . .. Dillon, H. R. Downe, E. R.. Gaylor, W. S. Kingsley, E. A. Lockport-- Porzel, J- Mamaroneck-- Benson, B. A. Millbrook-- Pizie, S- G. Morton-- Stangland, B. F. Mt. Vernon-- Bishop, C. R. Hunt, R. B. Obert, C. W. . New Rochelle-- Dailey, J. F. Kuhlmann, R. Senior, R. L. New York City-- Abrams, A. Addams, H. Adler, A. A. Alvord, A. M. Armagnac, A. S. Armspach, O. W. Bachler, L. J. Baird, F. X. . Barth, H. E. Baum, A. L. Beebe, F. E. W. Bennett, I. T. Bennitt. G. E. . Berman, L. K. Binder, I. . Birch, H. R. Blackburn, E. C.. Jr. . (Hempstead, L. I.) Blackman, A. O. Blackmore, J. J. Bock, B. * Bolton, R. P. ` Bondy, W. S. Booth, H. N. Brassington, A. F. (Port Richmond, S. I.) . Browne, A. L. Buck, L. Buensod, A. C. Campbell, F. B. Carpeqter, R. H.. Chase, J* M. . Close, P. D. Cosgrove, W. M. Crone, T. E. Cumming, R. W. Cunningham, N. Dailey, J. A. Darts, J. A. DePalma, J. R. (Woodhaven, L: I.) Donnelly, R. Donoghue, J. J. Dornheim, G. A. (Long Island City) Duff, K. Duffield, T. J. Durand, W. L. Eadie, J. G. Easterbrooks, C. C. Eastwood, H. F. Ellison. J. H. (Freeport, L. I.) Ely. F. E. . Emerson, R. R. Engle, A. Fansler, P. E. - Faulkner, D. H. (Hempstead, L. I.) Fay, F. C. Feldman, A. M. Fife. G. D. Fleisher, W. L. Flemming, W. L. Flink, C. H. Friedman, A. ' Friedman, F. J. Gast, C. (Rockville Center, L. I.) Giannini, A. C. Glore, E. F. Goldberg, H. M. Goldschmidt, O. E. Gombers, H. B. * Goodnow, W. F. . Grant, A. E. Grant, W. A. Grill, G. E. Harbula, M. G. Haynes, C. V. Heatherton, J. M.. Hedges. H. B. Hettinger, H. . (Floral Park, L. 1.) Hills, A. H. Hinkle, E. C. (Hempstead, L. I.) Hinrichsen, A. F. Hoffman, C. S. Hook, M. G. Howell, F. B. Hyman, W. M. Hynes, L. P. Issertett, H. G. Jacobs, B. .' Jacobus, Dr. D. S. Jalien, J. J. Johnsen, H. . (Dongan Hills, S. I.) Johnson, E. B. (West New Brigh ton, S. I.) Johnston, W. H. Keasbey, A. P. Keenan, P. F. Kellogg, T. M. Keplinger, W. L. Keyes, R. E. Kiewitz, A. A. ... (Astoria, L. 1.) Kiewitz, C. (Floral Park, L. I.) Kimball, D. D. Kirk, L. G. Knowles, A. F. Koithan, W. S. LeBeau, J. F. (Jamaica, L. 1.) LeCompte, W. G. Lennon, J. O. Longwell, H. E. Lucke, C. E. Lyle, E. T. Maier, G. M. Marshall, H. H. Martin, G. W. McCormack, E. T. Meyer, H. C., Jr. Mickiewicz, S. J. Miller. C. A. Miller, R. B. Morrill, R. D. Munder, J. F., Jr. Munier. L. L. Munro, E. A. Murphy, E. T. Murphy, J. R. Murphy, W. A. Neale. L. 1. Neideck, A. A. Nelson, G. A. Nichols, G. B. , Nicol. N. C. Oaks, O. O. O'Connell, M. O'Donnell T. J. Odrobina, S. R. ' (Long Island City) Offner, A. J. Olvany, W. J. Osborne. W. J. Parkhill, D. Parter, S. C. Patorno, S. A. S. Paulding, L. G. Peacock. J. K. Pease. H. H. Pfeiffer, B. J. PfuhJer, J. L. (West New Brigh ton, S. I.) Pihlman, A. A. Pinder. P. H. Pine, M. (Jamaica, L. I.) . Place, C. R. Presdee, C. W. Pryor. R. W., Jr. Purdy, R. B. Purinton, D. J. Quirk, C. H. Raisler, S. Ralston, L. T. M-. Reed, J. F. Reynolds, W. V. Rice, J. A. (Gibson, L. I.) Richardson, D. R. Riley, C. L. Ritchie, E. J. Ritter, A. Rodman, R. W. Rooney, M. A. Rosenberg, P. Ross, J. O. Rothrock, J. T. Ruggles, R. F. (Tompkinsville, S. I.) Russell. W. A. Samuels. S. Sawade, C. A. Schloss, N. L. Schmidt, G. G. Schneider, C. Schoepflin, P. H. Schunk, T. (Quogue, L. I.) - Scott, C. E. Scott, E. A. Scott, G. M. Seelig, A. E. Sellman, N. T. Simpson, W. A. Sklenarik, L. (Long Island City) Smith, J. C. Smith, P. C., Jr. (Northport, L. I.) Spooner, H. R. (Jamaica, L. I.) Stanton, G. W. Staples, W. H. Steinke, G. B. Steinmuller, J. M. (Long Island City) Stern, H. R. Still, F. R. Strock, C. Sullivan, D. A. Swain, W. A. . Sweeney, S. H. Tallmadge, W. Taylor, J. H. (Queens Village, L. I.) . Thomson, T. N. (Huntington, L. I.) Timmis, W. W. (Glen Cove, L. I.) Tucker, F..N. Tyler, R. D. Van Norden, E. M.. Vogt, J. H. Waechter, H. P. (Tompkinsville, L. I.) Walker, W. K. Wallace. G. J. (Elmhurst, L. I.) Wallace, W. M.P Jr. (Hollis, L. I.) Walsh. J. H. Walsh. M. Watters, P. J. (Port Richmond, S.I.) West, B. F. White, E. S.,. Whiteiaw, H. L. Willis, R. C. . Wilson, F. A. (Bellaire, L. I.). Wolff, R. A. , Wolfsfeld, C. F. ' (Bayside, L. I.) Yockel, T. J. 45 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 North Tarrytown-- Weiss, A. P. Ogdensburg-- . Skelly, J. F. Poughkeepsie-- Doherty, J. J. Rochester-- Axeman, J. E. Beasom, G. R. . Coe. I. B. Coe. R. T. Devendorf, W. F. DeWolf, R. D. Dobson, G. G. Grau, E. R, Hakes, L. M. Haskins. A. L. Sheldon. N. E. Welder,.F. J. Welsh. H. S. Wilder. E. L. Wiley, C. S. Rome-- Lynch, W. L. Steele. M. G. Rye-- Donovan, J. E. Saranac Lake-- Miller, P. Scarsdale-- Fiedler. H. W. Grotz, A. B. Schenectady-- Strachan, J. S. Vogel. A. Welch, L. A , Jr. Snyder-- Langley, F. P. Syracuse-- Acheson, A. R. Bradley. R- H. Breneman, R. B. Dennis, C. K. Ormsby, H. K./Jr. Ryen, M. Troy-- Wilson, C. H. Utica-- Brandeles, H. J. Hamjy, P. W. Hughes, W. C. Schneider, P. W. Steinhorst, T. F. Valhalla-- Mehne, C. A. White Plains-- Callahan, T. H. Newcomb, R. Wllliamsville-- Hutzel. H. F. Yonkers-- BrabWe. Dr. C. W. Goerg, B. Kelly, J. G. Rainger, W. F,, UUman, H. G. Zuhlke, W. R. ' NORTH CAROLINA Charlotte-- Brandt, E. H., Jr. Christian, C. W. Greensboro-- MacKenzie, B. High Point-- Gray, W. E. Weldon-- Chappell. T. A. Winston-Salem-- Bahnson, F. F. OHIO Akron-- Humphrey, D. E. McClenathan, R. Thatcher, G. S. Canton-- Williams, O. L. Cincinnati-- Blomfeldt, A. A. Bostain, J. C. Doyle, W. J. Green, W. C. Grier, W. Houliston, G. B. Kiefer. C. J. Kitchell. H. N. Royer, E. B. SprouU, H. E. True, J. E. Wright, K. A. Cleveland-- Bailey, E. P., Jr. Benedict, E. R. Beyer, J. E. Bogardus, G. W. Bridges, F. G. Brueggeman, A. R. Colby, C. W. Deex. C. J. Eveleth, C. F. Farley, J. W. Gottwald, C. Greene, W. C. Harrison, J. M. Harvey, L. C. Heinle, E. L. Kammerer, W. C. Kinner, J. E. Kissick. J. J. Klie, W. McLeish, W. S. Mason, J. J. Matzen, H. B. Miles, J. C. Morris, F. H. Neitzel, C. W. Quay, D. M. Rather. M. Fi Repp, H. L. Roemer, J. St. Clair, C. W. Titus, M. S. Van Sickle, W. B. Weager, T. A. Wise, F. W. PENNSYLVANIA Allentown-- Buel, H. G.: Hersh, G. W. Korn, C. B. Ardmore-- Hires, J. E. Whelan. W. F. Cleveland Heights-- Davis, R. G. Columbus-- ' Babbitt, E. C. Brown, A. I. Lawson, W. I. Seiders, J. T. Wheeler, O. J. Williams. A. W. Dayton-- Gibbons. M. J.. Jr. Haas, W. Hoersting, F. J. East Cleveland-- Nobis, H. M. Stark, W. E. Kent-- Stanford, L. E. Lakewood-- Maurer. E. D. . Rehling, H. F. Baden-- McCreary. J. L. Beaver Falls-- Van Alen. W. T. Berwyn-- Sewell. J. M. - Boyertown-- King, T. - Bradford-- \ Helistrom, J. Paterson. F. C.. Jr. Bridgeport-- Abel, D. M. Arko. F. W. Holton, J. H. . Longenecker, H. J. Chambersburg-- Kottcamp. H. A. Mehaffey. W. C. Chester-- Boyd. W. R. Mansfield-- Barnsteiner, A. Clarks Green-- Walker. G. F. ' Paiaesville-- . Hobbs, J. C. Ravenna-- Franzheim, G. W. Springfield-- Hart, T. H. Toledo-- Baker. H. C. Bryce, S. D. Mandel, H. J. Rogers, A. C. Vermere, E. J. Youngstown-- Choffin, C. C. OKLAHOMA Cynwyd-- . Smith. W. F. . Drexel Hill--Dei, Co. Jones, L. T. Kriebel. J. H. Rice. W. W. Drexel Park--Del. Co. Eckardt, C. A. T. Erie-- * Mayer, R. S. Forty Fort-- Grossman, H. E. Germantown-- Tomlinson, M. C. W. Glenshaw-- McEllroy, G. S. Oklahoma City-- Dolan, R. G. Loeffler, F. X. Patton, R. L. Rae, T. W. Thomas, B. A. Tulsa-- Jones, E. OREGON Harrisburg-- Degnan. T. J. Eicher. Dr, H. C. Fisher, E. L. Geiger. I. H. . Lutz, J. H.. Jr. Schimmel, F. W. Selig, E. T. .. Weitzel. R. D. Haverford-- ` Black, E. N. Kellogg, H. D. La Grande-- Anderson, S. A., Jr. Hazelton-- Sherry, R. W. 46 Roll of Membership Holmesburg Junction-- Nesbitt, A. J. . Nesbitt, J. J. Jenkinstown-- Slight. 1. Johnstown-- Novotney, T. A. Rinkenberger, G. Lancaster-- Grossman, H. M. Huzzard, E. C. Jones, A. Lloyd. E. C. Schrader, C. C. Lansdowne-- Myers, J. E. Pennell, S. H. McKeesport-- Dugan. T. M. Millvale-- Staud, C. J. New Castle-- Eckles. R. A. Newton Square-- Del. Co. Ramsay, H. W. Norristown-- Bolsinger, R. C. Frost, R. V. Gormly, P. Hucker, J. H. OH City-- Heagerty, W. H. Philadelphia-- Adams, B. Alt, H. L. Anderson, C. A. Arnold, JC S. Aronson, H. H. Bachler, H. C. Bartlett. C. E. Bauer, H. C. Beahm, R. B. Black. H. G. Blankin. M. F. Bogarty. H. S. Boon, G. Bornemann; W. A. Boyd, D. K. Bozeman, R. W. Braemer, W. G. R. Breen, J. W. Brogan, J. J. Burt, J. E. Carey, J. A. Carstens.'E. Cassell, J. D. Cavileer, J. V. Clarkscyi, R. C., Jr. Cooper, T. W. Culbert, W. P. ' Dambly, A. E. Davidson, L. C. Davidson, P. L. Dingleman, C. S. Dome, W. R. Duemler, F. C. Eagan, W. H. Eakins, W. Edgar, A. C. Eichberg, W. R. Elliot, E. Feltwell, R. H. Fest, L. T. Fitz, J. C. Fleming, T. C. French, D. E. Galligan, A. B. Galligan, J. H. Gant. H. P. Gillett. M. C. Glassey, J. W. Gomersall, W. H. Graham, C. D. Gross, S. Hackett, H. B. Heckroth, H. H. Hellerman, H. H. Hess. H. L: Hibbs, F. C. Hirst, J. N. Hoft, P. J. Hopkin, W. E. Houpt, G. A. Huckel. F. J. Hunger, R. F. Hurley. J. C. Ickeringill, J. Jellett, S. A. John, B. F. Johnson, J. M. Kappler, H. C. Kauffman. R. Kelble. F. R. Kerney, T. F. Keys. G. W. Kipe. J. M. Koch. H. 0. Kriebel, A. E. Leahy, J. L.Lewis, G. C. Lewis. J. W. Lewis, T. * Liner. J. J. Locke. H. W. Lord. F. R. Lutz. P. R. MacDade, A. H. Matson, T. Mayette, C. E. McCarthy, C. J. McClintock, A., Jr. McClintock, A.. Sr. McClintock. J. L. Mellon, J. T. J. Mensing, F. D. . Meyer, J. W. Miller, A. A. Miller, H. F. Miller, W. C. Minnich, H. S. Monday, C. E. Morgan, R. C. Mott, A. C., Jr. Murphy, W. R. Nelson. F., Jr. Nusbaum, L. O'Connell, E. D. Patrick. H. M. Patterson. D. F. Peak. A. M. Perkins. Fi C. Phillips,'F. T. Plewes, S. E. Price. W. H., Jr., Reilly, C. E. Rettew, H. F. Reuss, E. H,, Jr. Roberts, H. L. Rugart. K. Sabin, E. R. Sanbem, E. N. Scott, C. E. Setzer, W. C. Shanklin, A. P. Sheffler. M. Sommer, L. J., Jr. Speckman. C. H. Stearns, W. I. . Stone, G. F. Strong, R. C. Sutterley, W. W. Taliaferro, R. R. Thompson, W. P. Timmis, P. Tinker. W. E. Walsh, J. A. Walther, H. J. Wandless, F. W. Ward. L. T. Wegmann, A. Welarab. V. N. Whitby. S. S. White. C. F. , Why, H. B. Wild. W. H. Wilson, B. W. Wilson, J. J. Woolston, A. H. Woolston, C. E. Phoenixville-- Wilmot, C. S. Pittsburgh-- Alcott, W. L. Aston, J. Beighel, H. A. Benson, M. A. , Blackmore, G. C. Blackmore, N. L. Bowman, H. A. Brauer, R. Bushnell, C. D. Chester. T. ` Clark. W. H. Comstock, G. M. Dibble, S. E. Digby, H. E. Edwards, P. A. English, A. T. Evans, E. C. Firsching, F. J. Gunther. F. A. Hanson, E. W. Harper, S. H. Heilman, R. H. Hook, C. H. Houghten, F. C. Langdon, J. D. McGinness, J. E. McGuigan, L. A. McIntosh, F. C. 47 / McLaughlin, J. J. McMurray, J. . Maginn, P. F. . Moore, H. L. Morgan, J. S. Morrow; C. F. Nass, A. F. Nicholls, P. O'Neill, P. Orr, H. B. Rederer, B. S. , Richards. S. F. ' Schley. A, A. Speller, F. N. Stanger. R. B. Steen, J. M. . . Stevenson, W. W. Stitt, E. W. Stokes, R. E.` Teague, W. W. Tennant, R. J. J. Walker, J. B. Waters, G. G. Weber, G. A. Wheeler, C. W. Zelditch, M. Reading-- Luck, A. W. Nicely, J. E. Reese. H. L. Stack. M. F. Ridley-- Culbert, W. G. Scranton-- Gilboy. J. P. Saville, T. H. Shaver. H. H. Sewickley-- Black, G. E. Shamokin-- Gortner, J. W. Stroudsburg-- Kiefer, E. J., Jr. Swissvale-- Timmerman, M. M. Tamaqua-- Hardesty, A. L., Jr. Upper Darby; P. O.-- Hackett, C. P. Mervine, T. R. Warren-- Schellhammer. A. L. Washington-- . McVehiL E. W. Wilkinsburg-- Campbell. T. F. Rasmussen, E. Williamsport-^- Chambers, W. E. McLain, R. D. ' Moltz, G. N. Pfeiffer, J. F. Wormleysburg-- Filson. F. E. Miller, T. G. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 York-- Hertzler. J. R. Lindemuth, N. R. Sowers, P. E. Zellenople-- Eberle. C. F. RHODE ISLAND Pawtucket--. Martin, J. F. Providence-- Coleman, J. B. Gibbs. E. W. Hartwell, J. C. ' Husband. E. W. McLaughlin, J. D. Moulder, A'. W. Poole, E. F. Washington-- Wilson. H. A. . TENNESSEE Chattanooga-- Russell. H. C. Memphis-- Allen, W. H Bevil, A. T. Brewster, D. R. Nashville-- Brown. F. Hailey, S. H. TEXAS Amarillo--. Burnett, E. S. Helphingstein, O. College Station-- Giesecke, F. E. Dallas-- Chappell. R. E. Moler, W. H. Van Zandt, J. H. Fort Worth-- Skinner, H. W. Houston-- . Barnes, A. F. San Antonio-- Diver, M. L. . Ebert, W. A. Reynolds. H. M. Willis, W. J. UTAH Salt Lake CityCooper, A. W. VERMONT Burlington-- Austin, F. L. Raine, J. J. North Ferri8burg-- Breckenridge, L. P. St. Albans-- Sturges, H. A. VIRGINIA Lynchburg-- Cleland. J. E. Doering, F. L. Wiley. E. C. Wilson. E. J. F. Norfolic-- Peebles, J. K., Jr. Richmond-- Austin, W. E. Beverley, R. C. Carle. W. E. Childress, W. L. Johnston, J. A.' . ' Livingston, B. B. Schulz, H. I. Roanoke-- Wash. VV. P. Staunton-- Moffett. W. S. WASHINGTON Spokane-- . DeLong, Maj. H. B. Nelson. R. L. Yakima-- McCune, B. V.. Seattle--; Anderson, M. Beggs, W.'Ei . ' Carsten, W. H. Cox, W. W. Dudley,' W. L. > Early, G. D. Eastwood, E. O. Eckart, C. H. . Heath, S. C. Hogaboom, H. R. O'Connell, P. M. Mallis, W. Mann, C. P. Ruddell, W. H. Tennant, E. M. Twist, C. F. ' Weber. E. L. Zokelt, C. G. WEST VIRGINIA Charleston-- Shanklin, J. A. Shanklin, J. R. Largent-- Donnelly, J. A. Innes, Helen R. Morgantown-- Zeck, A. Wheeling-- Hare, E. S. Schofield. T. J. WISCONSIN Eau Claire-- Grosvold, F. E. Fond du Lac-- Ahern, T. L. Fort Atkinson-- Shodron, J. G. La Crosse-- 4hderegg, R. H. Johnson, T. R. Miller, M. W. Trane, R. N. Madison-- Larson, G. L. . Nelson, D. W. * ` Plaenert. A. B:. Milwaukee-- ' Berghoefer. V. A. Berringer, S. H.. .. Bowers, A. F. *:. Brown. W. H. . Cook, H. R. Downey, P. C. Ellis, H. W. Goethel, A. C. - Haupt, H. F. Jackson, C. H. Jones, E. A. Jung, J. S. . Juttner, O. J. Knab. E. A. Lovegren, H. M. Meadows, F. H. Miller, C. W. Miller, H. M. Mueller, P. E. Noll, W. F. Olson, R. G. Ostrander, L. F. Randolph, C. H. . Rice, C. J. . Richtmann, W. M. Schwab, H. E. Szekely, E. Ver Halen, E. T. Volk, J. H. Weimer, F. G. Wilson, W. H. Wolf, J. C. Worthing. E. - - . Racine-- - Dixon. A. G. Thomas. N. A. . Superior-- Eddy. W.-H. Wausau-- Bassler, E. M. Wauwatosa-- Dannies, F. R. Page. H. W. Zuehlke, R. . West Allis-- Erickson. M. E. , Wisconsin Rapids-- Eron. L. J. 48 Roll of Membership FOREIGN COUNTRIES AUSTRALIA Sault Ste. Marie-- . Wilson. W. S. .Sidney-- Sands, C. C.. Melbourne-- ` Overton. S. H. Malvern-- Swan, E. H. BELGIUM Brussels-- Mautsch, R. H. CANADA Calgary, Alberta-- Clarke, S. S. Walker. A. Edmonton, Alberta-- . Kelly, H. Latham, G. Falrville,.N. B.-- , Campbell, J. P. Galt, Ont.-- Evans, J. McCaffrey. H. G. Toronto. Ont.-- . Addy, E. Angus, H. H. Birrell, A. L. Blackball. W. R. Boddington, W. P. Church, H. J. Clifton. W. F. Cole, G. E. Dickey, A. J. Dolan, E. M. Flett, H. R. Gaby. F. A. . Griffiths, M. R. Gurney, E. H. Harrington. C. Henion. H. D. Leitch. A. S. MacKenzie, J. J. McHenry, R. W. McMichael, P. Millar, R. J. . Moore, H. S. O'Neill, J. W. Paterson, J. S. Peterkin, S. MacC. Playfair, G. A. Purdy. A. K. Shears. M. W. Sheffield. E. B. Sheppard, W. G. Tabbiner, H. Thomas, M. F. . Thompson, W. J. Watson. M. B. ' Wood. J. S. Halifax. N. S.-- Eagar, R. F. Islington, Ont.-- Wilson, G. T. Kingston, Ont.-- Arkley, L. M. Druce, J. J. . Vancouver, B. C.-- Blake, A. H. Givin, A. W. Johnston, R. E. Leek, W. McCreery, H. J. Victoria, B. C.-- Sheret, A. London, Ont.-- . Collver, G. L. Montreal, P. Q.-- Darling, A. B. Higgins, T. J. Kastello, A. LaPrairie, C. Linton, J. P. McGrail, T. E: Osborne, G. H. ` Wiggs, G. L. Windsor, Ont.-- Howell. L. Pennock, W. B. Winnipeg, Man.-- Jones, B. G. Kirk, C. D. Mackie. J. CHINA Ottawa, Ont.-- Gray, G. A. Quebec-- Dub, W. Shanghai-- * Doughty. C. J. Loh. N.-S. Merritt, C. J. Portrude. W. M. Dairen, S. Manchuria Katsumoto, E. Tientsin-- Baker. H. VV. H. . DENMARK Copehagen-- Reck, W. E. Smedegade, Slagelse Ulrich. K. F. ENGLAND East Yorke-- Hill, E. G. T. Leeds-- Jennins, H. H. London--' Groom, S. L. Haden, G. N. Herring, E. Nobbs. W. W. Russell, J. N. . Liverpool-- Honiball, C. R. Manchester-- Chadwick, J. B. Yates, W. Stockport-- Webb, J. W. Sunderland-- Vaux, N. Trowbridge-- Haden, W. N. 1 Westminster-- , Barker, A. H. Winterton-- Cooper, T. R. Wolverhampton-- Tyson, W. H. York-- Fryer, F. G. FRANCE Paris-- Barre, L. S. . Beaurrienne, A. " Modiano, R. GERMANY Dessau-- Junkers. Prof. H. Stuttgart-- Klein, A. HOLLAND Amsterdam-- Hauss, C. F, IRELAND Cork-- , Barry. P. I. JAPAN Tokyo-- Fukui, K. Kitaura, S. Saito, Shozo Sekido, K. Shinohara, S. Yamasaki, K. NEW ZEALAND Dunedin-- Davies, G. W. NORWAY Christiania-- ' Tjersland, A. RUSSIA Leningrad-- Sakouta, M. L. . SOUTH AMERICA Santiago, ChileCarrasco, S. SWEDEN Stockholm-- Theorell, H. . SWITZERLAND Winterthur-- Meier, K. 49 PAST OFFICERS American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1894 President_______________________..Edward P. Bates 1st Vice-PresidentWm. M. Mackay 2nd Vice-PresidentWiltsie F. Wolfe 3rd Vice-President____________ Chas. S. Onderdonk Treasurer-Judson A. Goodrich Secretary.__ ___ ______________________ X. H. Hart 1898 President_____________________ __ Wiltsie F. Wolfe 1st Vice-President.,,J. H. Kinealy 2nd Vice-President__________ ______ _A. E. Kenrick 3rd Vice-President,,,,John A. Fish TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich SecretaryStewart A. Jellett Board of Managers Chairman, Fred P. Smith Henry Adams A. A. Cary Hugh J. Barron ' James A. Harding Edward P. Bates, Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Albert A. Cryer Chas. W. Newton F. W. Foster Ulysses G. Scollay, Secy. 1895 President-______________________ Stewart A. Jellett 1st Vice-PresidentWm. M. Mackay 2nd Vice-President........... ..........Chas. S. Onderdonk 3rd Vice-President.___________________ D. M. Quay Treasurer---------------;__________ Judson A. Goodrich Secretory___ _____________ ___ _________ X. H. Hart Board of Managers Chairman, James A. Harding Geo. B. Cobb Ulysses G. Scollay Wm. McMannls B. F. Stangland Stewart A. Jellett, Pres: L. H. Hart. Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Henry Adams T. J. Waters Edward P. Bates Albert A. Cryer, Secy. 1896 President__________________ ......... R. C. Carpenter 1st Vice-President__________ _________D. M. Quay 2nd Vice-President_________ ____ Edward P. Bates 3rd Vice-President_________ _______.F. W. Foster Treasurer^..___ __ ______ _ ._Judson A. Goodrich Secretory__________________ __________ L. H. Hart Board of Managers Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Hugh J. Barron Stewart A. Jellett W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Wiltsie F. Wolfe R. C. Carpenter, Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. Council Chairman. A. A. Cary Albert A. Cryer B. F. Stangland Wm. McMannls J. J. Blackmore. Secy. 1897 President _______________________ Wm. M. Mackay 1st Vice-President____________ _______ H. D. Crane 2nd Vice-President,,________________Henry Adams 3rd Vice-President... A. E Kenrick Treasurer-------------------------------- Judson A. Goodrich Secretary_______________________ H. M. Swetland Board of Managers > ,, Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Edward P. Bates Stewart A. Jellett W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Wiltsie F. Wolfe Wm. M. Mackay. Pres. H. M. Swetland, Secy. Council Chairman, Albert A. Cryer John A. Fish James Mackay Wm. McMannis B. F. Stangland Board of Managers Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Thomas Barwick A. C. Mott . John A. Connolly Francis A. Williams Wiltsie F. Wolfe, Pres. Stewart A. Jellett, Sccy. Council - . Chairman, R. C. Carpenter ' Henry Adams W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Albert A. Cryer Wm. McMannis Wiltsie F. Wolfe. Pres. Stewart A. Jellett, Secy. 1899 President____________ Henry Adams 1st Vice-President____________ _____ __ D. M. Quay 2nd Vice-President........... ................. ...A. E. Kenrick 3rd Vice-President____________ Francis A. Williams Treasurer___ __ ______________ Judson A. Goodrich Secretary... ...... ......... ................ :__ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Managers Chairmhn, Stewart A. Jellett B. H. Carpenter Wm. Kent A. A. Cary Wiltsie F. Wolfe Henry Adams. Pres. Wm. M. Mackay. Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter ' John Gormly ' Wm-. McMannis W. S. Hadaway. Jr. B. F. Stangland Henry Adams. Pres. Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. * 1900 PresidentD. M. Quay 1st Vice-President............................. ....A. E. Kenrick 2nd Vice-President____________ Francis A. Williams. TreasurerJudson A..Goodrich Secretary.Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, D. M. Quay Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. D. M. Nesbit . R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder John Gormly Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. . 1901 President________ J. H.-.Kinealy 1st Vice-President........... ..................... A. E. Kenrick 2nd Vice-PresidentAndrew Harvey TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich SecretaryWm. M. Mackay Board of Governors .. Chairman, J. H. Kinealy . Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. John Gormly R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder R. P. Bolton Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 50 Roll of Membership Presidents. 1st Vice-Presidents. 2nd Vice-President,-m Treasurer__ ^______ Secretary.... _______ 1902 ______ A. E. Kenrick Andrew Harvey --Robert C. Clarkson -Judson A. Goodrich ___ Wm. M. Mackay ' Board of Governors Chairman, A. E. Kenrick John Gormly, Vice-Chm. J. H. Kinealy R. C. Carpenter ' C. B. J. Snyder Wm. Kent Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1907 PresidentC. B. J. Snyder 1st Vice-PresidentJames Mackay 2nd Vice-PresidentWm. G. Snow TreasurerUlysses G. Scollay Secretary;________________ ______ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, C. B. J. Snyder James Mackay, Vice-Chm. Frank K. Chew R. E. Atkinson A. B. Franklin R. C. Carpenter Wm. G. Snow Edmund F. Capron Wm. M. Mackay. Secy. Presidents_________ 1st Vice-President__ 2nd Vice-President Treasurer_________ Secretary............ .... _H. D. Crane .J__ Wm. Kent _R. P. Bolton .Judson A. Goodrich __Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, H. P. Crane C. B. J. Snyder,Vice-Chm. A. E. Kenrick R. C. Carpenter Geo. Mehring John Gormly Wm. M. Mackay Secy. 1st Vice-President__ 2nd Vice-Presidents Treasurer^-. Secretary 1908 ____ James Mackay. __ Jas. D. Hoffman ___ B. F. Stangland ..Ulysses G. Scollay ....Wm. M. Mackay . Board of Governors * Chairman, James Mackay Jas. D. Hoffman, Vice-Chm. John F. Hale B. F. Stangland August Kehm R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder Frank K. Chew Wm. M. Mackay. Secy. President.,... ............ 1st Vice-President.... 2nd Vice-President.. Treasurer............ ..... Secretary..............--. -Andrew Harvey ..John Gormly __ Robert C. Clarkson ____Ulysses G. Scollay _____Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Andrew Harvey John Gormly H. D. Crane . Robert C. Clarkson A. E. Kenrick J. J. Blackmore C. B. J. Snyder R. C. Carpenter Wm. M. Mackay. Secy. 1909 President.. -Wm. G. Snow 1st Vice-President___ --_____________ August Kehm 2nd Vice-PresidentB. S. Harrison Treasurer----------------------------------- Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary_____________________ __.Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Win. G. Snow August Kehm, Vice-Chm. Samuel R. Lewis John R. Allen - James Mackay R. C. Carpenter B. F. Stangland B. S. Harrison Wm. M. Mackay. Secy. .President_______ _______________________Wm. Kent 1st Vice-President.. ______ R. P. Bolton 2nd Vice-PresidentC. B. J. Snyder Treasurer^............ .................. --__Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary... ..............______________ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Wm. Kent R. P. Bolton , James. Mackay C. B. J. Snyder ' B. F. Stangland B. H. Carpenter J. C. F. Trachsel A. B. Franklin Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. President___ :----------1st Vice-President___ 2nd Vice-President__ *Treasurer___________ Secretary------------------ 1910 ......Jas. D. Hoffman ______ R. P. Bolton __ Samuel R- Lewis ..Ulysses G. Scollay -Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Jas. D. Hoffman R. P. Bolton, Vice-Chm. John F. Hale Geo. W. Barr Samuel R. Lewis R. C. Carpenter James Mackay Judson A. Goodrich Wm. M. Mackay.- Secy. President_____ 1st Vice-President2nd Vice-President... Treasurer...............-- Secretory........ .......... 1906 -John Gormly ___ C. B. J. Snyder _T. J. Waters -Ulysses G. Scollay __Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors . Chairman, John Gormly , C. B. J.Snyder,Fitf-CAm..James Mackay R. C. Carpenter B. F. Stangland . Frank K. Chew T. J. Waters A. B. Franklin Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. President--------------1st Vice-Presidents_ 2nd Vice-Presidents Treasurer_________ Secretary 1911 _____ R. P. Bolton _____ John SL Allen ...... _A. B. Franklin -Ulysses GV'Soollay ___Wm. W. Macon Board of Governors " Chairman, R. P. Bolton John R. Allen, Vice-Chm. A. B. Franklin John T. Bradley Jas. D. Hoffman R. C. Carpenter . August Kehm James H. Davis Wm. W. Macon, Secy. 51 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1930 1912 President_________ John R. Allen 1st Vice-President,,John F. Hale 2nd Vice-President.Edmund F. Capron Treasurer.James A. Donnelly Secretary............... ............................. Wm. W. Macon Board of Governors Chairman, John R. Allen John F. Hale, Vice-Chm. Edmund F. Capron R. P. Bolton . Jas. D. Hoffman Dwight D. Kimball Samue'l R. "Lewi`s Wm. M. Mackay Wm. W. Macon, Secy. 1916 President------------------------------------ -.Harry M. Hart 1st Vice-President_________ ____ Frank T. Chapman 2nd Vice-President,,....... ................Arthur K. Ohmes Treasurer^__________________ ____ Homer. Addams Secretary.......;.............................;____ Casin W. Obert Council - Chairman, Harry M. Hart F.T. Chapman, Vtce-CAm. Dwight D. Kimball Homer Addams Henry d. Meyer. Jr. Charles R. Bishop Arthur K. Ohmes , Frank I. Cooper Fred R. Still Milton W. Franklin Walter S. Timmis . E. Vernon Hill Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1913 PresidentJohn-F. Hale 1st Vice-PresidentsL__1_____ ___A. B. Franklin 2nd Vice-PresidentEdmund F. Capron Treasurer--------------------------------- James A. Donnelly Secretary.,---------- ^Edwin A. Scott Board of Governors Chairman, John F. Hale A. B. Franklin, Vice-Chm. John R. Allen Edmund F. Capron R. P. Bolton Frank T. Chapman Ralph Collamore James A. Donnelly Dwight D. Kimball Wm. W. Macon James M. Stannard Theodore Weinshank Edwin A. Scott, Secy. 1917 President..................... ..........................J. Irvine Lyle. 1st Vice-President______________ Arthur K. Ohmes 2nd Vice-President...................................Fred R. Still Treasurer..............................................'Homer Addams Secretary............................ ^............... Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, J. Irvine Lyle A. K. Ohmes, Vice-Chm. Harry M. Hart Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill Davis S. Boyden James M. Stannard -Bert C. Davis Fred R. Still Milton W. Franklin ' Charles A. Fuller Walter S. Timmis . Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1914 President---------- ------------------- ---- _ Samuel R. Lewis 1st Vice-President ____________ Edmund F. Capron 2nd Vice-PresidentDwight D. Kimball Treasurer-------------------------------- James A. Donnelly Secretary------------------.-----------1.... .... .J. J. Blackmore Council Chairman, Samuel R. Lewis E. F. Capron, Vice-Chm. Dwight D. Kimball John R. Allen Frank T. Chapman Frank I. Cooper James.A. Donnelly John F. Hale Harry M. Hart Frank G. McCann Wm. W. Macon James M. Stannard J. J. Blackmore. Secy. President__________ 1st Vice-President__ 2nd Vice-President,, Treasurer.______ ,__ Secretary____ ______ 1918 ___ --Fred R. Still .Waiter S. Timmis ___ E. Vernon Hill __ Homer Addams __ Casin.W. Obert . Council Chairman. Fred R. Still W. S. Timmis, Vice-Chm. J. Irvine Lyle Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill William H. Driscoll Frank G. Phegley Howard H. Fielding ' Fred. W. Powers H. P. Gant Champlain L. Riley C. W. Kimball Casin W. Obert. Secy. , 1915 President______ __________ _ 1st Vice-President__________ 2nd Vice-President._________ Treasurer________ _____ ____ Secretary_________________ .Dwight D. Kimball ____ Harry M.'Hart .Frank T. Chapman ____Homer Addams ____J. J. Blackmore Council Chairman, Dwight D. Kimball Harry M. Hart,Vice-Chm. Samuel R. Lewis Homer Addams . Frank T. Chapman- Frank G. McCann J. T. J. Mellon . Frank I. Cooper Henry C. Meyer, Jr. E. Vernon Hill Wm. M. Kingsbury Arthur K. Ohmes J. J. Blackmore. Secy. 1919 President........ ..........WalterS. Timmis 1st Vice-President___________ _______ E. Vernon Hill 2nd Vice-PresidentMilton W. Franklin Treasurer_____________ ____ ______Homer Addams Secretary..:...........................................Casin W. Obert . Council Chairman, Walter S. Timmis E. Vernon Hill, Vice-Chm. Frank G. Phegley Homer Addams Fred. W. Powers Howard H. Fielding Robt. W. Pryor, Jr.. 'Milton W. Franklin Champlain L. Riley Harry E. Gerrish Fred R. Still George B. Nichols Casin W. Obert, Secy. 52 Roll of Membership 1920 President...:......................................_....E. Vernon Hill 1st Vice-President........... ..........-Champlain L. RUey 2nd'Vice-President,Jay R. McColl Treasurer_ ______ iHomer Addams Secretary.________ ___________ ____ Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, C. L.-Riley, Vice-Chm. Homer Addams Jos. A. Cutler. Wm. H. Driscoll A. C. Edgar . Alfred Kellogg Vernon Hill Jay R. McColl . George B. Nichols Robt. W. Pryor, Jr W. S. Timmis Perry. West Casin W. Obert. Secy. 1921 .. President..^............. ___________ Champlain L. Riley 1st V.ice-President__Jay R. McColl 2nd Vice-Presidents.......... --.......-...........H. P. Gant Treasurer ............................................Homer Addams Secretary............... ...............................Casin W. Obert . Council Chairman, Champlain L. Riley Jay R. McCoU,Vice-Chm. E. S. Hallett Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill Jos. A. Cutler Alfred Kellogg Samuel E. Dibble E. E. McNair Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West . H. P. Gant Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1st Vice-President._ 2nd Vice-Presidents Treasurers......... ...... Secretary.................. 1922 .Jay R. McColl _H. P. Gant' ..Samuel E. Dibble ___Homer Addams ___Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, Jay R. McColl H. P. Gant, Vice-Chm. L. A. Harding Homer Addams . E. E. McNair Jos. A. Cutler H. J. Meyer Samuel E. Dibble C. L. Riley Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West E. S. Hallett , Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1923 President_____ __ __ ___ ____ --------- H. .P. Gant 1st Vice-President.Homer Addams 2nd Vice-President______ __--:.......--E. E. McNair Treasurer^............. ..........................Wm. H. Driscoll Secretary......................--_______ __ ........C. W. Obert .' Council Chairman, H. P. Gant Homer Addams, Vice-Chm. E. S. Hallett W. H. Carrier Alfred Kellogg J A. Cutler Thornton Lewis S'. E. Dibble E. E. McNair Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West Casin W. Obert, Secy. . 1925 President.................................. 1st Vice-Presidents............... 2nd Vice-President................. Treasurer. .......................-- Secretary.................................. ....... .S. E. Dibble ..Wm. H. Driscoll F. Paul Anderson .......... Perry West ...F. C. Houghten Council , Chairman, S. E. Dibble . Wm. H. Driscoll, Vice-Chm. W. T. Jones Homer Addams Thornton Lewis , F. Paul Anderson J. H. Walker W. H. Carrier Perry West J. A. Cutler A. C. Willard W. E. Gillham F. C. Houghten. Secy. President........ .......... 1st Vice-President__ 2nd Vice-Presidents Treasurer.................. Secretary................... 1926 .......................W. H. Driscoll ____:_____ F. Paul Anderson .......... .............Ji.. C. Willard ........................W. E. Gillham _________ A. V. Hutchinson ' Council Chairman, W. H. Driscoll F. Paul Anderson, Vice-Chm. C. V. Haynes W. H. Carrier W. T. Jones J. A. Cutler E. B. Langenberg S. E. Dibble ` Thornton Lewis W. E. Gillham J. F. Mclntire A. C. Willard 1927 A. C. Willard 2nd Vice-President_______ ________ Thornton Lewis . W. E. Gillham Secretary.---__ ^___ A. V. Hutchinson A Anderson A. C. WillZpf/Vic$Cnm. Tfrtjtohn Howatt H. H. AnrfufcT/ W. H. Catirieil 9 WRo.sHwe. lDlFarxitnoJKjE>^1930 Y_jV* T. Jones } J. Kissick /vBI. B. Langenberg /^Thornton Lewis H. H. Fieldmg W. E. GillhaW F. Mclntire W / H. Lee Moore C. V. Haynes N Lf F. B. Rowley 1928 President........................... ......................A. C. Willard 1st Vice-President ............................Thornton Lewis 2nd Vice-President____________ --L. A. Harding Secretary.......... ........... A.. V. Hutchinson Council Chairman, A, C. Willard Thornton Lewis, Vice-Chm. F. Paul Anderson H. H. Angus W. H. Carrier N. W. Downes Roswell Farnham C. V. Haynes John Howatt W. T. Jones ' J. J. Kissick E. B. Langenberg J. F. Mclntire ,H. Lee Moore F. B. Rowley 1929 President....... -........ 1st Vice-Presidents 2nd Vice-President. Treasurer......... ...... Secretary................. ............. S. E. Dibble Council Chairman, Homer Addams S. E. Dibble, Vice-Chm. W. E. Gillham F. Paul Anderson L. A. Harding W. H. Carrier Alfred Kellogg J. A. Cutler William H. Driscoll H. P. Gant . Thornton Lewis Perry West F. C. Houghten, Secy. ... ............................P. D. Close Council Chairman, Thornton Lewis L. A. Harding, Vice-Chm. W. T: Jones H. H. Angus E. B. Langenberg W. H. Carrier G. L. Larson . N. W. Dowries F. C. McIntosh Roswell Farnham W. A. Rowe C. V. Haynes F. B. Rowley . John Howatt A. C. Willard 53